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[
"Emperor Daozong of Liao",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Emperor Daozong of Liao (14 September 1032 – 12 February 1101), personal name Chala, sinicised name Yelü Hongji, was the eighth emperor of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China.Life
Emperor Daozong succeeded his father, Emperor Xingzong, in 1055. He was notable for reviving the official dynastic name "Great Liao" in 1066, a designation first given the empire by the Emperor Taizong in 947. Other noteworthy achievements made during his reign include the completion of a Liao edition of the Buddhist Tripitaka and the construction of the Sakyamuni Pagoda in 1056.
Emperor Daozong faced a number of assassination attempts throughout his life. In 1063, a group of Khitans, angry that their system of tribal justice had been put under local administration by ethnic Han, ambushed the emperor while he was on a hunting trip. Emperor Daozong survived the attack and the rebels were executed. However, in order to reassert his legitimacy as emperor, he was forced to perform a traditional "rebirth" ceremony. In 1070, he restructured the Liao legal system to reflect the differences in Han and Khitan customs.
Emperor Daozong's wife, Xiao Guanyin, was said to have been a virtuous woman who would persuade him to be a good leader and to purge corrupt officials. However, Daozong was not interested in ruling the empire and did not take her advice seriously. Xiao Guanyin would stay in her chambers and write poetry to pass the time. A corrupt official by the name of Yelü Yixin (耶律乙辛) feared the influence she had on the emperor and plotted to have her removed. Yelü Yixin conspired with a palace maiden into tricking the empress into writing a love poem. When Xiao Guanyin had finished writing the poem, Yelü Yixin presented the poem to Emperor Daozong, and insisted that the poem contained hidden messages that the empress was having an affair with another man. Emperor Daozong believed Yelü Yixin, and executed the empress in 1075. Yelü Yixin then went on to execute the crown prince and any other officials he did not like. Eventually, Emperor Daozong caught on, and began to take away Yelü Yixin's privileges one by one. Yelü Yixin then attempted to defect to Song, but was caught in the process; he was finally executed in 1083 AD, but the damage he had done to the empire was already done.
| 0 |
[
"Emperor Daozong of Liao",
"country of citizenship",
"Liao dynasty"
] |
Emperor Daozong of Liao (14 September 1032 – 12 February 1101), personal name Chala, sinicised name Yelü Hongji, was the eighth emperor of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China.
| 1 |
[
"Emperor Daozong of Liao",
"family name",
"Yelü"
] |
Emperor Daozong of Liao (14 September 1032 – 12 February 1101), personal name Chala, sinicised name Yelü Hongji, was the eighth emperor of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty of China.
| 4 |
[
"Emperor Daozong of Liao",
"father",
"Emperor Xingzong of Liao"
] |
Life
Emperor Daozong succeeded his father, Emperor Xingzong, in 1055. He was notable for reviving the official dynastic name "Great Liao" in 1066, a designation first given the empire by the Emperor Taizong in 947. Other noteworthy achievements made during his reign include the completion of a Liao edition of the Buddhist Tripitaka and the construction of the Sakyamuni Pagoda in 1056.
Emperor Daozong faced a number of assassination attempts throughout his life. In 1063, a group of Khitans, angry that their system of tribal justice had been put under local administration by ethnic Han, ambushed the emperor while he was on a hunting trip. Emperor Daozong survived the attack and the rebels were executed. However, in order to reassert his legitimacy as emperor, he was forced to perform a traditional "rebirth" ceremony. In 1070, he restructured the Liao legal system to reflect the differences in Han and Khitan customs.
Emperor Daozong's wife, Xiao Guanyin, was said to have been a virtuous woman who would persuade him to be a good leader and to purge corrupt officials. However, Daozong was not interested in ruling the empire and did not take her advice seriously. Xiao Guanyin would stay in her chambers and write poetry to pass the time. A corrupt official by the name of Yelü Yixin (耶律乙辛) feared the influence she had on the emperor and plotted to have her removed. Yelü Yixin conspired with a palace maiden into tricking the empress into writing a love poem. When Xiao Guanyin had finished writing the poem, Yelü Yixin presented the poem to Emperor Daozong, and insisted that the poem contained hidden messages that the empress was having an affair with another man. Emperor Daozong believed Yelü Yixin, and executed the empress in 1075. Yelü Yixin then went on to execute the crown prince and any other officials he did not like. Eventually, Emperor Daozong caught on, and began to take away Yelü Yixin's privileges one by one. Yelü Yixin then attempted to defect to Song, but was caught in the process; he was finally executed in 1083 AD, but the damage he had done to the empire was already done.
| 10 |
[
"Emperor Daozong of Liao",
"spouse",
"Xiao Tansi"
] |
Family
Consort and issue(s):
| 17 |
[
"Emperor Daozong of Liao",
"spouse",
"Xiao Tansi"
] |
Family
Consort and issue(s):
| 18 |
[
"Emperor Daozong of Liao",
"spouse",
"Xiao Guanyin"
] |
Family
Consort and issue(s):
| 20 |
[
"Emperor Tianzuo of Liao",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Titles
Prince of Liang (1081–1084)
Prince of Yan (1084–1101)
Emperor of Liao (1101–1125)
Prince of Haibin (1125–?)
| 0 |
[
"Emperor Tianzuo of Liao",
"described by source",
"History of Liao"
] |
Titles
Prince of Liang (1081–1084)
Prince of Yan (1084–1101)
Emperor of Liao (1101–1125)
Prince of Haibin (1125–?)
| 1 |
[
"Emperor Tianzuo of Liao",
"family name",
"Yelü"
] |
Titles
Prince of Liang (1081–1084)
Prince of Yan (1084–1101)
Emperor of Liao (1101–1125)
Prince of Haibin (1125–?)
| 2 |
[
"Emperor Tianzuo of Liao",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
Titles
Prince of Liang (1081–1084)
Prince of Yan (1084–1101)
Emperor of Liao (1101–1125)
Prince of Haibin (1125–?)Family
Consort and issue(s):
| 9 |
[
"Emperor Tianzuo of Liao",
"spouse",
"Xiaoduolilan"
] |
Family
Consort and issue(s):
| 10 |
[
"Emperor Tianzuo of Liao",
"child",
"Yelü Aoluwo"
] |
Empress Xiao, of the Xiao clan (蕭皇后 蕭氏), personal name Duolilan (奪里懶) – No issue.
Virtuous Consort, of the Xiao clan (德妃 蕭氏), personal name Shigu (師姑)
Yelü Talu, the Prince of Yan (耶律撻魯 燕國王, d. 1104), 3rd son
Consort Wen, of the Xiao clan (文妃 蕭氏, 1080 – 1121), personal name Sese (瑟瑟)
Yelü Aoluwo, the Prince of Jin (耶律敖盧斡 晉王, d. 1122), 1st son
Princess of Shu State (耶律余里衍 蜀國公主), personal name Yuliyan (余里衍), 3rd daughter
Consort Yuan, of the Xiao clan (元妃 蕭氏), personal name Guige (貴哥)
Yelü Yali, the Prince of Liang (耶律雅里 梁王, 1094 – 1123), 2nd son
Yelü Ning, the Prince of Xu (耶律寧 許王), 6th son
Zhaorong, of the Zhao clan (昭容 赵氏)
Yelü Xinilie, the Prince of Zhao (耶律習泥烈 趙王), 4th son
Unknown
Yelü Ding, the Prince of Qin (耶律定 秦王), 5th son
Unnamed Princess, 1st daughter
Princess Yelü (耶律氏), personal name Guyu (骨欲), 2nd daughter
Princess Yelü (耶律氏), personal name Woliyan (斡里衍), 4h daughter
Princess Yelü Da'aoye (耶律氏), personal name Da'oye (大奥野), 5th daughter
Princess Yelü (耶律氏), personal name Ci'aoye (次奥野), 6th daughter
| 13 |
[
"Emperor Tianzuo of Liao",
"spouse",
"Xiao Shigu"
] |
Family
Consort and issue(s):
| 25 |
[
"Ali",
"conflict",
"Battle of Uhud"
] |
Military career
Ali accompanied Muhammad in all of his military expeditions except the Battle of Tabuk (630), during which he was left behind in charge of Medina. The Hadith of Position is linked with this occasion, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as Aaron stood to Moses, except that there will be no prophet after me?" This appears in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. For the Shia, the hadith signifies Ali's usurped right to succeed Muhammad, while it primarily supports the finality of Muhammad in the chain of prophets for the Sunni. Ali commanded the expedition to Fadak (628) in the absence of Muhammad.Ali was renowned for his bravery. He was the standard-bearer in the Battle of Badr (624) and the Battle of Khaybar (628). He vigorously defended Muhammad in the Battle of Uhud (625) and the Battle of Hunayn (630), while Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) attributes the Muslims' victory in the Battle of Khaybar to his courage, where he is popularly said to have torn off the iron gate of the enemy fort. At Uhud, Muhammad reported hearing a divine voice, "[There is] no sword but Zulfiqar [Ali's sword], [there is] no chivalrous youth (fata) but Ali," writes al-Tabari. After defeating Amr ibn Abd Wudd, who had challenged Ali to single combat in the Battle of the Trench (627), Muhammad praised him, "Faith, in its entirety, has appeared before polytheism, in its entirety," writes the Shia Rayshahri. According to Veccia Vaglieri, Ali and Zubayr oversaw the killing of the Banu Qurayza men for treachery in 5 AH, though the historicity of this incident has been disputed by some, while Shah-Kazemi comments on the defensive nature of the battles fought by Ali and his magnanimity towards his defeated enemies.
| 15 |
[
"Ali",
"conflict",
"Battle of Khaybar"
] |
Military career
Ali accompanied Muhammad in all of his military expeditions except the Battle of Tabuk (630), during which he was left behind in charge of Medina. The Hadith of Position is linked with this occasion, "Are you not content, Ali, to stand to me as Aaron stood to Moses, except that there will be no prophet after me?" This appears in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim. For the Shia, the hadith signifies Ali's usurped right to succeed Muhammad, while it primarily supports the finality of Muhammad in the chain of prophets for the Sunni. Ali commanded the expedition to Fadak (628) in the absence of Muhammad.Ali was renowned for his bravery. He was the standard-bearer in the Battle of Badr (624) and the Battle of Khaybar (628). He vigorously defended Muhammad in the Battle of Uhud (625) and the Battle of Hunayn (630), while Veccia Vaglieri (d. 1989) attributes the Muslims' victory in the Battle of Khaybar to his courage, where he is popularly said to have torn off the iron gate of the enemy fort. At Uhud, Muhammad reported hearing a divine voice, "[There is] no sword but Zulfiqar [Ali's sword], [there is] no chivalrous youth (fata) but Ali," writes al-Tabari. After defeating Amr ibn Abd Wudd, who had challenged Ali to single combat in the Battle of the Trench (627), Muhammad praised him, "Faith, in its entirety, has appeared before polytheism, in its entirety," writes the Shia Rayshahri. According to Veccia Vaglieri, Ali and Zubayr oversaw the killing of the Banu Qurayza men for treachery in 5 AH, though the historicity of this incident has been disputed by some, while Shah-Kazemi comments on the defensive nature of the battles fought by Ali and his magnanimity towards his defeated enemies.
| 16 |
[
"Ali",
"religion or worldview",
"Islam"
] |
In Muslim culture
Ali's place in Muslim culture is said to be second only to that of Moḥammad. Afsaruddin and Nasr further suggest that, except for the prophet, more has been written about Ali in Islamic languages than anyone else. He retains his stature as an authority on Qur'anic exegesis and Islamic jurisprudence, and is regarded as a founding figure for Arabic rhetoric (balagha) and grammar. Ali has also been credited with establishing the authentic style of Qur'anic recitation, and is said to have heavily influenced the first generation of Qur'anic commentators. He is central to mystical traditions within Islam, such as Sufism, and fulfills a high political and spiritual role in Shia and Sunni schools of thought. In Muslim culture, Madelung writes, Ali is respected for his courage, honesty, unbending devotion to Islam, magnanimity, and equal treatment of all Muslims. He is remembered, according to Jones, as a model of uncorrupted socio-political and religious righteousness. Esposito further suggests that Ali still remains an archetype for political activism against social injustice. Ali is also remembered as a gifted orator though Veccia Vaglieri does not extend this praise to the poems attributed to Ali.
