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ELI5: What is the difference between "software engineer" and "programmer"? | You are getting answers in the theoretical realm. In the practical realm it is a matter of semantics. And it depends on the place you work on what you are called.
Someone called a programmer may actually be doing software engineer. And some software engineers are programming. | 164 | 86 |
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CMV: I believe that our legal system is built on a capitalistic model which removes the fairness factor. | It seems to me that our legal system is built on a capitalistic model. If a lawyer is really good with a proven track record they can charge more money than other lawyers who don't have such a good record. This seems to indicate to me that the people who can hire these more expensive lawyers are increasing their odds that they will have a more favorable outcome of any litigation. Say someone is being sued by someone else who has a lot of money and they hire a lawyer who has won 95% of his cases and with the first person who can't afford such a high caliber lawyer, wouldn't the odds be slightly in favor of the more seasoned lawyer with a proven track record?
I would like to not believe this, so please help me change my view.
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> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | The system is based on English Common Law, which is itself a feudal model based on early medieval Christian values of fairness and justice, albeit with the assumption that that which was established custom was by definition fair (origin of case law)
The 'more expensive lawyer will win' is an *emergent* property of the legal system as more and more and longer and longer laws are passed and it all becomes too complicated for anyone but the most skilled professionals to understand, not a foundation on which the system was originally built.
If you wanted to reduce this effect, shrink the size and complexity of laws. However this couldn't be done without the govt pulling back from whole areas of life it currently regulates and legislates on.
| 14 | 29 |
ELI5: What makes my brain go "I don't know how to do this therefore I don't want to do it"? | 1) Fear of the unknown. An evolutionary instinct we are born with.
2) Fear of failure. A sociological reaction we learn.
3) Sloth/Laziness. Don't want to invest the effort required to learn this new thing.
4) Combination of 1, 2, & 3. Most likely answer. Nothing is so simple.
| 26 | 29 |
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ELI5: Why do animals like to be pet by humans? | Many mammals, especially the kind we interact with, are social creatures - the evolved to work in small family units to share in responsibilities like hunting, care for young, protection, and health.
Part of health is grooming; keeping each other clean and free of disease. Petting is a form of grooming. Animals evolved to seek out grooming, as it is a social behavior beneficial to the survival of these animals. | 32 | 25 |
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Breaking into the Publication Bubble | It seems as though there is an awkward, unspoken line between Master's and PhD students that publish or do not publish. I am finishing my Master's in a program that does not encourage students to do much research or consider publication. However, I am starting a PhD program in the Fall where I know several of the students have multiple publications.
When I ask people about publishing, it either seems second nature to them and they forget important details (i.e. my boss) or some students want to keep a competitive advantage and don't want to sit down and explain how to go about doing it.
Any resources you all could recommend on how to do this? I know several other students that would appreciate this as well. | Read the submission guidelines for a few major journals in your field. What do they have in common? What idiosyncracies do individual journals have?
Tighten up your potential submission as much as you can for the journal you want to send it to, but recognize that--**no matter what**--editors & reviewers are going to have critical feedback intended to help strengthen it further. This is a good thing.
Come to terms with the fact that sometimes this feedback is phrased in a way that stings. It's ok to be frustrated/pissed off at this. We've all gotten it. Part of the process is moving past it and figuring out how to use that feedback productively. | 18 | 16 |
CMV: I think soft skills should be a required class in US schools. | I'm going to limit this CMV to US schools, because I'm not familiar with the education systems of other countries.
The older I've gotten, the more I've realized the vital importance of soft skills to success. The ability to network, work with others, communicate my ideas, find champions and mentors, build my network, find a way to accomplish tasks, etc, have all been vital to my success in my career, and will continue to be so. In fact, I got my current job because my employer believed I would "play well in the sandbox".
Maybe I was just a slow learner, but it took me quite a bit of time to realize this. Throughout high school and college, I assumed I would do well in life because of my academic talents. But I learned more my first 6 months at my first job than I had during my years at college, because I found there was a whole host of skills I didn't have that I really needed in the working world.
I hate to say it, I think a great deal of that was because so much of my education was focused on taking tests, and I was good at taking tests. But to achieve success in a career, knowledge is not enough. I had to learn to work with others, solve problems, and work with those in authority over me. In fact, out of all my childhood experiences, the Boy Scouts did a great job of preparing me for this (although I didn't realize it until much later).
So, I think there should be at least one soft skills class offered as part of school curriculum, required for graduation. While I'm not knowledgeable enough to suggest how the class should be structured, the goal would be to accomplish a number of tasks using leadership, networking, and coordination. The goal of making this required would be to elevate the importance of soft skills to something that requires a grade. I could, if required for the discussion, offer a few ideas for the structure of the class, but those are mutable.
Go for it, Reddit. CMV that a soft skills class should be required to graduate the US school system.
EDIT: Spelling
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> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | That's why colleges place such a high value on excelling at team sports, founding/running clubs, and charity work.
I'd argue that requiring "soft skills" in a structured and artificial environment does very little to teach their practical use outside of that because the way people handle these situations is tailored to their personalities. | 28 | 29 |
[MCU] If I wanted to bring Thanos back, would I need all of the stones to do it? Just him, not his entire army. | You would need:
* The reality stone to make the recreation
* The mind stone to know/understand enough about Thanos to make the creation as accurate as possible
* The time stone to make it permanent
* The soul stone to make it an actual living being rather than a puppet
You might need the power stone, depending on whether or not the above is within the capabilities of the individual stones.
You probably would not need the space stone. | 55 | 44 |
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Submitting same project to several funding agencies | When you write a grant application, you are asked whether this project is/will be submitted to any other funding agency. If you are willing to submit to a couple of funding agencies in parallel - how does this influence the decision to fund the project or not? Does anyone have such experience? | The main reason this question is asked is so that if both agencies love it and want to fund your work, you need to work with the program officers to cut the budget so they are not funding identical work twice (double dipping). | 29 | 27 |
Got my own funding for a postdoc. How much do I "owe" the PI? | I was awarded a personal fellowship that essentially gives me funding for a postdoctoral position. The application involved me writing a proposal, and then the PI submitting the proposal along with some admin busywork on their side. It has been about half a year since I joined, and the PI has been very helpful to me, giving me all the freedom that I desire while assisting whenever I ask for help.
Now, although I certainly share some common interests with the PI and their group, since the start of the fellowship I ended up working mostly on my personal projects or things with other collaborators. I can blame the pandemic-induced reduction in physical meetings that could kickstart new projects with the group, I can blame the PI for not pushing me to join some of their ongoing studies, but ultimately the main reason is my choosing the path of least resistance and pursuing the projects that I know will lead to good publications without having to study new ideas from scratch.
Of course technically I don't *have* to work for the PI as I have my own funding. But the funding was obtained with the support of the PI, and the PI as well as their administrative staff have gone above and beyond to help me since I joined. I have this constant feeling that I should be doing something together with them to "pay back" for the help that I received, even if it's not formally required.
I wanted to hear others' thoughts about this. Is my feeling of "owing" something to the PI justified? In case I end up not having *any* joint projects with the PI, would this reflect badly on me? Am I burning a bridge with this PI by not actively pursuing projects with them? | Be a good colleague, offer help supervising their phds, and continue on your autonomous path. Treat the freedom you get as a precious gift and reward it by being an easy going and cooperative person. No need to share authorship btw. | 92 | 58 |
eli5: How do they decide what the speed limit is for a road? | Basically the title. I'm curious what they do to decide. surely they don't just stick a random number on a sign and call it a day. | It depends largely on the nature and purpose of the road. Things like width, straightness, slope, signage and surface influence how safe it is to use that road at speed. Obviously you need to go slowly on a narrow, windy road if you don't want to accidentally leave it. If you want a road to be fast, you need to make it straight enough that steering is easy and you need to make sure people have enough time, space and notice to react to whatever they're approaching. The other thing is that you need to make sure the limit accounts for transitions onto other roadways or through areas of different usage. A smooth transition between different speed zones is better than, for instance, letting a highway exit directly into a school zone. | 19 | 15 |
Anxiety about a career in research | I am close to starting a research-focused M.Sc./PhD-program in neuroscience that I have spent the last three years of my life working toward. Now that courses will start in a few weeks, I am starting to get anxious and slightly overwhelmed with the prospect of a career in research. I was hoping to get some third party perspectives on the things I am worrying about.
Seeing that academia is a competitive environment, how bad would it be not to get the greatest postdoc position right after your PhD? How much time is there before you have to give up on your dreams of being a researcher because you did not manage to publish enough papers? By when should you have published something?
How restricted am I to my PhD topic after I graduate? Obviously I will have better chances when staying in the exact niche I have already worked in, but is it viable to change directions after spending a significant amount of time on one specific subject?
And in case anyone is from a neuroscience (especially cognitive neuroscience) related field: Is there even anything I can do with that degree apart from research or am I going to have to either be successful in my research or be jobless?
I realize that the answers to these probably vary by field (and potentially country), but I am happy with any perspective I can get.
Thanks in advance! | You just started your program. There is **nothing** you can do in your first few weeks (really your first year or two) that will affect your long term prospects. You are so far away from the job market that worrying about it now is counterproductive. Focus on getting settled into your new home and getting comfortable in your department.
Your other questions will vary by field. Find an experience faculty member who has placed students in academia and ask them all your questions. Better still, ask them what you need to do to be competitive on the academic job market. They should be able to give you practical answers based on their experience training students and interviewing for faculty positions. | 44 | 57 |
I think tipping is a bad system that should be eliminated. CMV. | Tipping servers and other workers could be a nice gesture if you've enjoyed their service. However, many restaurants give their workers ridiculously low pay because the rest is supposed to come from tips and many servers live mainly on that income. That is, in my opinion, wrong.
As an employee, your pay should come from your employer. As a customer, you should pay the demanded price. Having a customer decide how much the server is worth - after the service in question has already been delivered - is silly. The customer is left with the power to leave no tip at all for an excellent service.
On top of that there is the question of cultural differences - when travelling I have no idea how much to tip and where. Why not just put those extra percent into the price of the food/whatever else is being bought in the first place? You can still be allowed to tip when you think you received such excellent service that they deserve something extra but it should not be expected or counted on.
CMV.
EDIT to add: It's also more about looks and luck than who gives the best service. Women most often get bigger tips than men, and those women get more when they're wearing makeup. The general customer is not able to differentiate between good service or bad service, they just subjectively give more if they like the server or if they are in a good mood. | Tipping solves the problem of information conveyed through price for products with unusually subjective value.
The restaurant owner does not know what the value of a meal is to his customer because he has to charge the same price for all customers, yet the customer will value the meal by many subjective criteria: was he hungry? Did he like the decor? Did he sit in the draft of the air-conditioning? Does he have a working copy of the TAS2R38 gene that makes him sensitive to phenylthiocarbamide (and thus hate brussels sprouts)? Oh brother, how the heck do you handle crap like that?
It's impossible to guarantee happiness, but it is possible for a human agent to make amends. Enter the wait-staff.
You solve the price-information problem by using a social mechanism that the customer understands intuitively and which conveys the value of everything that the menu cannot encode. Water too cold, too warm? Waitress fixes. Potatoes too mushy? Waiter takes it back. Sauce has too many aldehydes that trigger the nose of someone with an active OR6A2 gene that makes it taste like soap? Waitress has it re-done: NO CILANTRO!
Tipping is a natural consequence of a product which, unlike washing machines or microwave ovens, is extremely sensitive to personal judgement. When you find a restaurant with good wait-staff, and you communicate with them through tipping (and money speaks louder than words), the customer can create a product that is customized in ways few other industries can match.
Michelle, your favourite waitress, sees you coming in, and she makes sure everything is the way you like it to be because you give her 20% or better. The owner of the restaurant *cannot* provide that any other way, nor can he get the customer to communicate those preferences through the menu.
| 49 | 38 |
How did Japan become such an economic power if they have so few tangible natural resources? | To my knowledge, most economic powers have had massive reserves of natural resources; USA, USSR, British Empire, China, etcetera. My question is: how is did Japan become an economic power if they don't have such huge reserves of resources, perhaps besides manpower? Thank you in advance. | It's a matter of resource allocation. Two of the most important things in any economy are labor and capital. When you don't have any natural resources you cannot invest in safe and simple businesses such as mining a sillicon mine or an oil well. In other words, you are forced to innovate, which is what Japan (with the help of the US) did in the last part of the XX century. They put their capital and manpower first, to manufacture goods to export, and second, to leverage on that manufacturing knowledge, to innovate. Innovation (usually) produces higher yields on the long run than investing in exploiting natural resources.
