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56cd798262d2951400fa65fa | [
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56cd7c1962d2951400fa661e | [
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"",
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56cd8d1462d2951400fa66b9 | [
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56cd8d1462d2951400fa66bb | [
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"the",
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"the",
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"dynastic",
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"khubilai",
"khan",
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"his",
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"phagpa.\"",
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"chinese",
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"as",
"yet",
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"emanation",
"of",
"manjusri.\""
] | 108 | 109 | [
101,
101,
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"hierarchs.",
"until",
"then,",
"the",
"court",
"was",
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"that",
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"had",
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"in",
"1415.",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"had",
"believed",
"that",
"the",
"representatives",
"of",
"the",
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"kagyu",
"who",
"continued",
"to",
"visit",
"the",
"ming",
"capital",
"were",
"sent",
"by",
"the",
"karmapa."
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"[CLS]",
"why",
"did",
"yongle",
"order",
"the",
"construction?",
"[SEP]",
"tsai",
"writes",
"that",
"shortly",
"after",
"the",
"visit",
"by",
"deshin",
"shekpa,",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor",
"ordered",
"the",
"construction",
"of",
"a",
"road",
"and",
"of",
"trading",
"posts",
"in",
"the",
"upper",
"reaches",
"of",
"the",
"yangzi",
"and",
"mekong",
"rivers",
"in",
"order",
"to",
"facilitate",
"trade",
"with",
"tibet",
"in",
"tea,",
"horses,",
"and",
"salt.",
"the",
"trade",
"route",
"passed",
"through",
"sichuan",
"and",
"crossed",
"shangri-la",
"county",
"in",
"yunnan.",
"wang",
"and",
"nyima",
"assert",
"that",
"this",
"\"tribute-related",
"trade\"",
"of",
"the",
"ming",
"exchanging",
"chinese",
"tea",
"for",
"tibetan",
"horses—while",
"granting",
"tibetan",
"envoys",
"and",
"tibetan",
"merchants",
"explicit",
"permission",
"to",
"trade",
"with",
"han",
"chinese",
"merchants—\"furthered",
"the",
"rule",
"of",
"the",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"court",
"over",
"tibet\".",
"rossabi",
"and",
"sperling",
"note",
"that",
"this",
"trade",
"in",
"tibetan",
"horses",
"for",
"chinese",
"tea",
"existed",
"long",
"before",
"the",
"ming.",
"peter",
"c.",
"perdue",
"says",
"that",
"wang",
"anshi",
"(1021–1086),",
"realizing",
"that",
"china",
"could",
"not",
"produce",
"enough",
"militarily",
"capable",
"steeds,",
"had",
"also",
"aimed",
"to",
"obtain",
"horses",
"from",
"inner",
"asia",
"in",
"exchange",
"for",
"chinese",
"tea.",
"the",
"chinese",
"needed",
"horses",
"not",
"only",
"for",
"cavalry",
"but",
"also",
"as",
"draft",
"animals",
"for",
"the",
"army's",
"supply",
"wagons.",
"the",
"tibetans",
"required",
"chinese",
"tea",
"not",
"only",
"as",
"a",
"common",
"beverage",
"but",
"also",
"as",
"a",
"religious",
"ceremonial",
"supplement.",
"the",
"ming",
"government",
"imposed",
"a",
"monopoly",
"on",
"tea",
"production",
"and",
"attempted",
"to",
"regulate",
"this",
"trade",
"with",
"state-supervised",
"markets,",
"but",
"these",
"collapsed",
"in",
"1449",
"due",
"to",
"military",
"failures",
"and",
"internal",
"ecological",
"and",
"commercial",
"pressures",
"on",
"the",
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"regions."
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56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d6 | [
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"but",
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"1449",
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"internal",
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"commercial",
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56cd8d2462d2951400fa66d7 | [
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"the",
"ming.",
"peter",
"c.",
"perdue",
"says",
"that",
"wang",
"anshi",
"(1021–1086),",
"realizing",
"that",
"china",
"could",
"not",
"produce",
"enough",
"militarily",
"capable",
"steeds,",
"had",
"also",
"aimed",
"to",
"obtain",
"horses",
"from",
"inner",
"asia",
"in",
"exchange",
"for",
"chinese",
"tea.",
"the",
"chinese",
"needed",
"horses",
"not",
"only",
"for",
"cavalry",
"but",
"also",
"as",
"draft",
"animals",
"for",
"the",
"army's",
"supply",
"wagons.",
"the",
"tibetans",
"required",
"chinese",
"tea",
"not",
"only",
"as",
"a",
"common",
"beverage",
"but",
"also",
"as",
"a",
"religious",
"ceremonial",
"supplement.",
"the",
"ming",
"government",
"imposed",
"a",
"monopoly",
"on",
"tea",
"production",
"and",
"attempted",
"to",
"regulate",
"this",
"trade",
"with",
"state-supervised",
"markets,",
"but",
"these",
"collapsed",
"in",
"1449",
"due",
"to",
"military",
"failures",
"and",
"internal",
"ecological",
"and",
"commercial",
"pressures",
"on",
"the",
"tea-producing",
"regions."
