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[ { "plaintext": "Hiers-Brouage () is a former commune in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune Marennes-Hiers-Brouage.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 410219, 58497, 38523, 5843419, 60271559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 36 ], [ 44, 61 ], [ 62, 72 ], [ 87, 93 ], [ 149, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brouage was founded in 1555 by Jacques de Pons on the Bay of Biscay facing the Atlantic Ocean. The town was founded on swampy land which had previously been underwater. Its name, \"Brouage,\" comes from the surrounding mixture of water and clay, which was called \"broue\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 49609, 698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 67 ], [ 79, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Its economy was based on salt and access to the sea. Brouage was known for producing salt that was black in colour, which was often sold to the royal family. Brouage exported large quantities of salt by land and sea as early as the 15th century.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The town was fortified between 1630 and 1640 by Cardinal Richelieu as a Catholic bastion in order to fight against the neighbouring Protestant town of La Rochelle. Gradually the harbour silted up in the last part of the 17th century, leaving the town stranded and useless as a port. It fell into ruin.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 85254, 606848, 105048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 66 ], [ 72, 80 ], [ 151, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town's most celebrated son is the French navigator Samuel de Champlain, who lived there when young, before being the co-founder of French settlement in Acadia (1604–1607) and Quebec (1608–1635). Cartographer Charles Leber du Carlo lived in Brouage at the same time and may not have taught the art of map-making to the young Champlain.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 39071, 5843419, 128607, 100727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 74 ], [ 135, 141 ], [ 156, 162 ], [ 179, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1825 Brouage was joined to the village of Hiers, away, forming the commune of Hiers-Brouage.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The village church dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul built in 1608. Since 1982, several stained glass windows have been installed by Quebec and New Brunswick to commemorate historical figures of New France, including Samuel de Champlain who was living when young in the village.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sights", "target_page_ids": [ 31665644, 24140, 7954867, 21182, 159828, 39071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 44 ], [ 49, 59 ], [ 140, 146 ], [ 151, 164 ], [ 202, 212 ], [ 224, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Samuel de Champlain Museum.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sights", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The walls of the ramparts of the citadel of Brouage.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sights", "target_page_ids": [ 6695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Porte royale or King's gate which gave access to the quais.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sights", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Saint-Luc powderhouse (poudrière) with four flying-buttresses.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sights", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Halle aux vivres or Warehouse built to store goods and supplies for the citadel.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sights", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Communes of the Charente-Maritime department", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 96664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official site", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tourist office, with pages in english", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hiers-Brouage", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Populated_coastal_places_in_France", "Former_communes_of_Charente-Maritime", "Populated_places_established_in_1555", "1555_establishments_in_France", "Charente-Maritime_communes_articles_needing_translation_from_French_Wikipedia", "Populated_places_disestablished_in_2019" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "In economics, an ordinal utility function is a function representing the preferences of an agent on an ordinal scale. Ordinal utility theory claims that it is only meaningful to ask which option is better than the other, but it is meaningless to ask how much better it is or how good it is. All of the theory of consumer decision-making under conditions of certainty can be, and typically is, expressed in terms of ordinal utility.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9223, 28737247, 52904244, 45479, 232167, 993153 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 73, 84 ], [ 103, 116 ], [ 126, 140 ], [ 312, 336 ], [ 357, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For example, suppose George tells us that \"I prefer A to B and B to C\". George's preferences can be represented by a function u such that:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "But critics of cardinal utility claim the only meaningful message of this function is the order ; the actual numbers are meaningless. Hence, George's preferences can also be represented by the following function v:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1448833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The functions u and v are ordinally equivalent – they represent George's preferences equally well.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ordinal utility contrasts with cardinal utility theory: the latter assumes that the differences between preferences are also important. In u the difference between A and B is much smaller than between B and C, while in v the opposite is true. Hence, u and v are not cardinally equivalent.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1448833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ordinal utility concept was first introduced by Pareto in 1906.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suppose the set of all states of the world is and an agent has a preference relation on . It is common to mark the weak preference relation by , so that reads \"the agent wants B at least as much as A\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The symbol is used as a shorthand to the indifference relation: , which reads \"The agent is indifferent between B and A\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The symbol is used as a shorthand to the strong preference relation: , which reads \"The agent strictly prefers B to A\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A function is said to represent the relation if:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Notation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Instead of defining a numeric function, an agent's preference relation can be represented graphically by indifference curves. This is especially useful when there are two kinds of goods, x and y. Then, each indifference curve shows a set of points such that, if and are on the same curve, then .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Related concepts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An example indifference curve is shown below:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Related concepts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Each indifference curve is a set of points, each representing a combination of quantities of two goods or services, all of which combinations the consumer is equally satisfied with. The further a curve is from the origin, the greater is the level of utility.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Related concepts", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The slope of the curve (the negative of the marginal rate of substitution of X for Y) at any point shows the rate at which the individual is willing to trade off good X against good Y maintaining the same level of utility. The curve is convex to the origin as shown assuming the consumer has a diminishing marginal rate of substitution. It can be shown that consumer analysis with indifference curves (an ordinal approach) gives the same results as that based on cardinal utility theory — i.e., consumers will consume at the point where the marginal rate of substitution between any two goods equals the ratio of the prices of those goods (the equi-marginal principle).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Related concepts", "target_page_ids": [ 432318, 1448833 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 73 ], [ 463, 479 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Revealed preference theory addresses the problem of how to observe ordinal preference relations in the real world. The challenge of revealed preference theory lies in part in determining what goods bundles were foregone, on the basis of them being less liked, when individuals are observed choosing particular bundles of goods.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Related concepts", "target_page_ids": [ 1956359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some conditions on are necessary to guarantee the existence of a representing function:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Necessary conditions for existence of ordinal utility function", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transitivity: if and then . ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Necessary conditions for existence of ordinal utility function", "target_page_ids": [ 200463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Completeness: for all bundles : either or or both.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Necessary conditions for existence of ordinal utility function", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Completeness also implies reflexivity: for every : .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Necessary conditions for existence of ordinal utility function", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When these conditions are met and the set is finite, it is easy to create a function which represents by just assigning an appropriate number to each element of , as exemplified in the opening paragraph. The same is true when X is countably infinite. Moreover, it is possible to inductively construct a representing utility function whose values are in the range .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Necessary conditions for existence of ordinal utility function", "target_page_ids": [ 6026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 235, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When is infinite, these conditions are insufficient. For example, lexicographic preferences are transitive and complete, but they cannot be represented by any utility function. The additional condition required is Continuity.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Necessary conditions for existence of ordinal utility function", "target_page_ids": [ 4308467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A preference relation is called continuous if, whenever B is preferred to A, small deviations from B or A will not reverse the ordering between them. Formally, a preference relation on a set X is called continuous if it satisfies one of the following equivalent conditions:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Continuity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " For every , the set is topologically closed in with the product topology (this definition requires to be a topological space).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Continuity", "target_page_ids": [ 42309, 24910, 30450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 45 ], [ 59, 75 ], [ 111, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " For every sequence , if for all i and and , then .", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Continuity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " For every such that , there exists a ball around and a ball around such that, for every in the ball around and every in the ball around , (this definition requires to be a metric space).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Continuity", "target_page_ids": [ 20018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 181, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If a preference relation is represented by a continuous utility function, then it is clearly continuous. By the theorems of Debreu (1954), the opposite is also true: ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Continuity", "target_page_ids": [ 47547340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Every continuous complete preference relation can be represented by a continuous ordinal utility function.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Continuity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Note that the lexicographic preferences are not continuous. For example, , but in every ball around (5,1) there are points with and these points are inferior to . This is in accordance with the fact, stated above, that these preferences cannot be represented by a utility function.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Continuity", "target_page_ids": [ 4308467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For every utility function v, there is a unique preference relation represented by v. However, the opposite is not true: a preference relation may be represented by many different utility functions. The same preferences could be expressed as any utility function that is a monotonically increasing transformation of v. E.g., if", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Uniqueness", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is any monotonically increasing function, then the functions v and v give rise to identical indifference curve mappings.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Uniqueness", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This equivalence is succinctly described in the following way:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Uniqueness", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An ordinal utility function is unique up to increasing monotone transformation.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Uniqueness", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In contrast, a cardinal utility function is unique up to increasing affine transformation. Every affine transformation is monotone; hence, if two functions are cardinally equivalent they are also ordinally equivalent, but not vice versa.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Uniqueness", "target_page_ids": [ 1448833, 38449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 31 ], [ 68, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suppose, from now on, that the set is the set of all non-negative real two-dimensional vectors. So an element of is a pair that represents the amounts consumed from two products, e.g., apples and bananas.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Monotonicity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Then under certain circumstances a preference relation is represented by a utility function .", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Monotonicity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Suppose the preference relation is monotonically increasing, which means that \"more is always better\":", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Monotonicity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Then, both partial derivatives, if they exist, of v are positive. In short: ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Monotonicity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If a utility function represents a monotonically increasing preference relation, then the utility function is monotonically increasing.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Monotonicity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Suppose a person has a bundle and claims that he is indifferent between this bundle and the bundle . This means that he is willing to give units of x to get units of y. If this ratio is kept as , we say that is the marginal rate of substitution (MRS) between x and y at the point .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Marginal rate of substitution", "target_page_ids": [ 432318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 248 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This definition of the MRS is based only on the ordinal preference relation – it does not depend on a numeric utility function. If the preference relation is represented by a utility function and the function is differentiable, then the MRS can be calculated from the derivatives of that function:", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Marginal rate of substitution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For example, if the preference relation is represented by then . The MRS is the same for the function . This is not a coincidence as these two functions represent the same preference relation – each one is an increasing monotone transformation of the other.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Marginal rate of substitution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In general, the MRS may be different at different points . For example, it is possible that at the MRS is low because the person has a lot of x and only one y, but at or the MRS is higher. Some special cases are described below.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Marginal rate of substitution", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When the MRS of a certain preference relation does not depend on the bundle, i.e., the MRS is the same for all , the indifference curves are linear and of the form:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Linearity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and the preference relation can be represented by a linear function:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Linearity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(Of course, the same relation can be represented by many other non-linear functions, such as or , but the linear function is simplest.)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Linearity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When the MRS depends on but not on , the preference relation can be represented by a quasilinear utility function, of the form", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Quasilinearity", "target_page_ids": [ 17384504 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where is a certain monotonically increasing function. Because the MRS is a function , a possible function can be calculated as an integral of :", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Quasilinearity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In this case, all the indifference curves are parallel – they are horizontal transfers of each other.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Quasilinearity", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A more general type of utility function is an additive function:", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [ 87372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are several ways to check whether given preferences are representable by an additive utility function.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If the preferences are additive then a simple arithmetic calculation shows that", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " and", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " implies ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "so this \"double-cancellation\" property is a necessary condition for additivity.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Debreu (1960) showed that this property is also sufficient: i.e., if a preference relation satisfies the double-cancellation property then it can be represented by an additive utility function.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [ 47547340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If the preferences are represented by an additive function, then a simple arithmetic calculation shows that", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "so this \"corresponding tradeoffs\" property is a necessary condition for additivity. ", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This condition is also sufficient.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Additivity with two goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When there are three or more commodities, the condition for the additivity of the utility function is surprisingly simpler than for two commodities. This is an outcome of Theorem 3 of Debreu (1960). The condition required for additivity is preferential independence.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [ 47547340 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A subset A of commodities is said to be preferentially independent of a subset B of commodities, if the preference relation in subset A, given constant values for subset B, is independent of these constant values. For example, suppose there are three commodities: x y and z. The subset {x,y} is preferentially-independent of the subset {z}, if for all :", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In this case, we can simply say that:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " for constant z.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Preferential independence makes sense in case of independent goods. For example, the preferences between bundles of apples and bananas are probably independent of the number of shoes and socks that an agent has, and vice versa.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [ 7291099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By Debreu's theorem, if all subsets of commodities are preferentially independent of their complements, then the preference relation can be represented by an additive value function. Here we provide an intuitive explanation of this result by showing how such an additive value function can be constructed. The proof assumes three commodities: x, y, z. We show how to define three points for each of the three value functions : the 0 point, the 1 point and the 2 point. Other points can be calculated in a similar way, and then continuity can be used to conclude that the functions are well-defined in their entire range.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "0 point: choose arbitrary and assign them as the zero of the value function, i.e.:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1 point: choose arbitrary such that . Set it as the unit of value, i.e.:", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Choose and such that the following indifference relations hold: ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ". ", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This indifference serves to scale the units of y and z to match those of x. The value in these three points should be 1, so we assign", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2 point: Now we use the preferential-independence assumption. The relation between and is independent of z, and similarly the relation between and is independent of x and the relation between and is independent of y. Hence", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is useful because it means that the function v can have the same value – 2 – in these three points. Select such that", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and assign", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "3 point: To show that our assignments so far are consistent, we must show that all points that receive a total value of 3 are indifference points. Here, again, the preferential independence assumption is used, since the relation between and is independent of z (and similarly for the other pairs); hence", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and similarly for the other pairs. Hence, the 3 point is defined consistently.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We can continue like this by induction and define the per-commodity functions in all integer points, then use continuity to define it in all real points.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An implicit assumption in point 1 of the above proof is that all three commodities are essential or preference relevant. This means that there exists a bundle such that, if the amount of a certain commodity is increased, the new bundle is strictly better.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The proof for more than 3 commodities is similar. In fact, we do not have to check that all subsets of points are preferentially independent; it is sufficient to check a linear number of pairs of commodities. E.g., if there are different commodities, , then it is sufficient to check that for all , the two commodities are preferentially independent of the other commodities.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An additive preference relation can be represented by many different additive utility functions. However, all these functions are similar: they are not only increasing monotone transformations of each other (Uniqueness); they are increasing linear transformations of each other. In short,", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [ 18102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 241, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An additive ordinal utility function is unique up to increasing linear transformation.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Additivity with three or more goods", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The mathematical foundations of most common types of utility functions — quadratic and additive — laid down by Gérard Debreu", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Constructing additive and quadratic utility functions from ordinal data", "target_page_ids": [ 474724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "enabled Andranik Tangian to develop methods for their construction from purely ordinal data.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Constructing additive and quadratic utility functions from ordinal data", "target_page_ids": [ 68010835 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In particular, additive and quadratic utility functions in variables can be constructed from interviews of decision makers, where questions are aimed at tracing totally 2D-indifference curves in coordinate planes without referring to cardinal utility estimates.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Constructing additive and quadratic utility functions from ordinal data", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Preference (economics)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28737247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Multi-attribute utility", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 47732427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Consumer theory", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 232167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marginal utility", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23014670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lattice theory", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 469304 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Convex preferences", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8012046 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lexicographic preference relation cannot be represented by a utility function. In Economics.SE", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Recognizing linear orders embeddable in R2 ordered lexicographically. In Math.SE.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Murray N. Rothbard, \"Towards a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics\"", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 20217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] } ]

[ "Utility" ]

[ "equimarginal principle" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Marathon Oil Corporation is an American company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration incorporated in Ohio and headquartered in the Marathon Oil Tower in Houston, Texas. It also runs international gas operations focused on Equatorial Guinea, offshore Central Africa. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 614302, 22199, 16821954, 13774, 9366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 82 ], [ 99, 103 ], [ 129, 147 ], [ 151, 165 ], [ 220, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The company is ranked 534th on the Fortune 500 and 1900th on the Forbes Global 2000.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 276447, 1682026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 46 ], [ 65, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of December 31, 2020, the company had of estimated proven reserves, of which 86% was in the United States and 14% was in Equatorial Guinea.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3434750, 9366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 109 ], [ 125, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The company's proved reserves consisted 52% of petroleum, 30% natural gas and 18% natural gas liquids.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23195, 22131, 613606 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 56 ], [ 62, 73 ], [ 82, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2020, the company sold per day, of which 26% was from the Eagle Ford Group, 27% was from the Bakken formation, 17% was from Oklahoma, 7% was from the Northern Delaware Basin, 2% was from other U.S. sources, and 20% was from Equatorial Guinea.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 43255834, 14210322, 22489, 1930805, 9366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 78 ], [ 97, 113 ], [ 128, 136 ], [ 163, 177 ], [ 228, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2020, the company derived 13% of its revenues from sales to Marathon Petroleum and 12% of its revenues from sales to Koch Industries.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1209923, 199026 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 81 ], [ 120, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marathon Oil began as \"The Ohio Oil Company\" in 1887. In 1889, the company was purchased by John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil. It remained a part of Standard Oil until Standard Oil was broken up in 1911. In 1930, The Ohio Oil Company bought the Transcontinental Oil Company and established the \"Marathon\" brand name. In 1962, the company changed its name to \"Marathon Oil Company\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 186300, 28931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 111 ], [ 114, 126 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1981, Mobil made a hostile takeover offer to buy the company. However, the board of Marathon Oil rejected the offer and instead sold the company to United States Steel. A legal battle ensued thereafter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 20708, 56119, 315801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 14 ], [ 22, 38 ], [ 151, 170 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1990, the headquarters was moved to Houston, Texas, but the company's refining subsidiary maintained its headquarters in Findlay, Ohio.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 13774, 129392 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 53 ], [ 124, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1984, Marathon purchased the U.S. unit of Husky Energy for $505 million.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 437357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1998, Marathon and Ashland Global contributed their refining operations to Marathon Ashland Petroleum LLC, now Marathon Petroleum.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1842027, 1209923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 36 ], [ 114, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2001, USX, the holding company that owned United States Steel and Marathon, spun off the steel business and, in 2002, USX renamed itself Marathon Oil Corporation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 315801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2003, Marathon sold its Canadian operations to Husky Energy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 437357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2003, the company sold its interest in the Yates Oil Field to Kinder Morgan for $225 million.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 22954615, 3764550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 61 ], [ 65, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2007, Marathon acquired Western Oil Sands for $6.6 billion and gained ownership of its 20% stake in the Athabasca oil sands in northern Alberta and other assets in the midwestern United States.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 370528, 717, 104697 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 126 ], [ 139, 146 ], [ 171, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2011, Marathon completed the corporate spin-off of Marathon Petroleum, distributing a 100% interest to its shareholders.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3016439, 1209923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 50 ], [ 54, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June 2013, Marathon sold its Angolan oil and gas field to Sinopec for $1.52 billion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1325529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 2013, Marathon sold a 10% stake in an oil and gas field offshore Angola for $590 million to Sonangol Group.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 701, 1973875 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 84 ], [ 105, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In October 2014, the company sold its business in Norway to Det Norske Oljeselskap ASA for $2.1 billon.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21241, 30233709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 56 ], [ 60, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2017, it sold its interests in the Athabasca oil sands for $2.5 billion and acquired assets in the Permian Basin for $1.2 billion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 370528, 242751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 57 ], [ 102, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2018, it sold its assets in Libya for $450 million to Total SE.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 17633, 804161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 42 ], [ 63, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 2003, Marathon Oil and its partners Noble Energy and AMPCO, have invested in the Bioko Island Malaria Control Project (BIMCP) in Equatorial Guinea. The project includes distribution of insecticide nets, indoor residual spraying and larval source management, preventive therapy for pregnant women and malaria case management, and investment in a possible malaria vaccine. The project has resulted in a 63% reduction in malaria parasite prevalence and a 63% reduction in the mortality rate and 97% reduction in severe anemia in children under 5 years old.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Corporate philanthropy", "target_page_ids": [ 13028135, 47747386, 20423, 9366, 149463, 50357, 1771587, 10280304, 191305, 83537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 54 ], [ 87, 92 ], [ 100, 107 ], [ 135, 152 ], [ 191, 202 ], [ 238, 244 ], [ 287, 301 ], [ 360, 375 ], [ 479, 493 ], [ 522, 528 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to a 2017 study, the company was responsible for 0.19% of global industrial greenhouse gas emissions from 1988 to 2015.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 9528025 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The company was investigated for payments made to Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, the president of Equatorial Guinea. The SEC completed its investigation in 2009 and did not recommend any enforcement action in the matter.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Criticism", "target_page_ids": [ 263622, 384283 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 79 ], [ 85, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marathon Petroleum", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1209923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Standard Oil", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " James C. Donnell", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20036596 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of oil exploration and production companies", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 960761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 49 ] ] } ]

[ "Marathon_Oil", "Companies_based_in_Houston", "Economy_of_the_Western_United_States", "Automotive_companies_of_the_United_States", "Chemical_companies_of_the_United_States", "Natural_gas_companies_of_the_United_States", "Oil_companies_of_the_United_States", "Companies_listed_on_the_New_York_Stock_Exchange", "American_companies_established_in_1887", "1887_establishments_in_Texas", "Energy_companies_established_in_1887", "Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_States" ]

[ "Marathon Oil Corporation", "Marathon Oil (United States)" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The province of Campobasso (; ) is a province in the Molise region of southern Italy. Its capital is the city of Campobasso.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 79641, 14532, 79461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 45 ], [ 53, 59 ], [ 79, 84 ], [ 113, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It covers an area of c. and has a total population of 223,871 (2017). There are 84 comunes () in the province (see Comunes of the Province of Campobasso).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 457055, 6902889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 90 ], [ 116, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The eastern part of the province is home to a small Croatian minority who speak an archaic dialect of Croatian. The Croatians reside primarily in Acquaviva Collecroce, San Felice and Montemitro.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 531906, 1317401, 26276394, 4236744, 4243391, 4242685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 60 ], [ 83, 98 ], [ 102, 110 ], [ 146, 166 ], [ 168, 178 ], [ 183, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Samnites, a group of Sabellic tribes, dominated this region of Italy including Campania from around 600 B.C. to 290 B.C. Following the war against Rome in 343 B.C., in 290 B.C. the territory of the ancient Sannio region (the central zone of which lies in the current province of Campobasso) was included in the Roman Regio IV Samnium. In 570, following an invasion by the Lombards, the territory was annexed to the Lombard duchy of Benevento, resulting in a reduction of the estates and assets of the ecclesiastical bishoprics of Bojano, Saepinum, Venafro, Trivento, Isernia, Larino and Termoli. As a result of frequent changes in its ownership, the Lombards called the city Campus Vassorum (Vassals' Territory) which later became Campobasso. The feudal lords increasingly gained power at the expense of the church. The principality of Capua, established in 860, included the counties of Venafro, Larino, Trivento, Bojano, Isernia, Campomarino and Termoli. Hugues I de Molise, Earl of Bojano and Norman feudal lord of Mulhouse (from which derives the name of Molise), implemented a policy to restore the old boundaries to the territories of Sannio in 1053, and finally, thanks to his successor, Hugues II de Molise, Molise was created independently around 1128.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 385434, 2074273, 44943, 289451, 289451, 73336, 3683025, 3254218, 4402573, 6783254, 761879, 1295193, 1029067, 6782714 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 12 ], [ 25, 33 ], [ 83, 91 ], [ 210, 216 ], [ 330, 337 ], [ 436, 445 ], [ 534, 540 ], [ 542, 550 ], [ 552, 559 ], [ 561, 569 ], [ 571, 578 ], [ 580, 586 ], [ 591, 598 ], [ 936, 947 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With the advent of the Neapolitan Republic, a new administrative organization was established, divided into departments made up of cantons. The Department of the Sangro was divided into 16 cantons: Lanciano, Ortona, Palena, Atessa, Pescocostanzo, Castel di Sangro, Agnone, Baranello, Campobasso, La Riccia, Trivento, Larino, Termoli, Serra Capriola, Dragonara, and Vasto. On 27 September 1806, after the French occupation, Molise became an autonomous province consisting of the districts of Campobasso and Isernia, to which the districts of Larino and Agnone were added. Following a constitutional amendment in December 1963 the province of Campobasso was detached from Abruzzo, given the status of Region, and renamed Molise. The situation remained unchanged until 1970 when 52 municipalities were detached to form the Province of Isernia, established under Law No. 2 of February 1970.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Province of Campobasso is situated in eastern Italy on the Adriatic coast. It is bordered to the north by the Province of Chieti in Abruzzo, to the south-east by the Province of Foggia in Apulia, to the south by the Province of Benevento and the Province of Caserta in Campania, and to the west by the Province of Isernia. The terrain is varied extending from the mountainous Apennines, down through hills, lakes and inland rivers to the Adriatic coast. The territory is crossed by the river valleys of the Trigno (85km), Biferno (84km) and Fortore (110km), flanked by hills and mountains. Other rivers of note include the Tammaro (78km), the Saccione (33km), the Sinarca (26km), and the Sassinora (7km). All flow into the Adriatic with the exception of the Tammaro. The central Valle del Biferno includes the Lago di Guardialfiera, to the east of Castelmauro. The other lake of note is Lago di Occhito to the south east of Sant'Elia a Pianisi. The provincial capital of Campobasso lies in the south of the province, north of the Matese mountains, one of the three main mountain ranges in the Molise region. On the coast, the principal towns are Termoli and Campomarino.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1049471, 79460, 1457058, 44783, 144358, 1418102, 44943, 1448800, 200366, 200369, 10761108, 10760624, 2385506, 21917651, 6782758, 21916913, 6783196, 79461, 9324364, 1029067, 6782714 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 132 ], [ 136, 143 ], [ 170, 188 ], [ 192, 198 ], [ 220, 241 ], [ 250, 269 ], [ 273, 281 ], [ 306, 325 ], [ 380, 389 ], [ 511, 517 ], [ 526, 533 ], [ 545, 552 ], [ 627, 634 ], [ 815, 836 ], [ 853, 864 ], [ 892, 907 ], [ 929, 948 ], [ 976, 986 ], [ 1035, 1041 ], [ 1151, 1158 ], [ 1163, 1174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The population of the province rose between 1861 when there were 229,393 inhabitants and 1951 when it totalled 289,577. Over the next 20 years it fell back to 227,641 (1971) after which it rose once again to 238,958 in 1991. It has since undergone a slight reduction to 225,622 inhabitants in 2016. As of 1 January 2014, the most populous communes (comuni) in the province are Campobasso (49,392), Termoli (33,478), Bojano (8,125), Campomarino (7,723), Larino (6,910), Montenero di Bisaccia (6,798), Guglionesi (5,422), Riccia (5,332), San Martino in Pensilis (4,827) and Trivento (4,788).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demography", "target_page_ids": [ 1029067, 3683025, 6782714, 1295193, 6783016, 4347552, 6457137, 6783149, 6783254 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 398, 405 ], [ 416, 422 ], [ 432, 443 ], [ 453, 459 ], [ 469, 490 ], [ 500, 510 ], [ 520, 526 ], [ 536, 559 ], [ 572, 580 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Acquaviva Collecroce, with a population of 714, is the largest of three municipalities in the province where the inhabitants are of Croatian origin. It is believed they arrived at the end of the 15th century from Bosnia-Herzegovina and Croatia. They still speak a Croatian dialect as well as Italian. The other two municipalities with inhabitants of Croatian origin are San Felice del Molise and Montemitro. All three municipalities lie to the north of the city of Campobasso. As of 1 January 2014, San Felice has 664 inhabitants while Montemitro has 420 inhabitants.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Demography", "target_page_ids": [ 4236744, 5573, 3463, 4243391, 4242685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 132, 139 ], [ 213, 231 ], [ 370, 391 ], [ 396, 406 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The city of Campobasso has several landmarks including Manforte Castle (1450), the cathedral and several old churches including San Bartolomeo, Campomarino, Larino (inhabited since the 5th century BC) and the fortifications of Monte Vairano, Gildone, Duronia and Terravecchia di Sepino, the Roman city of Saepinum, with its forum, basilica, baths and theatre.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Landmarks and attractions", "target_page_ids": [ 6782714, 1295193, 1599551, 6782818, 6783209 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 156 ], [ 158, 164 ], [ 243, 250 ], [ 252, 259 ], [ 264, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are many large castles in the area, including those at Gambatesa, Castropignano, Civitacampomarano and Termoli, while there are many religious buildings of note such as Trivento Cathedral, Larino Cathedral (1319) and the 12th century Church of Santa Maria in Petacciato.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Landmarks and attractions", "target_page_ids": [ 6782843, 6782772, 6782792, 1029067, 4372959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 70 ], [ 72, 85 ], [ 87, 104 ], [ 109, 116 ], [ 265, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town of Termoli is a regional seaside resort on the Adriatic sea.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Landmarks and attractions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Molise Croats", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 531906 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "American Descendants of Campobasso Natives From 1890–1930, many left Campobasso and settled in America (many in the state of Connecticut)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Campobasso Genealogy & History Italian-American Surnames originating in Campobasso (di Tota, Pietrunti, di Cesare, Santoro, and others", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Campobasso", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Campobasso province", "provincia di Campobasso" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The province of Isernia () is a province in the region of Molise in Italy. The provincial capital is the city Isernia and the president of the province is Alfredo Ricci. The province of Isernia has an area of and a population of 86,405 inhabitants as of 2016. It contains 52 comunes () in the province, listed at comunes of the Province of Isernia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 79641, 14532, 761879, 457055, 6903165 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 40 ], [ 58, 64 ], [ 68, 73 ], [ 110, 117 ], [ 276, 282 ], [ 314, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Isernia was known as Samnite Aesernia until it fell under Roman rule in 263 BC. The territory was later given to Alczeco for his efforts against the Byzantines with his Bulgarian military, by the Duchy of Benevento; most of this territory became Molise County. Throughout the 9th century the area was repeatedly sacked during Muslim invasions and suffered an earthquake in 847; these destroyed the cities of Isernia and Venafro. Despite this, the city was made an episcopal see and was granted the status of county in 964. A 1979 archaeological discovery near the city of Isernia found evidence of a settlement dating back to the Palaeolithic period over 736,000 years ago.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 385434, 25816, 44737, 1273903, 4402573, 22860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 28 ], [ 58, 68 ], [ 169, 176 ], [ 196, 214 ], [ 420, 427 ], [ 630, 642 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Molise County, Benedictines formed the San Vincenzo al Volturno monastery in the province of Isernia after Rome fell in 476. When the area was invaded by the Muslims, 500 to 900 monks were decapitated by them and many were taken as slaves; despite this, the monastery continued to function and reached its peak size during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Pope Celestine V was born near Isernia and the province's feast day is on 19 May, the date Celestine V was canonized. An earthquake in 1805 destroyed Isernia's cathedral, which was rebuilt atop the ruins of the destroyed structure in 1837.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 15131277, 24156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 66 ], [ 362, 378 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The province gained attention during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy, as by 15 March it was the only one of Italy's 110 provinces to not have a single confirmed case of the COVID-19 virus.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 63182945, 62786585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 67 ], [ 172, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The province of Isernia is a largely mountainous area of south-central Italy, part of the region of Molise. To the southwest the mountains decrease in height and the wooded hills give way to the plains around Venafro. To the northeast is the Province of Campobasso, also part of Molise, and to the north the Provinces of L'Aquila and Chieti, both in the region of Abruzzo. To the west is the Province of Frosinone in Lazio and to the south the Province of Caserta in Campania.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 79641, 4402573, 1448793, 1049461, 1049471, 79460, 1448576, 18701, 1418102, 44943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 106 ], [ 209, 216 ], [ 242, 264 ], [ 308, 329 ], [ 334, 340 ], [ 364, 371 ], [ 392, 413 ], [ 417, 422 ], [ 444, 463 ], [ 467, 475 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are four mountain ranges in the province and the Abruzzo National Park straddles the border with Abruzzo. The highest peak in the province is Monte Mare, . The main rivers are the Volturno which flows into the Tyrrhenian and the Trigno which flows into the Adriatic. The lake of Castel San Vincenzo is a man-made reservoir built to power a hydroelectric scheme.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 2597181, 390610, 200369, 23275478, 6824312 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 76 ], [ 186, 194 ], [ 235, 241 ], [ 263, 271 ], [ 285, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The economy of the region has been traditionally based on agriculture. The holdings are mostly small and produce grapes, cereals, olives, vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Traditional products grown in the province include grass peas (Lathyrus sativus) and farro, which is made from a specialist form of wheat. Tintilia grapes are grown for the production of the region's red wine, the \"Tintilia del Molise\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 1171389, 4887246, 29936876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 227, 236 ], [ 261, 266 ], [ 315, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Isernia", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Isernia province", "provincia di Isernia" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Alessandria (; ; in Piedmontese of Alessandria: Provinsa ëd Lissändria) is an Italian province, with a population of some 425,000, which forms the southeastern part of the region of Piedmont. The provincial capital is the city of Alessandria.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 22949, 25061, 453172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 110 ], [ 119, 129 ], [ 198, 206 ], [ 246, 257 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "With an area of it is the third largest province of Piedmont after the province of Cuneo and the Metropolitan City of Turin. To the north it borders on the province of Vercelli and to the west on the Metropolitan City of Turin and the province of Asti. It shares its southern border with Liguria (province of Savona and the Metropolitan City of Genoa). Its south-east corner touches the Province of Piacenza in Emilia Romagna, while to the east it borders on the Lombard Province of Pavia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 961044, 45017056, 1449202, 45017056, 1449127, 71864, 1448640, 46951493, 987127, 162715, 43807, 1448723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 89 ], [ 98, 124 ], [ 157, 177 ], [ 201, 227 ], [ 236, 252 ], [ 289, 296 ], [ 298, 316 ], [ 325, 351 ], [ 388, 408 ], [ 412, 426 ], [ 464, 471 ], [ 472, 489 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The province was created by the Royal Decree n. 3702 of 23 October 1859, the Legge Rattazzi, as a union of five of the six provinces which had formed the Division of Alessandria (the provinces of Alessandria, Acqui, Asti, Casale and Tortona) plus the Province of Novi which had formed part of the Division of Genoa. In 1935 the area of Asti was established as the separate Province of Asti.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 453172, 2623130, 45743, 2654752, 2170997, 2976560, 1449127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 196, 207 ], [ 209, 214 ], [ 216, 220 ], [ 222, 228 ], [ 233, 240 ], [ 263, 267 ], [ 373, 389 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are 190 municipalities (comuni, singular: comune) in the province the largest by population are:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 457055, 457055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 36 ], [ 48, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Sacred Mountain of Crea (Italian: Sacro Monte di Crea) is a Roman Catholic Devotional Complex in the comune of Serralunga di Crea (Montferrat), near Alessandria. It is one of the nine Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy, included in UNESCO World Heritage list. Its construction began in 1589, around a former Sanctuary of St. Mary whose creation is traditionally attributed to Saint Eusebius of Vercelli around 350 AD.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Main sights", "target_page_ids": [ 10070792, 606848, 457055, 6561135, 650849, 453172, 6371386, 44940, 868907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 27 ], [ 64, 78 ], [ 105, 111 ], [ 115, 133 ], [ 135, 145 ], [ 153, 164 ], [ 188, 224 ], [ 238, 259 ], [ 388, 408 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Piemonte (wine)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14167757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official web site for European Sacred Mounts", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " MonferratoArte A historical and bibliographical directory of artists active in the extra-urban Churches of the Diocese of Casale Monferrato. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Laws and Statutes of the Carpeneto commune, 15th century, Center for Digital Initiatives, University of Vermont Libraries", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Alessandria", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Alessandria", "Alessandria Province", "provincia di Alessandria" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Poems of 1912–1913 are an elegiac sequence written by Thomas Hardy in response to the death of his wife Emma, in November 1912. An unsentimental meditation upon a complex marriage, the sequence's emotional honesty and direct style made its poems some of the most effective and best-loved lyrics in the English language.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 153459, 44743, 11226496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 42 ], [ 54, 66 ], [ 104, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In intensely personal poetic verse. Hardy addresses what the loss of a loved one means to the self: the ambiguous curse that forces one to abide faithfully to the memories of the dead, as well as reflection on and regret for the imperfections of their life together, pervade the poetry that Hardy produced as he reflected on the meaning of his own life in the new century. He wrote 15 poems named by the year of her death.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12236006, 5881 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 34 ], [ 365, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three poems from Poems of 1912-1913, \"Without Ceremony,\" \"Beeny Cliff,\" and \"At Castle Boterel\", together represent experiences that Hardy and Emma had shared prior to their marriage. Consequently, these poems are Hardy's memory of that earlier time, placed in connection with his recent loss.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Illustrative examples", "target_page_ids": [ 31217535 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 222, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Without Ceremony\" is about Emma's spontaneous nature. While it may perhaps be related to the last time she entertained guests who stayed longer than they should have, more significantly it conveys Hardy's sense (like many people in mourning) that he never had a proper chance to say good-bye to Emma. The lack of ceremony of her departure from life it details resonated with the estrangement of their marriage, which saw his growing indifference matched by her unpredictable attempts at independence. The resulting bitterness infusing Hardy's feelings was one of the motivations behind his subsequent pilgrimage to the places where he and Emma had first met, to recapture something of those happier times in his poetry.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Illustrative examples", "target_page_ids": [ 188399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 233, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Beeny Cliff\" is one such poem. It begins with an idealised celebration of the young Emma's beauty, as first encountered at Beeny; before switching decades on to the present and her permanent absence. Hardy used the waves, \"engrossed in saying their ceaseless babbling say\" (ln. 5) that crashed against the cliff, as a metaphor for time, which moves forward mechanically, routinely, and without any concern for people. In the poem, Hardy is again on the cliff where he and Emma had once stood, and the landscape is the same, but the waves—or time—has taken Emma to a place where she no longer \"cares for Beeny, and will laugh there nevermore\" (ln. 15).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Illustrative examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In \"At Castle Boterel,\" Hardy is visiting another place from his past with Emma, and again the merciless movement of time, and the double vision of past and present, is a major theme. As long as Hardy is alive, the rocks on the hill will \"record in colour and cast\" (ln. 24) that Hardy and Emma had walked with their pony over the hill. This projection of Hardy's memory on the landscape is represented as \"one phantom figure\" (ln. 28) which is shrinking to nothing, because Hardy's \"sand is sinking\" (ln. 33). In other words, time is overtaking Hardy, and once he is gone, any record of the intimate moments between him and Emma will also be gone, although arguably at least for Hardy the quality of the experience, its intensity, outweighs the march of time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Illustrative examples", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hardy used mythology, as well as the connection of landscape, to help articulate his memories of Emma, and communicate with the subliminal world in which Emma's voice resides. The stories of Tristan and Iseult (with their Cornish connection), Aeneas and Dido, and Orpheus and Eurydice, were all used to help articulate his feelings for, and mourning of, Emma. The theme of the \"underworld\" is especially prominent in his quest for his dead wife. While Hardy has been criticised for a too narrow use of mythology throughout his writings,, the legendary stories about mythological figures that had loved and lost, helped provide what William Buckler calls \"mythic subtext\" to Hardy's poems.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [ 24698694, 205135, 277601, 609530, 1540, 83875, 22877693, 26157112, 84369 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 20 ], [ 51, 60 ], [ 191, 198 ], [ 203, 209 ], [ 243, 249 ], [ 254, 258 ], [ 264, 271 ], [ 276, 284 ], [ 378, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The next issue that criticism of Hardy's poems focuses on is movement and communication. It has been noted by Marie A. Quinn that Hardy's use of the word \"haunting\" is his way of communicating and moving between worlds. Emma's death placed her centrally in Hardy's set of ghosts; and by including this haunting element in his poetry, Hardy can communicate with his dead wife, or at least articulate their miscommunication.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [ 5177 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Finally, critics have dealt with the issue of reconciliation and renewal. Critics have noted that Hardy in writing these poems reconciled and renewed himself. By placing the voice of his poems on the same plane as his dead wife, Hardy makes himself accessible to her in death. He spiritually renewed himself by dealing with his grief through the writing of these poems.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eighteen poems were included in the original Poems of 1912-13, but three more were added to the sequence in all subsequent editions. That twenty-one total was still only a fraction of the fifty or so poems that he wrote to Emma Hardy in his first year of grief, not to mention the hundred or so more he wrote to her during the remainder of his life.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Textual history", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Buckler, William E. \"The Dark Space Illuminated: A Reading of Hardy's Poems of 1912-1913.\" Victorian Poetry 17 (1979): 98–107.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Millgate, Michael, ed. The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1985.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Quinn, Maire A. \"The Personal Past in the Poetry of Thomas Hardy and Edward Thomas.\" Critical Quarterly 16:7-28.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "British_poetry_collections", "Poetry_by_Thomas_Hardy" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Georg Philipp Harsdörffer (1 November 1607 – 17 September 1658) was a Jurist, Baroque-period German poet and translator.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12636, 19538344, 25353172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 92 ], [ 93, 99 ], [ 100, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Born in Nuremberg, he studied law at Altdorf and Strassburg. He studied at the University of Strassburg under professor Matthias Bernegger. He subsequently traveled through the Netherlands, England, France and Italy. While he was in Italy, he came into contact with members of learned academies. He shared his desire for reform in literary and linguistic for the improvement of moral and culture of the society.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21287, 18949668, 1580428, 37407, 23328637, 21148, 9316, 5843419, 14532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 17 ], [ 30, 33 ], [ 37, 44 ], [ 49, 59 ], [ 120, 138 ], [ 177, 188 ], [ 190, 197 ], [ 199, 205 ], [ 210, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His knowledge of languages earned him the appellation \"the learned.\" He was well-versed in contemporary French culture and literature. As an innovative poet, he was receptive to ideas from abroad. He is still known for his “Germanizations” of foreign-language terms. As a member of the Fruitbearing Society (Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft) he was called der Spielende (the player). In 1644 jointly with Johann Klaj he founded the order of the Pegnitzschäfer (Pegnitz Shepherds), a literary society, in Nuremberg. He was known by the name Strephon among the members of this order.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2307468, 1448834, 2407294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 287, 307 ], [ 402, 413 ], [ 480, 496 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His writings in German and Latin fill fifty volumes, and a selection of his poems, which are mostly interesting for their form, can be found in Müller's Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des 17ten Jahrhunderts, vol. ix (Leipzig, 1826). Widmann (Altdorf, 1707) wrote a biography of him.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11884, 17730 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 22 ], [ 27, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his Treatise to Protect the Work on the German Language (1644), he asserted that German ‘speaks with the tongues of nature.'", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He was the father of Karl Gottlieb Harsdörffer (1637–1708).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " This work in turn cites:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Julius Tittmann, Die Nürnberger Dichterschule (Göttingen, 1847)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hodermann, Eine vornehme Gesellschaft, nach Harsdörffers \"Gesprächspielen\" (Paderborn, 1890)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " T. Bischoff, \"Georg Philipp Harsdörffer\" in the Festschrift zur 1600 jahrigen Jubelfeier des Pegnesischen Blumenordens (Nuremberg, 1894)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Krapp, Die asthetischen Tendenzen Harsdörffers (Berlin, 1904).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " S. Taussig, C. Zittel (éds.), Japeta. Édition et traduction, Brepols Publishers, 2010, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Stefan Manns, Grenzen des Erzählens. Konzeption und Struktur des Erzählens in Georg Philipp Harsdörffers \"Schauplätzen\". Berlin 2013 (= Deutsche Literatur. Studien und Quellen; 14); (zugl. Univ. Dissertation, FU Berlin 2010).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1607_births", "1658_deaths", "German_poets", "Writers_from_Nuremberg", "German_male_poets", "German-language_poets", "Baroque_writers" ]

[ "Georg Philipp Harsdörffer" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Üüs Söl'ring Lön' (Söl'ring North Frisian for \"Our Sylter Land\" or more loosely \"Our Homeland Sylt\") is the insular anthem of Sylt. The lyrics were written by C. P. Christiansen (1855–1922). It is sung annually at the Biikebrennen.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7769240, 547373, 71407, 496857 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 27 ], [ 28, 41 ], [ 126, 130 ], [ 218, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Leew Eilun Feer", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1448983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] } ]

[ "North_Frisian_language", "Regional_songs", "Sylt", "European_anthems", "German_anthems" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "In mathematics, the conjugate gradient method is an algorithm for the numerical solution of particular systems of linear equations, namely those whose matrix is positive-definite. The conjugate gradient method is often implemented as an iterative algorithm, applicable to sparse systems that are too large to be handled by a direct implementation or other direct methods such as the Cholesky decomposition. Large sparse systems often arise when numerically solving partial differential equations or optimization problems.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18831, 775, 21506, 113087, 40326, 15237, 341015, 134433, 52564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 14 ], [ 52, 61 ], [ 70, 88 ], [ 103, 130 ], [ 161, 178 ], [ 237, 256 ], [ 272, 278 ], [ 383, 405 ], [ 465, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The conjugate gradient method can also be used to solve unconstrained optimization problems such as energy minimization. It is commonly attributed to Magnus Hestenes and Eduard Stiefel, who programmed it on the Z4, and extensively researched.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 52033, 12335752, 12223917, 12223876, 1094528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 82 ], [ 100, 119 ], [ 150, 165 ], [ 170, 184 ], [ 211, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The biconjugate gradient method provides a generalization to non-symmetric matrices. Various nonlinear conjugate gradient methods seek minima of nonlinear optimization problems.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4289501, 8980593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 31 ], [ 93, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suppose we want to solve the system of linear equations", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description of the problem addressed by conjugate gradients", "target_page_ids": [ 113087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "for the vector , where the known matrix is symmetric (i.e., AT = A), positive-definite (i.e. xTAx > 0 for all non-zero vectors in Rn), and real, and is known as well. We denote the unique solution of this system by .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description of the problem addressed by conjugate gradients", "target_page_ids": [ 126474, 40326, 20646438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 54 ], [ 71, 88 ], [ 142, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The conjugate gradient method can be derived from several different perspectives, including specialization of the conjugate direction method for optimization, and variation of the Arnoldi/Lanczos iteration for eigenvalue problems. Despite differences in their approaches, these derivations share a common topic—proving the orthogonality of the residuals and conjugacy of the search directions. These two properties are crucial to developing the well-known succinct formulation of the method.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [ 1134614, 2593852, 2161429 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 180, 187 ], [ 188, 195 ], [ 210, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We say that two non-zero vectors u and v are conjugate (with respect to ) if", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since is symmetric and positive-definite, the left-hand side defines an inner product", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [ 14856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Two vectors are conjugate if and only if they are orthogonal with respect to this inner product. Being conjugate is a symmetric relation: if is conjugate to , then is conjugate to . Suppose that", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "is a set of mutually conjugate vectors with respect to , i.e. for all . ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Then forms a basis for , and we may express the solution of in this basis:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [ 18420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Left-multiplying by yields", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and so", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This gives the following method for solving the equation : find a sequence of conjugate directions, and then compute the coefficients .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Derivation as a direct method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If we choose the conjugate vectors carefully, then we may not need all of them to obtain a good approximation to the solution . So, we want to regard the conjugate gradient method as an iterative method. This also allows us to approximately solve systems where n is so large that the direct method would take too much time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We denote the initial guess for by (we can assume without loss of generality that , otherwise consider the system Az = b − Ax0 instead). Starting with x0 we search for the solution and in each iteration we need a metric to tell us whether we are closer to the solution (that is unknown to us). This metric comes from the fact that the solution is also the unique minimizer of the following quadratic function", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 187240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 394, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The existence of a unique minimizer is apparent as its Hessian matrix of second derivatives is symmetric positive-definite", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 412108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "and that the minimizer (use Df(x)=0) solves the initial problem is obvious from its first derivative", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This suggests taking the first basis vector p0 to be the negative of the gradient of f at x = x0. The gradient of f equals . Starting with an initial guess x0, this means we take p0 = b − Ax0. The other vectors in the basis will be conjugate to the gradient, hence the name conjugate gradient method. Note that p0 is also the residual provided by this initial step of the algorithm.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 6773580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 327, 335 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Let rk be the residual at the kth step:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 6773580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As observed above, is the negative gradient of at , so the gradient descent method would require to move in the direction rk. Here, however, we insist that the directions be conjugate to each other. A practical way to enforce this is by requiring that the next search direction be built out of the current residual and all previous search directions. The conjugation constraint is an orthonormal-type constraint and hence the algorithm can be viewed as an example of Gram-Schmidt orthonormalization. This gives the following expression:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 201489, 82361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 77 ], [ 470, 501 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "(see the picture at the top of the article for the effect of the conjugacy constraint on convergence). Following this direction, the next optimal location is given by", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "with ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where the last equality follows from the definition of .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The expression for can be derived if one substitutes the expression for xk+1 into f and minimizing it w.r.t. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The above algorithm gives the most straightforward explanation of the conjugate gradient method. Seemingly, the algorithm as stated requires storage of all previous searching directions and residue vectors, as well as many matrix-vector multiplications, and thus can be computationally expensive. However, a closer analysis of the algorithm shows that is orthogonal to , i.e. , for i ≠ j. And is -orthogonal to , i.e. , for . This can be regarded that as the algorithm progresses, and span the same Krylov subspace. Where form the orthogonal basis with respect to the standard inner product, and form the orthogonal basis with respect to the inner product induced by . Therefore, can be regarded as the projection of on the Krylov subspace.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 2542615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 510, 525 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The algorithm is detailed below for solving Ax = b where is a real, symmetric, positive-definite matrix. The input vector can be an approximate initial solution or 0. It is a different formulation of the exact procedure described above.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This is the most commonly used algorithm. The same formula for is also used in the Fletcher–Reeves nonlinear conjugate gradient method.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 8980593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "We note that is computed by the gradient descent method applied to . Setting would similarly make computed by the gradient descent method from , i.e., can be used as a simple implementation of a restart of the conjugate gradient iterations. Restarts could slow down convergence, but may improve stability if the conjugate gradient method misbehaves, e.g., due to round-off error.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 201489, 201489, 432450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 49 ], [ 117, 133 ], [ 366, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The formulas and , which both hold in exact arithmetic, make the formulas and mathematically equivalent. The former is used in the algorithm to avoid an extra multiplication by since the vector is already computed to evaluate . The latter may be more accurate, substituting the explicit calculation for the implicit one by the recursion subject to round-off error accumulation, and is thus recommended for an occasional evaluation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 432450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 354, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A norm of the residual is typically used for stopping criteria. The norm of the explicit residual provides a guaranteed level of accuracy both in exact arithmetic and in the presence of the rounding errors, where convergence naturally stagnates. In contrast, the implicit residual is known to keep getting smaller in amplitude well below the level of rounding errors and thus cannot be used to determine the stagnation of convergence.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [ 432450, 432450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 191, 206 ], [ 353, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the algorithm, is chosen such that is orthogonal to . The denominator is simplified from", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "since . The is chosen such that is conjugate to . Initially, is", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "using", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and equivalently", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "the numerator of is rewritten as", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "because and are orthogonal by design. The denominator is rewritten as", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "using that the search directions pk are conjugated and again that the residuals are orthogonal. This gives the in the algorithm after cancelling .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Consider the linear system Ax = b given by", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "we will perform two steps of the conjugate gradient method beginning with the initial guess", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "in order to find an approximate solution to the system.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For reference, the exact solution is ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Our first step is to calculate the residual vector r0 associated with x0. This residual is computed from the formula r0 = b - Ax0, and in our case is equal to", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Since this is the first iteration, we will use the residual vector r0 as our initial search direction p0; the method of selecting pk will change in further iterations.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We now compute the scalar using the relationship", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We can now compute x1 using the formula", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This result completes the first iteration, the result being an \"improved\" approximate solution to the system, x1. We may now move on and compute the next residual vector r1 using the formula", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Our next step in the process is to compute the scalar that will eventually be used to determine the next search direction p1.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Now, using this scalar , we can compute the next search direction p1 using the relationship", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "We now compute the scalar using our newly acquired p1 using the same method as that used for .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Finally, we find x2 using the same method as that used to find x1.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The result, x2, is a \"better\" approximation to the system's solution than x1 and x0. If exact arithmetic were to be used in this example instead of limited-precision, then the exact solution would theoretically have been reached after n = 2 iterations (n being the order of the system).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "As an iterative method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The conjugate gradient method can theoretically be viewed as a direct method, as in the absence of round-off error it produces the exact solution after a finite number of iterations, which is not larger than the size of the matrix. In practice, the exact solution is never obtained since the conjugate gradient method is unstable with respect to even small perturbations, e.g., most directions are not in practice conjugate, due to a degenerative nature of generating the Krylov subspaces.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [ 432450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As an iterative method, the conjugate gradient method monotonically (in the energy norm) improves approximations to the exact solution and may reach the required tolerance after a relatively small (compared to the problem size) number of iterations. The improvement is typically linear and its speed is determined by the condition number of the system matrix : the larger is, the slower the improvement.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [ 15237, 6934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 22 ], [ 322, 338 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If is large, preconditioning is commonly used to replace the original system with such that is smaller than , see below.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [ 5165246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Define a subset of polynomials as", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where is the set of polynomials of maximal degree .", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [ 373065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Let be the iterative approximations of the exact solution , and define the errors as .", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Now, the rate of convergence can be approximated as ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where denotes the spectrum, and denotes the condition number.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [ 206136, 6934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 27 ], [ 46, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note, the important limit when tends to ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This limit shows a faster convergence rate compared to the iterative methods of Jacobi or Gauss–Seidel which scale as .", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [ 4047104, 4046824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 86 ], [ 90, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "No round-off error is assumed in the convergence theorem, but the convergence bound is commonly valid in practice as theoretically explained by Anne Greenbaum.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [ 432450, 56288604 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 18 ], [ 144, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If initialized randomly, the first stage of iterations is often the fastest, as the error is eliminated within the Krylov subspace that initially reflects a smaller effective condition number. The second stage of convergence is typically well defined by the theoretical convergence bound with , but may be super-linear, depending on a distribution of the spectrum of the matrix and the spectral distribution of the error. In the last stage, the smallest attainable accuracy is reached and the convergence stalls or the method may even start diverging. In typical scientific computing applications in double-precision floating-point format for matrices of large sizes, the conjugate gradient method uses a stopping criteria with a tolerance that terminates the iterations during the first or second stage.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Convergence properties", "target_page_ids": [ 53734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 601, 639 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In most cases, preconditioning is necessary to ensure fast convergence of the conjugate gradient method. The preconditioned conjugate gradient method takes the following form:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [ 5165246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "repeat", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "if rk+1 is sufficiently small then exit loop end if", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "end repeat", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The result is xk+1", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The above formulation is equivalent to applying the conjugate gradient method without preconditioning to the system", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The preconditioner matrix M has to be symmetric positive-definite and fixed, i.e., cannot change from iteration to iteration. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If any of these assumptions on the preconditioner is violated, the behavior of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method may become unpredictable.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "An example of a commonly used preconditioner is the incomplete Cholesky factorization.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [ 5165246, 8518192 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 44 ], [ 52, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In numerically challenging applications, sophisticated preconditioners are used, which may lead to variable preconditioning, changing between iterations. Even if the preconditioner is symmetric positive-definite on every iteration, the fact that it may change makes the arguments above invalid, and in practical tests leads to a significant slow down of the convergence of the algorithm presented above. Using the Polak–Ribière formula", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "The flexible preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [ 8980593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 414, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "instead of the Fletcher–Reeves formula", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "The flexible preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [ 8980593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "may dramatically improve the convergence in this case. This version of the preconditioned conjugate gradient method can be called flexible, as it allows for variable preconditioning. ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "The flexible preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The flexible version is also shown to be robust even if the preconditioner is not symmetric positive definite (SPD).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "The flexible preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The implementation of the flexible version requires storing an extra vector. For a fixed SPD preconditioner, so both formulas for are equivalent in exact arithmetic, i.e., without the round-off error.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "The flexible preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [ 432450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 186, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mathematical explanation of the better convergence behavior of the method with the Polak–Ribière formula is that the method is locally optimal in this case, in particular, it does not converge slower than the locally optimal steepest descent method.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "The flexible preconditioned conjugate gradient method", "target_page_ids": [ 8980593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In both the original and the preconditioned conjugate gradient methods one only needs to set in order to make them locally optimal, using the line search, steepest descent methods. With this substitution, vectors are always the same as vectors , so there is no need to store vectors . Thus, every iteration of these steepest descent methods is a bit cheaper compared to that for the conjugate gradient methods. However, the latter converge faster, unless a (highly) variable and/or non-SPD preconditioner is used, see above.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Vs. the locally optimal steepest descent method", "target_page_ids": [ 1537058, 201489, 201489, 5165246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 144, 155 ], [ 157, 173 ], [ 319, 335 ], [ 493, 507 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The conjugate gradient method can also be derived using optimal control theory. In this approach, the conjugate gradient method falls out as an optimal feedback controller, for the double integrator system, The quantities and are variable feedback gains.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Conjugate gradient method as optimal feedback controller for double integrator", "target_page_ids": [ 362565, 11545, 35314108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 78 ], [ 144, 171 ], [ 181, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The conjugate gradient method can be applied to an arbitrary n-by-m matrix by applying it to normal equations ATA and right-hand side vector ATb, since ATA is a symmetric positive-semidefinite matrix for any A. The result is conjugate gradient on the normal equations (CGNR).", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Conjugate gradient on the normal equations", "target_page_ids": [ 1651906, 40326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 109 ], [ 172, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " ATAx = ATb", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Conjugate gradient on the normal equations", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As an iterative method, it is not necessary to form ATA explicitly in memory but only to perform the matrix-vector and transpose matrix-vector multiplications. Therefore, CGNR is particularly useful when A is a sparse matrix since these operations are usually extremely efficient. However the downside of forming the normal equations is that the condition number κ(ATA) is equal to κ2(A) and so the rate of convergence of CGNR may be slow and the quality of the approximate solution may be sensitive to roundoff errors. Finding a good preconditioner is often an important part of using the CGNR method.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Conjugate gradient on the normal equations", "target_page_ids": [ 341015, 6934, 5165246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 212, 225 ], [ 347, 363 ], [ 536, 550 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several algorithms have been proposed (e.g., CGLS, LSQR). The LSQR algorithm purportedly has the best numerical stability when A is ill-conditioned, i.e., A has a large condition number.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Conjugate gradient on the normal equations", "target_page_ids": [ 6934 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 169, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The conjugate gradient method with a trivial modification is extendable to solving, given complex-valued matrix A and vector b, the system of linear equations for the complex-valued vector x, where A is Hermitian (i.e., A' = A) and positive-definite matrix, and the symbol ' denotes the conjugate transpose using the MATLAB/GNU Octave style. The trivial modification is simply substituting the conjugate transpose for the real transpose everywhere. This substitution is backward compatible, since conjugate transpose turns into real transpose on real-valued vectors and matrices. The provided above Example code in MATLAB/GNU Octave thus already works for complex Hermitian matrices needed no modification.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Conjugate gradient method for complex Hermitian matrices", "target_page_ids": [ 35763181, 40326, 217548, 20412, 48707, 217548, 173844, 217548, 173844, 1448821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 213 ], [ 233, 257 ], [ 288, 307 ], [ 318, 324 ], [ 325, 335 ], [ 395, 414 ], [ 428, 437 ], [ 498, 517 ], [ 534, 543 ], [ 600, 633 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biconjugate gradient method (BiCG)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4289501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Conjugate residual method", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 29450651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gaussian belief propagation", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 800010 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Linear systems", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Krylov subspace", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2542615 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nonlinear conjugate gradient method", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 8980593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Preconditioning", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5165246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sparse matrix-vector multiplication", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 42478623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 36 ] ] } ]