May sound counterintuitive but natural resources often lead to weak economies. Countries with huge natural resources are not forced to innovate, create, transform, and their economies tend to exist around drilling a well, taking the oil or gas out, and sending it to another place. Same with mining. The best example is probabbly modern Russia. To certain degree, if you look at it from a game theory perspective for the capital holders / investors in this economy, this makes absolute economical sense, if you obtain a decent risk free near term profitabilty for using your capital and effort on extracting oil, or mining sillicon, why would you risk more to obtain profit in 10+ years, for example, researching and manufacturing new cuting edge technologies as Japan did?
You can become a rich country with natural resources (like Qatar or Saudi Arabia), but real development rarely comes from it. And depending on how the output of the exploitation of natural resources is used, the country will remain more or less rich in the future. Norway is an example on how to properly use the profits obteined from your natural resources.
If you look at the list of the richest countries per capita (excluding micro-nations like Liechtenstein) you get many countries that do have natural resources (Iceland, Australia, Norway) and others that don't have any natural resources: Switzerland, Ireland, Denmark, Netherlands.
edit: grammar | 56 | 98 |
ELI5: If there are no lions in Europe, why are they all over European heraldry? | Owls, bears, boars and all that make sense because Europeans would see them all the time. I've never heard of lions indigenous to Europe, and yet lions are everywhere when you look at European heraldry. How come? | modern europeans largely have a greek/roman lineage, to some degree (at least culturally). romans had lions. Lions are depicted in the bible. Lions territory used to be quite large as well, living in southern europe. | 483 | 869 |
[40k] Do Chaos Space Marines have friends/relationships? | In a world where everyone is insane, murderous, and obsessed with getting to the top (and usually getting there by stabbing somebody in the back) it seems like a horribly lonely life to go through, but on some level these people are comrades that show some care for each other right? Are there any examples of CSMs being bros with each other maybe even (with Slaanesh's urgings) getting together? | Yes.
To what degree depends on the CSM in question.
Some are comrades, loyal only to each other, some are friends in degeneracy, others just get along.
Fabius Bile, for example, has plenty of relationships with Apothecaries from other chapters (even from the world eaters). | 116 | 179 |
ELI5: How does teeth whitening/bleaching work? | I'm wondering if someone could actually explain how it achieves whiter teeth, as my teeth are somewhat stained due to heavy caffeine consumption (lots of tea).
And also if there is any differences between whitening or bleaching. | Whitening is usually used to refer to the mechanical removal of stains by some sort of physical action, IE using abrasives in toothpaste that will scrub off surface stains on the tooth enamel.
Bleaching is breaking up stains via chemical action, essentially using a chemical agent to break the stains down into smaller molecules. | 22 | 165 |
ELI5 why can’t people map the catacombs with sonar, radar or what ever you would use to map underground | I know sonar is water and radar is air but something like that. Idk | You can use ground penetrating radar to check for voids in an underground setting, but the results from GPR are going to be rudimentary, not very good for mapping.
The better way to map the area would be with 3D mapping software from inside.
You take a drone with a lighting rig and a 360 camera connected to a mapping software, and you'll be able to map out the rooms as far as the drone can travel safely, preventing danger for the human operators. | 22 | 19 |
ELI5: how do scientists determine the composition of planets many light years away? | So one of the properties inherent to every material is what wavelengths of light they tend to absorb and emit.
If we look at light bouncing off a distant object and it seems to be absorbing and emitting wavelengths of light characteristic of Hydrogen, we know that the object has hydrogen in it. | 10 | 15 |
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ELI5: What makes a good interviewer i.e. Charlie Rose, Larry King? | I've been watching Charlie Rose interviews recently and aside from his asking questions that stimulate discussion, I was wondering if there was something more that makes him good at interviewing? | These kinds of people are very intelligent and well-informed. They do their best to learn as much as they can about what they're interviewing them about, so they come up with genuine interesting questions in that research process. | 30 | 52 |
Difference between a principled person and close-minded? | One could say that a principled person is one that has considered other viewpoints, rationally come to the conclusion that certain viewpoints are ethically sound, and then refuses to shift from them, while a close-minded person doesn't do step one. But more realistically, a principled person is someone you agree with, and a close-minded person someone you don't. | 13 | 15 |
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ELI5: If I am in possession of a $1 Bill, do I own it or am I just renting it? | Having control of a bill means you have the ability to use it's face value to settle all debts both public and private.
The Federal Government actually owns the bill. Which is why it's illegal to deface or destroy any currency. | 114 | 129 |
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How fast does something have to move through our field of view for the movement to be noticeable? | This question is impossible to answer with a single number. The threshold for motion detection changes as a function of:
1. Object contrast. Higher contrast objects are more easily noticed.
2. Size of the object. Larger objects are easier to detect.
3. Light level. Motion detection is more sensitive in rod circuitry (low light) than in cone circuitry (bright light).
4. Retinal eccentricity. Objects in peripheral vision need to travel a greater distance to be detected than objects in the fovea.
| 62 | 238 |
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ELI5: Marxism/ Karl Marx | Karl Marx was a philosopher/political thinker who wrote a bunch of books and papers in the mid 1800s outlining a particular view of how social systems and economies are run and how they should be run. He worked a lot with a guy named Engels, so you'll see their names together a lot.
His basic points were:
1. Most of the way our societies run can be explained by looking at the relationship between social classes.
2. There are two basic classes of people in society: poorer people who make/produce everything (he called this group the "proletariat"), and rich people who control the production of everything (the "bourgeoisie", pronounced boor-zhwa-zee). The bourgeoisie buy the work of the proletariat by paying them a salary, but they're really just taking advantage of them because they're keeping the fruits of the proletariat's labor for themselves rather than letting them share in it.
3. This system isn't sustainable. Eventually, the proletariat will realize that they're being taken advantage of, rise up, and institute a society where there are no classes and everybody works together and shares everything. This is known as a communist (as in "community") society.
His ideas were the basic driving force behind the Russian Revolution in 1917 (formed the communist Soviet Union), as well as many of the other communist revolutions. He has therefore had a huge impact on the world's history.
Nowadays, few people believe he was totally right about everything, and most people don't think a fully communist society is the ideal way to have things. Also, all the attempts at actually making a fully communist society (at least on a large scale) have failed and a lot of them have turned into really horrible dictatorships.
Still, a lot of people think his general ideas about the way society works, like how the rich take advantage of the poor, make a lot of sense. More left-wing or liberal people tend to use this very general framework (rich take advantage of the poor, rich should share more of their money) as the basis for political ideas. More right-wing or conservative people generally believe that the rich are helping the poor more than taking advantage of them, and that to make the rich people share their money is unfair because they earned it. | 73 | 55 |
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ELI5 the different kinds of U.S. law enforcement | There's U.S. Marshals, state police, county police, DSS agents, Secret Service, FBI, CIA, military, etc. What is the hierarchy here and what is the jurisdiction of each kind? | Jurisdiction is limited to what types of laws an agency can enforce as well as where they can enforce those laws. The military, for instance, cannot generally exercise police powers in the United States (there are exceptions). The CIA is not a law enforcement agency, and cannot go around arresting people. The FBI is the general law enforcement agency of the federal government, and they CAN investigate any crime under federal law. However, practically every agency has its own police force to investigate crimes falling under that agency's mandate. For example, the Postal Service has police that will investigate crimes involving the mail. Thus the FBI will not investigate mail crimes. They could if they wanted, but for the most part will leave the other federal agencies to their own devices.
The Secret Service sticks to investigating counterfeiting and threats against the President as well as patrolling the White House. The Supreme Court Police patrol the Supreme Court building. The Diplomatic Security Service act as bodyguards for foreign officials. The US Marshals are primarily tasked with enforcing orders of the federal courts, which includes tracking down and arresting people with outstanding warrants and seizing property. They also provide security at federal courthouses. The Federal Protective Service patrols federal buildings and acts as security.
However, general police powers are reserved to the states. That's why the FBI won't pull you over for speeding. The states have their own levels of law enforcement, starting with the statewide police force which may be referred to as state troopers, highway patrol, state police, or some other variant. They can enforce any state law throughout the state, but are typically confined to rural areas and highways. That's because there are county and municipal police forces.
County police forces are the sheriffs - typically elected officials. They will hire a number of deputies and are usually responsible for providing a county jail. They can enforce state laws throughout the entire county, but with an emphasis on areas of the county that fall outside a city limits. That's because cities have their own police force. The city police force will enforce state laws within the city limits.
Now, state laws are the laws we are most familiar with. These are things such as speeding, murder, assault, domestic violence, possession of drugs, theft, etc. There are many cases where federal and state laws overlap.
A city police officer may arrest somebody for having cocaine under a state law. However, it's found out that this guy is a major drug dealer. So the federal police go ahead and charge him with a federal crime relating to drugs. In this instance, the federal law will override the state law and the state charge will be dismissed. He will be arrested by the federal police and have to go to federal court for the offense.
Basically, each agency is tasked with investigating certain types of crimes. They will give preference to those types of crimes. The only rule being that federal police can only enforce federal laws and state/county/city police can only enforce state laws (for the most part).
| 30 | 27 |
[Marvel] Given that Captain America is still considered to be human, albeit the absolute peak of human potential, does that mean a normal human could train themselves to the same level of physical fitness as him? | Sort of
There are "normal" humans who have his level of strength or some other physical faculty. But Cap is peak human in virtually all possible physical faculties, which no human being could ever achieve, because each of those faculties requires radically different training.
You need totally different training to be a swimmer compared to a powerlifter- just look at the body-types of both in most Olympic games. But Cap can be the best at both at the same time. | 33 | 28 |
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ELI5: what happens to a person's debt after they die? | Probably depends a bit on locality laws and specific situations. However, in most of the US, any money they have leftover (the "estate", which is everything you owned at the time of your death) is used by the executor (person named to have legal responsibility for your finances after death, either by will or by court) to settle any financial obligations.
If the total value of your debts exceeds the total value of your entire estate, there is nothing left to be given out to the beneficiaries in your will and the rest of the debt is forgiven. If your estate is worth more than your debts, the debts are paid and any remaining is distributed to beneficiaries per your will. | 124 | 66 |
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How might Pavlov's modern supporters respond to Lacan's claim that it was Pavlov, not the dog, who was the subject of his conditioning experiment? | So I'm talking about the famous [conditioned reflex experiment](https://www.simplypsychology.org/pavlov.html). But I've not found an entirely satisfying explanation for what the experiment *really* thinks it shows. But if Lacan is right, it needs to be very attentive to what it thinks it proves. And this matters because Pavlov & co seemed to think he had "destroyed Freud's House of Cards" (quoted in 'Jacques Lacan & Co: A History of Psychoanalysis in France, 1925-1985').
Lacan mentions here about the Pavlov experiment: Seminar XI, p.228-229, 237
And there have been a few references to it in the Lacanian literature: a little bit [here](http://www.eurozine.com/his-masters-voice/), a few paragraphs in 'Law and the Postmodern Mind: Essays on Psychoanalysis and Jurisprudence' on p.138, and interesting mention in the 'Love me, love my dog' article by Salecl. And here Salecl writes:
> Pavlov tried to show that a repetition of some act - feeding the dog at the
> sound of a whistle - at some moment produces the effect that the mere
> sound of a whistle, unaccompanied by food, incites the dog to produce
> saliva, which otherwise happens only in reaction to food. The animal thus
> develops a conditional reflex, which is no longer linked to some real
> stimulus (food), but to a purely symbolic one (the whistle). Lacan's thesis
> is that Pavlov actually behaved as a structuralist avant fa fettre, since his
> experiment confirms the function of the signifier and does not, as Pavlov
> mistakenly thought, simply give evidence about the functioning of the dog's
> brain. In Pavlov's view, the experiment was supposed to prove that with
> dogs the conditioned reflex always exists, while Lacan points out that such
> a conclusion is purely ideological, since it masks the fact that it is only the
> signifier that incites this reflex.