] | 58 | 65 | [
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56cd8d2762d2951400fa66de | [
"[CLS]",
"why",
"does",
"van",
"praag",
"believe",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"set",
"up",
"a",
"diplomatic",
"delegation",
"with",
"tibet?",
"[SEP]",
"van",
"praag",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"established",
"diplomatic",
"delegations",
"with",
"tibet",
"merely",
"to",
"secure",
"urgently",
"needed",
"horses.",
"wang",
"and",
"nyima",
"argue",
"that",
"these",
"were",
"not",
"diplomatic",
"delegations",
"at",
"all,",
"that",
"tibetan",
"areas",
"were",
"ruled",
"by",
"the",
"ming",
"since",
"tibetan",
"leaders",
"were",
"granted",
"positions",
"as",
"ming",
"officials,",
"that",
"horses",
"were",
"collected",
"from",
"tibet",
"as",
"a",
"mandatory",
"\"corvee\"",
"tax,",
"and",
"therefore",
"tibetans",
"were",
"\"undertaking",
"domestic",
"affairs,",
"not",
"foreign",
"diplomacy\".",
"sperling",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"simultaneously",
"bought",
"horses",
"in",
"the",
"kham",
"region",
"while",
"fighting",
"tibetan",
"tribes",
"in",
"amdo",
"and",
"receiving",
"tibetan",
"embassies",
"in",
"nanjing.",
"he",
"also",
"argues",
"that",
"the",
"embassies",
"of",
"tibetan",
"lamas",
"visiting",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"were",
"for",
"the",
"most",
"part",
"efforts",
"to",
"promote",
"commercial",
"transactions",
"between",
"the",
"lamas'",
"large,",
"wealthy",
"entourage",
"and",
"ming",
"chinese",
"merchants",
"and",
"officials.",
"kolmas",
"writes",
"that",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"maintained",
"a",
"laissez-faire",
"policy",
"towards",
"tibet",
"and",
"limited",
"the",
"numbers",
"of",
"the",
"tibetan",
"retinues,",
"the",
"tibetans",
"sought",
"to",
"maintain",
"a",
"tributary",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"ming",
"because",
"imperial",
"patronage",
"provided",
"them",
"with",
"wealth",
"and",
"power.",
"laird",
"writes",
"that",
"tibetans",
"eagerly",
"sought",
"ming",
"court",
"invitations",
"since",
"the",
"gifts",
"the",
"tibetans",
"received",
"for",
"bringing",
"tribute",
"were",
"much",
"greater",
"in",
"value",
"than",
"the",
"latter.",
"as",
"for",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor's",
"gifts",
"to",
"his",
"tibetan",
"and",
"nepalese",
"vassals",
"such",
"as",
"silver",
"wares,",
"buddha",
"relics,",
"utensils",
"for",
"buddhist",
"temples",
"and",
"religious",
"ceremonies,",
"and",
"gowns",
"and",
"robes",
"for",
"monks,",
"tsai",
"writes",
"\"in",
"his",
"effort",
"to",
"draw",
"neighboring",
"states",
"to",
"the",
"ming",
"orbit",
"so",
"that",
"he",
"could",
"bask",
"in",
"glory,",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor",
"was",
"quite",
"willing",
"to",
"pay",
"a",
"small",
"price\".",
"the",
"information",
"office",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"council",
"of",
"the",
"prc",
"lists",
"the",
"tibetan",
"tribute",
"items",
"as",
"oxen,",
"horses,",
"camels,",
"sheep,",
"fur",
"products,",
"medical",
"herbs,",
"tibetan",
"incenses,",
"thangkas",
"(painted",
"scrolls),",
"and",
"handicrafts;",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"awarded",
"tibetan",
"tribute-bearers",
"an",
"equal",
"value",
"of",
"gold,",
"silver,",
"satin",
"and",
"brocade,",
"bolts",
"of",
"cloth,",
"grains,",
"and",
"tea",
"leaves.",
"silk",
"workshops",
"during",
"the",
"ming",
"also",
"catered",
"specifically",
"to",
"the",
"tibetan",
"market",
"with",
"silk",
"clothes",
"and",
"furnishings",
"featuring",
"tibetan",
"buddhist",
"iconography."
] | 30 | 34 | [
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101,
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9581,
7475,
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11953,
6946,
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3527,
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14625,
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21455,
1012,
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9251,
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14625,
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18832,
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13319,
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15808,
1010,
1996,
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8914,
3276,
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15694,
3024,
2068,
2007,
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1012,
21964,
7009,
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2457,
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2005,
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7050,
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3618,
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2084,
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1012,
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1996,
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56cd8d2762d2951400fa66df | [
"[CLS]",
"what",
"shops",
"were",
"catered",
"to",
"the",
"tibetan",
"market?",
"[SEP]",
"van",
"praag",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"established",
"diplomatic",
"delegations",
"with",
"tibet",
"merely",
"to",
"secure",
"urgently",
"needed",
"horses.",
"wang",
"and",
"nyima",
"argue",
"that",
"these",
"were",
"not",
"diplomatic",
"delegations",
"at",
"all,",
"that",
"tibetan",
"areas",
"were",
"ruled",
"by",
"the",
"ming",
"since",
"tibetan",
"leaders",
"were",
"granted",
"positions",
"as",
"ming",
"officials,",
"that",
"horses",
"were",
"collected",
"from",
"tibet",
"as",
"a",
"mandatory",
"\"corvee\"",
"tax,",
"and",
"therefore",
"tibetans",
"were",
"\"undertaking",
"domestic",
"affairs,",
"not",
"foreign",
"diplomacy\".",
"sperling",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"simultaneously",
"bought",
"horses",
"in",
"the",
"kham",
"region",
"while",
"fighting",
"tibetan",
"tribes",
"in",
"amdo",
"and",
"receiving",
"tibetan",
"embassies",
"in",
"nanjing.",
"he",
"also",
"argues",
"that",
"the",
"embassies",
"of",
"tibetan",
"lamas",
"visiting",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"were",
"for",
"the",
"most",
"part",
"efforts",
"to",
"promote",
"commercial",
"transactions",
"between",
"the",
"lamas'",
"large,",
"wealthy",
"entourage",
"and",
"ming",
"chinese",
"merchants",
"and",
"officials.",
"kolmas",
"writes",
"that",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"maintained",
"a",
"laissez-faire",
"policy",
"towards",
"tibet",
"and",
"limited",
"the",
"numbers",
"of",
"the",
"tibetan",
"retinues,",
"the",
"tibetans",
"sought",
"to",
"maintain",
"a",
"tributary",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"ming",
"because",
"imperial",
"patronage",
"provided",
"them",
"with",
"wealth",
"and",
"power.",
"laird",
"writes",
"that",
"tibetans",
"eagerly",
"sought",
"ming",
"court",
"invitations",
"since",
"the",
"gifts",
"the",
"tibetans",
"received",
"for",
"bringing",
"tribute",
"were",
"much",
"greater",
"in",
"value",
"than",
"the",
"latter.",
"as",
"for",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor's",
"gifts",
"to",
"his",
"tibetan",
"and",
"nepalese",
"vassals",
"such",
"as",
"silver",
"wares,",
"buddha",
"relics,",
"utensils",
"for",
"buddhist",
"temples",
"and",
"religious",
"ceremonies,",
"and",
"gowns",
"and",
"robes",
"for",
"monks,",
"tsai",
"writes",
"\"in",
"his",
"effort",
"to",
"draw",
"neighboring",
"states",
"to",
"the",
"ming",
"orbit",
"so",
"that",
"he",
"could",
"bask",
"in",
"glory,",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor",
"was",
"quite",
"willing",
"to",
"pay",
"a",
"small",
"price\".",
"the",
"information",
"office",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"council",
"of",
"the",
"prc",
"lists",
"the",
"tibetan",
"tribute",
"items",
"as",
"oxen,",
"horses,",
"camels,",
"sheep,",
"fur",
"products,",
"medical",
"herbs,",
"tibetan",
"incenses,",
"thangkas",
"(painted",
"scrolls),",
"and",
"handicrafts;",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"awarded",
"tibetan",
"tribute-bearers",
"an",
"equal",
"value",
"of",
"gold,",
"silver,",
"satin",
"and",
"brocade,",
"bolts",
"of",
"cloth,",
"grains,",
"and",
"tea",
"leaves.",
"silk",
"workshops",
"during",
"the",
"ming",
"also",
"catered",
"specifically",
"to",
"the",
"tibetan",
"market",
"with",
"silk",
"clothes",
"and",
"furnishings",
"featuring",
"tibetan",
"buddhist",
"iconography."