| 17 |
[
"Ali",
"conflict",
"Battle of Siffin"
] |
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; c. 600 – 661 CE) was the last Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate, the successor state to the Islamic prophet Muhammad's political dominions. He is considered by Shia Muslims to be the first Imam, the rightful religious and political successor to Muhammad. The issue of succession caused a major rift between Muslims and divided them into two major branches: Shia following an appointed hereditary leadership among Ali's descendants, and Sunni following political dynasties. Ali's assassination in the Grand Mosque of Kufa by a Kharijite coincided with the rise of the Umayyad Caliphate. The Imam Ali Shrine and the city of Najaf were built around Ali's tomb and it is visited yearly by millions of devotees.Ali was a cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, raised by him from the age of 5, and accepted his claim of divine revelation by age 11, being among the first to do so. Ali played a pivotal role in the early years of Islam while Muhammad was in Mecca and under severe persecution. After Muhammad's relocation to Medina in 622, Ali married his daughter Fatima and, among others, fathered Hasan and Husayn, the second and third Shia Imams.Muhammad called him his brother, guardian and successor, and he was the flag bearer in most of the wars and became famous for his bravery. On his return from the Farewell Pilgrimage, Muhammad uttered the phrase, "Whoever I am his Mawla, this Ali is his Mawla." But the meaning of Mawla became disputed. Shias believed that Ali was appointed by Muhammad to lead Islam, and Sunnis interpreted the word as friendship and love. While Ali was preparing Muhammad's body for burial, a group of Muslims met and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr. Ali pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr, after six months, but did not take part in the wars and political activity, except for the election of Uthman, the third caliph. However, he advised the three caliphs in religious, judicial, and political matters.After Uthman was killed, Ali was elected as the next Caliph, which coincided with the first civil wars between Muslims. Ali faced two separate opposition forces: a group in Mecca, who wanted to convene a council to determine the caliphate; and another group led by Mu'awiya in the Levant, who demanded revenge for Uthman's blood. He defeated the first group; but in the end, the Battle of Siffin led to an arbitration that favored Mu'awiya, who eventually defeated Ali militarily. Slain by the sword of Ibn Muljam Moradi, Ali was buried outside the city of Kufa. In the eyes of his admirers, he became an example of piety and un-corrupted Islam, as well as the chivalry of pre-Islamic Arabia. Several books are dedicated to his hadiths, sermons, and prayers, the most famous of which is Nahj al-Balagha.
| 31 |
[
"Ali",
"conflict",
"Battle of Nahrawan"
] |
Formation of the Kharijites
As Ali returned to Kufa, some 12,000 of his men seceded and gathered outside of Kufa in protest to the arbitration agreement. Ali visited them and told them that they had opted for the arbitration despite his warnings. The seceders agreed and told Ali that they had repented for their sins and now demanded that Ali followed suit. To this, he responded with the general declaration, "I repent to God and ask for his forgiveness for every sin," and also ensured them that the judgment of the arbitrators would not be binding if they deviated from the Quran and Sunna. He thus largely regained their support at the time. But when the seceders returned to Kufa, they spread that Ali had nullified the arbitration agreement, which he denied, saying that he was committed to the formal agreement with Mu'awiya. Many of the dissidents apparently accepted Ali's position, while the rest left for al-Nahrawan, a town near al-Mada'in, and there declared Abd-Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi (d. 658) as their leader. These formed the Kharijites (lit. 'seceders'), who later took up arms against Ali in the Battle of Nahrawan (658). As for their motives, the Kharijites, among them many of the qurra, may have feared being held accountable for their role in the assassination of Uthman. Alternatively, the Kharijites were disillusioned with the arbitration process, particularly by the removal of Ali's title of amir al-mu'minin in the final agreement and by its reference to the Sunna next to the Quran. After being silent about it initially, the Syrians now said that they also wanted the arbitrators to judge whether the killing of Uthman was justified, about which the qurra had no doubts. The Kharijites adopted the slogan, "No judgment but that of God," highlighting their rejection of the arbitration (by men) in reference to the Quranic verse 49:9, "If two parties among the believers fall to fighting, make peace between them. If one of them aggresses against the other, fight those who aggress until they return to God’s Command. And if they return, make peace between them with justice and act equitably. Truly God loves the just." When they interrupted Ali's sermon with this slogan, he commented that it was a word of truth by which the seceders sought falsehood. He added that they were repudiating government even though a ruler was indispensable in the conduct of religion. Ali nevertheless did not bar their entry to mosques or deprive them of their shares in the treasury, saying that they should be fought only if they initiate hostilities.
| 40 |
[
"Ali",
"spouse",
"Fatima"
] |
Early life
Ali was born to Abu Talib and his wife Fatima bint Asad around 600 CE, possibly on 13 Rajab, the date also celebrated annually by the Shia. Shia and some Sunni sources introduce Ali as the only person born inside Ka'ba in Mecca, some containing miraculous descriptions of the incident. Ali's father was a leading member of the Banu Hashim clan, who also raised his nephew Muhammad after his parents died. When Abu Talib fell into poverty later, Ali was taken in at the age of five and raised by Muhammad and his wife Khadija.In 610, when Ali was aged between nine and eleven, Muhammad announced that he had received divine revelations (wahy). Ali was among the first to believe him and profess to Islam, either the second (after Khadija) or the third (after Khadija and Abu Bakr), a point of contention among Shia and Sunni Muslims. Gleave nevertheless writes that the earliest sources seem to place Ali before Abu Bakr, while Watt (d. 2006) comments that Abu Bakr's status after Muhammad's death might have been reflected back into the early Islamic records.Muhammad's call to Islam in Mecca lasted from 610 to 622, during which Ali provided for the needs of the Meccan Islamic community, especially the poor. Some three years after the first revelation and after receiving verse 26:214, Muhammad gathered his relatives for a feast, invited them to Islam, and asked for their assistance. The Sunni al-Tabari (d. 923) writes that Ali was the only relative who offered his support and Muhammad subsequently announced him as his brother, his trustee, and his successor. This declaration was met with ridicule from the infamous Abu Lahab and the guests then dispersed. The announcement attributed to Muhammad is not included in the Sunni collection Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, but readily found in the Shia exegeses of verse 26:214. The similar account of Ibn Ishaq (d. 767) in his Sira was later omitted in the recension of the book by the Sunni Ibn Hisham (d. 833), possibly because of its Shia implications. The Shia interpretation of these accounts is that Muhammad had already designated Ali as his successor from an early age.From migration to Medina to the death of Muhammad
In 622, Muhammad was informed of an assassination plot by the Meccan elites and it was Ali who is said to have stayed in Muhammad's house overnight to fool the assassins waiting outside, while the latter escaped to Yathrib (now Medina), thus marking 1 AH in the Islamic calendar. This incident is given by the early exegete Ibn Abbas (d. c. 687) and some others as the reason of the revelation for verse 2:207, "But there is also a kind of man who gives his life away to please God..." Ali too escaped Mecca soon after returning the goods entrusted to Muhammad there. In Medina, Muhammad paired Muslims for fraternity pacts and he is said to have selected Ali as his brother, telling him, "You are my brother in this world and the Hereafter," according to the canonical Sunni collection Sahih al-Tirmidhi. Ali soon married Muhammad's daughter Fatima in 1 or 2 AH (623-5 CE), at the age of about twenty-two. Their union holds a special spiritual significance for Muslims, write Nasr and Afsaruddin, and Muhammad said he followed divine orders to marry Fatima to Ali, narrates the Sunni al-Suyuti (d. 1505), among others. The Sunni Ibn Sa'd (d. 845) and some others write that Muhammad had earlier turned down the marriage proposals by Abu Bakr and Umar.Caliphate of Abu Bakr (r. 632–634)
In contrast with the lifetime of Muhammad, Ali retired from the public life during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, did not take part in the Ridda wars, and instead engaged himself with religious affairs, devoting his time to the study and teaching of the Quran. The caliphate of Abu Bakr began with a conflict between him and Fatima, Muhammad's daughter and the wife of Ali. When she requested her inheritance from the estate of his father, including the fay lands of Fadak and Khaybar, Abu Bakr refused, saying that Muhammad had told him, "We, the prophets, do not leave any inheritance; whatever we leave is charity," as related by al-Tabari. The first caliph was initially the sole witness to this statement, and Soufi regards him as the only credible narrator of this hadith in Sunni sources, while Sajjadi adds also his daughter Aisha and his ally Umar. In contrast, Twelvers reject the authenticity of the hadith based on their own traditions, claiming also that it contradicts the Quran, where verses 19:6 and 27:16 describe how Zechariah and David both left inheritance. These ostensible contradictions with the Quran have also been noted by some contemporary authors. Nevertheless, Soufi suggests that the testimony of Abu Bakr is strong enough for Sunnis to make an exception to the Quranic rules of inheritance. Abu Bakr announced that he would administer those properties like Muhammad and that his kin should henceforth rely on general alms, which was forbidden for them in his lifetime because of their status of purity in the Quran, as preserved today by all schools of jurisprudence in Islam. Abu Bakr thus deprived Muhammad's kin also of their Quranic share of the booty and fay, in verses 8:41 and 59:7, respectively, to which they were previously entitled instead of general alms. Because Muhammad had become the owner of Fadak as the leader of the Muslim community, to inherit this property as a prerogative by the Banu Hashim might have implied their authority over the community, which is likely why Abu Bakr rejected Fatima's claims. This was the opinion of Jafri, and the views of some contemporary authors are alike.Another incident in this period was the death of Fatima. Shortly after the appointment of Abu Bakr, Umar led an armed mob to the house of Ali, who had withheld his pledge, and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and those with him did not pay allegiance to Abu Bakr. The scene soon grew violent, but the mob retreated after Fatima publicly shamed them, without receiving Ali's pledge, who withheld his oath until after the death of Fatima, some six months after Muhammad. Shia sources describe a final and violent raid to secure the oath of Ali, also led by Umar, in which Fatima suffered injuries that shortly led to her miscarriage and death. Any violence is categorically rejected by Sunnis, though there is evidence in their early sources that a mob entered Fatima's house by force and arrested Ali, which Abu Bakr regretted on his deathbed. Fitzpatrick surmises that the story of the altercation reflects the political agendas of the period and should therefore be treated with caution. In contrast, Veccia Vaglieri maintains that the Shia account is based on facts, even if it has been later exaggerated. Madelung is uncertain about the use of force but writes that Fatima's house was searched in some Sunni sources, adding that Ali later repeatedly said that he would have resisted (Abu Bakr) had there been forty men with him. Abbas writes that some well-regarded Sunni sources mention Umar's raid and Fatima's injuries.
| 42 |
[
"Ali",
"noble title",
"Abu Turab"
] |
Names and titles
In the Islamic tradition, various names and titles have been attributed to Ali, some of which express his personal characteristics and some of which are taken from certain episodes of his life. Some of these titles are Abu al-Hasan (lit. 'father of Hasan, his oldest son'), Abu Turab (lit. 'father of the dust'), Murtaza (lit. 'one who is chosen and contented'), Asadullah (lit. 'lion of God'), Haydar (lit. 'lion'), and especially among the Shias, Amir al-Mu'minin (lit. 'prince of the faithful') and Mawla al-Mottaqin (lit. 'master of the God-fearing'). For example, the title Abu Turab might be a reference to when Muhammad entered the mosque and saw Ali sleeping covered by dust, and Muhammad told him, "O father of dust, get up." Veccia Vaglieri, however, suggests that this title was given to Ali by his enemies, and interpreted later as an honorific by invented accounts. Twelvers consider the title of Amir al-Mu'minin to be unique to Ali.