>
> Lacan further maintains that the subject of Pavlov's experiment is not
> the dog, but actually Pavlov himself. The dog has no interest in the whistle, but only in the meat. The experiment was not intended to introduce any
> change: to amend or to impair the condition of the dog. As such, the
> experiment was of interest only to the experimenter Pavlov. It can even be
> said that the experiment proved the existence of none other than Pavlov,
> or as Lacan says, "there is no other subject here [in this experiment] than
> the subject of the experimenter" .19 What does this mean? The whistle has
> a meaning only for Pavlov: it is the signifier that represents the subject of
> science (Pavlov) for another signifier - the production of saliva. The subject
> of the experiment was thus Pavlov the whole time: he was the agency of
> the experiment, and he was also the one who gained satisfaction out of the
> knowledge that the experiment was supposed to establish.
And there is an incredibly interesting recent article that reads it into Alice in Wonderland here:
'Laboratory Alice: A Lacanian Rereading of Lewis Carroll’s Alice-Stories as Anticipatory Reflections on Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience' (p.282, 286).
> For Lacan (1967/1968, p. 8ff.), the exemplification of the
> experimental psychologist, of the experimental Other (A), is Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), a contemporary of Freud. Rather
> than posing as omniscient, apodictic master-agent who already
> knows the truth (in Lacanian algebra: S1 ),
> experimental researchers prefer hands-on action, relying on their technical
> prowess rather than reflection to generate questions systematically, leading towards partial, temporary answers (S2). >Although
> Pavlov preferred to work with dogs rather than with girls, the
> experimental set-up is comparable. And although the Other
> is absent from the scene (as an obfuscated, hidden gaze), he
> holds sway over the situation, introducing a series of stimuli—
> or rather, signifiers—as messages coming from the Other, on
> whom the well-being of the research subject depends. As Lacan
> phrases it, Pavlov’s experiment is basically an enactment of the
> advent of the signifier, and the stimuli Pavlov uses to trigger a
> response (secretion of saliva, for instance) are comparable to
> the DRINK ME and EAT ME items in the Alice-story. Like Alice,
> the laboratory animal (the Pavlov dog) is expected to adapt
> to an alienating situation, purposefully manipulated. Unlike
> Pavlovian dogs, however, Alice dwells in a world of language,
> responding to signifiers rather than to signals, which allows her
> (partially at least) to regain her agency, recasting the scene as
> series of questions and answers.
The article points out that:
> In Seminars VI and XII, Lacan explicitly compares Carroll’s
> stories with the work of Jean Piaget, describing Carroll’s literary
> approach to human cognition and language as far more revealing and groundbreaking than Piaget’s scientific > contributions Lacan criticizes the
> latter for regarding language merely as a vehicle or instrument
> of intelligence and a property that matures in a quasi-biological
> way, while Carroll’s stories revealed how intimately language,
> logic, and intelligence are interconnected and how even the
> infantile world is profoundly structuredby language. Thus,
> to a much greater extent than Piaget’s experimental work,
> Lacan argues, Alice’s literary experiments allow us to study
> the crucial role of language (i.e. the signifier) in the process
> of subjectivization (Lacan 1964–1965, p. 22). In an almost
> Heideggerian fashion (Heidegger 1950/1957), Carrollian art
> seems to precede, and to reach greater depth, than subsequent
> developments in experimental psychology. The same applies
> to psychoanalysis itself, to some extent. Carroll’s Alice-stories
> not only anticipate psychoanalysis (as if Carroll, via his art,
> explored basic psychoanalytical insights decades before they
> were actually articulated by Sigmund Freud), but they may also
> serve as a critical instrument for challenging ego-psychological
> views that were dominant in Lacan’s own time.
I think [this book](http://www.nupress.northwestern.edu/content/piaget-philosophy-and-human-sciences) would've been interesting but I can't immediately get hold of it.
I feel like I've fallen down the rabbit hole and am chasing the white rabbit. Lacan is placing the laboratory itself into question.
Finding a spokesman for Pavlov is something else. What am I seeking? Perhaps, a philosophy of science that reconciles the problem of the scientist as desiring subject. What might Pavlov have said (in his more innocent era)? How far would modern philosophers of science go along with his best argument? What do they say --with their modern views-- is going on with Pavlov's experiment? | Lacan has a very specific ontology: Namely his use of signifiers, while common in continental (French) philosophy, does not really show up in other philosophical and scientific contexts. For Lacan, one of the interesting entities in the world are signifiers. One important aspect of signifiers is that they are bound to meaning, and meaning is bound to perception. (This is a very fast and very sloppy argument - there's much more to this, and we need not go into depth here).
Contrary to that, science tends to be interested in materialistic stuff: Interesting entities are material, that is, they exist when not perceived. (Again, this is very fast and sloppy. Don't quote me on this).
So the problem with reconciling Lacan's theory with your intuitions is that Lacan introduces signifiers into a setting where we usually operate without them. Our common understanding of experiments and Lacan's understanding operate on two wholly separate levels: Lacan is interested in what happens in the mind of the experimenter, and our common understanding is interested in what happens outside of the experimenter.
That does not mean that Lacan's points are not important. They simply talk of something that we usually don't when discussing science. However, all philosophy of science theories do relate to the role of scientists in some form or another. Thomas Kuhn's paradigm theory, for example, suggests that scientists follow an established paradigm, that is, a set of beliefs that are taken as truth by the scientific community. But those theories do not, generally, follow the route Lacan has taken.
| 20 | 59 |
ELI5: How do game anti cheats, like BattlEye or GameGuard work? | What I mean is - I know they can check the processes which are running and are associated to the game that you're playing, but how do they know that those processes are actually cheating tools? | There are different flags that can be detected to assume someone is trying to tamper the game, such as debugging another process (the game in this case), accessing the memory mapped to that game, running the game in a virtualized environment, tampering the binary or assets and many more.
Anti-cheat try to detect those abnormal behaviors targeting the game's process. | 20 | 28 |
ELI5- how does sunscreen work? | Sunscreen prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun from damaging your skin. There are 2 types of sunscreen, chemical sunscreen and physical sunscreen. Chemical sunscreen contains chemicals that undergo chemical reactions when they absorb the ultraviolet radiation and release it as heat from you skin. Basically, the layer of chemicals absorbs the UV rays instead of your skin. Physical sunscreen, also called sunblock, contains minerals like titanium dioxide or zinc oxide that block the UV rays from your skin by reflecting them. | 25 | 40 |
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[W40K] What is the Dark Age of Technology and why was it so dark? | Dark Age of Technology was the peak of human technological advancement and generally the peak of human civilization. It was then mankind expanded with ease to every corner of the galaxy. It lasted for ten thousand years from the 15th millennium to the 25th and was followed by the Age of Strife where warpstorms cut off Terra/Sol from its colonies and most colonies from each other making society collapse and regress.
It is called dark not because of any features of the age itself but rather because so little is known about it and so much of the technologies from that age has been lost forever. | 91 | 65 |
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ELI5: what makes quartz crystals so useful? | As far as I understand they are being used in clocks and computer technology - what makes them so special? | One major aspect of quartz is that it is piezoelectric. This is when a material will produce a tiny amount of electricity when deformed by physical force. Such a behavior is very useful in things like sensors for microphones, guitar pickups, and ultrasound sensors for medical imaging.
Another major use is that the piezoelectric behavior works in reverse where the crystals will slightly deform when electricity is applied to them. A sort of "tuning fork" can then be constructed that will resonate at a specific frequency and kept resonating by applying a small electric charge. That resonance then can be used to keep time with high accuracy, hence the concept of a "quartz watch". There are other obvious uses for timekeeping in electronic devices. | 36 | 22 |
CMV: Having a UBI for all people reduces the need for minimum wage and gives everyone more freedom for employees and employers alike. | UBI for those that don't know, is a concept that involves a basic income for all people that is handed out by the government. It would be enough to cover only living expenses such as rent, basic food and basic bills. Many countries have taken the idea seriously enough to have pilot programs to test UBI with pretty positive results.
In a world where unemployed people have enough to survive on, the power to turn down exploitative work is very valuable.
On the flipside, it opens up jobs that normally wouldn't be worth it for the employers unless they pay very little. As an example, food delivery jobs such as doordash/skip do not typically pay enough to live on and are typically done as a secondary job. If every job you do isn't to survive but rather to improve your quality of life, it could be much more rewarding. You do it to build up your wealth rather than to avoid getting behind.
Other benefits of UBI worth mentioning are reduced crime and violence, reduced drug and alcohol abuse, improved mental health and less overall stress.
It also goes without saying that AI and automation will replace more work every year. Even if most people keep working and more jobs are created, the hours we work are decreasing, and that can be a good thing. | How do the deal with the issues associated with UBI, the biggest one being inflation?
If the UBI is enough to live off then less people will work decreasing productive capacity and leading to inflation meaning that the UBI no longer is enough to live off and we're back to the current situation. | 551 | 1,925 |
ELI5: what does caffeine actually do your muscles, especially regarding exercising? | Research by the American College of Sports Medicine has shown that ingesting 3-9 mg per kilogram of body weight (2-6 cups of regular coffee) approximately 1 hour before exercise can increase endurance or help with short intense exercise (around 5 minutes) where the person is working at near maximum.
The belief is that it has an effect on muscle contraction during anaerobic exercise – remember though this was tried on well-trained athletes in a laboratory environment.
Studies on elite distance runners and swimmers did show an increase in their performance times after they had ingested caffeine. The Australian Institute of Sport team found that caffeine triggers the muscles to start using fat as an energy source rather than carbohydrate sugars.
Certainly the enhanced performance using caffeine has been well documented and the Olympic Committee banned athletes from having more that 12 mg/ml in their urine samples. This equates to approximately 4 – 7 cups of coffee consumed within 30 minutes. | 25 | 67 |
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ELI5: What the heck is an 'open source platform' for website building? | Open Source is a phrase used to describe a methodology of software development. Instead of keeping the code closed and only allowing people use the software when it's assembled, they share the base code with everyone so they can work with it as well.
This inspires people to find bugs, security flaws, and bad features, then develop and submit their own fixes and improvements. Open Source software, if we'll used and popular, can be very security and full-featured, as well as kept up to date and modern. | 11 | 15 |
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CMV: The way we judge the whole population's maturity with a simple age is just wrong | First as a disclaimer: I don't want to get into an age of consent debate. I'm just talking about the age at which you're considered an adult by the law.
I and I'm sure other people have seen some who are extremely immature for their age and some who already extremely mature even though they aren't legally an adult.
Setting an age for a whole population is just plain wrong. People aren't just allowed to start driving when they're 18. They have to prove to the state that they are in fact capable of driving.
The same should be done with the legal age.
We could raise the legal age for everyone, say 21, but you could already get legal rights by proving your maturity to the state.
Not everyone is the same so people also shouldn't be treated like they're the same | The problem is always going to be how do you prove maturity? If for example you’d need to prove maturity in order to participate in essential civic rights like voting that’s anti-democratic and it’s impossible to remove bias from a maturity test. | 41 | 45 |
ELI5 Why can rain and snow last for hours/days but it never hails that long (or at least I’ve never seen it)? | Hail requires much more specific conditions to occur, and those conditions are hard to maintain for very long. In particular, hail implies very strong updrafts within a storm cloud, and those updrafts usually only last a matter of hours at specific times of day. On the rare occasions that they don't, it's usually part of a very large storm system, and those systems usually don't stay in one place. It's not *in principle* impossible to maintain hail for a while, but you'd need a bunch of things to align exactly right.
Rain, on the other hand, is pretty easy: all you need is a decent low pressure system to park itself overhead. | 30 | 21 |
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ELI5: If hormones are secreted into blood, and blood needs to pump around the body, how does adrenaline act so quickly | Ive always wondered how the moment of drama and that sinking feeling happen together instantly. But the chemical has to be secreted, get into the blood, and then the blood needs to be pushed via the heart to the brain.
How does this happen so fast? The chemical must be secreted in a way that the blood near the gland gets a very high concentration and I don't think it would diffuse that fast to be evenly distributed throughout the body. Adrenaline is one that comes to mind. | Blood travels through the body at roughly 3-4 miles per hour. This is at rest and just an average though. When your body wants to get ready for a fight or flight situation, your heart rate goes up.
Typically a drug injected in the arm, at rest speeds, will hit the brain in just a few seconds. This is assuming a healthy average heart rate, roughly 70-85 bpm.