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56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e0 | [
"[CLS]",
"what",
"visual",
"images",
"and",
"symbols",
"were",
"on",
"furnishings",
"from",
"the",
"silk",
"workshops?",
"[SEP]",
"van",
"praag",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"established",
"diplomatic",
"delegations",
"with",
"tibet",
"merely",
"to",
"secure",
"urgently",
"needed",
"horses.",
"wang",
"and",
"nyima",
"argue",
"that",
"these",
"were",
"not",
"diplomatic",
"delegations",
"at",
"all,",
"that",
"tibetan",
"areas",
"were",
"ruled",
"by",
"the",
"ming",
"since",
"tibetan",
"leaders",
"were",
"granted",
"positions",
"as",
"ming",
"officials,",
"that",
"horses",
"were",
"collected",
"from",
"tibet",
"as",
"a",
"mandatory",
"\"corvee\"",
"tax,",
"and",
"therefore",
"tibetans",
"were",
"\"undertaking",
"domestic",
"affairs,",
"not",
"foreign",
"diplomacy\".",
"sperling",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"simultaneously",
"bought",
"horses",
"in",
"the",
"kham",
"region",
"while",
"fighting",
"tibetan",
"tribes",
"in",
"amdo",
"and",
"receiving",
"tibetan",
"embassies",
"in",
"nanjing.",
"he",
"also",
"argues",
"that",
"the",
"embassies",
"of",
"tibetan",
"lamas",
"visiting",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"were",
"for",
"the",
"most",
"part",
"efforts",
"to",
"promote",
"commercial",
"transactions",
"between",
"the",
"lamas'",
"large,",
"wealthy",
"entourage",
"and",
"ming",
"chinese",
"merchants",
"and",
"officials.",
"kolmas",
"writes",
"that",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"maintained",
"a",
"laissez-faire",
"policy",
"towards",
"tibet",
"and",
"limited",
"the",
"numbers",
"of",
"the",
"tibetan",
"retinues,",
"the",
"tibetans",
"sought",
"to",
"maintain",
"a",
"tributary",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"ming",
"because",
"imperial",
"patronage",
"provided",
"them",
"with",
"wealth",
"and",
"power.",
"laird",
"writes",
"that",
"tibetans",
"eagerly",
"sought",
"ming",
"court",
"invitations",
"since",
"the",
"gifts",
"the",
"tibetans",
"received",
"for",
"bringing",
"tribute",
"were",
"much",
"greater",
"in",
"value",
"than",
"the",
"latter.",
"as",
"for",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor's",
"gifts",
"to",
"his",
"tibetan",
"and",
"nepalese",
"vassals",
"such",
"as",
"silver",
"wares,",
"buddha",
"relics,",
"utensils",
"for",
"buddhist",
"temples",
"and",
"religious",
"ceremonies,",
"and",
"gowns",
"and",
"robes",
"for",
"monks,",
"tsai",
"writes",
"\"in",
"his",
"effort",
"to",
"draw",
"neighboring",
"states",
"to",
"the",
"ming",
"orbit",
"so",
"that",
"he",
"could",
"bask",
"in",
"glory,",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor",
"was",
"quite",
"willing",
"to",
"pay",
"a",
"small",
"price\".",
"the",
"information",
"office",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"council",
"of",
"the",
"prc",
"lists",
"the",
"tibetan",
"tribute",
"items",
"as",
"oxen,",
"horses,",
"camels,",
"sheep,",
"fur",
"products,",
"medical",
"herbs,",
"tibetan",
"incenses,",
"thangkas",
"(painted",
"scrolls),",
"and",
"handicrafts;",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"awarded",
"tibetan",
"tribute-bearers",
"an",
"equal",
"value",
"of",
"gold,",
"silver,",
"satin",
"and",
"brocade,",
"bolts",
"of",
"cloth,",
"grains,",
"and",
"tea",
"leaves.",
"silk",
"workshops",
"during",
"the",
"ming",
"also",
"catered",
"specifically",
"to",
"the",
"tibetan",
"market",
"with",
"silk",
"clothes",
"and",
"furnishings",
"featuring",
"tibetan",
"buddhist",
"iconography."
] | 340 | 341 | [
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56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e1 | [
"[CLS]",
"who",
"were",
"the",
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"areas",
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"ruled",
"by?",
"[SEP]",
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"these",
"were",
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"at",
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"as",
"a",
"mandatory",
"\"corvee\"",
"tax,",
"and",
"therefore",
"tibetans",
"were",
"\"undertaking",
"domestic",
"affairs,",
"not",
"foreign",
"diplomacy\".",
"sperling",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"simultaneously",
"bought",
"horses",
"in",
"the",
"kham",
"region",
"while",
"fighting",
"tibetan",
"tribes",
"in",
"amdo",
"and",
"receiving",
"tibetan",
"embassies",
"in",
"nanjing.",
"he",
"also",
"argues",
"that",
"the",
"embassies",
"of",
"tibetan",
"lamas",
"visiting",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"were",
"for",
"the",
"most",
"part",
"efforts",
"to",
"promote",
"commercial",
"transactions",
"between",
"the",
"lamas'",
"large,",
"wealthy",
"entourage",
"and",
"ming",
"chinese",
"merchants",
"and",
"officials.",
"kolmas",
"writes",
"that",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"maintained",
"a",
"laissez-faire",
"policy",
"towards",
"tibet",
"and",
"limited",
"the",
"numbers",
"of",
"the",
"tibetan",
"retinues,",
"the",
"tibetans",
"sought",
"to",
"maintain",
"a",
"tributary",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"ming",
"because",
"imperial",
"patronage",
"provided",
"them",
"with",
"wealth",
"and",
"power.",
"laird",
"writes",
"that",
"tibetans",
"eagerly",
"sought",
"ming",
"court",
"invitations",
"since",
"the",
"gifts",
"the",
"tibetans",
"received",
"for",
"bringing",
"tribute",
"were",
"much",
"greater",
"in",
"value",
"than",
"the",
"latter.",
"as",
"for",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor's",
"gifts",
"to",
"his",
"tibetan",
"and",
"nepalese",
"vassals",
"such",
"as",
"silver",
"wares,",
"buddha",
"relics,",
"utensils",
"for",
"buddhist",
"temples",
"and",
"religious",
"ceremonies,",
"and",
"gowns",
"and",
"robes",
"for",
"monks,",
"tsai",
"writes",
"\"in",
"his",
"effort",
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"draw",
"neighboring",
"states",
"to",
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"ming",
"orbit",
"so",
"that",
"he",
"could",
"bask",
"in",
"glory,",
"the",
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"emperor",
"was",
"quite",
"willing",
"to",
"pay",
"a",
"small",
"price\".",
"the",
"information",
"office",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"council",
"of",
"the",
"prc",
"lists",
"the",
"tibetan",
"tribute",
"items",
"as",
"oxen,",
"horses,",
"camels,",
"sheep,",
"fur",
"products,",
"medical",
"herbs,",
"tibetan",
"incenses,",
"thangkas",
"(painted",
"scrolls),",
"and",
"handicrafts;",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"awarded",
"tibetan",
"tribute-bearers",
"an",
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"of",
"gold,",
"silver,",
"satin",
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"brocade,",
"bolts",
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"grains,",
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"the",
"ming",
"also",
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"specifically",
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"the",
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"market",
"with",
"silk",
"clothes",
"and",
"furnishings",
"featuring",
"tibetan",
"buddhist",
"iconography."