| 57 |
[
"Ali",
"place of burial",
"Imam Ali Mosque"
] |
Assassination and burial
Ali was assassinated during the morning prayer on 28 January 661 CE, equivalent to 19 Ramadan 40 AH. The other given dates are 26 and 30 January. He died of his wounds about two days after the Kharijite Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam struck him over his head with a poison-coated sword at the Great Mosque of Kufa. He was sixty-two or sixty-three years of age at the time of his death. By some accounts, Ali had long known about his fate either by a premonition or through Muhammad, who might have told him that his beard would be stained with the blood of his head. Ibn Muljam had entered Kufa with the intention of killing Ali in revenge for the Kharijites' defeat in the Battle of Nahrawan in 658. He found two accomplices in Kufa, namely, Shabib ibn Bujra and Wardan ibn al-Mujalid. Unlike Ibn Muljam, the swords of these two missed Ali and they fled but were later caught and killed.Before his death, Ali requested either a meticulous application of lex talionis to Ibn Muljam or his pardon, and he was later executed by Hasan, the eldest son of Ali. By most accounts, also involved in the assassination was al-Ash'ath ibn Qays, whose loyalty to Ali is often questioned in the early sources. Fearing that his body might be exhumed and profaned by his enemies, Ali was then buried secretly. His grave was identified during the caliphate of the Abbasid Harun al-Rashid (r. 786–809) and the town of Najaf grew around it near Kufa, becoming a major site of pilgrimage for Muslims, especially Shias. The present shrine was built by the Safavid Shah Safi (r. 1629–1642), near which lies an immense cemetery for Shias who wish to be buried next to their imam. Najaf is also home to top religious colleges and prominent Shia scholars.
| 64 |
[
"Ali",
"position held",
"Rashidun"
] |
In Sunni Islam
Ali is highly regarded in Sunni thought as one of Rashidun (Rightly-Guided) Caliphs and a close companion of Muhammad. The incorporation of Ali into Sunni orthodoxy, however, might have been a late development, according to Gleave, dating back to Ahmad ibn Hanbal. Later on, Sunni authors regularly reported Ali's legal, theological, and historical views in their works, and some particularly sought to depict him as a supporter of Sunni doctrine.In Sunni thought, Ali is seen sometimes as inferior to his predecessors, in line with the Sunni doctrine of precedence (sābiqa), which assigns higher religious authority to earlier caliphs. The most troubling element of this view, according to Gleave, is the apparent elevation of Ali in Muhammad's sayings such as "I am from Ali and Ali is from me" and "For whomever I am the mawla, Ali is his mawla." These hadiths have been reinterpreted accordingly. For instance, some have interpreted mawla as financial dependence because Ali was raised in Muhammad's household as a child. Some Sunni writers, on the other hand, acknowledge the preeminence of Ali in Islam but do not consider that a basis for political succession.
| 68 |
[
"Ali",
"mother",
"Fatimah bint Asad"
] |
Early life
Ali was born to Abu Talib and his wife Fatima bint Asad around 600 CE, possibly on 13 Rajab, the date also celebrated annually by the Shia. Shia and some Sunni sources introduce Ali as the only person born inside Ka'ba in Mecca, some containing miraculous descriptions of the incident. Ali's father was a leading member of the Banu Hashim clan, who also raised his nephew Muhammad after his parents died. When Abu Talib fell into poverty later, Ali was taken in at the age of five and raised by Muhammad and his wife Khadija.In 610, when Ali was aged between nine and eleven, Muhammad announced that he had received divine revelations (wahy). Ali was among the first to believe him and profess to Islam, either the second (after Khadija) or the third (after Khadija and Abu Bakr), a point of contention among Shia and Sunni Muslims. Gleave nevertheless writes that the earliest sources seem to place Ali before Abu Bakr, while Watt (d. 2006) comments that Abu Bakr's status after Muhammad's death might have been reflected back into the early Islamic records.Muhammad's call to Islam in Mecca lasted from 610 to 622, during which Ali provided for the needs of the Meccan Islamic community, especially the poor. Some three years after the first revelation and after receiving verse 26:214, Muhammad gathered his relatives for a feast, invited them to Islam, and asked for their assistance. The Sunni al-Tabari (d. 923) writes that Ali was the only relative who offered his support and Muhammad subsequently announced him as his brother, his trustee, and his successor. This declaration was met with ridicule from the infamous Abu Lahab and the guests then dispersed. The announcement attributed to Muhammad is not included in the Sunni collection Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal, but readily found in the Shia exegeses of verse 26:214. The similar account of Ibn Ishaq (d. 767) in his Sira was later omitted in the recension of the book by the Sunni Ibn Hisham (d. 833), possibly because of its Shia implications. The Shia interpretation of these accounts is that Muhammad had already designated Ali as his successor from an early age.
| 74 |
[
"Abdul Qadir Gilani",
"place of death",
"Baghdad"
] |
ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī, (Arabic: عبدالقادر الجيلاني, romanized: ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī; Persian: عبدالقادر گیلانی) known by admirers as Muḥyī l-Dīn Abū Muḥammad b. Abū Sāliḥ ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī al-Baḡdādī al-Ḥasanī al-Ḥusaynī (March 23, 1078 – February 21, 1166), was a Sunni Muslim preacher, ascetic, mystic, jurist, and theologian belonging to the Hanbali, and the eponymous founder of the Qadiriyya tariqa (Sufi order) of Sufism. The Qadiriyya tariqa is named after him.He was born on March 23, 1078 (1 Ramdhan 470 AH) in the town of Na'if, Rezvanshahr in Gilan, Iran, and died on February 21, 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH), in Baghdad.Name
The honorific Muhiyudin denotes his status with many Sufis as a "reviver of religion". Gilani (Arabic al-Jilani) refers to his place of birth, Gilan. However, Gilani also carried the epithet Baghdadi, referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad.Death and burial
Gilani died on February 21, 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH). His body was entombed in a shrine within his madrasa in Babul-Sheikh, Rusafa on the east bank of the Tigris in Baghdad, Iraq.During the reign of the Safavid Shah Ismail I, Gilani's shrine was destroyed. However, in 1535, the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent had a dome built over the shrine, which still exists.
| 3 |
[
"Abdul Qadir Gilani",
"family",
"Banu Hashim"
] |
Family background
Gilani's father, Abu Saleh, was from a Hasanid Sayyid lineage, tracing his descent from Hasan ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, making him a member of Banu Hashim. Abu Saleh was respected as a Wali by the people of his day, and was known as Jangi Dost (lit. "fight-lover" in Farsi) in the Iranic-speaking world, his father's sobriquet. Gilani's mother, Ummul Khair Fatima, was also a Sayyid, but of the Husaynid branch having been a descendant of Muhammad al-Jawad, who was said to be descended from Husayn ibn Ali, the younger brother of Hasan.
| 4 |
[
"Abdul Qadir Gilani",
"father",
"Abu Saleh"
] |
Family background
Gilani's father, Abu Saleh, was from a Hasanid Sayyid lineage, tracing his descent from Hasan ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, making him a member of Banu Hashim. Abu Saleh was respected as a Wali by the people of his day, and was known as Jangi Dost (lit. "fight-lover" in Farsi) in the Iranic-speaking world, his father's sobriquet. Gilani's mother, Ummul Khair Fatima, was also a Sayyid, but of the Husaynid branch having been a descendant of Muhammad al-Jawad, who was said to be descended from Husayn ibn Ali, the younger brother of Hasan.
| 17 |
[
"Abdul Qadir Gilani",
"family name",
"Gilani"
] |
ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī, (Arabic: عبدالقادر الجيلاني, romanized: ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī; Persian: عبدالقادر گیلانی) known by admirers as Muḥyī l-Dīn Abū Muḥammad b. Abū Sāliḥ ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī al-Baḡdādī al-Ḥasanī al-Ḥusaynī (March 23, 1078 – February 21, 1166), was a Sunni Muslim preacher, ascetic, mystic, jurist, and theologian belonging to the Hanbali, and the eponymous founder of the Qadiriyya tariqa (Sufi order) of Sufism. The Qadiriyya tariqa is named after him.He was born on March 23, 1078 (1 Ramdhan 470 AH) in the town of Na'if, Rezvanshahr in Gilan, Iran, and died on February 21, 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH), in Baghdad.Name
The honorific Muhiyudin denotes his status with many Sufis as a "reviver of religion". Gilani (Arabic al-Jilani) refers to his place of birth, Gilan. However, Gilani also carried the epithet Baghdadi, referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad.Family background
Gilani's father, Abu Saleh, was from a Hasanid Sayyid lineage, tracing his descent from Hasan ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, making him a member of Banu Hashim. Abu Saleh was respected as a Wali by the people of his day, and was known as Jangi Dost (lit. "fight-lover" in Farsi) in the Iranic-speaking world, his father's sobriquet. Gilani's mother, Ummul Khair Fatima, was also a Sayyid, but of the Husaynid branch having been a descendant of Muhammad al-Jawad, who was said to be descended from Husayn ibn Ali, the younger brother of Hasan.
| 19 |
[
"Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya",
"family",
"Banu Hashim"
] |
Life
After Abu Hashim's death, the Abbasids claimed that on his deathbed Abu Hashim had nominated his distant cousin Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim as the Imam. His son Abu al-Abbas Abd Allah al-Saffah became the first Abbasid caliph, repudiating Shi'ism, which effectively extinguished the sect that had recognized Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as an Imam.Abu Hashim's father was Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, a son of Ali. Abu Hashim had a brother named Hasan.
After his father's death in 700 CE, the Hashimiyya sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia looked to Abu Hashim as the heir of his grandfather Ali. After his own death, the early Abbasids claimed that Abu Hashim had designated Muhammad, father of the first two Abbasid caliphs, al-Saffah and al-Mansur, as his heir and head of the clan of the Banu Hashim.
According to the Sunnis, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani graded the two sons of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya to be weak in Hadith, arguing that one was a murji'i, and the other to be a Shi'ite.On the other hand, Ibn Sa'd stated that "Abu Hashim has knowledge and transmission. He was reliable in hadith, and had narrated a few accepted hadiths."
| 3 |
[
"Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya",
"sibling",
"Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah"
] |
Life
After Abu Hashim's death, the Abbasids claimed that on his deathbed Abu Hashim had nominated his distant cousin Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abd Allah ibn Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim as the Imam. His son Abu al-Abbas Abd Allah al-Saffah became the first Abbasid caliph, repudiating Shi'ism, which effectively extinguished the sect that had recognized Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya as an Imam.Abu Hashim's father was Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya, a son of Ali. Abu Hashim had a brother named Hasan.
After his father's death in 700 CE, the Hashimiyya sub-sect of the Kaysanites Shia looked to Abu Hashim as the heir of his grandfather Ali. After his own death, the early Abbasids claimed that Abu Hashim had designated Muhammad, father of the first two Abbasid caliphs, al-Saffah and al-Mansur, as his heir and head of the clan of the Banu Hashim.
According to the Sunnis, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani graded the two sons of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya to be weak in Hadith, arguing that one was a murji'i, and the other to be a Shi'ite.On the other hand, Ibn Sa'd stated that "Abu Hashim has knowledge and transmission. He was reliable in hadith, and had narrated a few accepted hadiths."
| 10 |
[
"Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya",
"father",
"Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah"
] |
Al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafīyya (Arabic: الحسن بن محمد بن الحنفية) (died 718 CE/100 AH) was one of the Salaf and a narrator of hadith.
He was the son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya and the brother of Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
Among the Isnad he is included in is the Hadith of prohibition of Mut'ah at Khaybar.Legacy
Sunni view
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, a 9th century Sunni Shafi'i Islamic scholar judged the two sons of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya to be weak, arguing that one was a murijee, and the other to be a Shi'a.Ibn Sa'd stated:
Al Hasan bin Muhammad was preferred above his brother.Family Tree
| 5 |
[
"Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya",
"sibling",
"Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah"
] |
Al-Ḥasan ibn Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥanafīyya (Arabic: الحسن بن محمد بن الحنفية) (died 718 CE/100 AH) was one of the Salaf and a narrator of hadith.
He was the son of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya and the brother of Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya.
Among the Isnad he is included in is the Hadith of prohibition of Mut'ah at Khaybar.Legacy
Sunni view
Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, a 9th century Sunni Shafi'i Islamic scholar judged the two sons of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya to be weak, arguing that one was a murijee, and the other to be a Shi'a.Ibn Sa'd stated:
Al Hasan bin Muhammad was preferred above his brother.Family Tree
| 8 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Emperor Taizong of Jin"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 2 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Wuyashu"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 6 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"family name",
"Wanyan"
] |
Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123), personal name Aguda, sinicised name Min (Chinese: 旻; pinyin: Mín), was the founder and first emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was originally the chieftain of the Wanyan tribe, the most dominant among the Jurchen tribes which were subjects of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Starting in 1114, Aguda united the Jurchen tribes under his rule and rebelled against the Liao dynasty. A year later, he declared himself emperor and established the Jin dynasty. By the time of his death, the Jin dynasty had conquered most of the Liao dynasty's territories and emerged as a major power in northern China. In 1145, he was posthumously honoured with the temple name Taizu by his descendant Emperor Xizong.