A fight or flight response drives the heart rate up to 115-140. The upper bound of which is twice the lower range of resting heart rate. It’s not quite doubling the speed, perhaps, but it’s making it much faster.
Adrenaline is produced just above the kidneys in special glands. This is roughly in the middle of your body. With a blood speed, under stress, of up to 6-8 miles per hour, the hormone will reach your heart, muscles, and brain, in less than a second and a half. It takes a negligible amount of time to enter your blood, and once there it’s running around body faster than a jogging person. | 69 | 39 |
ELI5: Why is it that light-colored objects like white t-shirts become clear when they're wet, but things like hair become darker? | [Wet T Shirt (SFW)](http://inewsfashion.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/wet-tshirt-contestwet-tshirt-2014-inewsfashion-6tnfzbot.jpg)
[Wet Hair](http://how-to-cut-hair.co.uk/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/wet-hair-A.jpg) | the fibers in a shirt absorb water. when the fibers absorb the water they expand and allow more light through. the exact opposite happens with hair like fibers. they absorb the water and stick to each other. therefore they let less light though. the color also plays a role. light colors will absorb less light than darker colors.
| 12 | 21 |
What is the difference between aquatic and terrestrial plants? | Whats the difference in, say, cell structure between a terrestrial and aquatic plant? There are a lot of plants that can grow in water and above, but their leaves/appearance tend to change depending on their conditions. | One big difference is the waxy cuticle that terrestrial plants have to prevent water from escaping.
They also rarely have xylem (the vascular tissue that carries water) and often do not have phloem (the vascular tissue that carries sugars) since larger portions of the plant are often photosynthetic (make sugars) and do not need to transport sugars long distances. | 24 | 53 |
Publishing in journals or conferences | I'm just starting my PhD and haven't published yet. I know that papers could be published in either journals or conferences so I wanted to know what are the main differences:
* Generally speaking is it easier to publish in a journal or a conference?
* Does the publishing process in one take more time than the other?
* Is one of them seen by the academic community as more important than the other?
* What are the unique characteristics (challenges or benefits) of each?
* Which one do you prefer ?
PS: In case the answer to any of these questions depends on the field I'm working in, I'm working in computer science (AI/ML). | This varies very strongly by field. In some engineering disciplines conference contributions are a major, and prestigious, vector of publication of new results, with peer review and indexed proceedings volumes. In other fields conference talks are just that, and as a rule a byproduct of you regular research and publication activity. This is with a lot of variation, depending on you particular disciplinary niche.
Across the humanities and elsewhere this may again look differently.
So yeah, CS people should chime in. | 74 | 62 |
ELI5: Why would anyone want to ban using cameras to catch people who block intersections? | > "It doesn't hold a threat to anyone if there are signs but nobody is there," he said. "We either need cameras (not allowed by state law) or people to get some order. Some people don't learn until they get burned" with a ticket.
So why would California pass a law against such a sensible and useful policy? | Traffic cameras are often set up and maintained by 3rd party companies. The local police or municipality gets what's basically a kick-back to mandate them. Then, the company sets them up and gets most of the money (profit!) from the tickets.
They can also contribute to rear-end accidents as people slam on their brakes because they aren't sure when specifically they'll get a ticket for going through the intersection.
If there's a spot where someone is blocking an intersection that seems like a trivial matter for the police to fix. That tends to be cheaper and less extreme solution for what would likely be a short term problem. | 15 | 18 |
ELI5:Why do businesses have to pay tax? The owners are taxed anyway. | I'm aware that through the dividend imputation system (in Australia), any company tax paid is credited on the individual and therefore only counted once.
And companies have been known to change locations, at least on paper, to seek the lowest tax rate (Ireland, various small island nations).
So why tax companies at all and not just tax the individual owners. It would save a bunch of work for the companies and the tax agency and remove the incentive for companies to relocate based on tax laws. | There are two main reasons.
First, businesses provide benefits to employees that are hard to tax on the individual level. For example, it's hard to include the value of having a well-furnished private office on someone's personal income tax. If businesses are not taxed, these benefits escape taxation altogether, which actually undermines the idea of taxing personal income.
Second, it is much easier to tax businesses than individuals. Corporations have detailed account books whether they pay taxes or not, as these are crucial to the running of a business. Since they are semi-permanent entities existing in public, it is hard for them to dodge taxes in the way an individual can (by going into hiding, on death, etc.). The cost of administration becomes much lower.
Does point number 2 sound unfair? It is in a sense, but we see this in many taxes. Sales taxes have no social benefit, and indeed have negative social effects, because they overly burden the poor (who spend more of their income on consumption). But it's really easy to levy a sales tax compared to personal income. People have long argued for sales taxes to replace income taxes for this reason. Similarly, property taxes arose as a means to tax the wealthy, because it is much easier and less invasive to assess the value of real estate than it is to inquire into someone's income.
It's worth noting that in most countries, businesses do not pay taxes on the profits that they reinvest. So the tax does end up being primarily one on the owners' income, and not a drag on the actual business activity. | 26 | 44 |
ELI5: How do radio stations track the listener count? | Radio is measured in a few different ways, and to be in full disclosure, there is much debate on the accuracy of any of them as the margin of error was pretty high, and people lie in journals and surveys about radio fairly regularly.
1. Journals - literally a sample of people are given journals they write what they listened to each day and turn it in after a couple months.
2. "People meters"/"audio listening device thing" Its a small microphone you wear or is in a certain place which listens and records what is playing, and the data is then sent to the ratings service. This is becoming much more common now.
3. Surveys. Just plain simple radio surveys.
| 33 | 96 |
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Why is Philosophy male-dominated? | There are obvious socio-cultural reasons that has caused Philosophy to be male-dominated throughout history, like many of the other academic and high-ranking professions.
But there has been a deeper, methodological criticism that the profession has a bias in its approach and perspective that skews male or masculine, and in this way has failed to accommodate women and in turn a much needed perspective-- all the while under the guise of objectivity. Feminist Ethics, for example, in part seeks to undercover these implicit biases, countering what were once traditional views that women were unconcerned or not intelligent enough to comprehend their own moral duties.
Another now famous example in Continental philosophy is the claims of Phenomenology concerning embodiment. From Husserl's notion of *epoche*, the bracketing of phenomenal experience, to Merleau-Ponty's views on sexuality, there's been criticism that these popular or highly publicized views have actually ostracized perspectives that don't match what is taken as universal or common, or implies that men have unfettered access. | 31 | 26 |
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How do I helpfully interact with undergrads who approach me inquiring about Harris, Petersen, Molyneux, etc.? | This semester alone, I’ve had half a dozen or so undergrads approach me before and after lectures/sections to ask whether I listen to their podcasts, what I think about them, and so on. So far I’ve expressed an unfamiliarity with them so as to be careful. Is there a better way to approach this? | This seems like a good opportunity to emphasize basic interpretive skills. For example, if you try to *outline* a Molyneux talk, eliminating the snarky rhetoric and simply attempting to show the steps of an argument, accounting for explicit premises and implicit assumptions, things tend to fall apart pretty quickly. Even his book on UPB comes apart almost immediately when you simply try to understand it, rather than allowing yourself to be swept along by all the distractions involved. | 51 | 84 |
What are some criticisms of Kant’s Categorical Imperative? | text. | The biggest issue for me is you can specify the maxim of your action in different ways, and whether your action satisfies the CI can depend on how you do so. You could resolve this problem by specifying some procedure for formulating maxims, but this is a non-trivial problem. | 21 | 16 |
should I use websockets for a site, when only my server wants to send updates ? | I'm creating an attendance app using Nodejs as a backend, I want to update the number of currently checked in users in real-time, my question is which connection should I implement ? as only the server wants to send data to client. | Server-sent events (SSE) accomplish this exact task, but I'd still say use secure websockets.
They're lightweight, they have great support and tooling, and there are some annoying SSE limitations that could bite you. | 14 | 20 |
ELI5: why do you need to switch on so many things when starting a helicopter? | What are all those switches controlling?
Couldn't it be replaced with a single switch for the whole process?
Does it happen that you flight a helicopter without turning on several things? | In not only helicopters but most aircraft there are several systems needed in order to sustain flight, such as hydraulic systems, fuel systems, bleed air systems (air supplied by the jet engine providing lift), air conditioning and oxygen, lights, navigation and communication, and electric systems. There could also be multiple systems for redundancy/emergency.
All of these switches are turned off to conserve power, make maintenance easier, and prevent accidents.
Edit: words | 13 | 18 |
What is API ? | "An application programming interface (API) is a connection between computers or between computer programs. It is a type of software interface, offering a service to other pieces of software."
What the heck does that mean?
Edit: thanks for all the wonderful answers | Suppose you write a library. It contains functions `fff` and `ggg`, that do certain things.
You tell other programmers: call function `fff`, with no parameters, to do XXX. The function has no return value. Call function `ggg`, passing an integer, to compute YYY, which is returned.
The information in the previous paragraph is your API: how your library is used by other software, and the services your library provides. In this example, the API consists of function calls. A web API might consist of HTTP requests. In all cases, it's about how software interacts with other software. | 28 | 34 |
ELI5: Why does a familiar word sound unfamiliar after you overly repeat it? | It is a phenomenon called semantic satiation.
When you hear a word, your brain isn't really paying attention to the sounds, it is translating those sounds into an idea, and is primed to put it together with other words to form a more complex idea.
When you repeat a word over and over, your brain stops recognizing it as a word, and it breaks down into sounds that really have nothing to do with what the word means. | 4,206 | 8,476 |
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ELI5: I was born with blue eyes, when I was young my eyes would change colors from Blue to green. Now my eyes are more a greenish hazel. What caused this? | Like what causes eye color it change a lot, and then eventually just pick a color and stay like that? Does it have to do with my parents gene pool fighting for supremacy? | Let me explain how eye color work first: Human body does not produce blue or green pigment, it can only produce brown pigment. People with brown eyes have a lot of pigment in their iris. People with blue eyes have very few. Blue eyes appear blue because lights refract in the iris in the same manner as the sky or the ocean. Air and sea water are both clear, but because only blue lights are passed through so the sky and the ocean appear blue to us. Green eyes have a very thin layer of pigment on top of the iris, it's so thin that it's yellow instead of brown. Yellow combined with blue will make green.
Notice how the sky or the ocean change color under certain weather conditions or lights? Blue eyes sometimes change color the same way. When you get older more pigments may appear, like many blond children end up with much darker hair as adults, eyes can get more pigments as well. | 72 | 70 |
Eli5: what causes a lisp? What's stopping a person with a lisp simply not putting their tongue between their teeth when they pronounce an "S"? | There's a thing in linguistics called "articulatory settings", which are the physical behaviours and habits a speaker develops in order to make speech easier and more efficient. Different regions develop different "standard" settings in order to pronounce different sounds from different languages, which is how you get accents when speaking foreign languages -- a Hindi speaker has a distinct accent when speaking English because his articulatory settings don't allow quick and efficient access to the sounds of English, and vice versa.
Someone with a speech impediment such as a lisp would have just as hard a time consciously altering their settings as this Hindi speaker would. Sometimes they learn over time, sometimes they don't, and sometimes they actively work to overcome their accent. But lots of people, if not most of them, have a hard time doing so, or with mimicking accents reliably, which is why we have speech training. The same applies to those with lisps et al. So for speech "impediments" we have speech therapists who can teach people how to alter their "settings", generally regardless of how those settings became " impeded" in the first place. | 93 | 85 |
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ELI5:Why are braces so expensive ? | All braces are is a bunch of small metal pieces and a wire.
The whole thing probably cost under 3$ to make so, why exactly does it costs over 3000$-7000$ for basic metal braces in my country (Canada) ? | The materials are not that expensive. What you're actually paying for is the dentist's skills in applying the braces, the time spent in maintaining it (you'll visit the dentist on numerous occasions to have it adjusted) and the dentist's reputation. | 2,979 | 2,563 |
[STAR TREK TNG] How many students are in Starfleet Academy at any given time | Also how long is the program. How are students selected. Do they choose their own specialty? Can any citizen of a federation aligned planet make an attempt? When Wesley Crusher was making his first attempt, he was passed over. Is it common for the Academy to accept people after multiple attempts? Why exactly was he passed over anyways? | We know it is limited and acceptance is not easy to attain. The program is 4 years like American undergraduate college in the 20th and 21st century. Yes you can choose between command, engineering, and science(as evidenced by Mr.Scott's Kobayashi maru). Yes any citizen can apply. Yes it is common to take the test multiple times, Wesley was not ready. | 10 | 21 |
ELI5 how wet paper is so weak but if left to dry it returns to the same(or close) to the same strength. | What is the water doing that severely weakens the structure but if allowed to dry it seems to return to the same strength, or at least really close to the same strength as before. | Paper is made from cellulose which forms long interconnected chains and fibers. These chains and fibers are held together by a special type of bond called hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are quite strong and provide a lot of the structural properties you see in paper.