] | 14 | 15 | [
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56cd8d2762d2951400fa66e2 | [
"[CLS]",
"wang",
"and",
"nyima",
"believed",
"horses",
"were",
"collected",
"from",
"tibet",
"as",
"what",
"kind",
"of",
"tax?",
"[SEP]",
"van",
"praag",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"established",
"diplomatic",
"delegations",
"with",
"tibet",
"merely",
"to",
"secure",
"urgently",
"needed",
"horses.",
"wang",
"and",
"nyima",
"argue",
"that",
"these",
"were",
"not",
"diplomatic",
"delegations",
"at",
"all,",
"that",
"tibetan",
"areas",
"were",
"ruled",
"by",
"the",
"ming",
"since",
"tibetan",
"leaders",
"were",
"granted",
"positions",
"as",
"ming",
"officials,",
"that",
"horses",
"were",
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"from",
"tibet",
"as",
"a",
"mandatory",
"\"corvee\"",
"tax,",
"and",
"therefore",
"tibetans",
"were",
"\"undertaking",
"domestic",
"affairs,",
"not",
"foreign",
"diplomacy\".",
"sperling",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"simultaneously",
"bought",
"horses",
"in",
"the",
"kham",
"region",
"while",
"fighting",
"tibetan",
"tribes",
"in",
"amdo",
"and",
"receiving",
"tibetan",
"embassies",
"in",
"nanjing.",
"he",
"also",
"argues",
"that",
"the",
"embassies",
"of",
"tibetan",
"lamas",
"visiting",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"were",
"for",
"the",
"most",
"part",
"efforts",
"to",
"promote",
"commercial",
"transactions",
"between",
"the",
"lamas'",
"large,",
"wealthy",
"entourage",
"and",
"ming",
"chinese",
"merchants",
"and",
"officials.",
"kolmas",
"writes",
"that",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"maintained",
"a",
"laissez-faire",
"policy",
"towards",
"tibet",
"and",
"limited",
"the",
"numbers",
"of",
"the",
"tibetan",
"retinues,",
"the",
"tibetans",
"sought",
"to",
"maintain",
"a",
"tributary",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"ming",
"because",
"imperial",
"patronage",
"provided",
"them",
"with",
"wealth",
"and",
"power.",
"laird",
"writes",
"that",
"tibetans",
"eagerly",
"sought",
"ming",
"court",
"invitations",
"since",
"the",
"gifts",
"the",
"tibetans",
"received",
"for",
"bringing",
"tribute",
"were",
"much",
"greater",
"in",
"value",
"than",
"the",
"latter.",
"as",
"for",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor's",
"gifts",
"to",
"his",
"tibetan",
"and",
"nepalese",
"vassals",
"such",
"as",
"silver",
"wares,",
"buddha",
"relics,",
"utensils",
"for",
"buddhist",
"temples",
"and",
"religious",
"ceremonies,",
"and",
"gowns",
"and",
"robes",
"for",
"monks,",
"tsai",
"writes",
"\"in",
"his",
"effort",
"to",
"draw",
"neighboring",
"states",
"to",
"the",
"ming",
"orbit",
"so",
"that",
"he",
"could",
"bask",
"in",
"glory,",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor",
"was",
"quite",
"willing",
"to",
"pay",
"a",
"small",
"price\".",
"the",
"information",
"office",
"of",
"the",
"state",
"council",
"of",
"the",
"prc",
"lists",
"the",
"tibetan",
"tribute",
"items",
"as",
"oxen,",
"horses,",
"camels,",
"sheep,",
"fur",
"products,",
"medical",
"herbs,",
"tibetan",
"incenses,",
"thangkas",
"(painted",
"scrolls),",
"and",
"handicrafts;",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"awarded",
"tibetan",
"tribute-bearers",
"an",
"equal",
"value",
"of",
"gold,",
"silver,",
"satin",
"and",
"brocade,",
"bolts",
"of",
"cloth,",
"grains,",
"and",
"tea",
"leaves.",
"silk",
"workshops",
"during",
"the",
"ming",
"also",
"catered",
"specifically",
"to",
"the",
"tibetan",
"market",
"with",
"silk",
"clothes",
"and",
"furnishings",
"featuring",
"tibetan",
"buddhist",
"iconography."
] | 70 | 73 | [
101,
101,
7418,
1998,
6396,
9581,
3373,
5194,
2020,
5067,
2013,
13319,
2004,
2054,
2785,
1997,
4171,
1029,
102,
3158,
10975,
11057,
2290,
2163,
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11861,
2457,
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"[CLS]",
"who",
"did",
"the",
"ming",
"trade",
"horses",
"with?",
"[SEP]",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"traded",
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"with",
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"upheld",
"a",
"policy",
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"which",
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"and",
"to",
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"frontiers",
"of",
"china.\"",
"however,",
"after",
"altan",
"khan",
"(1507–1582)—leader",
"of",
"the",
"tumed",
"mongols",
"who",
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"oirat",
"mongol",
"confederation's",
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"steppes—made",
"peace",
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"the",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"in",
"1571,",
"he",
"persuaded",
"the",
"ming",
"to",
"reopen",
"their",
"border",
"markets",
"in",
"1573.",
"this",
"provided",
"the",
"chinese",
"with",
"a",
"new",
"supply",
"of",
"horses",
"that",
"the",
"mongols",
"had",
"in",
"excess;",
"it",
"was",
"also",
"a",
"relief",
"to",
"the",
"ming,",
"since",
"they",
"were",
"unable",
"to",
"stop",
"the",
"mongols",
"from",
"periodic",
"raiding.",
"laird",
"says",
"that",
"despite",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"later",
"mongols",
"believed",
"altan",
"forced",
"the",
"ming",
"to",
"view",
"him",
"as",
"an",
"equal,",
"chinese",
"historians",
"argue",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"simply",
"a",
"loyal",
"chinese",
"citizen.",
"by",
"1578,",
"altan",
"khan",
"formed",
"a",
"formidable",
"mongol-tibetan",
"alliance",
"with",
"the",
"gelug",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"viewed",
"from",
"afar",
"without",
"intervention."