[ "Numerical_linear_algebra", "Gradient_methods", "Articles_with_example_MATLAB/Octave_code" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Stone Pony is a New Jersey music venue in Asbury Park, New Jersey known for launching the careers of many New Jersey music legends, including Bruce Springsteen, Jon Bon Jovi, and Southside Johnny and the Asbury Jukes. The club opened in 1973.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 21648, 125458, 60192, 63132, 4180800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 30 ], [ 46, 69 ], [ 146, 163 ], [ 165, 177 ], [ 183, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to becoming a music venue, the building housed a restaurant named Mrs. Jay's, later named Mrs. Jay's Beer Garden, that was frequented by a polyglot community of tourists, high school and college students, and bikers. During the mid-1960s, Mrs. Jay's management began to allow bands to perform. After the restaurant and beer garden went out of business in 1968, allegedly over a waitress wearing a see-through blouse, Mrs. Jay's moved two doors south and reopened a short time thereafter. The second incarnation of Mrs. Jays became a notorious biker hangout in its later days before being demolished in the late 1980s. Harley-Davidsons lined entire blocks after cruising the circuit. The building that originally housed Mrs. Jay's reopened in Fall 1973 as The Stone Pony.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2462771, 2462771, 14142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 82 ], [ 423, 433 ], [ 624, 639 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since The Stone Pony opened in 1973, many of the world's most popular musical artists have played on its stage. In 1991, The Stone Pony had to file for bankruptcy because of a series of drunk driving lawsuits. However, the nightclub reopened in 1992. Because of its importance to the music world, there was a national outcry when there was talk of closing the Pony during the late 1990s. The Stone Pony was repeatedly opened and closed as developers targeted Asbury Park through the beginning of the new millennium, and musicians and patrons organized and rallied in support of The Stone Pony.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The annual Asbury Park Music Awards ceremony, founded in 1993 as \"The Golden T-Bird Awards\" and renamed \"The Asbury Park Music Awards\" in 1995, is usually held at The Stone Pony. The awards recognize excellence in the region's music community. The format for the ceremony is similar to that of the Grammy Awards. It features the presentation of awards between performances of live, original music and poetry. The event is jointly sponsored by The Stone Pony, The Saint, WBJB-FM, and The Aquarian.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30310636, 44635, 31359232, 2902453 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 35 ], [ 298, 311 ], [ 459, 468 ], [ 470, 477 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The club was renovated in 2000, preserving the character associated with its early years while adding a permanent exhibition of art and artifacts from the history of the city and the venue itself. State-of-the-art lighting and sound equipment were installed, and outside, facing the Atlantic Ocean, The Stone Pony Landing area was redone with a beach motif, tenting and food facility. Fans and artists continued to support the Pony, and the Asbury Park Music Awards returned to the Stone Pony. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 283, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eventually, the music community prevailed, and a vibrant live music scene reemerged and crowds returned. \"A visit to The Stone Pony has been considered a pilgrimage to rock 'n' roll fans around the world. \"It is a place that is important not just to us, but to the world,\" New Jersey Governor Christine Todd Whitman said as she officially reopened the club on Memorial Day weekend 2000. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 23763, 214884, 188038, 56191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 164 ], [ 273, 292 ], [ 293, 315 ], [ 360, 372 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before it reopened in 2000, The Stone Pony made a commitment to become involved in the Asbury Park community. The club and the city co-sponsored a weekend-long Asbury Park Festival along the oceanfront. The festival was free to the public and featured local arts and crafts vendors as well as live music both inside and outside the club. The U.S. Postal Service created a special cancellation for the event, and hundreds of people lined up to have envelopes stamped for the occasion. The club was open in the evening, and part of the proceeds was donated to the Stephen Crane House on Fourth Avenue in the city, where the author of The Red Badge of Courage lived during much of his short life.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 50591, 58133, 57799, 61958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 342, 361 ], [ 380, 392 ], [ 562, 575 ], [ 632, 656 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Stone Pony has hosted a number of events supporting Asbury Park-area community groups and charities. Proceeds from a concert entitled \"Remembering Harry Chapin\" benefited a charity that fights world hunger, and the club has been designated as an official drop-off point for the Food Banks of Monmouth and Ocean Counties. The club held a fundraising event for the Jersey Shore Jazz and Blues Foundation, the Acoustic Musicians Guild, sponsored a concert at which Bruce Springsteen appeared in support of the Parkinson's Disease Foundation, and held a benefit event for the family of a young man who lost his life in a motorcycle accident.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 171050, 258979, 1551036, 93436, 93433, 22228064, 19876 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 163 ], [ 197, 209 ], [ 282, 291 ], [ 296, 304 ], [ 309, 323 ], [ 511, 530 ], [ 621, 631 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The club partnered with the community in offering the first Asbury Park showing of a photography exhibit spotlighting the city by students of the Rugby School at Woodfield for learning disabled and behaviorally challenged students. The Stone Pony's management also established \"The Stone Pony Foundation\" to promote music education at the elementary and high school levels. An amplifier was purchased for an aspiring teenage blues guitarist from the area, and the club was a sponsor for an event at another venue which benefited music and art education in Asbury Park schools.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 23604, 10970082, 2025792, 25058, 554992, 2071765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 96 ], [ 176, 193 ], [ 316, 331 ], [ 339, 349 ], [ 354, 365 ], [ 539, 552 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External link", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1974_establishments_in_New_Jersey", "Asbury_Park,_New_Jersey", "Buildings_and_structures_in_Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey", "Music_venues_in_New_Jersey", "Tourist_attractions_in_Monmouth_County,_New_Jersey", "Nightclubs_in_New_Jersey" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Robotix is a 1985 American animated series based on the original Milton Bradley toyline of the same name featured on the Super Sunday programming block. The toyline is of the construction type that includes motors, wheels and pincers and similar to the Erector Set and K'Nex. The series follows the conflict between the peaceful, white Protectons and the warmongering, black Terrakors on the prehistoric alien world Skalorr V in an alternate universe in the distant future and two groups of humans who get caught up in it.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 235604, 154681, 24914289, 6184471, 76086, 33555, 21382205, 440355, 955959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 35 ], [ 65, 79 ], [ 80, 104 ], [ 121, 133 ], [ 207, 212 ], [ 215, 220 ], [ 226, 233 ], [ 253, 264 ], [ 269, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The show was produced by Sunbow Productions and Marvel Productions and animated in Japan by Toei Animation, which also animated other cartoons featured on Super Sunday.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3146871, 1743852, 15573, 612741, 6184471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 43 ], [ 48, 66 ], [ 83, 88 ], [ 92, 106 ], [ 155, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Imperius Argus (voiced by Arthur Burghardt): Emperor of the Protectons. Before his transfer into his Robotix body, he was the chief-in-command of the Protectonian imperial spacecraft city Zanadon and had a romantic relationship with Nara. He is compassionate and brave and tries to help the humans. He despises killing to the point that he would rather hurt himself than allow anybody to use him to kill another being. He almost suffered a nervous breakdown upon discovering that his mind and life force were downloaded into his robot shell. It resembles a monster dog with a head on a long neck usable as a ramrod and a hook for a right hand that changes into a gun. Memorable transformations and features include a car-like form, a compact mode with shrunken arms and legs, laser cannons deploying from his chest and an additional K-series drone monster dog known as K-9. Pilot of choice: Exeter.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 9571406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bront (voiced by Frank Welker): Strongest tough-guy-like member of the Protectons. Before his transfer into his Robotix body, he maintained Zanadon's command center and initiated its battle mode. He is close friends with Jerrok, who often teased him in the past because of his meager size. Their trust was strained when Bront was wrongly accused of sabotaging Zanadon's reactor and almost attacked Kontor and Jerrok, but their partnership was soon re-established. His Robotix body is a monster velociraptor with four wheels on walker legs extendable for river crossing that change into feet. Memorable transformations and features include a car-like form with a deployable grabber, an extreme extension of his torso to form a ladder, a deployable twin-shell canister laser cannon on his forehead and hands that transform into smaller legs and combinine into a drill, a two-man space control cockpit capsule, a cam-operated jaw, swivel joints and articulated elbows. Pilot of choice: Tauron.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 487732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jerrok (voiced by Neil Ross): Second-in-command of the Protectons and a friend of Bront, he helped him activate Zanadon's battle mode. He used to tease Bront as he was twice as tall as him, but after his transfer, he acquired the smallest Robotix body. It is shaped like a motorcycle. With that robot shell being the fastest and most maneuverable, he likes to play with his opponents while fighting them. Memorable transformations and features include hands with built-in laser cannons and extreme extensions of his arms. Pilot of choice: Sphero.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 3282781 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nara (voiced by Susan Silo): Female Robotix character in the series. Before being transferred into her Robotix body by Compu-Core, who is one of the queens of the Protectons and daughters of Argus and the sister and one of the pilots of Electronix and partner of Zarru, she was his assistant and shared a romantic relationship with him. She is caring and wants to help humans as she understands how fragile they are compared to their robot shells. She is also very bright, being the first Protecton to see through Venturak's masquerade. Her Robotix body is a small dome-shaped monster torso with a face mounted on four powerful legs that are also useable as arms. Her body is significantly durable, and it can remain fully operational and mobile even when some of her legs are severely damaged or even removed. Memorable transformations and features include a hoverjet-like form, an ability to slide above ground, grabber cranes deployable from her legs and laser cannons deployable from her feet. Pilot of choice: Steth.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 4239021 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Boltar (voiced by Arthur Burghardt): Gentle beast of the Protectons, he is kind and supportive to his allies, but he can be a serious threat to his enemies. On one occasion, he was able to take out four Terrakors all on his own. He may be slightly mentally undeveloped, as he always speaks of himself in the third person and uses simple, short sentences (much like the Dinobots from The Transformers). His Robotix body is a bulky monster torso on six thin walker legs and he can use its front ones as arms. It is the last robot shell created in the series and was assembled and animated by Zarru and Compu-Core during their stay in Zanadon, when they found an unfinished and part-lacking Robotix in one of the hangars. Apparently, the body Boltar uses was still under construction when Skalorr's sun went supernova and was abandoned by its creators. Memorable transformations and features include a humanoid combat mode, a helicopter mode and multiple onboard weapon systems, including laser cannons and flamethrowers. Boltar did not choose his pilot, during his first battle he was piloted by Zarru, but Exeter later assigns Flexor as his partner, without any objection from the Protecton himself.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Imperius Kontor (voiced by Michael Bell): Before the supernova cataclysm, Kontor was the main architect, designer, guardian and co-emperor of the Protectons who Argus found trustworthy. He had a very short appearance, as he was ambushed by Nemesis and Tyranix in the Capsule Chamber just after he was transferred into his Robotix body and sent back into Compu-Core's essence bank to be replaced by Venturak. It was built by Protectons from spare parts found in the Capsule Chamber and resembles a monster bear with shovel arms that double as walker legs and an add-on drone barge. He never had any pilot or a chance to use any of his body features.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 3001540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nemesis (voiced by Peter Cullen): Ruthless ruler of the Terrakors who tries to take over Skalorr. In one of the flashbacks, he is seen trying to attack Zanadon with his army, but he then fails and swears death to deserters and vengeance to Argus. When it was discovered that the sun will go nova, he opted for manning the Terrastar and abandoning the dead planet, and even after transferring into his Robotix body he is willing to execute the plan. He has an obsession with obtaining Compu-Core and using it to control Terrastar, which he admires and treats with great care (as seen when Goon fails in salvaging the ship from a lake, being almost torn apart by a furious Nemesis). Unlike Argus, Nemesis sees his new body as a better chance to flee from the planet and conquer space, which helps him use his robot shell more efficiently. He trusts only Tyrannix, even if he is not always willing to show it or even throw him away. His Robotix body is a blue monster cobra hybrid. Memorable transformations and features included a left hand capable of extreme extension (First meeting with Kanawk he keeps poking him with 'that thing' and for Kanawk's insolence drops him from great height only to catch him at the last moment with the said extension) and shifting into a laser gun, buzz saw, super-sharp beam whips built into hands and small treads built into his feet for high speed rolling functions. Pilot of choice: Kanawk.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 810826 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tyrannix (voiced by Frank Welker): A cold and calculating second-in-command of the Terrakors who was transferred into his Robotix body, he has the most firepower and is also their communications expert. He is mostly loyal to Nemesis, although he overthrows him when he tires of Nemesis' failed attempts to find the Terrastar. There is no record of him before his re-awakening as a Robotix specialized for communications and mid-range combat. He has highly sensitive sensor systems, which makes him able to detect targets approaching from miles away and even accurately telling who exactly the target is. His Robotix body is a skeletal monster cobra hybrid with oversized wheels, wing-like radar solar panels, thruster pods on his legs and a twin-shell canister plasma engine on his left arm. As such, he sometimes walks on the ground and on other times prefers to hover and fly, as shown when he is running in the air when his leg pods are on. His arm engine also doubles as a flamethrower, laser cannon and connection thruster while in zero-gravity. He often singles out Nara in combat. Pilot of choice: Gaxon. As a fitting choice for Tyrannix, he is just merciless and cunning. He suggests stealing the last rations from Exeter's crew with considerable cruel delight and also later tries to force Argus to destroy a rock creature while briefly piloting him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Steggor: Most cunning and serpentine Terrakor of them all, he has a rivalry with Bront. His Robotix body is a monster cobra hybrid. Pilot of choice: Nomo. Steggor's relationship with him is the least cordial of all the Robotix.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Goon (voiced by Corey Burton): Dim-witted grunt Terrakor that possesses little intelligence. His Robotix body is shaped like a tank. It is a robust build and even used as the head of a battering ram for the Robotix to escape the rock creatures with. Pilot of choice: Loopis, who also does not get on too well with his Robotix.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 344062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Imperius Venturak (voiced by Michael Bell): When attacking the stasis chamber, Nemesis and Tyrannix manage to subdue Kontor, replacing his mind with that of Venturak, who serves as the Terrakor spy until he finally reveals his nature during the assault on Zanadon. Without doubt the weakest Robotix, having no ranged weapons at least onscreen and never besting any Robotix in a fight without assistance. He appears not to have been given a Siliton crystal, instead when he protests this point to Nemesis he is flung unceremoniously to the ground, with Nemesis saying they will honor his melted remains throughout Terrakor history. Pilot of choice: Traxis.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Imperius Terragar: Briefly seen when Nemesis captures Argus and attempts to delete his personality, replacing it with a Terrakor to deceive the Protectons. Once discovered, Terragar's mind is returned into Compu-Core.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Exeter Galaxon (voiced by Pat Fraley): Textbook leader and father of Zarru, he is brave, compassionate, intelligent, resourceful and holds his own in the face of adversity, never more so in the climactic battle where in a spaceship devoid of oxygen he still is able to steer the Terrastar towards an asteroid for intended mutual destruction of friend and foe.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 2976738 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tauron Oxus (voiced by Corey Burton): Logical, wise and oldest crew member, it is he who states to his captain it is in their interests in assist the Protectons in their battle.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kanawk Creant (voiced by Corey Burton): Traitorous man who often is the naysayer with his captain, he splits the crew up to join the Terrakors in a bid to get off the planet with their ship. Though he brokers the alliance with the Terrakors he often gets on Nemesis' bad side, almost being killed on their first meeting.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gaxon Gaves (voiced by Neil Ross): Ruthless, quiet officer who is not above sadism. He suggests they steal what little food his former crew mates have on their ship, when they consume the ill-gotten spoils and Nomo asks if they should save the double agent Traxis a portion, he says 'You gotta be kidding.'. After his Robotix Tyrannix blasts Argus he is heard laughing, also when he briefly pilots Argus in their bid to escape the rock creatures he tries to kill, but Argus turns the gun on himself and ejects Gaxon as he only wants to escape, not to destroy. He then throws Gaxon out of his control capsule.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Loopis Cur (voiced by Michael Bell): Character who often whines and speaks with sarcasm, poor fit to give him command of the dimmest Robotix. He briefly walks out on his faction after nearly dying with Goon, when being used as a guinea pig to reactivate the Terrastar. Loopis even tries to escape when they set up, but Tyrannix stops him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 3001540 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nomo Ares Yel (voiced by Pat Fraley): Pessimistic and often at odds with his Robotix. He is not quite as mean or willing to fight as his group, especially when they have the Protectons without interface. Nomo is the only one who worries perhaps they are not as helpless as they look and when Steggor is savoring the moment before harming Nara he scolds him by saying 'Get on with it, will you?!?'.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Traxis Lyte Janussen (voiced by Michael Bell): Double agent working for the Terrakors side, it is not clear why he openly turned down joining Kanawk, but he later accepts in secret by saying 'I was hoping you'd ask!'. He is the only character in the show without an American accent.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Steth Allo (voiced by Arthur Burghardt): Medical officer, he conducts tests that shows Skalorr food is poisonous to humans, but it is later revealed that applies only to their region. When Kanawk reveals his intention to leave the group and takes much of the group with him, Steth immediately says that he will divide the food, though Exeter responds to him by saying 'These traitors can eat dirt for all I care.'.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Flexor Tul (voiced by Neil Ross): He is the one present when the Terrakors rob the food rations from the spaceship known as the USS Daniel Boone, which was formerly a submarine. He boldly tackles Tyrannix's hand with a saucepan and his legs are crushed by a refrigerator for his efforts. Appears to have had no lasting effects as he is fully mobile for the duration of the show. He is probably afraid of big cats as he shows the most fear seeing the monstrous felid in the Rock creature volcano.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [ 953266, 28825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 128, 144 ], [ 167, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sphero Sol (voiced by Peter Cullen): Portly crew member, he wrongly assures Flexor is not after their ship moments before Tyrannix steals their food.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Zarru Galaxon (voiced by Jason Naylor): Son of Exeter, he is, at times, a brash boy that gets into trouble. One point he goes off on his own to prove himself, when Flexor is chosen to be Boltar's pilot. He briefly manages to take over a disgraced Goon but Goon overthrows him, first time in the show we see the Robotix's free will is stronger than what orders are issued from the pilot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Battle of the Titans - After being pursued by an Ejoornian Zanque-class battle cruiser, a starship referred to as the USS Daniel Boone crash-lands on a desert of the ruined planet Skalorr and its occupants left for dead. However, the crew survives, only to immediately find themselves caught up in a battle between two factions of gigantic cyborg monster dinosaurs with animal essences created to rebuild the planet known as Robotix - the Protectons and the Terrakors - that emerge from the ground. While the Terrakors flee the scene, the Protectons befriend the captain Exeter and the crew and fix their ship. During the repair, Nara and Zarru discover that humans can interface with Robotix to enhance their abilities, while a renewed attack by the Terrakors forces Bront to put the new discovery to the test.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 4057, 56163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 87 ], [ 91, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Paradise Lost - Interfaced with Exeter, Bront uses his new abilities to rescue Argus, who, interfaced with Tauron, helps him fend the Terrakors off. In the ensuing brief moment of peace, Argus takes the humans to the Protectons’ underground base, where the history of Skalorr is related by Compu-Core, the planet's central intelligence. Three million years prior, the organic protosaurian races of the galactisaurian Protectons and the serpesaurian Terrakors were forced to set aside their hostilities when their sun began to nova. While Nemesis planned to use Compu-Core to launch his ship, the Terrastar, to transport a select few off the planet to safety, Compu-Core itself suggested the use of underground stasis tubes to preserve the entire population.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 1164, 21784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 316, 336 ], [ 527, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Traitor In Our Midst - The tale of Skalorr's history continues as the entire population of the planet seal themselves in stasis tubes. However, a radiation leak threatens their lives and ruins their bodies beyond repair and Compu-Core is forced to transfer and store their essences within itself. When the radiation levels finally subside to normal several years later, she transfers the essences of four Protectons and four Terrakors into the Robotix. The ensuing battle led into the current events. As the repair of the Daniel Boone continues, Kanawk, Gaxon, Loopis and Nomo become impatiently dissatisfied with Exeter's leadership and are forced to set out on their own to find the Terrastar and offer their services to the Terrakors.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 1729618, 25856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 128 ], [ 147, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A Spy Is Born - Nemesis accepts Kanawk's offer, and the renegade humans and Terrakors interface. Shortly after the Protectons complete the construction of a new Robotix, infused with the essence of Kontor, the Terrakors stage a diversion to lure the Protectons out of their base. With the battle raging outside, Nemesis and Tyrannix penetrate the base and replace Kontor's essence with that of Venturak, who then interfaces with another turncoat human, Traxis, and is appointed as a spy within the Protecton ranks. He reveals to the Terrakors that the humans’ food supply is dwindling, resulting in an attack on their ship and the theft of their remaining rations.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 1064845, 10501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 438, 446 ], [ 484, 487 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Crash Landing - The reconstruction of the Daniel Boone continues apace, and success is finally achieved. However, the Terrakors attack the Protectons just as Exeter's crew blasts off. Helpless before the interfaced Terrakors, the Protectons face certain doom until Exeter's crew return to save them — only to discover that the Terrakors stole their guidance system when they took their food. The humans crash-land on the planet's desert again.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 319341 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 350, 365 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Firestorm at the Oasis - With their interfaces restored, the Protectons fend off the Terrakors, but Exeter's ship is now beyond repair, and the humans are still without food. Compu-Core releases probes to locate consumable vegetation, discovering an oasis that the humans and Protectons head for, while Argus and Venturak remain to guard Compu-Core. While the other Terrakors raze the oasis in an inferno, Nemesis invades the Protecton base with Venturak's help and captures Argus, erasing his essence.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 216226, 22205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 224, 234 ], [ 251, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Captured - The Protectons and humans at the oasis manage to survive by burrowing their way out, but Argus's failure to respond to his radio hailing prompts Bront to return to the base to investigate. Meanwhile, Nemesis infuses Argus's body with the essence of Terragar, and they escape with Compu-Core. Bront pursues them, but is almost tricked by Terragar, posing as Argus, with the deception only being revealed by Loopis' presence at the controls. Bront seizes Compu-Core and flees into the crystalline Desert of Illusions, but, one by one, the illusions are dispelled, leaving Bront staring down Terragar's cannon barrel.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 2215876, 6015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 78 ], [ 495, 506 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Lost Cities - Nara and Jerrok come to Bront's aid, and the Terrakors flee, leaving Terragar's deactivated body behind. Compu-Core is able to restore Argus using a back-up copy of his essence, and the Protectons begin to search for their old city, Zanadon. At the same time, however, the Terrakors search for their own city, Terrakordia, and send Steggor to pursue the Protectons. The Terrakors then discover that it has been crushed by a glacier, and that the Terrastar is nowhere to be found. Enraged, Tyrannix turns on Nemesis and claims leadership of the Terrakors for himself, heading off with Goon to join Steggor. Meanwhile, the Protectons seek to reactivate Zanadon, turning to Kontor, as he was responsible for creating the city. However, as his essence was replaced within the Robotix by Venturak, he sabotages the turbo flow generator and pins the blame on Bront when the generator threatens to explode and destroy the entire city.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 12463, 30886 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 443, 450 ], [ 829, 834 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bront Stands Accused - The Protectons only just manage to escape Zanadon as Compu-Core seals the city's dome to contain the explosion to only one of its multiple sectors. The situation is made worse by Venturak, who implicates Bront as a traitor, forcing the other Protectons to imprison him until his innocence can be proved. In the ensuing confusion, Tyrannix and Goon attempt to once again steal Compu-Core, but Venturak fights back, fearing Nemesis’ wrath. Nemesis and Steggor then re-enter the fray, and Zarru frees Bront, who convinces the other Protectons he is not a traitor by helping them claim victory in the battle. Exploring inside Zanadon, Zarru discovers an incomplete Robotix body that requires additional parts. Venturak directs the Protectons to a nearby factory that contains the parts they need, but unbeknownst to them, the Terrakors have already set up an ambush there.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 213806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 280, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Factory of Death - The Protectons struggle against the factory's various machines, while Zarru and Flexor put together the unfinished Robotix as best they can. A distress call from Argus forces them to activate the new Robotix, infusing it with the essence of Boltar, who stomps to the aid of the captive Protectons and rescues them. However, Exeter refuses to leave Zarru in order to be Boltar's pilot, and, instead, appoints Flexor, and in an effort to prove to Exeter that he is skilled enough, Zarru sets out to locate the Terrakors.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Zarru Takes the Plunge - Zarru crash lands somewhere in the icy tundra region of Skalorr, where the Terrakors have successfully located the Terrastar submerged in a lake. As they attempt to reactivate the ship, the Protectons — running low on energy — set out searching for Zarru. Goon is given the unenviable job of launching the Terrastar, and quickly loses control of the ship, burying it in an avalanche. While moving quickly, Zarru invades Goon's control capsule, but he is then thrown from it and rescued by the Protectons. The Terrakors are forced to flee due to their own depleting energy levels, and both factions head for Siliton Mountain to locate the crystals they need to recharge. However, the Terrakors have a head start, and stage a flash flood to wash the Protectons away.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 30684, 244391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 71 ], [ 750, 761 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Attack of the Rock Creatures - Boltar's bulk shields the Protectons from the flood, and they continue on their search for the crystals. However, both races are captured by a bizarre race of rock creatures, who also feed on the crystals. The creatures separate the humans from their Robotix partners and imprison them in their subterranean realm within a volcano. As the humans watch, they see the rock creatures smelt their ship (it is unexplained how the ship that was back at the Protectons ended up being where everyone was being held hostage), and it soon becomes apparent that the Robotix are to share the same fate, with Jerrok going first.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 32571 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 354, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " All for One - Held captive in a pit by the rock creatures, the humans are threatened by a monstrous many eyed feline, which Exeter uses to escape. After snatching a Siliton crystal, he recharges Jerrok, who saves himself and holds off the rock creatures while the humans recharge the other Robotix and interface with the nearest ones they can find. This leads to some unstable partnerships, as Argus ejects Gaxon from his control capsule for forcing him to kill the rock creatures. Goon and Bront fuse into a battering ram that smashes open a path to freedom, but when Tyrannix opens fire on the rock creatures, he triggers the volcano, forcing all the Robotix and humans to partner up correctly to most efficiently save both themselves and the rock creatures from destruction. The rock creatures lead the Protectons to safety, but the Terrakors manage to survive on their own, and once again attack Zanadon, as Tyrannix buries the city in a rockslide.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 11302, 2102802 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 117 ], [ 943, 952 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Battle for Zanadon - After brief concern from the Terrakors that the rockslide may have destroyed Compu-Core, Zanadon becomes airborne, and the Protectons try to move it out of reach. While Venturak and Compu-Core monitor city functions, the other Protectons explore various regions of the city. However, when Argus is attacked by Nemesis, he realises that Kontor has opened the city's dome to allow the Terrakors access. Tyrannix and Bront battle in the city's sporting stadium, while Steggor pursues Nara into the medical bay. Defeating Steggor, Nara discovers Venturak, the charade over, preparing to abscond with Compu-Core. No match for both Venturak and Tyrannix, Nara is defeated, and Nemesis and the Terrakors escape, with Compu-Core in their clutches. As the Protectons struggle to even close the city's domes without Compu-Core, the now-airborne Terrastar soars overhead, and begins its attack.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Final Attack - The Terrastar razes Zanadon, but in the ensuing conflagration, the Protectons attempt to penetrate the Terrastar's hull. Nemesis directs the ship into space, into a nearby asteroid belt, knocking all but Argus and Nara off into the void. They smash their way into the ship, and Nara is quickly knocked off into space by Tyrannix, leaving Argus and Exeter alone to face the assembled Terrakors. Struggling against the airless vacuum, Exeter directs the Terrastar toward a giant asteroid, then grapples with Kanawk, as Argus overcomes the Terrakors and comes to his aid by hurling Kanawk aside into the wall (even though any apparent deaths of a human are not shown onscreen) and escaping from the ship with Exeter and Compu-Core as it crashes into the asteroid, exploding in a giant fireball. Floating in space, Argus is picked up by the other Protectons, who have survived by combining. They return to the surface of Skalorr, and begin plans to rebuild their world, with help from the humans, who all agree to stay and help their new allies. However, in the void of space, Nemesis still lives, along with Kanawk.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 791 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 771, 779 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1987, the fifteen six-minute long shorts were compiled together and released on video as Robotix: The Movie, a 90-minute feature film. On July 28, 2003, it was re-released on DVD for Region 2 in the UK and Ireland.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Episode summaries", "target_page_ids": [ 11014498, 1692431, 31717, 147575 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 181 ], [ 186, 194 ], [ 202, 204 ], [ 209, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marvel Comics also produced a single-issue comic book written and drawn by Herb Trimpe in February 1986, which roughly followed the storyline of the first three episodes of the series. A commercial for the comic was made and aired on Saturday mornings.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Comic book", "target_page_ids": [ 20966, 1779343 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 75, 86 ] ] } ]

[ "1980s_American_animated_television_series", "1985_American_television_series_debuts", "1985_American_television_series_endings", "American_children's_animated_action_television_series", "American_children's_animated_space_adventure_television_series", "Animated_television_series_about_dinosaurs", "Animated_television_series_about_robots", "Anime-influenced_Western_animated_television_series", "English-language_television_shows", "Fictional_extraterrestrial_robots", "Fictional_giants", "Fictional_robotic_dinosaurs", "First-run_syndicated_television_programs_in_the_United_States", "Television_pilots_not_picked_up_as_a_series", "Television_series_by_Claster_Television", "Television_series_by_Hasbro_Studios", "Television_series_by_Marvel_Productions", "Television_series_by_Sunbow_Entertainment", "Television_series_set_on_fictional_planets", "Television_shows_based_on_Hasbro_toys", "Super_Sunday_(TV_series)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "National Freeway 2 () is a connector freeway in Taiwan that traverses the special municipalities of Taoyuan City and New Taipei City. The freeway begins at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in Dayuan District, Taoyuan City, traveling in a Northwest-Southeast direction along northern Taoyuan City and ends in Yingge at the junction with National Freeway 3. It is long. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2411002, 25734, 30957749, 715796, 333440, 266327, 1496225, 715796, 951032, 1449011 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 44 ], [ 48, 54 ], [ 74, 96 ], [ 100, 112 ], [ 117, 132 ], [ 156, 192 ], [ 196, 211 ], [ 213, 225 ], [ 312, 318 ], [ 340, 358 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The freeway was initially signed as National Freeway 1A () from 1980-1997 before the highway was extended to its current eastern terminus in Yingge. The initial segment of the freeway, between Taipei Taoyuan International Airport and National Freeway 1 is commonly known as Airport Connector (), while the segment between National Freeway 1 and National Freeway 3 is a part of the Taoyuan Ring Road ().", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1448737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The airport is an important connector that links the international airport and Taoyuan HSR station with National Freeways 1 and 3. Like all east-west freeways in Taiwan, there are no tolls traveling along the entire freeway.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18552883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Freeway 2 begins as an 8-lane highway (4-lane in each direction) at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport in Dayuan. The freeway then goes through the suburban districts of Dayuan and Luzhu (Nankan) before reaching National Freeway 1 in Taoyuan District (the former urban area of Taoyuan). In Luzhu, the freeway intersects Provincial Highway 31, which provides access to the nearby Taoyuan HSR station. After the interchange with National Freeway 1, the freeway continues as a 6-lane highway and intersects Daxing West Road () in the southwestern edge of Taoyuan district before entering Bade. After the interchange with County Road 110B, the freeway enters New Taipei City for a short stretch before its terminus at National Freeway 3 in Yingge.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route description", "target_page_ids": [ 1496225, 957799, 394282, 42330970, 18552883, 1215299, 333440, 951032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 181, 187 ], [ 192, 206 ], [ 245, 261 ], [ 331, 352 ], [ 390, 409 ], [ 596, 600 ], [ 666, 681 ], [ 747, 753 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The entire freeway has a speed limit of 100km/h, with the exception of the stretch between the airport and Dayuan interchange (70km/h for westbound traffic to the airport, and 90km/h for eastbound traffic from the airport). ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route description", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Luzhu District", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major cities along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 957799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taoyuan District", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major cities along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 394282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bade District", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major cities along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 1215299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lanes in each direction are listed below.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "4 lanes:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport Top– Danan interchange", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "3 lanes:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Danan interchange– Yingge junction", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The section of National Freeway 2 between the Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport (previously named as Chiang Kai-shek International Airport) and National Freeway 1 was opened to traffic in November of 1980 to provide faster connections to the main international airport of Taiwan. The freeway was originated designated as National Freeway 1A, a branch of National Freeway 1. Initially a 4-lane highway, this section was eventually widened to 8 lanes in 2011 to alleviate traffic congestion. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "When the road was extended to Yingge to connect the newly constructed National Freeway 3 in 1997, the entire route was renumbered as National Freeway 2. In January 2006 Dazhu interchange was built to provide an easy access to the newly constructed Taoyuan High Speed Rail station. In April 2013, an interchange to the Wugu-Yangmei elevated road (), a local bypass to National Freeway 1, was built. The interchange allows westbound entrance for traffic to the airport and eastbound exit for traffic from the airport. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18552883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 248, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Highway system in Taiwan", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 950062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] } ]

[ "Highways_in_Taiwan" ]

[ "Airport Line", "Taoyuan Circular Line" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In motorsport, a privateer is usually an entrant into a racing event that is not directly supported by an automobile or motorcycle manufacturer. Privateers teams are often found competing in rally, circuit racing and motorcycle racing events and often include competitors who build and maintain their own vehicles and motorcycles. In previous Formula One seasons, privately owned teams would race using the chassis of another team or constructor in preference to building their own car; the Concorde Agreement now prohibits this practice. Increasingly the term is being used in an F1 context to refer to teams who are not at least part-owned by large corporations, such as Williams F1.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 293861, 163778, 52245, 7501246, 181592, 32410, 19876, 10854, 1259229, 34104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 13 ], [ 106, 143 ], [ 191, 196 ], [ 217, 234 ], [ 260, 270 ], [ 305, 312 ], [ 318, 328 ], [ 343, 354 ], [ 491, 509 ], [ 673, 684 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Many privateer entrants compete for the enjoyment of the sport, and are not paid to be racing drivers.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Contrast: Factory-backed", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14212326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 24 ] ] } ]

[ "Motorsport_terminology" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "In economics, a cardinal utility function or scale is a utility index that preserves preference orderings uniquely up to positive affine transformations. Two utility indices are related by an affine transformation if for the value of one index u, occurring at any quantity of the goods bundle being evaluated, the corresponding value of the other index v satisfies a relationship of the form", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9223, 28737247, 38449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 12 ], [ 85, 95 ], [ 130, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ",", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "for fixed constants a and b. Thus the utility functions themselves are related by", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The two indices differ only with respect to scale and origin. Thus if one is concave, so is the other, in which case there is often said to be diminishing marginal utility.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23014670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thus the use of cardinal utility imposes the assumption that levels of absolute satisfaction exist, so that the magnitudes of increments to satisfaction can be compared across different situations.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In consumer choice theory, ordinal utility with its weaker assumptions is preferred because results that are just as strong can be derived.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 232167, 1448784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 25 ], [ 27, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1738, Daniel Bernoulli was the first to theorize about the marginal value of money. He assumed that the value of an additional amount is inversely proportional to the pecuniary possessions which a person already owns. Since Bernoulli tacitly assumed that an interpersonal measure for the utility reaction of different persons can be discovered, he was then inadvertedly using an early conception of cardinality.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 46784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bernoulli's imaginary logarithmic utility function and Gabriel Cramer's function were conceived at the time not for a theory of demand but to solve the St. Petersburg's game. Bernoulli assumed that \"a poor man generally obtains more utility than a rich man from an equal gain\" an approach that is more profound than the simple mathematical expectation of money as it involves a law of moral expectation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 164055, 466277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 33 ], [ 153, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Early theorists of utility considered that it had physically quantifiable attributes. They thought that utility behaved like the magnitudes of distance or time, in which the simple use of a ruler or stopwatch resulted in a distinguishable measure. \"Utils\" was the name actually given to the units in a utility scale.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 45479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Victorian era many aspects of life were succumbing to quantification. The theory of utility soon began to be applied to moral-philosophy discussions. The essential idea in utilitarianism is to judge people's decisions by looking at their change in utils and measure whether they are better off. The main forerunner of the utilitarian principles since the end of the 18th century was Jeremy Bentham, who believed utility could be measured by some complex introspective examination and that it should guide the design of social policies and laws. For Bentham a scale of pleasure has as a unit of intensity \"the degree of intensity possessed by that pleasure which is the faintest of any that can be distinguished to be pleasure\"; he also stated that, as these pleasures increase in intensity higher and higher numbers could represent them. In the 18th and 19th centuries utility's measurability received plenty of attention from European schools of political economy, most notably through the work of marginalists (e.g., William Stanley Jevons, Léon Walras, Alfred Marshall). However, neither of them offered solid arguments to support the assumption of measurability. In Jevon's case he added to the later editions of his work a note on the difficulty of estimating utility with accuracy. Walras, too, struggled for many years before he could even attempt to formalize the assumption of measurability. Marshall was ambiguous about the measurability of hedonism because he adhered to its psychological-hedonistic properties but he also argued that it was \"unrealistical\" to do so.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32798, 31792, 46038, 221419, 207021, 46769, 46762 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 20 ], [ 179, 193 ], [ 390, 404 ], [ 1006, 1018 ], [ 1026, 1048 ], [ 1050, 1061 ], [ 1063, 1078 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Supporters of cardinal utility theory in the 19th century suggested that market prices reflect utility, although they did not say much about their compatibility (i.e., prices being objective while utility is subjective). Accurately measuring subjective pleasure (or pain) seemed awkward, as the thinkers of the time were surely aware. They renamed utility in imaginative ways such as subjective wealth, overall happiness, moral worth, psychic satisfaction, or ophélimité. During the second half of the 19th century many studies related to this fictional magnitudeutilitywere conducted, but the conclusion was always the same: it proved impossible to definitively say whether a good is worth 50, 75, or 125 utils to a person, or to two different people. Moreover, the mere dependence of utility on notions of hedonism led academic circles to be skeptical of this theory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 169407, 24373, 13470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 253, 261 ], [ 266, 270 ], [ 808, 816 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Francis Edgeworth was also aware of the need to ground the theory of utility into the real world. He discussed the quantitative estimates that a person can make of his own pleasure or the pleasure of others, borrowing methods developed in psychology to study hedonic measurement: psychophysics. This field of psychology was built on work by Ernst H. Weber, but around the time of World War I, psychologists grew discouraged of it.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 641679, 438004, 748976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ], [ 280, 293 ], [ 341, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 19th century, Carl Menger and his followers from the Austrian school of economics undertook the first successful departure from measurable utility, in the clever form of a theory of ranked uses. Despite abandoning the thought of quantifiable utility (i.e. psychological satisfaction mapped into the set of real numbers) Menger managed to establish a body of hypothesis about decision-making, resting solely on a few axioms of ranked preferences over the possible uses of goods and services. His numerical examples are \"illustrative of ordinal, not cardinal, relationships\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6255, 1030 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 37 ], [ 65, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Around the turn of the 19th century neoclassical economists started to embrace alternative ways to deal with the measurability issue. By 1900, Pareto was hesitant about accurately measuring pleasure or pain because he thought that such a self-reported subjective magnitude lacked scientific validity. He wanted to find an alternative way to treat utility that did not rely on erratic perceptions of the senses. Pareto's main contribution to ordinal utility was to assume that higher indifference curves have greater utility, but how much greater does not need to be specified to obtain the result of increasing marginal rates of substitution.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 21634, 32680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 59 ], [ 143, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The works and manuals of Vilfredo Pareto, Francis Edgeworth, Irving Fischer, and Eugene Slutsky departed from cardinal utility and served as pivots for others to continue the trend on ordinality. According to Viner, these economic thinkers came up with a theory that explained the negative slopes of demand curves. Their method avoided the measurability of utility by constructing some abstract indifference curve map.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 404504, 3038929, 45586 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 75 ], [ 81, 95 ], [ 395, 417 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the first three decades of the 20th century, economists from Italy and Russia became familiar with the Paretian idea that utility does not need to be cardinal. According to Schultz, by 1931 the idea of ordinal utility was not yet embraced by American economists. The breakthrough occurred when a theory of ordinal utility was put together by John Hicks and Roy Allen in 1934. In fact pages 54–55 from this paper contain the first use ever of the term 'cardinal utility'. The first treatment of a class of utility functions preserved by affine transformations, though, was made in 1934 by Oskar Lange.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1448784, 196767, 644330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 313, 328 ], [ 349, 359 ], [ 364, 373 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1944 Frank Knight argued extensively for cardinal utility. In the decade of 1960 Parducci studied human judgements of magnitudes and suggested a range-frequency theory. Since the late 20th century economists are having a renewed interest in the measurement issues of happiness. This field has been developing methods, surveys and indices to measure happiness.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 7257476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 270, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Several properties of Cardinal utility functions can be derived using tools from measure theory and set theory.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 19873, 27553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 95 ], [ 100, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A utility function is considered to be measurable, if the strength of preference or intensity of liking of a good or service is determined with precision by the use of some objective criteria. For example, suppose that eating an apple gives to a person exactly half the pleasure of that of eating an orange. This would be a measurable utility if and only if the test employed for its direct measurement is based on an objective criterion that could let any external observer repeat the results accurately. One hypothetical way to achieve this would be by the use of a hedonometer, which was the instrument suggested by Edgeworth to be capable of registering the height of pleasure experienced by people, diverging according to a law of errors.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 24224889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 568, 579 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before the 1930s, the measurability of utility functions was erroneously labeled as cardinality by economists. A different meaning of cardinality was used by economists who followed the formulation of Hicks-Allen. Under this usage, the cardinality of a utility function is simply the mathematical property of uniqueness up to a linear transformation. Around the end of the 1940s, some economists even rushed to argue that von Neumann-Morgenstern axiomatization of expected utility had resurrected measurability.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The confusion between cardinality and measurability was not to be solved until the works of Armen Alchian, William Baumol, and John Chipman. The title of Baumol's paper, \"The cardinal utility which is ordinal\", expressed well the semantic mess of the literature at the time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1479817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is helpful to consider the same problem as it appears in the construction of scales of measurement in the natural sciences. In the case of temperature there are two degrees of freedom for its measurement - the choice of unit and the zero. Different temperature scales map its intensity in different ways. In the celsius scale the zero is chosen to be the point where water freezes, and likewise, in cardinal utility theory one would be tempted to think that the choice of zero would correspond to a good or service that brings exactly 0 utils. However this is not necessarily true. The mathematical index remains cardinal, even if the zero gets moved arbitrarily to another point, or if the choice of scale is changed, or if both the scale and the zero are changed. Every measurable entity maps into a cardinal function but not every cardinal function is the result of the mapping of a measurable entity. The point of this example was used to prove that (as with temperature) it is still possible to predict something about the combination of two values of some utility function, even if the utils get transformed into entirely different numbers, as long as it remains a linear transformation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 821148, 20647050, 19593040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 101 ], [ 142, 153 ], [ 315, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Von Neumann and Morgenstern stated that the question of measurability of physical quantities was dynamic. For instance, temperature was originally a number only up to any monotone transformation, but the development of the ideal-gas-thermometry led to transformations in which the absolute zero and absolute unit were missing. Subsequent developments of thermodynamics even fixed the absolute zero so that the transformation system in thermodynamics consists only of the multiplication by constants. According to Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944, p.23) \"For utility the situation seems to be of a similar nature [to temperature]\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The following quote from Alchian served to clarify once and for all the real nature of utility functions, emphasizing that they no longer need to be measurable:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1955 Patrick Suppes and Muriel Winet solved the issue of the representability of preferences by a cardinal utility function, and derived the set of axioms and primitive characteristics required for this utility index to work.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4824664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suppose an agent is asked to rank his preferences of and his preferences of . If he finds that he can state, for example, that his degree of preference of exceeds his degree of preference of , we could summarize this information by any triplet of numbers satisfying the two inequalities: and .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If and were sums of money, the agent could vary the sum of money represented by until he could tell us that he found his degree of preference of over the revised amount equal to his degree of preference of over . If he finds such a {{math|B'''}}, then the results of this last operation would be expressed by any triplet of numbers satisfying the relationships: (a) , and (b) = . Any two triplets obeying these relationships must be related by a linear transformation; they represent utility indices differing only by scale and origin. In this case, \"cardinality\" means nothing more being able to give consistent answers to these particular questions. Note that this experiment does not require measurability of utility. Itzhak Gilboa gives a sound explanation of why measurability can never be attained solely by introspection:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 38344871, 317501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 728, 741 ], [ 821, 834 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to this view, those situations where a person just cannot tell the difference between and will lead to indifference not because of a consistency of preferences, but because of a misperception of the senses. Moreover, human senses adapt to a given level of stimulation and then register changes from that baseline.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Suppose a certain agent has a preference ordering over random outcomes (lotteries). If the agent can be queried about his preferences, it is possible to construct a cardinal utility function that represents these preferences. This is the core of the Von Neumann–Morgenstern utility theorem.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Construction", "target_page_ids": [ 26898094 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 250, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mathematical foundations of most common types of utility functions — quadratic and additive — laid down by Gérard Debreu", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Construction of cardinal utility functions from cardinal and ordinal data", "target_page_ids": [ 474724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "enabled Andranik Tangian to develop methods for their construction from ordinal data.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Construction of cardinal utility functions from cardinal and ordinal data", "target_page_ids": [ 68010835 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In particular, additive and quadratic utility functions in variables can be constructed from interviews of decision makers, where questions are aimed at tracing totally 2D-indifference curves in coordinate planes — and in the case of quadratic utility additionally specifying one point of indifference in every other coordinate plane. If desired, decision makers can include cardinal utility estimates as well, making this approach universal regarding both cardinal and ordinal utilities.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Construction of cardinal utility functions from cardinal and ordinal data", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Among welfare economists of the utilitarist school it has been the general tendency to take satisfaction (in some cases, pleasure) as the unit of welfare. If the function of welfare economics is to contribute data which will serve the social philosopher or the statesman in the making of welfare judgements, this tendency leads perhaps, to a hedonistic ethics.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Under this framework, actions (including production of goods and provision of services) are judged by their contributions to the subjective wealth of people. In other words, it provides a way of judging the \"greatest good to the greatest number of persons\". An act that reduces one person's utility by 75 utils while increasing two others' by 50 utils each has increased overall utility by 25 utils and is thus a positive contribution; one that costs the first person 125 utils while giving the same 50 each to two other people has resulted in a net loss of 25 utils.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If a class of utility functions is cardinal, intrapersonal comparisons of utility differences are allowed. If, in addition, some comparisons of utility are meaningful interpersonally, the linear transformations used to produce the class of utility functions must be restricted across people. An example is cardinal unit comparability. In that information environment, admissible transformations are increasing affine functions and, in addition, the scaling factor must be the same for everyone. This information assumption allows for interpersonal comparisons of utility differences, but utility levels cannot be compared interpersonally because the intercept of the affine transformations may differ across people.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Under cardinal utility theory, the sign of the marginal utility of a good is the same for all the numerical representations of a particular preference structure.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The magnitude of the marginal utility is not the same for all cardinal utility indices representing the same specific preference structure.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The sign of the second derivative of a differentiable utility function that is cardinal, is the same for all the numerical representations of a particular preference structure. Given that this is usually a negative sign, there is room for a law of diminishing marginal utility in cardinal utility theory.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 7921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The magnitude of the second derivative of a differentiable utility function is not the same for all cardinal utility indices representing the same specific preference structure.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This type of indices involves choices under risk. In this case, , and , are lotteries associated with outcomes. Unlike cardinal utility theory under certainty, in which the possibility of moving from preferences to quantified utility was almost trivial, here it is paramount to be able to map preferences into the set of real numbers, so that the operation of mathematical expectation can be executed. Once the mapping is done, the introduction of additional assumptions would result in a consistent behavior of people regarding fair bets. But fair bets are, by definition, the result of comparing a gamble with an expected value of zero to some other gamble. Although it is impossible to model attitudes toward risk if one doesn't quantify utility, the theory should not be interpreted as measuring strength of preference under certainty.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [ 31625611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Suppose that certain outcomes are associated with three states of nature, so that x3 is preferred over x2 which in turn is preferred over x1; this set of outcomes, , can be assumed to be a calculable money-prize in a controlled game of chance, unique up to one positive proportionality factor depending on the currency unit.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Let and be two lotteries with probabilities p1, p2, and p3 of x1, x2, and x''3 respectively being", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Assume that someone has the following preference structure under risk:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "meaning that is preferred over . By modifying the values of and in , eventually there will be some appropriate values () for which she is found to be indifferent between it and for example", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Expected utility theory tells us that", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and so", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In this example from Majumdar fixing the zero value of the utility index such that the utility of is 0, and by choosing the scale so that the utility of equals 1, gives", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Models of utility with several periods, in which people discount future values of utility, need to employ cardinalism in order to have well-behaved utility functions. According to Paul Samuelson the maximization of the discounted sum of future utilities implies that a person can rank utility differences.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Applications", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some authors have commented on the misleading nature of the terms \"cardinal utility\" and \"ordinal utility\", as used in economic jargon:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There remain economists who believe that utility, if it cannot be measured, at least can be approximated somewhat to provide some form of measurement, similar to how prices, which have no uniform unit to provide an actual price level, could still be indexed to provide an \"inflation rate\" (which is actually a level of change in the prices of weighted indexed products). These measures are not perfect but can act as a proxy for the utility. Lancaster's characteristics approach to consumer demand illustrates this point.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Controversies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Expected utility theory", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 736803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Level of measurement", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 821148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marginal utility", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 23014670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Multi-attribute utility", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 47732427 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Utility", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 45479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ordinal utility vs. Cardinal utility", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Murray N. Rothbard, \"Towards a Reconstruction of Utility and Welfare Economics\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 20217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] } ]

[ "Utility" ]

[ "Cardinal Utility Theory" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Johann Klaj (Latinized Clajus) (161616 February 1656) was a German poet.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He was born at Meissen in Saxony. After studying theology at University of Leipzig, Wittenberg, he went to Nuremberg as a \"candidate for holy orders,\" and there, in conjunction with Georg Philipp Harsdörffer, founded in 1644 the literary society known as the Pegnitz order. This references Julius Tittmann, Die Nürnberger Dichterschule (Göttingen, 1847).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 40674, 48827, 21287, 1448819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 22 ], [ 84, 94 ], [ 108, 117 ], [ 183, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1647 he received an appointment as master in the Sebaldus school in Nuremberg, and in 1650 became preacher at Kitzingen, where he died in 1656. Klaj's poems consist of dramas, written in", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "stilted language and redundant with adventures, among which are Höllen- und Himmelfahrt Christi (Nuremberg, 1644), and Herodes, der Kindermörder (Nuremberg, 1645), and a poem, written jointly with Harsdörffer, Pegnesische Schäfergedicht (1644), which gives in allegorical form the story of his settlement in Nuremberg.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1616_births", "1656_deaths", "People_from_Meissen", "17th-century_German_poets", "People_from_the_Electorate_of_Saxony", "German_male_poets", "German-language_poets", "17th-century_German_male_writers", "Baroque_writers" ]