Water is also capabale of hydrogen bonding. When water impregnantes the fibers, it interupts the hydrogen bonded cellulose-ceullose network, to create new cellulose-water hydrogen bonds. As a result, the fibers become disentangled and separated. This is why paper is so much weaker when it is wet.
If the paper is allowed to dry, those cellulose-cellulose hydrogen bonds are allowed to reform, and the paper (mostly) regains its mechanical properties. | 31 | 23 |
Isn't chaos theory/butterfly effect just a fact of life? | Sorry if this is a stupid question. I searched a few other places but couldn't find an answer or couldn't find one that wasn't over my head. I'm not a science person so I'm hoping someone can explain this to me.
I usually only see people talking about chaos theory/the butterfly effect as it "applies" to specific examples or scenarios. But, unless I'm misunderstanding the definition, isn't the butterfly effect just a fact of life? Doesn't it just apply to everything?
EDIT - Should clarify what I mean here. I don't mean that every given scenario in the universe is a chaotic system. Rather, I'm more asking whether the Universe *in itself* is a chaotic system.
My understanding is that in a chaotic system, the initial state is very sensitive to very small changes, which may lead to big changes in the outcome later. But doesn't that apply to life in general, and arguably everything since the beginning of the universe?
I mean...what is the alternative to the butterfly effect? That there are instances where small phenomena have no change on a larger outcome? But even then, that small phenomenon occurred and took up the space for another phenomenon that otherwise could've happened that would have had a larger effect on the given outcome. I don't know if that makes sense or not.
I guess part of what I'm asking is whether chaos theory is a "theory" in the scientific sense of the term or the casual sense.
EDIT2 - I thought of another way to phrase what I'm trying to say. There are many movies out there dedicated to the whole butterfly effect thing - where you see the protagonist go through many different possibilities or alternate lives based on minute changes to their younger self, etc. (Mr. Nobody is the first one that comes to mind.)
Now, obviously these movies are greatly simplifying things for the purposes of the movie, but are they fundamentally incorrect? Like, is it patently UNTRUE that, say, whether you fall and break your knee one summer when you're 9 years old can set off a string of events that change who you end up married to?
If that isn't correct, why? Or if it is correct - why can't the cause/effect string of variables keep going back to the beginning of time/the universe? | Some systems are far *more* sensitive to initial conditions, the classic example being air turbulence. I.e. small change leads to entirely unpredictable outcome. It's a mathematical property of the system in question.
Some systems are relatively stable, for instance we can predict the movements of planets in the solar system with high precision, centuries in advance, but it's difficult to predict the weather a month from now. | 10 | 21 |
what degree of knowledge should I know before applying for a job? | I studied programming on and off for 8 years for shits and giggles. It was very broken, but the last 6 months I've consolidated that knowledge into a fairly solid mass, with no holes that are obvious to me. I know c++ and python.
​
My question is, how much should I know before I should start applying for jobs? Is the bare basics adequate, or do I need an advanced knowledge of the languages? Do I need knowledge other than just programming?
I've been advised that since I don't have a degree that I should build a bunch of projects to show what level of knowledge and fluency I have. How many and varied should these projects be? Should they be huge, complex applications? Should it be one large application or many small applications? Should they be put onto some app store or something, or is there existence adequate and I just send them along with the job application?
I don't mind having to learn a bunch more if I need to, but I would just like to know where the start line is. Thanks for all replies. | As far as projects go, I'd reccomend one pretty large and flashy project, supplimented by a sprinkling of smaller projects if you want to show breadth. A large project demonstrates an ability to plan and follow through that you don't really get in sub-thousand line projects.
If you're just making them for resume purposes, open sourcing them on GitHub is the way to go. If it's mobile dev work you're doing, publishing might be good move, though the likelyhood of a recruiter actually downloading your app is hit or miss.
As far as ability level goes, the bare minimum is probably language fluency, that is, given a vague description of a solution, you should be able to relatively painlessly translate it into code. Solving hard problems should be the hard part of developing software. | 18 | 49 |
Why do milk or sugary drinks cause thicker saliva? | I conducted a pretty thorough literature review to determine why exactly thicker saliva secretions are related to ingestion of some foods and drinks but not others. Apparently there's a **lot** of research out there on saliva.
I finally hit paydirt with this study: *The influence of beverages on the stimulation and viscoelasticity of saliva: Relationship to mouthfeel?*
Milk was not studied, but acidic drinks like colas and tea, mint gum, and water were compared for their effects on saliva release, character of saliva, and subjective experience of the person salivating.
The major finding was that acidity of the beverage was one of the primary factors that caused release of copious amounts of hyperviscous (thick) saliva. To quote the study directly:
"We consider that these effects arise due to the acidity stimulating the secretion of highly elastic saliva from the submandibular/sublingual glands while mechanical action predominately stimulates inelastic saliva from the parotid gland, as discussed extensively by Stokes and Davies (2007). It is anticipated that the stimulation of elastic saliva due to acidic beverages arises as a defence against acid erosion on teeth in order to promote formation of the salivary pellicle."
Milk, being slightly acidic, would likely thicken saliva via the same mechanism.
Note that there are other mechanisms with other foods and drink that thicken salivary secretions; among others, the capsaicin receptor triggered by spicy foods springs to mind. | 10 | 28 |
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ELI5: What is the difference between Dopamine, Endorphins and Serotonin? | I've seen all three being regarded as responsible for happiness and pleasure. Only endorphins seem to be regarded as responsible for the feeling of "being in love".
Can anyone clear this up? What does each one do that the other doesn't? What do they have in common? | Two of the three of these are neurotransmitters, which are chemical messengers that relay information from one neuron to the next. The three you listed serve different purposes and complete different tasks.
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is linked with your pleasure systems in the brain.
Serotonin is another neurotransmitter linked with your sleep, dreaming, and general arousal.
Endorphins are morphine like chemicals that act as the brain's natural painkillers.
I hope this answers your questions. | 37 | 54 |
How do radio waves (low energy) travel through walls and gamma rays (high energy) travel through walls, but visible light (medium energy) can't go through walls? | It just seems strange that I can send a text when indoors, but the walls block light which has more energy. | It's a question of whether the photons of a given wavelength/frequency/energy interact well with a material. Gamma radiation is too high-energy to interact with atoms other than just blasting electrons completely free, which ionizes the atom (hence the term "ionizing radiation"). Radio photons are too low energy to do anything on a photon-atom level, but a radio wave can affect large numbers of atoms in something like a conductor.
Visible light is a particular range which tends to correspond to atomic orbital energy levels. An electron requires a specific amount of energy to jump up one orbital, and releases a specific amount when dropping down one. The amount of energy absorbed/released by those processes tend to be around the visible range. So, visible photons are happy to be absorbed and/or emitted by atomic matter. That's why we evolved to see it. | 145 | 244 |
By using fossil fuels, aren't we continuing the planet's cycle by releasing the energy trapped in them back into the atmosphere, or were they serving some other functions by being buried down there? | I mean, all fossil fuels are formed from the remains of organisms that consumed energy in the first place, right?
That energy then got "trapped" in the form of fuel.
Isn't that energy "lost" to the planet until we burn the fuel, or does it facilitate some important geological processes by remaining in that state? | All elements including carbon circulate through Earths various reservoirs and complete their geochemical cycle at a certain rate.
So, normally in the case of carbon, there is always some material leaving hydrocarbon reservoirs and moving into the atmosphere, the biosphere or some other reservoir at any given time through Earths history. The key notion here is that those are geological rates which are virtually meaningless on the span of a human lifetime.
What we are doing now is resetting that cycle by progressively releasing in a geological instant as much of the carbon presently stored in hydrocarbons as possible. The effects will be profound, and affect the Earths carbon cycle for tens of millions of years. The end game result will be an atmospheric hothouse, possibly similar to the Cretaceous, followed by progressive trapping of carbon in oceanic sediments and removal of that carbon of effective circulation for tens/hundreds of millions of years - so probably some major glaciation event.
TLDR: first we'll cook, and then we'll freeze. | 59 | 57 |
CMV: The "noisy cricket" from Men in Black is a terrible weapon, and Agent K was wrong and irresponsible to give it to Agent J. | My title sums most of it up. To remind anyone who hasn't seen it for a while, the Noisy Cricket is a tiny MIB gun which is extremely powerful. K's boss tells him to arm J, and K gives him the Noisy Cricket which he uses trying to catch the bug guy a few minutes later.
Reasons why it's a terrible weapon:
* Its tiny size would make it really hard to aim accurately.
* The comically intense recoil sends the shooter flying backwards ten feet or so. This is a terrible thing for a weapon, as the shooter is now vulnerable and disoriented after each shot.
* The gun has a massive blast area, much wider than even something like a sawed off shotgun. This would make it very difficult to disable a threat without putting nearby people at risk.
Reasons why K was irresponsible:
* K gives J the gun without warning him about its intense recoil or its blast area. What if J had fired it while standing with his back to a ledge or something sharp? What if there had been a hostage situation and J had fired it at the hostage taker? The blast would have easily killed the hostage as well.
* J is already well trained on using a standard issue police pistol. Wouldn't it be more responsible to have him start off with a gun he understands and is comfortable with? At least until he's had a few hours on the range with the noisy cricket to get some experience with it?
For these reasons, I think it was a terrible weapon choice for J's first armed MIB mission, and K was very irresponsible for giving it to him. Whether it was negligence (maybe he was so used to using MIB weapons that he didn't consider J's lack of knowledge/experience with them) or some kind of desire to emasculate J by giving him a tiny gun (which doesn't really make sense considering how powerful the weapon is), K's decision was irresponsible and he should have been reprimanded by his boss.
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> *Hello, users of CMV! This is a footnote from your moderators. We'd just like to remind you of a couple of things. Firstly, please remember to* ***[read through our rules](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/rules)***. *If you see a comment that has broken one, it is more effective to report it than downvote it. Speaking of which,* ***[downvotes don't change views](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/guidelines#wiki_upvoting.2Fdownvoting)****! If you are thinking about submitting a CMV yourself, please have a look through our* ***[popular topics wiki](http://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/wiki/populartopics)*** *first. Any questions or concerns? Feel free to* ***[message us](http://www.reddit.com/message/compose?to=/r/changemyview)***. *Happy CMVing!* | It was given as a poignant and appropriate exercise by Agent K. Agent J learned a very, very important lesson for his line of work. Never underestimate anything because of its' size, as the "galaxy on Orion's belt" clearly illustrated. That was one of the main ironies and themes of the entire movie. The Bug's UFO is small, the Arquillians were small, the little bouncing ball weapon on the stand was small, and the girl in the shooting range with the physics books was small. Never underestimate ANYONE or ANYTHING, or else you might get the entire galaxy destroyed. | 94 | 148 |
How do scientists determine how many millions of years ago 2 or more separate organisms shared a common ancestor? | I mostly understand the process of how they determine what the common ancestors were, but I don't understand how they place a time on it. This question was sparked by [this](https://www.newscientist.com/article/2124050-sneaky-beetles-evolved-disguise-to-look-like-ants-then-eat-them/) post about beetles and ants, and in it, the scientists determined that the 12 beetles examined shared a common ancestor ~105 million years ago.
How do scientists go about determining the time period for when these species started to evolve separately? | A significant number of mutations have little or no effect on the phenotype of an organism. As such, they cannot be selected for or against, so they accumulate within a lineage at a relatively constant rate. By counting these silent mutations between two extant species, we can estimate how long they've been reproductively isolated, and thus evolving separately, from each other. | 19 | 17 |
Why can I hear a transmitted radio signal on several frequencies? | Hi everyone.