The name [Wanyan] Aguda is transcribed [Wan-yen] A-ku-ta in Wade-Giles; the alternative spelling Akutta (possibly from reconstruction of Jurchen language) appears in a very small number of books as well.
| 7 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Wodai"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 19 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Wosai"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 20 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Ang"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 21 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Gao"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 22 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Dumu"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 23 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Wugunai"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 24 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Chala"
] |
Life
Aguda was an eighth-generation descendant of Hanpu, the great progenitor of the entire Wanyan clan. His father was Helibo, the chieftain of the Wanyan clan. His mother was a daughter of the chieftain of the Nalan (拿懶 / 拏懶) tribe. He was born in 1068 near the Ashi River within present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was well-known within his tribe for his bravery, and had participated in numerous campaigns against rival Jurchen tribes at the command of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. In 1109, during the height of a widespread famine, Aguda assisted his father in absorbing famished warriors from other Jurchen tribes to strengthen his own tribe. Later, he fought wars against other Jurchen tribes and succeeded in unifying all Jurchens under the Wanyan tribe's leadership.
In 1113, Aguda succeeded his elder brother, Wuyashu, as the leader of his tribe. Like other Jurchens, Aguda loathed what he considered the exploitation of his tribesmen by corrupt Liao officials. In 1112, when the Liao ruler, Emperor Tianzuo, went on a fishing expedition in Jurchen territory, he ordered all the chieftains to dance for him. Aguda became famous among the Jurchens when he was the only person who defied the order.In early 1114, Aguda sent spies into Liao territory and prepared to revolt against the Khitan regime, which he considered decadent. His chief advisors were Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin. In September, Aguda rallied his tribesmen (around 2,500 men) at Liushui (流水; near present-day Lalin River in Fuyu, Jilin Province) and openly rebelled against the Liao dynasty. His cavalry captured Ningjiangzhou (寧江州; present-day Fuyu, Jilin Province) and defeated a 7,000-strong Liao army at the Battle of Chuhedian in November. In January 1115, following a series of military successes, Aguda proclaimed himself emperor, established the Jin dynasty, and adopted the regnal name "Shouguo" (收國). In August, his army conquered Huanglong Prefecture (黄龍府; present-day Nong'an County, Jilin Province) and defeated 700,000 Liao troops with only 20,000 horsemen at the Battle of Hubudagang. By 1116, Aguda had completed the conquest of the entire Liaodong Peninsula. Between 1119 and 1122, his army repeatedly defeated Liao forces and captured all of the Liao dynasty's five capitals.
Since the Jin dynasty was an enemy of the Liao dynasty, the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty considered the Jin dynasty to be their natural allies. In 1117, the Song dynasty sent emissaries to the Jin dynasty, ostensibly to buy horses, but in reality to negotiate an alliance against the Liao dynasty. Between 1117 and 1123, seven Song delegations visited the Jurchens, and six Jin embassies went to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). Between 1115 and 1123, the Jin and Song dynasties negotiated and formed the Alliance Conducted at Sea against the Liao dynasty. Under the conditions of the alliance, the Song dynasty would attack the Liao dynasty from the south, while in return, the Jin dynasty would hand over control of the Liao dynasty's Sixteen Prefectures to the Song dynasty.
During the war against the Liao dynasty, Aguda also took time to establish the new feudal governmental system based on Jurchen tribal customs. He also organised the national agriculture with a collectivist system known as the Miŋgan Moumukə (猛安謀克). Furthermore, Aguda absorbed elements of Han Chinese culture and ordered his chancellor Wanyan Xiyin to develop a unique Jurchen writing system.
Aguda died in August 1123, at the age of 56. His death came a few months after the Jin and Song dynasties signed a treaty which recognised each other as equals and required the Song to pay the Jin an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 300,000 bolts of silk. Aguda was succeeded by his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wuqimai continued the campaign against the Liao dynasty and captured the Liao emperor, Emperor Tianzuo in 1125, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence. Soon after conquering the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty waged war against the Northern Song dynasty. Aguda was buried in the Rui Mausoleum (睿陵) at Dafangshan (大房山) outside Zhongdu (中都; present-day Beijing).
| 25 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"mother",
"Empress Yijian"
] |
Family
Parents:Father: Helibo, posthumously honoured as Emperor Shizu
Mother: Lady Nalan (拏懶氏), posthumously honoured as Empress Yijian (翼簡皇后)Consort and issue(s):
| 40 |
[
"Emperor Taizu of Jin",
"spouse",
"Empress Shengmu"
] |
Family
Parents:
| 41 |
[
"Emperor Taizong of Jin",
"sibling",
"Emperor Taizu of Jin"
] |
Life
Wuqimai was the fourth son of Helibo and his primary consort, Lady Nalan (拏懒氏). He was a younger brother of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. He succeeded his brother in 1123. Two years later, the Jin general Wanyan Loushi (完顏婁室) led forces to attack the Khitan-led Liao dynasty and succeeded in capturing Emperor Tianzuo, the last Liao ruler, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence.
In October 1125, Emperor Taizong waged war against the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty and ordered his fifth brother, Wanyan Gao (完顏杲), to lead the Jin armies to attack Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province), the Song capital, from two different directions. The Song general Li Gang (李綱) led fierce resistance against the Jin invaders. After some time, the Jin and Song dynasties agreed to a truce. In August 1126, Emperor Taizong ordered Wanyan Zongwang (完顏宗望) and Wanyan Zonghan to lead Jin forces to attack and besiege Bianjing again. This time, the Jin dynasty not only conquered Bianjing, but also captured Emperors Huizong and Qinzong of the Song dynasty. This event, historically known as the Jingkang Incident, marked the end of the Northern Song dynasty and beginning of the Southern Song dynasty.
In 1128, Emperor Taizong gave ironic titles of nobility to the two captured former Song emperors; Emperor Huizong was called "Duke Hunde" (昏德公; literally "Besotted Duke") while Emperor Qinzong was called "Marquis Chonghun" (重昏侯; literally "Doubly Besotted Marquis"). They were resettled in Wuguocheng (五國城; in present-day Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province).
During his reign, Emperor Taizong laid and strengthened the Jin dynasty's political system and institutions. In his later years, he designated Hela, a grandson of Aguda, as his successor. He died in Mingde Palace in 1135 and was buried in the He Mausoleum (和陵). His descendants were massacred by Digunai (Prince of Hailing), the fourth ruler of the Jin dynasty, as a political move to eliminate possible contenders to the throne. His remains were relocated to Dafangshan (大房山), which became known as the Gong Mausoleum (恭陵).
| 1 |
[
"Emperor Taizong of Jin",
"father",
"Helibo"
] |
Life
Wuqimai was the fourth son of Helibo and his primary consort, Lady Nalan (拏懒氏). He was a younger brother of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. He succeeded his brother in 1123. Two years later, the Jin general Wanyan Loushi (完顏婁室) led forces to attack the Khitan-led Liao dynasty and succeeded in capturing Emperor Tianzuo, the last Liao ruler, thereby ending the Liao dynasty's existence.
In October 1125, Emperor Taizong waged war against the Han Chinese-led Song dynasty and ordered his fifth brother, Wanyan Gao (完顏杲), to lead the Jin armies to attack Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province), the Song capital, from two different directions. The Song general Li Gang (李綱) led fierce resistance against the Jin invaders. After some time, the Jin and Song dynasties agreed to a truce. In August 1126, Emperor Taizong ordered Wanyan Zongwang (完顏宗望) and Wanyan Zonghan to lead Jin forces to attack and besiege Bianjing again. This time, the Jin dynasty not only conquered Bianjing, but also captured Emperors Huizong and Qinzong of the Song dynasty. This event, historically known as the Jingkang Incident, marked the end of the Northern Song dynasty and beginning of the Southern Song dynasty.
In 1128, Emperor Taizong gave ironic titles of nobility to the two captured former Song emperors; Emperor Huizong was called "Duke Hunde" (昏德公; literally "Besotted Duke") while Emperor Qinzong was called "Marquis Chonghun" (重昏侯; literally "Doubly Besotted Marquis"). They were resettled in Wuguocheng (五國城; in present-day Yilan County, Heilongjiang Province).
During his reign, Emperor Taizong laid and strengthened the Jin dynasty's political system and institutions. In his later years, he designated Hela, a grandson of Aguda, as his successor. He died in Mingde Palace in 1135 and was buried in the He Mausoleum (和陵). His descendants were massacred by Digunai (Prince of Hailing), the fourth ruler of the Jin dynasty, as a political move to eliminate possible contenders to the throne. His remains were relocated to Dafangshan (大房山), which became known as the Gong Mausoleum (恭陵).Father: Helibo
Mother: Empress Yijian of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懒氏)Wives
| 19 |
[
"Emperor Taizong of Jin",
"mother",
"Empress Yijian"
] |
Father: Helibo
Mother: Empress Yijian of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懒氏)Wives
| 21 |
[
"Emperor Xizong of Jin",
"father",
"Wanyan Zongjun"
] |
Early life
Hela was the eldest son of Shengguo (繩果; also known as Wanyan Zongjun 完顏宗峻), the eldest son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. His mother was Lady Pucha (蒲察氏), whom he posthumously honoured as "Empress Huizhao" (惠昭皇后). When Emperor Taizu died in 1123, the throne was passed on to his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin, who used to be Emperor Taizu's chief advisers, convinced Emperor Taizong to designate Hela as his heir apparent (anban bojilie; 諳班勃極烈) in 1132, so Hela became the new emperor in 1135 when Emperor Taizong died.Internal politics
Emperor Xizong was very fond of Han Chinese culture because of the influence of his adoptive father, Wanyan Zonggan (完顏宗幹), so he reformed the political institutions and modelled them after Han Chinese ones, while at the same time encouraging talented Han Chinese to serve in his government. In 1136, Emperor Xizong ordered Wanyan Zonggan, Wanyan Zongpan (完顏宗磐) and Wanyan Zonghan to take charge of reforming the government and creating the Three Departments system.
Emperor Xizong abolished the traditional bojilie (勃極烈) system that he inherited from his predecessors. The bojilie system allowed the Jurchen ruler to choose an heir apparent from among male relatives in the same generation as him, usually his brothers. However, Emperor Taizong, who succeeded his brother Emperor Taizu, made an exception when he chose Emperor Xizong (Emperor Taizu's grandson) as his heir apparent instead of choosing from among his sons. Wanyan Zongpan, the eldest son of Emperor Taizong, was very unhappy when the bojilie system was abolished because this meant that he would have no chance to become emperor.
Between 1138 and 1139, Wanyan Zongpan tried to seize power and start a rebellion but was defeated and executed. Since then, the political arena was dominated by Wanyan Zonghan, Wanyan Zonggan and Wanyan Zongbi; Emperor Xizong had little or no say in politics. After Wanyan Zongbi died in 1148, Emperor Xizong gained an opportunity to participate in politics, but his wife, Empress Daoping, started to interfere in politics and she wielded significant influence. Emperor Xizong's two sons, Wanyan Ji'an (完顏濟安) and Wanyan Daoji (完顏道濟), died in 1143 and 1144 respectively. Emperor Xizong felt depressed by the loss of his sons that he developed an addiction to alcohol and started neglecting state affairs. He also became more violent and ruthless, and started killing people indiscriminately. One of his victims was Ambaghai, a Mongol chieftain and great-granduncle of Genghis Khan.