[ "Johann Clajus" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Andrew Purves (born 1946) is a Scottish theologian in the Reformed tradition through the Church of Scotland (and later, the Presbyterian Church [USA]). He holds the Chair in Reformed Theology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 30503, 6024, 183316, 25031, 1753344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 50 ], [ 58, 76 ], [ 89, 107 ], [ 124, 149 ], [ 196, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A native of Edinburgh, Scotland, Purves earned degrees in philosophy and divinity from the University of Edinburgh, and a Master of Theology degree from Duke Divinity School. His Doctor of Philosophy degree is from the University of Edinburgh. In Scotland, he studied under Thomas F. Torrance. Torrance, his brother James Torrance, Athanasius, John Calvin, Karl Barth, and Jürgen Moltmann were all important influences in Purves' theological development.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9602, 23592200, 2198777, 3067115, 21031297, 1554268, 3225, 15930, 229201, 464978 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 21 ], [ 91, 114 ], [ 122, 140 ], [ 153, 173 ], [ 179, 199 ], [ 274, 292 ], [ 332, 342 ], [ 344, 355 ], [ 357, 367 ], [ 373, 388 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Originally a member of the Church of Scotland, Purves moved to the United States in 1978 and was ordained in 1979. He served as pastor of the Hebron Presbyterian Church in Clinton, Pennsylvania, until 1983 when he began teaching at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 183316, 217115, 2634300, 23332, 1753344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 45 ], [ 97, 105 ], [ 173, 180 ], [ 182, 194 ], [ 233, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Purves' primary concerns surround Christology. He continually argues for a vital connection between the person and work of Jesus Christ in his vicarious humanity and the Christian life; a connection founded upon the believer's union with Christ.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Much of Purves' work is a call to reclaim the classical, Christological tradition of the church, thereby renewing the church through traditional doctrine and the wisdom of the patristic writers. Some associate him with the paleo-orthodox movement. He has become a leader of evangelical renewal in the PCUSA and has become known in that denomination for his support of conservative Christian views concerning the person and work of Jesus Christ (rejecting pluralism), reclaiming a centre in Christ, on sexuality and withholding ordination from self-avowed, practicing, unrepentant gays and lesbians.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 33643361, 1448747, 10370, 71537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 193 ], [ 223, 237 ], [ 275, 286 ], [ 544, 555 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He is married to Catherine Purves, a Presbyterian minister in her own right. They have three children: Brendan, Gordon, and Laura.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Search for Compassion: Spirituality and Ministry ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Pastoral Theology in the Classical Tradition ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Union in Christ (with Mark Achtemeier) ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Encountering God: Christian Faith in Turbulent Times (with Charles Partee) ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Reconstructing Pastoral Theology: A Christological Foundation ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"The Trinitarian Basis of a Christian Practical Theology\" in The International Journal of Practical Theology", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Crucifixion of Ministry ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Resurrection of Ministry ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1946_births", "Duke_Divinity_School_alumni", "Presbyterian_Church_(USA)_teaching_elders", "Scottish_Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians", "Scottish_Calvinist_and_Reformed_Christians", "Living_people", "Clergy_from_Edinburgh", "Alumni_of_the_University_of_Edinburgh", "20th-century_Ministers_of_the_Church_of_Scotland", "20th-century_Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians", "21st-century_Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians", "Pittsburgh_Theological_Seminary_faculty", "20th-century_American_clergy" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Sufficiently Breathless, the second album by Captain Beyond, was released in 1973 and features a jazzier, smoother sound than its predecessor, reminiscent of mid-1970s Santana. The medley format of the first album is retained only for the last six minutes of Sufficiently Breathless: \"Voyages of Past Travellers\" flows directly into \"Everything's a Circle\", which in turn is actually two distinct songs despite being listed under a single title. Original drummer/songwriter Bobby Caldwell had been replaced by Marty Rodriguez and Guille Garcia in the band.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 683154, 5192831, 1868051 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 59 ], [ 168, 175 ], [ 474, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to bassist Lee Dorman, the songs were written by vocalist Rod Evans, guitarist Larry \"Rhino\" Reinhardt, and Dorman himself, but Rodriguez and Garcia were allotted a percentage point of the songwriting royalties due to their contributions to the arrangements. Sufficiently Breathless also featured a sixth band member, pianist Reese Wynans, but his time with Captain Beyond was brief; he did not play on the album's title track and quit after one show with the band due to his economic situation. Dorman alone was credited as writing the songs on the album, because Reinhardt and Evans were in litigation with Iron Butterfly and Deep Purple at the time.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3009131, 505127, 9292817, 15650355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 31 ], [ 68, 77 ], [ 89, 112 ], [ 336, 348 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rod Evans – lead and harmony vocals", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 505127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Larry \"Rhino\" Reinhardt – electric, acoustic, and slide guitars", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 9292817, 10272, 6231032, 27614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ], [ 27, 35 ], [ 37, 45 ], [ 51, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lee Dorman – bass", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 3009131, 3916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 14, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Reese Wynans – electric and acoustic pianos", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 15650355, 302189, 23034 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 16, 24 ], [ 29, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marty Rodriguez – drums, backing vocals", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 9079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Guille Garcia – congas, timbales, percussion", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 471969, 322246, 24638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 23 ], [ 25, 33 ], [ 35, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Additional personnel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Paul Hornsby – organ on \"Starglow Energy\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personnel", "target_page_ids": [ 17092950, 152778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 16, 21 ] ] } ]

[ "Captain_Beyond_albums", "Capricorn_Records_albums", "1973_albums" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Bow Falls is a major waterfall on the Bow River, Alberta just before the junction of it and the Spray River. They are located near the Banff Springs Hotel and golf course on the left-hand side of River Road.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 565137, 717, 6815015, 1453657 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 47 ], [ 49, 56 ], [ 96, 107 ], [ 135, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The falls are within walking distance of both Banff and the Banff Springs Hotel, so they are visited by many tourists despite their relatively small size.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 358789 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 1953 Marilyn Monroe film River of No Return featured the falls.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19318, 1925869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 23 ], [ 29, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bow Falls Hd Video.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Banff_National_Park", "Banff,_Alberta", "Waterfalls_of_Alberta", "Block_waterfalls" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The art gallery problem or museum problem is a well-studied visibility problem in computational geometry. It originates from a real-world problem of guarding an art gallery with the minimum number of guards who together can observe the whole gallery. In the geometric version of the problem, the layout of the art gallery is represented by a simple polygon and each guard is represented by a point in the polygon. A set of points is said to guard a polygon if, for every point in the polygon, there is some such that the line segment between and does not leave the polygon.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 9331665, 176927, 65393931, 1059530, 593693, 22634860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 78 ], [ 82, 104 ], [ 162, 173 ], [ 344, 358 ], [ 394, 399 ], [ 527, 539 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are numerous variations of the original problem that are also referred to as the art gallery problem. In some versions guards are restricted to the perimeter, or even to the vertices of the polygon. Some versions require only the perimeter or a subset of the perimeter to be guarded.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Solving the version in which guards must be placed on vertices and only vertices need to be guarded is equivalent to solving the dominating set problem on the visibility graph of the polygon.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 1747972, 1448291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 151 ], [ 159, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chvátal's art gallery theorem, named after Václav Chvátal, gives an upper bound on the minimal number of guards. It states that guards are always sufficient and sometimes necessary to guard a simple polygon with vertices.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 10873846, 42693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 57 ], [ 68, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The question about how many vertices/watchmen/guards were needed was posed to Chvátal by Victor Klee in 1973. Chvátal proved it shortly thereafter. Chvátal's proof was later simplified by Steve Fisk, via a 3-coloring argument.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 11585262, 426743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 100 ], [ 206, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Steve Fisk's proof is so short and elegant that it was chosen for inclusion in Proofs from THE BOOK.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 4500115 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The proof goes as follows:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "First, the polygon is triangulated (without adding extra vertices). The vertices of the resulting triangulation graph may be 3-colored. Clearly, under a 3-coloring, every triangle must have all three colors. The vertices with any one color form a valid guard set, because every triangle of the polygon is guarded by its vertex with that color. Since the three colors partition the n vertices of the polygon, the color with the fewest vertices defines a valid guard set with at most guards.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 679384, 426743 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ], [ 125, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chvátal's upper bound remains valid if the restriction to guards at corners is loosened to guards at any point not exterior to the polygon.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are a number of other generalizations and specializations of the original art-gallery theorem. For instance, for orthogonal polygons, those whose edges/walls meet at right angles, only guards are needed. There are at least three distinct proofs of this result, none of them simple: by Kahn, Klawe, and Kleitman; by Lubiw; and by Sack and Toussaint.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 8779182, 2976395, 5299894, 40806753, 25152799, 12107044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 138 ], [ 298, 303 ], [ 309, 317 ], [ 322, 327 ], [ 336, 340 ], [ 345, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A related problem asks for the number of guards to cover the exterior of an arbitrary polygon (the \"Fortress Problem\"): are sometimes necessary and always sufficient if guards are placed on the boundary of the polygon, while are sometimes necessary and always sufficient if guards are placed anywhere in the exterior of the polygon. In other words, the infinite exterior is more challenging to cover than the finite interior.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In decision problem versions of the art gallery problem, one is given as input both a polygon and a number k, and must determine whether the polygon can be guarded with k or fewer guards. This problem is -complete, as is the version where the guards are restricted to the edges of the polygon. Furthermore, most of the other standard variations (such as restricting the guard locations to vertices) are NP-hard.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 8336, 30925590, 54681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 19 ], [ 204, 213 ], [ 403, 410 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Regarding approximation algorithms for the minimum number of guards, proved the problem to be APX-hard, implying that it is unlikely that any approximation ratio better than some fixed constant can be achieved by a polynomial time approximation algorithm. showed that a logarithmic approximation may be achieved for the minimum number of vertex guards by discretizing the input polygon into convex subregions and then reducing the problem to a set cover problem. As showed, the set system derived from an art gallery problem has bounded VC dimension, allowing the application of set cover algorithms based on ε-nets whose approximation ratio is the logarithm of the optimal number of guards rather than of the number of polygon vertices. For unrestricted guards, the infinite number of potential guard positions makes the problem even more difficult. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 563105, 563105, 405944, 563105, 17860, 870399, 305846, 28807941 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 33 ], [ 143, 162 ], [ 216, 231 ], [ 232, 255 ], [ 272, 281 ], [ 446, 455 ], [ 540, 552 ], [ 612, 618 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However by restricting the guards to lie on a fine grid, a more complicated logarithmic approximation algorithm can be derived under some mild extra assumptions, as shown by . However, efficient algorithms are known for finding a set of at most vertex guards, matching Chvátal's upper bound.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 17860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " proved that a placement for these guards may be computed in O(n log n) time in the worst case, via a divide and conquer algorithm.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 201154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " gave a linear time algorithm by using Fisk's short proof and Bernard Chazelle's linear time plane triangulation algorithm.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 405944, 1051825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 19 ], [ 62, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For simple polygons that do not contain holes, the existence of a constant factor approximation algorithm for vertex and edge guards was conjectured by Ghosh. Ghosh's conjecture was initially shown to be true for vertex guards in two special sub-classes of simple polygons, viz. monotone polygons and polygons weakly visible from an edge. presented an approximation algorithm that computes in polynomial time a vertex guard set for a monotone polygon such that the size of the guard set is at most 30 times the optimal number of vertex guards. presented an approximation algorithm that computes in O(n2) time a vertex guard set for a simple polygon that is weakly visible from an edge such that the size of the guard set is at most 6 times the optimal number of vertex guards. Subsequently, claimed to have settled the conjecture completely by presenting constant factor approximation algorithms for guarding general simple polygons using vertex guards and edge guards. For vertex guarding the subclass of simple polygons that are weakly visible from an edge, a polynomial-time approximation scheme was proposed by .", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 666431 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1065, 1101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An exact algorithm was proposed by for vertex guards. The authors conducted extensive computational experiments with several classes of polygons showing that optimal solutions can be found in relatively small computation times even for instances associated to thousands of vertices. The input data and the optimal solutions for these instances are available for download.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Two dimensions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If a museum is represented in three dimensions as a polyhedron, then putting a guard at each vertex will not ensure that all of the museum is under observation. Although all of the surface of the polyhedron would be surveyed, for some polyhedra there are points in the interior which might not be under surveillance.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Three dimensions", "target_page_ids": [ 23470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The art gallery problem can be used to position multiple cameras when the objective is to cover a large area in view of cameras, using the minimum number of cameras.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Three dimensions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Covering a rectilinear polygon with star polygons", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 43043289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Star-shaped polygon, a class of polygon for which the art gallery problem can be solved with a single guard.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12002655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Sources", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Computational_geometry", "Articles_containing_proofs", "Covering_problems", "Polygons" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Bullwinkle J. Moose is a fictional character which premiered in the 1959–1964 ABC network animated television series Rocky and His Friends and The Bullwinkle Show, often collectively referred to as Rocky and Bullwinkle, produced by Jay Ward and Bill Scott. When the show changed networks in 1961, the series moved to NBC and was retitled The Bullwinkle Show, where it stayed until 1964. It then returned to ABC, where it was in repeats for nine more years. It has been in syndication ever since.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 76749, 235604, 69088, 184823, 1234193 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 44 ], [ 90, 116 ], [ 198, 218 ], [ 232, 240 ], [ 245, 255 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1996, Bullwinkle was ranked #32 on TV Guides 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jay Ward and his business partner Alex Anderson created Bullwinkle for The Frostbite Falls Review, a storyboard idea which was never developed into a series. They gave him the name \"Bullwinkle Jay Moose\" after Clarence Bullwinkel, who owned a Ford dealership at College and Claremont, in Oakland, California, because they thought it was a funny name. Both Bullwinkle and Rocky were given the middle initial \"J\" in reference to Jay Ward.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Creation", "target_page_ids": [ 184823, 5637346, 30433662, 50548 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 34, 47 ], [ 243, 247 ], [ 288, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From his debut along with Rocky, Bullwinkle's gloves were blue. Later in the second story arc and for the rest of the series, they become white. Also, in contemporary promotion art, Bullwinkle's antlers are a yellow in contrast to the rest of his body; originally they were brown.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Creation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bullwinkle shared a house with his best friend Rocket J. Squirrel in the fictional small town of Frostbite Falls, Minnesota, a spoof of the real-life American town of International Falls, Minnesota. Bullwinkle attended college at \"Wossamotta U\" (a play on \"What's the matter with you\") on a football scholarship. He is a long-time supporter of the Bull Moose Party, and at one time was the part-owner, part-governor of the island of Moosylvania. Bullwinkle is shown at numerous times to be quite wealthy. In seasons 1 and 2, he makes reference to having an Uncle Dewlap, who bequeathed Bullwinkle vast amounts of wealth (in the form of a cereal boxtop collection and an Upsidaisium mine); he also has a large petty cash stockpile hidden in his mattress that he accumulated delivering newspapers (as revealed in \"The Last Angry Moose\"). In the half-cartoon, half-live-action movie The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle, Bullwinkle receives an Honorary Mooster's Degree from Wossamotta U, due to the nefarious plans of Boris Badenov.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 840681, 19590, 120495, 5689, 3976239, 4041315, 12745584, 12669801, 265337, 12745584, 1170663, 1234711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 65 ], [ 114, 123 ], [ 167, 197 ], [ 219, 226 ], [ 348, 364 ], [ 433, 444 ], [ 638, 662 ], [ 670, 681 ], [ 709, 719 ], [ 812, 832 ], [ 880, 918 ], [ 1018, 1031 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bullwinkle was noted for being well-intentioned, but also quite foolish, which made for a source of jokes and plot devices during the show's run. Despite this, the so-called \"moronic moose\" often aided the brains of the \"moose-and-squirrel\" duo, Rocky, during their various adventures. Although on opposite ends of the I.Q. scale, he and the \"plucky squirrel\" had a shared sense of optimism, persistence and traditional ethics and moral standards. Although not as brainy as Rocky, Bullwinkle often made references breaking the fourth wall, so he was not always as clueless as he appeared. His apparent lack of brilliance also had positive side effects, making him immune to mind-numbing chemicals in \"Goof Gas Attack\" and being the only person able to properly handle the Kirwood Derby hat in \"Missouri Mish Mash\". His voice is nasally, with a slight lisp added.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personality", "target_page_ids": [ 14892, 76440, 12745584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 319, 323 ], [ 514, 538 ], [ 794, 812 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bullwinkle also hosted other segments of the program, including: \"Mr. Know-It-All,\" where he tried to demonstrate his supposed (albeit nonexistent) expertise on a variety of subjects, such as disarming bombs, curing hiccups or escaping from Devil's Island; \"Bullwinkle's Corner\", where the moose would attempt to read poetry, notably I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud (The Daffodils) of William Wordsworth; and various interstitial drop-ins. In one running gag, Bullwinkle would attempt to pull a rabbit out of a top hat (to Rocky's dismissal: \"Again?\" or \"But that trick never works.\", and Bullwinkle's canonical rejoinder, \"Nothing up my sleeve...Presto.\" or \"This time, for sure. Presto.\"), only to pull out something unexpected instead such as a lion, tiger, bear, rhinoceros and occasionally even Rocky himself. After each failed attempt, Rocky segued to a commercial by saying, \"Now, here's something we hope you'll really like.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personality", "target_page_ids": [ 163536, 543334, 33925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 241, 255 ], [ 334, 362 ], [ 382, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bill Scott, Ward's partner and head writer of the series, was the original voice of Bullwinkle. According to Scott, Ward simply assumed that Scott would play the role. In the 2000 Universal Pictures film The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle, Bullwinkle is voiced by Keith Scott (no relation to Bill), as Bill had died of a heart attack in 1985. At the time, he had finished the first season of voicing another Moose character, Moosel, for The Wuzzles. Bullwinkle was voiced by Tom Kenny for the short film Rocky and Bullwinkle, which was to be premiered with Mr. Peabody & Sherman, but the short was cancelled and was replaced with an alien-themed short called Almost Home, based on the then-upcoming film from DreamWorks, Home. However, the short is available in both 2D and 3D on the Blu-ray 3D disc of Mr. Peabody & Sherman. Kenny also voiced Bullwinkle in a GEICO commercial on the same year to promote the short. In the 2018 Amazon Video series The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle, Bullwinkle was voiced by Brad Norman.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Voice", "target_page_ids": [ 1234193, 170326, 1170663, 4176365, 351052, 253555, 52733777, 1509817, 36202436, 4645567, 571953, 6891537, 57115923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 180, 198 ], [ 204, 242 ], [ 268, 279 ], [ 441, 452 ], [ 479, 488 ], [ 508, 528 ], [ 713, 723 ], [ 725, 729 ], [ 807, 828 ], [ 864, 869 ], [ 932, 944 ], [ 952, 990 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hokey Smoke! Rocky and Bullwinkle", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External Links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "My Native Land Sir Walter Scott poem with Bullwinkle voice impression", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External Links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Fictional_deer_and_moose", "Rocky_and_Bullwinkle_characters", "Anthropomorphic_mammals", "Fictional_players_of_American_football", "Fictional_characters_from_Minnesota", "Fictional_characters_with_superhuman_strength", "Comedy_film_characters", "Television_characters_introduced_in_1959", "Fictional_secret_agents_and_spies", "Fictional_police_detectives", "Male_characters_in_animation", "Animated_characters_introduced_in_1959" ]

[ "Bullwinkle" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Nitrofurazone (INN, trade name Furacin) is an antimicrobial organic compound belonging to the nitrofuran class. It is most commonly used as a topical antibiotic ointment. It is effective against gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and can be used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Its use in medicine has become less frequent, as safer and more effective products have become available. Nitrofurazone is listed under California Prop 65, and has demonstrated clear evidence to be mutagenic and carcinogenic during animal studies, and has been discontinued for human use in the USA. The substance is pale yellow and crystalline. It was once widely used as an antibiotic for livestock.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 611768, 965323, 11342044, 1805, 12936, 12937, 644499, 570103, 20359, 6445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 18 ], [ 46, 59 ], [ 94, 104 ], [ 151, 161 ], [ 197, 219 ], [ 221, 243 ], [ 281, 296 ], [ 436, 454 ], [ 498, 505 ], [ 512, 522 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nitrofurazone was previously available as a prescription in the U.S., and was indicated as a topical solution, topical cream, or topical ointment for the treatment of bacterial skin infections, wounds, burns, and ulcers. It was also used as a prophylactic measure to prevent infection that could potentially result in skin graft rejection. Nitrofurazone is still very popular as a topical solution for the treatment of tonsillitis in Russia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Medical uses", "target_page_ids": [ 740463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 319, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nitrofurazone is indicated for topical use in dogs, cats, and horses, for the treatment or prophylactic treatment of superficial bacterial infections, burns, and cutaneous ulcers. Preparations for treating infections, such as fin rot, in ornamental fish are also still commercially available. The use of nitrofurazone, or related compounds, in animals raised for human consumption has been strictly banned.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Medical uses", "target_page_ids": [ 1032780, 1047636, 17118551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 113 ], [ 227, 234 ], [ 239, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The mechanism of action is not fully understood, but nitrofurazone's antimicrobial properties are suspected to be due to the interference of DNA synthesis in the microorganism by inhibiting certain enzymes that are involved with glycolysis. Other enzymes this may affect include, pyruvate dehydrogenase, citrate synthetase, malate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and pyruvate decarboxylase.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Pharmacokinetics", "target_page_ids": [ 494055, 12644, 8430408, 1123842, 3247252, 2870646 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 154 ], [ 229, 239 ], [ 281, 303 ], [ 325, 345 ], [ 347, 368 ], [ 374, 396 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The metabolism of topically applied nitrofurazone is thought to be by 5-nitro reduction and cleavage of the -CH=N- linkage to generate a reactive species which can covalently bond to cellular macromolecules, none of the end products are thought to be antimicrobial.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Pharmacokinetics", "target_page_ids": [ 6246 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 164, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Adverse effects for topical use are generally mild and include, erythema, pruritus, dermatitis, rash, edema or inflammation.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Adverse effects", "target_page_ids": [ 532849, 424302, 57713, 70426, 70425 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 72 ], [ 74, 82 ], [ 84, 94 ], [ 102, 107 ], [ 111, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "People with chronic kidney disease and large total body surface area (TBSA) burns should not use nitrofurazone, as topical preparations commonly contain polyethylene glycol, which is readily absorbed through the skin. Rapid absorption of the medication induces increased serum osmolalities and anion gap, leading to death. Symptoms are similar to ethylene glycol poisoning, in that increased serum calcium levels occur concurrently with decreased ionized calcium.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Contraindications", "target_page_ids": [ 714452, 4859465, 233082, 147203, 229643, 2571429, 18936112 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 34 ], [ 45, 75 ], [ 76, 80 ], [ 153, 172 ], [ 278, 290 ], [ 295, 304 ], [ 349, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nitrofurans have been found in honey, meat and seafood. In people who have glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G-6-PD deficiency), ingestion of fish, poultry, or other foodstuff that has been treated with nitrofurans, will likely suffer from hemolysis of red blood cells as a result of eating the contaminated food.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Contraindications", "target_page_ids": [ 382801, 70585, 67158 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 120 ], [ 253, 262 ], [ 266, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nitrofurazone is suspected to be a human carcinogen and is included in California's list of toxic chemicals as defined by Proposition 65. Studies demonstrate that nitrofurazone induces mammary tumors (fibroadenoma and adenocarcinoma) in rats and ovarian tumors in mice. In addition, animal studies demonstrated an increased incidence in convulsive seizures, ovarian atrophy, testicular degeneration, and degeneration of articular cartilage. Proper personal protective equipment should be utilized when handling nitrofurazone.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Toxicities", "target_page_ids": [ 570103, 1668291, 237242 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 122, 136 ], [ 201, 213 ], [ 218, 232 ] ] } ]

[ "Antibiotics", "Nitrofurans", "Antiprotozoal_agents", "Otologicals", "Semicarbazones" ]

[ "Furazone", "Furacilin", "5-Nitro-2-furaldehyde semicarbazone", "Furacin", "Actin-N", "Nitrofural", "5-nitrofuran-2-carbaldehyde semicarbazone", "5-nitrofurfural semicarbazone", "5-nitrofuraldehyde semicarbazide", "1-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidene)semicarbazide", "(5-nitro-2-furfurylidenamino)urea" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Beware the Heavens is the first album by the power metal band Sinergy, released in 1999. The album features two instrumental tracks \"Born Unto Fire and Passion\" and \"Pulsation\", and a track inspired by the series The Warrior Princess, entitled \"The Warrior Princess\". Some melodies that can be heard in the song \"Beware the Heavens\" were sampled from a song called \"Translucent image\" by IneartheD (now known as Children of Bodom); the song is featured on IneartheD's 1995 demo Ubiquitous Absence Of Remission. This is the only album where Jesper Strömblad (In Flames guitarist) plays guitar alongside Alexi Laiho; his position was filled in by Roope Latvala on all subsequent albums.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 183303, 609582, 21566645, 21566645, 1856695, 737240, 1059950, 1144090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 56 ], [ 62, 69 ], [ 389, 398 ], [ 413, 430 ], [ 541, 557 ], [ 559, 568 ], [ 603, 614 ], [ 646, 659 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kimberly Goss – vocals, keyboards", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1143245, 49842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 24, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alexi Laiho – guitar, additional vocals (Track 2)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1059950, 10272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 14, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jesper Strömblad – guitar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1856695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sharlee D'Angelo – bass guitar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 2234775, 3916 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ], [ 19, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ronny Milianowicz – drums", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 9079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fredrik Nordström – Production, Engineering, Mixing", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 4676869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Göran Finnberg – Mastering", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1999_debut_albums", "Sinergy_albums", "Nuclear_Blast_albums", "Albums_produced_by_Fredrik_Nordström" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Roller inline hockey, or inline hockey is a variant of hockey played on a hard, smooth surface, with players using inline skates to move and hockey sticks to shoot a hard, plastic puck into their opponent's goal to score points. The sport is a very fast-paced and free-flowing game and is considered a contact sport, but body checking is prohibited. There are five players including the goalkeeper from each team on the rink at a time, while teams normally consist of 16 players. There are professional leagues, one of which is the National Roller Hockey League (NRHL). While it is not a contact sport, there are exceptions, i.e. the NRHL involves fighting.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13981, 102948, 316794, 53347, 400470, 2947537, 567986, 61487404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 61 ], [ 115, 128 ], [ 141, 153 ], [ 180, 184 ], [ 207, 211 ], [ 302, 315 ], [ 321, 334 ], [ 532, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unlike ice hockey, there are no blue lines or defensive zones in roller hockey. This means that, according to most rule codes, there are no offsides or icings that can occur during game play. This along with fewer players on the rink allows for faster gameplay. There are traditionally two 20-minute periods or four 10-minute periods with a stopped clock.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14790, 1269252, 565474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ], [ 140, 148 ], [ 152, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the United States, the highest governing body for the sport is USA Roller Sports (USARS). USARS is credited with the development of the present-day rules and regulations that is used throughout multiple tournament series. They organize tournaments across the United States but they are not the only tournament provider. Some of the other independent tournament providers include Amateur Athletic Union, North American Roller Championships, and the Torhs 2 Hot 4 Ice tournament series. Internationally, inline hockey is represented by two different unions, the World Skate and the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF). Each organizes its own annual world championships.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1009601, 427019, 58518316, 16760449, 1287435 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 83 ], [ 382, 404 ], [ 563, 574 ], [ 583, 618 ], [ 657, 676 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, World Skate banned Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials from its competitions, and will not stage any events in Russia or Belarus in 2022.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 70149799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some of the earliest video evidence of the sport is newsreel footage from the Giornale Luce taken in Vienna, Austria in 1938. The video shows players using inline skates with five metal wheels and a front wheel brake. Each team has four skaters plus a netminder. They are using ice hockey sticks, with taped blades, and the goals closely resemble ice hockey goals of the wire-mesh type common in Europe around that time. The game is being played with a ball on a rectangular outdoor court, which appears to be asphalt.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1702263, 48549782, 55866, 26964606, 102948, 14790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ], [ 78, 91 ], [ 101, 107 ], [ 109, 116 ], [ 156, 169 ], [ 278, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The exact same footage was used in a newsreel produced by British Pathé in 1938.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5396995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the United States, the USA Roller Sports (USARS) predecessor organization was the Roller Skating Rink Operators Association (RSROA). In 1940, the RSROA published a set of roller hockey rules drawn from a booklet by the National Hockey League (NHL) which was designed to grow interest in playing hockey on roller skates. However, because of the intervention of World War II, the organization of roller hockey tournaments did not receive significant development until after this war in the late 1940s. At first skating club interest was confined to the northern tier of the United States, including the bordering Canadian cities. Puck roller hockey's spread in popularity during that period was helped along by the attention of local commercial television, which was getting its start and in desperate need for events to fill air time. The increased interest in the sport led in 1959 to the selection of a National Puck Hockey Committee to formulate special rules for the performance of puck hockey in the variety of rink sizes available to roller skates. The American Roller Hockey Association (ARHA) was formed with Joe Spillman, a roller rink operator from San Antonio, Texas as its first Commissioner. Under Spillman's direction, the sport of hockey on roller skates grew rapidly throughout the United States.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1009601, 26059, 21809, 13981, 1165348, 32927, 146996, 5042916, 53848, 29810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 43 ], [ 174, 187 ], [ 222, 244 ], [ 298, 304 ], [ 308, 321 ], [ 363, 375 ], [ 411, 421 ], [ 614, 622 ], [ 1161, 1172 ], [ 1174, 1179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the 1960 RSROA National Roller Skating Championships held in Little Rock, Arkansas, exhibition games for ball and puck roller hockey were held. Following these Nationals, the first full competitive season officially began in North America for roller hockey. This, of course, had puck roller hockey entirely performed on quad skates, for at that time there were no inline skates available. State and regional competitions determined the teams that would move on to the North American Championships. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18520327, 1930, 102948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 79 ], [ 81, 89 ], [ 371, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1962, at Pershing Auditorium in Lincoln, Nebraska, both ball and puck hockey were part of the North American Championships. The Arcadia Wildcats from Detroit, Michigan, defeated the Van Wert Chiefs 3–1, becoming the first puck hockey national champions on quad skates. Inline skates were not commercially available during that era. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1956894, 17653, 21647, 8687, 18859, 129915, 102948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 31 ], [ 35, 42 ], [ 44, 52 ], [ 153, 160 ], [ 162, 170 ], [ 185, 193 ], [ 272, 285 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 1 September 1965, during their semi-annual board meeting, the RSROA installed puck hockey as an equal and separate division of roller hockey, which included ball hockey, a format most popular in Europe and South America. It was decided that both ball and puck hockey would compete under the same rules and award separate gold medal winners. Budd Van Roekel, RSROA president, was quoted in the January 1965 issue of Skate Magazine,", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1966 North American Championships marked the return of puck hockey after a four-year hiatus. The final game was a nail biter and the crowd appreciated the fast pace and excitement of puck hockey. The final game was between the Canadians of Windsor, Ontario and the Wildcats of Detroit, Michigan, the defending champions from 1962. The score seesawed between the two teams and was finally decided in favor of the Canadians with a final score of 5 to 3. The win gave the Canadian team their only gold medal for the whole North American Championships. One Canadian team player was quoted in the 1966 Fall issue of Skate Magazine, \"We simply had to win the (puck) hockey championships, otherwise our fathers wouldn’t allow us to return home.\" Another milestone occurred for puck roller hockey in 1977, when the North American Puck Hockey Championship was held in a venue away from ball hockey for the first time. The 1977 puck championships were staged in Houston, Texas to large crowds and a great amount of publicity, as fourteen newspapers and television stations covered the event. The year 1977 was also a milestone for women with this championship marking the debut of a women's hockey national championship.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 33596, 22218, 13774, 29810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 251 ], [ 253, 260 ], [ 957, 964 ], [ 966, 971 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The very first inline roller hockey team to earn a USA National Championship title did so at a USA Roller Sports (USARS) National Championship held in San Diego in July 1993. At the previous 1992 USARS National Championships, also staged in San Diego, the San Diego Hosers won the Senior Gold Division title wearing their customary quad roller skates. As of that time, the Hosers manager/coach Paul Chapey felt that while inline skates were obviously faster, the advantage was to quad skates because of their assumed greater maneuverability. Some teams and individual players at the 1992 Nationals had been equipped with inline skates, but perhaps had not yet mastered their new vehicles. During the ensuing year, Paul Chapey became an inline convert and the San Diego Hosers came back to the USAC/RS Nationals in 1993 entirely on inline skates and recaptured their national title. This significant event took place at least a year before all the other major roller inline hockey organizations were even in existence, including National Inline Hockey Association (NIHA), USA Hockey InLine, North American Roller Hockey Championships (NARCh) and American Inline Roller Hockey Series (AIRHS).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 28504, 102948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 160 ], [ 422, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "USA Roller Sports, under the auspices of Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports (FIRS), established and hosted the first World Inline Roller Hockey Championships for men at the Odeum Arena in Villa Park, Illinois (a suburb of Chicago) in 1995. USA Roller Sports established the first Inline Hockey World Championships for Juniors, again in Chicago in 1996, following the USA National Championships. The first World Inline Hockey Championships for Women occurred under sponsorship of USA Roller Sports in Rochester, New York in 2002. Since the introduction of these events, FIRS National Federations around the world have annually perpetuated inline world championships. USA (Ice) Hockey and International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) began their men's InLine Hockey World Championship in 1996, after the first such world championship by FIRS and has yet to organize a women's inline hockey world tournament or one for juniors.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 529152, 31947732, 2835567, 111131, 14849, 6886, 126641, 8210131, 16760449, 18011443 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 83 ], [ 125, 173 ], [ 181, 192 ], [ 196, 206 ], [ 208, 216 ], [ 230, 237 ], [ 508, 517 ], [ 519, 527 ], [ 695, 730 ], [ 756, 788 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2002, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) Membership and Credentials Committee officially reaffirmed that USA Roller Sports as the governing body for inline hockey in the United States, which continues to this day. This determination was based on a conclusion by the USOC that internationally the sport of inline hockey is recognized as a discipline of roller sports. Then, as now, USA Roller Sports is a member in good standing of Federation International de Roller Sports (\"FIRS\"), the international federation for roller sports as recognized by the International Olympic Committee, and FIRS is also recognized by the Pan American Sports Organization (PASO) as the controlling international federation for inline hockey, a sport of the Pan American Games.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 287713, 9197625, 283942 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 50 ], [ 636, 668 ], [ 754, 772 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For training purposes especially for hockey players, inline skates were produced in small quantities by several companies which were in fact modified ice skates, one of them was the \"Speedy\" by SKF which was available also with hockey-wheels. This changed when mass-produced inline skates from the USA were available in the early 1990s. In the mid-1990s first leagues started.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 89744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inline roller hockey was introduced to the World Games for the first time in 2005, an International Olympic Committee (IOC) sanctioned event under the jurisdiction of the International World Games Association (IWGA), an affiliate of the General Association of International Sports Federations (GAISF). The United States won the gold medal, with Canada taking the Silver and Switzerland the bronze medal. Inline roller hockey replaced rink hockey (ball and cane) on the World Games program for Duisburg, Germany at the 2005 quadrennial World Games. Rink roller hockey had been part of the World Games since its first organization in 1979 at Santa Clara, California, as have the other disciplines of roller sports.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 34073, 15147, 6423494, 6613121, 17665197, 18117654, 52686733, 7504361, 101612, 11867, 108163, 5407, 5988269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 54 ], [ 86, 117 ], [ 171, 208 ], [ 237, 292 ], [ 306, 319 ], [ 345, 351 ], [ 374, 385 ], [ 434, 445 ], [ 493, 501 ], [ 503, 510 ], [ 640, 651 ], [ 653, 663 ], [ 698, 711 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the General Assembly of the IWGA, which took place in Madrid on 14 May 2003, the IWGA unanimously agreed that inline roller hockey was the responsibility of FIRS and that this variant form of roller hockey would be included on the program of the 2005 World Games in place of the previous format. This same scenario had previously played out before the Pan American Sports Organization in 1999, when inline hockey made its first appearance at the Pan American Games in Canada, and repeated again four years later in the Dominican Republic. PASO extends continued recognition of the inline hockey under the jurisdiction of FIRS. (sub to PAPA H)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 41188263, 8060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 67 ], [ 526, 544 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, World Skate banned Russian and Belarusian athletes and officials from its competitions, and will not stage any events in Russia or Belarus in 2022.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 70149799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Roller Hockey League is a professional league, founded in 2014. The NRHL began its inaugural season 20 February 2015. The NRHL games consist of 3 15-minute periods, with 10 minute intermissions. It differs from professional ice hockey with rules including no offsides, and no icing. The NRHL permits fighting, with a 5-minute major penalty assessed to the combatants. The players in the NRHL pay nothing to play, with compensation opportunities available in the inaugural season. Players were paid a per game basis in the second season of the NRHL, based on a win or loss. The players were paid double for a win than a loss.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Professional inline hockey", "target_page_ids": [ 61487404, 1269252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ], [ 271, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Detroit Bordercats won the inaugural Commissioner's Cup. The Bordercats repeated as Commissioner's Cup champions for the second season.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Professional inline hockey", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The NRHL is expanding its role as a professional league in the summer of 2020. The NRHL will have franchises located throughout the United States and/or Canada in arenas with a minimum stadium seating capacity of 3,000. The season will operate from May through August.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Professional inline hockey", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "MLRH (Major League Roller Hockey), is played in the United States and Europe. It consists of East and West Coast divisions, and the season is played from October to March with finals being held in either Europe or the USA. This is the only full check inline league in the world and it has a $10,000 championship purse. It has similar rules as the NHL, with some exceptions and only having two 17 min periods and in the \"Super\" League, 4 x 12 minute quarters. MLRH has offside and icing rules as well as allowing players to have a single fight per game.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Professional inline hockey", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The French Ligue Elite is a professional league in Europe.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Professional inline hockey", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although inline hockey appears to simply be ice hockey on inline skates, this singular difference reflects throughout the rest of the game, resulting in important differences between the two sports.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Chief differences from ice hockey", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Inline hockey is typically played at room temperature on a surface that, rather than being made from (frozen) water, is kept dry to protect the bearings in the skate wheels. Several surface materials are used, including plastic tiles (sometimes known as sport-court flooring), wood, and sealed concrete; in general, surfaces try to balance the ability of wheels to grip against the ability of the puck to slide freely. None of these surfaces, however, is as smooth as ice; as a result, the puck is made of a much lighter plastic material, and rests on small nylon or poly-plastic nubs to reduce friction with the rink surface.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Chief differences from ice hockey", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Besides these equipment differences, inline hockey uses less physical contact in comparison to ice hockey. Most leagues punish fighting harshly, and body checking is usually ruled a penalty. Inline hockey leagues generally require players to wear full face masks, but otherwise, players tend to wear lighter clothes and less protective padding.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Chief differences from ice hockey", "target_page_ids": [ 567986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 154, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Important differences in game rules also exist. Each inline hockey team fields only four skaters and one goaltender (5 players) rather than ice hockey's five skaters and one goaltender (six players). Many leagues do not stop play for icing. Offside rules are generally looser as well; originally, a few leagues would call offside only on the center line, presently, every rule book omits the rule entirely.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Chief differences from ice hockey", "target_page_ids": [ 565474, 1269252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 234, 239 ], [ 241, 248 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inline hockey is a contact sport. Although body checks are usually not allowed, injuries can still be a common occurrence. Protective equipment is highly recommended and is enforced in all competitive situations. This usually includes a helmet (cage worn if certain age), elbow pads, protective gloves, athletic cup, shin pads, and skates at the very least. In addition, goaltenders use different gear, (optionally) a neck guard, chest/arm protector, blocker, catch glove, and leg pads.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Good skates are stiffer and lighter and also have better bearings. Inline hockey-skates are similar to icehockey-skates, the main difference between ice and inline is the chassis and the wheels. Hockey equipment manufacturers such as Bauer and CCM offer parallel models of ice skates, but there are also inline hockey brands, including Mission, Tour and Labeda.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Most inline hockey skates had have a chassis with 4 identical wheels on each boot in 72, 76 or 80mm diameter, or the \"Hi-Lo\" configuration of two low wheels in front and two higher rear, this was patented on 12 July 1996 by Jon G Wong in the US and marketed by Mission. There is also a chassis with a \"Tri-Di\" option, which allows three wheel sizes to be mounted on a chassis, in the configuration 80-76-76-72mm. Inline Hockey wheels are much softer than road wheels, and therefore have more abrasion. The softest are used for soft surfaces like gym floors or interlocking plastic tiles, harder are used for surfaces such as asphalt.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Equipment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The area where Inline hockey is played in known as a \"rink\". It consists of a playing surface that is surrounded", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The rink", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "by a boundary (commonly referred to as \"dasher boards\"), that is designed to separate the players from the spectators as well as to keep the puck in play. The playing surface is made of sport tile, wood, asphalt or cement and marked with special lines that help the referees officiate the game according to the official rules.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The rink", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The recommended size of the rink can vary between 40m and 60m in length and 20m and 30m in width. In Germany the old standard was 40m x 20m which changed to 50m x 25m but also the ice hockey standard of 61m x 30.5m (200×100ft) is used.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The rink", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One of the most fundamental differences between the IIHF and World Skate-sanctioned versions of inline hockey lies within the dimensions of the net. The IIHF simply retains the use of ice hockey nets. However the World Skate rulebook substitutes the traditional ice hockey cage for a lower and narrower model patterned after the one used in rink hockey, the World Skates' flagship sport, however most World Skate leagues in the United States and Canada opt for the more popular and common ice hockey nets.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The rink", "target_page_ids": [ 7504361 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 341, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While the general characteristics of the game are the same wherever it is played, the exact rules depend on the particular code of play being used. The most important code is that of the Comité International Roller In-Line Hockey (CIRILH), an organization and discipline of the Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Game", "target_page_ids": [ 529152, 529152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 229 ], [ 278, 320 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Inline hockey is played on an inline hockey rink. During normal play, there are five players per side on the floor at any time, one of them being the goaltender, each of whom is on inline hockey skates. The objective of the game is to score goals by shooting a hard plastic disc, the puck, into the opponent's goal net, which is placed at the opposite end of the rink. The players may control the puck using a long stick with a blade that is commonly curved at one end.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Game", "target_page_ids": [ 567927, 567809, 495652, 26145195, 316794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 48 ], [ 150, 160 ], [ 241, 246 ], [ 266, 273 ], [ 415, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Players may also redirect the puck with any part of their bodies, subject to certain restrictions. Players may not hold the puck in their hand and are prohibited from using their hands to pass the puck to their teammates, unless they are in the defensive zone. Players are also prohibited from kicking the puck into the opponent's goal, though unintentional redirections off the skate are permitted. Players may not intentionally bat the puck into the net with their hands.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Game", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The four players other than the goaltender are typically divided into two forwards and two defencemen. The forward positions consist of a center and a winger. The defencemen usually stay together as a pair generally divided between left and right. A substitution of an entire unit at once is called a line change. Teams typically employ alternate sets of forward lines and defensive pairings when shorthanded or on a power play. Substitutions are permitted at any time during the course of the game, although during a stoppage of play the home team is permitted the final change. When players are substituted during play, it is called changing on the fly.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Game", "target_page_ids": [ 567665, 567643, 567681, 567684, 510446, 208576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 114 ], [ 138, 144 ], [ 151, 157 ], [ 163, 173 ], [ 397, 408 ], [ 417, 427 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The boards surrounding the floor help keep the puck in play and they can also be used as tools to play the puck. Players are not permitted to \"bodycheck\" opponents into the boards as a means of stopping progress. The referees and the outsides of the goal are \"in play\" and do not cause a stoppage of the game when the puck or players are influenced (by either bouncing or colliding) into them. Play can be stopped if the goal is knocked out of position. Play often proceeds for minutes without interruption. When play is stopped, it is restarted with a faceoff. Two players \"face\" each other and an official drops the puck to the floor, where the two players attempt to gain control of the puck. Markings on the floor indicate the locations for the \"faceoff\" and guide the positioning of players.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Game", "target_page_ids": [ 567986, 567979, 567979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 152 ], [ 553, 560 ], [ 750, 757 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is one major rule of play in inline hockey that limit the movement of the puck: the puck going out of play. The puck goes \"out of play\" whenever it goes past the perimeter of the rink (Onto the player benches, over the \"glass,\" or onto the protective netting above the glass) and a stoppage of play is called by the officials using whistles. It also does not matter if the puck comes back onto the playing surface from those areas as the puck is considered dead once it leaves the perimeter of the rink.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Game", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Under FIRS rules, each team may carry a maximum of 14 players and two goaltenders on their roster. The players are usually divided into three lines of two forwards, two pairs of defenceman, and two extra skaters.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Game", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For most penalties, the offending player is sent to the \"penalty box\" and his team has to play with one less skater for a short amount of time. Minor penalties last for two minutes, major penalties last for five minutes, and a double minor penalty is two consecutive penalties of two minutes duration. A single Minor penalty may be extended by a further two minutes for drawing blood from the victimized player. The team that has taken the penalty is said to be playing shorthanded while the other team is on a power play.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Penalties", "target_page_ids": [ 567952, 510446, 208576 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 68 ], [ 470, 481 ], [ 511, 521 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A two-minute minor penalty is often called for lesser infractions such as tripping, elbowing, roughing, high-sticking, delay of the game, too many players on the rink, boarding, illegal equipment, holding, interference, hooking, slashing, butt-ending (striking an opponent with the knob of the stick—a very rare penalty) Or cross-checking. A minor is also assessed for diving, where a player embellishes a hook or trip. More egregious fouls may be penalized by a four-minute double-minor penalty, particularly those which cause injury to the victimized player. These penalties end either when the time runs out or the other team scores on the power play. In the case of a goal scored during the first two minutes of a double-minor, the penalty clock is set down to two minutes upon a score effectively expiring the first minor penalty. Five-minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions that result in intentional injury to an opponent, or when a \"minor\" penalty results in visible injury (such as bleeding), as well as for fighting. Major penalties are always served in full; they do not terminate on a goal scored by the other team.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Penalties", "target_page_ids": [ 11467239, 3523679, 11519858, 5355720, 10073716, 6418431, 567984, 6143683, 8576762, 8583067, 5355686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 82 ], [ 84, 92 ], [ 94, 102 ], [ 104, 117 ], [ 119, 136 ], [ 138, 166 ], [ 168, 176 ], [ 220, 227 ], [ 229, 237 ], [ 324, 338 ], [ 369, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some varieties of penalties do not always require the offending team to play a man short. Concurrent five-minute major penalties in the FIRS usually result from fighting. In the case of two players being assessed five-minute fighting majors, they both serve five minutes without their team incurring a loss of player (both teams still have a full complement of players on the floor). This differs with two players from opposing sides getting minor penalties, at the same time or at any intersecting moment, resulting from more common infractions. In that case, both teams will have only three skating players (not counting the goaltender) until one or both penalties expire (if one expires before the other, the opposing team gets a power play for the remainder); this applies regardless of current pending penalties, though in the FIRS, a team always has at least two skaters on the rink. Ten-minute misconduct penalties are served in full by the penalized player, but his team may immediately substitute another player on the floor unless a minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct (a two-and-ten or five-and-ten). In that case, the team designates another player to serve the minor or major; both players go to the penalty box, but only the designee may not be replaced, and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes, at which point the ten-minute misconduct begins. In addition, game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent (at the officials' discretion), or for a major penalty for a stick infraction or repeated major penalties. The offending player is ejected from the game and must immediately leave the playing surface (he does not sit in the penalty box); meanwhile, if a minor or major is assessed in addition, a designated player must serve out that segment of the penalty in the box (similar to the above-mentioned \"two-and-ten\"). In some rare cases, a player may receive up to nineteen minutes in penalties for one string of plays. This could involve receiving a four-minute double minor penalty, getting in a fight with an opposing player who retaliates, and then receiving a game misconduct after the fight. In this case, the player is ejected and two teammates must serve the double-minor and major penalties.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Penalties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A player who is tripped, or illegally obstructed in some way, by an opponent on a breakaway– when there are no defenders except the goaltender between him and the opponent's goal– is awarded a penalty shot, an attempt to score without opposition from any defenders except the goaltender. A penalty shot is also awarded for a defender other than the goaltender covering the puck in the goal crease, a goaltender intentionally displacing his own goal posts during a breakaway to avoid a goal, a defender intentionally displacing his own goal posts when there is less than two minutes to play in regulation time or at any point during overtime, or a player or coach intentionally throwing a stick or other object at the puck or the puck carrier and the throwing action disrupts a shot or pass play.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Penalties", "target_page_ids": [ 752350, 568016 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 91 ], [ 193, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Officials also stop play for puck movement violations, such as using one's hands to pass the puck in the offensive end, but no players are penalized for these offenses. The sole exceptions are deliberately falling on or gathering the puck to the body, carrying the puck in the hand, and shooting the puck out of play in one's defensive zone (all penalized two minutes for delay of game).", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Penalties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A typical game of inline hockey has two officials on the floor, charged with enforcing the rules of the game. There are typically two referees who call goals and penalties. Due to not having offside and icing violations, there usually are no linesmen used. On-ice officials are assisted by off-ice officials who act as time keepers, and official scorers.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Officials", "target_page_ids": [ 1272618, 1269252, 565474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 48 ], [ 191, 198 ], [ 203, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Officials are selected by the league for which they work. Amateur hockey leagues use guidelines established by national organizing bodies as a basis for choosing their officiating staffs. In North America, the national organizing bodies USA Roller Sports and Canada Inline approve officials according to their experience level as well as their ability to pass rules knowledge and skating ability tests.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Officials", "target_page_ids": [ 1009601 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 237, 254 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Offensive tactics include improving a team's position on the floor by advancing the puck towards the opponent's goal. FIRS rules have no offside or two-line passes. A player may pass the puck to a player on any spot on the floor. Offensive tactics, are designed ultimately to score a goal by taking a shot. When a player purposely directs the puck towards the opponent's goal, he or she is said to \"shoot\" the puck.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [ 1269252, 1269252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 144 ], [ 148, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A deflection is a shot which redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal. A one-timer is a shot which is struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions. Headmanning the puck, also known as cherry-picking, the stretch pass or breaking out, is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the floor.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A team that is losing by one or two goals in the last few minutes of play will often elect to pull the goalie; that is, remove the goaltender and replace him or her with an extra attacker on the floor in the hope of gaining enough advantage to score a goal. However, it is an act of desperation, as it sometimes leads to the opposing team extending their lead by scoring a goal in the empty net.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [ 975542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 173, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A delayed penalty call occurs when a penalty offense is committed by the team that does not have possession of the puck. In this circumstance the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play; that is, play continues until a goal is scored, a player on the opposing team gains control of the puck, or the team in possession commits an infraction or penalty of their own. Because the team on which the penalty was called cannot control the puck without stopping play, it is impossible for them to score a goal, however, it is possible for the controlling team to mishandle the puck into their own net. In these cases the team in possession of the puck can pull the goalie for an extra attacker without fear of being scored on. If a delayed penalty is signaled and the team in possession scores, the penalty is still assessed to the offending player, but not served.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "One of the most important strategies for a team is their forecheck. Forechecking is the act of attacking the opposition in their defensive zone. Forechecking is an important part of roller hockey, because certain leagues and rules allow teams that have possession of the puck to sit behind their net and wait until they are pressured before having to advance the puck. Each team will use their own unique forecheck system but the main ones are: 1–1–2, 1–2–1, and 1–3. The 1–1–2 is the most basic forecheck system where one forward will go in deep and pressure the opposition's defencemen, the second forward stays in the slot, and the two defencemen high. The 1–3 is the most defensive forecheck system where one forward will apply pressure to the puck carrier in the opponent's zone and the other three players stand basically in a line in their defensive zone in hopes the opposition will skate into one of them.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Roller hockey is unique in that its rules resemble more of a basketball/soccer/lacrosse strategy in many ways versus a traditional ice hockey approach.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are many other little tactics used in the game of hockey. Pinching is the term used when a defenceman pressures the opposition's winger in the offensive zone when they are breaking out, attempting to stop their attack and keep the puck in the offensive zone. A saucer pass is a pass used when an opposition's stick or body is in the passing lane. It is the act of raising the puck over the obstruction and having it land on a teammates' stick.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A \"deke,\" short for \"decoy,\" is a feint with the body and/or stick to fool a defender or the goalie. Due to the increased room and lack of body checking, many inline hockey players have picked up the skill of \"dangling,\" which is more fancy deking and requires more stick handling skills. Some of the more impressive \"dekes\" or \"dangles\" include the toe-drag, the Pavel Datsyuk, the back hand toe-drag, and the spin-o-rama.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [ 943590, 440391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 39 ], [ 364, 377 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fighting is prohibited in the rules. It does happen rarely, however. Players used to an ice hockey mentality fight to demoralize the opposing players while exciting their own, as well as settling personal scores. A fight will also break if one of the team's skilled players gets hit hard or someone gets hit by what the team perceives as a dirty hit. Amateur recreation level players who play strictly inline hockey never consider fisticuffs a legitimate behavior. The amateur game penalizes fisticuffs more harshly, as a player who receives a fighting major is also assessed at least a 10-minute misconduct penalty or a game misconduct penalty and suspension. Most local recreation leagues also suspend or ban players who engage in fights.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Tactics", "target_page_ids": [ 4737947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 649, 659 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A professional game consists of two halves of twenty minutes each, the clock running only when the puck is in play. The teams change ends for the second half, and again at the start of each overtime played (playoffs only; same ends as the second half otherwise). Some leagues such as the American Inline Hockey League (AIHL), recreational leagues and children's leagues often play shorter games, generally with two shorter periods or three running clock periods of play.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Periods and overtime", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Various procedures are used if a game is tied. Some leagues and tournaments do not use an overtime, unless a \"winner\" must be determined, such as in tournament pool play and league regular season. Others will us either one, or a combination of; sudden death overtime periods, or penalty shootouts. Usually up to two 5-minute sudden death overtimes are played; if still tied, penalty shootouts.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "Periods and overtime", "target_page_ids": [ 568092, 568092, 568092, 625161 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 98 ], [ 258, 266 ], [ 279, 295 ], [ 325, 337 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Indoor inline hockey is played on any suitable non-slip surface. While converted roller rinks may use wooden floors, dedicated inline hockey facilities use Sport Court or similar surface, which allows maximum traction to inline hockey wheels whilst providing a smooth, unbroken gliding surface for the puck. The playing area should be surrounded by full boards similar to ice hockey with glass or fencing to a height of around 2m. Often, especially in European countries, the game is played in indoor sports halls, on wooden floors. Therefore, there will be no standardized boards but instead the perimeter of the playing surface will be brick walls. In such cases, the corners of the hall are rounded off with added curved boards.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "Playing surface", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Based on Ice Sledge Hockey, Inline Sledge Hockey is played to the same rules as Inline Puck Hockey (essentially ice hockey played off ice using inline skates) and has been made possible by the design and manufacture of inline sledges by RGK, Europe's premier sports wheelchair maker.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There is no classification points system dictating who can be involved in play within Inline Sledge Hockey unlike other team sports such as Wheelchair Basketball and Wheelchair Rugby. Inline Sledge Hockey is being developed to allow everyone, regardless of whether they have a disability or not, to complete up to World Championship level based solely on talent and ability. This makes Inline Sledge Hockey truly inclusive.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first game of Inline Sledge Hockey was played at Bisley, England on 19 December 2009 between the Hull Stingrays and the Grimsby Redwings. Matt Lloyd (Paralympian) is credited with inventing Inline Sledge Hockey and Great Britain is seen as the international leader in the games development.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 25546119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Street hockey is a form of inline hockey played as pick-up hockey on streets or parking lots. Street hockey tends to have very relaxed rules, as any pickup street game or sport would have.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [ 950999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Blind inline hockey is also played by athletes who are totally blind or visually impaired. Sighted players can also play, as all players must play while wearing opaque goggles, making all play sightless and \"evening the playing field.\" The blind game is best played on a regulation inline surface with two orienting, tactile zone lines, each 60 feet from the goal line. Either 5v5 or 4v4 skaters, each plus goalies, are both good games.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The puck and goals each have a sounding device that enable the players to hear the puck and orient themselves to direction on the playing surface. The players constantly communicate to their teammates regarding their actions and positions on the floor enabling teamwork and playmaking. A sighted referee directs stoppages and restarts. All usual hockey rules apply to blind play.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "Variants", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are two lines of sanctioning bodies for inline hockey: those that are related to the roller sports community and those related to the ice hockey community. The International Ice Hockey Federation organizes IIHF Inline Hockey World Championships but the sport is recognized as being governed by the International Roller Sports Federation which organizes FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [ 16760449, 18011443, 529152, 31947732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 201 ], [ 212, 250 ], [ 304, 342 ], [ 359, 397 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "USA Roller Sports is sanctioned by the International Olympic Committee to oversee roller sports. See the related links below for national bodies and further information.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Worldwide", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "IIHF Inline", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fédération Internationale de Roller Sports (FIRS)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Argentina", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Confederacion Argentina de Patin (CAP)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Asociación Argentina de Hockey sobre Hielo y en Línea (AAHHL)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Australia", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Skate Australia", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Belgium", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Belgian Inline Hockey Federation", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Brazil", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Brazil Hockey and Skating Confederation", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Canada", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Roller Hockey Canada (formerly National Inline Hockey Association – Canada) (affiliated with IIHF)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [ 16760449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Canada Inline (affiliated with FIRS)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [ 529152 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Czech Republic", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Czech Asociacion Inline Hockey", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chile", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chile Inline Hockey Federation", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ecuador", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ecuador Hockey League", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "France", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "French Inline Hockey Federation", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Germany", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "German Federation of Roller Sports", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hong Kong/China", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hong Kong/China inline Hockey Association", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ireland", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Irish Ice Hockey Association", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Inline Hockey Ireland", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Israel", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Israeli Inline Hockey League (PIHL)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Italy", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Italian Inline Hockey League (LNH)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Italian Inline Hockey League TV", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Italian Hockey and Skating Federation (FIHP)", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New Zealand", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New Zealand Inline Hockey Association", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Norway", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Norwegian Ice Hockey Federation", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Peru", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Peruvian Inline Hockey Association", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Portugal", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Federação de Patinagem de Portugal", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Russian Federation", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Федерация Инлайн Хоккея России", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Slovenia", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Slovenian Inline Hockey Association", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Spain", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Federacion Española de patinaje", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sweden", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Swedish Winter League", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Switzerland", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Inline-Hockey Switzerland", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Swiss Inline-Hockey Cup", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Netherlands", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Inline Skaterhockey Netherlands", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "United Kingdom", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Inline hockey in the United Kingdom", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [ 20532120 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "United States", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "NRHL – National Roller Hockey League", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "MLRH – Major League Roller Hockey", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "MRHL – Midwest Roller Hockey League", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "Sanctioning bodies", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are several international competitions with national teams.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "International competitions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " World Roller Games", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "International competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 54820438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "FIRS Inline Hockey World Championships", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "International competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 31947732 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "IIHF InLine Hockey World Championship (defunct)", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "International competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 18011443 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Roller Hockey League (inactive)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Domestic competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 61487404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roller Hockey International (defunct)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "Domestic competitions", "target_page_ids": [ 661713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Street hockey", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 950999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Skater hockey", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 26059 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Indoor field hockey", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1004151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Roller Hockey League", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Team_sports", "Stick_sports", "Indoor_sports", "Inline_hockey", "Variations_of_hockey", "Inline_skating", "Roller_hockey" ]