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"altan",
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"chinese",
"historians",
"argue",
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"chinese",
"citizen.",
"by",
"1578,",
"altan",
"khan",
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"mongol-tibetan",
"alliance",
"with",
"the",
"gelug",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"viewed",
"from",
"afar",
"without",
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56cd8d2962d2951400fa66ec | [
"[CLS]",
"who",
"convinced",
"the",
"ming",
"to",
"reopen",
"their",
"border",
"markets",
"in",
"1573?",
"[SEP]",
"while",
"the",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"traded",
"horses",
"with",
"tibet,",
"it",
"upheld",
"a",
"policy",
"of",
"outlawing",
"border",
"markets",
"in",
"the",
"north,",
"which",
"laird",
"sees",
"as",
"an",
"effort",
"to",
"punish",
"the",
"mongols",
"for",
"their",
"raids",
"and",
"to",
"\"drive",
"them",
"from",
"the",
"frontiers",
"of",
"china.\"",
"however,",
"after",
"altan",
"khan",
"(1507–1582)—leader",
"of",
"the",
"tumed",
"mongols",
"who",
"overthrew",
"the",
"oirat",
"mongol",
"confederation's",
"hegemony",
"over",
"the",
"steppes—made",
"peace",
"with",
"the",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"in",
"1571,",
"he",
"persuaded",
"the",
"ming",
"to",
"reopen",
"their",
"border",
"markets",
"in",
"1573.",
"this",
"provided",
"the",
"chinese",
"with",
"a",
"new",
"supply",
"of",
"horses",
"that",
"the",
"mongols",
"had",
"in",
"excess;",
"it",
"was",
"also",
"a",
"relief",
"to",
"the",
"ming,",
"since",
"they",
"were",
"unable",
"to",
"stop",
"the",
"mongols",
"from",
"periodic",
"raiding.",
"laird",
"says",
"that",
"despite",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"later",
"mongols",
"believed",
"altan",
"forced",
"the",
"ming",
"to",
"view",
"him",
"as",
"an",
"equal,",
"chinese",
"historians",
"argue",
"that",
"he",
"was",
"simply",
"a",
"loyal",
"chinese",
"citizen.",
"by",
"1578,",
"altan",
"khan",
"formed",
"a",
"formidable",
"mongol-tibetan",
"alliance",
"with",
"the",
"gelug",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"viewed",
"from",
"afar",
"without",
"intervention."
] | 56 | 57 | [
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56cd8f8962d2951400fa6716 | [
"[CLS]",
"when",
"did",
"the",
"hongwu",
"emperor",
"use",
"military",
"force",
"in",
"tibet?",
"[SEP]",
"patricia",
"ebrey",
"writes",
"that",
"tibet,",
"like",
"joseon",
"korea",
"and",
"other",
"neighboring",
"states",
"to",
"the",
"ming,",
"settled",
"for",
"its",
"tributary",
"status",
"while",
"there",
"were",
"no",
"troops",
"or",
"governors",
"of",
"ming",
"china",
"stationed",
"in",
"its",
"territory.",
"laird",
"writes",
"that",
"\"after",
"the",
"mongol",
"troops",
"left",
"tibet,",
"no",
"ming",
"troops",
"replaced",
"them.\"",
"wang",
"and",
"nyima",
"state",
"that,",
"despite",
"the",
"fact",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"refrained",
"from",
"sending",
"troops",
"to",
"subdue",
"tibet",
"and",
"refrained",
"from",
"garrisoning",
"ming",
"troops",
"there,",
"these",
"measures",
"were",
"unnecessary",
"so",
"long",
"as",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"upheld",
"close",
"ties",
"with",
"tibetan",
"vassals",
"and",
"their",
"forces.",
"however,",
"there",
"were",
"instances",
"in",
"the",
"14th",
"century",
"when",
"the",
"hongwu",
"emperor",
"did",
"use",
"military",
"force",
"to",
"quell",
"unrest",
"in",
"tibet.",
"john",
"d.",
"langlois",
"writes",
"that",
"there",
"was",
"unrest",
"in",
"tibet",
"and",
"western",
"sichuan,",
"which",
"the",
"marquis",
"mu",
"ying",
"( 沐 英 )",
"was",
"commissioned",
"to",
"quell",
"in",
"november",
"1378",
"after",
"he",
"established",
"a",
"taozhou",
"garrison",
"in",
"gansu.",
"langlois",
"notes",
"that",
"by",
"october",
"1379,",
"mu",
"ying",
"had",
"allegedly",
"captured",
"30,000",
"tibetan",
"prisoners",
"and",
"200,000",
"domesticated",
"animals.",
"yet",
"invasion",
"went",
"both",
"ways;",
"the",
"ming",
"general",
"qu",
"neng,",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"lan",
"yu,",
"was",
"ordered",
"to",
"repel",
"a",
"tibetan",
"assault",
"into",
"sichuan",
"in",
"1390."
] | 109 | 111 | [
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"was",
"the",
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"mu",
"ying",
"commissioned",
"to",
"quell?",
"[SEP]",
"patricia",
"ebrey",
"writes",
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"refrained",
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"troops",
"there,",
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"were",
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"so",
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"as",
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"ming",
"court",
"upheld",
"close",
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"with",
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"vassals",
"and",
"their",
"forces.",
"however,",
"there",
"were",
"instances",
"in",
"the",
"14th",
"century",
"when",
"the",
"hongwu",
"emperor",
"did",
"use",
"military",
"force",
"to",
"quell",
"unrest",
"in",
"tibet.",
"john",
"d.",
"langlois",
"writes",
"that",
"there",
"was",
"unrest",
"in",
"tibet",
"and",
"western",
"sichuan,",
"which",
"the",
"marquis",
"mu",
"ying",
"( 沐 英 )",
"was",
"commissioned",
"to",
"quell",
"in",
"november",
"1378",
"after",
"he",
"established",
"a",
"taozhou",
"garrison",
"in",
"gansu.",
"langlois",
"notes",
"that",
"by",
"october",
"1379,",
"mu",
"ying",
"had",
"allegedly",
"captured",
"30,000",
"tibetan",
"prisoners",
"and",
"200,000",
"domesticated",
"animals.",
"yet",
"invasion",
"went",
"both",
"ways;",
"the",
"ming",
"general",
"qu",
"neng,",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"lan",
"yu,",
"was",
"ordered",
"to",
"repel",
"a",
"tibetan",
"assault",
"into",
"sichuan",
"in",
"1390."