Emperor Xizong was overthrown and murdered by his chancellor, Digunai, and other court officials in a coup d'état on 9 January 1150.
| 6 |
[
"Emperor Xizong of Jin",
"spouse",
"Empress Daoping"
] |
Empress Daoping, of the Peiman clan (悼平皇后 裴滿氏, d. 1149)
Wanyan Ji'an, Crown Prince Yingdao (英悼太子 完顏濟安, 23 March 1142 – 13 January 1143), 1st son
Princess of Dai State (代國公主)
Married Wogula (d.1150) (斡骨剌)
Consort Samao (妃撒卯), widow of Emperor Xizong's younger brother
Worthy Consort, of a certain clan (賢妃)
Wanyan Daoji, Prince of Wei (魏王 完顏道濟, d. 1144), 2nd son
Consort De, of the Wugulungan (德妃 烏古論氏)
Consort, of the Jiagu clan (妃夾谷氏)
Consort, of the Zhang clan (妃張氏)
Consort, of the Peiman clan (妃裴滿氏)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Jingu (金姑)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏),personal name Saiyue (賽月)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Feiyan (飛燕), daughter of Zhao Yu (趙俁)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Yuqiang (玉嬙), daughter of Zhao Shu (趙樞)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Yupan (玉盤)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Jinnu (金奴)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Chuanzhu (串珠)
Consort of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal nane Jinyin (金印)
Consort of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Tanxiang (檀香), third daughter of Zhao Cai (趙偲)Unknown:
Princess of Zheng (鄭國公主),
married Pucha Dingshou (蒲察鼎壽) and had issue (Empress Qinhuai)
Princess of Ji (冀國公主), adoptive mother of Empress Qinhuai
Unnamed Princess, mother of Tushan Gongbi (徒單公弼)
Princess Supreme of Liang (梁國大長公主)
Princess of Shen (沈國公主)
married Tushan Yi (徒單繹)
| 7 |
[
"Emperor Xizong of Jin",
"mother",
"Lady Pucha"
] |
Early life
Hela was the eldest son of Shengguo (繩果; also known as Wanyan Zongjun 完顏宗峻), the eldest son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. His mother was Lady Pucha (蒲察氏), whom he posthumously honoured as "Empress Huizhao" (惠昭皇后). When Emperor Taizu died in 1123, the throne was passed on to his younger brother, Wuqimai (Emperor Taizong). Wanyan Zonghan and Wanyan Xiyin, who used to be Emperor Taizu's chief advisers, convinced Emperor Taizong to designate Hela as his heir apparent (anban bojilie; 諳班勃極烈) in 1132, so Hela became the new emperor in 1135 when Emperor Taizong died.
| 8 |
[
"Emperor Xizong of Jin",
"child",
"Wanyan Ji'an"
] |
Empress Daoping, of the Peiman clan (悼平皇后 裴滿氏, d. 1149)
Wanyan Ji'an, Crown Prince Yingdao (英悼太子 完顏濟安, 23 March 1142 – 13 January 1143), 1st son
Princess of Dai State (代國公主)
Married Wogula (d.1150) (斡骨剌)
Consort Samao (妃撒卯), widow of Emperor Xizong's younger brother
Worthy Consort, of a certain clan (賢妃)
Wanyan Daoji, Prince of Wei (魏王 完顏道濟, d. 1144), 2nd son
Consort De, of the Wugulungan (德妃 烏古論氏)
Consort, of the Jiagu clan (妃夾谷氏)
Consort, of the Zhang clan (妃張氏)
Consort, of the Peiman clan (妃裴滿氏)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Jingu (金姑)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏),personal name Saiyue (賽月)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Feiyan (飛燕), daughter of Zhao Yu (趙俁)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Yuqiang (玉嬙), daughter of Zhao Shu (趙樞)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Yupan (玉盤)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Jinnu (金奴)
Consort, of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Chuanzhu (串珠)
Consort of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal nane Jinyin (金印)
Consort of Zhao clan (妃趙氏), personal name Tanxiang (檀香), third daughter of Zhao Cai (趙偲)Unknown:
Princess of Zheng (鄭國公主),
married Pucha Dingshou (蒲察鼎壽) and had issue (Empress Qinhuai)
Princess of Ji (冀國公主), adoptive mother of Empress Qinhuai
Unnamed Princess, mother of Tushan Gongbi (徒單公弼)
Princess Supreme of Liang (梁國大長公主)
Princess of Shen (沈國公主)
married Tushan Yi (徒單繹)
| 9 |
[
"Emperor Xizong of Jin",
"child",
"Wanyan Daoji"
] |
Internal politics
Emperor Xizong was very fond of Han Chinese culture because of the influence of his adoptive father, Wanyan Zonggan (完顏宗幹), so he reformed the political institutions and modelled them after Han Chinese ones, while at the same time encouraging talented Han Chinese to serve in his government. In 1136, Emperor Xizong ordered Wanyan Zonggan, Wanyan Zongpan (完顏宗磐) and Wanyan Zonghan to take charge of reforming the government and creating the Three Departments system.
Emperor Xizong abolished the traditional bojilie (勃極烈) system that he inherited from his predecessors. The bojilie system allowed the Jurchen ruler to choose an heir apparent from among male relatives in the same generation as him, usually his brothers. However, Emperor Taizong, who succeeded his brother Emperor Taizu, made an exception when he chose Emperor Xizong (Emperor Taizu's grandson) as his heir apparent instead of choosing from among his sons. Wanyan Zongpan, the eldest son of Emperor Taizong, was very unhappy when the bojilie system was abolished because this meant that he would have no chance to become emperor.
Between 1138 and 1139, Wanyan Zongpan tried to seize power and start a rebellion but was defeated and executed. Since then, the political arena was dominated by Wanyan Zonghan, Wanyan Zonggan and Wanyan Zongbi; Emperor Xizong had little or no say in politics. After Wanyan Zongbi died in 1148, Emperor Xizong gained an opportunity to participate in politics, but his wife, Empress Daoping, started to interfere in politics and she wielded significant influence. Emperor Xizong's two sons, Wanyan Ji'an (完顏濟安) and Wanyan Daoji (完顏道濟), died in 1143 and 1144 respectively. Emperor Xizong felt depressed by the loss of his sons that he developed an addiction to alcohol and started neglecting state affairs. He also became more violent and ruthless, and started killing people indiscriminately. One of his victims was Ambaghai, a Mongol chieftain and great-granduncle of Genghis Khan.
Emperor Xizong was overthrown and murdered by his chancellor, Digunai, and other court officials in a coup d'état on 9 January 1150.
| 11 |
[
"Emperor Xizong of Jin",
"family name",
"Wanyan"
] |
Emperor Xizong of Jin (28 February 1119 – 9 January 1150), personal name Hela, sinicised name Wanyan Dan, was the third emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He reigned for about 15 years from 1135 to 1150. During his reign, the Jin dynasty launched several military campaigns against the Han-led Southern Song dynasty in southern China.Internal politics
Emperor Xizong was very fond of Han Chinese culture because of the influence of his adoptive father, Wanyan Zonggan (完顏宗幹), so he reformed the political institutions and modelled them after Han Chinese ones, while at the same time encouraging talented Han Chinese to serve in his government. In 1136, Emperor Xizong ordered Wanyan Zonggan, Wanyan Zongpan (完顏宗磐) and Wanyan Zonghan to take charge of reforming the government and creating the Three Departments system.
Emperor Xizong abolished the traditional bojilie (勃極烈) system that he inherited from his predecessors. The bojilie system allowed the Jurchen ruler to choose an heir apparent from among male relatives in the same generation as him, usually his brothers. However, Emperor Taizong, who succeeded his brother Emperor Taizu, made an exception when he chose Emperor Xizong (Emperor Taizu's grandson) as his heir apparent instead of choosing from among his sons. Wanyan Zongpan, the eldest son of Emperor Taizong, was very unhappy when the bojilie system was abolished because this meant that he would have no chance to become emperor.
Between 1138 and 1139, Wanyan Zongpan tried to seize power and start a rebellion but was defeated and executed. Since then, the political arena was dominated by Wanyan Zonghan, Wanyan Zonggan and Wanyan Zongbi; Emperor Xizong had little or no say in politics. After Wanyan Zongbi died in 1148, Emperor Xizong gained an opportunity to participate in politics, but his wife, Empress Daoping, started to interfere in politics and she wielded significant influence. Emperor Xizong's two sons, Wanyan Ji'an (完顏濟安) and Wanyan Daoji (完顏道濟), died in 1143 and 1144 respectively. Emperor Xizong felt depressed by the loss of his sons that he developed an addiction to alcohol and started neglecting state affairs. He also became more violent and ruthless, and started killing people indiscriminately. One of his victims was Ambaghai, a Mongol chieftain and great-granduncle of Genghis Khan.
Emperor Xizong was overthrown and murdered by his chancellor, Digunai, and other court officials in a coup d'état on 9 January 1150.
| 12 |
[
"Wanyan Liang",
"father",
"Wanyan Zonggan"
] |
Father: Woben (斡本), sinicised name Wanyan Zonggan (完顏宗幹)
Mother: Empress Cixian, of the Da clan of Bohai (慈憲皇后大氏)Consort and issue(s):
| 1 |
[
"Wanyan Liang",
"manner of death",
"homicide"
] |
Digunai (24 February 1122 – 15 December 1161), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Liang (完顏亮) and his formal title Prince of Hailing (海陵王, Hǎilíng Wáng), was the fourth emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the second son of Wanyan Zonggan, the eldest son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu) (the founder of the Jin dynasty). He came to power in 1150 after overthrowing and murdering his predecessor, Emperor Xizong, in a coup d'état. During his reign, he moved the Jin capital from Shangjing (present-day Acheng District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province) to Yanjing (present-day Beijing), and introduced a policy of sinicisation. In 1161, after the Jin dynasty lost the Battle of Caishi against the Southern Song dynasty, Digunai's subordinates rebelled against him and assassinated him. After his death, even though he ruled as an emperor during his lifetime, he was posthumously demoted to the status of a prince – "Prince Yang of Hailing" (海陵煬王) – in 1162 by his successor, Emperor Shizong. However, in 1181, Emperor Shizong further posthumously demoted him to the status of a commoner, hence he is also known as the "Commoner of Hailing" (海陵庶人).
| 5 |
[
"Wanyan Liang",
"mother",
"Empress Cixian"
] |
Father: Woben (斡本), sinicised name Wanyan Zonggan (完顏宗幹)
Mother: Empress Cixian, of the Da clan of Bohai (慈憲皇后大氏)Consort and issue(s):
| 13 |
[
"Wanyan Yongji",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
References
| 16 |
[
"Wanyan Yongji",
"family name",
"Wanyan"
] |
Wanyan Yongji (died 11 September 1213), childhood name Xingsheng, was the seventh emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He reigned for about five years from 1208 until 1213, when he was assassinated by the general Heshilie Zhizhong.
Despite having ruled as an emperor, Wanyan Yongji was not posthumously honoured as an emperor. Instead, in 1216, his successor, Emperor Xuanzong, reverted his status back to "Prince of Wei" (衛王) – the title Wanyan Yongji held before he became emperor – and gave him the posthumous name "Shao" (紹), hence Wanyan Yongji is generally known in historiography as the "Prince Shao of Wei" (or Wei Shao Wang).Life
Wanyan Yongji's birth name was "Wanyan Yunji" (完顏允濟); his given name was changed to "Yongji" later to avoid naming taboo because Emperor Zhangzong's father was Wanyan Yungong (完顏允恭). He was the seventh son of Wanyan Yong (Emperor Shizong) and an uncle of Wanyan Jing (Emperor Zhangzong). His mother was Lady Li, a Balhae concubine of Emperor Shizong. In 1171, he was given the title "Prince of Xue" (薛王) but was later changed to "Prince of Sui" (禭王). His princely title had subsequently been changed to "Prince of Lu" (潞王), then "Prince of Han" (韓王), and finally "Prince of Wei" (衛王). When Emperor Zhangzong died without a male heir in 1208, Wanyan Yongji was selected to be the new emperor.
During Wanyan Yongji's reign, the Mongols, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, had been planning to attack the Jin dynasty. The Mongols first attacked Western Xia, a vassal state under the Jin dynasty. When Western Xia requested aid from the Jin dynasty, Wanyan Yongji ignored them; Western Xia eventually surrendered to the Mongols. In 1211, the Mongols launched a full-scale invasion of the Jin dynasty and defeated the Jin armies in some small battles. In the ninth month, the Mongols besieged the Jin central capital, Zhongdu (中都; present-day Xicheng and Fengtai districts of Beijing), but were forced to retreat because of Zhongdu's strong defences. In 1212, the Mongols attacked the Jin dynasty and besieged the Jin western capital, Datong Prefecture (大同府; present-day Datong, Shanxi Province). In the same year, Yelü Liuge (耶律留哥), a Khitan, led a rebellion against the Jin dynasty in Jilin Province. The rebel movement gained thousands of followers within months. Yelü Liuge submitted to the Mongols and led the rebels to defeat a 600,000-strong Jin army in Dijinao'er (迪吉腦兒; near present-day Changtu County, Liaoning Province).