[ "roller hockey", "inline roller hockey", "roller in-line hockey", "roller inline hockey", "in-line roller hockey" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Gramicidin, also called gramicidin D, is a mix of ionophoric antibiotics, gramicidin A, B and C, which make up about 80%, 5%, and 15% of the mix, respectively. Each has 2 isoforms, so the mix has 6 different types of gramicidin molecules. They can be extracted from Brevibacillus brevis soil bacteria. Gramicidins are linear peptides with 15 amino acids. This is in contrast to unrelated gramicidin S, which is a cyclic peptide.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1725990, 1805, 478128, 5145908, 24029, 1207, 2747566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 60 ], [ 61, 72 ], [ 171, 179 ], [ 266, 286 ], [ 325, 332 ], [ 342, 353 ], [ 388, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gramicidins work as antibiotics against gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, but not well against gram-negative ones like E. coli.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Medical uses", "target_page_ids": [ 12936, 866377, 118212, 40114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ], [ 68, 85 ], [ 90, 111 ], [ 158, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gramicidins are used in medicinal lozenges for sore throat and in topical medicines to treat infected wounds. Gramicidins are often mixed with other antibiotics like tyrocidine and antiseptics. Gramicidins are also used in eye drops for bacterial eye infections. In drops, they are often mixed with other antibiotics like polymyxin B or neomycin. Multiple antibiotics increase efficiency against various strains of bacteria. Such eye-drops are also used to treat eye infections of animals, like horses.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Medical uses", "target_page_ids": [ 2954872, 5606788, 65555, 1342447, 5155469, 254316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 42 ], [ 166, 176 ], [ 181, 192 ], [ 223, 232 ], [ 322, 333 ], [ 337, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1939, René Dubos isolated the substance tyrothricin. Later this was shown to be a mix of gramicidin and tyrocidine. These were the first antibiotics to be manufactured commercially. Letter \"D\" in gramicidin D is short for \"Dubos\", and was invented to differentiate the mix from gramicidin S.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1720633, 11226296, 5606788, 2747566 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 19 ], [ 43, 54 ], [ 107, 117 ], [ 281, 293 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1964, the sequence of gramicidin A was determined by Reinhard Sarges and Bernhad Witkop.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1971, the dimeric head-to-head structure of gramicidins was proposed by D. W. Urry.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1993, the structure of the gramicidin head-to-head dimer in micelles and lipid bilayers was determined by solution and solid-state NMR.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 317227, 158011, 2002473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 71 ], [ 76, 89 ], [ 122, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gramicidins A, B and C are nonribosomal peptides, thus they have no genes. They consist of 15 L- and D-amino acids. Their amino acid sequence is:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Structure and chemistry", "target_page_ids": [ 1118963, 4250553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 47 ], [ 68, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "formyl-L-X-Gly-L-Ala-D-Leu-L-Ala-D-Val-L-Val-D-Val-L-Trp-D-Leu-L-Y-D-Leu-L-Trp-D-Leu-L-Trp-ethanolamine", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Structure and chemistry", "target_page_ids": [ 37329, 1001091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 91, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Y is L-tryptophan in gramicidin A, L-phenylalanine in B and L-tyrosine in C. X determines isoform. X is L-valine or L-isoleucine – in natural gramicidin mixes of A, B and C, about 5% of the total gramicidins are isoleucine isoforms.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Structure and chemistry", "target_page_ids": [ 58358, 38001, 31349, 478128, 63554, 63543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 17 ], [ 37, 50 ], [ 62, 70 ], [ 90, 97 ], [ 106, 112 ], [ 118, 128 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gramicidins form helices. The alternating pattern of D- and L-amino acids is important for the formation of these structures. Helices occur most often as head-to-head dimers. 2 gramicidins can also form antiparallel or parallel double helices, especially in organic solvents. Dimers are long enough to span cellular lipid bilayers and thus function as ion channel -type of ionophores.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Structure and chemistry", "target_page_ids": [ 261366, 15303, 1725990 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 173 ], [ 352, 363 ], [ 373, 382 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gramicidin mixture is a crystalline solid. Its solubility in water is minimal, 6mg/l, and it may form colloidal suspensions. It is soluble in small alcohols, acetic acid, pyridine, poorly soluble in acetone and dioxane, and practically insoluble in diethylether and hydrocarbons.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Structure and chemistry", "target_page_ids": [ 5346, 1014, 19916594, 23863, 1795597, 1572944, 765457, 13257 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 109 ], [ 148, 155 ], [ 158, 169 ], [ 171, 179 ], [ 199, 206 ], [ 211, 218 ], [ 249, 261 ], [ 266, 278 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gramicidins are ionophores. Their dimers form ion channel -like pores in cell membranes and cellular organelles of bacteria and animal cells. Inorganic monovalent ions, such as potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+), can travel through these pores freely via diffusion. This destroys vital ion concentration differences, i.e. ion gradients, between membranes thereby killing the cell via various effects. For example, ion leak in mitochondria halts mitochondrial ATP production in cells with mitochondria.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Pharmacological effect", "target_page_ids": [ 1725990, 261366, 15303, 33051527, 22393, 363442, 1645042, 23055, 26826, 19908550, 2821615, 19588, 1800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 25 ], [ 34, 40 ], [ 46, 57 ], [ 73, 87 ], [ 92, 111 ], [ 142, 151 ], [ 152, 166 ], [ 177, 186 ], [ 196, 202 ], [ 252, 261 ], [ 319, 331 ], [ 423, 435 ], [ 456, 459 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gramicidins can be used as topical antibiotic medications in low doses, even though they are potentially lethal for human cells. Bacteria die at lower gramicidin concentrations than human cells. Gramicidins are not used internally, as their significant intake may cause hemolysis and be toxic to the liver, kidney, meninges and olfactory system among other effects.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Pharmacological effect", "target_page_ids": [ 70585, 398932, 635489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 270, 279 ], [ 315, 323 ], [ 328, 344 ] ] } ]

[ "Polypeptide_antibiotics", "Integral_membrane_proteins", "Antimicrobial_peptides", "Formamides" ]

[ "Gramicidin", "Gramicidine", "Gramicidin A", "Gramicidin B", "Gramicidin C", "Bacillus brevis gramicidin D" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Boxing at the 1980 Summer Olympics took place at the Indoor Stadium of the Olympiski Sports Complex in Moscow from 20 July to 2 August. Eleven boxing events (all men's individual) were contested with the participation of 271 fighters from 51 countries.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4243, 82785, 7439700, 19004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ], [ 14, 34 ], [ 53, 99 ], [ 103, 109 ] ] } ]

[ "Boxing_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics", "Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics", "1980_Summer_Olympics_events", "1980_in_boxing", "International_boxing_competitions_hosted_by_the_Soviet_Union" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Hurling () is an outdoor team game played only in Cornwall, England played with a small silver ball. While the sport shares its name with the Irish game of hurling, the two sports are completely different.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18723138, 5648, 73105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 34 ], [ 50, 58 ], [ 156, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once played widely in Cornwall, the game has similarities to other traditional football or inter parish 'mob' games played in various parts of Britain, but certain attributes make hurling unique to Cornwall. It is considered by many to be Cornwall's national game along with Cornish wrestling. An old saying in the Cornish language goes \"hyrlîan yw gen gwaré nyi\", which means \"hurling is our sport\"", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5648, 1391711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 198, 206 ], [ 275, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Today the sport survives only in two communities: St Columb Major, where the St Columb Hurling are played on Shrove Tuesday and the second Saturday following, between the Townsmen and the Countrymen of the parish; and in St Ives, where a hurling game is played by children on Feast Monday. In addition, a version of hurling features in the beating of the bounds festivities at Bodmin roughly every five years. Although the custom attracts fewer spectators, the annual hurling matches at St Columb Major have similar status in the Cornish calendar to the 'Obby 'Oss festival at Padstow and the Furry Dance at Helston in that all three are unique customs that have survived unchanged and have taken place annually since before records began.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1365012, 151314, 2654634, 4858, 1365012, 6633966, 25135, 410910, 370359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 65 ], [ 221, 228 ], [ 340, 361 ], [ 377, 383 ], [ 487, 502 ], [ 554, 573 ], [ 577, 584 ], [ 593, 604 ], [ 608, 615 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Typically, the outer shell of a hurling ball is sterling silver which is hammered into two hemispheres and then bound around a core of applewood, held together with screws or nails through a band of silver. The balls used in the St Columb games were crafted for a few years by John Turver, but since the 1990s new balls have been made by local craftsman Colin Rescorla. At St Columb the winner of the ball has the right to keep it, but must have a new one made in its place for the next game. The price of a new ball is said to be around £1,000, depending on the price of silver at the time. The current inscription on the St Columb ball is \"Town and Country, do your best\", which derives from the motto: \"Town and Country do your best, for in this parish I must rest\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The ball", "target_page_ids": [ 221192, 270673 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 63 ], [ 538, 539 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is no definitive size or weight for St Columb hurling balls, which are handmade; the weight is typically 19 to 21 ounces (~ 570 grams), and they are about 9 inches or 23cm in circumference, similar to a cricket ball. Given its weight and hardness, hurlers and spectators maintain intense vigilance to avoid serious injury from a long or poorly aimed throw.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The ball", "target_page_ids": [ 180279, 465529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 125 ], [ 210, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are examples of hurling balls on public display at Truro Museum, Lanhydrock House, St Ives Museum, St Agnes Museum and St. Columb Major Town Hall. Many are also held in private hands. One held at Penzance Museum is thought to be very old and bears the following inscription in the Cornish language: Paul Tuz whek Gwaro Tek heb ate buz Henwis. 1704 The first two words signify \"Men of Paul\", i.e., the owners of the ball. The last seven words may be translated literally (retaining the word order of the engraving) into English as \"sweet play fair without hate to be called\", which may be roughly translated as: \"Fair play is good play.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The ball", "target_page_ids": [ 2736005, 68136318, 350532, 6130, 2390675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 69 ], [ 71, 87 ], [ 202, 217 ], [ 287, 303 ], [ 390, 394 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A 1990s St Columb hurling ball is on display at the National Football Museum in Manchester, as part of a collection of exhibits relating to the development of modern football codes from medieval football and other traditional games such as hurling.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The ball", "target_page_ids": [ 724826, 2186735 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 76 ], [ 186, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Little is recorded of the sport until about the 16th century when contests were generally between groups of men from two parishes. At this point there were two forms of the game, according to Carew's Survey of Cornwall (1602). \"Hurling to goals\" was played on a pitch similar to that of modern-day association football, and had many strict rules, similar to those of football and rugby; this was common in the east of the county. \"Hurling to country\", however, was often played over large areas of countryside and despite its name also involved goals; this was common in the west of the county. This had few rules and was more similar to the St Columb game of modern times (see below). Inter-parish matches died out towards the end of the 18th century but matches between different sections of the same township continued. At St Ives those named Tom, Will and John formed a team to play against those with other names on the Monday after Quadragesima. At Truro a team of married men played against a team of bachelors, and at Helston the men of two particular streets played against the men of the others. The field of the St Ives game has been changed twice, first to the beach, and in 1939 to the public park.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 25402, 400470, 2277800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 298, 318 ], [ 380, 385 ], [ 545, 549 ], [ 938, 950 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In August, 1705, a fatality occurred during a hurling match at Camborne. The parish burials register contains the following entry 'William Trevarthen buried in the church. \"Being disstroid to a hurling with Redruth men at the high dounes the 10th day of August\". This is the only recorded death of a player during a hurling match.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hurling is very similar to the game of cnapan; a form of medieval football played until the nineteenth century in the southwestern counties of Wales, especially Carmarthenshire, Ceredigion and Pembrokeshire. George Owen of Henllys (1552–1613) believed cnapan was played by the Celtic Britons. There is circumstantial evidence to support this claim. The Cornish, Welsh and Bretons of Brittany are historically descended from Romano-Britons who inhabited the Roman province of Britannia before the Anglo-Saxons incursions from the 5th century.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2401378, 2186735, 154250, 154259, 113250, 3047157, 2208391, 3362281, 118568, 25507, 86124, 37780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 45 ], [ 57, 74 ], [ 161, 176 ], [ 178, 188 ], [ 193, 206 ], [ 208, 230 ], [ 277, 291 ], [ 372, 379 ], [ 424, 438 ], [ 457, 471 ], [ 475, 484 ], [ 496, 508 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Brittany, Normandy and Picardy a comparable game is known as la soule or choule. The earliest recorded game of Soule comes from Cornwall. Court records from 1283 show an entry in the plea rolls (No. 111) providing details of legal action taken when a man called Roger was accused of killing a fellow Soule player with a stone. (Medieval Cornwall by Leonard Elliott Elliott-Binns).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 38748, 21724, 97048, 1452923, 3980791, 3981655 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 11 ], [ 13, 21 ], [ 26, 33 ], [ 64, 72 ], [ 186, 196 ], [ 352, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Considering the clear similarities between Hyrlîan, Cnapan and La Soule, the common Brittonic languages, shared culture and ancestry it is likely these three sports evolved from the same game. The Romans are known to have played a ball game containing physical aspects of these sports called Harpastum. There is no hard evidence Harpastum continued to be played in Europe after the Western Roman Empire fell into decline although an alternative form was revived as Calcio Fiorentino during the renaissance in 16th century Tuscany. The Orkney 'Ba' Game', which has been played on Christmas Eve and Hogmanay every year since the mid-19th century, has some similarity to Cornish Hurling.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3510191, 504379, 1089622, 25532, 21967242, 22645, 1910950, 14375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 292, 301 ], [ 382, 402 ], [ 465, 482 ], [ 494, 505 ], [ 522, 529 ], [ 535, 541 ], [ 543, 551 ], [ 597, 605 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " c.1584, topographer, John Norden who visited Cornwall writes:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 79239, 2251182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 20 ], [ 22, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Cornish-men they are stronge, hardye and nymble, so are their exercises violent, two especially, Wrastling and Hurling, sharpe and seuere actiuties; and in neither of theis doth any Countrye exceede or equall them. The firste is violent, but the seconde is daungerous: The firste is acted in two sortes, by Holdster (as they called it) and by the Coller; the seconde likewise two ways, as Hurling to goales, and Hurling to the Countrye.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2300559 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " c.1590, poet, Michael Drayton in his work Poly-Olbion writes on Cornish hurling...", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 197820, 8157107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 30 ], [ 43, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the law, or when the ball to throw; ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "And drive it to the gole, in squadrons forth they goe; ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "And to avoid the troupes (their forces that forlay); ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Through dykes and rivers make, in the rubustious play;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1595 Mention of a 'sylver ball gylt' in the St Columb Green Book", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 58110485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1602, in his survey of Cornwall historian Richard Carew writes about Cornish hurling. The rule about no forward passing only applied to one of the two historic forms of hurling, and still applies to the modern sport of rugby", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 996687, 25402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 56 ], [ 220, 225 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "That the hurler must deal no foreball, or throw it to any partner standing nearer the goal than himself. In dealing the ball, if any of the adverse party can catch it flying ... the property of it is thereby transferred to the catching party; and so assailants become defendants, and defendant assailants.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1648, at Penryn: following a Royalist uprising to support the King, the victorious Parliamentarians passed through the town in a triumphant manner with three soldiers, bearing on the points of three swords (carried upright), three silver balls used in hurling.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1475439, 484563, 7426, 69093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 16 ], [ 30, 38 ], [ 63, 67 ], [ 84, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1654, at Hyde Park, London: The Lord Protector, (Oliver Cromwell) however, was present on that May-day, and appeared keenly to enjoy the sports, as we learn from another source. In company with many of his Privy Council he watched a great hurling match by fifty Cornish gentlemen against fifty others. 'The ball they played withal was silver, and designed for that party which did win the goal.' Report in the Moderate Intell. 26 Apr.-4 May 1654", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 211289, 22413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 19 ], [ 50, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1707, the Cornish saying \"hyrlîan yw gen gwaré nyi\" (\"Hurling is our sport\") appears in print for the first time in Archaeologia Britannica, by Edward Lhuyd.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 620822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Up until the 19th century the game was still relatively common, with many Cornish towns and villages holding a match on feast and fair days, and games between St Columb Major and Newquay survived into the early 1900s. The town of Helston used to hold a hurl following the 'beating of the bounds', but the tradition there died out in the early 20th century.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 65359, 370359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 186 ], [ 230, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The matches at St Columb and St Ives, and the game played as part of the beating the bounds ceremony at Bodmin are the only instances of the sport today.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2654634, 4858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 91 ], [ 104, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The traditional St Columb Major hurling matches take place on Shrove Tuesday and the Saturday 11 days later; the sport has been played at St Columb on those dates since before records began. The usually rough game is played on the town's streets and the surrounding countryside, between two teams: the Townsmen (who live in St Columb town) and the Countrymen (who live in the rest of the parish).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 1365012, 158604 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 31 ], [ 62, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The aim of the game is either to goal the ball or carry it across the parish boundary; accomplishing either of these feats wins the match. There are two goals (one for each team) both about a mile (1.6km) from Market Square, the game's starting point, whilst the parish boundary varies between 1.5 and 3 miles (2.4 to 4.8km) from the starting point. Gameplay involves controlling possession by running with the ball, passing, throwing, snatching, tackling and scrummaging.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 23623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Proceedings begin at 4:15 pm in Market Square, when the ball is \"called-up\" by the hurler who won it for his team in the previous game. The hurl starts 15 minutes later at 4:30 pm with the \"throw-up\", which is performed by a person chosen by the said previous winner. They climb a stepladder and recite the traditional rhyme “Town and Country do your best, for in this parish I must rest”, call for three cheers and throw the ball to the crowd.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The initial phase of the game takes place in the main streets of the town and generally lasts for up to an hour; most of this period is non-competitive and the two teams are somewhat irrelevant: townsmen pass the ball to countrymen and vice versa, whilst the tackles and scrums that occur are generally for amusement only. Play often stops for spectators to touch the ball (said to bring luck and fertility), or slows to allow younger players to participate. Hurling in the town consists of a variety of action: hurlers run through the streets, passing the ball between them, whilst tackles and scuffles for possession often become larger scrummages involving several men and sometimes lasting several minutes. In this period, most of the action takes place in Fore Street and Fair Street, with occasional forays into some of the side streets and the Recreation Ground.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At some point, usually after 40–60 minutes of play in the town, a single hurler or group of team-mates with possession of the ball will make an attempt towards their team's goal or to part of the parish boundary. Their choice of destination will largely depend on where they are in the town when they gain possession of the ball; although the routes to the goals are shorter, often a route to the boundary is more feasible. From this point on the two sides strive for possession, and the actual Town against Country hurling may take place. Some hurls are won by a team effort, while sometimes a single hurler, if a good runner, may attain possession of the ball in the town and manage to run all the way to the goal or boundary without being caught by any of the opposition. The hurlers can go anywhere in the parish: sometimes play keeps to roads, though often players go through fields and sometimes woods and farmyards, when necessary scrambling over hedges and ditches and wading through rivers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A quick, unchallenged run to one of the goals or a close part of the boundary can take less than 10 minutes, whilst a hard-fought hurl with several tackles and scrums, especially to a more distant part of the boundary, will last longer, sometimes 30 minutes or more after leaving the town. Due to the pace of the game, this latter stage usually involves only a small number of hurlers, fit enough to keep up with those in possession of the ball. Spectators rarely witness any hurling action in the concluding stage of the game.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The match ends when the ball is placed in a goal or carried over the boundary. The hurler who does this is termed the “winner of the ball” and his team wins the match. The hurlers then walk back to the town, and once in the main streets the winner of the ball is carried on the shoulders of two team-mates back to Market Square, while members of the victorious team sing the hurling song:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Each rendition of the song is followed by the winner \"calling-up\" the ball, which involves three cheers followed by his declaring \"Town Ball\" or \"Country Ball\" as appropriate, to further cheers by the winning side. The song and call-up are repeated until the hurlers reach Market Square, where the ball is called-up a final time before the hurlers disperse. Usually this will have taken place sometime between 5:30 pm and 6:30 pm unless the hurl and return walk were unusually long.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 19249767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Fitness and running ability are significant factors in hurling: strong runners are the most likely to be involved in the latter stage of the game and to win the ball. Some such hurlers have done so several times; the most prolific on record is Michael Weldhen, who won the ball 17 times for the Country between 1953 and 1982. Several hurlers have won the ball more than once.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At 8:00 pm, the winner of the ball returns to Market Square to call-up the ball again. This is followed by a visit to each of St Columb’s public houses, where the ball is immersed in gallon jugs filled with beer. Each gallon will be called-up by a member of the winning side, announcing who has paid for it, and the “silver beer”, as it is known, is shared amongst those present. Often the winner of the ball is carried into each pub in the same manner as at the conclusion of the game.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 12882, 3363 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 183, 189 ], [ 207, 211 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The field of play is considered to be the whole parish of St Columb Major, since if the ball leaves the parish, the game is won. The 1979 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records notes:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The largest pitch of any ball game is that of polo, with 12.4 acres… Twice a year in the Parish of St Columb Major, Cornwall, England, a game called hurling (not to be confused with the Irish game) is played on a “pitch” which consists of the entire Parish, approximately 25 square miles (64.7km2).", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although a boundary change in the 1980s reduced the size of the parish to about 17.2 square miles.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The parish is mainly farmland, but includes woodland, marshy ground and small areas of water, as well as several hamlets, villages and farmsteads, and both major and minor roads. St Columb town occupies a small proportion of the area of the parish and sits just to the west of its centre.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first phase of the game takes place mostly in the town’s main streets which are still open to traffic (although police advise motorists not to drive through). The game can also extend onto private property including gardens and sometimes through houses or pubs. The second phase (wherein the hurlers are aiming to carry the ball to a goal or part of the parish boundary) can go anywhere in the parish: sometimes play keeps to roads, though often hurlers go through fields, rivers, woods and farmyards, and encountering obstacles such as hedges, ditches and barbed wire fences.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are two goals, both shallow granite troughs positioned outside the town. The Town Goal is the base of an old Celtic cross and is situated just south-west of St Columb at Cross Putty, the junction with the A3059 road to Newquay, while the Country Goal is located to the north-east of the town, near the hamlet of Lanhainsworth.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 13088, 322740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 41 ], [ 115, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The parish boundary is irregular in shape; the closest parts of it to the town are about 1.5 miles (2.4km) away, while the farthest points are about 3 miles (4.8km) distant. There are certain routes to the parish boundary that are popular due to being comparatively short, such as running west down the Vale of Lanherne into St Mawgan parish near Nanskeval.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 3135717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 325, 334 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are no referees, no written rules and no organising committee or authority of any kind. There are, however, certain acts that are generally accepted as being wrong, such as hiding the ball (unless in jest), excessive violence and using any form of transport other than foot. Furthermore, there are points of etiquette that are generally observed. For example, during the hurl in the town, if a hurler holds the ball aloft it signals that he intends to give it to a spectator to hold, and other hurlers refrain from tackling him. An act that is widely disapproved of but not considered illegal is to make a particularly early attempt to carry-off the ball to the goal or boundary.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 400892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Occasional disputes are generally resolved by the hurlers that happen to be present at the time, as there is no referee or higher authority.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The hurler who wins the ball for his team is the custodian of it until the next hurl. He has the right to keep it in perpetuity, but to do so he must pay for a new one to be made for the next game.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Townsmen are men who live in St Columb Major town, whilst their opponents, the Countrymen, are those who live in the rural parts of the parish - this includes villages and hamlets such as Talskiddy, Trebudannon, Ruthvoes and Tregatillian, as well as the farms and other rural dwellings of St Columb parish. Sometimes players from outside the parish play (particularly former St Columb residents) but they are not permitted to win the ball.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Team allegiance is purely based on residence: if a hurler moves house from the town to the countryside (or vice versa) he changes sides accordingly. The border between the town and the country is undefined and there are some areas around parts of the outskirts of the town that may be considered either town or country.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are no team captains, playing positions, or any form of team organisation, nor are there kits or any kind of player identification. Sometimes a hurler or hurlers might choose to station themselves in defence of the opponents’ goal, particularly towards the latter stages of the hurl in the town, but because of the option of winning at the boundary, goal defence does not form a significant part of hurling tactics.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are no limits to the number of participants, and the two teams have unequal numbers. The Town has the larger team since St Columb town has grown in size in the 20th and 21st century; before the mid-20th century the Countrymen were numerically stronger, mainly comprising the large numbers of men employed in agriculture in the past.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "It is unknown how long the Shorvetide games at St Columb have been played, but it is believed to have been for many hundreds of years. The St Columb Green Book mentions a silver ball in 1595, although with no description of any game. Newspaper reports from the 1850s and 1860s describe St Columb’s Shrovetide hurling as a long-established custom, and portray the essentials of the game in that era as fairly similar to that of the present day. A board erected in the Town Hall in 2000 lists all the winners of the ball since 1900.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 58110485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 159 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " break - often used to describe the act of taking the ball out of the town in an attempt to get to a goal or a boundary, i.e. “after 50 minutes of hurling in the town, a group of townsmen made a break towards their goal”.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " call-up - to declare victory by holding the ball aloft, calling for three cheers followed by shouting \"Town Ball\" or \"Country Ball\" as appropriate, usually done by the winner of the ball.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " carry-off the ball - to win the ball.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Country Ball - a win for the countrymen.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " deal the ball - to pass the ball. Also used as a request to an opponent to give up possession without being tackled.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " have the ball - to win the ball (less formal), i.e. \"who had the ball on Shrove Tuesday?\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " holder of the ball - sometimes used to describe the previous winner, as he is the custodian of the ball until the next hurl.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " silver beer - beer served in the evening after the hurl, from gallon jugs in which the ball is immersed.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " shuffle the ball - to hide the ball (generally frowned upon – unless done in jest.)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " stand - to tackle.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " throw-up - the start of the game, performed by a person invited to do so by the previous winner of the ball.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Town Ball - a win for the townsmen.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " winner of the ball - the hurler who goals the ball or carries it over the boundary to win the game for his team.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Several references to the tradition of hurling are found in St Columb Major:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The parish badge is a hand holding a hurling ball, with the words \"Town and Country do your best\"; this is used by a number of local organisations such as the town council, the primary school and the football club.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The name of the \"Silver Ball\" public house is a reference to the hurling ball. The pub sign includes a painting of hurling action.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A large painting by local artist Dick Twinney celebrating the hurling tradition hangs in the town centre.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [ 3095931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A board listing all the winners of the ball since 1900 hangs in the Town Hall.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Photographs of hurls over the last few decades are displayed in some of the town's pubs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The finial of the Town Hall bell turret is in the form of a hurling ball.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "St Columb Hurling", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The annual St Ives hurling match happens on Feast Monday each February (the feast is on the Sunday nearest to 3 February). The game starts at 10.30am when the silver ball is thrown from the wall of the Parish Church by the Mayor to the crowd below on the beach. The ball is passed from one to another on the beach and then up into the streets of St. Ives. The person in possession of the ball when the clock strikes noon takes it to the Mayor at the Guildhall and receives the traditional reward of five shillings. At one time the game was played by the men of the village. These days it is played by the children.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other present-day examples of the game", "target_page_ids": [ 151314, 101146, 60534 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 18 ], [ 223, 228 ], [ 504, 513 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hurling survives as a traditional as part of Beating the bounds at Bodmin, commencing at the close of the 'Beat'. The game is organised by the Rotary Club of Bodmin. The game is started by the Mayor of Bodmin throwing a silver ball into a body of water known as the \"Salting Pool\". There are no teams and the hurl follows a set route. The aim is to carry the ball from the \"Salting Pool\" via the old A30, along Callywith Road, then through Castle Street, Church Square and Honey Street, to finish at the Turret Clock in Fore Street. The participant carrying the ball when it reaches the turret clock receives a £10 reward from the Mayor. The last Bodmin Hurl took place in March, 2015 following the beating the bounds, and is unlikely to take place again until 2020.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Other present-day examples of the game", "target_page_ids": [ 2654634, 269992, 153117, 2654634 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 63 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 400, 403 ], [ 699, 717 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On Craddock Moor, near Minions, are \"The Hurlers\". These consist of three separate Bronze Age stone circles with thirteen, seventeen and nine surviving stones. Local tradition maintains that they are men turned to stone for profaning the Lords Day by taking part in a hurling match. The arrangement of the stones led to the name and was recorded as far back as 1584 by John Norden.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "The Hurlers stone circles", "target_page_ids": [ 20784596, 3765228, 4620, 54407, 2251182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 30 ], [ 37, 48 ], [ 83, 93 ], [ 238, 247 ], [ 369, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Silver Ball: The Story of Hurling at St. Columb By Rabey, Arthur Ivan 1984", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 15557778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cornish hurling: a study in the popular survival of magical ritual. By Greenaway, Reginald D Published Monmouth: Oakmagic, 2004", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Carew, Sir Richard (1602) The Survey of Cornwall; ed. with an introduction by F. E. Halliday. London: Andrew Melrose, 1953; reissued in 1969 by Adams & Dart, London . pp.147–149.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [ 996687 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Greenaway, R. D. (1926) Cornish Hurling: the Popular Origins of a Magical Ritual. (Reprinted 2004 by Oakmagic, Monmouth) ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rabey, Ivan (1972) Hurling at St. Columb and in Cornwall Padstow: Lodenek Press ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hornby, Hugh (2008) *Hornby Uppies and Downies: the Extraordinary Football Games of Britain Swindon : English Heritage (contains section on Cornish Hurling)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "St Columb Hurling Photographs", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Film of St Ives Feast and the Silver ball Hurling 2013", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Film of St Columb Hurling 2007", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Hurling at St Columb in the 21st Century BBC, Where I Live – Cornwall.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " List of winners at the St. Columb Hurling, 1950–2005", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Popular Romances of the West of England: Customs of Ancient Days ...", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Images of Richard Carew's work on hurling", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Town enjoys hurling event. BBC News 24 February 2004.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Ball_games", "Cornish_culture", "Cornish_sports_and_games", "Festivals_in_Cornwall", "Silver", "Sport_in_Cornwall", "Traditional_football" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Three Sisters are a trio of peaks near Canmore, Alberta, Canada. They are known individually as Big Sister, Middle Sister and Little Sister.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 628275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the traditional language of the Îyârhe Nakoda (Stoney) the peaks are also referred to as the three sisters. However, the name refers to a story of Ĩ-ktomnĩ, the old man or trickster, who would promise 'three sisters' in marriage whenever he was in trouble.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1883, Albert Rogers, a nephew of Major A. B. Rogers, named the three summits for the first time:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1513668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Initially called the Three Nuns, they were later renamed the Three Sisters. This last name first appeared on George Mercer Dawson's 1886 map, which apparently found the name, and was more appropriate in a spirit of Protestantism.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 633526, 25814008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 129 ], [ 215, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Big Sister is a moderate scramble on southwestern slopes while Middle Sister is an easy scramble from Stewart Creek. Little Sister is a more difficult ascent requiring technical climbing skills. The Three Sisters Traverse is an obscure and dangerous climb seldom done.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Peaks", "target_page_ids": [ 183369, 51660957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 33 ], [ 102, 115 ] ] } ]

[ "Canadian_Rockies", "Two-thousanders_of_Alberta" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Roswell High is a young adult book series written by Melinda Metz and published by Pocket Books. The ten-book series chronicles the adventures of three teen aliens and their human friends, who attend the fictional Ulysses F. Roswell High in Roswell, New Mexico. The Roswell High books served as inspiration for the American science fiction television series Roswell (1999–2002), also known as Roswell High in some countries, which in turn spawned eleven spin-off books of its own and the most recent adaptation Roswell, New Mexico (2019).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 893310, 937080, 4357933, 959425, 26186, 3434750, 26787, 19508643, 882664, 7285190, 57384317 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 29 ], [ 30, 41 ], [ 53, 65 ], [ 83, 95 ], [ 241, 260 ], [ 315, 323 ], [ 324, 339 ], [ 340, 357 ], [ 358, 365 ], [ 454, 462 ], [ 511, 530 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Max Evans, his sister Isabel, and their friend Michael Guerin appear to be human but are in reality the survivors of the 1947 UFO crash known as the Roswell UFO incident. Upon emerging from stasis pods, they appeared to be seven-year-old orphaned humans. Max and Isabel are adopted by a loving pair of attorneys, the Evans, while Michael entered the foster care system, bouncing from household to household with many families rejecting him.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [ 31814, 376985, 18564154, 38534, 17541, 387721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 126, 129 ], [ 149, 169 ], [ 238, 244 ], [ 274, 279 ], [ 302, 311 ], [ 350, 361 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The aliens have special powers, including the ability to:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " rearrange molecules (change objects, heal injuries).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"dreamwalk\" (observe, participate in, and manipulate others' dreams).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " sense each other's emotions from afar.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " create psychic connections that allow the alien to see into another's mind.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " perceive colorful halos or auras around humans that indicate emotional state.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max, Isabel, and Michael have successfully kept their true nature a secret for a decade. The series begins with the accidental shooting of Liz Ortecho, a human friend of Max's. He cannot bear to see her die and risks bringing attention to himself when he uses his powers to save her life. Liz is soon let in on the secret, as are her friends Maria DeLuca and Alex Manes. The six teens quickly bond and learn to trust one another, and Max and Liz fall deeply in love, and Michael and Maria fall in love. Together the group fends off the suspicions of law enforcement and alien hunters while seeking clues about the aliens' origins.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Premise", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max Evans: A senior; mysterious, tall, blond haired and blue eyed; in love with Liz since he was a boy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Isabel Evans: A senior; tall, blonde, blue eyed; Max's sister. Romantically connected to Alex.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Michael Guerin: jet black hair, grey eyes. Romantically connected to Maria.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Ray Iburg: Owned the UFO Museum. Deceased", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nikolas Branson: Dark brown hair, light brown eyes. Romantically connected to Isabel. Deceased.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Adam: Grew up in the Compound of Clean Slate. Romantically connected to Liz. Deceased.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Trevor: Michael's older brother. Romantically connected to Isabel.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Liz Ortecho: a senior and Max's biology class lab partner; of Mexican descent; long black hair, dark brown eyes. Romantically connected to Max.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maria DeLuca: Liz's best friend since childhood, curly blonde hair and brown eyes. Romantically connected to Michael.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alex Manes: Liz and Maria's best friend, red hair and green eyes. Romantically connected to Isabel.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Kyle Valenti: Went to high-school with the other main characters. Son of the Sheriff in Roswell. Dark brown haired.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jim Valenti: Father of Kyle Valenti, Sheriff of Roswell and agent of Project Clean Slate who hunts and studies aliens.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cameron Winger: Teenage recruit of Valenti. Used to spy on Michael and Adam. Short red hair, about five-ten. Romantically connected to Michael.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Max – Emerald green", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Isabel – Royal purple", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Michael – Brick red", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Liz – Amber", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Maria – Ocean blue", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Alex – Bright orange", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nikolas – Gold", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Adam – Bright Yellow", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cameron – Olive green", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ray – Creamy white", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Trevor – Magenta", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max- Cedar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Isabel - Cinnamon", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Michael - Eucalyptus", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Liz - ylang-ylang", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Maria - Roses", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Alex - Almonds", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Adam - Fresh leaves", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Cameron - Ocean", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Roswell High characters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Pocket Books created the core idea for the Roswell High series. Metz and her writing partner Laura J. Burns created the basic story arc for the first six books, after which several writers wrote the sample scene in which Max saves Liz's life. Metz was chosen to write the books, and she and Burns worked together to further develop the series.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 959425, 4357937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 93, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a 2001 interview with Crashdown.com (a Roswell Fansite), Metz and Burns explained their creative process:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 643521 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Liz Ortecho is shot in a freak accident at the Crashdown Cafe owned by her family, her friend Max Evans leaps in to heal her without regard for the secret that he keeps about his sister Isabel, his friend Michael Guerin, and himself. Though Liz withdraws from Max when she finds out that they are aliens, she slowly realizes that Max loves her and poses no danger to her. Liz keeps his secret from Sheriff Valenti and the publisher of the local tabloid, DuPris, despite their suspicions. But she tells her best friend, Maria DeLuca. Maria can't handle this by herself so she tells Alex. The six of them figure out a way to put aside their fears and trust each other. At the end, Liz realizes that she returns Max's love, but he pushes her away because he believes that he is endangering her by being in her life.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max, Michael, and Isabel agree not to use their powers any more. But after a new guy, Nikolas, comes to town, strange events happen. Michael soon realizes Nikolas is one of them, the fourth alien who also came out of the pods. Nikolas left his pod first and moved to California after being adopted. He doesn't understand why Max, Michael, and Isabel don't use their powers and are afraid of the alien hunters.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max gets hired at the UFO Museum. Sheriff Valenti is suspicious about the recent strange occurrences. Therefore, he interrogates Liz. Liz takes Max and go after Nikolas, who is accompanied by Isabel. They start a fight. Isabel keeps defending her new boyfriend. Angry, Nikolas touches and seriously hurts Liz. While Max heals her, Nikolas and Isabel take off. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max, Michael, Liz, Maria and Alex are led by Sheriff Valenti to the mall. Isabel and Nikolas must be there. Isabel has just knocked the guard down with her power when they arrive. Max and Liz stick together. Almost caught by the sheriff, they share a passionate kiss. Valenti finds the couple first and fires a shot at Nikolas. Before getting to Isabel, Liz distracts him. Isabel, Max, and the others are now all right, but Valenti has caught Liz. Then Ray Iburg appears and sends Valenti a kiss good night. Liz is free. Max is relieved. Ray admits he's also an alien.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After Nikolas was killed in the mall, Isabel suffered an emotional breakdown. Alex stood by her and brought her back. As a result, she started appreciating her life and promised she'd never use her powers. Max told Liz their kiss from the mall meant nothing and he wished he stayed away from her. Liz was hurt and started dating a guy from school. Ray began teaching Max and Michael how to do things with their power. He also explained that their ship was crashed by a stowaway who had stolen a powerful ring. Maria and Michael start doing things together. At first, they thought they were just friends, but then they realize it was much more than that. They kiss. Maria thinks she has psychic abilities because she gets flashes of certain things. In the end, after Maria is almost killed but Michael risks his life for her, Ray tells them it was a manipulation of some alien bounty hunters who were looking for the alien ring Maria had taken from the mall. Finally Ray takes the ring and hides it.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max is hit by an alien phase. Ray explains that it is called akino and is usual back on their home planet. Every teenager contracts it when he or she reaches maturity. The problem is, Max will die unless he is healed by crystals from their planet, crystals that are on their spaceship. Max soon loses weight, strength, and his powers. Michael, Alex, Isabel, Maria, and Liz help Max find the ship, which Valenti and his Project Clean Slate have. They plan a dangerous escape in order to recover the crystals. Liz supports Max, and they decide that if he survives, they can become more than friends. Michael, Isabel and Ray go to the secret location of the spaceship. Ray is killed, and Michael is captured. Only Isabel comes back with the crystals.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max is saved, but Ray is dead, and Michael is Valenti's prisoner. After three days, a boy comes to the Evanses. He proves to be the fifth alien from the pods and was raised in captivity by Valenti. His name is Adam. He seems to be acting like an 8-year-old boy but in fact his power is stronger because it had been developed by the sheriff's Clean Slate Project. He also forms a crush on Liz. A few days later, Max, Liz, Isabel, Maria, Alex, and Adam go to the compound to rescue Michael. Adam leads them straight to Valenti's office. Adam kills the sheriff and then tries to kill Max. Then he starts a huge fire. Max, Liz, Isabel, Alex, and Maria take Michael and his prison companion, Cameron, out of the compound. Valenti is dead. They are all safe now.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The gang tries to figure out Adam, whether he's evil or not, and what to do about him. Michael has fallen for Cameron and she for him (Maria is upset over it), and they fight when he discovers the truth about her. Cameron leaves town but comes back to the gang just in time to rescue them.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eventually the teens discover that the local UFO newspaper publisher is the evil stowaway that they were told crashed the ship all those years ago and that he was remote controlling Adam when Clean Slate was destroyed. This guy can teleport, and Max learns to do so as well. DuPris (the bad alien) has searched for 50 years for one of the three Stones of Midnight the homeworld has as a power source, and he gets the ring (containing one) the gang has. The gang tries to send DuPris to his enemies through a wormhole, adopting his appearance as part of their efforts. They send him through with the bounty hunters but discover that it was Alex they sent through, and the real DuPris escapes with the ring.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cameron has left town. Michael has found that Ray (the friendly alien) left him the ownership of the museum in his will so he's got a place of his own now.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The gang investigates DuPris' office and discovers a photograph of Alex's father with Valenti showing that he's also in Clean Slate. They try to recover the ship from the Clean Slate ruins but flee when they see someone coming; later it's gone.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Maria suggests that DuPris may have hidden the ship in Carlsbad Caverns. Meanwhile, Max gets mixed signals from the consciousness about Alex (he's afraid, some are curious about him, some want him dead).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During their trip to the Caverns, the teens find the ship hidden in the cave and run into a chemical weapon trap set by Mr. Manes, deadly to aliens- Liz and Maria drag their friends to safety. They have a confrontation with DuPris, discovering that Mr. Manes isn't an enemy as he saves them with more gas after being trapped in the ship with them. DuPris teleports the ship away, and an attempt by Mr. Manes to bring Alex home using a Clean Slate device that absorbed Stone energy fails.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alex has returned to Earth through a wormhole and thinks someone/something evil followed him. Michael meets a stranger outside the museum, and it turns out to be his unknown brother who slipped through with Alex.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the book is spent with everyone trying to decide who should be trusted, mostly thinking that Trevor (Michael's brother) might be a danger. Alex thinks he might want the Stone that he used to get home. Kyle Valenti seems like a villain as he kidnaps Maria's brother Kevin.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Starts where #8 left us with Kyle confronting the gang and Michael's brother Trevor appearing to join up with the evil alien DuPris. They get Maria's brother Kevin back and spend much of the rest of the book dealing with DuPris and the fact that Isabel has developed the dangerous akino condition.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Max wants her to join the collective consciousness while Michael and Isabel herself do not. Supposedly DuPris is the leader of the rebel faction wanting to destroy the consciousness with the Stones of Midnight. Trevor claims that the condition is survivable without merging. He is telling the truth, although it takes the use of a Stone to do it.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "DuPris is killed in a battle. The Stones are necessary to survive akino and to destroy the collective consciousness, and the gang now has two of the three stones their world had.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Now they've got to save Max- he's now so caught up in the consciousness that he can no longer get out.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Salvation opens with Adam's funeral. Max is lost to the consciousness, in a comatose state. Michael has two of the three Stones of Midnight. Alex, Isabel, and Liz reach out to Max while trying to hide the true aim of the group from the consciousness. Michael, Trevor, and Maria attempt to find a way to shatter the consciousness without hurting Max. Michael and Trevor bond as brothers. Isabel and Trevor are attracted to each other. Michael realized he loves Maria - but as he believes that he will be leaving Earth with his brother, he goes into operation 'Cold Turkey' to prevent Maria from going through a withdrawal stage as he did with Cameron. Liz keeps trying to get through to Max. The group finally figure out a way to shatter the consciousness. They use the Stones of Midnight in their possession to open a wormhole to the alien planet. The consciousness has the third Stone of Midnight. Using a device they get from Kyle Valenti (who is now in a mental asylum for saying that aliens killed his father), they neutralize that Stone. This disperses all the auras, including those of Michael's parents and Ray Iburg. Max is dispersed into his molecules too - but Liz connects with him and brings him back. Trevor returns to his home planet through the wormhole to rebuild a new world order. Isabel decides not to go with him because her family is on Earth. Michael can't leave Maria behind and confesses his love to her. The group is reunited happily at the end.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Roswell High Books Gallery", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Roswell High at AngelFire.com", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aura - Roswell High", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Roswell High", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Young_adult_novel_series", "American_young_adult_novels", "Science_fiction_book_series", "Roswell_(TV_series)", "Novels_set_in_New_Mexico" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "James Manning (October 22, 1738 – July 29, 1791) was an American Baptist minister, educator and legislator from Providence, Rhode Island. He was the first president of Brown University and one of its most involved founders, and served as minister of the First Baptist Church in America.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3979, 19356538, 25410, 4157, 884386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 72 ], [ 112, 122 ], [ 124, 136 ], [ 169, 185 ], [ 255, 286 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Manning was born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey. At the age of 18, he attended the Hopewell Academy in Hopewell, New Jersey under the direction of Reverend Isaac Eaton in preparation for his religious studies. In 1762, he graduated from the College of New Jersey, which would later become Princeton University. At Princeton, Manning studied under president Samuel Finley who served under a board of trustees that declared, \"Our idea is to send into the World good Scholars and useful members of Society.\" One of the 130 graduates Finley sent out during his five-year presidency was, notably, the Rev. James Manning. He married Margaret Stites in the year of his graduation from Princeton and a few weeks after the marriage he was publicly ordained by the Scotch Plains, New Jersey Baptist Church.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 9765541, 21648, 125384, 23922, 6191019, 125791 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 33 ], [ 35, 45 ], [ 101, 121 ], [ 239, 260 ], [ 355, 368 ], [ 756, 781 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1764, Manning was sent by the Philadelphia Baptist Association to found a college in Rhode Island, the cradle of American Baptists. Along with prominent Rhode Islanders, Manning was one of the founders of the College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now Brown University) during the British colonial period. Manning served as Brown's first president from 1765 to 1791. He first ran the university at his parsonage and the Baptist meeting house in Warren, Rhode Island. The university moved to Providence in 1770 and during his tenure built its first buildings on college hill, with the help of the Brown family. While serving as Brown's first president, Rev. James Manning \"arrived in Rhode Island accompanied by a personal slave\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Brown University presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 884386, 4157, 4721, 134309 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 133 ], [ 290, 306 ], [ 319, 342 ], [ 485, 505 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Reverend Manning gave the library of the college its first book, Valentin Schindler's Lexicon Pentaglotton Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacum, Talmudico-Rabbinicum & Arabicum, which was printed in Hanover, Germany in 1612.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Brown University presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 8543755, 14197, 11867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 83 ], [ 194, 201 ], [ 203, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In February 1786, prominent Virginian Robert Carter III of the Nomony Hall plantation in Virginia, wrote to President Manning regarding his two sons George and John Tasker Carter who were to be enrolled at the college and board with Manning that: \"they [are] to be Sent from Boston immediately upon their Arrival there to your College in Providence. I beg leave to appoint you their Foster Father intimating that my desire is that both my Said Sons shd. be active Characters in Life.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Brown University presidency", "target_page_ids": [ 2202624, 32432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 55 ], [ 89, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Manning presided over Brown's first commencement in 1769, at which time seven students received the degree of Bachelor of Arts and 21 honorary degrees were conferred. During his tenure, 165 men earned degrees from the college including 43 clergymen, 29 lawyers, 19 physicians, 19 teachers, 12 judges, 12 business men, 6 professors, 6 congressmen, 2 college presidents, 2 United States ministers, 1 United States consul, 1 governor, and 1 librarian.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Brown University presidency", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1774, Dr. Manning reportedly presented an argument in favor of religious freedom in an address at Philadelphia's Carpenter's Hall to leading figures from Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and other colonies:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "American revolutionary period", "target_page_ids": [ 6065716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has been said by a celebrated writer in politics, that but two things are worth contending for--Religion and Liberty. For the latter we are at present nobly exerting ourselves through all this extensive continent; and surely no one whose bosom feels the patriotic glow in behalf of civil liberty can remain torpid to the more ennobling flame of RELIGIOUS FREEDOM.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "American revolutionary period", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the course of the American Revolution, Manning was serving as president of Brown in 1780 when French troops under the command of the Comte de Rochambeau, who led troops sent by King Louis XVI of France, landed in Newport, Rhode Island to aid American troops under the command of General George Washington in the American Revolutionary War. These allied troops were based in Rhode Island for a year before they embarked on a 600-mile (970km) march in 1781 from Rhode Island to Virginia, where they fought and defeated British forces sent by King George III of the United Kingdom on the Yorktown, Virginia peninsula in the Siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake. During the year of preparation in Rhode Island, the Brown campus was turned into an encampment site for soldiers, and the College Edifice at Brown (later renamed University Hall) was converted into a military hospital.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "American revolutionary period", "target_page_ids": [ 1973, 862259, 51271, 73352, 25410, 11968, 771, 14664472, 32432, 42029, 137817, 157770, 36771, 13011734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 40 ], [ 136, 155 ], [ 180, 204 ], [ 216, 223 ], [ 225, 237 ], [ 290, 307 ], [ 315, 341 ], [ 445, 458 ], [ 480, 488 ], [ 544, 581 ], [ 589, 607 ], [ 625, 642 ], [ 651, 675 ], [ 840, 855 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1786, the Rhode Island General Assembly unanimously elected James Manning to serve as its delegate in the 7th Congress of the Confederation. In that role, he served on the Grand Committee, which proposed fundamental amendments to the Articles of Confederation. Manning served in Congress along with future President James Monroe and future United States Senator and Governor of South Carolina Charles Pinckney.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Civic leadership for Rhode Island in Congress", "target_page_ids": [ 426266, 3470589, 15978, 163362 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 42 ], [ 113, 142 ], [ 321, 333 ], [ 398, 414 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In A History of the Baptists, President Manning is reported to have played an inspirational role in persuading the Massachusetts ratifying convention to adopt the United States Constitution:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Civic leadership for Rhode Island in Congress", "target_page_ids": [ 1645518, 31644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 128 ], [ 163, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the Constitution of the United States was presented to the States for ratification it was doubtful whether it would pass. Massachusetts and Virginia were the pivotal States. Massachusetts was evenly divided and it was only through the labors of Manning, Stillman and Backus that the Constitution was adopted by that State. The majority was nineteen votes. There were 187 yeas and 168 nays on the last day of the session, and \"before the final question was taken, Governor Hancock, the president, invited Dr. Manning to close the solemn invocation with prayer. The prayer was one of lofty patriotism and every heart was filled with reverence.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Civic leadership for Rhode Island in Congress", "target_page_ids": [ 15974726, 3959365, 16324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 259, 267 ], [ 272, 278 ], [ 468, 484 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While serving as president of Brown, Manning was first the minister of the Baptist church in Warren, and then moved to become the minister of the First Baptist Church in America in Providence for the period of July 1771 through April 1791. Like the college, in 1774–1775, Manning led the church in building. Its present building was dedicated to \"publick worship\" and for \"holding commencement in\" 1775. Manning's nephew Stephen Gano became pastor in 1792.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Baptist ministry", "target_page_ids": [ 884386, 25968661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 177 ], [ 421, 433 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Brown University Office of the Chaplains and Religious Life annually awards a medal in honor of Manning to a member of the graduating class based upon the award description described in the nomination form:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "The President James Manning Medal", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The President James Manning Medal is awarded to a [graduating senior] whose pursuit of excellence in the study and practice of religion is exemplary. This award is given in honor of Brown's first president, who exemplified the synthesis of intellectual precision and spiritual engagement. The academic study of religion enables students to become critical thinkers and move beyond personal piety into responsible leadership achieving a balance between the particularity of respective faith traditions and a sense of community and global responsibility.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "The President James Manning Medal", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biographic Sketch at U.S. Congress website", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Encyclopedia Brunoniana", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Brown University's John Hay Library", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Brown University President's Office", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Brown University Charter", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " History of the Baptists by Armitage", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A History of the Baptists", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Meeting House of the First Baptist Church in America", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Meeting House History", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1738_births", "1791_deaths", "American_slave_owners", "18th-century_Baptist_ministers_from_the_United_States", "Clergy_in_the_American_Revolution", "Continental_Congressmen_from_Rhode_Island", "18th-century_American_politicians", "Patriots_in_the_American_Revolution", "People_of_colonial_New_Jersey", "Presidents_of_Brown_University", "Princeton_University_alumni", "People_of_colonial_Rhode_Island", "Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution", "University_and_college_founders", "People_from_Elizabeth,_New_Jersey", "Burials_at_North_Burying_Ground_(Providence)" ]

[ "Rev. James Manning" ]

[ { "plaintext": "To Hell and Back is the second album by the power metal band Sinergy, it was released on July 25, 2000. It featured a cover version of \"Hanging on the Telephone\", originally by The Nerves and made famous by Blondie and the Japanese release bonus track is a cover version of \"Invincible\", originally by Pat Benatar.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 183303, 609582, 30863516, 3010451, 174662, 42289452, 296345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 55 ], [ 61, 68 ], [ 136, 160 ], [ 177, 187 ], [ 207, 214 ], [ 275, 285 ], [ 302, 313 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The song \"Gallowmere\" is inspired by MediEvil.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 39133688 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kimberly Goss - Vocals", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1143245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Alexi Laiho - Guitars", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1059950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roope Latvala - Guitars", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1144090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Marko Hietala - Bass, Additional Vocals (on track 3 and 7)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1004050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tommi Lillman - Drums", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 26563319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] } ]