I tried [this](http://www.icrobotics.co.uk/wiki/index.php/Turning_the_Raspberry_Pi_Into_an_FM_Transmitter) tutorial and build a small radio transmitter out of my Raspberry Pi. The usage is really easy, I just plug in a file and the frequency on which I would like to broadcast and I can tune in on my radio.
I tried it on different frequencies (beforehand I read about frequencies I am not allowed to broadcast on) and found something funny:
If I tune my radio to 88MHz, I will also be able to hear the sound at a 44MHz, 22MHz or 10.5MHz transmission. How is this possible?
I also read that CB-Radio is transmitted at roughly 27Mhz, but I can also hear that in my normal FM-radio at roughly 105Mhz (again, a multiple of the "smallest" frequency.
Can someone explain me the physics behind this? | Its called harmonics, the idea comes from that all waveforms comes from the sum of a series of increasing sinusodial waves. Meaing a 11MHz transducer is transducing a sum of 11Mhz, 22Mhz, 44Mhz, 88Mhz etc frequencies, but in decreasing amplitudes. But your reciever is sensitive enough to pick those harmonics up.
I need to stress that this is not a problem with your transducer, but a fundamental property of maths and physics. | 53 | 92 |
How many holes are in a pipe if you cut a hole in the side? | So I know it's a topology thing that a straw has only one hole, the one that goes through it. I know that a mug similarly only has one hole, through the handle, that the actual cup part that liquid goes in is technically not a hole. So a hole is like, in one side/out the other kinda deal?
For example, how many holes does a 3 way pipe join have? Or a 4 way cross pipe join? Or like in the title if you had a pipe with a hole connecting to the inside area does that mean it topologically have 1, 2 or 3 holes?
Hope this question makes sense, I've watched a few topology videos and feel like my brain has been bent. | It can be a bit of a trick figuring it out. Conceptually you end up reshaping the thing into something easy to understand.
Take a pipe. Assuming that the pipe walls have thickness, topologically you can stretch one end wide to make it a funnel, squish it short to make it like a washer, and round it out a bit to make a torus with one hole.
A T connector with 3 inlets you can do similar. Take one end open it up, shorten and squish the other two inlets, and you end up with two holes left.
A cross connector gives you 3 holes.
In general as long as funny twisty things aren't happening one inlet can get stretched out, and all the rest of the inlets become holes.
A shirt has 4 entrances arms, waist and neck, so 3 holes.
Donut has two entrances, top and bottom, and so has one hole. | 40 | 50 |
How important was the role of PhD supervisors in the career of successful researchers? | My question is specific to researchers who have made significant contributions in terms of investigating fundamental phenomena and developing techniques that have defined the trajectory of their field. Any accounts from biographies of such personalities would be appreciated. Eventually it would help me answer if extreme hard work, constant self-evaluation, and the drive and motivation to study science are all that it takes to be a successful researcher. | Very important, but not really in the way you’ve described. It’s more:
- Do they either fund you or help you get enough external funding for you to be able to live off of so you can focus on and complete your program?
- Do they properly socialize you into the field?
- Have they introduced you to networks of scholars who will help you grow and develop during and after your program?
- Do they support your development as a human being and not just a cog in their data-analysis-publication machine?
- Have they helped you develop good work habits that are healthy and sustainable for you?
- Have they helped you discover and refine your scholarly voice?
- Have they helped you refine your passion and ideas into a tangible and productive research trajectory?
- Have they helped you develop the technical and soft skills needed to thrive in academia?
- Do they support you in publishing enough good work in good enough outlets early enough in your program to be competitive in the current job market?
- Is their reputation and network strong enough to get you noticed by hiring committees? | 50 | 18 |
ELI5: What are the amino acids? And what do they do to the body? (Simple answers cause I’m a noob) | Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. Imagine amino acids like lego blocks, you can assemble them into any shape and size.
Amino acids are all identical, except for a single “side group”. This side group can be a single hydrogen, a complex carbon chain, some nitrogen groups, etc etc. These give the amino acids different properties, which gives the proteins a function.
Any protein you eat will be broken down into its base amino acid components. It doesn’t matter if you eat chicken, peas, beef or mushrooms, you will still get the same amino acids, which your body can use to make any protein. The lego structure will be split into individual blocks, which your body will assemble into functional proteins.
Eating “collagen protein” for smooth skin doesn’t work, Nor eating “special proteins” for some magic purpose. In fact, overeating one single source of protein will harm you. Some plants like wheat don’t have the same ratio of proteins as humans, so if you only ate wheat you would be short of some amino acids. It’s like disassembling a black lego boat and expecting to build a blue sphere - impossible. | 56 | 43 |
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ELI5: If identical twins share 100% of their DNA with each other, how come they don't have identical fingerprints? | Not everything is determined by exact coding from your DNA. Your DNA has instructions on how to make a fingerprint but the process is somewhat random
There are certain features of fingerprints that are genetic, leading to different types of patterns, but the actual result is more random | 302 | 245 |
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ELI5 When a food is considered to be "processed," what does that actually mean? | Basically, every food you eat is processed, unless you grow and pick/slaughter it yourself. These days, when people use the word "processed", they mean more along the lines of added preservatives, fillers, etc.
For example, if you go to the deli in the grocery store and want some turkey, all the turkey is going to be processed, since the animal has been killed, feathers plucked, meat taken off bone, then reassembled into the piece that is sliced. Oftentimes, other things such as preservatives will be added to help with shelf life, flavors, etc. "Fillers" are also used to help a small amount of meat become a larger piece to slice.
That's not to say that all turkey lunch meat would be like that. There are some that have nothing added to it, other than the meat off the breast of the turkey. These, however, are still considered processed.
TL;DR: all food you purchase from the grocery store is processed. Unless you grow/slaughter and cut the meat off the animal yourself, it is considered processed. But when people say a food is "processed", they more often than not referring to various preservatives, fillers, etc. that are added to the food that aren't naturally a part of the plant/animal. | 17 | 37 |
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ELI5: What actually are shin splints? | I have suffered shin splints or Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome for the past 5 years. I've tried everything I possible can to get rid of them, but nothing gets rid of them for good. I've had a bone scan and everything and my GP says rest is the only cure. I've got orthotics because it's my flat feet that are causing them, but I still suffer.
I've heard multiple answers to what shin splints actually from physios, GPs, Google search. I still never remember. I've heard answers like: it's the muscle tearing away from the bone and its lack of fluid which causes bubbles on the shins.
Can someone please explain like I'm five so that I can remember once and for all! | When you see a diagram of the muscles and bones in the body, it is drawn to show that the muscles connect to the bones only at the ends of the muscles. In reality, though, the muscles are adhered directly to the bone where they lie up against it.
If you've ever cut up a raw chicken, you know that the meat (which is mostly muscle) doesn't just fall off of the bone once the skin is removed. You have to cut it away, often scraping the meat off of the bone. Your muscles are stuck to your bones in the same way.
Now imagine your muscles are moving and the stresses from that motion are pulling the muscle either away from the bone or along the bone. The parts of your muscles that are stuck to the bone get torn as the muscle moves around. This is what shin splints are. | 21 | 26 |
ELI5: Why does fresh air feel better to breathe in than indoor air? | The lungs are evolved to be good at sensing two things: Co2, and a lack of Co2. Fresh air feels more fresh because it has a bigger lack of Co2 compared to your average indoor building.
The brain is also capable of connecting "cold" to fresh. Hence why, for instance, cold water generally tastes more fresh than warm water. When the air is too hot, it can feel suffocating, even if you're outdoors. In the northern hemisphere, for the most part, 'outside' is going to have a higher combination of 'lack of Co2' and 'colder than inside' to trigger a 'this is fresh air' feeling in your brain | 794 | 683 |
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CMV: Avoiding partisan hackery does not mean compromising your positions, nor does it mean being some sort of centrist who wants to meet in the middle. It simply means that you shouldn’t allow your position on one subject, dictate your position on another non-related issue. | Your position on abortion policy should not be a good predictor for your position on climate policy.
If I can guess your position on abortion, gun control, healthcare, education, affirmative action, capital punishment, drug laws, minimum wage, free speech, foreign policy, and corporate taxes, simply by you telling me your views on climate change policy, then odds are you’re just a victim of tribalism and group think, and you haven’t actually come to many of these conclusions through objective research.
If I were to say ‘I’m a centrist’, it isn’t because I’d want to meet in the middle and compromise on issues I care deeply about. It is because I’d be all the way left on some issues, all the way right on some issues, in the middle on some, mixed on others, and uncertain some as well. It’s possible that going all the way in one direction for every issue just so happens to be correct, but I’d say it’s rather unlikely.
I don’t want to give away any of my positions, since they aren’t relevant to my point.
| From what I've seen, people's views on specific political issues are often motivated by more basic views regarding which things are important and how people should interact with society.
"Objective research" doesn't really determine what one's view is by itself; it just provides information *about* the issue. Your base values are still going to determine what your view on the issue is.
The reason you can usually guess someone's position on many issues based on their position on one issue isn't because of groupthink, it's because that one issues indicates what they value, so it's likely that their views on other issues are consistent with those values. | 141 | 1,170 |
[Star Wars] Did Palpatine ever learn the secret to immortality from Darth Plagueis, or did he plan to die naturally one day? | I've always wondered if Palpatine planned on dying eventually and, as far as the current canon is concerned, destroying his own Empire once he wasn't around to have his fun anymore. It's never mentioned if he learned the secrets to biologically eternal life from his master, and Palpatine is an older gentleman (88 by the time of the Battle of Endor) so it seems like he's destined to croak one day. The average human lifespan in Star Wars used to be in the low 100s, even 200s or higher if you were Force-sensitive, but that still puts a relatively limited timescale on the longevity of an entire Galactic Empire which replaced the several-thousand year run of a Galactic Republic. | There is quite alot of literature on this topic, especially comic books. The very short answer is the reason Palpatine was so interested in clones is he figured out how to take over a body after his death. So he clones himself and pretty much lives forever. The hero's win the day and kill off all the clones but yeah there is a whole comic book series devoted to what happened to Palpatine after his death. | 30 | 26 |
ELI5: How were the worlds first words agreed upon and how did everyone know what they meant? | . | The meanings actually came first, before there was proper language.
Human ancestors would have a variety of call, not unlike modern apes. One sound might mean "Help! Danger!" while another might mean "Who is that over there?". These grunts and screams got progressively more refined to express more subtle meanings, until they evolved into a true language. | 11 | 18 |
Why do corporations repurchase shares? What benefit does this have? | When a corporation has extra money, it has a bunch of options for what to do with that money which generally fall into one of two categories:
1) Invest in the business:
This could mean building a new factory, acquiring another company, developing a new product, additional employee compensation, etc.
2) Return money to shareholders (i.e. the company’s owners):
This is the ultimate goal of a corporation - owners invest money, the business generates profits, the business pays the profits back to the owners.
Dividends are one way to return money to shareholders - this is just a direct cash payment to the owner of each share, often in quarterly installments. Many companies do this, but a significant downside is that dividends received by shareholders are taxed as regular income (in the US). Shareholders usually don’t like paying taxes.
Which brings us to share buybacks. This is just another way to return money to shareholders - they can choose to sell their shares back to the company, in which case any gains are taxed at capital gains rates (typically lower than regular income tax rates in the US). If a shareholder chooses to keep their shares, each share is now a slightly bigger piece of the company. | 83 | 103 |
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How does RFID work? | I've tried Googling this but I can't seem to find an answer that explains RFID in terms of electromagnetism and the physics behind it in detail | There are a few different forms of RFID. Probably the most common is low frequency near field RFID. But there are also passive and active high frequency RFID with longer ranges.
Active RFID is where the tag has a battery or other external power supply. The tag will contain a full radio transmitter and receiver and basically acts like a transponder. The advantage is that the range is very long, but the tags are bulky and require power. The antennas work exactly like those of any other radio system.
The other forms of RFID are all passively powered - the tag is powered by the transmission from the reader. Obviously the tag has to be extremely low power. These systems can operate at either low or high frequency. The tag will collect energy from the antenna by charging up a capacitor through a diode, then communicate by shorting out the antenna and reflecting the signal back to the transmitter.