Wanyan Yongji was known for being indecisive, undiscerning, and generally ineffective and weak as a ruler. In the eighth month of 1213, when the Mongols attacked Zhongdu again, the general Heshilie Zhizhong (紇石烈執中; also known as Hushahu 胡沙虎) rebelled against Wanyan Yongji and assassinated him. In the following month, Hushahu installed Wanyan Xun (Emperor Xuanzong) on the throne to replace Wanyan Yongji. He also gathered about 300 officials to support him and openly urged Emperor Xuanzong to posthumously demote Wanyan Yongji to the status of a commoner. Eventually, as a compromise between Hushahu's faction and another opposing faction, Emperor Xuanzong agreed to posthumously demote Wanyan Yongji to the position of "Marquis of Donghai Commandery" (東海郡侯). One month later, Hushahu was assassinated by another general, Zhuhu Gaoqi (朮虎高琪).
In 1216, Emperor Xuanzong posthumously restored Wanyan Yongji to the status of "Prince of Wei" (衛王) – the title Wanyan Yongji held before he became emperor – and gave him the posthumous name "Shao" (紹), hence Wanyan Yongji is historically referred to as "Prince Shao of Wei" (衛紹王) even though he ruled as an emperor in his lifetime.Empress Tudan, of the Tudan clan (徒單皇后 徒單氏, b. 1168)
Lady Qinsheng, of the Yuan clan (欽聖夫人袁氏)
Princess of Qi State (岐國公主), 1st daughter
Married Genghis Khan
Unknown
Wanyan Congke, Prince of Liang (梁王 完顏從恪, d. 1233), 1st son
Wanyan Ju (完顏琚, d. 1233), 2nd son
Wanyan Xuan (完顏瑄, d. 1233), 3rd son
Wanyan Cao (完顏璪, d. 1233), 4th sonReferences
| 18 |
[
"Wanyan Yongji",
"described by source",
"History of Liao"
] |
References
| 19 |
[
"Wanyan Yongji",
"spouse",
"Princess Consort Shao of Wei"
] |
Family
Consort and issue(s):
| 23 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"father",
"Emperor Taizu of Jin"
] |
Jin Wuzhu (金兀朮, died 1148), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Zongbi (完顏宗弼), was a prince, military general and civil minister of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the fourth son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. Wuzhu started his career in the military in his youth, when he participated in the Jurchen rebellion led by his father against the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Between the late 1120s and 1130s, he fought for the Jin dynasty in a series of wars against the Han-led Northern Song dynasty and its successor state, the Southern Song dynasty. In 1137, in recognition of his contributions in battle, he was appointed as Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥) and enfeoffed as the "Prince of Shen" (瀋王). In the final decade of his life, he was appointed to several high-ranking positions in the Jin imperial court, including Left Chancellor (左丞相), Palace Attendant (侍中), Taibao (太保), Marshal of the Capital (都元帥), Taifu (太傅), and Taishi (太師). He died of illness in 1148. Throughout his life, he had served under three Jin emperors – Emperor Taizu (his father), Emperor Taizong (his uncle), and Emperor Xizong (his nephew).Father: Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123),
Mother: Consort Yuan of the Wugulun clan (元妃 烏古論氏)'Consort and issue:
| 1 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"family",
"Jin dynasty"
] |
Jin Wuzhu (金兀朮, died 1148), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Zongbi (完顏宗弼), was a prince, military general and civil minister of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the fourth son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. Wuzhu started his career in the military in his youth, when he participated in the Jurchen rebellion led by his father against the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Between the late 1120s and 1130s, he fought for the Jin dynasty in a series of wars against the Han-led Northern Song dynasty and its successor state, the Southern Song dynasty. In 1137, in recognition of his contributions in battle, he was appointed as Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥) and enfeoffed as the "Prince of Shen" (瀋王). In the final decade of his life, he was appointed to several high-ranking positions in the Jin imperial court, including Left Chancellor (左丞相), Palace Attendant (侍中), Taibao (太保), Marshal of the Capital (都元帥), Taifu (太傅), and Taishi (太師). He died of illness in 1148. Throughout his life, he had served under three Jin emperors – Emperor Taizu (his father), Emperor Taizong (his uncle), and Emperor Xizong (his nephew).
| 3 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"allegiance",
"Jin dynasty"
] |
Jin Wuzhu (金兀朮, died 1148), also known by his sinicised name Wanyan Zongbi (完顏宗弼), was a prince, military general and civil minister of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty of China. He was the fourth son of Aguda (Emperor Taizu), the founder and first emperor of the Jin dynasty. Wuzhu started his career in the military in his youth, when he participated in the Jurchen rebellion led by his father against the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Between the late 1120s and 1130s, he fought for the Jin dynasty in a series of wars against the Han-led Northern Song dynasty and its successor state, the Southern Song dynasty. In 1137, in recognition of his contributions in battle, he was appointed as Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥) and enfeoffed as the "Prince of Shen" (瀋王). In the final decade of his life, he was appointed to several high-ranking positions in the Jin imperial court, including Left Chancellor (左丞相), Palace Attendant (侍中), Taibao (太保), Marshal of the Capital (都元帥), Taifu (太傅), and Taishi (太師). He died of illness in 1148. Throughout his life, he had served under three Jin emperors – Emperor Taizu (his father), Emperor Taizong (his uncle), and Emperor Xizong (his nephew).War against the Northern Song dynasty
Wuzhu participated in the Jin–Song Wars, which broke out in 1125 between the Jin dynasty and the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty. He served as an officer in the Jin dynasty's Eastern Army, which was commanded by his second brother, Wolibu (斡離不; Wanyan Zongwang), who held the appointment of Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥). In the first month of 1126, Wolibu sent Wuzhu to attack Tangyin County; Wuzhu won the battle and forced the 3,000 Song defenders to surrender. Soon after, the Eastern Army reached the Yellow River and attempted to cross, but the Song forces had already set the pontoon bridges on fire. The Jin officer Helusuo (合魯索) led 70 horsemen to cross the river at a shallow point and killed 500 Song soldiers burning the bridges. Wolibu sent Wu Xiaomin (吳孝民) as a messenger to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province), to admonish the Song dynasty for breaking its earlier alliance with the Jin dynasty. At the same time, Wuzhu, leading 3,000 light cavalry, approached Bianjing. When he received news that the Song ruler, Emperor Huizong, had fled from Bianjing after abdicating the throne to his son Emperor Qinzong, he led his horsemen in pursuit but failed to capture the emperor. However, they managed to obtain 3,000 horses. When Jin forces besieged Bianjing, the Song dynasty agreed to cede Taiyuan, Zhongshan (中山) and Hejian (河間) prefectures to the Jin dynasty in return for peace. The Jurchens agreed and retreated back to Yanjing (燕京; present-day Beijing).In the eighth month of 1126, Wuzhu accompanied Wolibu to attack the Song dynasty. By the fourth month of the following year, Jin forces had conquered Bianjing and captured the Song emperors Huizong and Qinzong. This event, historically known as the Jingkang Incident, marked the fall of the Northern Song dynasty.Wolibu died of illness in the sixth month of 1127 and was succeeded by his third brother, Eliduo (訛里朵; Wanyan Zongfu or Wanyan Zongyao), as Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥). In the 12th month, Eliduo received orders to suppress anti-Jin rebellions in Shandong Province. Wuzhu participated in the campaign. First, he defeated a few thousand troops led by Song general Zheng Zongmeng (鄭宗孟) in Qingzhou. Next, he defeated the Huangqiong forces (黃瓊軍) led by Song general Zhao Cheng (趙成) in Linqu. In the first month of 1128, when Eliduo and his army were planning to retreat after successfully suppressing the rebellions, they were ambushed at Qinghe (青河) by a 30,000-strong Song army. Wuzhu led the attack on the enemy and killed thousands of them.
| 4 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Eluduo"
] |
War against the Northern Song dynasty
Wuzhu participated in the Jin–Song Wars, which broke out in 1125 between the Jin dynasty and the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty. He served as an officer in the Jin dynasty's Eastern Army, which was commanded by his second brother, Wolibu (斡離不; Wanyan Zongwang), who held the appointment of Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥). In the first month of 1126, Wolibu sent Wuzhu to attack Tangyin County; Wuzhu won the battle and forced the 3,000 Song defenders to surrender. Soon after, the Eastern Army reached the Yellow River and attempted to cross, but the Song forces had already set the pontoon bridges on fire. The Jin officer Helusuo (合魯索) led 70 horsemen to cross the river at a shallow point and killed 500 Song soldiers burning the bridges. Wolibu sent Wu Xiaomin (吳孝民) as a messenger to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province), to admonish the Song dynasty for breaking its earlier alliance with the Jin dynasty. At the same time, Wuzhu, leading 3,000 light cavalry, approached Bianjing. When he received news that the Song ruler, Emperor Huizong, had fled from Bianjing after abdicating the throne to his son Emperor Qinzong, he led his horsemen in pursuit but failed to capture the emperor. However, they managed to obtain 3,000 horses. When Jin forces besieged Bianjing, the Song dynasty agreed to cede Taiyuan, Zhongshan (中山) and Hejian (河間) prefectures to the Jin dynasty in return for peace. The Jurchens agreed and retreated back to Yanjing (燕京; present-day Beijing).In the eighth month of 1126, Wuzhu accompanied Wolibu to attack the Song dynasty. By the fourth month of the following year, Jin forces had conquered Bianjing and captured the Song emperors Huizong and Qinzong. This event, historically known as the Jingkang Incident, marked the fall of the Northern Song dynasty.Wolibu died of illness in the sixth month of 1127 and was succeeded by his third brother, Eliduo (訛里朵; Wanyan Zongfu or Wanyan Zongyao), as Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥). In the 12th month, Eliduo received orders to suppress anti-Jin rebellions in Shandong Province. Wuzhu participated in the campaign. First, he defeated a few thousand troops led by Song general Zheng Zongmeng (鄭宗孟) in Qingzhou. Next, he defeated the Huangqiong forces (黃瓊軍) led by Song general Zhao Cheng (趙成) in Linqu. In the first month of 1128, when Eliduo and his army were planning to retreat after successfully suppressing the rebellions, they were ambushed at Qinghe (青河) by a 30,000-strong Song army. Wuzhu led the attack on the enemy and killed thousands of them.
| 5 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Elu"
] |
Life
Family background
Wuzhu was born in the Wanyan tribe, the most prominent among the Jurchen tribes residing in the area around present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was the fourth son of Aguda, the chief of the Wanyan tribe, which was a subject of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Wuzhu's mother was Lady Wugulun (烏古論氏), one of Aguda's concubines. She also bore Aguda two other sons, Alu (阿魯; Wanyan Zongqiang) and Alubu (阿魯補; Wanyan Zongmin). Wuzhu had at 13 other brothers and three sisters born to his father's other wives.
| 6 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Wulu"
] |
War against the Northern Song dynasty
Wuzhu participated in the Jin–Song Wars, which broke out in 1125 between the Jin dynasty and the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty. He served as an officer in the Jin dynasty's Eastern Army, which was commanded by his second brother, Wolibu (斡離不; Wanyan Zongwang), who held the appointment of Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥). In the first month of 1126, Wolibu sent Wuzhu to attack Tangyin County; Wuzhu won the battle and forced the 3,000 Song defenders to surrender. Soon after, the Eastern Army reached the Yellow River and attempted to cross, but the Song forces had already set the pontoon bridges on fire. The Jin officer Helusuo (合魯索) led 70 horsemen to cross the river at a shallow point and killed 500 Song soldiers burning the bridges. Wolibu sent Wu Xiaomin (吳孝民) as a messenger to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province), to admonish the Song dynasty for breaking its earlier alliance with the Jin dynasty. At the same time, Wuzhu, leading 3,000 light cavalry, approached Bianjing. When he received news that the Song ruler, Emperor Huizong, had fled from Bianjing after abdicating the throne to his son Emperor Qinzong, he led his horsemen in pursuit but failed to capture the emperor. However, they managed to obtain 3,000 horses. When Jin forces besieged Bianjing, the Song dynasty agreed to cede Taiyuan, Zhongshan (中山) and Hejian (河間) prefectures to the Jin dynasty in return for peace. The Jurchens agreed and retreated back to Yanjing (燕京; present-day Beijing).In the eighth month of 1126, Wuzhu accompanied Wolibu to attack the Song dynasty. By the fourth month of the following year, Jin forces had conquered Bianjing and captured the Song emperors Huizong and Qinzong. This event, historically known as the Jingkang Incident, marked the fall of the Northern Song dynasty.Wolibu died of illness in the sixth month of 1127 and was succeeded by his third brother, Eliduo (訛里朵; Wanyan Zongfu or Wanyan Zongyao), as Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥). In the 12th month, Eliduo received orders to suppress anti-Jin rebellions in Shandong Province. Wuzhu participated in the campaign. First, he defeated a few thousand troops led by Song general Zheng Zongmeng (鄭宗孟) in Qingzhou. Next, he defeated the Huangqiong forces (黃瓊軍) led by Song general Zhao Cheng (趙成) in Linqu. In the first month of 1128, when Eliduo and his army were planning to retreat after successfully suppressing the rebellions, they were ambushed at Qinghe (青河) by a 30,000-strong Song army. Wuzhu led the attack on the enemy and killed thousands of them.