[ "2000_albums", "Sinergy_albums", "Nuclear_Blast_albums" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Henry Jenner (8 August 1848 – 8 May 1934) was a British scholar of the Celtic languages, a Cornish cultural activist, and the chief originator of the Cornish language revival.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5920, 5648, 6130 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 88 ], [ 92, 99 ], [ 151, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jenner was born at St Columb Major on 8 August 1848. He was the son of Henry Lascelles Jenner, who was one of two curates to the Rector of St. Columb Major, and later consecrated though not enthroned as the first Bishop of Dunedin and the grandson of Herbert Jenner-Fust. In 1869 Jenner became a clerk in the Probate Division of the High Court and two years later was nominated by the Primate at Canterbury for a post in the Department of Ancient Manuscripts in the British Museum, his father then being the Rector of Wingham, a small village near Canterbury.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1365012, 48305057, 36115576, 1365012, 3894493, 13953289, 2345, 4675, 1451281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 34 ], [ 71, 93 ], [ 129, 135 ], [ 139, 155 ], [ 213, 230 ], [ 251, 270 ], [ 385, 406 ], [ 466, 480 ], [ 518, 525 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1904, he successfully campaigned for Cornwall to join the Celtic Congress. He jointly founded the Old Cornwall Society at St Ives in 1920 and in 1928 he was a joint founder of the Cornish Gorsedh.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 922772, 2942674, 1565251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 76 ], [ 101, 121 ], [ 183, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His earliest interest in the Cornish language is mentioned in an article by Robert Morton Nance entitled \"Cornish Beginnings\",", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 6130, 2942536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 45 ], [ 76, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1873, Jenner presented a paper entitled The Cornish Language to the Philological Society in London, concluding that:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 1826457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jenner was to prove himself wrong. In 1875, he was contacted by W. S. Lach-Szyrma, Vicar of Newlyn and Celtic scholar. They visited the elderly, making notes on the remnants of Cornish. The following year he read another paper on the subject of the Cornish language at Mount's Bay.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 31964171, 6130, 1248757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 81 ], [ 249, 265 ], [ 269, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1876, hosted by the British Archaeological Association, a Cornwall Congress was held at Bodmin, at which Jenner presented a paper on \"The history and literature of the ancient Cornish language\" based on his findings from the previous year. The vote of thanks was delivered by Lach-Szyrma, concluding there were \"still old people who could count up to twenty in Cornish. The old man who [Jenner] had found to know most of the old tongue had just died.\" The congress mooted the development of a society to collect together the remnants of Cornish.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 762947, 4858 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 57 ], [ 91, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1877, he discovered, whilst working in the British Museum, forty two lines of a medieval play written in Cornish around the year 1450, known as the Charter Fragment. He decided to promote an interest in Cornish outside academia, among the people of Cornwall themselves and also organised a special commemoration service of Dolly Pentreath and the centenary of her death.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 4675, 18836, 23106431 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 60 ], [ 83, 91 ], [ 151, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1901, the UK was undergoing a Celtic revival and Jenner formed part of a group (led by L. C. R. Duncombe-Jewell) to establish the Cowethas Kelto-Kernuak (CKK) following the model of the Welsh Gorsedd. Its aim was to celebrate the culture and language of Cornwall and aim towards a full revival of the Cornish language. Jenner became one of three vice-presidents to the society.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 19578523, 581182 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 114 ], [ 195, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was made a bard of Goursez Vreiz, the Breton Gorsedh, in September 1903 under the name Gwaz Mikael. During this visit to Brittany, he was invited to address the Union Regionaliste Bretonne in Finistere at Lesneven. Jenner gave a speech in Cornish on why Cornwall should be duly recognised as a Celtic nation, with a majority of delegates voting to support its admission. He recalled of the event later \"I tried the experiment of a Cornish speech on an audience of educated Bretons. They understood almost all of it.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1904, he published A Handbook of the Cornish language \"...principally intended for those persons of Cornish Nationality who wish to acquire some knowledge of their ancient tongue and perhaps even speak it\". The Cornish language revival began in earnest. His version of Cornish was based upon the form of the language used in West Cornwall in the 18th century. It contained grammar as well as a history of the language and was prefaced by his poem Dho'm Gwreg Gernuak (To My Cornish Wife). Jenner claimed:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 37589387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Later that same year, Jenner made an appearance before the Pan-Celtic Congress in Caernarfon to apply on behalf of Cornwall for its membership into the organisation. That same year, Robert Morton Nance began studying the Cornish language from Jenner's Handbook, although his pupil would later steer the language revival towards mediaeval Cornish.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 1270879, 2942536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 78 ], [ 182, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jenner wrote a Cornish version of the ceremonies used in the Welsh Gorsedd in 1907, but unfortunately there were not enough Cornish speakers at the time to establish a Cornish Gorsedh that could use them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1909, Jenner and Nance met in Falmouth. They became friends and spent the next decade researching Cornish and collecting tidbits of traditional Cornish. These were published in a series of papers which were read both to the Royal Institution of Cornwall and the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society. In making a proposition to the Royal Institution on the 9th of December to undertake a systematic study of Cornish in order to translate place names, Jenner said:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1916 saw the publication of Jenner's Cornish translation of \"It's a Long Way to Tipperary\" by the Daily Mirror. He also translated John 5:1-14 in 1917, which appears in the Cornish language on the entrance walls of Jerusalem's Pool of Bethesda and is headed: Awell san Jowan, an pempes cabydul, gwersy un dhe beswarthek treylys yn Kernewek gans Henry Jenner. Many songs and poems were translated by Jenner from English into the Cornish language and he also wrote sonnets in the language, such as Gwaynten yn Kernow (Spring in Cornwall) and An Pempthack Pell (The Fifteen Balls).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 1084094, 235688, 16043, 1266958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 89 ], [ 98, 110 ], [ 215, 224 ], [ 227, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jenner and Nance formed the first Old Cornwall Society in St Ives in 1920, with Jenner as its president. Its motto was \"Cuntelleugh an Brewyon us Gesys na vo Kellys Travyth\". By 1924, there were sufficient Old Cornwall Societies to for a Federation, with Jenner as its president and Nance as its recorder.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 2942674, 151314 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 54 ], [ 58, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1928 saw Jenner made a bard of the Welsh Gorsedd under the Cornish translation, Gwas Myghal, of his Breton bardic name. The same year, on the 21st of September, the first Gorsedh Kernow was held at Boscawen-Un. Twelve bards were made.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 1565251, 6261117 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 171, 185 ], [ 198, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1930 Jenner and his wife Kitty attended the first International Arthurian Congress in Truro, Cornwall, where they Dominica Legge, Eugène Vinaver and other scholars investigated Arthurian legends.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [ 47795212, 17473997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 131 ], [ 133, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1932, the Celtic Congress met in Cornwall for the first time, at Truro, with Jenner as its president. Delegates heard speeches in Cornish from eight Cornish bards and Nance's play An Balores was performed. At this time, Jenner called for Cornish to become and optional subject in schools across Cornwall, to little reaction from the authorities of education.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "That year, on December 31, the Western Morning News published a speech by Jenner on the subject of Cornish patriotism in which he wrote \"Bedheugh Bynytha Kernewek\" (Be Forever Cornish). A group of young Cornish folk who were politically active joined together to form Cornwall's first national political movement, Tyr ha Tavas (Land and Language), taking Jenner's phrase as their motto to lobby parliament.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At a time when many people thought the Cornish language had died Jenner observed, ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Work with the Cornish language", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "He contributed articles on Catholic liturgical rites to the Catholic Encyclopedia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 30808267, 468280 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 52 ], [ 60, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010, Michael Everson published a new edition entitled Henry Jenner's Handbook of the Cornish Language, which contains modern IPA phonetic transcriptions to make clear to modern readers what phonology Jenner was recommending. The book also contains three essays written by Jenner thirty years prior to the 1904 publication, as well as some examples of a number of Christmas and New Years cards sent out by Jenner containing original verse by him in Cornish and English.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 584028, 14761 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 24 ], [ 129, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jenner married Katharine Lee Rawlings in 1877 (she was a novelist and author of non-fiction under the name Katharine Lee). A biography of Henry and Kitty, including much information about the context in which their work appeared, was published in 2004 by Derek R. Williams.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 64396813 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After working at the British Museum for more than forty years, in 1909 Jenner and his wife Kitty retired to Hayle, his wife's home town, and in January 1912 he was elected as the Librarian of the Morrab Library, a post he held until 1927. He also served as President of both the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society and of the Royal Institution of Cornwall.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 2637940, 5601483, 4771760, 2989280 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 113 ], [ 196, 210 ], [ 279, 313 ], [ 325, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He died on 8 May 1934 and is buried in St. Uny's Church, Lelant. Before he died, he said: \"The whole object of my life has been to inculcate into Cornish people a sense of their Cornishness.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 20220870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jenner was a Tory and Jacobite. He and his wife supported the Order of the White Rose, a society of Stuart sympathizers which he had founded in 1891, and of which he was chancellor. He also actively supported The Royalist, a journal which ran from 1890 to 1905. He was a key figure in the Neo-Jacobite Revival of the 1890s.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Political leanings", "target_page_ids": [ 30980, 15925, 61882504, 253174, 59135056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 17 ], [ 22, 30 ], [ 62, 85 ], [ 100, 106 ], [ 289, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Gendall", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7667084 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ken George", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1683290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Morton Nance", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2942536 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dolly Pentreath", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 714222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nicholas Williams", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 679824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Williams, D. R. (2004). Henry and Katharine Jenner: A Celebration of Cornwall's Culture, Language and Identity. Francis Boutle Publishers. .", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Henry Jenner (Gwas Myghal) at the Gorseth Kernow website", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 1565251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Text of the 1904 edition of A Handbook of the Cornish Language at Project Gutenberg", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 23301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 84 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Preface to the 2010 edition of Henry Jenner's Handbook of the Cornish Language on the publisher's website.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " samples of Jenner's Cornish writing:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gospel of St Mark (4 chapters)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dhô'm Gwrêg Gernûak at Wikisource (poetic dedication to Handbook of the Cornish Language)", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 420342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Some Possible Arthurian Place-Names in West Penwith", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1848_births", "1934_deaths", "Celtic_studies_scholars", "British_librarians", "Cornish_language_revival", "Cornish-speaking_people", "Writers_from_Cornwall", "People_from_St_Columb_Major", "Bards_of_Gorsedh_Kernow", "Fellows_of_the_Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London", "Grand_Bards_of_Gorsedh_Kernow", "Cornish_Jacobites", "Employees_of_the_British_Museum", "Contributors_to_the_Catholic_Encyclopedia", "Translators_of_the_Bible_into_Cornish", "Burials_in_Cornwall", "Neo-Jacobite_Revival", "Jenner_family_(Wales)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Suicide By My Side is the third and final album by the power metal band Sinergy, released in 2002. It shows a substantial progress in their musical style; singer Kimberly Goss performs in a sharper, more aggressive vocal style, and guitarists Alexi Laiho and Roope Latvala perform more technical solos. Goss has noted that despite the autobiographical nature of the title and the title track's lyrics, as well as suicidal comments made in the music video, she herself has never attempted suicide.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 183303, 609582, 1143245, 1059950, 1144090, 26809587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 66 ], [ 72, 79 ], [ 162, 175 ], [ 243, 254 ], [ 259, 272 ], [ 478, 495 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The clip at the beginning of the title track is from the stabbing scene of the film Sid and Nancy, which tells the tragic love story of Sex Pistols bassist Sid Vicious and his toxic lover.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 265975, 30320, 158287 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 97 ], [ 136, 147 ], [ 156, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The song \"Shadow Island\" is inspired by The New Nightmare.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The last song, \"Remembrance\", is an instrumental dedicated to the people who died during the terrorist attacks on 11 September 2001.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5058690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 131 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Track 12 was previously featured as a bonus track on its original release in Japan.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Track listing", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Kimberly Goss - Vocals", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1143245 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alexi Laiho - Guitar, Additional Vocals (on track 8, 9), spitting (on track 1)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1059950 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Roope Latvala - Guitar", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1144090 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Marko Hietala - Bass", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 1004050 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tonmi Lillman - Drums", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Credits", "target_page_ids": [ 26563319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] } ]

[ "2002_albums", "Sinergy_albums", "Nuclear_Blast_albums", "Albums_produced_by_Fredrik_Nordström" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Theodor Hildebrandt (2 July 1804, Stettin29 September 1874, Düsseldorf) was a German artist of the Düsseldorf school of painting who specialized in literary and historical subjects. He was also a noted entomologist.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28456, 65711, 2220131, 59238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 41 ], [ 60, 70 ], [ 99, 128 ], [ 202, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was a disciple of the painter Schadow, and, on Schadow's appointment to the presidency of a new academy in the Rhenish provinces in 1828, followed that master to Düsseldorf. Hildebrandt began by painting pictures illustrative of Goethe and Shakespeare; but in this form he followed the traditions of the stage rather than the laws of nature. He produced rapidly \"Faust and Mephistopheles\" (1824), \"Faust and Margaret\" (1825), and \"Lear and Cordelia\" (1828). He is associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 866036, 65711, 19242322, 32897, 2220131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 40 ], [ 165, 175 ], [ 232, 238 ], [ 243, 254 ], [ 487, 516 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He visited the Netherlands with Schadow in 1829, and wandered alone in 1830 to Italy; but travel did not alter his style, though it led him to cultivate alternately eclecticism and realism.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 14532, 243421, 21244047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 84 ], [ 165, 176 ], [ 181, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At Düsseldorf, about 1830, he produced \"Romeo and Juliet,\" \"Tancred and Clorinda,\" and other works which deserved to be classed with earlier paintings; but during the same period he exhibited (1829) the \"Robber\" and (1832) the \"Captain and his Infant Son,\" examples of an affected but kindly realism, which captivated the public, and marked to a certain extent an epoch in Prussian art. The picture which made Hildebrandt's fame is the \"Murder of the Children of King Edward\" (1836), of which the original, afterwards frequently copied, still belongs to the Spiegel collection at Halberstadt.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Comparatively late in life Hildebrandt tried his powers as an historical painter in pictures representing Wolsey and Henry VIII, but he lapsed again into the romantic in \"Othello and Desdemona.\" After 1847 Hildebrandt gave himself up to portrait-painting, and in that branch succeeded in obtaining a large practice. Hildebrandt was also an entomologist specialising in Coleoptera and a Member of the Entomological Society of Stettin. He died at Düsseldorf in 1874.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 31035, 14187, 7044, 2263844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 112 ], [ 117, 127 ], [ 369, 379 ], [ 400, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "koleopterologie.de In German", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1804_births", "1874_deaths", "Artists_from_Szczecin", "19th-century_German_painters", "19th-century_German_male_artists", "German_male_painters", "People_from_the_Province_of_Pomerania", "German_entomologists", "Scientists_from_Szczecin" ]

[ "Ferdinand Theodor Hildebrandt", "Theodor Ferdinand Hildebrandt", "Theodor Hildebrand", "f. th. hildebrand", "Th. Hildebrandt", "T. Hildebrandt" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Brave Little Toaster is a 1987 American animated musical film directed by Jerry Rees. It is based on the 1980 novella of the same name by Thomas M. Disch. The film stars Deanna Oliver, Timothy E. Day, Jon Lovitz, Tim Stack, and Thurl Ravenscroft, with Wayne Kaatz, Colette Savage, Phil Hartman, Joe Ranft, and Jim Jackman in supporting roles. It is set in a world where domestic appliances and other consumer electronics come to life, pretending to be lifeless in the presence of humans. The story focuses on five anthropomorphic household appliances, which include a toaster, a lamp stand, a blanket, a radio and a vacuum cleaner, who go on a quest to search for their owner.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 593, 19029, 1707847, 5221893, 204636, 6101969, 506739, 2355907, 383080, 33312101, 100840, 2477208, 185982, 242672, 2999407, 4515124, 491851, 49105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 52 ], [ 53, 65 ], [ 78, 88 ], [ 122, 138 ], [ 142, 157 ], [ 174, 187 ], [ 205, 215 ], [ 217, 226 ], [ 232, 249 ], [ 256, 267 ], [ 285, 297 ], [ 299, 308 ], [ 374, 393 ], [ 572, 579 ], [ 583, 593 ], [ 597, 604 ], [ 608, 613 ], [ 620, 634 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The film was produced by Hyperion Pictures and The Kushner-Locke Company. Many CalArts graduates, including the original members of Pixar Animation Studios, were involved with this film. The rights to the book were acquired by Walt Disney Studios in 1982. John Lasseter, then employed at Disney, wanted to do a computer-animated film based on it, but it was turned down. While the film received a limited theatrical release, The Brave Little Toaster received positive reviews and was popular on home video. It was followed by two sequels, The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue in 1997 and The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars in 1998.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6102052, 8757807, 165084, 78969, 1302479, 1222778, 398138, 7520667, 18948312, 6102364, 6102235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 42 ], [ 47, 72 ], [ 79, 86 ], [ 132, 155 ], [ 227, 246 ], [ 256, 269 ], [ 311, 333 ], [ 397, 423 ], [ 495, 505 ], [ 539, 577 ], [ 590, 627 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a small wooden cottage known as Peaceful Woodland Cottage, five members of a clan small electric appliances -- a toaster, a radio, a lamp stand named \"Lampy\", an electric blanket named \"Blanky\" and a vacuum cleaner named \"Kirby\" -- await the return of a young boy named Rob (whom they refer to as the Master) who used to vacation at the cottage with his family, but the family has not come by in many years. Then one day in July, upon seeing that the cottage is about to be sold, the appliances decide to venture out and find Rob themselves. They turn Kirby into a lawn tractor by attaching a rolling office chair, a power strip and a Junko car battery for a power source to him and travel via Kirby, and Radio serves as navigator by directing the group toward urban radio signals he picks up.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Along their journey, the appliances have numerous harrowing adventures. At one point, when their battery is nearly dead, the group stops for the night in a forest, with Blanky serving as a makeshift tent. During the night, a storm blows Blanky up into the trees, and Lampy uses himself as a lightning rod to recharge the battery. After recovering Blanky, the appliances try to cross a waterfall, but everyone except Kirby falls into the water below. Kirby dives in and rescues the others; but with the chair, strip and battery lost, the group resorts to pulling the disabled Kirby through a swamp. They are almost swallowed up by quicksand, but are saved by Elmo St. Peters and taken to his appliance parts store, where they witness him dismantling a blender to sell its motor to a customer. When Radio is about to be taken apart for radio tubes, the others frighten St. Peters by pretending to be a ghost. With St. Peters unconscious, the group escapes and makes their way to the city.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 20646679, 32496 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 291, 304 ], [ 834, 844 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rob, now a young adult, goes out to the cottage with his girlfriend Chris to retrieve the appliances to take with him to college. When the group arrives at Rob's family's apartment, their newer appliances -- resentful about Rob wanting to take the older appliances instead of themselves -- demonstrate how much more technologically advanced they are and throw the group out of the apartment and into a dumpster. Rob and Chris return home empty-handed; but an old black and white television in the apartment, a friend of the five appliances who formerly resided in the cottage with them, plays fictional advertisements for the junkyard the appliances have been taken to, in the hopes that Rob and Chris will go there to find them.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 220533, 1686055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 463, 489 ], [ 626, 634 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the junkyard, the appliances are despondent that Rob apparently no longer needs them. They are picked up by a large electromagnet and are about to be destroyed by a crusher; but when they see Rob in the junkyard, they believe he might still need them after all. They make numerous attempts to escape the magnet and place themselves so Rob will find them, until the magnet picks up a huge pile of junk and spreads it along the conveyor belt leading to the crusher, separating the group. Rob spots all the appliances except Toaster on the conveyor belt, but the magnet picks up Rob as well as the appliances and drops them back on the belt. Toaster jumps into the crusher's gears and jams them, stopping the crusher just before it flattens Rob and the others. Back at the apartment, Rob repairs the mangled Toaster, and he and Chris soon depart for college with all five appliances in tow.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 92377, 21374769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 132 ], [ 168, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Deanna Oliver as Toaster, a pop-up two-slice toaster who is the leader of the clan of minor electrical appliances. The main protagonist in the film, Toaster is courageous, intelligent, kind, thoughtful and warmhearted, and is the one who devises the idea of going on a journey to locate the appliances' master Rob. Though Toaster's gender is ambiguous in the film, most official sources describe Toaster as a male. Oliver originally auditioned for the voice of the Air Conditioner, but was given the role of Toaster.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 6101969, 242672 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 46, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Timothy E. Day as Blanky, an electric blanket with an innocent demeanor. Childlike and insecure, Blanky is the only appliance who is deeply distressed over Rob's absence, and wants nothing more than to be reunited with him. Toaster and Blanky share a warm, older sibling-younger sibling relationship.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 4515124 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Day also voices Young Rob in several flashbacks.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Tim Stack as Lampy, an easily impressed yet slightly irascible tensor gooseneck desktop lamp stand. He is bright, but tends to be ironically dimwitted, though he has a couple of good points. During the storm scene, he nearly sacrifices his life, using himself as a lightning rod to power the clan's car battery. Lampy and Radio share a like-hate relationship and frequently get into arguments with each other, though their animosity lessens throughout the movie.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 2355907, 57841493, 25932422, 2999407 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 64, 70 ], [ 71, 80 ], [ 89, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stack also voiced a salesman named \"Zeke\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jon Lovitz as Radio, a wisecracking vacuum-tube-based dial A.M. radiotelegraphic alarm clock with a personality that parodies loud and pretentious announcers. In a running gag, Radio and Lampy get into petty arguments.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 506739, 1105247, 156659 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ], [ 65, 93 ], [ 148, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jerry Rees as Radio's singing voice.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 1707847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thurl Ravenscroft as Kirby, a very deep-voiced, individualistic upright vacuum cleaner who dons a cynical, cantankerous attitude towards the other appliances.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 383080, 49105 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ], [ 73, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Wayne Kaatz as Master Rob McGroarty, the original human owner of the five appliances. After appearing as a child in flashbacks, Rob as an adult is leaving for college. While in the book, Rob plans to sell the cabin along with the appliances, in the film, Rob still has sentimentality towards appliances and takes them to college in the end.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 33312101, 5689 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 160, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Colette Savage as Chris, Rob's tomboyish, supportive girlfriend.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Phil Hartman, doing an impression of Jack Nicholson, as Air Conditioner, a sardonic air conditioner who resides in the cabin with the rest of the clan. He loses his temper while arguing with them, which causes him to overheat and explode, but is repaired by Rob near the end of the film.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 100840, 18617829, 7221088 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 38, 52 ], [ 85, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hartman, doing an impression of Peter Lorre, also voiced the Hanging Lamp, a tensor desktop lamp stand with extension cords for arms in the spare parts shop.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 63740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Joe Ranft as Elmo St. Peters, the owner of a spare appliance parts shop where he disassembles even his own appliances and sells the parts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 2477208, 28385525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 46, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ranft also voices the evil clown in Toaster's nightmare .", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Beth Anderson as the Mae West-inspired magnetophone open-reel tape recorder in \"It's a B-Movie\" and the wooded wagon in \"Worthless\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 27738871, 173082 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 22, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Janice Liebhart as the fan in \"It's a B-Movie\", the phone in \"Cutting Edge\" and the pink convertible in \"Worthless\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 188044 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Judy Toll, doing an impression of Joan Rivers, as Mish-Mash, a mish-mash hybrid device consisting of a can opener, a gooseneck desktop lamp stand and an electric shaver.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 22306925, 265883, 536197, 1328450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 35, 46 ], [ 104, 114 ], [ 154, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Darryl Phinnessee as various characters in \"It's a B-Movie\" and \"Cutting Edge\" and the hearse in \"Worthless\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Jonathan Benair as T.V., a black and white television set who has moved to Rob's apartment and is an old member of the clan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 6101952, 261993, 628485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 28, 43 ], [ 44, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jim Jackman as Plugsy, a pear-shaped night table lamp stand who is one of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment. While they were benevolent in the novel, in the film, they are initially jealous and antagonistic towards the clan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 635972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mindy Stern as Rob's mother, who is an unseen character.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 5441563 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Toll and Stern also voiced the Two-Faced Sewing Machine, who is one of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 85012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Randy Bennett as Computer, who is the leader of the family of modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Danny Mann as Stereo, who is one of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Randall William Cook as Entertainment Complex, a stereophonic entertainment complex system who is one of the modern appliances that reside in Rob's apartment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 42344417, 2144707 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 50, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Susie Allanson as the toaster oven in Rob's apartment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Voice cast", "target_page_ids": [ 25113976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The film rights to The Brave Little Toaster, the original novella by Thomas M. Disch, were purchased by the Walt Disney Studios in 1982, two years after its appearance in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. After animators John Lasseter and Glen Keane had finished a short 2D/3D test film based on the book Where the Wild Things Are, Lasseter and producer Thomas L. Wilhite decided they wanted to produce a whole feature with the same technique.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 1302479, 405428, 1222778, 868352, 1229351 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 127 ], [ 171, 214 ], [ 232, 245 ], [ 250, 260 ], [ 316, 341 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The story they chose was The Brave Little Toaster, and this became the first CGI film Lasseter ever pitched. But in their enthusiasm, they ran into issues pitching the idea to two high-level Disney executives, animation administrator Ed Hansen, and Disney president Ron W. Miller. Ron Miller asked about the cost after the pitch and when Lasseter replied that it would cost no more than a traditionally animated film, Miller rejected the pitch, saying that the only reason to use computers would be if it was \"faster or cheaper\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 1577313 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 266, 279 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A few minutes after the meeting, Lasseter received a phone call from Hansen and was instructed to come down to his office, where Lasseter was informed that he was dismissed. Originally set to commence at the Disney studios with a budget of $18 million, development was then transferred to the new Hyperion Pictures, which had been created by former Disney employees Tom Wilhite and Willard Carroll, who took the production along with them after Wilhite successfully requested the project from then-president Ron Miller. As a result, the film was financed as an independent production by Disney, with the aid of electronics company TDK Corporation and video distributor CBS/Fox Video.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 6102052, 27867116, 1521688, 1749993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 297, 314 ], [ 382, 397 ], [ 631, 634 ], [ 669, 682 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The budget was reduced by $12.06 million to $5.94 million as production began, approximately a third of the budget offered when in-house. Despite providing funds to get it off the ground, Disney was not involved with production of the film. Rees later commented that there were external forces at work that had the right to say this was a cheap film that could be shipped overseas, which the staff objected to and therefore were willing to make sacrifices to improve the quality of the film despite its limited budget.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1986, Hyperion began to work on the story and character development. Jerry Rees, a crew member on two previous Disney films, The Fox and the Hound and Tron, and co-writer of the screenplay along with Joe Ranft, was chosen to direct the project. He had been working on an animated adaptation of Will Eisner's The Spirit with Brad Bird, and received a call from Wilhite asking him to develop, write, and direct, explaining that The Brave Little Toaster was being adapted into a short, but that a feature film was possible if handled correctly. Joe Ranft and Rees worked on developing the story. The storyboards were designed by Jerry, Joe, along with Alex Mann and Darrell Rooney. When animators ran out of pages to storyboard, Rees sat down and wrote more of the script.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 1707847, 1371138, 312757, 2477208, 33974, 594277, 1195387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 82 ], [ 128, 149 ], [ 154, 158 ], [ 203, 212 ], [ 297, 308 ], [ 311, 321 ], [ 327, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The work was significantly adapted from the original story. Only about four lines of dialogue from the book ended up in the finished film. Rees decided to move the junkyard sequence from the middle of the story to its end because of the junkyard's symbolism as a graveyard for appliances. He also wanted a definitive moment that earned Toaster the title of \"brave\", so he had Toaster jump into the gears to save the Master, a plot point that wasn't in the book. Having the character's voices in his head when writing the script helped Rees to personalize the dialogue. He even reworked some of the already-completed script in order to customize sections based on the actors' personalities. After cutting together the storyboards and scene-planning in Taipai, production manager Chuck Richardson explained the logistics issues—the film would be 110 minutes long. As a result, Rees decided to cut around 20 minutes' worth of the story—the deleted scenes have not been released to the public.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rees was still in the process of writing when he decided to find actors. Many auditioners presented cartoony, exaggerated voices, which displeased him, because they did not believe their characters or bring a reality to the role. As a result, he sought out voice talent from The Groundlings improvisational group upon recommendation by Ranft, and he appreciated the honesty and naturalism they gave to their performances. Many of their members, including Jon Lovitz (Radio), Phil Hartman (Air Conditioner/Hanging Lamp), Tim Stack (Lampy), Judy Toll (Mish-Mash), and Mindy Sterling (Rob's mother) voiced characters in the film. Already established as an actor through Tony the Tiger and Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, Thurl Ravenscroft was cast as Kirby the vacuum cleaner. Heading the ensemble cast were Groundlings performer Deanna Oliver as Toaster, and newcomer Timothy E. Day as Blanky.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 292662, 506739, 100840, 2355907, 22306925, 5441563, 1035347, 5308985, 383080, 6101969 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 275, 290 ], [ 455, 465 ], [ 475, 487 ], [ 520, 529 ], [ 539, 548 ], [ 566, 580 ], [ 667, 681 ], [ 686, 728 ], [ 730, 747 ], [ 839, 852 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oliver originally auditioned for Air Conditioner using a Bette Davis impression, but accepted the lead when offered. Rees, who had conceived Toaster as a female character, later recalled an anecdote where a crew member \"slammed the door and walked out\" because he had hired a woman to play the lead role. Day had never done acting work before, and had asked his mother to take him to auditions after becoming fascinated with a child actor voice-over.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 63517 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Recording sessions did take place at Disney; the crew found and renovated a small derelict property in Hollywood. Rees's direction primarily consisted of ensuring the performances were as natural and realistic as possible. When recording, Rees first had each scene delivered as written, and then allowed the voice actors to play around with the dialogue, and ended up using many of the improvised lines in the final film. Unusual for the time, some of the recordings were done in group sessions.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "After being cast, Jon Lovitz got an opportunity to appear on Saturday Night Live. Because Rees had written the part of Radio specifically for Lovitz, he tried to find a way to keep Lovitz in the film. They ended up doing a marathon recording session, recording all of Lovitz's lines of dialogue in one night. Rees then stood in for Lovitz when the others were recording.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 763013 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rees described Timothy Day as an \"amazing performer\", who would ask about his character's motivation and the context of each scenario before recording his lines. Day was nicknamed \"one-take Timmy\" due to nailing the emotional truth of the text so quickly, such as crying loudly or delivering a line with a quiver in his voice. Comparing this film to the sequels, where a high note was dubbed by another singer due to being off-key, Oliver noted that in this film it would have been kept in due to being part of the character.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The crew initially worked on pre-production for six months in Los Angeles in 1985, and then a staff of ten people moved to Taiwan with Rees for another six months to work with Wang Film Productions Company Limited in Taipei (headed by James Wang) for the principal animation, then returned for a third six-month work period for post-production in the U.S. Rees's wife Rebecca was the film's directing animator, and she taught classes to the Taiwanese animators in order to improve the quality of their output.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 2252664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 176, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The animators also had a mixture of ex-Disney employees and college graduates from CalArts. Every day, they had to do what would normally be done across a two-week period at Disney. The colour stylist was veteran Disney animator A. Kendall O'Connor, a member of Disney's feature animation department from its first feature Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, and Oliver likened the light-hearted frog sequence to Merrie Melodies. A massive TDK sign was included by Rees as the company was a big sponsor. The animators used many visual cues to help inform the audience about plot and character. For example, during the nightmare sequence at the beginning of the film, Toaster burns toast and emits smoke, which symbolizes guilt and fear of being responsible.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 1303939, 76361, 199608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 299 ], [ 323, 354 ], [ 410, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "They deduced toasters would be afraid of things like forks and falling into the bathtub while plugged in, so they included them in this sequence. Oliver described the transition from bathtub sparks to lightning outside the house as proper filmmaking. Similarly, Blanky being a certain shade of yellow bears significance to the plot. In the beginning of their journey, the other characters dismiss him, even Toaster. Then Toaster encounters a flower that is the same color, who also wants to snuggle. After explaining it is just a reflection, he walks away, thereby making the flower wilt. The next moment shows Toaster proactively rescuing Blanky. The idea is that the flower informs Toaster that his actions will make Blanky wilt too.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The film score of The Brave Little Toaster was composed and conducted by David Newman and performed by the New Japan Philharmonic. Newman's score for this movie was one of his earlier works and apparently one that he felt very close to. He did not view it as a cheerful one, and decided to give the film a dramatic score to reinforce the serious nature of many of the film's themes. Rees admired his \"rich, classical style\", and chose him so that the film wouldn't have \"cartoon music\". Rees stated that Newman would attempt to get into the headspace of the characters, and thought in the terms of the inanimate objects being real characters.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 2601176, 5460465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 85 ], [ 107, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rees told that Newman's score was as \"grand as anything he would ever do\", rather than composing the music differently due to the medium being animation. He wove death, joy, love, loss, and struggle into the work. Newman's composing style was influenced by his philosophy that behind every \"chord of joy\" lies an element of sadness, whether it being the knowledge it won't last forever, that it is a facade for a deeper emotion, or that joy itself comes from sadness. He used lush strings in the opening scenes to convey a sense of longing. As the characters are introduced, the score becomes more lively, and each character has their own theme, influenced by their personality. For example, Kirby is a grumpy and old vacuum cleaner, and so Newman provides a theme consisting of low chords, whereas Radio was given a brassy fanfare to reflect his self-important personality. These musical motifs wove their way into the entire movie score.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At some points, the style of music was used to provoke an emotional response, for example when the Air Conditioner breaks down, the orchestra first trembles and then bursts with energy. After this the music returns to a somber tone, as the appliances start to realize that there is truth to what he said. When they explore the outside world for the first time, the music fills with a \"pastoral grandeur\", and when they enter the woods, strings, flutes, bells and brass are used to convey the simultaneous magic and danger of the outdoors. The film also contains a Busby Berkeley Italian opera-esque sequence containing a fish. The score was finally given a limited release in 2004. The film contains four original songs (\"City of Light\", \"It's a B-Movie\", \"Cutting Edge\", and \"Worthless\") that were written by Van Dyke Parks. Rees \"felt uncomfortable with the full Broadway book musical approach\", and his philosophy was that the songs should be part of the action and plot without stopping for a big production number.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 98043, 725252 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 810, 824 ], [ 865, 873 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rees specifically wanted characters to be able to break out into song whenever they wanted to, similar to the films of the Hollywood Golden Age. Once they were written, Newman used the songs in his own score. For example, the first song in the film, \"City of Light\", displays the character's naivety and apprehension, and contains a motif that gets more complex as the film goes on. This approach made the score more cohesive. \"It's a B-Movie\" is filled with black humour and an ominous pipe organ as the mutant appliances scare the main characters. The synthesizer-driven \"Cutting Edge\" sees the Master's state-of-the-art appliances boast about how great they are. The poignant number \"Worthless\" is a track filled with piano, strings, guitar, and vocals which are abruptly cut off when the singing cars are crushed. The junkyard sequence's climax evokes feelings of desperation, danger, suspense and real world peril. Newman \"reprises the score's subtle and varied themes over the end credits\". Newman wrote and orchestrated the score over a 50-hour period, which included embarking on a 12-hour flight to Japan to record with the orchestra in Maeda Hall.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The New Japan Philharmonic gave the score a \"luxurious sound\" that was impressive given the limited resources available. The sound effects were not from a library, and were instead, exclusively made Foley sounds, with various real world objects around Los Angeles being used in the score, such as objects in antique stores. This technique was used because Rees wanted to create new characters with new sounds. The sound mixers, including former Disney studio mixer Shawn Murphy who recorded the score, asked how they would do their job due to the film being animated, and Rees explained that they should mix it like any other film, instead of thinking of it like it were a cartoon.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 10743994 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 199, 204 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "David Newman composed the score for the film. The music and lyrics for the songs were written by Van Dyke Parks. In most of the songs, Beth Anderson, Janice Liebhart, and Darryl Phinnessee perform the singing voices of various background characters, while also doubling as the chorus. In addition the songs Tutti Frutti and My Mammy are played by the character Radio during the film.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [ 2601176, 98043, 27738871, 2948519, 12672870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 97, 111 ], [ 135, 148 ], [ 307, 319 ], [ 324, 332 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Original songs performed in the film include:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Music", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Director Jerry Rees described the main message is the film asks is: \"what would it be like to be an appliance, and feel good when you're useful, and help people...\"? He also explained that the film's themes included a \"fear of being abandoned and wanting to be reunited with somebody that you love...\"—the opposing forces of feeling like you're worthless and the joy of redemption. Another important notion was that of \"valuing things from the past and taking them...into the future\", both in terms of objects and relationships. All of the main characters have personalities that are unique twists on the appliance functionality.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Blanky is an electric security blanket but is insecure without its owner, the bright Lampy is mentally dim, Kirby is supposed to hold everything inside but has a nervous breakdown, Toaster is warm and reflective so can easily empathise, and Radio is constantly switched on and entertaining. He has the philosophy that despite being inanimate, they each symbolised things we actually feel. As the foundation for writing the story, Rees reasoned that the characters would only be happy if they were being used by the Master. As a result of this, a major aspect of the film is about inanimate objects becoming alive when you are not observing them.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "As opposed to other films of the time, The Brave Little Toaster was able to include dark, scary, edgy, or risqué content due to being an independent feature. They were able to explore the \"wouldn't it be fun if\" places that Disney wouldn't allow. They rejected the false dichotomy of being joke-driven or overly sincere, and instead incorporated both elements as that is how real conversations work.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The film's premiere was at Wadsworth Theatre in Los Angeles on July 13, 1987. With the producer help, the film premiered in various festivals, including the Los Angeles International Animation Celebration in 1987, and the Sundance Film Festival in 1988. It made history as the first animated film ever exhibited at Sundance, and remained the only one until 2001's Waking Life.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Release and home media", "target_page_ids": [ 23577742, 23943448, 244752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 44 ], [ 222, 244 ], [ 364, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though the prize went to Rob Nilsson's Heat and Sunlight, before the awards ceremony, Rees claims he was told by the judges that they considered Toaster the best film but they decided not to give the award to a cartoon as they considered people would not take the festival seriously afterwards.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Release and home media", "target_page_ids": [ 11046008, 12460172 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 36 ], [ 39, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though it is sometimes thought that the film was not released in cinemas because it failed to find a distributor, in reality arthouse film distributor Skouras Pictures took on the distributing rights for the theatrical release, and was going to do evening screenings, noting it was more for college and young adult than kids.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Release and home media", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "However, Disney, who had invested in the video and television rights, according to Rees did not want competition so moved their television premiere date up and ended up preventing it from being financially successful in theatres, forcing Skouras to withdraw their deal. The film premiered on the Disney Channel on February 27, 1988. To compensate, Hyperion continued its plan to enter the film into various festivals, and managed to secure limited theatrical airings at arthouse facilities across the United States, such as spending two weeks at New York's Film Forum in May 1989, and shortly in Washington, D.C. in March 1990. This helped to give the film a cult following.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Release and home media", "target_page_ids": [ 77808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 296, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rees thinks most people discovered the film through syndication on the Disney Channel, or through home video releases. In July 1991, Walt Disney Home Video released the film to home video format via VHS and Laserdisc. In the UK, the VHS tapes were released under PolyGram Video (1990s) and Carlton Video (2000s), while in Australia, Roadshow Home Video held the rights. ITC Entertainment syndicated the film international as of the NATPE 1991 TV trade show.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Release and home media", "target_page_ids": [ 3287998, 52124, 692891, 223493, 15921699 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 133, 155 ], [ 233, 236 ], [ 263, 277 ], [ 290, 303 ], [ 333, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Spain, Divisa Home Video and Aurum Produccines were in charge of distribution, the former during the 2000s. Disney's VHS was re-printed throughout the '90s onward, and it enjoyed popularity as a rental amongst children. The DVD was released in September 2003, to tie in with the film's 15th anniversary. In the UK, Prism Leisure Corporation was in charge of distribution. Their license has since expired, but the disc can still be found on UK shopping sites. Disney's releases commonly use a LaserDisc transfer from the early 1990s, while Prism Leisure's DVD uses a fresh transfer from an international print.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Release and home media", "target_page_ids": [ 18938049, 28184166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 227, 230 ], [ 318, 343 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While the sequels, The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue and The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars, are available, the original film has yet to appear on Disney+, or any video on demand services for that matter.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Release and home media", "target_page_ids": [ 57014419 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The film has garnered a 77% rating on the reviews website Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews, with a weighted average of 7.31/10. Mary Houlihan-Skilton of Chicago Sun-Times gave a positive review, but found a problem with the storytellers using caricatures of Bette Davis, Peter Lorre, Jack Nicholson, Mae West, Joan Rivers and others to portray them. This became so old that it has been used forever and should be given a rest.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 832482, 33274, 245107, 63517, 63740, 18617829, 173082, 265883 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 73 ], [ 102, 118 ], [ 156, 173 ], [ 261, 272 ], [ 274, 285 ], [ 287, 301 ], [ 303, 311 ], [ 313, 324 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Washington Post called it \"a kid's film made without condescension\", while The New York Times said \"visually the movie has a smooth-flowing momentum and a lush storybook opulence\". Time Out said the film had \"a winning combination of inventive characters, amusing dialogue, excellent voice-overs, likeable tune and first-rate animation\". Deseret News wrote it is \"a wonder of the movie industry...a funny, occasionally thrilling animated feature aimed at kids, but with a sophisticated sensibility intended to reach their parents as well.\" Halliwell's Film Guide called it an \"odd fantasy of pots and pans with no more than adequate animation\".", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 102226, 30680, 26391751, 1046373, 2006667 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 79, 97 ], [ 185, 193 ], [ 342, 354 ], [ 544, 566 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Projection Booth, Film Freak Central, Arizona Daily Star, and Leonard Maltin all gave the film similar praise, describing it as \"among the finest animated films Disney never made\", \"Blade Runner for children\", \"an overlooked classic [and] utterly rewatchable fable\", and \"a real breath of fresh air in contemporary cartoons\" respectively. Needcoffee.com gave the film a 4/5, writing that despite a questionable premise, \"it's an actually cute and extremely fun animated flick\". Las Vegas Review-Journal, Movie Mom at Yahoo! Movies, and eFilmCritic.com all gave the same score, the latter describing it as a \"perfectly charming kid's flick about adventuring appliances\". Northwest Herald gave a 3/5, EmanuelLevy.Com and Talking Pictures gave a 2/5 rating.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 3438861, 347766, 2624286, 908907 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 56 ], [ 62, 76 ], [ 478, 502 ], [ 517, 530 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 1988", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| The Brave Little Toaster", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 1988", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Jerry Rees", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Sundance Film Festival Grand Jury Prize, Dramatic", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 1988", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Special Jury Recognition", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| 1988", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| The Brave Little Toaster", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Parent's Choice Award", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|}", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This film is unique in that it attracted a substantial amount of talent from both old and new sources. Many of the cast and crew members went on to have successful careers in the animation industry. Co-writer Joe Ranft became a script supervisor at Pixar, while animators Glen Keane, Kirk Wise and Kevin Lima went on to animate and co-direct films of the Disney Renaissance, such as The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Pocahontas, The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Tarzan. Keane would also go on to produce the 2010 animated film Tangled. Effects animator Mark Dindal directed Disney's The Emperor's New Groove and Chicken Little, as well as Warner Bros.' Cats Don't Dance. Character designer Rob Minkoff directed The Lion King, Stuart Little, Stuart Little 2 and Mr. Peabody & Sherman. After directing a financially unsuccessful film The Marrying Man in 1991, Jerry Rees went on to direct Disney theme park films. Voice actors Jon Lovitz and Phil Hartman wound their way onto animated series such as The Simpsons. Many have noted that this film shares similarities to the Toy Story franchise, also worked on by John Lasseter. Rees saw it as \"the next inanimate object feature\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 868352, 9944891, 5148844, 18413584, 301574, 133462, 73170, 399433, 402866, 1749093, 619728, 1602062, 338869, 1194084, 34052, 668614, 2414268, 88678, 2394008, 750694, 4645567, 19082345, 29838, 20800509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 272, 282 ], [ 284, 293 ], [ 298, 308 ], [ 355, 373 ], [ 383, 401 ], [ 403, 423 ], [ 425, 432 ], [ 434, 444 ], [ 446, 473 ], [ 478, 484 ], [ 543, 550 ], [ 569, 580 ], [ 599, 623 ], [ 628, 642 ], [ 655, 667 ], [ 669, 685 ], [ 706, 717 ], [ 727, 740 ], [ 742, 755 ], [ 757, 772 ], [ 777, 798 ], [ 848, 864 ], [ 1014, 1026 ], [ 1086, 1105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Brave Little Toaster was followed by two sequels a decade later: The Brave Little Toaster Goes to Mars and The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue. The latter (Mars) is based on the sequel to Disch's novella while the former (Rescue) is a brand new story. While reuniting most of the cast, they had a new director and crew. Rees noted that the original film was made out of pure love and not thought of as a kids' film or a product, and that he had heard the new approach was a more commercial venture. Deanna Oliver felt that despite Ramirez being a talented director who handled the franchise with care, instead of \"film\" and \"character-driven\", the project seemed more about getting it done because it could be made. Neither Rees nor Oliver have watched the finished sequels.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 6102235, 6102364 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 106 ], [ 111, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2006, the official website of Hyperion Pictures posted an image of a possible fourth film in CGI; however, that film was never produced. The website has been inactive since then but was recently updated in 2019. Waterman Entertainment planned a remake, but it was never produced.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 31626763, 12329262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 100 ], [ 216, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Despite its limited release, the cult following of the film has seen the cast and crew get substantial recognition throughout the world. Rees recalled a situation where a person he was doing an online project with messaged him on IMDb, discovering his work on TBLT, and explained how deeply the film affected him due to teaching life lessons. He appreciated this genuine reaction from a real person. Oliver went to the Afghanistan deployment ceremony for her son in June 2010, and he had told Brave Company his mother played Toaster, so they brought toasters with them for her to sign, which the soldiers took to the country with them. She also received fan art from one of the soldiers. The consensus among people who worked on the film such as Tom Wilhite and Donald Kushner is that the original is the one that has the cult following as opposed to the sequels. Rees said that when his future Pixar friends saw the film, they appreciated it despite the animation due to the heavy financial and time constraints.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Legacy", "target_page_ids": [ 2855554, 737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 234 ], [ 419, 430 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Toy Story", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 53085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tin Toy", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 526277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arthouse animation", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 68417610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Beck, Jerry (2005). The Animated Movie Guide. Chicago Reader Press. . Retrieved March 29, 2007.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Datlow, Ellen and Windling, Terri (2001). The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror. St. Martin's Press. . Retrieved March 29, 2007.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 2072415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Information at Disney.com", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Brave Little Toaster at Jerry Rees website", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 24 page analysis of The Brave Little Toaster history", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "The_Brave_Little_Toaster", "1987_films", "1987_animated_films", "1980s_American_animated_films", "1980s_fantasy_adventure_films", "American_children's_animated_adventure_films", "American_children's_animated_fantasy_films", "American_children's_animated_musical_films", "American_fantasy_adventure_films", "American_musical_fantasy_films", "Animated_films_based_on_novels", "Disney_animated_films", "1980s_English-language_films", "Films_based_on_American_novels", "Films_set_in_the_1980s", "Films_with_screenplays_by_Joe_Ranft", "Films_with_screenplays_by_Jim_Ryan_(writer)", "Films_scored_by_David_Newman", "Films_directed_by_Jerry_Rees", "Hyperion_Pictures_films", "1980s_children's_animated_films", "Films_set_in_the_United_States", "Films_set_in_California", "Films_with_screenplays_by_Jerry_Rees", "Films_produced_by_Donald_Kushner", "The_Kushner-Locke_Company_films", "Sundance_Film_Festival_award_winners" ]

[ "Brave Little Toaster" ]

[ { "plaintext": "John Paulk (born April 13, 1963) is an American activist who, from 1998 to 2003, was an advocate of the ex-gay movement and conversion therapy. In April 2013, Paulk disavowed his belief in gay reparative therapy and issued a formal apology for his role as an advocate of the movement.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 292314, 26410 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 104, 110 ], [ 124, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He founded and led the ministry Love Won Out, which was launched by the organization Focus on the Family. From 1998 to 2003, he was chairman of the board of Exodus International North America. His 1998 autobiography Not Afraid to Change addressed his sexuality and attempts to change his same-sex desires. Later that year, after it was revealed that Paulk attended a gay bar, both organizations disciplined him, but he remained with Focus on the Family until 2003. He resigned as Exodus board chairman but continued his elected position until his term was completed. In 2005, Paulk opened a catering business in Portland, Oregon.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 15386692, 46227, 1780562, 2179, 5488304, 501560 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 44 ], [ 85, 104 ], [ 157, 191 ], [ 202, 215 ], [ 288, 296 ], [ 367, 374 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By 2013 his wife Anne Paulk had divorced him and he no longer supported the ex-gay movement or efforts to attempt to change individuals' sexual orientation", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32739201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paulk was featured in the 2021 documentary film Pray Away.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 67699451 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A native of Columbus, Ohio, Paulk attended Fort Hayes High School for the Performing Arts and The Ohio State University, where he majored in music/voice. During the late 1980s, Paulk managed Cocolat, a San Francisco patisserie owned by Alice Medrich.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 5950, 22217, 49728, 21665042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 26 ], [ 94, 119 ], [ 202, 215 ], [ 236, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paulk claimed that he overcame his homosexuality following his conversion to Christianity, through a combination of counseling, groups, prayer, and his relationship with God. He identified himself as a heterosexual. Paulk's wife, Anne, also identified as ex-gay. John Paulk co-wrote the books Not Afraid to Change with Tony Marko and Love Won Out with Anne Paulk.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 5211, 14084, 32739201, 32739201 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 89 ], [ 202, 214 ], [ 230, 234 ], [ 352, 362 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paulk became involved with Focus on the Family, where he was manager of the organization's Homosexuality and Gender Division. In August 1995, Paulk was elected Chairman of the board of Exodus International North America for a three-year term. He was subsequently re-elected to a second three-year term in 1998. As an employee of Focus on the Family, Paulk toured the United States, speaking of his conversions at Love Won Out conferences. Paulk and his wife became the faces promoting Exodus ministries in major daily newspaper full page ads. The couple appeared on the cover of Newsweek (August 1998), when the publication covered Exodus and the ex-gay movement. That year, Christian right groups including the Family Research Council and the American Family Association spent $600,000 on advertising promoting conversion therapy.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 46227, 15386692, 214169, 292314, 63317, 312075, 521057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 46 ], [ 413, 425 ], [ 579, 587 ], [ 647, 662 ], [ 675, 690 ], [ 712, 735 ], [ 744, 771 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paulk left \"ex-gay\" ministry work in 2003 and moved to Portland, Oregon, with his wife and family. The couple started a catering business in 2005, and he appeared regularly in cooking segments on Portland television. In February 2015, Paulk appeared on the Food Network program Cutthroat Kitchen, hosted by Alton Brown. Paulk came in second place.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 23503, 631093, 5355, 616842, 40183947, 457790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 71 ], [ 120, 128 ], [ 176, 183 ], [ 257, 269 ], [ 278, 295 ], [ 307, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On September 19, 2000 while on a speaking tour, Paulk was seen sitting inside at the Washington, D.C. gay bar Mr. P's. A patron recognized him and contacted Wayne Besen of the Human Rights Campaign, Truth Wins Out, and other gay political action organizations. When Besen arrived at the bar 40 minutes later and confronted Paulk, Paulk denied that he was John Paulk, instead insisting he was \"John Clint\". Upon exiting the bar, Paulk's picture was taken as evidence that he had been in the bar. When confronted by Besen about the incident and the photographs, Paulk admitted being in the bar, but stated that he didn't know that it was a gay bar, and he had simply stopped in for a moment to use the restroom. However, eyewitnesses reported that Paulk stayed for more than an hour, flirted with other men, and—when questioned about his sexuality—said that he was gay.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Washington, D.C. incident", "target_page_ids": [ 108956, 501560, 1598265, 335104, 9854639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 101 ], [ 102, 109 ], [ 157, 168 ], [ 176, 197 ], [ 199, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Paulk was called back to Focus on the Family headquarters and questioned by James Dobson. At first, Paulk reportedly avoided giving a direct answer about the incident; however, he later confessed that he had been in the bar for the purpose of finding connection with other men. Paulk reduced his activities for six months and then resumed his position as manager of the Homosexuality and Gender Division of Focus on the Family.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Washington, D.C. incident", "target_page_ids": [ 46230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "An Exodus press release soon followed:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Washington, D.C. incident", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The incident received national headlines in newspapers and news magazines. Paulk remained in his position as manager of the Homosexuality and Gender Department until choosing to leave that position in 2003.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Washington, D.C. incident", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In April 2013, Paulk disavowed his belief in gay reparative therapy, announcing that —while he remains a devout Christian— he also identifies as a gay (not \"formerly gay\") man and believes that reparative therapy is both futile and harmful. He announced that his marriage was ending and he issued a formal apology for his role as an advocate of the movement.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Formal apology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " List of LGBT people from Portland, Oregon", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 66579984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Christianity Today coverage of fallout from the Washington DC incident", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1963_births", "20th-century_American_non-fiction_writers", "21st-century_American_non-fiction_writers", "American_chefs", "American_male_chefs", "American_Christian_writers", "American_male_non-fiction_writers", "People_self-identified_as_ex-ex-gay", "American_gay_writers", "LGBT_people_from_Ohio", "LGBT_people_from_Oregon", "LGBT_Protestants", "Living_people", "Writers_from_Columbus,_Ohio", "Writers_from_Portland,_Oregon", "Religious_scandals", "20th-century_American_male_writers", "21st-century_American_male_writers" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The 71st United States Congress was a meeting of the legislature of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1929, to March 4, 1931, during the first two years of Herbert Hoover's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Thirteenth Decennial Census of the United States in 1910.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 31756, 24909346, 19468510, 14458980, 19468510, 4595356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 64 ], [ 124, 144 ], [ 153, 191 ], [ 288, 315 ], [ 351, 375 ], [ 393, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Both the House and Senate remained under Republican control, with increased majorities in each chamber. And with Herbert Hoover being sworn in as President on March 4, 1929, the Republicans maintained an overall federal government trifecta.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32070, 13682, 24113, 50428722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 51 ], [ 113, 127 ], [ 146, 155 ], [ 231, 239 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The 71st Congress also featured the most special elections of any Congress with 27 in all.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 155434 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " March 4, 1929: Herbert C. Hoover became President of the United States", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major events", "target_page_ids": [ 13682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " October 24, 1929 – October 29, 1929: Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (3 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major events", "target_page_ids": [ 157649 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " October 25, 1929: Former U.S. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall is convicted of bribery for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal, becoming the first Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major events", "target_page_ids": [ 562955, 158940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 64 ], [ 109, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " June 15, 1929: Agriculture Marketing Act, ch. 24, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major legislation", "target_page_ids": [ 55751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " June 18, 1929: Reapportionment Act of 1929, ch. 28, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major legislation", "target_page_ids": [ 6768035 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " May 14, 1930: Federal Bureau of Prisons Act, ch. 274, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major legislation", "target_page_ids": [ 1271411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " June 17, 1930: Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, ch. 497, , (including: Title III, Plant Patent Act, )", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major legislation", "target_page_ids": [ 55546, 2705547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 39 ], [ 75, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " July 3, 1930: Veterans Administration Act, ch. 863, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major legislation", "target_page_ids": [ 70922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " March 3, 1931: Davis–Bacon Act, ch. 411, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major legislation", "target_page_ids": [ 19288553 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " March 3, 1931: An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America, ch. 436, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major legislation", "target_page_ids": [ 31064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the \"Changes in membership\" section.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Party summary", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " President: Charles Curtis (R)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 32759, 92213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ], [ 12, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " President pro tempore: George H. Moses (R)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 49565, 840945 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ], [ 24, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Majority leader: James E. Watson (R)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 46507, 565567 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 33 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Minority leader: Joseph T. Robinson (D)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 46507, 304114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Majority whip: Simeon D. Fess (R)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 46507, 714988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Minority whip: Morris Sheppard (D)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 46507, 2241178 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Republican Conference Secretary: Frederick Hale ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 755516, 2940376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ], [ 35, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Democratic Caucus Secretary: Hugo Black", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 4582528, 150063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ], [ 30, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Speaker: Nicholas Longworth (R)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 46023, 482840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ], [ 10, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Majority leader: John Q. Tilson (R)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 35098328, 1182713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Minority leader: John N. Garner (D)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 35098328, 92217 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ], [ 18, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Minority Whip: Albert Henry Vestal (R)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 35098328, 754901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Minority Whip: John McDuffie (D)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 35098328, 1200015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 16, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Republican Conference Chair: Willis C. Hawley", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 551783, 400925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ], [ 30, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Democratic Caucus Chairman: David Hayes Kincheloe", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 4568488, 11542760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 27 ], [ 29, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Joseph W. Byrns Sr.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 861364, 728411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ], [ 41, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Republican Campaign Committee Chairman: William R. Wood", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Leadership", "target_page_ids": [ 861413, 11590104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ], [ 41, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and representatives are listed by district.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Senators were elected every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began in this Congress, requiring reelection in 1934; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1930; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1932.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 358612 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 145, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2. James Thomas Heflin (D)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 765928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 3. Hugo Black (D)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 150063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1. Henry F. Ashurst (D)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 2618825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 3. Carl Hayden (D)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 578794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 2. Joseph Taylor Robinson (D)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 304114 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 3. Thaddeus H. Caraway (D)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 3660785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1. Hiram Johnson (R)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 175069 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 3. Samuel M. 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Schneider (R)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 12157400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " . James A. Frear (R)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 12157215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " . Hubert H. Peavey (R)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 12157368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " . Vincent Carter (R)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 7566868 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " . Daniel Sutherland (R)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 1674873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " . Victor S. K. Houston (R)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 904550 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " . Pedro Guevara (Nac.)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 4827038, 11383551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 16 ], [ 18, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " . Camilo Osías (Nac.)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 4844473, 11383551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 15 ], [ 17, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " . Félix Córdova Dávila", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Members", "target_page_ids": [ 7549804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Replacements: 15", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Democratic: 3-seat net gain", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 5043544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Republican: 1-seat net loss", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 32070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Deaths: 5", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Resignations: 3", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Interim appointments: 6", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Total seats with changes: 9", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Kansas(3)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Vacant", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Charles Curtis (R) had resigned at end of previous congress to become Vice President of the United States.Successor appointed April 1, 1929, to continue the term.Successor later lost nomination to finish the term, see below.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 92213, 32759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 16 ], [ 72, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Henry J. Allen (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 2839922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| April 1, 1929", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Pennsylvania(3)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Vacant", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Sen.-elect William S. Vare (R) was apparently elected but vote was never certified by the Governor due to election irregularities. The Senate refused to qualify him and he was formally unseated December 9, 1929.Successor appointed December 11, 1929.Successor later lost nomination to finish the term, see below.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1806431 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Joseph R. Grundy (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 3095671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 11, 1929", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Tennessee(2)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Lawrence Tyson (D)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 2192656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Died August 24, 1929.Successor appointed September 2, 1929, to continue the term.Successor was also later elected November 4, 1930, to finish the term.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1319100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | William E. Brock (D)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1235074 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| September 2, 1929", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Ohio(3)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Theodore E. Burton (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 712766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Died October 28, 1929.Successor appointed November 5, 1929, to continue the term.Successor later lost election to finish the term, see below.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Roscoe C. McCulloch (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 712754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| November 5, 1929", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| New Jersey(2)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Walter E. Edge (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 442303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Resigned November 21, 1929, to become U.S. Ambassador to France.Successor appointed November 30, 1929, to continue the term.Successor later did not run to finish the term, see below.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 2630379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | David Baird Jr. (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 4017580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| November 30, 1929", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Wyoming(2)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Francis E. Warren (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1984281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Died November 24, 1929.Successor appointed December 5, 1929.Successor later did not run to finish the term, see below.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Patrick J. Sullivan (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 3087420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 5, 1929", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Kentucky(2)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Frederic M. Sackett (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1868282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Resigned January 9, 1930, to become U.S. Ambassador to Germany.Successor appointed January 11, 1930, to continue the term.Successor later lost election to finish the term, see below.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 4089278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | John M. Robsion (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 2972247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| January 11, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Wyoming(2)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Patrick Joseph Sullivan (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 3087420 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Interim appointee did not run to finish the term.Successor elected November 4, 1930.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 54061635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Robert D. Carey (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 2896710 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 1, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Kansas(3)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Henry J. Allen (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 2839922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.Successor elected November 4, 1930.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1319100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | George McGill (D)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 4470701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 1, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Kentucky(2)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | John M. Robsion (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 2972247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.Successor elected November 4, 1930.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 70978601 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Ben M. Williamson (D)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 3852789 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 1, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Ohio(3)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416442 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Roscoe C. McCulloch (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 712754 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Interim appointee lost election to finish the term.Successor elected November 4, 1930.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 54052005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Robert J. Bulkley (D)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 712719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 1, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Pennsylvania(3)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Joseph R. Grundy (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 3095671 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Interim appointee lost nomination to finish the term.Successor elected November 4, 1930.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 36320516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | James J. Davis (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1626390 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 2, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| New Jersey(2)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | David Baird Jr. (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 4017580 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Interim appointee did not run to finish the term.Successor elected November 4, 1930.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1319100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Dwight Morrow (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 940972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 3, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| North Carolina(3)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416437 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Lee S. Overman (D)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 516670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Died December 12, 1930.Successor appointed December 13, 1930, to continue the term.Successor later lost election to finish the term, see (72nd United States Congress).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1033324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 140, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Cameron A. Morrison (D)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 516673 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 31 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 13, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| Vermont(1)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 416470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Frank L. Greene (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 4969318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| Died December 17, 1930.Successor appointed December 23, 1930, to continue the term.Successor later lost nomination to finish the term, see (72nd United States Congress).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 1033324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 142, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| nowrap | Frank C. Partridge (R)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 4938395 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "| December 23, 1930", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|}", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Replacements: 27", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Democratic: 4 seat net gain", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 5043544 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Republican: 3 seat net loss", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [ 32070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Deaths: 25", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Resignations: 6", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Contested election: 1", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Total seats with changes: 32", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Changes in membership", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Agriculture and Forestry (Chairman: Charles L. McNary; Ranking Member: Ellison D. Smith)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 512510, 981241, 1828284 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ], [ 37, 54 ], [ 72, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Air Mail and Ocean Mail Contracts (Special)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 1661840 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alaska Railroad (Special Select)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Appropriations (Chairman: Francis E. Warren then Wesley L. Jones; Ranking Member: William J. Harris)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 465705, 1984281, 774409, 3998265 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 27, 44 ], [ 50, 65 ], [ 83, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate (Chairman: Charles S. Deneen; Ranking Member: Thaddeus H. Caraway)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 854770, 1943051, 3660785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 56 ], [ 68, 85 ], [ 103, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Banking and Currency (Chairman: Peter Norbeck; Ranking Member: Duncan U. Fletcher)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 832887, 2780779, 3105980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 33, 46 ], [ 64, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Civil Service (Chairman: Porter H. Dale; Ranking Member: Kenneth McKellar)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 854814, 3131731, 1010930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ], [ 26, 40 ], [ 58, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Claims (Chairman: Robert B. Howell; Ranking Member: Park Trammell)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 854835, 3692649, 1151475 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ], [ 19, 35 ], [ 53, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Commerce (Chairman: Hiram W. Johnson; Ranking Member: Duncan U. Fletcher)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 625446, 175069, 3105980 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 21, 37 ], [ 55, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Depreciation of Foreign Currencies (Select)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " District of Columbia (Chairman: Arthur Capper; Ranking Member: William H. King)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 854901, 1161112, 467812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ], [ 33, 46 ], [ 64, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Education and Labor (Chairman: Jesse H. Metcalf; Ranking Member: Royal S. Copeland)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Committees", "target_page_ids": [ 833223, 5082770, 2017029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ], [ 32, 48 ], [ 66, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Enrolled Bills (Chairman: Frank L. Greene; Ranking Member: Coleman L. 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Montgomery (Methodist)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Officers", "target_page_ids": [ 30860636, 32691154, 20119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ], [ 11, 30 ], [ 32, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States elections, 1928 (elections leading to this Congress)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 34218438 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1928 United States presidential election", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 40538 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States Senate elections, 1928", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1319269 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States House of Representatives elections, 1928", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States elections, 1930 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 34218310 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States Senate elections, 1930", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1319100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United States House of Representatives elections, 1930", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1342359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 55 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " U.S. House of Representatives: House History", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "71st_United_States_Congress" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Marcus Lorenzo Storey (born November 9, 1982) is an American former soccer player who played as a forward.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 428681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 74 ], [ 98, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Storey was born in Chicago, Illinois. He played college soccer at the University of North Carolina. Following being named the ACC Rookie of the Year in 2001, Storey was named to the All-ACC first team as a junior and a senior. He finished his career with the Tar Heels with 39 goals and 19 assists in 106 games.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6886, 14849, 1037270, 89510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 26 ], [ 28, 36 ], [ 48, 62 ], [ 70, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon his graduation, Storey was drafted 20th overall in the 2005 MLS SuperDraft by the Columbus Crew. He was traded to Houston prior to the 2006 season. However, after spending the season with the Dynamo, he was cut during the 2007 pre-season, a move to make the team roster-compliant.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1399423, 245695 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 79 ], [ 87, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In January 2008 he joined TuS Heeslingen in Germany, in the Oberliga (Fourth division), he left the club in June 2008 and he joined SV Wilhelmshaven in the new (Third division) and on June 30, 2009 left Wilhelmshaven to sign for SV Drochtersen/Assel.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 13271357, 16120382, 5318980, 46762436 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 40 ], [ 60, 68 ], [ 132, 148 ], [ 229, 249 ] ] } ]