The antennas for passive high frequency RFID, again, work just like those of any other radio system. However, near field RFID is a little different. The frequency is less than 1 MHz, so it's not possible to fit a full size antenna in the tag. Instead, both the reader and tag use coils. The coils concentrate the magnetic field produced by current in the wire. Current oscillating in one coil generates an oscillating magnetic field, which in turn induces an oscillating voltage in the other coil. This is a process called mutual coupling. It's the same principle that powers a transformer. | 37 | 86 |
Does the US budget deficit even matter? | 1. Japan has [long history of budget deficit](https://tradingeconomics.com/japan/government-budget)
2. But the [Yen has strengthened consistently since 1970](https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/EXJPUS).
3. Then why does everyone keep saying that the US dollar will be weakened because of budget deficit? | It matters when the market decides it matters.
You cite Japan, but that's an atypical case (especially through the 70s and 80s when their economy was growing at breakneck speeds as they modernized and caught up in terms of productivity and technology). High debt is okay if investors think it's still safe. Investors gradually demand a higher return as they view the debt becomes less sustainable. Right now Japan still has high debt to GDP ratio; but is sitting on historically low interest rates.
There are many more cases where the bond market started demanding high premiums from countries as their debt increased. That's what we see in Venezuela right now... There are many other historical examples.
Government debt is not the only factor the drives currency exchange rate. | 17 | 18 |
Do g-waves attenuate with time(or when they interact with matter)? | If they do attenuate, how can we determine the source considering the waves could have interacted with a random number of matter | Gravity waves do not attenuate when they pass through matter; they just deform the matter a little tiny bit and move on.
They also don't attenuate over time, beyond the fact that they get weaker as the spread out through space.
| 25 | 120 |
Eli5: How are chess players rated? | The Elo rating system. Players have a numerical rank that goes up when they win and down when they lose. When they win against someone with a lower rating than them, they don't get as many points as when they beat someone with a higher rank than them. If they lose against someone higher rated than them they don't lose as many points as if they lost to someone ranked below them.
This means you need to beat players of equivalent or greater skill (per the rating system) to increase your rank, but losing to an extremely highly rated player isn't very impactful unless you are also very highly rated. You can't easily rank up by beating players much worse than you, but losing to them is very detrimental.
Many other sports and eSports use a similar ranking system. | 23 | 15 |
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ELI5: How can young children become traumatized by something they don't understand? | I don't mean like seeing their mother or father being abused, because the children understand their parent is being hurt, whether or not they know why.
What I mean is something along the lines of walking in on people having sex, or seeing the insides of a body. They wouldn't know what the people having intercourse is actually doing, nor would they know that the insides of a person are what keeps them alive and that they shouldn't be on the outside/visible.
So why would it phase young children, but not something like a cub or baby animal?
Unless it really doesn't phase them, just there are typically other circumstances involved I don't understand. | Fear, and subsequently, anxiety and mental trauma can be the result of an experience that feels so alien to what we normally experience. The lack of an adrenaline rush and positive reinforcement can cause the mind to try to find answers. If no good answer is provided, than our primal instincts tell us that it was something that we must avoid. When it involves our personal space, or own peers, we will try to find ways to avoid the encounter, but also try to find a way to deal with the peers involved.
In other words: if you see your grandma with a face mask on, it can be scary - you don't know what it is, and your mind goes primal. If your grandma (without the mask) then quickly explains that she was wearing a mask, showing you how it works, and lets you try it on, this positive reinforcement will prevent mental trauma.
But: this is also a tool for the "battered wife syndrome", where a spouse provides lots of positive stimuli to make the trauma a "mere unpleasant experience". This leads to cognitive dissonance, etc., etc.
So: explain everything to children, and help them find answers. Never use positive reinforcement for something that is bad. Address a destructive relationship, again, by explaining the situation, offering a better alternative, instead of just pointing out the bad stuff. | 11 | 15 |
If your balance is determined by fluid in your inner ear, how does one "practice" their balance? | Your sense of balance is measured with your inner ear. Maintaining your balance requires practiced neural control of muscles. That is what you are practicing. Possibly some part of it is learning to pay more attention to minute changes in your sense of balance. | 21 | 16 |
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Is there a sound analogue of one-way mirrors? Can we,do we have constructs that can look t sound through one way, but block it completely in the other direction? | One way mirrors, transmit light in both directions, the reason that they work is that the side you want to be a mirror is kept brighter than the other, so that the brighter reflection drowns out the transmitted dimmer light. | 26 | 28 |
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CMV: Someone's handshake is a terrible criteria for judging character. | In the U.S., it is generally believed that a firm handshake is best and indicative of a "man". People also say it shows confidence and that it is important for young men to learn a "proper handshake". Finally, employers frequently use the nature of one's handshake to judge character. I believe all of this is ridiculous.
For one, I think even if handshakes for some reason should matter, there is no reason the classic American firm handshake is the best one. Other countries have different cultures behind handshakes. For example, in Japan, gentle handshakes are considered better.
Secondly, I'd like to bring up the fact that young men are expected to learn how to do a good handshake. In my opinion the fact that someone can learn a handshake is proof that it doesn't reveal anything about personality. If I can change the nature of my handshake at any time, then it reveals nothing about me. That said, I would still encourage kids to learn the firm handshake, but only so they can trick people who believe handshakes actually are important.
Finally, I think the idea that a firm handshake makes a "man" is based on outdated ideas of gender roles. To reiterate, the handshake reveals nothing about the person, and is a poor criteria for judging someone. CMV. | It's arbitrary, but it is a well-known standard. That makes it a valuable signal for how well someone can discern and follow unwritten rules.
The same goes for the expectation that someone will wear a suit and tie to a white collar job interview, that someone will choose a professional email address, that someone will format their resume in an aesthetically pleasing manner, etc. The in-person interactions are just indicators of charisma and social skills. And while some jobs might have requirements other than social skills, social skills are almost always a component of the job (communication with management or subordinates or clients or third party vendors, etc.).
So it's a low cost, low effort skill to show that you know the basic rules. Eye contact, firm handshake, clarity of speech, other body language, etc., are easy and make other people comfortable around you. | 629 | 802 |
ELI5: How come people in America need $15/hr jobs if people from Asia can apparently live off ridiculous wages like $2/hr? | What causes everything to be so expensive in America vs. other countries? Why don't prices fall to meet those other nations when things like outsourcing and free trade come up? | Accepted standards of living, and societal expectations of what you will be capable of doing.
Our standard of living requires that everyone have enough food for 3 meals a day, electricity in our homes, running water in our homes, plumbing in our homes, air conditioning, entertainments (books, tv, cable, internet, video games, etc), communication devices (e-mail, physical mail, telephone, instant messaging, texting, skype, etc), personal transportation, medications, and many other things. The reason people in Asia can pay so little is that they do not have these same basic standards of living. To them those things are luxuries.
We also require people to be accessible. Many jobs require you to be able to transport yourself to your work or to travel fairly significant distances on your own. Many jobs require you to have a cell phone or at minimum a landline phone. Many jobs require you to have regular access to e-mail. Without these things it can be difficult to get a job or keep one. | 46 | 17 |
I oppose anarcho-capitalism because of the instability it would induce into society. CMV | My main issue lies with a privatized police force. There is no difference between the mafias of the Prohibition and a privatized police force.
A common counterargument to this is that citizens would have many police forces to choose from, but citizens supposedly also had a choice in the Prohibition, except that they were beaten to obedience whenever they tried to switch.
Another counterargument I can think of is that the government already acts like this to a certain extent with regards to taxes; if you don't pay a mandatory payment, you go to jail. I won't deny this. The government and a mafia are very similar. What discerns them, however, is that the government obeys a distinct set of laws. There's more to this, I'll finish later. | > What discerns them, however, is that the government obeys a distinct set of laws.
Why do they do this? Because the government is made up of nicer people than mafias are? Do people automatically become nicer when you put them into a _monopolistic_ enforcement agency as opposed to a non-monopolistic one? | 26 | 22 |
ELI5: why isn't quaternion multiplication commutative? | Quaternions are used to describe rotation in 3D space. Multiplying by i, j or k is just a 90° turn about an axis. Hold an object in front of you, then turn it 90° to the right, then flip it up 90°. Take note of what its orientation is. Now put the object back to where it started and then flip it up 90° before turning it to the right 90°. If you did it right, the object should not be in the same orientation as the first set of instructions. This is why quaternion multiplication isn't communitative. Numberphile recently did a video explaining this more clearly. | 12 | 18 |
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How do you afford to become an Academic? | Hello!
This is probably going to sound like a very dumb question, but it's something that's been on my mind.
I am currently in my undergrad. I recently decided to pursue my dream of going to grad school and I think I eventually want to teach. I know this will involve a Masters degree at least, eventually a PhD.
I see plenty of professors at my school specializing in humanities topics, being published authors or regular writers, and being very successful in their fields. My question is: how do you afford it?
I made a lot of mistakes in my early 20s and my family couldn't afford to send me to a four-year university. As an adult I'm supporting myself and slogging through a full time job and school. My living expenses (rent, car loan, insurance, food, etc......) easily exceed $1000. I can't imagine not working, or only working part time, but I don't want to work full time in my graduate studies--I've even heard of schools that won't let you. I kick myself for not being more responsible and putting myself in this financial hole.
I hope this doesn't sound rude, it really isn't my intention. How did you support yourself through grad school? Should I just give up?
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Thank you! | Any PhD program worth going to will fund you - they'll cover your tuition and give you a stipend for TA work or scholarships not tied to a work contract. There's no guarantee that it would get you to a living wage, and many grad students have to supplement their stipend with a side gig, but it's not nearly the same as undergrad, where it's more common to pay out of pocket. A PhD position is a job in and of itself, and you shouldn't go to any program that doesn't recognize that by paying you for your work. | 42 | 17 |
Eli5: Why is tile always cold? | Some substances like water and stone conduct heat really well. When they're hot and you touch them, you heat up really quickly, and when they're cold and you touch them, they suck all the heat out of you.
It's why a 'dry heat' isn't considered as bad, why you can catch hypothermia if you're wet in a freezing cold day, and why tile always feels more cold underfoot. If you held a thermometer to tile and hardwood they'd be the same temperature, but the tile brings your foot down to it's temperature very efficiently, so it feels colder. | 30 | 45 |
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Non-academic careers with History PhD | Are there any members here with a PhD in History who chose not to pursue a conventional TT track job in academia and instead took up a job that requires doing research and pays well? I can think of museums but my guess is that unless one planned that during graduate school and took a minor in Museum Studies, it might require one to re-enroll in a Museum Studies program *after their PhD* for a career change. Are there other careers that requires research skills and doing historical research but does not involve a teaching component? I would love to hear more about such alternatives. | You need an MA in Museum Studies to do museum work. A history PhD does not prepare nor qualify you. Same thing for archival or library work- you need a specialized MA (MLIS).
A history PhD prepares you for writing and research, so you can feasibly go into any field that requires that. But 6+ years to get that experience is NOT worth it. The only reason to get a History PhD is to be a professor. But there are no jobs. Long story short, don’t get a history PhD unless you are a glutton for punishment or a trust fund baby.
Sincerely,
History PhD | 23 | 18 |
ELI5: Why do stocks that will never pay dividends have any value? | EDIT: There may be a bit of confusion on this question. I understand that the price of a stock goes and you can sell it for more than you bought it for based on people's projections about the companies future performance.
However, this doesn't answer why there is value in the first place. Pretty much every other asset I can think of (Besides Gold) Holds intrinsic value in that it either benefits you, or it's benefits can later be sold for others.
Holding onto a share of stock does not benefit me in any way, and the price only goes up based on how people feel about future performance. Without dividends, it's confusing as to where this value comes from. Though many of you have explained buy backs, or being purchased by a third party. | There are, generally, four ways for a shareholder to extract value from a company:
1. The company pays out its profits in the form of dividends;
2. The company is sold and the shareholder's shares are purchased by a third party;
3. The company buys back its own shares; and
4. The company winds up and the shareholders take their equity stake.
So even if you never expect to get a dividend you can still get your money in one of these other ways. | 26 | 57 |
ELI5: Why are boogers and ear wax two seperate things when they have the same purpose? | Lets say you have two classes of students, and you give them the same problem to solve- how to clean a chalk board. One class is sent to the library, and the other to the auditorium.
The class in the library learns that they can take all of the books and fan the dust off of the board.
The class in the auditorium learns that the curtains can be used to wipe the board clean.
Now, lets say you ask these classes the same problem again the next day.