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56cd8f8962d2951400fa6718 | [
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] | 168 | 168 | [
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56cd8f8962d2951400fa6719 | [
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"who",
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"to",
"force",
"a",
"tibetan",
"assault",
"into",
"sichuan?",
"[SEP]",
"patricia",
"ebrey",
"writes",
"that",
"tibet,",
"like",
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"korea",
"and",
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"state",
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"to",
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"and",
"refrained",
"from",
"garrisoning",
"ming",
"troops",
"there,",
"these",
"measures",
"were",
"unnecessary",
"so",
"long",
"as",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"upheld",
"close",
"ties",
"with",
"tibetan",
"vassals",
"and",
"their",
"forces.",
"however,",
"there",
"were",
"instances",
"in",
"the",
"14th",
"century",
"when",
"the",
"hongwu",
"emperor",
"did",
"use",
"military",
"force",
"to",
"quell",
"unrest",
"in",
"tibet.",
"john",
"d.",
"langlois",
"writes",
"that",
"there",
"was",
"unrest",
"in",
"tibet",
"and",
"western",
"sichuan,",
"which",
"the",
"marquis",
"mu",
"ying",
"( 沐 英 )",
"was",
"commissioned",
"to",
"quell",
"in",
"november",
"1378",
"after",
"he",
"established",
"a",
"taozhou",
"garrison",
"in",
"gansu.",
"langlois",
"notes",
"that",
"by",
"october",
"1379,",
"mu",
"ying",
"had",
"allegedly",
"captured",
"30,000",
"tibetan",
"prisoners",
"and",
"200,000",
"domesticated",
"animals.",
"yet",
"invasion",
"went",
"both",
"ways;",
"the",
"ming",
"general",
"qu",
"neng,",
"under",
"the",
"command",
"of",
"lan",
"yu,",
"was",
"ordered",
"to",
"repel",
"a",
"tibetan",
"assault",
"into",
"sichuan",
"in",
"1390."
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"klieger",
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"that",
"the",
"ming",
"court",
"supported",
"high",
"tibetan",
"lamas?",
"[SEP]",
"discussions",
"of",
"strategy",
"in",
"the",
"mid",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"focused",
"primarily",
"on",
"recovery",
"of",
"the",
"ordos",
"region,",
"which",
"the",
"mongols",
"used",
"as",
"a",
"rallying",
"base",
"to",
"stage",
"raids",
"into",
"ming",
"china.",
"norbu",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"dynasty,",
"preoccupied",
"with",
"the",
"mongol",
"threat",
"to",
"the",
"north,",
"could",
"not",
"spare",
"additional",
"armed",
"forces",
"to",
"enforce",
"or",
"back",
"up",
"their",
"claim",
"of",
"sovereignty",
"over",
"tibet;",
"instead,",
"they",
"relied",
"on",
"\"confucian",
"instruments",
"of",
"tribute",
"relations\"",
"of",
"heaping",
"unlimited",
"number",
"of",
"titles",
"and",
"gifts",
"on",
"tibetan",
"lamas",
"through",
"acts",
"of",
"diplomacy.",
"sperling",
"states",
"that",
"the",
"delicate",
"relationship",
"between",
"the",
"ming",
"and",
"tibet",
"was",
"\"the",
"last",
"time",
"a",
"united",
"china",
"had",
"to",
"deal",
"with",
"an",
"independent",
"tibet,\"",
"that",
"there",
"was",
"a",
"potential",
"for",
"armed",
"conflict",
"at",
"their",
"borders,",
"and",
"that",
"the",
"ultimate",
"goal",
"of",
"ming",
"foreign",
"policy",
"with",
"tibet",
"was",
"not",
"subjugation",
"but",
"\"avoidance",
"of",
"any",
"kind",
"of",
"tibetan",
"threat.\"",
"p.",
"christiaan",
"klieger",
"argues",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"court's",
"patronage",
"of",
"high",
"tibetan",
"lamas",
"\"was",
"designed",
"to",
"help",
"stabilize",
"border",
"regions",
"and",
"protect",
"trade",
"routes.\""
] | 174 | 182 | [
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56cdaa2662d2951400fa67ec | [
"[CLS]",
"what",
"policy",
"does",
"luciano",
"petech",
"and",
"sato",
"hisashi",
"claim",
"the",
"ming",
"held",
"towards",
"the",
"tibet?",
"[SEP]",
"historians",
"luciano",
"petech",
"and",
"sato",
"hisashi",
"argue",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"upheld",
"a",
"\"divide-and-rule\"",
"policy",
"towards",
"a",
"weak",
"and",
"politically",
"fragmented",
"tibet",
"after",
"the",
"sakya",
"regime",
"had",
"fallen.",
"chan",
"writes",
"that",
"this",
"was",
"perhaps",
"the",
"calculated",
"strategy",
"of",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor,",
"as",
"exclusive",
"patronage",
"to",
"one",
"tibetan",
"sect",
"would",
"have",
"given",
"it",
"too",
"much",
"regional",
"power.",
"sperling",
"finds",
"no",
"textual",
"evidence",
"in",
"either",
"chinese",
"or",
"tibetan",
"sources",
"to",
"support",
"this",
"thesis",
"of",
"petech",
"and",
"hisashi.",
"norbu",
"asserts",
"that",
"their",
"thesis",
"is",
"largely",
"based",
"on",
"the",
"list",
"of",
"ming",
"titles",
"conferred",
"on",
"tibetan",
"lamas",
"rather",
"than",
"\"comparative",
"analysis",
"of",
"developments",
"in",
"china",
"and",
"tibet.\"",
"rossabi",
"states",
"that",
"this",
"theory",
"\"attributes",
"too",
"much",
"influence",
"to",
"the",
"chinese,\"",
"pointing",
"out",
"that",
"tibet",
"was",
"already",
"politically",
"divided",
"when",
"the",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"began.",
"rossabi",
"also",
"discounts",
"the",
"\"divide-and-rule\"",
"theory",
"on",
"the",
"grounds",
"of",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor's",
"failed",
"attempt",
"to",
"build",
"a",
"strong",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"fifth",
"karmapa—one",
"which",
"he",
"hoped",
"would",
"parallel",
"kublai",
"khan's",
"earlier",
"relationship",
"with",
"the",
"sakya",
"phagpa",
"lama.",
"instead,",
"the",
"yongle",
"emperor",
"followed",
"the",
"karmapa's",
"advice",
"of",
"giving",
"patronage",
"to",
"many",
"different",
"tibetan",
"lamas."