[ "Living_people", "1982_births", "People_from_Missouri_City,_Texas", "American_soccer_players", "Association_football_forwards", "Major_League_Soccer_players", "USL_League_Two_players", "North_Carolina_Fusion_U23_players", "North_Carolina_Tar_Heels_men's_soccer_players", "Columbus_Crew_draft_picks", "Columbus_Crew_players", "Houston_Dynamo_FC_players", "TuS_Heeslingen_players", "SV_Wilhelmshaven_players", "SV_Drochtersen/Assel_players", "BSV_Schwarz-Weiß_Rehden_players", "Soccer_players_from_Houston", "American_expatriate_soccer_players", "American_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Germany", "Expatriate_footballers_in_Germany" ]

[ "Marcus Lorenzo Storey" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Negros Oriental State University is a public/state nonsectarian higher education institution in Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines. It was founded in 2004 by virtue of RA 9299. It is", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 613823, 261980, 23440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 110 ], [ 112, 127 ], [ 129, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "the only state university in the province of Negros Oriental, Philippines. Its Main Campus is located in Dumaguete City and has the most number of academic programs and student organizations. It also has 6 satellite campuses all over the province. Formerly Central Visayas Polytechnic College, it was converted into a state university for students from Visayas and Mindanao.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 261980, 23440, 72418, 20546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 60 ], [ 62, 73 ], [ 353, 360 ], [ 365, 373 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Main Campus is on Kagawasan Avenue, Dumaguete City, beside the provincial capitol building of Negros Oriental.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 613823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The beginnings of what is now the Negros Oriental State University date back to 1907, from a single woodworking class at what was then the Negros Oriental Provincial School, the forerunner of the present Negros Oriental High School. As more industrial art subjects were added, a separate arts and trade school on the secondary level called the Negros Oriental Trade School, which became the East Visayan School of Arts and Trades in 1956 and the Central Visayas Polytechnic College in 1983. In 2004, it was converted into what is now the Negros Oriental State University.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Negros Oriental Provincial High School was the precursor of what is now the Negros Oriental High School. It opened in Dumaguete on September 1, 1902. The \"Provincial School,\" as it was simply referred to before, arose at the time when the principal stress in the program of public instruction of the American Civil Government in the Philippines was simply the introduction of the most basic academic program at the elementary and secondary levels. It was one of the 23 high schools in the country at that time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1907 The school was started as a small shop on the intermediate level (fifth grade). It was located on the City Hall ground and was adjunct to the provincial schools which had both intermediate and high school classes. Mr. Leonard Brendenstein, a foreigner, was in charge of the school and woodworking was the only course offered at that time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1916 Mr. Candido Alcazar became the principal of the school and the only course offered was still woodworking. The sixth and seventh grades were opened and conducted in the same small shop.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1922 Mr. Teodoro Senador Sr. took over as principal with Miss Salud Blanco, Mr. Estanislao Alviola Sr. and Mr. Fermin Canlas as teachers. There were at that time 258 intermediate pupils.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The curriculum offered by the Provincial School included English, reading, grammar, composition, arithmetic, geography, US history, and spelling. There was also a sewing class, which served as prototype of the vocational arts and trades education in the public schools in the province.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Negros Oriental Trade School (NOTS) was ordered to be created on December 3, 1927 by virtue of Act No. 3377 of the Philippine Legislature. The school was officially named NEGROS ORIENTAL TRADE SCHOOL (NOTS) and became a separate trade school on the secondary level to stress the promotion of education in trades and industries.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In July, 1928, with Mr. Flaviano Santos as Principal, the first year class has 25 students. Though it was already considered as a separate institution, its students, however, continued to take their academic courses in English and Mathematics at the Negros Oriental Provincial High School.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With the growth in size of the Negros Oriental Trade School, it became imperative to have its own campus. Thus on July 26, 1930, Mr. Paul Wittman, the Division Superintendent of Schools for Negros Oriental, petitioned the Governor-General Henry Dwight F. Davis to reserve for the future campus of the Negros Oriental Trade School a piece of property adjoining the Catholic town cemetery, which lay at what was then the outskirts of Dumaguete.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1930 Mr. Flaviano Santos continued to be the principal with two sections of the First year and one section of the Second year. Mr. Fermin Canlas taught drawing and Mr. Estanislao Alviola Sr. taught shopwork. Building Construction was introduced with woodworking as a course.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1932, NOTS was transferred from its premises at the ground floor of the Municipal Hall to its present campus. That same year, it conferred diplomas on its first 18 graduates. The trade school was transferred to the present site and 18 fourth year students were turned out as first graduates with Julian Abrasado and Sixto Dilicano as valedictorian and salutatorian respectively. Upon the transfer of Mr. Flaviano Santos, Mr. Isabelo Sarmiento assumed office as principal of the school. He served less than a year on account of his transfer to Bohol.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1933 Mr. Vicente Enrile took over the principalship of the school for a short time and he was later transferred to Zamboanga Trade School. A permanent L-shaped building costing more than P35,000.00 was constructed from national funds.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From 1934-1941 Mr. Vicente Macairan became the principal. Shop courses were housed in the concrete building and students took their academic subjects at the Negros Oriental High School. Mr. Simplicio Mamicpic headed the academic department. About 1938, Building Construction was offered as a course.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The members of class 1942 of NOTS were never to finish the school year. Like all other schools throughout the country, Negros Oriental Trade School was closed. Some of its male faculty and students rose to join the colors during the World War II.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Negros Oriental Trade School campus was used by the US Army in 1945 as quarters for Japanese prisoners of war whom they captured. NOTS was then reopened in July 1946.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1946 Mr. Francisci Apilado took charge of the school when it reopened. Later Mr. Roberto Angeles became the principal of the school until his transfer to Agusan as Industrial Supervisor. Then Mr. Proceso Gabor became the principal. Electricity and Automechanics were new courses offered. Reparation machines were acquired from Leyte to augment the technical shop equipment.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1948 The Related Subjects building was constructed from provincial funds. The academic department was headed by Mr. Esperidion G. Heceta after the liberation. After serving for a year, Mr. Heceta was promoted as principal of Larena Sub-Provincial High School. Mr. Fermin C. Santos took over the headship of the department. In view of the BPS ruling that National (Insular) teachers be placed in the national schools, Mr. Santos was persuaded by the Division Superintendent of Schools to exchange places with Mr. Pedro S. Flores, a National (Insular) teacher of the Negros Oriental High School. Mr. Flores did not stay long in this capacity and Mr. Santos was called back to assume the position of the academic department head.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1950 Mr. Marcelo Bonilla headed the school as principal. The Girls Trade semi-permanent building was constructed. Courses for girls were offered for the first time and 24 girls enrolled. The total enrolment was 865 and there were 40 teachers. It became coeducational for the first time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1951 This year the enrolment soared to 1476 and there were 311 girls and 1165 boys. The faculty and staff totaled 66.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "From 1953-1955 under the PHILCUSA-FOA Program, equipment and supplies were given to the school. Some buildings were constructed under the foreign aid program. Equipment and machinery in the Machine Shop, Woodworking, and Sheet Metal were installed. The enrolment of the school further rose to 1943 in the school year 1954-55, and the personnel and the teachers totaled 84. Mr. Teodulfo Despojo was the principal when Mr. Marcelo Bonilla was promoted as Superintendent of Zamboanga School of Arts and Trades.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By virtue of Republic Act No. 1579 signed into law on June 16, 1956, the Negros Oriental Trade School became the EAST VISAYAN SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES (EVSAT. Under this new status, EVSAT was headed by a \"Superintendent\" with a \"Principal\" assisting him in administering the academic program of the school. The responsibility for the financial support of the school also shifted from the shoulders of the province of Negros Oriental to the national government. The most salient developments in the life of the school at this time included its rise in status to a collegiate level, the diversification of its technical curriculum, and the increase in buildings, machinery, and equipment. The implementation took effect during the school year 1957-58. Mr. Mariano P. Dagdag became the first Superintendent of the School and Mr. Julian A. Corpuz assumed office as principal of the school replacing Mr. Despojo who was transferred Agusan Trade School. Technical Education college courses like machine shop technology, electricity technology, technical drafting, technical building construction and girls trade technical courses were offered.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1957, during the administration of Mr. Mariano P. Dagdag, technical education courses on the collegiate level were offered for the first time. These included technical machine shop, technical building construction, technical automotive mechanics, and a number of girl's trades technical courses.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1959 Mr. Gregorio P. Espinosa took over as the second superintendent of the school on February 9, succeeding Mr. Dagdag upon his transferred.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1960, Evening Opportunity Classes were introduced for the first time, to make trade education accessible to adults and out-of-school youth, and in 1961, three other government schools in Negros Oriental were placed under the administration and supervision of EVSAT. These were the Negros Oriental National Agricultural School (NONAS) in Bayawan, the Guihulngan Vocational School in Guihulngan, and the Bais School of Fisheries in Bais City. To the three was subsequently added the Larena National Vocational School in Larena, Siquijor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1965, EVSAT was authorized by virtue of Republic Act No. 4401 to offer a teacher education program leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Education. This raised EVSAT to the full status of a collegiate institution and pointed in a fresh direction which in time was to bring an entirely new character to the institution.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1975, new shop courses in Marine Engineering and Electronics, and Saturday classes in Practical Arts were offered for the first time. EVSAT was also authorized to offer a four-year technical educational program, leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Industrial Technology (BSIT), with a major in industrial management and supervision.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The need for candidates for the BSIE degree, major in industrial arts, for laboratory classes to do practice teaching led to MECS authorization in 1976 for EVSAT to open elementary classes at first in Grade V to VI. The full elementary school program began at the start of the new school year in June 1977. In later years, a high school was added as a second laboratory schools.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1976, EVSAT's graduate program was inaugurated, starting with the Master of Education degree.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By virtue of Batas Pambansa No. 401 passed on April 14, 1983 and signed into law by President Ferdinand E. Marcos on June 10, 1983, the Central Visayas Polytechnic College came into being. The state college was the result of the merger of three government institutions in Negros Oriental, namely the East Visayan School of Arts and Trades in Dumaguete City, the Bais School of Fisheries in Okiot, Bais City, and the Guihulngan Vocational School in Guihulngan City, Negros Oriental.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In its educational task, the primary responsibility of the Central Visayas Polytechnic College was \"to give professional and technical training in science and technology, advanced specialized instruction in literature, philosophy, arts and sciences, besides providing for the promotion of scientific and technological researchers.\" The State Collegewas authorized to offer undergraduate courses in liberal arts, engineering, fisheries, agriculture, and short-term vocational courses for the development of middle level skills. It was also authorized to offer graduate courses, after the passage of five years and at the discretion of its Board of Trustees.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In December 11, 1986, Atty. Marcelo C. Jalandoon was formally appointed as the first President of Central Visayas Polytechnic College. President Jalandoon's administration of CVPC encompassed the transition period after Martial Law. Philippine education was faced with the great challenge of responding to the compelling need to stabilize the country's political situation by solidifying its economic foundations and fulfilling popular expectations of a better life, now that freedom has been recovered from the morass of oppressive days.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "By 1991, with the solid foundation established by the earnest efforts of CVPC's previous administrators and the unflagging commitment to service of its faculty and staff, Dr. Henry A. Sojor was appointed by Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino on August 1, 1991, as the second President of the College. He took his oath of office five days later before the Secretary of the Department of Education, Culture and Sports, Dr. Isidro Carino.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Republic Act No. 9299 was signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on June 25, 2004 and the Central Visayas Polytechnic College (CVPC) was converted into a state university, now known as the Negros Oriental State University (NORSU), integrating therewith the Genaro Goñi Memorial College in the City of Bais, the Siaton Community College in the Municipality of Siaton, and the Mabinay Institute of Technology in the Municipality of Mabinay.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Dumaguete Campuses of NORSU is composed of nine colleges offering several undergraduate degrees. The Graduate School is located at the Main Campus", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Agriculture", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Major in Animal Science, Agronomy, Agribusiness", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Forestry", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Arts", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Major in Social Science, General Curriculum", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Mass Communication", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Biology ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Chemistry", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Computer Science ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Geology", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Information Technology", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Mathematics", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Psychology", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Associate in Hospitality Management", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Associate in Secretarial Science ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Accountancy", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bachelor of Science in Business Administration", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Colleges and courses offered", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Major in 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III, Siaton", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Campuses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Pamplona Campus - Pamplona (an extension of Main Campus 2 College of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Campuses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "NORSU is known as the school for poor but deserving students. As a state university, NORSU is covered by the free tuition law and thus attracting even more students. NORSU consistently produces many board passers and topnotchers every year.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [ 25724776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The university adopted a bi-semestral system wherein students enroll twice each year. Starting S.Y. 2019-2020, NORSU opened the school year on August following the mandate of CHED.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [ 1505018 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 175, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Dumaguete campuses alone has an average enrollment of about 12,000 students per semester. University-wide enrollment reaches more than 20,000. NORSU doesn't only cater Oriental Negrenses but also students from other provinces notably Siquijor, Negros Occidental, Cebu and Zamboanga del Norte. Some may come from farther provinces, even from Luzon. As of the 1st semester of SY 2017-2018, the population is more or less 12,000 students in the main campuses.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [ 244520, 266813, 160278, 256093 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 238, 246 ], [ 248, 265 ], [ 267, 271 ], [ 276, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pylon is the Official Yearbook of Negros Oriental State University System. Pylon consist of four (4) Departments: Creative Design & Photography Department, Creative Writing Department, Information, Equipment and Record Management Department and Multimedia & Information System Department.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The student government of Negros Oriental State University, named Negros Oriental State University - Federation of Student Governments (NORSU-FSG), is composed of all the student governments of all NORSU system namely:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "a. Student Governments of Dumaguete City I", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "b. Student Governments of Dumaguete City II", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "c. Student Governments of Bayawan- Sta. Catalina Campus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "d. Student Governments of Siaton Campus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "e. Student Governments of Bais Campuses", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "f. Student Governments of Guihulngan Campus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "g. Student Governments of Mabinay Campus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "h. Student Governments of Pamplona Campus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The NORSUnian is the official Weekly student publication of Negros Oriental State University system. The NORSUnian is one of the three (3) acclaimed student publications in the Philippines which comes out weekly together with The Philippine Collegian of the University of the Philippines in Metro Manila, and The Weekly Sillimanian of Silliman University of Dumaguete City.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Student life", "target_page_ids": [ 2457385, 190490, 72340, 30269914, 954388 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 250 ], [ 258, 287 ], [ 291, 303 ], [ 313, 331 ], [ 335, 354 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A major event of Negros Oriental State University is the Hugyawan Festival, a merrymaking activity highlighting the celebration of NORSU’s Foundation Day celebration featuring spectacular parade of colorful costumes, festivities, humorous gimmicks and merrymaking in the streets of Dumaguete City from different colleges and satellite campuses of NORSU to showcase the unique way of life of the inhabitants of Negros Oriental, and at the same time, capture the customary response of the Negrenses towards Nature, Fate, and what God has given them, which is thanksgiving through celebration, merrymaking and revelry.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Hugyawan Festival", "target_page_ids": [ 613823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 282, 296 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hugyawan, comes from the Cebuano term “hugyaw” or revelry, is a condensation of the phrase “hugot sa pagbayaw”, which literally translates to sincere tribute or heartfelt offering to God, country and culture and to ourselves. On the cultural front, “hugyaw” means “to make very loud noise using drums and other musical instruments or any other indigenous materials that would make varied types of noise” Making noise is done while dancing, jumping and parading on the streets. It is participated in by all the campuses of the NORSU System.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Hugyawan Festival", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Negros Oriental State University—ROTC is the only program offering the Air Force-ROTC, Naval-ROTC and Army-ROTC in the Philippines together with Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS) & Literacy Training Service (LTS) pursuant to Republic Act 9163 or otherwise known as \" The National Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of 2001.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "NORSU-ROTC", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The NORSUnian", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " NORSU Official University Website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The NORSUnian Official Website", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " NORSU Official Yearbook", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Educational_institutions_established_in_1927", "Universities_and_colleges_in_Negros_Oriental", "State_universities_and_colleges_in_the_Philippines", "Education_in_Dumaguete", "Philippine_Association_of_State_Universities_and_Colleges", "1927_establishments_in_the_Philippines" ]

[ "NORSU" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena is a multipurpose arena located within Melbourne Park, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The arena is the main venue for the Australian Open, the first Grand Slam tennis tournament of the calendar year.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 180244, 734527, 17306237, 4689460, 97851, 197638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 39 ], [ 55, 69 ], [ 74, 83 ], [ 85, 93 ], [ 142, 157 ], [ 169, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Replacing the aging Kooyong Stadium, construction on the arena began in 1985 and was completed in 1987 at a cost of AU$94 million. It opened on 11 January 1988 for the 1988 Australian Open.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 4586538, 81215, 4006542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 35 ], [ 116, 119 ], [ 168, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Originally known in 1988 as the National Tennis Centre at Flinders Park, the arena has officially changed its name twice. First in 1996, when it was known as the Centre Court, and again on 16 January 2000 to honour Rod Laver, a three-time winner of the Australian Open and one of the world's greatest tennis players.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 221421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 224 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena has a seating capacity of 14,820, with a capacity of 15,400 for sports such as basketball, when extra seats are added around the court, and up to 14,200 for concerts with floor seating. The arena currently attracts over 1.5 million visitors per year.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Features", "target_page_ids": [ 2153809, 3921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 38 ], [ 95, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The arena was the first tennis venue in the world and the first arena of any kind in Australia to have a retractable roof installed. The idea for such a roof came about at the suggestion of John Cain, the premier of Victoria around 1980, who came up with the compromise idea after Tennis Australia requested the government to build an open air tennis facility next to a preexisting government project to build a closed roof entertainment center.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Features", "target_page_ids": [ 9239903 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Rod Laver Arena is the largest indoor arena in Australia without a permanent roof (not counting the 56,347 seat Docklands Stadium, also in Melbourne, which is classed as a stadium rather than an arena). It is also the second largest indoor arena in Australia behind the 21,032 capacity Sydney Super Dome. The arena's retractable roof allows competitors to continue play during rain or extreme heat.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Features", "target_page_ids": [ 541428, 185604, 4230959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 133 ], [ 176, 183 ], [ 290, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena is equipped with the Hawk-Eye electronic system which allows tennis players to challenge the umpire's decision on calls made throughout championships.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Features", "target_page_ids": [ 579532 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena is the centrepiece of the National Tennis Centre at Melbourne Park, and besides tennis, the arena has hosted basketball, motorbike super-crosses, music concerts, conferences, World Wrestling Entertainment events and ballet. Other than for tennis, during sporting events or concerts, a section of the southern lower seating bowl is retracted to allow space for a stage or special floor level seating.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 734527, 29773, 3921, 254052, 236918, 62676, 49733 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 82 ], [ 96, 102 ], [ 125, 135 ], [ 147, 160 ], [ 162, 176 ], [ 191, 220 ], [ 232, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena acts as the centre court for the Australian Open tennis championships every year. The player after whom the arena is named, Rod Laver, is a frequent guest of honour at Championships and has presented the trophy to the men's singles champion on several occasions. Laver is widely considered the best player of his generation and amongst the consideration in the best players of all time.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 97851, 221421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 64 ], [ 140, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena was the scene for Australia's famous Davis Cup victories in 2003. The arena hosted the semi-final and Final, at which Australia was successful in recording their 28th Davis Cup title.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 9656856, 227983, 7224974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 45 ], [ 53, 62 ], [ 76, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Aside from tennis, the sport most often held at Rod Laver Arena in the past was basketball. The arena's first basketball game was in 1991 when the Australian Boomers played host to a touring All-Star team headlined by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, with over 15,000 in attendance.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 3921, 4178047, 16899 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 90 ], [ 147, 165 ], [ 218, 237 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 3 April 1992, the arena became the home of Melbourne basketball when the Melbourne Tigers (now known as Melbourne United) defeated the Canberra Cannons 112–104. The venue was actually criticised in its early days as a basketball venue due to the poor quality of the backboards and rings used. However, these concerns were quickly addressed and the arena became known as one of the best in the country, especially with anywhere near a full house in attendance. The arena was also home to the South East Melbourne Magic (later renamed the Victoria Titans in 1998 after merging with the North Melbourne Giants) with both teams attracting some of the largest crowds in the history of the NBL. Rod Laver Arena was also the site of the first ever \"outdoor\" pro basketball game in Australia when the Magic hosted the Adelaide 36ers on 31 December 1997 with the roof open.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 1528632, 1528632, 1296131, 24251127, 6728906, 8101603, 7722101, 283203, 2888022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 92 ], [ 107, 123 ], [ 138, 154 ], [ 269, 279 ], [ 494, 520 ], [ 540, 555 ], [ 587, 609 ], [ 687, 690 ], [ 813, 827 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The largest basketball crowd at Rod Laver Arena was set in 1996 when 15,366 attended a local derby game between the Magic and Tigers. This remains the second largest basketball attendance ever in Australia behind the 17,803 who attended an NBL game between the Sydney Kings and West Sydney Razorbacks at the Sydney Super Dome in 1999. Game two of the 1996 NBL Grand Final series, also between the Magic and Tigers, saw the NBL's largest ever single game Grand Final crowd when 15,064 watched the Magic defeat the Tigers 88–84.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 1082945, 3225586, 4230959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 273 ], [ 278, 300 ], [ 308, 325 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1992 saw the first time two teams from the one city had reached the NBL Grand Final series when the Magic faced fellow Melbourne Park tenants the Tigers. With all games being played at the league's largest venue a record aggregate of 43,605 (average 14,535) fans saw the Magic win their first championship two games to one, coming back to win games two and three 115–93 and 95–88 after losing game one 98–116.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In all, Rod Laver Arena hosted 287 NBL games including NBL Championship deciders in 1992, 1996, 1997 and 1999, and played host to its last game in April 2000 before Melbourne Arena opened in 2000 and became the new home of basketball in Melbourne. The arena hosted the Australian Boomers on numerous occasions, including playing against the Magic Johnson All-Stars in 1995, as well as hosting the 1997 FIBA Under-22 World Championship, which Australia won for the first time. The arena also played host to the 1993 NBL All-Star Game with the NBL Stars defeating the Boomers 124–119.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 28949737, 36753, 10229893, 8511190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 165, 180 ], [ 341, 364 ], [ 397, 434 ], [ 515, 532 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 15 August 2015, Rod Laver Arena played host to the opening game of the 2015 FIBA Men's Oceania Basketball Championship between the Australian Boomers and the New Zealand Tall Blacks. In front of 15,062 fans Australia ran out 71–59 winners.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 45635079, 1168638 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 121 ], [ 161, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena was the centrepiece of the 12th FINA World Aquatics Championships, which were held from 17 March-1 April 2007. A temporary swimming pool, named the Susie O'Neill Pool after Australian swimming champion Susie O'Neill, was built at significant cost.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 4465998, 957199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 81 ], [ 218, 231 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver was the host venue for the gymnastics competition at the 2006 Commonwealth Games.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 12551, 178745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 47 ], [ 67, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The venue has hosted professional wrestling events such as the WWE, World Championship Wrestling event in October 2000, World Wrestling All-Stars and World Cup skateboarding. In July 2012, the venue hosted its first netball match, when the Melbourne Vixens were forced to move a home semi-final to the arena after their usual home venue was booked for a concert. On 10 February 2019, the venue hosted Adesanya vs. Silva.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 62676, 186694, 1250127, 3635909, 21592, 14175007, 58951282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 66 ], [ 68, 96 ], [ 120, 145 ], [ 150, 173 ], [ 216, 223 ], [ 240, 256 ], [ 401, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena was one of the host venues, along with Margaret Court Arena and Melbourne Arena, for the second Melbourne Esports Open on the weekend of 31 August to 1 September 2019. It featured three major regional esports tournaments across League of Legends, Overwatch and Rainbow Six Siege.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 4771518, 28949737, 564204, 54679989, 44331238, 43016573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 75 ], [ 80, 95 ], [ 217, 224 ], [ 244, 261 ], [ 263, 272 ], [ 277, 294 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena consistently hosts Melbourne's highest-profile musical and entertainment concerts. In 2009, the arena polled 9th out of 50 worldwide top arenas for first-quarter ticket sales, making it the second highest ticket selling venue in Australia, second to Sydney's Qudos Bank Arena, which placed third. In 2012, the arena became Australia's highest selling venue and 4th in the world, based on 2011 ticket sales.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 236918, 4230959 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 97 ], [ 275, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena's record attendance of 16,183 was set on 18 November 2007 for a Justin Timberlake concert during his FutureSex/LoveShow tour.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 69323, 236918, 8892597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 97 ], [ 98, 105 ], [ 117, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "American singer P!nk performed a record-breaking 18 concerts at the venue in the winter of 2013 with her Truth About Love Tour, beating her own record of 17 shows from the Funhouse Tour in 2009. She is currently the artist who holds the record for most shows at the venue.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Sports and events", "target_page_ids": [ 215566, 37050763, 19764055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 20 ], [ 105, 126 ], [ 172, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1988 until 2007, the surface of the court at the Australian Open and on Rod Laver Arena was Rebound Ace, which was coloured green and played slowly. The surface was also blamed for many injuries in the Australian Open, with many players claiming that the surface became sticky in hot weather, making it difficult to play on.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tennis surface", "target_page_ids": [ 97851, 2673805 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 69 ], [ 97, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2008, the surface was changed to Plexicushion, and coloured blue. The surface is similar in properties to DecoTurf, the surface used in the US Open. This has more cushioning and more give than Rebound Ace. In 2019 the surface was changed again to Greenset, though retained its blue appearance and similarities to the Plexicushion.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tennis surface", "target_page_ids": [ 11522925, 6887566, 82729, 37192614 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 48 ], [ 109, 117 ], [ 143, 150 ], [ 250, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has also had a temporary grass court in use, during the 1993 Davis Cup quarterfinals, 2001 Davis Cup final and the 2003 Davis Cup final.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Tennis surface", "target_page_ids": [ 10790501, 9457755, 7224974 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 73 ], [ 89, 103 ], [ 118, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In June 2015, it was announced that the arena would undergo a redevelopment of its exterior facade and interior customer features, such as bars and other facilities. The refurbishment constituted the main aspect of the $338 million second stage of redevelopments that occurred at the Melbourne Park precinct, which included a new pedestrian bridge linking Melbourne Park and Birrarung Marr and a new media and administration centre. Construction began in April 2016. The refurbishment included a new eastern-facing primary entrance, an expanded public concourse space and other amenities designed to \"open up\" the arena and provide enhanced facilities and entry points for spectators. A new four-level Player Pod was constructed which increased the space for training, treatment, recovery, dining and lounging for athletes at major tournaments such as the Australian Open. In addition, the venue's roof was upgraded to allow for it to be closed for inclement weather in five minutes, dropping from the 30 minutes it took beforehand. The refurbishment was completed in late December 2018.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Refurbishment", "target_page_ids": [ 734527, 1676867, 97851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 284, 307 ], [ 375, 389 ], [ 856, 871 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Tennis Centre at Flinders Park ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Naming", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Centre Court ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Naming", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Rod Laver Arena ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Naming", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "16,183 – Justin Timberlake, 18 November 2007", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Record attendances", "target_page_ids": [ 69323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National Basketball League", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Record attendances", "target_page_ids": [ 283203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "15,366 – South East Melbourne Magic vs Melbourne Tigers, 22 June 1996", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Record attendances", "target_page_ids": [ 6728906, 1528632, 43671228 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 35 ], [ 39, 55 ], [ 57, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "International", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Record attendances", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "15,062 – Australia vs New Zealand, 15 August 2015", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Record attendances", "target_page_ids": [ 4178047, 1168638, 45635079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 18 ], [ 22, 33 ], [ 35, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "14,820 – Australian Open / Davis Cup (various)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Record attendances", "target_page_ids": [ 97851, 227983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 24 ], [ 27, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of sports venues named after individuals", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5721631 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of tennis stadiums by capacity", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14476860 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of indoor arenas in Australia", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 45540102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Peddle Thorp Melbourne", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "30 Years of Rod Laver Arena Documentary – YouTube", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Sports_venues_in_Melbourne", "Tennis_venues_in_Australia", "Music_venues_in_Melbourne", "Retractable-roof_stadiums_in_Australia", "2006_Commonwealth_Games_venues", "Indoor_arenas_in_Australia", "Sports_venues_completed_in_1988", "Defunct_National_Basketball_League_(Australia)_venues", "Basketball_venues_in_Australia", "Boxing_venues_in_Australia", "Melbourne_United", "South_East_Melbourne_Magic", "Philip_Cox_buildings", "1988_establishments_in_Australia", "2001_Davis_Cup" ]

[ "National Tennis Centre at Flinders Park", "Centre Court" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Gold Award is the highest achievement within the Girl Scouts of the USA, earned by Senior and Ambassador Girl Scouts. Only 5.4% of eligible Girl Scouts successfully earn the Gold Award.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 295087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Girl Scout's highest award was created in 1916 and has gone through changes over the years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This award was a pin of an eagle with its wings spread, on a red, white, and blue ribbon.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1919 the name of the award was changed to the Golden Eaglet. Requirements for the award ranged through the years from earning 14 out of 17 specific badges, earning the Medal of Merit, earning a different number of badges, and the acceptance of a letter of Commendation instead of the Medal of Merit. The award itself changed from the spread-winged eagle and ribbon to an eagle with half-furled wings and a \"G\" and an \"S\" on either side of its head.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The founder of Girl Scouts, Juliette Gordon Low, wrote in November 1923: “The five requirements for winning the Golden Eaglet are character, health, handicraft, happiness and service, and that others will expect to find in our Golden Eaglet a perfect specimen of girlhood: mentally, morally, and physically.”", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 191564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1938 the Golden Eaglet changed to the First Class Award.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This award was earned by Intermediate Scouts who had already earned the First Class Award and were the way to bridge to Senior rank. Because of the shortage of metal during WWII, at first the award was a curved embroidered patch worn on the uniform. In 1947, the Curved Bar pin was introduced.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1963 the award went back to being called First Class. Requirements for earning the First Class Award changed over the 17 years it was offered. Beginning in 1963, Cadette Scouts were required to earn four Challenges, plus at least six badges in specific areas:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Social Dependability", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Emergency Preparedness", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Active Citizenship", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Girl Scout Promise", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1972, eight new Challenges were offered:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Arts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Community Action", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Environment", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " International Understanding ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Knowing Myself", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " My Heritage ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Out-of-Doors", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Today's World", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Scout was permitted to choose any four of the twelve Challenges.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the four Challenges, a Scout was required to earn at least one badge in each of six areas:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Arts", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Home", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Citizenship", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Out-of-Doors", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Health and Safety", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " International Understanding", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Alternately, from 1972 to 1980, a Scout could earn any seven of the twelve Challenges, with no badge requirements.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1980 the Gold Award was introduced. In 1990, National Council Session delegates approved a proposal which would keep the name of the Gold Award in perpetuity.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Until 2004, requirements for earning the award were:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Earning the Girl Scout Gold Leadership Award, which requires girls to complete 30 hours of leadership work, as well as earn three Interest Projects and one Focus Book relevant to their project.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 5077686, 3589765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 147 ], [ 157, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Earning the Girl Scout Gold Career Award, which requires girls to complete 40 hours of career exploration.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Earning the Girl Scout Gold 4Bs Challenge, which required girls to assess their community and its needs, and develop a vision for change. Up to 15 hours work on the 4Bs challenge could be counted toward the 65 hours for the service project.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Complete two Girl Scout Senior or Ambassador Journeys, or complete one Girl Scout Senior or Ambassador journey and have earned the Silver Award.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1610414 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Plan and implement an individual \"Take Action\" project that reaches beyond the Girl Scout organization and provides a sustainable, lasting benefit to the girl's larger community.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Once these steps have been met, girls use their vision for change for a service project, which requires a minimum of 80 hours of work in planning and actually completing the project. All of these hours must be completed by the Awardee, and though it is encouraged that the girl use troop members and others from the community to help her, their time spent does not count towards her 80-hour requirement. Plans must be developed with the aid of an advisor, then a project proposal must be submitted and approved by the girl's local council before starting the project, and a final report submitted and approved after the project's completion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Gold Award emblem is presented as a pin resembling an eight-pointed gold star with rays radiating from a central, polished trefoil.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Insignia", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Recipients of the Gold Award who enlist in the U.S. Armed Forces may receive advanced rank in recognition of their achievements. Some universities and colleges offer scholarships to Gold Award recipients. Yearly, GSUSA selects ten girls to be National Young Women of Distinction based on their Gold Award projects.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "After earning the Gold Award", "target_page_ids": [ 32212 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Melissa Bachman – is an American hunter, producer, and host of hunting television programs, currently of the cable television program Winchester Deadly Passion on the Sportsman Channel, Pursuit Channel, and Wild TV.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 48518397 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Betsy Boze – is an American academic and higher education administrator. With 25 years administrative experience at public universities, she was the ninth president of The College of The Bahamas. During her career she has been a Professor of Marketing, Department Chair, Dean, and the CEO of Kent State University at Stark. She is a Senior Fellow at the American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU) researching alternative revenue streams for public colleges and universities.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 9689448, 3615541, 6526180, 6221342 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 168, 194 ], [ 293, 323 ], [ 355, 410 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tammy Duckworth – is an American politician and retired Army National Guard lieutenant colonel serving as the junior United States senator from Illinois since 2017. Duckworth is the first Thai American woman elected to Congress, the first person born in Thailand elected to Congress, the first woman with a disability elected to Congress, the first female double amputee in the Senate, and the first senator to give birth while in office.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 3691615, 306054, 3412836, 6641520, 24909346, 14849, 884748, 30128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 56, 75 ], [ 76, 94 ], [ 110, 116 ], [ 117, 138 ], [ 144, 152 ], [ 188, 201 ], [ 254, 262 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jan Hopkins – was the President of the Economic Club of New York from 2008–2015. She was the anchor of the daily CNN Financial News show Street Sweep from the New York Stock Exchange. Hopkins now runs her own strategic communications and marketing company.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 3269073 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kendra Horn – is a U.S. Representative for Oklahoma's 5th congressional district.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 58084536, 19468510, 7737668 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 19, 38 ], [ 43, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hosanna Kabakoro – was an editor of Mai Life Style, the South Pacific's first style and fashion magazine. Kabakoro also served on the Board of Vision Fiji, was a spokesperson for the Fiji Water Foundation.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 27214071 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cassandra Levesque – is a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives and activist against child marriage.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 59232574, 2167686, 411381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 40, 78 ], [ 100, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Brianne Nadeau – is a Democratic politician in Washington, D.C., and a member of the Council of the District of Columbia representing Ward 1 since 2015. She defeated long-time incumbent Jim Graham in the Democratic Party primary and won the general election with 75% of the vote in 2014. She is the first woman to represent Ward 1 on the Council and the first D.C. Councilmember to give birth while serving in office.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 42423462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nina Vasan – is an American psychiatrist and author of the Amazon #1 best-selling book Do Good Well: Your Guide to Leadership, Action and Innovation. She is a Resident Physician in Psychiatry at Stanford Hospital and Clinics and in the MBA program at Stanford Graduate School of Business. She currently resides in the San Francisco Bay Area and has advised companies and startups including McKinsey & Co and Lyra Health.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable recipients", "target_page_ids": [ 49356655, 452927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 251, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Gold Award is often compared to the Eagle Scout in Scouts BSA program of the Boy Scouts of America.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Highest awards in other programs", "target_page_ids": [ 178626, 4217424, 76511 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 51 ], [ 55, 65 ], [ 81, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Silver Award (Girl Scouts of the USA)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1610414 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bronze Award (Girl Scouts of the USA)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 2034204 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of Scouts", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4296936 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "List of awards for volunteerism and community service", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 28784645 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Girl Scout Central's Guide to Earning the Gold Award", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "National Young Women of Distinction", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Girl Scout Gold Award Young Women of Distinction – the ten best Gold Awards of 2004", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Girl Scout Gold Award Alliance", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Girl Scout Gold Award Young Women of Distinction – the ten best Gold Awards of 2005", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Girl Scout Gold Award Alliance", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2015 National Young Women of Distinction", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Girl_Scouts_of_the_USA", "Scout_and_Guide_awards" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "\"Bart vs. Australia\" is the sixteenth episode of the sixth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons. It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 19, 1995. In the episode, Bart is indicted for fraud in Australia, and the family travels to the country so Bart can apologize.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4939408, 29838, 46252, 64300, 14559, 58790, 4689264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 65 ], [ 109, 121 ], [ 150, 161 ], [ 221, 225 ], [ 229, 237 ], [ 242, 247 ], [ 251, 260 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein and directed by Wes Archer. It features cultural references to films such as Mad Max 2 and Crocodile Dundee. \"Bart vs. Australia\" acquired a Nielsen rating of 9.1 and was the fourth-highest-rated show on the Fox network the week it aired.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1531480, 598368, 4847448, 262465, 331586, 236591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 38 ], [ 43, 57 ], [ 74, 84 ], [ 135, 144 ], [ 149, 165 ], [ 199, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bart notices that the water in the bathroom sink always drains counter-clockwise. Lisa explains that water only drains clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect. Bart makes phone calls to various countries in the Southern Hemisphere to confirm this, such as a research station in Antarctica, Buenos Aires, Santiago and (incorrectly) Burkina Faso. When Lisa points out how expensive overseas calls are, Bart instead makes a collect call to Australia, where a boy named Tobias Drundridge answers the phone. Bart impersonates an adult bureaucrat and is told the sink and toilet are both draining clockwise. Frustrated, Bart asks Tobias to check his neighbors' toilets. The call takes six hours to complete, since Tobias lives in the rural locality of Squatter's Crog and Bart fails to hang up the phone.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 64300, 64277, 261273, 7783, 18959138, 255919, 51572, 3470, 6994829, 406698, 4689264, 16082007 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 82, 86 ], [ 136, 155 ], [ 167, 182 ], [ 302, 312 ], [ 314, 326 ], [ 328, 336 ], [ 355, 367 ], [ 404, 418 ], [ 445, 457 ], [ 461, 470 ], [ 758, 766 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Three weeks later, Tobias's father Bruno is billed $900 for the phone call. Bruno calls Bart and demands payment, but Bart only taunts him. However, Bruno's neighbor is a federal Member of Parliament, who reports the matter to the Prime Minister. After several letters from the Prime Minister and the Solicitor-General, the government of Australia indicts Bart for fraud. A U.S. State Department official arrives and explains that Bart has worsened already acrimonious Australia–United States relations. When Marge refuses to allow the State Department to imprison Bart for five years to placate Australia, the State Department settles on having Bart publicly apologize in Australia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 302298, 24117, 1673341, 31975, 7355274, 29848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 189, 199 ], [ 231, 245 ], [ 301, 318 ], [ 374, 395 ], [ 469, 502 ], [ 509, 514 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Simpsons arrive in Australia and stay in the U.S. Embassy in Canberra. When Bart sees a sign prohibiting foreign visitors from bringing in invasive species, he leaves his pet bullfrog at the airport. A kangaroo puts the frog in its marsupial pouch, introducing it into the wild. Bart makes his public apology, but an unsatisfied Parliament demands Bart receive a \"booting\" — a kick on the buttocks with an oversize boot — as corporal punishment. Desperate, Bart and Homer escape and the family flees to the embassy, chased by a large, angry mob. After a stand-off, the two governments propose a compromise: one kick from the Prime Minister, through the gate of the embassy, with a regular wing-tip shoe. Marge protests, but Bart agrees to the punishment. However, Bart dodges the kick, moons the Australians with the words \"Don't tread on me\" written on his buttocks, and hums \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". The outraged mob storms the embassy, and the Simpsons and the embassy staff are evacuated by helicopter. From the air, the Simpsons notice that Bart's bullfrog has reproduced and its offspring are wreaking havoc on Australia's ecosystem and farms. They gleefully laugh, unaware a koala has stowed away aboard their helicopter and may inadvertently be introduced to U.S. territories.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Plot", "target_page_ids": [ 10942763, 1107553, 2859751, 55169, 64072, 2374221, 21438855, 317163, 31064, 22638350, 9550347, 1057262, 17143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 73 ], [ 143, 159 ], [ 236, 251 ], [ 429, 448 ], [ 470, 475 ], [ 693, 706 ], [ 790, 795 ], [ 827, 846 ], [ 882, 906 ], [ 1060, 1083 ], [ 1124, 1145 ], [ 1150, 1155 ], [ 1189, 1194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The episode was written by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein, and directed by Wes Archer. The writing staff wanted to do an episode where the Simpson family traveled to Australia, because they thought everyone in Australia had a good sense of humor and that they \"would get the jokes\". The staff had previously poked fun at several American institutions on the show and they thought it would be interesting to poke fun at a whole nation. They designed Australia and the Australian people very inaccurately and many things were completely made up for fun. The animators, however, got two Australian tourist guides to help them out with the design of the Australian landscape and buildings, as well as the US Embassy. The writers did research on the Coriolis effect for this episode. Lisa's explanation of the effect is incorrect; it affects global weather patterns and is caused by the spinning of the globe on its axis. The distances involved when a toilet or sink drains are much too small to be affected by it.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 1531480, 598368, 4847448, 3162270, 7783 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 38 ], [ 43, 57 ], [ 75, 85 ], [ 595, 608 ], [ 745, 760 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1999, Fox Studios Australia in Sydney used a different version of \"Bart vs. Australia\" as part of their The Simpsons attraction, called The Simpsons Down Under. They had contacted the Simpsons writing staff and asked if they would write the screenplay for a ride in their attraction, based on this episode. The episode was re-edited and re-animated for the ride and new scenes were included. The attraction featured motion capture technology, allowing audience members' faces and expressions to be transformed into moving cartoon characters.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Production", "target_page_ids": [ 1377622, 27862 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 30 ], [ 34, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The plot of the episode is based on the story of Michael Fay, an American teenager who was caned in Singapore in 1994 for vandalizing cars. This episode perpetuated a popular myth that the Coriolis effect affects the motion of drains in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In reality, the Coriolis effect affects global weather patterns. The amount of water in a toilet or sink is much too small to be affected by it.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural references", "target_page_ids": [ 636085, 410649, 27318, 7783, 22126, 261273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 60 ], [ 91, 96 ], [ 100, 109 ], [ 167, 179 ], [ 241, 249 ], [ 254, 273 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During the scene in which Bart calls various locations in the Southern Hemisphere, he calls a car phone belonging to a man who appears to be an elderly version of Adolf Hitler alive in Buenos Aires, referencing the conspiracy theory that Hitler faked his death and fled to Argentina at the end of World War II.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural references", "target_page_ids": [ 789395, 2731583, 255919, 5530, 41670221, 2196932, 360422 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 103 ], [ 163, 175 ], [ 185, 197 ], [ 215, 232 ], [ 238, 260 ], [ 265, 282 ], [ 290, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When Bart is talking to the boy's father on the phone, he says, \"Hey! I think I hear a dingo eating your baby!\", referencing the case of Azaria Chamberlain, a 10-week-old baby who was killed by dingoes. The bullfrogs taking over Australia and destroying all the crops is a reference to the cane toad, originally introduced to Australia in order to protect sugar canes from the cane beetle, but which became a pest in the country.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural references", "target_page_ids": [ 62893, 1214420, 6641, 7282444, 22638350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 92 ], [ 137, 155 ], [ 290, 299 ], [ 377, 388 ], [ 407, 428 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "When the Simpson family go to an Australian pub, Bart plays with a pocketknife at the table and a man asks him, \"You call that a knife?\", and as the man draws a spoon from his pocket he says, \"This is a knife.\" The scene is a reference to a famous scene from Crocodile Dundee, in which Mick Dundee is threatened by some thugs with a switchblade, and Mick takes out a bowie knife and says; \"That's not a knife; that's a knife!\" The Simpson family is shown a slide show by the US Department of State depicting a boarded up cinema with a marquee reading \"Yahoo Serious Festival\", in reference to the Australian actor and director Yahoo Serious. Wez, one of the characters from the 1981 film The Road Warrior, is seen in the Australian mob that chases Bart and Homer to the US Embassy.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural references", "target_page_ids": [ 1137210, 331586, 623099, 331460, 748931, 483986, 262465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 78 ], [ 259, 275 ], [ 333, 344 ], [ 367, 378 ], [ 457, 467 ], [ 627, 640 ], [ 688, 705 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The scene where the Simpsons family and the embassy staff get evacuated via helicopter is a reference to the helicopter evacuation of the U.S. Embassy to South Vietnam during the Fall of Saigon, with one shot referencing Hubert van Es's famous photograph of USAID and CIA employees being evacuated by an Air America Huey helicopter from 22 Gia Long Street.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Cultural references", "target_page_ids": [ 25737872, 1135721, 10802645, 140416, 5183633, 209828, 19623960, 32020998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 167 ], [ 179, 193 ], [ 221, 236 ], [ 258, 263 ], [ 268, 271 ], [ 304, 315 ], [ 316, 331 ], [ 337, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since airing, the episode has received positive reviews from fans and television critics.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In a DVD review of the sixth season, Ryan Keefer said \"all the Australian jabs you expect to have here are present. Bart's international incident is hilarious, from top to bottom. The phone calls he makes to other countries (particularly Buenos Aires) are fantastic. This is one of the more under appreciated episodes in the series' run.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 255919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 238, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Vanity Fair named it the second-best episode of The Simpsons in 2007.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 286542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Bart vs. Australia\" was also nominated for an Emmy Award in 1995 in the category \"Outstanding Individual Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Comedy Series or a Special\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 151921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The episode received a mixed reception in Australia, with some Australian fans saying the episode was a mockery of their country. Shortly after it had aired, the Simpsons staff received over 100 letters from Australians who were insulted by the episode. They also received letters from people complaining about the Australian accents used in the episode that \"sounded more like South African accents\". The Simpsons writer and producer Mike Reiss claimed that this episode is Australia's least favorite, and that \"whenever we have the Simpsons visit another country, that country gets furious, including Australia\". He claimed that they were \"condemned in the Australian Parliament after the episode had aired\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 28447, 1685057, 302298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 378, 391 ], [ 435, 445 ], [ 659, 680 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Newcastle Heralds James Joyce said he was shocked when he first saw the episode: \"Who are the Americans trying to kid here? I agree Australia has its faults, as does any other country. But laughing in our face about it, then mocking our heritage was definitely not called for. It embarrassed and degraded our country as well as making us look like total idiots\". Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood, the authors of the book I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide, advised that the episode is \"best if watched with Australians who will be, perhaps understandably, aggrieved at their portrayal. After the attack on the French, this is a vicious, unkind, offensive and wonderfully amusing slaughter of Australian culture by the makers of The Simpsons.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 5056052, 605294 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 637, 657 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "David Mirkin, who produced the episode, responded to the criticism in an interview with The Newcastle Herald by saying: \"We like to have the Simpsons, the entire family, travel and this was the beginning of that. Australia was a fantastic choice because it has lots of quirky visual things. And it's a country that is really very close to America, very in sync with America. We are so similar but yet there are all these fantastic differences, familiar yet twisted. It was intentional to make it very inaccurate. That was our evil side coming out: We'll take our knowledge of Australia and we'll twist it around to stimulate an audience and annoy them at the same time.\" Despite being criticized for mocking the country, the episode received positive reviews from Australians, too. Jim Schembri of the Australian newspaper The Age named it the funniest episode ever.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 113150, 172350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 823, 830 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the episode, Tobias's father refers to Australian dollars as \"dollarydoos\", leading to a petition on change.org to change the name of the Australian currency to dollarydoos. The petition claims that the name change will stimulate the struggling Australian economy. When the petition had closed, it had received 69,574 signatures.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 81215, 30272815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 59 ], [ 104, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In its original broadcast, \"Bart vs. Australia\" finished 56th in the ratings for the week of February 13–19, 1995, with a Nielsen rating of 9.1. It was the fourth highest rated show on Fox that week. The episode has since become study material for sociology courses at the University of California, where it is used to \"examine issues of the production and reception of cultural objects, in this case, a satirical cartoon show\", and to figure out what it is \"trying to tell audiences about aspects primarily of American society, and, to a lesser extent, about other societies\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 31922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 273, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bibliography", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "The_Simpsons_(season_6)_episodes", "1995_American_television_episodes", "Animation_controversies_in_television", "Television_controversies_in_Australia", "Television_episodes_set_in_Australia" ]