| 10 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Zongwang"
] |
War against the Northern Song dynasty
Wuzhu participated in the Jin–Song Wars, which broke out in 1125 between the Jin dynasty and the Han Chinese-led Northern Song dynasty. He served as an officer in the Jin dynasty's Eastern Army, which was commanded by his second brother, Wolibu (斡離不; Wanyan Zongwang), who held the appointment of Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥). In the first month of 1126, Wolibu sent Wuzhu to attack Tangyin County; Wuzhu won the battle and forced the 3,000 Song defenders to surrender. Soon after, the Eastern Army reached the Yellow River and attempted to cross, but the Song forces had already set the pontoon bridges on fire. The Jin officer Helusuo (合魯索) led 70 horsemen to cross the river at a shallow point and killed 500 Song soldiers burning the bridges. Wolibu sent Wu Xiaomin (吳孝民) as a messenger to the Song capital, Bianjing (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province), to admonish the Song dynasty for breaking its earlier alliance with the Jin dynasty. At the same time, Wuzhu, leading 3,000 light cavalry, approached Bianjing. When he received news that the Song ruler, Emperor Huizong, had fled from Bianjing after abdicating the throne to his son Emperor Qinzong, he led his horsemen in pursuit but failed to capture the emperor. However, they managed to obtain 3,000 horses. When Jin forces besieged Bianjing, the Song dynasty agreed to cede Taiyuan, Zhongshan (中山) and Hejian (河間) prefectures to the Jin dynasty in return for peace. The Jurchens agreed and retreated back to Yanjing (燕京; present-day Beijing).In the eighth month of 1126, Wuzhu accompanied Wolibu to attack the Song dynasty. By the fourth month of the following year, Jin forces had conquered Bianjing and captured the Song emperors Huizong and Qinzong. This event, historically known as the Jingkang Incident, marked the fall of the Northern Song dynasty.Wolibu died of illness in the sixth month of 1127 and was succeeded by his third brother, Eliduo (訛里朵; Wanyan Zongfu or Wanyan Zongyao), as Right Vice-Marshal (右副元帥). In the 12th month, Eliduo received orders to suppress anti-Jin rebellions in Shandong Province. Wuzhu participated in the campaign. First, he defeated a few thousand troops led by Song general Zheng Zongmeng (鄭宗孟) in Qingzhou. Next, he defeated the Huangqiong forces (黃瓊軍) led by Song general Zhao Cheng (趙成) in Linqu. In the first month of 1128, when Eliduo and his army were planning to retreat after successfully suppressing the rebellions, they were ambushed at Qinghe (青河) by a 30,000-strong Song army. Wuzhu led the attack on the enemy and killed thousands of them.
| 15 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"family name",
"Wanyan"
] |
Life
Family background
Wuzhu was born in the Wanyan tribe, the most prominent among the Jurchen tribes residing in the area around present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was the fourth son of Aguda, the chief of the Wanyan tribe, which was a subject of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Wuzhu's mother was Lady Wugulun (烏古論氏), one of Aguda's concubines. She also bore Aguda two other sons, Alu (阿魯; Wanyan Zongqiang) and Alubu (阿魯補; Wanyan Zongmin). Wuzhu had at 13 other brothers and three sisters born to his father's other wives.
| 16 |
[
"Wuzhu",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Zongmin"
] |
Life
Family background
Wuzhu was born in the Wanyan tribe, the most prominent among the Jurchen tribes residing in the area around present-day Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. He was the fourth son of Aguda, the chief of the Wanyan tribe, which was a subject of the Khitan-led Liao dynasty. Wuzhu's mother was Lady Wugulun (烏古論氏), one of Aguda's concubines. She also bore Aguda two other sons, Alu (阿魯; Wanyan Zongqiang) and Alubu (阿魯補; Wanyan Zongmin). Wuzhu had at 13 other brothers and three sisters born to his father's other wives.
| 23 |
[
"Suike",
"father",
"Bahai"
] |
Suike was a chieftain of the Wanyan clan, the most dominant among the Jurchen tribes which later founded the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). He was the eldest of Bahai's five sons. Under Suike, the clan moved to the banks of the Anchuhu River, near modern-day Haerbin.Suike was posthumously honoured with the temple name Xianzu (獻祖) by his descendant, Emperor Xizong of Jin.Family
Father: Bahai
Mother: Bahai's primary consort, posthumously honoured as Empress Jie (節皇后)
Spouse: Name unknown, posthumously honoured as Empress Gongjing (恭靖皇后)
Sons:
Shilu, posthumously honoured as Emperor Zhaozu
Pudu (朴都)
Abaohan (阿保寒)
Diku (敵酷)
Digunai (敵古乃)
Salinian (撒里輦)
Sagezhou (撒葛周)
| 6 |
[
"Suike",
"spouse",
"Empress Gongjing"
] |
Family
Father: Bahai
Mother: Bahai's primary consort, posthumously honoured as Empress Jie (節皇后)
Spouse: Name unknown, posthumously honoured as Empress Gongjing (恭靖皇后)
Sons:
Shilu, posthumously honoured as Emperor Zhaozu
Pudu (朴都)
Abaohan (阿保寒)
Diku (敵酷)
Digunai (敵古乃)
Salinian (撒里輦)
Sagezhou (撒葛周)
| 7 |
[
"Suike",
"mother",
"Empress Jie"
] |
Family
Father: Bahai
Mother: Bahai's primary consort, posthumously honoured as Empress Jie (節皇后)
Spouse: Name unknown, posthumously honoured as Empress Gongjing (恭靖皇后)
Sons:
Shilu, posthumously honoured as Emperor Zhaozu
Pudu (朴都)
Abaohan (阿保寒)
Diku (敵酷)
Digunai (敵古乃)
Salinian (撒里輦)
Sagezhou (撒葛周)
| 8 |
[
"Princess Consort Shao of Wei",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Princess Consort Shao of Wei, also known as Empress Tudan, was the wife of the seventh emperor of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty, Wanyan Yongji. After her husband was killed, she was stripped of her title and banished to Zhengzhou.
| 0 |
[
"Princess Consort Shao of Wei",
"spouse",
"Wanyan Yongji"
] |
Princess Consort Shao of Wei, also known as Empress Tudan, was the wife of the seventh emperor of the Jurchen-led Chinese Jin dynasty, Wanyan Yongji. After her husband was killed, she was stripped of her title and banished to Zhengzhou.
| 2 |
[
"Princess Consort Shao of Wei",
"family name",
"Túdān"
] |
Biography
Lady Tudan became Empress of Jin in 1209. When Hushahu rebelled in 1213, she moved with her husband to the region of Wei. Later in the year, her husband was killed and Wudubu ascended the throne as Emperor Xuanzong. Xuanzong demoted Wuyan Yongji to Marquis of Donghai and demoted Empress Tudan. In 1214, the Jin capital was moved to Bianjing, and the Emperor decreed that all members of Wanyan Yongji's family be imprisoned in Zhengzhou with no option to leave. It was further decreed that the family's men and women would not be permitted to marry for 19 years. In 1232, Emperor Aizong lifted the restriction on movement. By this time, the Jin could not hold Henan, and it is not known what happened to the former Empress or her descendants.
| 5 |
[
"Helibo",
"child",
"Emperor Taizu of Jin"
] |
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son
| 3 |
[
"Helibo",
"child",
"Emperor Taizong of Jin"
] |
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son
| 6 |
[
"Helibo",
"child",
"Wanyan Gao"
] |
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son
| 8 |
[
"Helibo",
"child",
"Wanyan Dumu"
] |
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son
| 10 |
[
"Helibo",
"child",
"Wanyan Wugunai"
] |
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son
| 11 |
[
"Helibo",
"child",
"Wanyan Chala"
] |
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son
| 12 |
[
"Helibo",
"child",
"Wuyashu"
] |
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son
| 14 |
[
"Helibo",
"child",
"Wanyan Ang"
] |
Empress Yijian, of the Nalan clan (翼簡皇后 拏懶氏, d. 1085)
Wanyan Uyašu, Emperor Kangzong (金康宗完顏烏雅束, 1061 – 1113), 1st son
Wanyan Aguda, Emperor Taizu (金太祖完顏阿骨打, 1 August 1068 – 19 September 1123), 2nd son
Wanyan Odai (斡帶), Prince Dingsu of Wei (魏定肅王 完顏斡带), 3rd son
Wanyan Sheng, Emperor Taizong (金太宗完顏晟, 25 November 1075 – 9 February 1135), 4th son
Wanyan Gao, Prince Zhilie of Liao (遼智烈王 完顏杲, d. September 1130), 5th son
Concubine, of the Tudan clan (次室徒单氏)
Wnayan Osei, Prince of Wei (衛王完顏斡賽), 6th son
Wanyan Oje, Prince of Lu (魯王 完顏斡者), 7th son
Concubine, of the Pusan clan (次室仆散氏)
Wanyan Wugunai, Prince of Han (漢王 完顏烏故乃), 8th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Dumu, Prince Zhuangxiang of Lu (魯莊襄王 完顏闍母), 9th son
Concubine, of Šuhu clan (次室术虎氏)
Wanyan Chala, Prince of Yi (沂王 完顏查剌), 10th son
Concubine, of the Ukurin clan (烏古論氏)
Wanyan Ang, Prince of Yun (鄆王 完顏昂), 11th son
| 23 |
[
"Wanyan Zongjun",
"instance of",
"human"
] |
Wanyan Zongjun (完顏宗峻), also known by his Jurchen name Shengguo (繩果), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the second or third son of Emperor Taizu with his first empress, Empress Shengmu.
| 0 |
[
"Wanyan Zongjun",
"father",
"Emperor Taizu of Jin"
] |
Wanyan Zongjun (完顏宗峻), also known by his Jurchen name Shengguo (繩果), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the second or third son of Emperor Taizu with his first empress, Empress Shengmu.Father: Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123)
Mother: Empress Shengmu of Tangkuo clan (聖穆皇后 唐括氏)WivesReferences
| 1 |
[
"Wanyan Zongjun",
"country of citizenship",
"Jin dynasty"
] |
Wanyan Zongjun (完顏宗峻), also known by his Jurchen name Shengguo (繩果), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the second or third son of Emperor Taizu with his first empress, Empress Shengmu.
| 2 |
[
"Wanyan Zongjun",
"family",
"Jin dynasty"
] |
Wanyan Zongjun (完顏宗峻), also known by his Jurchen name Shengguo (繩果), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the second or third son of Emperor Taizu with his first empress, Empress Shengmu.