Each one now knows a way that works to do this, and will just repeat it like they had before- the books are still laying out in the library and curtain is pulled up to the board in the auditorium. They quickly solve it using the same method, maybe adding a small change but mostly just using what works and is already available.
The classes can't just tell the other "Hey, just use the curtain!" or "Use all of the books as fans!", because what works in a library might not be doable in the auditorium, even if they're solving the same problem.
This is similar to how different pieces of your body developed over millions of years.
Ear wax is the product of millions of generations of solving this problem one way, as are the parts of your ear that make and regulate it- the same goes for your nose's snot, which solves the problem another way. | 143 | 84 |
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ELI5: Why do companies like Redbull and Monster spend so much money on sponsorship and advertising when everyone knows them? | Part of marketing and advertising is to generate impulse desires in consumers. You see a commercial for McDonald's, they talk about a Big Mac, you want a Big Mac, you go out and buy a Big Mac.
Even if they can't compel you to go out and buy a can immediately, Red Bull and Monster are just trying to keep themselves at the forefront of your mind the next time you're shopping for an energy drink. | 94 | 122 |
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How come teeth move back to their original positions if you stop wearing braces? | Dentist here. There are many different factors affecting movement of a tooth. If your treatment with braces is incomplete, then as commented above, one factor causing relapse is that the soft tissue fibres attached to that tooth will be under tension to a greater or lesser degree in certain directions and will pull it back like an anchor tugging a drifting ship back to its immediately preceding position.
But to really answer your question, it’s helpful to think about teeth and their movement differently. Teeth never move back to an ‘original’ position. At any moment in your life there is a position that they are moving toward. Your teeth in fact never stop moving. They all move so slowly that you just can’t see it happening. The position they are drifting into changes as time passes. People who’ve had braces and people who haven’t both notice their teeth moving by the time they start to tip outwards, inwards, or overlap. This is why people in middle age discover that braces are for them after years not minding the mild crowding they used to have.
The teeth can move because they are not like a house built with foundations driven & cemented into the earth. They are floating gently on a cushion of soft tissue in a sea of bone that constantly changes shape. Around each tooth root is a sheath of fibres, a ligament, which works as a shock absorber. Pressures and tensions in that tissue from all kinds of things including your bite force and direction, the pressure of your tongue outwards and your cheeks/lips inwards, all cause a complex interaction between the cells of the soft tissue and the surrounding bone that can dissolve away bone and regrow ligament in any given direction. This is how pushing, pulling or torquing a tooth with braces can move them all around. But they do this on their own constantly anyway. The bone nearby is shapeshifting too. Your bones turn over - they disassemble and reassemble perpetually, remodelling depending on the work you have them do. This is why astronauts on the ISS lose bone density under low-G conditions as their muscles do less work to move their bones around in space, and they need to do extra workouts to maintain bone density.
The ‘original’ position that you’re picturing was a position of all the teeth at which they each were feeling a similar amount of pressure in all different directions. We call this equilibrium position the ‘neutral zone’. External (cheek lips tongue bite) and internal (ligament fibres etc.) forces balance out to hold each tooth in its place over time. If you’ve shoved all your teeth into a more attractive or more useful position, in which the lips happen to pull in far more strongly than the tongue pushes out, for example, your front teeth will obviously want to drift back to tipping inward. Your orthodontic treatment outcome is never a long-term stable position. So listen to your orthodontist when they tell you retainers are needed for life! | 4,789 | 6,542 |
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How do you deal with the possibility that your project might not work out? | Edit: The title should probably be "How do you emotionally deal with the possibility your project might not work out"
I find research to be a roller-coaster of emotions. I'm in Computer Science, and I build systems and it's constantly a cycle of yes-it-works-this-is-so-cool, and oh-it's-a-bug-and-it-doesn't-work! Until it finally works, that is.
I feel exhausted by this cycle, especially now that other parts of my life are causing additional fatigue. I feel worried that none of my projects will pan out ... which actually wouldn't be the end of the world---I've been toying with the idea of getting back into the industry, but I still worry!
Even after doing a Ph.D. (I'm a postdoc), I feel exhausted by these emotional rollercoasters. In the industry, if you're working on something you are reasonably certain that it can be done. What remains is fixing the bugs and doing good design, writing good code, etc., etc. In academia, it feels like everything is uncertain! | At every stage of your career you should have multiple projects, and try not to be too emotionally invested in any one of them. Some projects just flat out won't work, so set it up so that is fine. Also try to set up your projects such that failures/negative data/refuted hypotheses can be published. This is harder and more field specific, but a good thing to aim for.
This is why it's called re-search. We search again tomorrow. | 13 | 24 |
What should you be learning in a typical undergraduate senior-level econometrics course? What about in a PhD level econometrics course? | Undergraduate senior level: the theory behind optimality of OLS. Introduction to general methods of calculating asymptotics of estimators, so that you can understand biasedness and consistency. Regressions in multiple variables. Time series and panel data. Introduction to instrumental variables and 2SLS. In a sufficiently advanced course, logit models and other nonlinear models.
Phd level: two courses. First course: probability theory underlying econometrics. Theory underlying estimation methods besides OLS, to be used when OLS assumptions are violated. This includes instrumental variables/2SLS more generally, GMM, maximum likelihood estimation, etc. Methods for calculating variance of estimators in practice, eg bootstrapping. Nonparametric estimation methods, like kernel density estimation. Second course is more time series: estimation in time domain and frequency domain, vector autoregressions and impulse response functions, state space modeling, conditional heteroskedasticity, Gibbs sampling, Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. | 14 | 20 |
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Why can I sometimes see low-lit objects better with my peripheral vision as opposed to when I directly look at said object? | I'm thinking of looking at objects like stars at night - sometimes I feel like some stars are brighter in my peripheral than they are when I directly look at them. | Your eyes consist of two types of receptors called rods and cones.
Cones are good for high detailed and colour visual perception while rods are good better to detect movement especially in low light.
There's usually more rod receptors in your peripherals. | 26 | 25 |
CMV: Cultural Appropriation is Healthy and Beneficial | Just to preface because I see it coming - when I talk about cultural appropriation, I’m talking about people borrowing cultural products or practices from other cultures. I am **not** talking about blackface, the Washington Redskins, or anything of that sort, because those are plain racism. Blackface isn't part of African-American culture, and "redskin" isn't part of Native American culture.
The way I understand it, cases of cultural appropriation usually make several assumptions that I disagree with. Not every case will involve all assumptions, but these are common themes that tend to come up. These assumptions are:
1. Cultural products usually develop within a single culture
So many well-known cultural products are the result of centuries if not millenia of cultures borrowing from one another. Italian food would be unrecognizable without tomatoes, but these didn't exist in Italy until they were brought over from the new world. Hip-hop and trap music are uniquely African-American genres, but they would NEVER exist as we know them today without the Japanese synthesizers that defined their sounds (the MPC for hip-hop and 808 for trap).
2. Culture is defined by the way you look
According to the logic of cultural appropriation, a European-American wearing a ceremonial Vietnamese dress is offensive, but an Asian-American wearing the same dress isn't, even if the Asian-American was was born in the US, does not speak Vietnamese, and has the same knowledge of Vietnamese culture that most Americans have (which is, basically none). This assumption is inherently racist because it categorizes people by their looks. This is also why you won't hear about cultural appropriation when Chinese people wear Vietnamese clothes, or when Ethiopians borrow from west-african culture, even though these groups come from fundamentally different cultures. This mindset ignores the rich, mind-boggling beauty and diversity of Asian and African cultures, classifying people instead based on their skin color.
The common counter-argument for this is that white people (whatever that means) are colonizers and therefore when they borrow from an Asian or African culture it's demeaning. But this argument itself is ethnocentric, because it views white Americans as the center of the world, ignoring around literally a 1,000 years of aggressive Chinese colonialism in Vietnam, as well as warfare among different African tribes and nations.
3. Borrowing from someone else's culture means that the original people of that culture get less recognition for their culture
I agree that this does happen and happens often. For example, Elvis was an excellent musician, but there were many other Rock n' Roll artists that were just as talented. They didn’t succeed as much because they were black. However, this isn't a problem with borrowing culture, but with how a racist audience receives this culture. In other words, the problem isn't with Elvis, it's with his listeners.
4. If something is sacred to you, others should treat it as sacred as well
This is something that comes up, for example, when non-native-american people wear war bonnets (which traditionally carry a lot of significance in native cultures). I don’t accept this argument, because just because you think something is sacred, doesn’t entitle you to force others to think so as well. A lot of people think that the idea of marriage being between a man and a woman is sacred, but that doesn’t entitle them to make others think that way too.
5. Using another culture’s products is OK as long as you study and understand its cultural significance
I 100% support people learning and getting to know other cultures. But practically, this can’t be a prerequisite to borrowing cultural products. I don’t need to pass an Italian history quiz to eat pasta. In addition, this is usually a double standard because many times people engage in practices from their own culture while having little to no knowledge of their traditional significance or origins.
Bottom line, I fail to see any meaningful harm in cultural borrowing, particularly considering its awesome benefits. Living in the US, I'm surrounded everyday by amazing things that would never have been created if this country wasn't the confluence of people from literally hundreds of cultures. CMV! | I think you're misunderstanding appropriation and appreciation.
It is one thing to use things from other cultures if it enhances the understanding of that culture.
While many get angry over appropriation when it is simply appreciation, the reason why appropriation is how we end up with the satirical stereotypes like Chinese wearing big round hats with buck teeth, Jewish people with giant noses and Mexicans as gardeners. There are tons of companies making money off of this imagery. The issue is that it makes it difficult for these cultures to not have these images because they are so common. It is offensive and it makes people less interested in learning about these cultures that are essentially jokes.
A white person opening a taco shop because of their appreciation of Mexican cuisine is not appropriation. Especially if they learned their technique from Mexican sources, because then they are simple an interim voice for that culture. | 19 | 22 |
Why do bank savings have such a low return as opposed to investing it, if banks end up investing the money anyway? | If you were to invest in the things that banks invest in you would need to hire an army of credit assessors to go over large numbers of small business plans and home loans applications to find a sufficiently diverse portfolio for an acceptable risk to invest in. And, unless you were incredibly rich, you would need to market your investment to many others to invest with you as part funding businesses or mortgages has no utility. In other words you would have to make your own bank. So the difference between the rate of interest you get from a bank and the rate of interest the bank lends at is to pay for all those things you would have to do anyway. | 57 | 87 |
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Do nerve endings closer to the brain / spinal cord take less time to transmit signals because there is less distance to travel? | On a related note, do different nerves or nerve endings have greatly different reaction times or time taken to transmit signals irrespective of the distance the signal must travel back to the brain / spinal cord? Is sensitivity of any kind (olfatory, visual, tactile) a measurable paramter between different humans? What affects the magnitude of sensory input required for a person to detect a new stimulus? | Yes, it takes longer for information from your toe for example to reach your brain that information from your eye. Your brain actually synchronizes all those inputs and so there's a delay for you and the information which got to your brain first has to "wait" to get synced with the one which got there last. You're always living slightly in the past. | 61 | 55 |
ELI5: Why can't game pirates just copy the binary code, start to finish, from a disc and then just copy and burn it? | Why is there a need to crack consoles? Aren't all game discs exact copies of each other? | That is basically how it works for the most part. However there are numerous schemes that software makers have come up with to prevent just that.
The current generation of video game consoles uses a combination of schemes, some of which are built into the specification of the disc system.
The one most relevant to your question would be ROM-marks. Basically there is a difference between what commercial disc players and what the disc writers used to make the game discs can see and write.
It uses a system like the watermarks used in money or important documents.
The creator marks the game discs with these ROM-marks, that software using consumer level players can use to check if they are indeed the right discs but that consumer level writers can't easily recreate.
Earlier systems used similar ideas. They went around and beyond concepts in the standards for these CD or DVD systems and for example made queries about eh physical location of the data on the disk rather than the logical data or wrote extra data outside the bounds where you are normally supposed to write data or simply created their own slightly different standards.
All this can be worked around of course and is generally used in combination with ideas like having software that needs to contact a server to be activated or that needs to have an always on Internet connection to the server to function at all.
In the old days when we were still having game on floppy disks they sometimes included stuff in the games that you would need a manual or other type of hard to copy physical object included in the game's boy to proceed. | 10 | 15 |
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