] | 29 | 29 | [
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101,
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2172,
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4216,
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2818,
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1012,
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"gyatso",
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"[SEP]",
"the",
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"states",
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"that",
"later",
"leaders",
"of",
"the",
"gelug—gendun",
"drup",
"(1391–1474)",
"and",
"gendun",
"gyatso",
"(1475–1571)—had",
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"with",
"ming",
"china.",
"these",
"two",
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"were",
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"with",
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"secular",
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"were",
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"of",
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"karma",
"kargyu",
"lamas.",
"the",
"rinpungpa",
"leaders",
"were",
"relatives",
"of",
"the",
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"yet",
"their",
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"simple",
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"to",
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"in",
"their",
"own",
"right",
"over",
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"areas",
"of",
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"the",
"prince",
"of",
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"occupied",
"lhasa",
"in",
"1498",
"and",
"excluded",
"the",
"gelug",
"from",
"attending",
"new",
"years",
"ceremonies",
"and",
"prayers,",
"the",
"most",
"important",
"event",
"in",
"the",
"gelug.",
"while",
"the",
"task",
"of",
"new",
"years",
"prayers",
"in",
"lhasa",
"was",
"granted",
"to",
"the",
"karmapa",
"and",
"others,",
"gendun",
"gyatso",
"traveled",
"in",
"exile",
"looking",
"for",
"allies.",
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"it",
"was",
"not",
"until",
"1518",
"that",
"the",
"secular",
"phagmodru",
"ruler",
"captured",
"lhasa",
"from",
"the",
"rinbung,",
"and",
"thereafter",
"the",
"gelug",
"was",
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"rights",
"to",
"conduct",
"the",
"new",
"years",
"prayer.",
"when",
"the",
"drikung",
"kagyu",
"abbot",
"of",
"drigung",
"monastery",
"threatened",
"lhasa",
"in",
"1537,",
"gendun",
"gyatso",
"was",
"forced",
"to",
"abandon",
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"liang",
"chu,",
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"the",
"zhengde",
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"eunuch",
"official",
"liu",
"yun",
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56cdae5962d2951400fa67ff | [
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"liang",
"chu,",
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"karmapa",
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56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845e | [
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"",
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"of",
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"[SEP]",
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"the",
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"qing",
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"also",
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"writers",
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"century",
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"tibet",
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"a",
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"not",
"an",
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"of",
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"sperling",
"states",
"that",
"this",
"is",
"because",
"\"tibet",
"was",
"ruled",
"as",
"such,",
"within",
"the",
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"of",
"the",
"mongols",
"and",
"the",
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"that",
"\"china's",
"intervening",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"...",
"had",
"no",
"control",
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"the",
"ming",
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"china’s",
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"of",
"its",
"unbroken",
"sovereignty",
"over",
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"since",
"the",
"13th",
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"that",
"tibet",
"was",
"never",
"subject",
"to",
"the",
"rule",
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"the",
"yuan",
"or",
"qing",
"emperors",
"of",
"china,",
"sperling",
"also",
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"stating",
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"tibet",
"was",
"\"subject",
"to",
"rules,",
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"by",
"the",
"yuan",
"and",
"qing",
"rulers\"",
"and",
"that",
"even",
"tibetans",
"described",
"themselves",
"as",
"subjects",
"of",
"these",
"emperors."
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56ce1d0caab44d1400b8845f | [
"[CLS]",
"what",
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"have",
"any",
"control",
"over",
"tibet?",
"[SEP]",
"elliot",
"sperling,",
"a",
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"and",
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"director",
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"writes",
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"that",
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"part",
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"china",
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"the",
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"qing",
"dynasty",
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"during",
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"he",
"also",
"states",
"that",
"chinese",
"writers",
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"early",
"20th",
"century",
"described",
"tibet",
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"feudal",
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"china,",
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"of",
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"sperling",
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"that",
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"because",
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"ruled",
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"such,",
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"the",
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"and",
"the",
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"that",
"\"china's",
"intervening",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"...",
"had",
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"qing",
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] | 134 | 137 | [
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"",
"[SEP]",
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"also",
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"chinese",
"writers",
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"20th",
"century",
"described",
"tibet",
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"china,",
"not",
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"part",
"of",
"it.",
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"states",
"that",
"this",
"is",
"because",
"\"tibet",
"was",
"ruled",
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"\"china's",
"intervening",
"ming",
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"...",
"had",
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"he",
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"ming",
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"insistence",
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"the",
"13th",
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"was",
"never",
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"or",
"qing",
"emperors",
"of",
"china,",
"sperling",
"also",
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"tibet",
"was",
"\"subject",
"to",
"rules,",
"laws",
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"decisions",
"made",
"by",
"the",
"yuan",
"and",
"qing",
"rulers\"",
"and",
"that",
"even",
"tibetans",
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56ce1d0caab44d1400b88461 | [
"[CLS]",
"when",
"was",
"the",
"manchu",
"qing",
"dynasty",
"invasion?",
"[SEP]",
"elliot",
"sperling,",
"a",
"specialist",
"of",
"indian",
"studies",
"and",
"the",
"director",
"of",
"the",
"tibetan",
"studies",
"program",
"at",
"indiana",
"university’s",
"department",
"of",
"central",
"eurasia",
"studies,",
"writes",
"that",
"\"the",
"idea",
"that",
"tibet",
"became",
"part",
"of",
"china",
"in",
"the",
"13th",
"century",
"is",
"a",
"very",
"recent",
"construction.\"",
"he",
"writes",
"that",
"chinese",
"writers",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"20th",
"century",
"were",
"of",
"the",
"view",
"that",
"tibet",
"was",
"not",
"annexed",
"by",
"china",
"until",
"the",
"manchu",
"qing",
"dynasty",
"invasion",
"during",
"the",
"18th",
"century.",
"he",
"also",
"states",
"that",
"chinese",
"writers",
"of",
"the",
"early",
"20th",
"century",
"described",
"tibet",
"as",
"a",
"feudal",
"dependency",
"of",
"china,",
"not",
"an",
"integral",
"part",
"of",
"it.",
"sperling",
"states",
"that",
"this",
"is",
"because",
"\"tibet",
"was",
"ruled",
"as",
"such,",
"within",
"the",
"empires",
"of",
"the",
"mongols",
"and",
"the",
"manchus\"",
"and",
"also",
"that",
"\"china's",
"intervening",
"ming",
"dynasty",
"...",
"had",
"no",
"control",
"over",
"tibet.\"",
"he",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"ming",
"relationship",
"with",
"tibet",
"is",
"problematic",
"for",
"china’s",
"insistence",
"of",
"its",
"unbroken",
"sovereignty",
"over",
"tibet",
"since",
"the",
"13th",
"century.",
"as",
"for",
"the",
"tibetan",
"view",
"that",
"tibet",
"was",
"never",
"subject",
"to",
"the",
"rule",
"of",
"the",
"yuan",
"or",
"qing",
"emperors",
"of",
"china,",
"sperling",
"also",
"discounts",
"this",
"by",
"stating",
"that",
"tibet",
"was",
"\"subject",
"to",
"rules,",
"laws",
"and",
"decisions",
"made",
"by",
"the",
"yuan",
"and",
"qing",
"rulers\"",
"and",
"that",
"even",
"tibetans",
"described",
"themselves",
"as",
"subjects",
"of",
"these",
"emperors."
] | 79 | 81 | [
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56ce1e45aab44d1400b8847a | [
"[CLS]",
"during",
"which",
"dynasty",
"does",
"josef",
"kolmas",
"claim",
"tibet",
"was",
"considered",
"an",
"organic",
"part",
"of",
"china?",
"[SEP]",
"josef",
"kolmas,",
"a",
"sinologist,",
"tibetologist,",
"and",
"professor",
"of",
"oriental",
"studies",
"at",
"the",
"academy",
"of",
"sciences",
"of",
"the",
"czech",
"republic,",
"writes",
"that",
"it",
"was",
"during",
"the",
"qing",
"dynasty",
"\"that",
"developments",
"took",
"place",
"on",
"the",
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"came",
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"considered",
"an",
"organic",
"part",
"of",
"china,",
"both",
"practically",
"and",
"theoretically",
"subject",
"to",
"the",
"chinese",
"central",
"government.\"",
"yet",
"he",
"states",
"that",
"this",
"was",
"a",
"radical",
"change",
"in",
"regards",
"to",
"all",
"previous",
"eras",
"of",
"sino-tibetan",
"relations."