| 3 |
[
"Wanyan Zongjun",
"family name",
"Wanyan"
] |
Wanyan Zongjun (完顏宗峻), also known by his Jurchen name Shengguo (繩果), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the second or third son of Emperor Taizu with his first empress, Empress Shengmu.There is no record of his birth year, except one mentioning the birth of his half-brother Wanyan Zongyao which said his birth year should have been before Wanyan Zongyao. In the sixth year of Tianfu (1121), he was injured in the war to take Zhongjing and save Xijing.At that time, the Jin Dynasty practiced the different hereditary system of succession, in which the brother would inherit his elder brother's inheritance.After Wanyan Dan became emperor, he was accorded the temple name Huizong (徽宗).In some books it's mentioned that Wanyan Zongjun shares his birthday with his eldest son.Father: Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123)
Mother: Empress Shengmu of Tangkuo clan (聖穆皇后 唐括氏)WivesEmpress Huizhao, of the Pucha clan (惠昭皇后 蒲察氏)
Wanyan Dan, Emperor Xizong (金熙宗完顏亶, 28 February 1119 – 9 January 1150), first son
Unknown concubine:
Wanyan Yuan, Prince Zuo (胙王 (完顏元; d. 1149), second son
Wanyan Chala (完顏查剌), held title of Anwujun Jiedushi (安武军节度使), third son
Princess E (鄂国公主), first daughter
Lady Wanyan (完颜氏), second daughter.References
| 7 |
[
"Wanyan Zongjun",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] |
Wanyan Zongjun (完顏宗峻), also known by his Jurchen name Shengguo (繩果), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the second or third son of Emperor Taizu with his first empress, Empress Shengmu.There is no record of his birth year, except one mentioning the birth of his half-brother Wanyan Zongyao which said his birth year should have been before Wanyan Zongyao. In the sixth year of Tianfu (1121), he was injured in the war to take Zhongjing and save Xijing.At that time, the Jin Dynasty practiced the different hereditary system of succession, in which the brother would inherit his elder brother's inheritance.After Wanyan Dan became emperor, he was accorded the temple name Huizong (徽宗).In some books it's mentioned that Wanyan Zongjun shares his birthday with his eldest son.
| 9 |
[
"Wanyan Zongjun",
"sibling",
"Wanyan Zongyao"
] |
There is no record of his birth year, except one mentioning the birth of his half-brother Wanyan Zongyao which said his birth year should have been before Wanyan Zongyao. In the sixth year of Tianfu (1121), he was injured in the war to take Zhongjing and save Xijing.At that time, the Jin Dynasty practiced the different hereditary system of succession, in which the brother would inherit his elder brother's inheritance.After Wanyan Dan became emperor, he was accorded the temple name Huizong (徽宗).In some books it's mentioned that Wanyan Zongjun shares his birthday with his eldest son.
| 12 |
[
"Wanyan Zongjun",
"mother",
"Empress Shengmu"
] |
Wanyan Zongjun (完顏宗峻), also known by his Jurchen name Shengguo (繩果), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty. He was the second or third son of Emperor Taizu with his first empress, Empress Shengmu.Family
ParentsFather: Emperor Taizu of Jin (August 1, 1068 – September 19, 1123)
Mother: Empress Shengmu of Tangkuo clan (聖穆皇后 唐括氏)Wives
| 13 |
[
"Wanyan Yungong",
"country of citizenship",
"Jin dynasty"
] |
Empress Xiaoyi (孝懿皇后; 1147–1191) of the Tudan clan (徒單氏)
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin (31 August 1168 – 29 December 1208), personal name Madage(麻達葛),sinicized name Wanyan Jing (完顏璟)
Empress Zhaosheng, of the Liu clan (昭聖皇后劉氏)Emperor Xuanzong of Jin (18 April 1163 – 14 January 1224), personal name Wudubu,(吾睹補), sinicized names Wanyan Xun (完顏珣)
Lady Tian (田氏)
Chengqing(承慶), sinicized name Wanyan Cong(完顏琮), Prince Huizhuang of Yun (鄆莊惠王)
Huandu'(桓篤), sinicized name Wanyan Gui' (顏瑰), Prince Wenjing of Ying (瀛文敬王)
Wulibu (吾里不),sinicized name Wanyan Zan', Prince of Huo (霍王完顏瓚)
Lady Wang (王氏)
Moulianghu (謀良),sinicized name Wanyan Jie (完顏玠), Prince Mindao of Wen (溫悼敏王)
Unknown:
Princess Zhangguo of Ye (邺国长公主), married Wugulun Yi (乌古论谊)
Princess Guo of Yi (沂国公主)
Princess Zhangguo of Xing (邢国长公主), married Pusan Kui (仆散揆) of the Pusan clan (仆散氏)
Princess Zhangguo of Sheng (升国长公主), married Pucha Cibu of the Pucha clan (蒲察辞不失)
Princess Jingguo (景国公主), married Pucha Cibu of the Pucha clan (蒲察辞不失)
Princess Daoguo (道国公主), married Pucha Cibu of the Pucha clan (蒲察辞不失)
| 10 |
[
"Wanyan Yungong",
"family",
"Jin dynasty"
] |
Wanyan Yungong (完顏允恭; 1146－1185), personal name Hutuwa (胡土瓦), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty. He was the son of Emperor Shizong of Jin an Empress Mingde. He was the father of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin and Emperor Xuanzong of Jin.
In April of the second year of reign Emperor Shizong (May 1162), became the Crown Prince .In the first month of the eighth year of Emperor Shizong, his title was changed back. In June of the 25th year of Shizong, the prince died of illness in Chenghua Hall. After hearing the news, Shizong was very sad and gave the posthumous Prince Xuanxiao.
After his eldest son became emperor, he was awarded with the temple name of Xianzong (顯宗).
| 11 |
[
"Wanyan Yungong",
"father",
"Emperor Shizong of Jin"
] |
Father: Emperor Shizong of Jin
Mother: Lady Wulinda (烏林荅氏), posthumously honoured as Empress Mingde (明德皇后)Wives
| 12 |
[
"Wanyan Yungong",
"mother",
"Empress Mingde"
] |
Wanyan Yungong (完顏允恭; 1146－1185), personal name Hutuwa (胡土瓦), was an imperial prince of the Jurchen-led Jin Dynasty. He was the son of Emperor Shizong of Jin an Empress Mingde. He was the father of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin and Emperor Xuanzong of Jin.
In April of the second year of reign Emperor Shizong (May 1162), became the Crown Prince .In the first month of the eighth year of Emperor Shizong, his title was changed back. In June of the 25th year of Shizong, the prince died of illness in Chenghua Hall. After hearing the news, Shizong was very sad and gave the posthumous Prince Xuanxiao.
After his eldest son became emperor, he was awarded with the temple name of Xianzong (顯宗).Father: Emperor Shizong of Jin
Mother: Lady Wulinda (烏林荅氏), posthumously honoured as Empress Mingde (明德皇后)Wives
| 19 |
[
"Wanyan Yungong",
"spouse",
"Empress Xiaoyi"
] |
Empress Xiaoyi (孝懿皇后; 1147–1191) of the Tudan clan (徒單氏)
Emperor Zhangzong of Jin (31 August 1168 – 29 December 1208), personal name Madage(麻達葛),sinicized name Wanyan Jing (完顏璟)
Empress Zhaosheng, of the Liu clan (昭聖皇后劉氏)Emperor Xuanzong of Jin (18 April 1163 – 14 January 1224), personal name Wudubu,(吾睹補), sinicized names Wanyan Xun (完顏珣)
Lady Tian (田氏)
Chengqing(承慶), sinicized name Wanyan Cong(完顏琮), Prince Huizhuang of Yun (鄆莊惠王)
Huandu'(桓篤), sinicized name Wanyan Gui' (顏瑰), Prince Wenjing of Ying (瀛文敬王)
Wulibu (吾里不),sinicized name Wanyan Zan', Prince of Huo (霍王完顏瓚)
Lady Wang (王氏)
Moulianghu (謀良),sinicized name Wanyan Jie (完顏玠), Prince Mindao of Wen (溫悼敏王)
Unknown:
Princess Zhangguo of Ye (邺国长公主), married Wugulun Yi (乌古论谊)
Princess Guo of Yi (沂国公主)
Princess Zhangguo of Xing (邢国长公主), married Pusan Kui (仆散揆) of the Pusan clan (仆散氏)
Princess Zhangguo of Sheng (升国长公主), married Pucha Cibu of the Pucha clan (蒲察辞不失)
Princess Jingguo (景国公主), married Pucha Cibu of the Pucha clan (蒲察辞不失)
Princess Daoguo (道国公主), married Pucha Cibu of the Pucha clan (蒲察辞不失)
| 20 |
[
"Ramachandra of Devagiri",
"religion or worldview",
"Hinduism"
] |
Ramachandra (IAST: Rāmacandra, r. c. 1271-1311 CE), also known as Ramadeva, was a ruler of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Deccan region in India. He seized the throne from his cousin Ammana, after staging a coup in the capital Devagiri. He expanded his kingdom by fighting his Hindu neighbours such as the Paramaras, the Vaghelas, the Hoysalas, and the Kakatiyas.
In 1296 CE, he faced a Muslim invasion from the Delhi Sultanate, and established peace by agreeing to pay Alauddin Khalji an annual tribute. After he discontinued the tribute payments in 1303-1304 CE, Alauddin sent an army led by Malik Kafur to subjugate him around 1308, forcing him to become a vassal of the Delhi Sultanate. Subsequently, Ramachandra served Alauddin as a loyal feudatory, and helped his forces defeat the Kakatiyas and the Hoysalas.
| 2 |
[
"Ramachandra of Devagiri",
"replaces",
"Ammana"
] |
Ramachandra (IAST: Rāmacandra, r. c. 1271-1311 CE), also known as Ramadeva, was a ruler of the Seuna (Yadava) dynasty of Deccan region in India. He seized the throne from his cousin Ammana, after staging a coup in the capital Devagiri. He expanded his kingdom by fighting his Hindu neighbours such as the Paramaras, the Vaghelas, the Hoysalas, and the Kakatiyas.
In 1296 CE, he faced a Muslim invasion from the Delhi Sultanate, and established peace by agreeing to pay Alauddin Khalji an annual tribute. After he discontinued the tribute payments in 1303-1304 CE, Alauddin sent an army led by Malik Kafur to subjugate him around 1308, forcing him to become a vassal of the Delhi Sultanate. Subsequently, Ramachandra served Alauddin as a loyal feudatory, and helped his forces defeat the Kakatiyas and the Hoysalas.
| 5 |
[
"Ramachandra of Devagiri",
"father",
"Krishna of Devagiri"
] |
Early life
Ramachandra was a son of the Yadava king Krishna. At the time of Krishna's death around 1260 CE, Ramachandra was probably very young, because of which his uncle (Krishna's younger brother) Mahadeva ascended the throne. When Mahadeva's son Ammana became the next king around 1270 CE, Ramachandra also made a claim to the throne. Most of the important officers and generals probably saw Ramachandra as the rightful heir. This is evident from the fact that courtiers Hemadri and Tikkama, who had been loyal to Mahadeva, deserted Ammana and started supporting Ramachandra.
| 6 |
[
"Ziying of Qin",
"sibling",
"Qin Shi Huangdi"
] |
A son of Qin Er Shi's elder brother (who, according to Yan Shigu's commentaries, was Fusu);二世三年，赵高杀二世后，立二世之兄子公子婴为秦王。In the third year of [Qin] Er Shi (207 BCE), Zhao Gao, after killing [Qin] Er Shi, created [Qin] Er Shi's elder brother's son Prince Ying as the King of Qin.
An elder brother of Qin Er Shi;三赵高反，二世自杀，高立二世兄子婴。In the third year [of Qin Er Shi], [Zhao] Gao made a coup d'etat, [Qin] Er Shi committed suicide, and [Zhao] Gao crowned [Qin] Er Shi's elder brother Ziying.
A younger brother of Qin Shi Huang; or叙述赵高杀二世后，引皇帝玺自佩，有篡位的意图，左右百官都不跟从，于是高自知天弗与，群臣弗许，乃召始皇弟，授之玺。子婴即位，患之，乃称疾不听事，与宦者韩谈及其子谋杀高。It is said that Zhao Gao, after killing [Qin] Er Shi, took the Emperor's [Heirloom] Seal and had the intention to usurping the throne, but the courtiers did not join his cause, and [Zhao] Gao, knowing that his actions were not accepted by the heavens and did not gain any support from the courtiers, summoned [Qin] Shi Huang's younger brother to give him the [Heirloom] Seal. Ziying, having ascended [the throne], did not enjoy this situation and conspired with the eunuch Han Tan to assassinate [Zhao] Gao.
A son of a younger brother of Qin Shi Huang.乃召始皇弟子婴，授之玺。... summoned [Qin] Shi Huang's younger brother's son Ying to give him the [Heirloom] Seal.While Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian does not specify Ziying's age, it implies that he had at least two sons, whom he consulted.
| 0 |
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