[ "2F13" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Friedrich Heinrich Himmel (November 20, 1765 – June 8, 1814) was a German composer.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Himmel was born at Treuenbrietzen in Brandenburg, Prussia, and originally studied theology at Halle before turning to music.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 5322699, 3765, 371248, 186208 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 33 ], [ 37, 48 ], [ 50, 57 ], [ 94, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During a temporary stay at Potsdam he had an opportunity of showing his self-acquired skill as a pianist before King Frederick William II, who thereupon provided him with a yearly allowance to enable him to complete his musical studies. This he did under Johann Gottlieb Naumann, a German composer of the Italian school, and the style of that school Himmel himself adopted in his operas.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 213668, 8407473, 22348 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 137 ], [ 255, 278 ], [ 380, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first of these, a pastoral opera, Il primo navigatore, was produced at Venice in 1794 with great success. In 1792, he went to Berlin, where his oratorio Isaaco was produced, in consequence of which he was made court Kapellmeister to the king of Prussia. In that capacity he wrote a great deal of official music, including cantatas and a coronation Te Deum.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 32616, 3354, 44984, 44138, 237339 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 81 ], [ 130, 136 ], [ 220, 233 ], [ 326, 334 ], [ 352, 359 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His Italian operas, successively composed for Stockholm, St Petersburg and Berlin, were all received with great favour in their day. Of greater importance than these is a Singspiel to words by Kotzebue, called Fanchon. Himmel's gift of writing genuine simple melodies is also observable in his Lieder, including An Alexis send ich dich (To Alexis). He died in Berlin.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 26741, 24320051, 3354, 484148, 180140, 25384253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 55 ], [ 57, 70 ], [ 75, 81 ], [ 171, 180 ], [ 193, 201 ], [ 294, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Il primo navigatore, pastorale Venice (1794)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [ 32616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " La morte di Semiramide, opera seria Naples (1795)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [ 357639, 55880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 36 ], [ 37, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fanchon oder das Leyermädel, Singspiel Berlin (1804)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [ 3354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Die Sylphen Zauberoper, Berlin (1806)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Der Kobold, komische Oper, Vienna (1813)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [ 55866 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alessandro (1799)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vasco di Gama (1801)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Frohsinn und Schwarmerei (1801)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " An Alexis send ich dich", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vater unser", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gebet während der Schlacht: \"Vater ich rufe dich!\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Die Blumen und der Schmetterling, Lieder cycle", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Two masses", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Te Deum, for four voices and orchestra", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Salve Regina, for four voices and instruments", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Beatus vir, for four voices and instruments", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " In exitu Israel", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Dixit Dominus", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Das Vertrauen auf Gott, cantata", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Das Lob Gottes (\"Singet dem Herrn\")", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Lobe den Herren, for choir and orchestra", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Psalmen Davids, for two voices and orchestra", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Three cantatas for choir and orchestra:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Was betrubst du dich", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Heilig ist mein Beherrscher", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Wann Gott auch aufs Tiefste", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Trauer-Cantate zur Begräbnissfeyer Friedrich Wilhelm II von Preussen, for four voices and orchestra", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The 146th Psalm", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vater unser, von Mahlmann", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " other pieces of church music in manuscript", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Works", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gerhard Allrogen: \"Himmel, Friedrich Heinrich\", in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992), ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 3427290 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 85 ] ] } ]

[ "1765_births", "1814_deaths", "18th-century_classical_composers", "19th-century_classical_composers", "German_male_classical_composers", "German_opera_composers", "Male_opera_composers", "People_from_the_Margraviate_of_Brandenburg", "People_from_Treuenbrietzen", "19th-century_German_male_musicians" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Russell Watson is an English tenor who has released singles and albums of both operatic-style and pop songs. He began singing as a child, and became known after performing at a working men's club. He came to attention in 1999 when he sang \"God Save the Queen\" at the Rugby League Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, \"Barcelona\" at the last match of the Premiership season between Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur at Old Trafford, and a full set of songs at the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final in Barcelona between Manchester United and Bayern Munich.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 70500, 24297671, 4194362, 12334, 21050680, 143673, 16032403, 11250, 19961, 68198, 660592, 5205016, 19961, 172326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 34 ], [ 98, 101 ], [ 177, 195 ], [ 240, 258 ], [ 280, 293 ], [ 303, 318 ], [ 321, 330 ], [ 357, 368 ], [ 384, 401 ], [ 406, 423 ], [ 427, 439 ], [ 472, 504 ], [ 526, 543 ], [ 548, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Watson's debut album The Voice was released in May 2001; four others followed. An album planned for November 2006 was delayed due to the removal of a benign pituitary tumour. This album, titled That's Life, was eventually released on 5 March 2007.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 7148985, 9590462 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 30 ], [ 194, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 24 October 2007, it was discovered that there had been a regrowth of the pituitary tumour and bleeding into Watson's brain. He underwent emergency surgery and was discharged from hospital on 31 October. He underwent an extensive rehabilitation programme, including radiotherapy. His sixth studio album, Outside In, was released on 26 November 2007.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26350 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 268, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 22 November 2010, Watson released La Voce, his first album since overcoming the brain tumour .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 29817608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 18 November 2020, Watson spent his first night within the celebrity camp, following confirmation that he would be a late competitor and participant in the twentieth series of I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here broadcast from the Grade 1, listed Gwrych Castle, in North Wales, UK. Watson was announced as the fifth celebrity to be eliminated in a double elimination alongside Jessica Plummer on 1 December 2020.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 14345690, 48654119 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 214 ], [ 380, 395 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Although Watson had been singing since he was a child, he never sought a career as a professional singer. He attended Irlam Endowed Primary School. He then began work on a Youth Opportunities Programme as a bolt-cutter in Irlam, in Salford. Then married and with a baby, he began to earn extra cash singing Elvis Presley and other covers in North West clubs to help support his young family.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 484280, 19446100, 484280, 9288, 53214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 118, 123 ], [ 172, 201 ], [ 222, 227 ], [ 307, 320 ], [ 341, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The turning point in his career came one night at an engagement at Wigan Road Working Men's Club, when the secretary suggested that he try singing \"Nessun dorma\" from Puccini's Turandot. Although Russell Watson was not a classically trained singer, he continued to perform the aria, and was encouraged to try other classical pieces. In 1990 he won a Search for a Star contest organised by Manchester's Piccadilly Radio.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 4194362, 695055, 12750, 38248, 44739, 6668778, 1213346 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 96 ], [ 148, 160 ], [ 167, 174 ], [ 177, 185 ], [ 277, 281 ], [ 315, 324 ], [ 402, 418 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1998 Ian Boasman, manager of the Bistro French restaurant in Preston, arranged for him to sing at Old Trafford during the interval at a memorial football match for the Munich air disaster, a huge privilege for a lifelong Manchester United fan. However, his appearance was cancelled at the last minute when player Eric Cantona requested that Mick Hucknall sing instead. Russell signed a management deal with Boasman; this also involved comic Bobby Ball and businessman Keith Chadwick.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 88918, 660592, 157511, 19961, 199933, 298676, 1112506 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 71 ], [ 101, 113 ], [ 171, 190 ], [ 224, 241 ], [ 316, 328 ], [ 344, 357 ], [ 444, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1999 he sang \"God Save the Queen\" at the Rugby League Challenge Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, then finally sang at Old Trafford before the last match of the Premiership season between Manchester United and Tottenham Hotspur. After the game, when his team had won the league championship, he returned to the pitch to sing the Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballé song \"Barcelona\", during which he tore off his dinner jacket to reveal a Manchester United shirt.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 12334, 25735, 21050680, 143673, 11250, 68198, 42068, 614825, 16032403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 35 ], [ 44, 56 ], [ 57, 70 ], [ 80, 95 ], [ 160, 171 ], [ 209, 226 ], [ 328, 343 ], [ 348, 366 ], [ 373, 382 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This appearance sealed his success, and only a week later he was invited to sing a full set at the final of the UEFA Champions League in Barcelona between United and Bayern Munich, duetting with Montserrat Caballé.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 44220, 172326, 614825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 112, 133 ], [ 166, 179 ], [ 195, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Also on 19 November 1999, he participated in Cliff Richard's The Countdown Concert, singing \"Nessun dorma\". This was broadcast live on Sky Digital under the title \"Live in Your Living\" room. Before his performance, Cliff presented him with a gold disc award for \"The Choir\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early career", "target_page_ids": [ 52263, 695055, 321943 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 58 ], [ 93, 105 ], [ 136, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Watson was now managed by Perry Hughes, who was pivotal in the success of Watson's career during these years. Watson's début album, The Voice, followed in May 2001. A mixture of operatic arias and covers of pop songs, it topped the UK classical chart and eventually reached number five in the UK Albums Chart. When it was released in the United States, it took the number one spot, the first time a British artist had held both the US and UK classical number one. The album contained perhaps Watson's most unusual collaboration to date, with former Happy Mondays singer Shaun Ryder who lent his vocals to the Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballé song \"Barcelona\". It also featured a duet with Faye Tozer of pop group Steps on \"Someone Like You\". Cleo later duetted with Russell again, on his third album Reprise, on \"The Best That Love Can Be\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2000–05: The \"People's Tenor\"", "target_page_ids": [ 7148985, 44739, 159031, 340265, 2465857, 256300, 409985, 42068, 614825, 1147995, 24624, 510282, 7149140 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 141 ], [ 187, 191 ], [ 197, 202 ], [ 232, 250 ], [ 293, 308 ], [ 549, 562 ], [ 570, 581 ], [ 609, 624 ], [ 629, 647 ], [ 695, 705 ], [ 709, 718 ], [ 719, 724 ], [ 806, 813 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to the formation of Velvet Revolver, Watson was asked by Slash (former guitarist of Guns N' Roses and currently in Velvet Revolver) whether he would be their singer. Watson turned down this opportunity to focus on his solo career.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2000–05: The \"People's Tenor\"", "target_page_ids": [ 435531, 97778, 2773076 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 41 ], [ 63, 68 ], [ 90, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2001, Watson sang the opening theme of the television series Enterprise, \"Where My Heart Will Take Me\", written by Diane Warren. He also sang it live at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Manchester in 2002. In 2003, the song was remixed to a more upbeat version. In August 2007, it was played as a wake-up call for American Mission Specialist Richard Mastracchio on Space Shuttle Endeavour mission STS-118.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2000–05: The \"People's Tenor\"", "target_page_ids": [ 14668980, 639346, 39173, 622281, 28240, 1973585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 105 ], [ 119, 131 ], [ 185, 203 ], [ 363, 382 ], [ 386, 409 ], [ 418, 425 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late 2004, Watson released the single \"Nothing Sacred – A Song for Kirsty\" to raise £5million for the Francis House children's hospice in Didsbury, Manchester. The campaign was fronted by Kirsty Howard, a seven-year-old girl with a serious heart defect. The song reached number 17 on the UK Singles Chart.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2000–05: The \"People's Tenor\"", "target_page_ids": [ 1160500, 1271337, 3349146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 141, 149 ], [ 191, 204 ], [ 291, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The self-styled \"People's Tenor\", who is also known as \"The Voice\" after his first album, won the Album of the Year at the Classical BRIT Awards in both 2001 and 2002, also collecting awards for Best-Selling Debut Album (2001) and Best-Selling Album (2002).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2000–05: The \"People's Tenor\"", "target_page_ids": [ 1497819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 123, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, he collaborated with Secret Garden for his song \"Always There\" from the album Earthsongs.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2000–05: The \"People's Tenor\"", "target_page_ids": [ 472575, 13676423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 43 ], [ 87, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 1 November 2005, Watson recorded \"True To Your Dreams\", his ending theme for the video game Curse of Darkness.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2000–05: The \"People's Tenor\"", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to his recording work, Watson played Parson Nathaniel in the stage adaptation of Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds which toured the UK in early 2006. In the same year, he also took part in the BBC reality TV show Just the Two of Us. The programme involved eight couples, including Siân Reeves and Watson, competing in a duet-singing showdown, complete with a live band, a panel of judges and viewer voting, to see who would be crowned champions. A wide array of music was performed, from country and western to rock. The scores each week were tallied from both a judging vote (the judges were Lulu, Trevor Nelson, Stewart Copeland and Cece Sammy) and a public phone-in vote. Watson, a late arrival to the competition replacing Reeves's original partner Rick Astley, who had pulled out, took the crown despite the low scores awarded by the judges to their performances. Following the competition Reeves and Watson released a victory single, \"Can't Help Falling in Love\". Russell Watson was scheduled to defend his title in the 2007 series with a new celebrity partner, Loui Batley, but had to withdraw at the last minute because of serious health problems.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 143251, 19344654, 4163289, 4185498, 5247, 168324, 1610593, 295597, 4196640, 447541, 5520975 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 146 ], [ 225, 228 ], [ 245, 263 ], [ 313, 324 ], [ 520, 539 ], [ 625, 629 ], [ 631, 644 ], [ 646, 662 ], [ 667, 677 ], [ 785, 796 ], [ 1100, 1111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, Watson began having headaches, which he described as \"like a knife being pressed into the bridge of my nose\". He consulted a specialist, who told him there was nothing to worry about as he was suffering from stress and should find ways of relaxing. When his peripheral vision began to be affected in late 2006, he visited another specialist, who also said he was suffering from stress. Watson told him, \"The only thing that's stressing me is this pain in my head.\"", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 146072, 305122 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 223 ], [ 267, 284 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In September 2006, Watson flew to Los Angeles to record his album That's Life. On the flight, he told his producer that he was experiencing terrible pressure inside his skull. When they landed, his producer suggested a game of tennis to clear his head. Watson could not see the ball at all. After a visit to the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and an MRI scan, he was advised that he had a developing pituitary adenoma, which was the size of two golf balls. According to Watson, \"Since an early age I've had an in-built premonition, a vision that I wouldn't make 40. For the previous seven years I'd have a recurring nightmare in which my head exploded. And here I was with a brain tumour on the eve of my 40th birthday; I thought, 'This is it, I was right, I knew it'.\" Watson recalled that the tumours were \"like a figure of eight, one filling the frontal cavity of my skull, the other forced through into the top of my nose.\" He stayed in Los Angeles for two days and continued recording his album while tests confirmed whether the tumour was malignant or not – it turned out to be benign.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 9590462, 453080, 19446, 992796, 549900, 549900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 77 ], [ 312, 339 ], [ 347, 350 ], [ 397, 414 ], [ 1042, 1051 ], [ 1081, 1087 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Watson then returned to the UK, and had a five-hour emergency operation to remove the eight-centimetre lump at St George's Hospital in Tooting, South London, on Monday, 24 September 2006. As the tumour was pressing against his optic nerve, the surgeon removed the tumour through his nose.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 1624730, 94324, 373622, 152465 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 131 ], [ 135, 142 ], [ 144, 156 ], [ 227, 238 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the operation, Watson could barely walk, and the tumour had affected his pituitary gland which controls hormone levels: \"My mood swings went from ecstatic to suicidal. I remember one night standing on the balcony, full of dark thoughts and self-pity, thinking 'God, this is f**king terrible, why me?' I went back to bed, couldn't sleep, got up again. I thought I'd had enough. If it hadn't been for the girls [his daughters]...\" His energy levels were very low and he did not leave his house for two months: \"I couldn't deal with more than one person at a time or with multitasking and I cried easily.\" Watson was readmitted to hospital in Manchester for tests on 6 October 2006 after complaining of dizziness, headaches and blurred vision.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 57925, 13311 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 94 ], [ 110, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Upon recovering, Watson returned to the recording studio to finish his album That's Life. Originally due out in November 2006, it was subsequently released on 5 March 2007. On the advice of his doctors, his latest UK tour, which had been due to start in late October 2006, was also postponed until March 2007 to coincide with the album release. The rescheduled tour met with huge approval throughout the country, with night after night of standing ovations to a visibly moved Watson. On 19 May 2007, Watson sang the \"God Save the Queen\" at the 2007 FA Cup Final.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 12334, 9187708 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 517, 535 ], [ 544, 561 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "While in the middle of the studio recording of his album Outside In on 24 October 2007 Watson suddenly became incapacitated, with multiple symptoms including a dramatic deterioration of vision. An MRI scan showed he had a regrowth of his tumour with bleeding into his brain. He underwent emergency surgery to remove the tumour at the Alexandra Hospital in Cheadle, Greater Manchester, and was for a while in a critical condition in the hospital's Intensive Therapy Unit. Watson was discharged from hospital on 31 October. Watson later underwent an extensive rehabilitation programme including radiotherapy at the Christie Hospital in Manchester. He released his sixth studio album, Outside In, on 26 November 2007.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 57212182, 1784524, 26350, 41890473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 334, 352 ], [ 356, 383 ], [ 593, 605 ], [ 613, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Watson appeared as a judge on the talent show Last Choir Standing, which was broadcast on BBC One beginning 5 July 2008. His album People Get Ready, containing easy listening, rock and soul music standards, was released on 17 November 2008. He performed at the Strictly Come Dancing Christmas Special 2008 on 25 December 2008, and at the BBC's New Year Live 2008 programme from on the Thames on New Year's Eve. In April and May 2009, Watson undertook a 20-date tour of the UK backed by Liverpool's Sense of Sound, who came to his attention after they performed in the BBC's Last Choir Standing. In July 2009, he performed at the opening ceremony of the World Games 2009 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 17403733, 212157, 27090720, 165563, 62808, 8373743, 975325, 49031, 4051545, 17015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 65 ], [ 90, 97 ], [ 131, 147 ], [ 160, 174 ], [ 185, 195 ], [ 196, 205 ], [ 261, 305 ], [ 386, 392 ], [ 654, 670 ], [ 674, 683 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Watson was one of the principal singers (in the role of Karl-Oskar) in the English world premiere of the Swedish musical Kristina från Duvemåla (Kristina from Duvemåla) by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus at Carnegie Hall in New York on 23 and 24 September 2009. He and his female lead Helen Sjöholm were praised by music critic Stephen Holden as having \"first-rate poperetta voices, with Mr. Watson's Puccini-ready tenor the more operatic. Each brings down the house at least once.\" He reprised the role in the UK premiere of the musical in concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 14 April 2010.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 2285527, 3741, 3740, 169321, 2142860, 11731430, 12750, 179238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 143 ], [ 172, 187 ], [ 192, 205 ], [ 209, 222 ], [ 287, 300 ], [ 330, 344 ], [ 403, 410 ], [ 558, 575 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March/April 2014, Watson went on tour around the UK with his 'Only One Man' tour with the Arts Symphonic Orchestra, Arts Voices and Robert D.C. Emery conducting.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "2006–08", "target_page_ids": [ 30843717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Once Watson finished radiotherapy in 2008 he decided to embark on a return to music. He soon found that his treatment had given him not just a fresh outlook on the world, but a new, deeper, richer voice. \"The tumour could have been growing for 10–15 years in my nasal cavity, so when I had cut it out I went from a V8 to a V12!\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "2008–2013", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Some critics have said that Watson's untrained tenor voice is not up to operatic standards; Rupert Christiansen, music critic of The Daily Telegraph has, for instance, called him a \"karaoke crooner\". Watson has responded that it \"[d]oesn't bother me. Seven years ago classical crossover didn't exist – putting Italian lyrics to pop songs in a big ballsy way. Now every bugger's doing it. I've transcended all that bickering and bitching.\" Watson's career ambition is \"[l]ongevity, that's the most important thing. I want to be a musical force for a good long while.\" On 5 June 2008 Watson released his autobiography Finding My Voice.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Critical reception", "target_page_ids": [ 25625248, 23797577, 17080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 111 ], [ 129, 148 ], [ 182, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Watson has two daughters. He has been reported as saying, \"It [his first pituitary tumour] changed my priorities. Made me appreciate the importance of relationships, of friends and family and, most of all, my two daughters. My fear for them if I died—that was the worst part. I adore them\". In August 2015 Watson married his girlfriend and fiancé of five years, Louise Harris, in Spain.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": ".", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official website of Russell Watson", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Russell Watson at ClassicalX", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1966_births", "20th-century_English_male_singers", "20th-century_English_opera_singers", "21st-century_English_male_singers", "21st-century_English_opera_singers", "Decca_Records_artists", "English_operatic_tenors", "I'm_a_Celebrity...Get_Me_Out_of_Here!_(British_TV_series)_participants", "Living_people", "Music_based_on_Star_Trek", "Music_in_Salford", "Musicians_from_Manchester", "Opera_crossover_singers", "People_from_Salford", "Singers_from_Manchester", "Singing_talent_show_winners", "Star_Trek:_Enterprise" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Leew Eilun Feer (Fering North Frisian for \"Beloved Isle of Föhr\") is the insular anthem of Föhr, in the Fering tongue. The lyrics were written by Knud Broder Knudsen (1864–1917).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 420582, 547373, 330461, 330461, 420582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 23 ], [ 24, 37 ], [ 59, 63 ], [ 91, 95 ], [ 104, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Üüs Söl’ring Lön’", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1448820 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] } ]

[ "European_anthems", "North_Frisian_language", "Regional_songs", "Föhr", "German_anthems" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Joshua Johnson () was an American painter from the Baltimore area of African and European ancestry. Johnson is known for his naïve paintings of prominent Maryland residents.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 26997138, 192128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 61 ], [ 126, 141 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It was not until 1939 that the identity of the painter of elite 19th-century Baltimoreans was discovered by art historian and genealogist J. Hall Pleasants, who believed that thirteen portraits were painted by one Joshua Johnson. Pleasants attempted to put the puzzle of Johnson's life together; however, questions on Johnson's race, life dates and even his last name (Johnson or Johnston) remained up until the mid-1990s, when the Maryland Historical Society released newly found manuscripts regarding Johnson's life.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 26997138, 21207536, 12025, 64089381, 2971064 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 89 ], [ 108, 121 ], [ 126, 137 ], [ 138, 155 ], [ 432, 459 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Documents dated from July 25, 1782, state that Johnson was the \"son of a white man and a black slave woman owned by a William Wheeler, Sr.\" His father, George Johnson (also spelled Johnston in some documents) purchased Joshua, age 19, from William Wheeler, a small Baltimore-based farmer, confirmed by a bill of sale dating from October 6, 1764. Wheeler sold Johnson the young man for £25, half the average price of a male slave field hand at the time. The documents state little of Joshua's mother, not even her name, and she may have been owned by Wheeler, whose own records stated that he owned two female slaves, one of whom had two children.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 253264, 1195386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 100 ], [ 304, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A manumission was also released, in which George Johnson acknowledged Joshua as his son, also stating that he would agree to free Joshua under the conditions that he either completed an apprenticeship with Baltimore blacksmith William Forepaugh or turned 21, whichever came first. The manumission was signed and confirmed by justice of the peace Colonel John Moale who would, during 1798–1800, commission Joshua to paint a portrait of his wife and granddaughter, Mrs. John Moale and Her Granddaughter, Ellin North Moale (illustrated at left).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 133263, 162619, 145092, 260962 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 13 ], [ 186, 200 ], [ 216, 226 ], [ 325, 345 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Johnson received his freedom in 1782 and began advertising, identifying himself as a portrait painter and limner as of 1796. He moved frequently, residing often where other artists, specifically chair-makers, lived, which suggests that he may have provided extra income for himself by painting chairs. His frequent moving also may suggest that he tended to work for clients near whom he lived. No records mention educational or creative training and it still has not been proven that he had any type of relationship with artists such as the Peale family, Ralph Earl, or Ralph Earl Jr.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 5933707, 27298964, 339616, 2562126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 112 ], [ 195, 206 ], [ 542, 547 ], [ 556, 566 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Catholic Church records show that in 1785 he married his first wife, Sarah, with whom he had four children – two sons and two daughters, the latter of whom both died young. By 1803 he was married to a woman named Clara. According to the Baltimore city directory of 1817–1818 he was listed in the section \"Free Householders of Colour\"; in 1825 he had moved to Frederick County, Maryland, and two years later moved to Anne Arundel County, again, following the paths of those whose portraits he painted. Little is known of his life after this final move, and his death.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life", "target_page_ids": [ 606848, 45449, 51815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 359, 385 ], [ 416, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Recent research has brought to light that Johnson was not associated with the Peale family; however, his work is still associated with names such as Charles Peale Polk, whose naive painting and less sophisticated work (compared to his other family members) is similar to Johnson's. In his advertisement in the Baltimore Intelligencer of December 19, 1798, Johnson called his portraiture the work of \"a self-taught genius, deriving from nature and industry his knowledge of the Art.\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Artistic career and style", "target_page_ids": [ 1449012, 192128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 167 ], [ 175, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His work, however, is more similar to lesser known limners who worked during the same time in the mid-Atlantic region such as: John Drinker, Frederick Kemmelmeyer, Jacob Frymire and Caleb Boyle. In fact, Johnson may have been more than familiar with the work of these artists than previously thought; in 1818 he was commissioned by patron Rebecca Myring Everette to copy Boyle's 1807 portrait of her husband, Thomas Everett.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Artistic career and style", "target_page_ids": [ 5933707, 31980571, 61154516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 57 ], [ 127, 139 ], [ 141, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Johnson's work has also been compared to Ralph Earl, who, like Johnson, also utilized brass upholstery tacks, swagged curtains and open window vistas in his paintings. However, a stronger comparison lies between Johnson and Earl's son, Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl. Both were noted for painting multi-figure family group portraits, which were rare during this period of American art. Both are considered prominent self-taught \"folk\" artists, but it can only be theorized whether the two ever came into contact within similar circles.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Artistic career and style", "target_page_ids": [ 2562126, 33199383, 199145 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 51 ], [ 236, 264 ], [ 371, 383 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " In his painting The Westwood Children (now in the National Gallery of Art), Johnson depicts the male children of Margaret and John Westwood, who was a successful Baltimore stagecoach manufacturer. The painting is stylized and depicts the three children holding flowers in their hands, accompanied by the family dog which holds a bird in its mouth. The children have chilled expressionless stares, although the youngest child seems to be on the verge of smiling.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Artistic career and style", "target_page_ids": [ 357005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The Westwood Children. The National Gallery of Art. Retrieved 2004-05-15", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Selections of nineteenth-century Afro-American Art, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Joshua Johnson (no. 5)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Charles Herman Stricker Willmans, c. 1804, Baltimore Museum of Art", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Johnson, Joshua - \"Artist Info\" National Gallery of Art", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1763_births", "1832_deaths", "Artists_from_Baltimore", "Painters_from_Maryland", "18th-century_American_painters", "American_male_painters", "19th-century_American_painters", "American_portrait_painters", "18th-century_American_slaves", "African-American_painters", "19th-century_American_male_artists" ]

[ "Joshua Johnston", "Junior Johnson", "Josua Johnston" ]

[ { "plaintext": "South China is a village in the town of China in Kennebec County, Maine, United States. It is one of five villages in the town. Located between Augusta and Waterville, South China sits along the shores of its namesake, China Lake. It is both an hour and a half from Bangor and Portland. Maine State Route 3 runs through the major part of the town, leading west to Augusta and east to Belfast, and U.S. Route 202 (Lakeview Drive) connects South China with China.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 116014, 95495, 19977, 3434750, 45920, 116028, 50637490, 116100, 44591, 7023795, 116197, 622489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 45 ], [ 49, 64 ], [ 66, 71 ], [ 73, 86 ], [ 145, 152 ], [ 157, 167 ], [ 220, 230 ], [ 267, 273 ], [ 278, 286 ], [ 288, 307 ], [ 385, 392 ], [ 398, 412 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "South China is home to Friends Camp, a Quaker summer camp which has been active for over 50 years. It is also the home of a Christian church, South China Community Church, across from the South China Library (founded in 1830). The church is open to and welcomes all practicing Christians of any denomination. Three-Mile Pond can be accessed from Route 3, a mile south of the South China Community Church. South China is also home to Maine's second largest private high school, Erskine Academy.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Communities", "target_page_ids": [ 4812151, 5211, 13079763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 45 ], [ 124, 133 ], [ 479, 494 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ron Reed Antiques is on Mayflower Drive. At the intersection of Washington Boulevard and Mayflower Drive is the Pond and three camps to the right is Grammy's Camp at 12 West Washington Boulevard. In 2008, a new restaurant was established along Lakeview Drive known as the \"China Dine-ah,\" which serves country cooking-style meals. MJEK's grill opened in the summer of 2012 right beside the China Dine-ah and specializes in seafood. An ice cream shop, Back's Dairy Bar, is open during the spring and summer. In 2008, a new Hannaford's was constructed right off of Route 3. A Family Dollar store was also recently built. Norm's restaurant, adjacent to the Family Dollar on Route 3, opened in 2013 but has since closed. Most recent is the upgrade of a convenience store also on Route 3. It has both a Subway and a Dunkin' Donuts franchise in it.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Business", "target_page_ids": [ 1158669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 575, 588 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For the people who live or go here during vacation, swimming in China Lake is a popular pastime. There is a small beach area by the China Community Church on Lakeview Drive. In the winter of 2013, G.O. Tubing opened up on Alder Park Road. South China is only a fifteen minute's drive from places such as Augusta and Lake St. George.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Entertainment", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Rufus Jones (1863-1948), writer, magazine editor, philosopher, Quaker theologian, historian, and college professor; the only person to have delivered two Swarthmore Lectures", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 1448201, 4812151, 30503, 5101167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 64, 70 ], [ 71, 81 ], [ 155, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mary Mayhew, 2018 Republican candidate for governor who currently resides in South China", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 54133804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Stacy Westfall, horsewoman and inductee in National Cowgirl Hall of Fame, was raised in South China.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable residents", "target_page_ids": [ 16477356, 4171931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 44, 73 ] ] } ]

[ "China,_Maine", "Villages_in_Kennebec_County,_Maine" ]

[ "South China, Maine" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Gloom is a low level of light which is so dim that there are physiological and psychological effects. Human vision at this level becomes monochrome and has lessened clarity.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 261993 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Light conditions may be considered gloomy when the level of light in an environment is too low for the proper function of cone cells, and colour vision is lost. In a study by Rothwell and Campbell, light levels described as \"gloomy\" fell between 28 and 3.6cd/m^-2.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Optical and psychological effects", "target_page_ids": [ 1706886, 534710, 302812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 118 ], [ 122, 131 ], [ 138, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Low light and lack of color of this sort may be associated with depression and lethargy. This association was made as far back as the 2nd century by the ancient Greek physician, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, who said, \"Lethargics are to be laid in the light and exposed to the rays of the sun, for the disease is gloom.\" Also, some studies have found weaker electrical activity in the retinas of depressed people, which gave the individuals studied poor visual contrast, meaning that they saw the world in grayer hues. The naturally weak daylight during winter at extreme latitudes can cause seasonal affective disorder, although a percentage of people experience SAD during summer. A solarium or other source of bright light may be used as light therapy to treat winter SAD.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Optical and psychological effects", "target_page_ids": [ 840273, 8481210, 1892156, 48334, 5611461, 2301573, 66811, 699110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 74 ], [ 79, 87 ], [ 179, 201 ], [ 380, 386 ], [ 449, 464 ], [ 533, 541 ], [ 587, 614 ], [ 737, 750 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Where artificial lighting is used, this has to be sufficient to not only illuminate the task area, but also provide sufficient background lighting to avoid a sensation of gloominess which has a negative effect on efficiency. If the task is challenging, such as playing cricket, reaction times are found to increase significantly when the illumination declines to the gloom level.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Architecture and ergonomics", "target_page_ids": [ 188386, 25675557, 4778196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 25 ], [ 270, 277 ], [ 279, 292 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In architecture, the level of lighting affects whether a building is considered to be unappealing. If there is little or no sunlight or view of the outdoor surroundings from within, then this will tend to make the building seem \"gloomy\". As seen from the exterior, an interior which is brighter than the surrounding light level may cause the overall building to seem gloomy because the normal cues and contrasts have been upset.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Architecture and ergonomics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the arts, a gloomy landscape or setting may be used to illustrate themes such as melancholy or poverty. Horace Walpole coined the term gloomth to describe the ambiance of great ancient buildings which he recreated in the Gothic revival of his house, Strawberry Hill, and novel, The Castle of Otranto. Characters which exemplify a gloomy outlook include Eeyore, Marvin and Old Man Gloom. The catchphrase \"doom and gloom\", which is commonly used to express extreme pessimism, was popularised by the movie Finian's Rainbow in which the leprechaun Og (Tommy Steele) uses it repeatedly.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Artistic effect", "target_page_ids": [ 840273, 64959, 13447, 311821, 33281461, 588734, 88618, 159973, 93575, 24743, 9505271, 143130, 193048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 94 ], [ 98, 105 ], [ 109, 123 ], [ 226, 240 ], [ 255, 270 ], [ 283, 304 ], [ 359, 365 ], [ 367, 373 ], [ 378, 391 ], [ 470, 479 ], [ 510, 526 ], [ 540, 550 ], [ 555, 567 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gloomy conditions may arise when low cloud cover forms a continuous overcast. This occurs annually in Southern California, where it is known as June Gloom. Anticyclones may generate gloom-like conditions if they remain stationary, causing a haze and layer of stratocumulus clouds. These tend to occur in temperate winter at the middle latitudes or over an extended period in subtropical regions.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Weather", "target_page_ids": [ 154576, 6446739, 62520, 819439, 236717, 998156, 166736, 50051, 786346, 402679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 48 ], [ 68, 76 ], [ 102, 121 ], [ 144, 154 ], [ 156, 167 ], [ 241, 245 ], [ 259, 272 ], [ 304, 313 ], [ 328, 344 ], [ 375, 386 ] ] } ]

[ "Emotions", "Visibility", "Vision" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "A pepper-spray projectile, also called a pepper-spray ball, pepper-ball, pepper bomb, or pepper-spray pellet is a frangible projectile containing a powdered chemical that irritates the eyes and nose in a manner similar to pepper spray. These projectiles are fired from specially designed forced compliance weapons or modified paintball guns.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5381714, 144553, 9722260, 157302, 33496, 2725902 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 123 ], [ 124, 134 ], [ 157, 165 ], [ 222, 234 ], [ 306, 312 ], [ 326, 340 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A pepper-spray projectile may be a sphere, hence the name pepper-ball, but it may also come in other shapes. The irritant payload may differ from product to product but is usually a powder, less frequently a liquid, gas or aerosol. Some companies offer different substances as payload for their projectiles and launcher systems, so potential sellers can choose a substance that is certified for use in their country. Also, projectiles with an inert dummy payload are often offered, for training and testing purposes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 47863549, 18993825, 18993869, 57763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 188 ], [ 208, 214 ], [ 216, 219 ], [ 223, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A powder called PAVA (capsaicin II) pepper is often used.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 13372056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pepper-spray weapons systems are used by law enforcement, military and other organizations, and individuals. The weapon is used generally in the role of stand-off weapons, where physical proximity to a suspect is deemed dangerous but deadly force is not warranted. The systems are not limited to classic standoff situations and allow agents to apply as many rounds as required to bring individual suspects, multiple suspects, or crowds into compliance.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Description", "target_page_ids": [ 92357, 146700, 344966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 66 ], [ 234, 246 ], [ 398, 405 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The projectile is usually sold to be used with a launcher or gun by the same company, to provide best reliability. The different companies usually also sell other types of projectiles for non-lethal use or projectiles with combined effects. Such effects may include:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "break glass and disperse barricades", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "mark suspects for later round-ups", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "force of impact effect", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Other uses", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Although generally considered less-than-lethal when properly used (targets should exclude the face, eyes, throat or spine), one death has occurred when they have been fired at inappropriate areas. In one well-publicized incident in 2004, the Boston Police Department's use of an FN 303 during a crowd control situation resulted in the fatal shooting of Victoria Snelgrove, when the projectile struck her in the eye. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Non-lethality", "target_page_ids": [ 146808, 1313500, 1018441, 1093498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 46 ], [ 242, 266 ], [ 279, 285 ], [ 341, 371 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2004, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) police who wanted to break up a block party shot a pepperball at an unarmed student, damaged his eye—the student subsequently lost his athletic scholarship and dropped out of college. In 2012, a federal appeals court ruled that the police could be sued over the incident. In 2013, the student was awarded $774,000.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Non-lethality", "target_page_ids": [ 31924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 40 ] ] } ]

[ "Non-lethal_projectiles", "Chemical_weapons", "Lachrymatory_agents", "Riot_control_agents" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Gino Gallagher (c. 1963 – 30 January 1996) was an Irish republican who was Chief of Staff of the Irish National Liberation Army.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 772738, 63060 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ], [ 97, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On the morning of 30 January 1996 Gallagher attended a social security office on the Falls Road where he signed on every two weeks. As he stood at the counter he was shot four times in the back of the head by a gunman and died instantly.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Murder", "target_page_ids": [ 1450096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gallagher's killing followed internal disagreements over the future of the republican socialist movement. The opposing \"INLA-GHQ\" faction, led by former Chief of Staff Hugh Torney disbanded in September of the same year following Torney's killing.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Murder", "target_page_ids": [ 3970466 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 168, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kevin McAlorum, who was paid to kill Gallagher by Torney's faction, was himself murdered in 2004, although this was not linked to any political dispute.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Murder", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hume raises Irish peace hopes The Independent, 31 January 1996", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1963_births", "1996_deaths", "Deaths_by_firearm_in_Northern_Ireland", "Irish_National_Liberation_Army_members", "Irish_republicans", "People_killed_during_The_Troubles_(Northern_Ireland)" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Karmegha Konar () (27 December 1889 – 22 October 1957) was a popular Tamil poet and educator. He is colloquially known as Chennaa Pulavar, a title given to him by his peer and close friend Bharathidasan.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 300548, 25353172, 1082861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 74 ], [ 75, 79 ], [ 189, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was the Chairman of the Tamil department at The American College in Madurai.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 425368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Karmega Konar was born to U. Ayarpadi Konar and Irulayiammaal in Agathariruppu village near Abiramam in Ramanathapuram district. In 1904 he enrolled in Madurai fourth Tamil sangam. In 1912 Vallal Pandiduraithevar awarded him a Gold Medal for scoring top mark in the Pandithar examination.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 5697367, 3221868 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 92, 100 ], [ 104, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1914 he joined Madurai American college to head the Department of Indian languages. He worked in the Department of Tamil for 37 years. Notable students who studied under him include: Shankaraiah (freedom fighter and Marxist Communist Tamil Nadu state secretary), V. Thillainayagam (Director of Tamil Nadu Public Library department), Krishnammal Jeganathan (land reformation fighter) and K. Lakshmikanthan Bharathi (government secretary).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1916 he started \"Parimelazhaghar Kazhagam\" for research in Thirukkural.In 1924 he released his first book Nallisai pulavargal, which is included in Chennai, Annamalai, Trivancore and Mysore universities.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1946 he became a member in the Chennai government employment corporationHe headed the Chennai University curriculum group.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1912 he married Padmashini Ammaiyar and moved to Madurai. He retired from American college Madurai in 1951.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1955 Tamilvel P.T.Rajan and Navalar. Somasundarabharatiyar titled him as \"Senna Pulavar\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Recognition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Below are books written by Karmega Konar", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " அறிவு நூல் திரட்டு (2 தொகுதிகள் - உரைநூல்)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ஆபுத்திரன் அல்லது புண்ணியராஜன் (உரைநூல்)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " இதிகாசக் கதாவாசகம் (2 தொகுதிகள்)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ஐங்குறு நூற்றுச் சொற்பொழிவுகள்", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ஒட்டக்கூத்தர்", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " கண்ணகி தேவி", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " காப்பியக் கதைகள்", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " கார்மேகக் கோனார் கட்டுரைகள்", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " கார்மேகக் கோனார் கவிதைகள்", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " செந்தமிழ் இலக்கியத்திரட்டு I", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " பாலபோத இலக்கணம்", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " மதுரைக் காஞ்சி", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " மலைபடுகடாம் ஆராய்ச்சி", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " மூவருலா ஆராய்ச்சி", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " தமிழ்ச்சங்க வரலாறு (கட்டுரை)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " தமிழ்மொழியின் மறுமலர்ச்சி", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " நல்லிசைப் புலவர்கள் (உரைநூல்)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Tamil Nadu government has nationalised his books.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Writings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Hindu_poets", "Tamil-language_writers", "Tamil_activists", "1889_births", "1957_deaths", "Tamil_poets", "20th-century_Indian_poets" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Moel Siabod (Welsh for \"bare hill\" with unknown meaning of 'Siabod'), is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales, which sits isolated above the village of Dolwyddelan. At , it is the highest peak in the Moelwynion mountain range. The UK National Mountain Centre, Plas-y-Brenin, is located at the foot of Moel Siabod. From the top of the mountain, it is reputedly possible to see 13 of the 14 highest peaks in Wales on a clear day without turning one's head.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 33545, 37754, 37729, 69894, 1351366, 3011049, 712657, 1416944 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 18 ], [ 75, 83 ], [ 87, 96 ], [ 104, 109 ], [ 152, 163 ], [ 200, 210 ], [ 260, 273 ], [ 386, 411 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The name Moel Siabod is wrongly translated as shapely hill, although William Williams in Observations on the Snowdon Mountains (1802) proposed that the name comes from siadod, meaning 'bare hill, whose head or crown is covered in new-fallen snow'. J. Lloyd-Jones of Dublin University, in his Enwau Lleoedd Sir Gaernarfon 1928 (Cardiff), favours Middle English origin 'shabbèd', 'shcabbèd', 'shabbid', 'sceabbed(e)' ('scabbed' Modern English), therefore proposes a shabby, scabby, scarred mountain.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Etymology", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The mountain is easily accessible from the north via Capel Curig and nearby Pont Cyfyng (by separate paths) and from the south via Dolwyddelan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Access", "target_page_ids": [ 620157, 1351366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 64 ], [ 131, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The highest part of the mountain forms a relatively level, rocky ridge approximately 800m long, running roughly south-west (from the summit) to north-east. At the north-eastern end of this main ridge there is a fairly steep descent towards Pont Cyfyng. At the south-west edge of the main ridge there is a further, much steeper ridge that branches off to the east, as well as several precipitous cliffs.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Topography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The north-west side of the main ridge is relatively gentle and supports a variety of flora and has numerous paths. The south-east side has many sharp drops down to a hanging valley. This valley, fenced in on two sides by the main ridge and the ridge running east from the summit, is at roughly 500m above sea level and contains Llyn-y-foel (Welsh for lake of the mountain). There is both a steep descent, following a stream that emerges from the lake to the south-east, and a gentle descent, to the north-east, from this valley.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Topography", "target_page_ids": [ 32416, 8594686, 33545, 18842308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 166, 180 ], [ 328, 339 ], [ 341, 346 ], [ 417, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As mentioned above, the two main ridges are fairly rocky; an ascent up the minor ridge will usually require the use of hands, as will the ascent to Llyn-y-foel from the Dolwyddelan path. The terrain around the lake is prone to be boggy, especially on the northern side, and the path to the lake from Pont Cyfyng frequently turns into a flowing stream.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Terrain", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "There are several routes to the top of Moel Siabod, only one of which is marked on the local Ordnance Survey map. All of the paths below, excluding the route from Llyn-y-foel directly onto the minor ridge, are marked on the 'Snowdonia Snowdon and the Moelwynion' Harvey SuperWalker map.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Paths", "target_page_ids": [ 19344100 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A large part of the horizontal distance covered on this route is on Forestry Commission land to the north of Dolwyddelan and the south of the mountain. Along the dirt tracks through this land there is a fork signposted \"Moel Siabod\" (left) or \"Capel Curig\" (right). The latter path leads first of all to Pont Cyfyng, where it is possible to join the path above, or continue to Capel Curig and join the first route. The former path is a more direct route to the summit. This path continues on dirt tracks for a while before heading onto a footpath through the forest and thence onto access land. At this point, the path - which occasionally requires the use of hands to get up the rocky path - follows a stream which originates at Llyn-y-foel.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Paths", "target_page_ids": [ 141995, 1351366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 87 ], [ 109, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most popular route starts from the Plas-y-Brenin National Mountaineering Centre in Capel Curig, and is therefore used for guided excursions. It is the gentlest of the three most common routes and is the only one marked on the OS maps.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Paths", "target_page_ids": [ 712657, 620157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 52 ], [ 87, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Leaving the centre, the route crosses the Nant Gwryd via the ancient bridge \"Pont-y-Bala\"; it almost immediately enters Forestry Commission land and follows a variety of dirt tracks and footpaths before exiting onto open access land and continuing south up the grassy northern side of the mountain.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Paths", "target_page_ids": [ 141995, 1817375 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 139 ], [ 221, 232 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A well marked turning onto a very steep tarmacked road in the village of Pont Cyfyng (not the first turning with the pedestrian sign) marks the beginning of this route, with a footpath leaving the road after about 100m. This footpath forks, with one route taking a sharp ascent onto the main ridge and one a more gentle route up through an abandoned slate mine and up to Llyn-y-foel from where there are several paths to the summit (not marked on the OS map) via the minor ridge to the east.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Paths", "target_page_ids": [ 44214, 8594686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 350, 355 ], [ 371, 382 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are numerous tracks around the lake which will allow a walker to get from any point at the lake to any other without too much trouble. The main route from the lake to the summit heads to the south of the lake and then turns sharply right and ascends the minor ridge to the summit. There is a further, more obscure path that ascends very steeply over rockfalls and some scree directly onto the ridge from the lake.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Paths", "target_page_ids": [ 712625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 375, 380 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Duncton Wood", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Cultural references", "target_page_ids": [ 2398909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Computer generated summit panoramas North ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Daear Ddu Scrambling Route ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Video of Gwilym Jones, Hill farmer of Moel Siabod", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " South index", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Moel Siabod and surrounding area", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Capel_Curig", "Dolwyddelan", "Mountains_and_hills_of_Conwy_County_Borough", "Mountains_and_hills_of_Snowdonia", "Hewitts_of_Wales", "Marilyns_of_Wales", "Nuttalls" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "National Freeway 3 (), also known as Formosa Freeway (), is a freeway in Taiwan. It is the second north–south freeway in Taiwan, beginning in Keelung City at Jijin Interchange on the provincial highway 2 (Jijin Road) and ending in Linbian, Pingtung on the provincial highway 17. It is the longest freeway in Taiwan with a total length of . The freeway is also the only one in Taiwan to have a spur route, Freeway 3A. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2411002, 25734, 325181, 951038, 1449081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 69 ], [ 73, 79 ], [ 142, 154 ], [ 231, 248 ], [ 405, 415 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The highway has 55 interchanges, 13 junctions, 11 toll stations, and 7 service areas en route. Aside from the 55 public interchanges, there are also some interchanges reserved for governmental usage.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This freeway mostly serves as a bypass to major cities in Western Taiwan, traveling through suburban and rural areas. However, Freeway 3 is also the primary freeway in the counties of Nantou and Pingtung, as well as the first ever being built in these counties. Various expressways and east-west freeways link Freeway 3 with urban areas typically served by Freeway 1. The purposes of this freeway are to increase economic development in the rural area and to relieve congestion along Freeway 1. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route Description", "target_page_ids": [ 3220876, 17551325, 303649, 718326, 1448737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 38 ], [ 58, 72 ], [ 184, 190 ], [ 195, 203 ], [ 357, 366 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The freeway begins at an intersection with Provincial Highway 2 () and Provincial Highway 2F () in Keelung. Highway 2F, also known as Port of Keelung Western Connector (), is an elevated road that connects the Port of Keelung with Freeway 3. The freeway travels in a northeast-southwest direction through the western part of Keelung before intersecting Freeway 1 in Xizhi. The freeway then travels along the mountains of New Taipei City and Taipei, bypassing the southeastern and southern edge of the Taipei metropolitan area. Connections to downtown Taipei are available through Huandong Blvd () in Nangang and Freeway 3A in Wenshan. In Nangang, the freeway intersects National Freeway 5, which travels through the Xueshan Range before reaching Yilan County in Eastern Taiwan. In Yingge, the freeway meets National Freeway 2 which provides connections to downtown Taoyuan as well as Taipei's main international airport, Taoyuan International Airport. In Taoyuan, the freeway is mostly parallel to Provincial Highway 3, traveling through the mountainous areas of the city. As the freeway enters Hsinchu County it turns to a slightly east-west direction before intersecting Freeway 1 for the second time at the border of Hsinchu county and Hsinchu city. This stretch of the freeway is also known as the Northern Second Freeway ().", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route Description", "target_page_ids": [ 23046390, 325181, 15751833, 22215776, 333440, 57648, 354663, 1449081, 676332, 1449133, 18456739, 720685, 17551325, 951032, 1448829, 715796, 266327, 23139688, 717508, 200150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 63 ], [ 99, 106 ], [ 210, 225 ], [ 366, 371 ], [ 421, 436 ], [ 441, 447 ], [ 600, 607 ], [ 612, 622 ], [ 626, 633 ], [ 670, 688 ], [ 716, 729 ], [ 746, 758 ], [ 762, 776 ], [ 781, 787 ], [ 807, 825 ], [ 865, 872 ], [ 921, 950 ], [ 998, 1018 ], [ 1095, 1109 ], [ 1239, 1246 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In Miaoli County the freeway mostly parallels Freeway 1 and Provincial Highway 61 (also known as West Coast expressway, ) all the way to Taichung. In Taichung, the freeway intersects with National Freeway 4 just north of Taichung International Airport. The stretch from Freeway 4 to Provincial Highway 74 (Kuaiguan-Wufeng expressway, ) forms the western and southern portion of the Taichung Beltway (). After entering Changhua County the freeway turns into a northwest-southeast direction heading towards Nantou County, intersecting Freeway 1 for the third and final time in Changhua. Before entering Nantou City the freeway meets National Freeway 6, which connects to the mountainous town of Puli and the Central Mountain Range. In Nantou, the freeway mostly travels in a north-south direction before exiting to Yunlin County, where it travels in a slight northeast-southwest direction again along Yunlin and parallels Freeway 1. This stretch of the freeway from Hsinchu to the intersection of Provincial Highway 78 (Taiwan) in Gukeng, Yunlin is also known as the Central Second Highway ().", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route Description", "target_page_ids": [ 720265, 1467977, 296151, 1449045, 8254665, 1450204, 715561, 303649, 30874356, 1215239, 1449172, 951052, 4875204, 718080, 1450334, 957880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 16 ], [ 60, 81 ], [ 137, 145 ], [ 188, 206 ], [ 222, 252 ], [ 284, 305 ], [ 419, 434 ], [ 506, 519 ], [ 576, 584 ], [ 602, 613 ], [ 632, 650 ], [ 694, 698 ], [ 707, 729 ], [ 814, 827 ], [ 996, 1026 ], [ 1030, 1044 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The highway continues to parallel Freeway 1 as it travels along the eastern parts of Chiayi County and Tainan. Provincinal highways 82, 84, and 86 as well as National Freeway 8 provide connections between Freeways 1 and 3. In Kaohsiung the freeway bypasses the downtown area and travels along the mountainous rural districts. Connections to downtown and Kaohsiung International Airport are available through National Freeway 10, which the freeway intersects in the rural district of Yanchao, as well as Provincial Highway 88 in the urban township of Chaozhou in Pingtung County. After passing though the intersection with Freeway 10, the freeway enters Pingtung and ends in Dapengwan National Scenic Area in the rural township of Linbian. The southern stretch of the highway is known as the Southern Second Highway ().", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Route Description", "target_page_ids": [ 715472, 23026062, 1450370, 1450396, 1450409, 1449190, 17015, 680596, 1449201, 15253571, 1450448, 957894, 718326, 951038 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 98 ], [ 103, 109 ], [ 132, 134 ], [ 136, 138 ], [ 144, 146 ], [ 158, 176 ], [ 226, 235 ], [ 354, 385 ], [ 408, 427 ], [ 483, 490 ], [ 503, 524 ], [ 550, 558 ], [ 562, 577 ], [ 730, 737 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeways in Republic of China are officially coded \"Freeways\" with their respective numbers. By this principle, national freeway 3 is coded Freeway No. 3 (國道三號) in official documents or on road signs. Besides the numeric name, on 1 November 2004 it was named the Formosa Freeway (福爾摩沙高速公路) in a naming competition; however, its old alias Second Freeway (第二高速公路 or 二高) is more popular among the road users.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Naming", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The original plan was only intended to build a second freeway between Taipei and Hsinchu. The construction began in 1987. Tucheng IC - Sanying IC was opened in January 1993, followed by Zhonghe IC to Hsinchu SIC in August 1993. Extension from Hsinchu SIC to Xiangshan IC was finished in February 1996. In March 1996, Xizhi SIC - Muzha IC was opened. The final phase of the north section was Muzha IC. - Zhonghe IC, which was completed in August 1997. The extension between Xizhi SIC and Jijin IC completed in August 2000.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 57648, 200150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 76 ], [ 81, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The construction of the freeway south of Hsinchu City began in 1993. In February 2000, Xinhua JCT. - Jiuru IC. was open for the traffic. It was followed by Douliu IC - Xinhua JCT. In November 2001, Xiangshan IC. - Zhunan IC in December 2001, Zhunan IC - Houlong IC in May 2002, Caotun IC - Douliu IC in June 2002, Zhonggang SIC - Longjing IC in October 2002, and Houlong IC - Zhonggang JCT., Kuaiguan IC - Caotun IC in January 2003. The entire project was completed in January 2004 when Longjing IC - Kuaiguan IC was opened.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 200150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 25 April 2010, a landslide occurred on a segment near Xizhi. A large amount of dirt buried both directions of the freeway. Four cars were buried under the debris, killing four people. Bad hillside anchoring was blamed as a possible cause, as it had not been raining at the time of the collapse, and an earthquake was not registered.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "2010 landslide", "target_page_ids": [ 22215776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Repairs to the freeway were completed on 19 June 2010 and normal traffic flow restored.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "2010 landslide", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Keelung City", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Major cities that have exit along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 325181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "New Taipei City", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Major cities that have exit along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 333440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taipei City", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Major cities that have exit along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 57648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hsinchu City", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Major cities that have exit along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 200150 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Eastern Taichung City", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Major cities that have exit along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 296151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Changhua City", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Major cities that have exit along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 30874356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nantou City", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Major cities that have exit along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 1215239 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Douliu City", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Major cities that have exit along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 1423318 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 62 at Madong JCT. in Keelung City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1450505, 325181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 44, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 1 at Xizhi JCT. in New Taipei City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1448737, 333440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 31, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 5 at Nangang IC. in New Taipei City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 23139770, 333440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ], [ 43, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 5 at Nangang JCT. in Taipei City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449133, 57648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 33, 44 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 3A at Muzha IC. in Taipei City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449081, 57648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 31, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 64 at Zhonghe IC. in New Taipei City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449259, 333440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 44, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 2 at Yingge JCT. in New Taipei City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1448829, 333440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 32, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 66 at Daxi IC. in Taoyuan City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449231, 715796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 41, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 1 at Hsinchu JCT. in Baoshan, Hsinchu", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1448737, 11913970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 33, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 61 at Xibin IC. in Zhunan, Miaoli", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1467977, 945758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 42, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 4 at Zhonggang JCT. in Taichung City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449045, 296151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 35, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 1 at Changhua JCT. in Changhua City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1448737, 30874356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 34, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 74 at Kuaiguan IC. in Changhua City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1450204, 30874356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 45, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 63 at Zhongtou IC. in Taichung City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1454121, 296151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 45, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 6 at Zhongheng JCT. in Taichung City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449172, 296151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 35, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 76 at Zhongxing JCT. in Caotun, Nantou", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1450312, 17789095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 47, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 78 at Gukeng JCT. in Gukeng, Yunlin", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1450334, 957880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 44, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 82 at Shuishang JCT. in Shuishang, Chiayi", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1450370, 24111949 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 47, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 84 at Guantian JCT. in Tainan City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1450396, 23026062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 46, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 8 at Xinhua JCT. in Tainan City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449190, 23026062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 32, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 86 at Guanmiao IC. in Tainan City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1450409, 23026062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 45, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway No. 10 at Yanchao JCT. in Kaohsiung City", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449201, 17015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 34, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Provincial Highway No. 88 at Zhutian JCT. in Zhutian, Pingtung", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1450448, 23844451 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 25 ], [ 45, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lanes in each direction are listed below.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "4 lanes:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Zhonghe IC. - Yingge JCT.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Wufeng IC. - Nantou IC.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "3 lanes:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jijin IC. - Zhonghe IC.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Yingge JCT. - Wufeng IC.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nantou IC. - Jiuru IC.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2 lanes:", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Jiuru IC. - Linbian End", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Freeway 3A (Taipei)", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Spur routes", "target_page_ids": [ 1449081 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Highway system in Taiwan", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 950062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] } ]

[ "Highways_in_Taiwan" ]