] | 41 | 43 | [
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56ce3d3aaab44d1400b885ea | [
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"whos",
"influence?",
"",
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"klieger",
"writes",
"that",
"altan",
"khan's",
"presence",
"in",
"the",
"west",
"effectively",
"reduced",
"ming",
"influence",
"and",
"contact",
"with",
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"after",
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"khan",
"made",
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"with",
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"hierarch",
"of",
"the",
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"gyatso",
"(1543–1588)—to",
"meet",
"him",
"in",
"amdo",
"(modern",
"qinghai)",
"in",
"1578,",
"where",
"he",
"accidentally",
"bestowed",
"him",
"and",
"his",
"two",
"predecessors",
"with",
"the",
"title",
"of",
"dalai",
"lama—\"ocean",
"teacher\".",
"the",
"full",
"title",
"was",
"\"dalai",
"lama",
"vajradhara\",",
"\"vajradhara\"",
"meaning",
"\"holder",
"of",
"the",
"thunderbolt\"",
"in",
"sanskrit.",
"victoria",
"huckenpahler",
"notes",
"that",
"vajradhara",
"is",
"considered",
"by",
"buddhists",
"to",
"be",
"the",
"primordial",
"buddha",
"of",
"limitless",
"and",
"all-pervasive",
"beneficial",
"qualities,",
"a",
"being",
"that",
"\"represents",
"the",
"ultimate",
"aspect",
"of",
"enlightenment.\"",
"goldstein",
"writes",
"that",
"sonam",
"gyatso",
"also",
"enhanced",
"altan",
"khan's",
"standing",
"by",
"granting",
"him",
"the",
"title",
"\"king",
"of",
"religion,",
"majestic",
"purity\".",
"rawski",
"writes",
"that",
"the",
"dalai",
"lama",
"officially",
"recognized",
"altan",
"khan",
"as",
"the",
"\"protector",
"of",
"the",
"faith\"."
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"lama",
"(1617–1682)",
"became",
"the",
"first",
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"control",
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56ce42afaab44d1400b88620 | [
"[CLS]",
"who",
"was",
"given",
"the",
"grandiose",
"title?",
"[SEP]",
"sonam",
"gyatso,",
"after",
"being",
"granted",
"the",
"grandiose",
"title",
"by",
"altan",
"khan,",
"departed",
"for",
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"before",
"he",
"left,",
"he",
"sent",
"a",
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"and",
"gifts",
"to",
"the",
"ming",
"chinese",
"official",
"zhang",
"juzheng",
"(1525–1582),",
"which",
"arrived",
"on",
"march",
"12,",
"1579.",
"sometime",
"in",
"august",
"or",
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"of",
"that",
"year,",
"sonam",
"gyatso's",
"representative",
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"a",
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"the",
"first",
"official",
"contact",
"between",
"a",
"dalai",
"lama",
"and",
"a",
"government",
"of",
"china.",
"however,",
"laird",
"states",
"that",
"when",
"wanli",
"invited",
"him",
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"beijing,",
"the",
"dalai",
"lama",
"declined",
"the",
"offer",
"due",
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"a",
"prior",
"commitment,",
"even",
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"he",
"was",
"only",
"400",
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"(250",
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"that",
"\"the",
"power",
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"ming",
"emperor",
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"not",
"reach",
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"far",
"at",
"the",
"time.\"",
"although",
"not",
"recorded",
"in",
"any",
"official",
"chinese",
"records,",
"sonam",
"gyatso's",
"biography",
"states",
"that",
"wanli",
"again",
"conferred",
"titles",
"on",
"sonam",
"gyatso",
"in",
"1588,",
"and",
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"him",
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"beijing",
"for",
"a",
"second",
"time,",
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"gyatso",
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"china",
"as",
"he",
"died",
"the",
"same",
"year",
"in",
"mongolia",
"working",
"with",
"altan",
"khan's",
"son",
"to",
"further",
"the",
"spread",
"of",
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10735,
2063,
2516,
2011,
23647,
2078,
4967,
1010,
7745,
2005,
13319,
1012,
2077,
2002,
2187,
1010,
2002,
2741,
1037,
3661,
1998,
9604,
2000,
1996,
11861,
2822,
2880,
9327,
18414,
27922,
13159,
1006,
15017,
2629,
1516,
17696,
2475,
1007,
1010,
2029,
3369,
2006,
2233,
2260,
1010,
17403,
2683,
1012,
8811,
1999,
2257,
2030,
2244,
1997,
2008,
2095,
1010,
2365,
3286,
1043,
26139,
6499,
1005,
1055,
4387,
8895,
2007,
23647,
2078,
4967,
2363,
1037,
2709,
3661,
1998,
5592,
2013,
1996,
14071,
3669,
3750,
1006,
1054,
1012,
17403,
2475,
1516,
24259,
1007,
1010,
2040,
2036,
15186,
2588,
2365,
3286,
1043,
26139,
6499,
1037,
2516,
1025,
2023,
2001,
1996,
2034,
2880,
3967,
2090,
1037,
28511,
18832,
1998,
1037,
2231,
1997,
2859,
1012,
2174,
1010,
21964,
2163,
2008,
2043,
14071,
3669,
4778,
2032,
2000,
7211,
1010,
1996,
28511,
18832,
6430,
1996,
3749,
2349,
2000,
1037,
3188,
8426,
1010,
2130,
2295,
2002,
2001,
2069,
4278,
2463,
1006,
5539,
2771,
1007,
2013,
7211,
1012,
21964,
9909,
2008,
1000,
1996,
2373,
1997,
1996,
11861,
3750,
2106,
2025,
3362,
2200,
2521,
2012,
1996,
2051,
1012,
1000,
2348,
2025,
2680,
1999,
2151,
2880,
2822,
2636,
1010,
2365,
3286,
1043,
26139,
6499,
1005,
1055,
8308,
2163,
2008,
14071,
3669,
2153,
15186,
4486,
2006,
2365,
3286,
1043,
26139,
6499,
1999,
17696,
2620,
1010,
1998,
4778,
2032,
2000,
7211,
2005,
1037,
2117,
2051,
1010,
2021,
2365,
3286,
1043,
26139,
6499,
2001,
4039,
2000,
3942,
2859,
2004,
2002,
2351,
1996,
2168,
2095,
1999,
13906,
2551,
2007,
23647,
2078,
4967,
1005,
1055,
2365,
2000,
2582,
1996,
3659,
1997,
11388,
1012,
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