[ "Formosa Freeway" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Charles Peale Polk (March 17, 1767 – May 6, 1822) was an American portrait painter and the nephew of artist Charles Willson Peale.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 210093, 339616 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 74 ], [ 108, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Polk was born in Annapolis, Maryland, to Elizabeth Digby Peale and Robert Polk. At age eight or ten (sources vary on the exact age), after being orphaned, he was sent to Philadelphia to live with his uncle and study art. He was married by the time he was eighteen and Philadelphia was his permanent residence. By the time he was in his twenties, Polk was advertising himself as a portrait artist in Baltimore newspapers. He was apparently not at all successful since he returned to Philadelphia within a matter of a couple years, advertising his services as a house and sign painter. But he continued his artistic pursuits, and by 1800 he had opened exhibitions in Baltimore. In 1800, he held government office in Washington, D.C. at the National Gallery of Art....", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 57839, 50585, 26997138, 108956, 357005 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 36 ], [ 171, 183 ], [ 402, 411 ], [ 720, 736 ], [ 744, 767 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Polk’s earliest paintings were copies of his uncle's originals and he was highly dependent on his uncle's training and guidance. He continued to make copies of many paintings including his own. It is said that he produced fifty-seven reproductions of his George Washington portrait. He was commissioned to do thirty five paintings and this was his largest group of works from any period. He eventually opened a drawing school and a dry-goods business. Both ventures failed and he moved to Frederick County, Maryland. During his period as a politician, he produced few oil paintings. However, he did produce \"verre églomisé\" miniatures which were made by scratching a gold leaf profile into a glass plate and painting black in the surrounding areas. Ultimately, he took up life as a farmer in Virginia two years before his death.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Artistry", "target_page_ids": [ 11968, 45449, 22605, 1449050, 2927992, 32432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 257, 274 ], [ 494, 520 ], [ 574, 586 ], [ 614, 628 ], [ 673, 682 ], [ 800, 808 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his depiction of Anna Maria Cumpston he delicately depicts a girl holding a flower. Her arms are awkwardly posed and her gaze is blank. Equally blank is her facial expression, which is lifeless and lacks any emotional depiction. The background shows some soft trees against a cloudy sky. To the right is an unbalanced large countertop. The light values of the countertop are weighted on the opposite side by the dark trees and floors. The dress is elegant and the figure glows apparently bathed in light. The content seems to be meaningless and chosen more for its visual appeal and shape. This work is very much like other works of this time period and era.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Artistry", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In comparing Polk’s works to Joshua Johnson, they have very similar style in positioning objects and creating composition. The awkwardness of the works is actually somewhat appealing for both artists and probably deliberate. Both artists often have subjects holding objects in a way that while unnatural also brings interests and causes the hands to be shaped in a visually interesting way. The art work of both avoids expressiveness and instead chooses to emphasize capturing some likeness of the subject.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Artistry", "target_page_ids": [ 1448988 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anna Maria Cumpston. The National Gallery of Art.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Charles Peale Polk. Maryland ArtSource.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Charles Peale Polk – Biography. National Gallery of Art.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "American paintings & historical prints from the Middendorf collection, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Polk (no. 13)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1767_births", "1822_deaths", "18th-century_American_painters", "American_male_painters", "19th-century_American_painters", "American_portrait_painters", "Artists_from_Baltimore", "Peale_family", "19th-century_American_male_artists" ]

[ "Polk", "chas peale polk" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Interpretatio graeca (Latin, \"Greek translation\") or \"interpretation by means of Greek [models]\" is a discourse used to interpret or attempt to understand the mythology and religion of other cultures; a comparative methodology using ancient Greek religious concepts and practices, deities, and myths, equivalencies, and shared characteristics.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17730, 45134, 186861, 274099, 61963, 23416994, 1924079 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 27 ], [ 102, 111 ], [ 203, 214 ], [ 233, 279 ], [ 281, 288 ], [ 294, 299 ], [ 301, 342 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The phrase may describe Greek efforts to explain others' beliefs and myths, as when Herodotus describes Egyptian religion in terms of perceived Greek analogues, or when Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Plutarch document Roman cults, temples, and practices under the names of equivalent Greek deities. Interpretatio graeca may also describe non-Greeks' interpretation of their own belief systems by comparison or assimilation with Greek models, as when Romans adapt Greek myths and iconography under the names of their own gods.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13574, 10331, 159387, 24517, 593135, 821349, 521555 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 93 ], [ 104, 121 ], [ 169, 195 ], [ 200, 208 ], [ 218, 229 ], [ 231, 238 ], [ 450, 456 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Interpretatio romana is comparative discourse in reference to ancient Roman religion and myth, as in the formation of a distinctive Gallo-Roman religion. Both the Romans and the Gauls reinterpreted Gallic religious traditions in relation to Roman models, particularly Imperial cult.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 214954, 28957716, 2929895, 3828146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 84 ], [ 89, 93 ], [ 132, 152 ], [ 268, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jan Assmann considers the polytheistic approach to internationalizing gods as a form of \"intercultural translation\":", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 36224411, 19195836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 26, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The great achievement of polytheism is the articulation of a common semantic universe.... The meaning of a deity is his or her specific character as it unfolded in myths, hymns, rites, and so on. This character makes a deity comparable to other deities with similar traits. The similarity of gods makes their names mutually translatable. ... The practice of translating the names of the gods created a concept of similarity and produced the idea or conviction that the gods are international.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Pliny the Elder expressed the \"translatability\" of deities as \"different names to different peoples\" (nomina alia aliis gentibus). This capacity made possible the religious syncretism of the Hellenistic era and the pre-Christian Roman Empire.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 44920, 50328762, 7491899, 25507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 163, 183 ], [ 191, 206 ], [ 229, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Herodotus was one of the earliest authors to engage in this form of interpretation. In his observations regarding the Egyptians, he establishes Greco-Egyptian equivalents that endured into the Hellenistic era, including Amon/Zeus, Osiris/Dionysus, and Ptah/Hephaestus. In his observations regarding the Scythians, he equates their queen of the gods, Tabiti, to Hestia, Papaios and Api to Zeus and Gaia respectively, and Argimpasa to Aphrodite Urania, whilst also claiming that the Scythians worshipped equivalents to Herakles and Ares, but which he doesn't name.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 13574, 455379, 19230789, 34398, 22763, 63325, 97125, 14388, 55092, 14499166, 36745, 14499166, 34398, 19272020, 14499166, 21855311, 13815, 2041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 193, 208 ], [ 220, 224 ], [ 225, 229 ], [ 231, 237 ], [ 238, 246 ], [ 252, 256 ], [ 257, 267 ], [ 303, 312 ], [ 350, 356 ], [ 361, 367 ], [ 381, 384 ], [ 388, 392 ], [ 397, 401 ], [ 420, 429 ], [ 433, 449 ], [ 517, 525 ], [ 530, 534 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some pairs of Greek and Roman gods, such as Zeus and Jupiter, are thought to derive from a common Indo-European archetype (Dyeus as the supreme sky god), and thus exhibit shared functions by nature. Others required more expansive theological and poetic efforts: though both Ares and Mars are war gods, Ares was a relatively minor figure in Greek religious practice and deprecated by the poets, while Mars was a father of the Roman people and a central figure of archaic Roman religion.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 40255, 508376, 1110853, 2041, 19638032 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 60 ], [ 98, 111 ], [ 123, 128 ], [ 274, 278 ], [ 283, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some deities dating to Rome's oldest religious stratum, such as Janus and Terminus, had no Greek equivalent. Other Greek divine figures, most notably Apollo, were adopted directly into Roman culture, but underwent a distinctly Roman development, as when Augustus made Apollo one of his patron deities. In the early period, Etruscan culture played an intermediary role in transmitting Greek myth and religion to the Romans, as evidenced in the linguistic transformation of Greek Heracles to Etruscan Her[e]cle to Roman Hercules.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Examples", "target_page_ids": [ 159852, 614648, 594, 1273, 207848, 37353, 13815, 85726, 13770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 69 ], [ 74, 82 ], [ 150, 156 ], [ 254, 262 ], [ 286, 300 ], [ 323, 339 ], [ 478, 486 ], [ 499, 508 ], [ 518, 526 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The phrase interpretatio romana was first used by the Imperial-era historian Tacitus in the Germania. Tacitus reports that in a sacred grove of the Nahanarvali, \"a priest adorned as a woman presides, but they commemorate gods who in Roman terms (interpretatione romana) are Castor and Pollux.\" Elsewhere, he identifies the principal god of the Germans as Mercury, perhaps referring to Wotan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Interpretatio romana", "target_page_ids": [ 25507, 14661946, 19594563, 647512, 1035886, 37896319, 60790, 37417, 19230767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 66 ], [ 67, 76 ], [ 77, 84 ], [ 92, 100 ], [ 128, 140 ], [ 148, 159 ], [ 274, 291 ], [ 355, 362 ], [ 385, 390 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some information about the deities of the ancient Gauls (the continental Celts), who left no written literature other than inscriptions, is preserved by Greco-Roman sources under the names of Greek and Latin equivalents. A large number of Gaulish theonyms or cult titles are preserved, for instance, in association with Mars. As with some Greek and Roman divine counterparts, the perceived similarities between a Gallic and a Roman or Greek deity may reflect a common Indo-European origin. Lugus was identified with Mercury, Nodens with Mars as healer and protector, Sulis with Minerva. In some cases, however, a Gallic deity is given an interpretatio romana by means of more than one god, varying among literary texts or inscriptions. Since the religions of the Greco-Roman world were not dogmatic, and polytheism lent itself to multiplicity, the concept of \"deity\" was often expansive, permitting multiple and even contradictory functions within a single divinity, and overlapping powers and functions among the diverse figures of each pantheon. These tendencies extended to cross-cultural identifications.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Interpretatio romana", "target_page_ids": [ 22235155, 6546, 30875813, 53308533, 19638032, 86575, 37417, 86629, 539601, 19845, 10532933, 19195836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 55 ], [ 61, 78 ], [ 239, 246 ], [ 247, 254 ], [ 300, 324 ], [ 490, 495 ], [ 516, 523 ], [ 525, 531 ], [ 567, 572 ], [ 578, 585 ], [ 763, 780 ], [ 804, 814 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the Eastern empire, the Anatolian storm god with his double-headed axe became Jupiter Dolichenus, a favorite cult figure among soldiers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Interpretatio romana", "target_page_ids": [ 1612539, 224505, 18776495 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 46 ], [ 56, 73 ], [ 81, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Roman scholars such as Varro interpreted the monotheistic god of the Jews into Roman terms as Caelus or Jupiter Optimus Maximus. Some Greco-Roman authors seem to have understood the Jewish invocation of Yahweh Sabaoth as Sabazius.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Interpretatio romana", "target_page_ids": [ 235965, 1023819, 944850, 34257, 29945, 316125 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 28 ], [ 94, 100 ], [ 104, 127 ], [ 203, 209 ], [ 210, 217 ], [ 221, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a similar vein, Plutarch gave an example of a symposium question 'Who is the god of the Jews?,' by which he meant: 'What is his Greek name?' as we can deduct from the first speaker at the symposium, who maintained that the Jews worshiped Dionysus, and that the day of Sabbath was a festival of Sabazius. We don't know what the other speakers thought, because the text is incomplete. Tacitus, on the topic of the Sabbath, claims that \"others say that it is an observance in honour of Saturn, either from the primitive elements of their faith having been transmitted from the Idæi, who are said to have shared the flight of that God, and to have founded the race\", implying Saturn was the god of the Jews.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Interpretatio romana", "target_page_ids": [ 24517, 63325, 28809, 19594563, 11097960, 44474 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 27 ], [ 241, 249 ], [ 271, 278 ], [ 387, 394 ], [ 416, 423 ], [ 487, 493 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From the Roman point of view, it was natural to apply the above principle also to the Jewish God Jehovah and equate him with Jupiter. However, the Jews – unlike other peoples living under Roman rule – rejected out of hand any such attempt, regarding such an identification as the worst of sacrilege. This complete divergence of views was one of the factors contributing to the frequent friction between the Jews and the Roman Empire – for example, the Emperor Hadrian's decision to rebuild Jerusalem under the name of Aelia Capitolina, a city dedicated to Jupiter, precipitated the bloodbath of the Bar Kokhba revolt.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Interpretatio romana", "target_page_ids": [ 25955086, 4593651, 40255, 385729, 13621, 16043, 2632, 871012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 89 ], [ 97, 104 ], [ 125, 132 ], [ 289, 298 ], [ 460, 467 ], [ 490, 499 ], [ 518, 534 ], [ 599, 616 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Emperor Julian, the 4th century pagan emperor, remarked that \"these Jews are in part god-fearing, seeing that they revere a god who is truly most powerful and most good and governs this world of sense, and, as I well know, is worshipped by us also under other names\". However, Julian doesn't specify which \"other names\" the Jewish god was worshiped under.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Interpretatio romana", "target_page_ids": [ 16300 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In late antiquity mysticism, the sun god Helios is sometimes equated to the Judeo-Christian God.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Interpretatio romana", "target_page_ids": [ 67230 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The following table is a list of Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Egyptian, Sumerian, Phoenician, Hindu, and Parthian equivalents, based on usage among the ancients themselves, supported by the analyses of modern scholars. \"Equivalent\" should not be taken to mean \"the same god\". For instance, when the myths or even cult practices of a particular Roman deity were influenced by the Greek or Etruscan tradition, the deity may have had an independent origin and a tradition that is culturally distinctive.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Greco-Roman equivalents", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Examples of deities depicted in syncretic compositions by means of interpretatio graeca or romana:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "In art", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aion (deity)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3333582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mystery religions", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 37004 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Honji suijaku, in Japan", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 20161411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Interpretatio germanica", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3455768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Interpretatio Christiana", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 38643510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Celtic deities", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 19690815 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Proto-Indo-European religion, a reconstructed religion that relates Greek deities to other Indo-European deities", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 508376 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shinbutsu-shūgō, a Japanese amalgamation of Buddhist and Shinto deities", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1870665 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Syncretism", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 29612 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Three teachings, Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism as harmonious aggregate in Chinese philosophy.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 729853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kaspers, Wilhelm. \"Germanische Götternamen.\" Zeitschrift Für Deutsches Altertum Und Deutsche Literatur 83, no. 2 (1951): 79-91. www.jstor.org/stable/20654522.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Further reading", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Deities_in_classical_mythology", "Etruscan_mythology", "Foreign_relations_of_ancient_Rome", "Gallo-Roman_religion", "Greek_mythology", "Hellenistic_religion", "Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Roman_Republic_and_the_Roman_Empire", "Latin_religious_words_and_phrases", "Religion_in_the_Roman_Empire", "Religious_pluralism", "Religious_syncretism", "Roman_mythology", "Phoenician_mythology", "Religious_interpretation" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "James Polkinghorne (1788 – 15 September 1851) was a champion Cornish wrestler of the 19th century. He was born in 1788 at St Keverne, Cornwall, United Kingdom but spent much of his life at St. Columb Major, where he ran a pub called the Red Lion.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1391711, 612480, 5648, 31717, 1365012 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 77 ], [ 122, 132 ], [ 134, 142 ], [ 144, 158 ], [ 189, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He had a number of famous contests against Devon fighters, including Flower, Jackman (1816) and Abraham Cann (1826). The Devonians, \"kickers\", fought in the Devon style, wearing boots with toes that had been soaked in bullock's blood and then baked as \"hard as flint\". Polkinghorne fought in the Cornish style and was a \"hugger\" who fought without footwear. He died at St Columb at the age of 73. ", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1391711 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 297, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Polkinghorne's greatest match was on 23 October 1826 against Abraham Cann of Colebrooke who was the champion of Devon. The match took place at Devonport, and ten thousand people are said to have attended. The match was adjudged to be drawn. (The Devon style which was used allowed Cann to wear heavy boots soaked in bullock's blood).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Polkinghorne's match with Cann", "target_page_ids": [ 6026149, 2273846, 8166, 407964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 73 ], [ 77, 87 ], [ 112, 117 ], [ 143, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cann had long been known as the champion of Devonshire when he challenged James Polkinghorne, the champion of Cornwall. Polkinghorne was 6 feet, 2inches tall, weighed 320lbs, and had not wrestled for some years, being the landlord of the Red Lion inn at Saint Columb Major. Cann was but 5 feet, 8½ inches in height, and weighed 175lbs. This match, the purse for which was £200 a side for the best of three back falls, took place at Tamar Green, Morice Town, near Devonport, on 23 October 1826, in the presence of upwards of 12,000 spectators. After a long struggle, the Cornishman won a fair back fall. Cann then threw Polkinghorne, but a dispute arose, and a toss gave it in favour of the latter. After several other falls, Polkinghorne threw Cann, but the triers were divided in opinion as to the fall. Polkinghorne left the ring, and after much wrangling, the match was declared to be drawn. The Devonshire man, using the toes and heels of his shoes, kicked his adversary in the most frightful manner, while the Cornishman neither wore shoes nor kicked. The fight is remembered by a plaque on the Red Lion pub in Saint Columb Major, Cornwall, where Polkinghorne was landlord and by a ballad entitled \"A New Song on the Wrestling Match between Cann and Polkinghorne\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Polkinghorne's match with Cann", "target_page_ids": [ 5648, 407964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 118 ], [ 463, 472 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Richard Parkyn", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 16860597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Article on Cornish Wrestling which refers to James Polkinghorne", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1788_births", "1854_deaths", "People_from_St_Keverne", "Sportspeople_from_Cornwall", "Cornish_wrestling_champions" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Moel Hebog (Welsh for Bare Hill of the Hawk) is a mountain in Snowdonia, north Wales which dominates the view west from the village of Beddgelert. It gives name to a whole range of peaks in the north-western corner of Snowdonia, which include the Nantlle Ridge and Mynydd Mawr.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 33545, 37754, 37729, 69894, 79466, 3024951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 17 ], [ 51, 59 ], [ 63, 72 ], [ 80, 85 ], [ 136, 146 ], [ 266, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From that side, Moel Hebog has a rocky face with a distinctive pointed summit, although from other sides, it appears more rounded. The exposed rock means that it is often visited by students of geology. Much of the mountain consists of welded, fiamme rich rhyolitic tuff.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12207, 3495345, 54124, 44481 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 201 ], [ 244, 250 ], [ 256, 265 ], [ 266, 270 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It is often climbed from Beddgelert and it can be combined with the nearby mountains of Moel yr Ogof and Moel Lefn for a longer walk. This route, however, does involve some easy scrambling.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16088991, 16089331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 100 ], [ 105, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On Moel yr Ogof can be found Owain Glyndŵr's Cave.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 16088991, 22473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 15 ], [ 29, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " The view of Moel Hebog and Llyn Gwynant from the north near Snowdon is one of the most photographed in Snowdonia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 4302392, 189891 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 40 ], [ 61, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A late Bronze Age shield was found in a bog near Moel Hebog in 1784. It is now in the British Museum's collection.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 71289339, 4675 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 24 ], [ 86, 100 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Moel Hebog Group contains the following (main) summits:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Moel Hebog — ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Craig Cwm Silyn — ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 4448330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Trum y Ddysgl — ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 11262900 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Garnedd Goch", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 20378142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mynydd Mawr — ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 3024951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mynydd Drws-y-Coed", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 20960625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Moel yr Ogof", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 16088991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mynydd Tal-y-Mignedd", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 20960568 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Moel Lefn", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 16089331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Y Garn", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 11262908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mynydd Graig Goch", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [ 20377278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Moel-ddu — ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Moel Hebog Group", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Computer generated summit panoramas North South index", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Walking guide and photographs Moel Hebog from Beddgelert", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Moel Hebog and surrounding area", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Beddgelert", "Dolbenmaen", "Mountains_and_hills_of_Gwynedd", "Mountains_and_hills_of_Snowdonia", "Sites_of_Special_Scientific_Interest_in_West_Gwynedd", "Hewitts_of_Wales", "Marilyns_of_Wales", "Nuttalls" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Newark Days is an annual celebration that takes place in Newark, California every September to celebrate the incorporation of the city of Newark on September 22, 1955. In its current form it is a four-day event, Thursday through Sunday, in mid to late September. It is centered on Newark Community Park & Community Center as well as the adjacent MacGregor School Grounds. In addition to carnival rides, food and game booths, and stage shows, it includes a race and a parade along \"the Newark Mile\" (a stretch of Newark Blvd.) on the Saturday morning. Annual attendance for the celebration is more than 100,000.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 107338, 5407, 1536866, 6831953, 2689823, 38483 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 63 ], [ 65, 75 ], [ 109, 122 ], [ 288, 302 ], [ 305, 321 ], [ 387, 395 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "What is now called Newark Days was originally planned by members of the Newark Chamber of Commerce. They later turned the festivities over to the Jaycees. In the 1960s a group called \"Newark Birthday Celebration\" was formed. However, the event was not put on during the late 1960s. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 305503, 30875841 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 98 ], [ 146, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1972, Shirley Sisk called a meeting to see if there were enough volunteers to plan an event for that September. Interest was high, and \"Newark Days Celebration\" was formed. The Newark Rotary club brought in a carnival, and the committee put together food booths and games at the Pavilion. The weekend was a huge success, and a nonprofit corporation was formed to make it a regular annual event. A volunteer 30-member committee works year-round to organize it, and more than 200 volunteers assist at the event.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 269992, 11603393, 72487 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 198 ], [ 253, 264 ], [ 330, 339 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2005, Newark Days celebrated Newark's 50th anniversary with a 1950s theme and the return of Arknew, a kangaroo that was Newark's old town mascot.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 34573, 17064, 159908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 70 ], [ 105, 113 ], [ 141, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This festival went virtual in 2020.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Every year, the Newark Days Celebration features a different theme.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1988\tEvery Day's a Holiday", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1989\tPeople, Pride & Progress ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1990\tThe Magic of Newark", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1991\tNewark Then & Now", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1992\tWhere Fairy Tales Come True", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1993\tRailroad Days", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1994\tThe Best of the West", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1995\tRemembering When", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1996\tThere's No Place Like Home", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1997\tIt's a Small World", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1998\tUnder the Big Top", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "1999\t", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2000\tThe Sounds of Music", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2001\tNewarks of the World", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2002\tCelebrate America", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2003\tEvery Day's a Holiday", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2004\tExploring the West", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2005\t50 Golden Years", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2006\tIt's all Here", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2007\tCirque de Newark", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2008\tCelebrate America", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2009\tCelebrating the Arts", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2010\tColor the World", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2011\tFantasy Comes Alive", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2012 Country Jamboree", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2013\tAll That Jazz", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2014", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2015\tSet Sail for Newark", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2016\tVoyage to the Stars", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2017\tA Jungle Adventure", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2018\tIt's a Wizard's World ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2019 TBA", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2020 Celebrate Virtually", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2021 TBA", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2022 Under the Sea", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Themes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Newark Days Official Website", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Newark Mile Official Website", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Tourist_attractions_in_Alameda_County,_California", "Festivals_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area", "Newark,_California" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "An activity coefficient is a factor used in thermodynamics to account for deviations from ideal behaviour in a mixture of chemical substances. In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures can be expressed directly in terms of simple concentrations or partial pressures of the substances present e.g. Raoult's law. Deviations from ideality are accommodated by modifying the concentration by an activity coefficient. Analogously, expressions involving gases can be adjusted for non-ideality by scaling partial pressures by a fugacity coefficient.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 29952, 286069, 9722260, 731401, 241761, 678365, 7512, 43972, 38873, 1185498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 58 ], [ 111, 118 ], [ 122, 140 ], [ 149, 162 ], [ 214, 230 ], [ 280, 307 ], [ 438, 451 ], [ 456, 472 ], [ 505, 517 ], [ 728, 736 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The concept of activity coefficient is closely linked to that of activity in chemistry.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 183324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The chemical potential, μB, of a substance B in an ideal mixture of liquids or an ideal solution is given by", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 218628, 731401, 731401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 22 ], [ 51, 64 ], [ 82, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where μ is the chemical potential of a pure substance and xB is the mole fraction of the substance in the mixture.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 20306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This is generalised to include non-ideal behavior by writing", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "when aB is the activity of the substance in the mixture with", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where γB is the activity coefficient, which may itself depend on xB. As γB approaches 1, the substance behaves as if it were ideal. For instance, if γB≈1, then Raoult's law is accurate. For γB>1 and γB<1, substance B shows positive and negative deviation from Raoult's law, respectively. A positive deviation implies that substance B is more volatile.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 38873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In many cases, as xB goes to zero, the activity coefficient of substance B approaches a constant; this relationship is Henry's law for the solvent. These relationships are related to each other through the Gibbs–Duhem equation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 238199, 8891344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 119, 130 ], [ 207, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note that in general activity coefficients are dimensionless.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In detail: Raoult's law states that the partial pressure of component B is related to its vapor pressure (saturation pressure) and its mole fraction xB in the liquid phase,", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 38873 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "with the convention", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In other words: Pure liquids represent the ideal case.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At infinite dilution, the activity coefficient approaches its limiting value, γB∞. Comparison with Henry's law,", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 238199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "immediately gives", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In other words: The compound shows nonideal behavior in the dilute case.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The above definition of the activity coefficient is impractical if the compound does not exist as a pure liquid. This is often the case for electrolytes or biochemical compounds. In such cases, a different definition is used that considers infinite dilution as the ideal state:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "with", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "and", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The symbol has been used here to distinguish between the two kinds of activity coefficients. Usually it is omitted, as it is clear from the context which kind is meant. But there are cases where both kinds of activity coefficients are needed and may even appear in the same equation, e.g., for solutions of salts in (water + alcohol) mixtures. This is sometimes a source of errors.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Modifying mole fractions or concentrations by activity coefficients gives the effective activities of the components, and hence allows expressions such as Raoult's law and equilibrium constants to be applied to both ideal and non-ideal mixtures.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 38873, 1122854 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 155, 167 ], [ 172, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Knowledge of activity coefficients is particularly important in the context of electrochemistry since the behaviour of electrolyte solutions is often far from ideal, due to the effects of the ionic atmosphere. Additionally, they are particularly important in the context of soil chemistry due to the low volumes of solvent and, consequently, the high concentration of electrolytes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 9601, 48336, 7642705, 4715070, 48336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 95 ], [ 119, 130 ], [ 192, 208 ], [ 275, 289 ], [ 369, 381 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For solution of substances which ionize in solution the activity coefficients of the cation and anion cannot be experimentally determined independently of each other because solution properties depend on both ions. Single ion activity coefficients must be linked to the activity coefficient of the dissolved electrolyte as if undissociated. In this case a mean stoichiometric activity coefficient of the dissolved electrolyte, γ±, is used. It is called stoichiometric because it expresses both the deviation from the ideality of the solution and the incomplete ionic dissociation of the ionic compound which occurs especially with the increase of its concentration.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For a 1:1 electrolyte, such as NaCl it is given by the following:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 80207 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 35 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where γ+ and γ− are the activity coefficients of the cation and anion respectively. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "More generally, the mean activity coefficient of a compound of formula ApBq is given by", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Single-ion activity coefficients can be calculated theoretically, for example by using the Debye–Hückel equation. The theoretical equation can be tested by combining the calculated single-ion activity coefficients to give mean values which can be compared to experimental values.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 2077027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The prevailing view that single ion activity coefficients are unmeasurable independently, or perhaps even physically meaningless, has its roots in the work of Guggenheim in the late 1920s. However, chemists have never been able to give up the idea of single ion activities, and by implication single ion activity coefficients. For example, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity. If the prevailing view on the physical meaning and measurability of single ion activities is correct then defining pH as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity places the quantity squarely in the unmeasurable category. Recognizing this logical difficulty, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) states that the activity-based definition of pH is a notional definition only. Despite the prevailing negative view on the measurability of single ion coefficients, the concept of single ion activities continues to be discussed in the literature, and at least one author presents a definition of single ion activity in terms of purely thermodynamic quantities and proposes a method of measuring single ion activity coefficients based on purely thermodynamic processes.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 24530, 14870 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 340, 342 ], [ 679, 728 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For concentrated ionic solutions the hydration of ions must be taken into consideration, as done by Stokes and Robinson in their hydration model from 1948. The activity coefficient of the electrolyte is split into electric and statistical components by E. Glueckauf who modifies the Robinson–Stokes model.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The statistical part includes hydration index number h , the number of ions from the dissociation and the ratio r between the apparent molar volume of the electrolyte and the molar volume of water and molality b.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [ 399123, 22276716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 54 ], [ 126, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Concentrated solution statistical part of the activity coefficient is:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Stokes–Robinson model has been analyzed and improved by other investigators as well.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Thermodynamic definition", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Activity coefficients may be determined experimentally by making measurements on non-ideal mixtures. Use may be made of Raoult's law or Henry's law to provide a value for an ideal mixture against which the experimental value may be compared to obtain the activity coefficient. Other colligative properties, such as osmotic pressure may also be used.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Experimental determination of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [ 38873, 238199, 456234, 31383 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 132 ], [ 136, 147 ], [ 283, 294 ], [ 315, 331 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Activity coefficients can be determined by radiochemical methods.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Experimental determination of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [ 2035588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Activity coefficients for binary mixtures are often reported at the infinite dilution of each component. Because activity coefficient models simplify at infinite dilution, such empirical values can be used to estimate interaction energies. Examples are given for water:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Experimental determination of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions may be calculated theoretically, using the Debye–Hückel equation or extensions such as the Davies equation, Pitzer equations or TCPC model. Specific ion interaction theory (SIT) may also be used.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Theoretical calculation of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [ 2077027, 22476314, 25916835, 23263587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 111 ], [ 138, 153 ], [ 155, 171 ], [ 187, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For non-electrolyte solutions correlative methods such as UNIQUAC, NRTL, MOSCED or UNIFAC may be employed, provided fitted component-specific or model parameters are available. COSMO-RS is a theoretical method which is less dependent on model parameters as required information is obtained from quantum mechanics calculations specific to each molecule (sigma profiles) combined with a statistical thermodynamics treatment of surface segments.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Theoretical calculation of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [ 18769762, 14053488, 29181673, 12809051, 25202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 65 ], [ 67, 71 ], [ 73, 79 ], [ 83, 89 ], [ 295, 312 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For uncharged species, the activity coefficient γ0 mostly follows a salting-out model:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Theoretical calculation of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [ 966653 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This simple model predicts activities of many species (dissolved undissociated gases such as CO2, H2S, NH3, undissociated acids and bases) to high ionic strengths (up to 5mol/kg). The value of the constant b for CO2 is 0.11 at 10°C and 0.20 at 330°C.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Theoretical calculation of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [ 2619023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 147, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For water as solvent, the activity aw can be calculated using:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Theoretical calculation of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [ 33306 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where ν is the number of ions produced from the dissociation of one molecule of the dissolved salt, b is the molality of the salt dissolved in water, φ is the osmotic coefficient of water, and the constant 55.51 represents the molality of water. In the above equation, the activity of a solvent (here water) is represented as inversely proportional to the number of particles of salt versus that of the solvent.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Theoretical calculation of activity coefficients", "target_page_ids": [ 20220938, 229643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 159, 178 ], [ 227, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ionic activity coefficient is connected to the ionic diameter by the formula obtained from Debye–Hückel theory of electrolytes:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Link to ionic diameter", "target_page_ids": [ 2072281, 7729301, 48336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 65 ], [ 95, 114 ], [ 118, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where A and B are constants, zi is the valence number of the ion, and I is ionic strength.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Link to ionic diameter", "target_page_ids": [ 2619023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The derivative of an activity coefficient with respect to temperature is related to excess molar enthalpy by ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Dependence on state parameters", "target_page_ids": [ 31832979 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Similarly, the derivative of an activity coefficient with respect to pressure can be related to excess molar volume.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Dependence on state parameters", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "At equilibrium, the sum of the chemical potentials of the reactants is equal to the sum of the chemical potentials of the products. The Gibbs free energy change for the reactions, ΔrG, is equal to the difference between these sums and therefore, at equilibrium, is equal to zero. Thus, for an equilibrium such as", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [ 238181 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "αA + βB σS + τT", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Substitute in the expressions for the chemical potential of each reactant:", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Upon rearrangement this expression becomes", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The sum is the standard free energy change for the reaction, ΔrG. Therefore,", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "K is the equilibrium constant. Note that activities and equilibrium constants are dimensionless numbers.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [ 1122854 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This derivation serves two purposes. It shows the relationship between standard free energy change and equilibrium constant. It also shows that an equilibrium constant is defined as a quotient of activities. In practical terms this is inconvenient. When each activity is replaced by the product of a concentration and an activity coefficient, the equilibrium constant is defined as", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "where [S] denotes the concentration of S, etc. In practice equilibrium constants are determined in a medium such that the quotient of activity coefficient is constant and can be ignored, leading to the usual expression", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [ 7512, 11052041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 35 ], [ 85, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "which applies under the conditions that the activity quotient has a particular (constant) value.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Application to chemical equilibrium", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " AIOMFAC online-model An interactive group-contribution model for the calculation of activity coefficients in organicinorganic mixtures.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Electrochimica Acta Single-ion activity coefficients", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Thermodynamic_models", "Equilibrium_chemistry", "Dimensionless_numbers_of_chemistry" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Pápa is a historical town in Veszprém county, Hungary, located close to the northern edge of the Bakony Hills, and noted for its baroque architecture. With its 32,473 inhabitants (2011), it is the cultural, economic and tourism centre of the region.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 923728, 13275, 5407734, 3957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 45 ], [ 47, 54 ], [ 98, 104 ], [ 130, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pápa is one of the centres of the Reformed faith in Transdanubia, as the existence of numerous ecclesiastical heritage sites and museums suggest. Due to the multitude of heritage buildings the centre of the town is now protected.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6024, 2515529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 48 ], [ 52, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pápa has a large historical centre, with renovated old burgher's houses, cafes, and museums, including the Blue-Dyeing Museum (Kékfestő Múzeum), set up in a former factory which produced clothes and other textiles dyed with indigo blue under a unique method.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 15250 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 224, 235 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town is also noted for its thermal baths, particularly a newly constructed swimming complex, the Esterházy family's palace, its grand Roman Catholic church, and Calvinist secondary school; the town is an important religious centre. It also boasts a large park near the centre of town.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 747546, 606848, 6024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 110 ], [ 138, 152 ], [ 165, 174 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The town has been the main center of trade in the wines of the Somló wine region. Pápa was an administrative regional capital from 1945 to 1983.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6795801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pápa is a historic town first mentioned in records in 1061. It is possible that the town (originally a royal manor) was named after the kindred Pápa. Its importance and development is proved by the fact that in the 14th century the town was given civic privileges and at the beginning of the next century it became a market-town, which evolved from the 11 villages that occupied the current territory of the town during the Middle Ages. Large landowning families and various religious orders played an important role in the development of Pápa as a city: the Franciscans settled here in 1475 and the Paulists in 1638.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 51057140, 18836, 64176, 5783101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 148 ], [ 424, 435 ], [ 559, 570 ], [ 600, 608 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late Middle Ages it was the most important centre of Protestantism in Transdanubia. Reformationist doctrines swept in at the start of the Reformation. The first Hungarian translation of the Catechism of Heidelberg was printed in 1577. After Sopron and Sárvár, this town became the third most important centre of Protestantism in Transdanubia.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25814008, 2515529, 37857, 342595, 102378, 2060525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 73 ], [ 77, 89 ], [ 145, 156 ], [ 197, 220 ], [ 248, 254 ], [ 259, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A Reformed Church school operated here as early as in 1531, which was later expanded with a faculty of theology and an academy of law. The castle of Pápa already stood in the 15th century, and in Turkish times it became part of the system of border fortresses.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 6024, 22629 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 17 ], [ 196, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Construction of the current town centre began in the late 18th century, when it looked surprisingly similar to how it does today, hence its heritage protection status. The castle was converted into a palace, the lake that used to protect the castle from the east was drained, and a monumental church was built on the main square.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Between 1929 and 1945, Pápa was a county town and from 1945 to 1983 a district town. World War II caused immeasurable losses to the city as a whole. The palace and the synagogue were severely damaged, the archives were destroyed.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 18 November 2007, Pápa Air Base was selected to host three NATO C-17 Globemaster III transport aircraft of the future Heavy Airlift Wing which was activated in 2009.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 36807448, 21133, 6731, 25462124 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 34 ], [ 62, 66 ], [ 67, 87 ], [ 121, 139 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jews were permitted to settle in 1748, which helped Pápa to grow into a regional trade centre. By the 19th century, Hungary's third most significant Jewish community had gathered and the third largest synagogue was built here in 1846. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 25955086, 25955086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ], [ 149, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The anti-Jewish laws of 1938–39 caused great hardship in the community, and from 1940 the young Jewish men were sent to forced labour battalions, at first within Hungary, but later to the Russian front (1942). The Jewish population in Pápa increased from 452 in 1787 to 2645 in 1840 (19.6% of the total population), and 3,550 in 1880 (24.2%). After the beginning of the 20th century, a gradual decline began. There were 3,076 Jews in 1910 (15.3%), 2,991 in 1920, 2,613 in 1941 (11%) and 2,565 in 1944. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 24704562, 541048, 519489 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 20 ], [ 120, 133 ], [ 188, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the German occupation on March 19, 1944, the Jews were confined in a ghetto on May 24 and from there moved to a concentration camp which was set up in a factory in the town. On July 4 and 5, 2,565 Jews of the city plus 300 from the vicinity were deported to Auschwitz concentration camp from which less than 10% returned. In 1946 there were 470 Jews in the town (2% of the population) and by 1970 the number had fallen to 40. There are no Jews left in Pápa. The last rabbi of the community before World War II, Rabbi Yosef Greenwald, established a community called Pupa in the United States, and today it exists as a Hasidic court, called \"Pupa\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 9140389, 92903, 191537, 2006, 32927, 59685652, 3434750, 14436, 841843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 27 ], [ 75, 81 ], [ 118, 136 ], [ 264, 292 ], [ 503, 515 ], [ 523, 538 ], [ 583, 596 ], [ 623, 630 ], [ 631, 651 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pápa won the János Hild Memorial Medal in 1989 for restoration work creating a beautiful townscape in the town. After the Reformation, ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "new church and educational traditions were initiated. A new grammar school was built, the Reformed College recommenced its activities and higher education began once again.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A symbol of the town is the Great Church in the Main square, which was built according to the plans of Jakab Fellner between 1774 and 1786. It was decorated with frescoes by Franz Anton Maulbertsch.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [ 12394992, 14410403 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 103, 116 ], [ 174, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The \"white church\" in the Main street built by the Paulists, later home of the Benedictine order, was completed by 1744. Its furnishing is valuable decorated with unique wood-carving. The 17th century so called Black Christ can be found in its parvis.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [ 4240, 2950170, 1532288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 90 ], [ 211, 223 ], [ 244, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Franciscan church is in Barát Street, it was built between 1678 and 1680. Pápa has been the centre of the Transdanubian Reformed Church, whose famous college was founded in 1531. Its spirituality has had a significant role in the life of the town since then.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1844, Pápa's local Jewish community began building a synagogue in the town's predominantly Jewish neighborhood. In continuing his family's good relations with the local Jewish community, Count Paul Esterhazy de Galanthay donated 100 thousand bricks to assist in the synagogue's construction. Construction of the new synagogue was completed in 1846, and its opening service was officiated by Rabbi Leopold Löw (the rabbi is credited for being the first to introduce the Hungarian language into his services). The building was vandalized by the Nazis.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The population is largely descendants of German settlers, who came here mostly in the 18th century.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [ 5582528 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pápa is considered to be a school town. The present building of the college was built between 1895 and 1899. Today a secondary school of six and four classes and the Pápa Reformed Collection (library, archives, museum) can be found there. The Old College is in Petőfi Sándor street, beside it there is a plaque on the house where Sándor Petőfi, Hungary's National Poet, at one time dwelt.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [ 552327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 274 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Calvinist old church houses the permanent exhibition of the Museum of Religious Art.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [ 6024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The painted sarcophagus of the Egyptian Hori (High Priest of Osiris) made between 1186-1070 B.C. is exhibited here.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [ 54035584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The famous Museum of Blue-dyeing is opposite the Calvinist College. The blue-dyeing workshop of the Kluge family was one of the most significant in Central Europe. Active until 1956, its original furnishings and equipment can be seen today.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Another important building of the Main Square is the building complex of the Esterházy-mansion.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [ 747546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The reading hall of the library in the mansion was awarded the Europa Nostra-prize after the restoration of the former mansion chapel. The restoration of the baroque mansion started in 2000 and works are still underway. Apart from the baroque mansion and the Great Church in the Main square, the town is also proud of its baroque dwelling houses. In the historical part of the town there are a number of monuments and locally protected buildings.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Main historical buildings", "target_page_ids": [ 6719212, 3957, 3957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 76 ], [ 158, 165 ], [ 322, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pápa is twinned with:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 1155299 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Casalecchio di Reno, Italy", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 2629769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Covasna, Romania", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 444440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gorlice, Poland", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 194148 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hurbanovo, Slovakia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 7482190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kampen, Netherlands", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 118461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Leinefelde-Worbis, Germany", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 1019542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lučenec, Slovakia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 929698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Schwetzingen, Germany", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 593353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vyshkovo, Ukraine", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Twin towns – sister cities", "target_page_ids": [ 38120099 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " László Kövér, President of the National Assembly of Hungary (Országgyűlés) from 2010", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 25407972, 585416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ], [ 32, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ferenc Gyurcsány, Prime Minister of Hungary (2004–2009)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 945404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fülöp Ö. Beck (1873–1945), sculptor", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 14401220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Johann von Zimmermann", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ignác Bárány (HU), father of Róbert Bárány, Austro-Hungarian Nobel Prize winner 1914 in medicine", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 240218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ürge László – Les Murray (broadcaster), Hungarian/Australian Football commentator.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 3194238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lajos Bruck, painter", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 38243845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Andrew Laszlo, cinematographer", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 20782880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Leopold Löw (1846-1850)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 2498301 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Solomon Breuer, Hungarian-born German Rabbi, initially in Pápa, Hungary", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 6031058, 51273, 1598647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ], [ 39, 44 ], [ 65, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rabbi Yaakov Yehezkiya Greenwald (I) (1929–1941), rabbi of the Etz Chaim community in Pápa, and the Rosh yeshiva there. Predecessor of the Pupa Hasidic dynasty", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 59696082, 817050, 841843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 37 ], [ 101, 113 ], [ 140, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Rabbi Yosef Greenwald (1941–1946), Rabbi and second Grand Rebbe of the Pupa Hasidic dynasty", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 59685652, 166683, 841843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 22 ], [ 53, 64 ], [ 72, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Rabbi Yaakov Yitzhak Neumann, born in Pápa and after surviving the Holocaust, served as head of the remaining Hungarian Puper Jewish community, from which he gained the title, Puper Rav.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Notable people from Pápa", "target_page_ids": [ 59698837, 10396793 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 28 ], [ 67, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The association football club, Pápai PFC, competes in the 2017–18 Nemzeti Bajnokság III.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Sport", "target_page_ids": [ 54566187, 54411400 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 40 ], [ 58, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pápa Air Base", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 36807448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pupa (Hasidic dynasty)", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 841843 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " in Hungarian", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aerial photographs of Pápa", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Populated_places_in_Veszprém_County", "Esterházy_family", "Shtetls", "Jewish_communities_in_Hungary", "Holocaust_locations_in_Hungary", "Jewish_communities_destroyed_in_the_Holocaust" ]

[ "Papa", "Pupa", "Poppa" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Zdeněk Grygera (; born 14 May 1980) is a Czech former professional footballer who played as a defender.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 649702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 77 ], [ 94, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grygera began his career at Petra Drnovice before moving to Sparta Prague.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 1650918, 861331 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 42 ], [ 60, 73 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2003, he was signed by Dutch club Ajax for an undisclosed fee, estimated to be around €3.5 million. His first goal came for the club came in September 2004, a 5–0 thrashing away at Den Bosch. He soon became a fan favorite, especially after scoring against bitter rivals Feyenoord in the April Klassieker.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 2273, 11407, 47707, 3907286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 46 ], [ 189, 198 ], [ 278, 287 ], [ 301, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 10 January 2007, it was confirmed by Ajax Technical Director Martin van Geel that Grygera would be leaving for Juventus on a Bosman transfer when his contract with Ajax expired in June 2007. He was supposed to transfer after the 2006 FIFA World Cup, but the Calciopoli scandal prevented him from doing so. He expressed his delight over the possibility of playing with one of his Czech compatriots, Pavel Nedvěd.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 16415, 157233, 5130243, 616605 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 122 ], [ 232, 251 ], [ 261, 271 ], [ 401, 413 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Due to his versatility, he soon established himself in the Juventus starting lineup. In March, he scored and subsequently set up David Trezeguet's goal in a 2–0 win over Genoa, and also scored a last-gasp equalizer in the club's Derby d'Italia fixture against rivals Internazionale on 18 April 2009.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 615844, 30872779, 4594945, 15116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 129, 144 ], [ 170, 175 ], [ 229, 243 ], [ 267, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In summer 2011, Grygera still had one year left to run on his contract at Juventus, but it was rescinded by mutual consent on 30 August 2011. The following day, he joined English Premier League side Fulham. He received the number 26 jersey and made his Fulham debut on 15 September 2011 in the UEFA Europa League against Twente. Grygera suffered an anterior cruciate ligament rupture during a league match against Tottenham Hotspur on 6 November 2011, which kept him out for the rest of the season.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 11250, 11228, 232175, 800033, 5811552, 68198 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 193 ], [ 199, 205 ], [ 294, 312 ], [ 321, 327 ], [ 349, 383 ], [ 414, 431 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grygera's contract with Fulham was up for renewal at the end of the 2011–12 season. Manager Martin Jol, said, \"Hopefully he can prove himself before the end of August. If he proves he's fit I would like to keep him.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 31992731, 1218922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 82 ], [ 92, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 6 December 2012, Jol confirmed that Grygera had decided to retire from football to concentrate instead on returning to full fitness.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Grygera was part of the Czech side which won the UEFA U-21 Championships in 2002. A former Czech youth international, Grygera played for the Czech Republic at UEFA Euro 2004, the 2006 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2008. At the 2006 World Cup, Grygera's run and cross set up the opening goal for Jan Koller in the Czechs' first game against the United States, which they won 3–0.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "International career", "target_page_ids": [ 2848921, 729739, 372770, 157233, 662351, 344393, 582488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 72 ], [ 141, 155 ], [ 159, 173 ], [ 179, 198 ], [ 203, 217 ], [ 294, 304 ], [ 343, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At Euro 2008, Grygera was involved in a rough challenge with Swiss striker Alexander Frei during the first half of the tournament's opening game, which tore Frei's knee ligaments and forced the player out of rest of the tournament. He was a regular during 2010 World Cup qualifying, playing in six of the ten qualifiers, but was not able to help the Czechs qualify for a second consecutive World Cup. Grygera made his 65th and final national appearance in October 2009.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "International career", "target_page_ids": [ 681862, 1691208, 11606379 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 66 ], [ 75, 89 ], [ 256, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Grygera was known for his work-rate, competitiveness, and versatility, and usually played as a full-back, wing-back, or winger along right flank, although he was also capable of playing on the left, or as a centre-back; while being solid defensively, he was also known for his ability to get forward and for his all-round good quality of play.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Style of play", "target_page_ids": [ 649702, 649702, 548981, 649702 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 104 ], [ 106, 115 ], [ 120, 144 ], [ 207, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sparta Prague", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gambrinus Liga: 2000–01, 2002–03", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 2429942, 12867555, 12859031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 16, 23 ], [ 25, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ajax", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Eredivisie: 2003–04", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 1332105, 15508098 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ], [ 12, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "KNVB Cup: 2005–06, 2006–07", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 1016465, 10762594, 7824184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 10, 17 ], [ 19, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Johan Cruijff Shield: 2005", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 2206070, 14009827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 20 ], [ 22, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Premier League profile", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1980_births", "Living_people", "People_from_Přílepy_(Kroměříž_District)", "Czech_footballers", "Czech_Republic_youth_international_footballers", "Czech_Republic_under-21_international_footballers", "Czech_Republic_international_footballers", "Association_football_defenders", "FC_Fastav_Zlín_players", "AC_Sparta_Prague_players", "AFC_Ajax_players", "Juventus_F.C._players", "Fulham_F.C._players", "Czech_First_League_players", "Eredivisie_players", "Serie_A_players", "Premier_League_players", "UEFA_Euro_2004_players", "2006_FIFA_World_Cup_players", "UEFA_Euro_2008_players", "Czech_expatriate_footballers", "Czech_expatriate_sportspeople_in_the_Netherlands", "Expatriate_footballers_in_the_Netherlands", "Czech_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Italy", "Expatriate_footballers_in_Italy", "Czech_expatriate_sportspeople_in_England", "Expatriate_footballers_in_England", "FK_Drnovice_players", "Sportspeople_from_the_Zlín_Region" ]

[ "Zdenek Grygera" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Cellobiose is a disaccharide with the formula (C6H7(OH)4O)2O. It is classified as a reducing sugar. In terms of its chemical structure, it is derived from the condensation of a pair of β-glucose molecules forming a β(1→4) bond. It can be hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically or with acid. Cellobiose has eight free alcohol (OH) groups, one acetal linkage and one hemiacetal linkage, which give rise to strong inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. It is a white solid.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 8464, 987423, 12950, 1014, 89092, 89086, 13609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 28 ], [ 84, 98 ], [ 186, 195 ], [ 315, 322 ], [ 340, 346 ], [ 363, 373 ], [ 435, 449 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It can be obtained by enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis of cellulose and cellulose-rich materials such as cotton, jute, or paper. Cellobiose can be used as an indicator carbohydrate for Crohn's disease and malabsorption syndrome.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 6911, 36806, 336175, 16861908 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 65 ], [ 103, 109 ], [ 111, 115 ], [ 120, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Treatment of cellulose with acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid gives cellobiose octoacetate, which is no longer a hydrogen bond donor (though it is still a hydrogen bond acceptor) and is soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1406474, 29247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 44 ], [ 49, 62 ] ] } ]

[ "Disaccharides", "Glycerols" ]

[ "1-beta-D-Glucopyranosyl-4-D-glucopyranose", "4-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucopyranose", "4-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucose", "4-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose", "4-β-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose", "Cellose", "D-(+)-cellobiose", "D-cellobiose", "D-glucosyl-β-(1-4)-D-glucose", "4-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose", "4-(beta-D-glucosido)-D-glucose", "D-glucosyl-beta-(1-4)-D-glucose", "D-celiobiose" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar (; 15 September 1897 – 26 September 1960), best known as I. I. Chundrigar, was the sixth prime minister of Pakistan, appointed in this capacity on 17 October 1957 until he resigned due to a movement of vote of no confidence on 11 December 1957 against him.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 461896, 208101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 141 ], [ 228, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was trained in constitutional law at the University of Bombay and was one of the Founding Fathers of the Dominion of Pakistan. Having served for just 55 days, Chundrigar's tenure is the third shortest served in the parliamentary history of Pakistan, after those of Shujaat Hussain and Nurul Amin, who served as prime minister for 54 and 13 days, respectively.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 5919, 501079, 35030776, 3662295, 15555748, 23235, 763838, 555476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 36 ], [ 44, 64 ], [ 84, 100 ], [ 108, 128 ], [ 218, 239 ], [ 243, 251 ], [ 268, 283 ], [ 288, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar was born in Godhra, Gujarat in India on 15 September 1897. He was the only child of his Kutchi language Chundrigar family, a Muslim community in India. The Chundriger community is of Arabian descent.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 827228, 53707, 4208015, 1032579, 26609312, 1186115, 14533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 44 ], [ 46, 53 ], [ 57, 62 ], [ 114, 129 ], [ 130, 140 ], [ 151, 167 ], [ 171, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chundrigar was initially schooled in Ahmedabad where he finished his matriculation and moved to Bombay for his higher studies. He attended the University of Bombay where he earned the BA degree in philosophy, and later the LLB degree in 1929. From 1929 till 1932, Chundrigar served as a lawyer for the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 206337, 369917, 19189, 501079, 156992, 13692155, 299903, 5100712 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 46 ], [ 69, 82 ], [ 96, 102 ], [ 143, 163 ], [ 184, 193 ], [ 197, 207 ], [ 223, 233 ], [ 302, 333 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1932 until 1937, Chundrigar practiced civil law, and moved to practice and read law at the Bombay High Court in 1937, where he established his reputation. During this time, he became acquainted with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, sharing the similar ideology, work ethics, and political views.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 42359429, 426102, 37486661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 52 ], [ 96, 113 ], [ 204, 223 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1935, Chundrigar was chosen by the Muslim League to give a response to the Government of India Act 1935 introduced by the British government in India. Notably, concerning the role of the Governor-General as head of state, Chundrigar denied that the Governor-General enjoyed the powers supposedly granted by the Act.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 517306, 2427843, 25318118, 4208015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 51 ], [ 78, 106 ], [ 125, 143 ], [ 147, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "From 1937 till 1946, Chundrigar practiced and read law, taking several cases on civil matters where he advocated for his clients at the Bombay High Court.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 824063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1936, Chundrigar joined the Muslim League. He was elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly from the Ahmedabad district rural constituency in the 1937 provincial elections. From 1940 to 1945, he was president of the Bombay provincial Muslim League.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 39009511, 28378319 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 95 ], [ 150, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1946, he was elected to the assembly from a Muslim urban constituency in Ahmedabad. He was appointed as Commerce Minister under the presidential administrations of Viceroys of India, Archibald Wavell (1946) and Louis Mountbatten (1946-47). Peter Lyon, a reader emeritus in international relations, describes Chundrigar as a \"close supporter\" of Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Movement.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 10437543, 23999209, 266209, 201680, 10292, 2482771, 1026286 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 124 ], [ 135, 163 ], [ 167, 184 ], [ 186, 202 ], [ 214, 231 ], [ 257, 272 ], [ 375, 392 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the partition of India by the act of the British Empire that established Pakistan, Chundrigar endorsed Liaquat Ali Khan's bid for the Premiership and was retained as the Commerce Minister in the administration of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan on 15 August 1947.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Public service in Pakistan", "target_page_ids": [ 265059, 1517803, 4721, 1026286, 461913, 461896, 17179743, 461896, 461913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 28 ], [ 36, 39 ], [ 47, 61 ], [ 67, 87 ], [ 109, 125 ], [ 140, 151 ], [ 176, 193 ], [ 219, 233 ], [ 234, 250 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 1948, Chundrigar was left the Commerce Ministry and was appointed as Pakistan's Ambassador to Afghanistan. Although his appointment was favorably received in Afghanistan, Chundrigar was at odds with the Afghan government (supported by India as early as 1949) over the issue of Pakistan's north-west border with Afghanistan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Public service in Pakistan", "target_page_ids": [ 17179743, 68866725, 60759, 483027 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 54 ], [ 210, 227 ], [ 271, 280 ], [ 295, 312 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chundrigar's tenure as ambassador was short. He was recalled to Pakistan by the Foreign Office, which viewed his inability to understand the Pashtun culture as a possible factor in fracturing Afghan-Pakistan relations. In 1950, Chundrigar was appointed Governor of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, which position he held until 1951. A Cabinet reshuffle in 1951 allowed him to be appointed as the Governor of Punjab but he was removed amid differences developed in 1953 with Governor-General M.G. Muhammad when he enforced martial law at the request of Prime Minister K. Nazimuddin to control violent religious riots that occurred in Lahore, Pakistan.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Public service in Pakistan", "target_page_ids": [ 13048437, 4857713, 17408605, 16252560, 21950, 19109951, 17281447, 475448, 596691, 24494230, 461896, 466960, 26479582 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 94 ], [ 141, 156 ], [ 192, 217 ], [ 253, 261 ], [ 265, 283 ], [ 322, 329 ], [ 383, 401 ], [ 461, 477 ], [ 478, 491 ], [ 509, 520 ], [ 539, 553 ], [ 554, 567 ], [ 579, 602 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1955, Chundrigar was invited to join the central government of a three-party coalition: the Awami League, the Muslim League and the Republican Party. He was appointed as Minister of Law and Justice. During this time, he also acted as a Leader of the Opposition, opposing the mainstream agenda presented by the Republican Party.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Public service in Pakistan", "target_page_ids": [ 1897833, 404861, 409087, 3875470, 16459009, 3919700, 3875470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 62 ], [ 95, 107 ], [ 113, 126 ], [ 135, 151 ], [ 173, 200 ], [ 239, 263 ], [ 313, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the National Assembly, he established his reputation as more of a constitutional lawyer than a politician, and gained a lot of prominence in public for his arguments in favour of parliamentarianism when he pleaded the case of \"Maulvi Tamizuddin vs. Federation of Pakistan\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Public service in Pakistan", "target_page_ids": [ 761068, 855988, 13743799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 24 ], [ 182, 200 ], [ 229, 275 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the resignation of Prime Minister Suhrawardy in 1956, Chundrigar was nominated as the Prime Minister and was supported by the Awami League, the Krishak Sramik Party, the Nizem-i-Islam Party, and the Republican Party. However, this coalition of mixed parties weakened Chundrigar's authority to run the central government, and divisions within the coalition would soon hamper his efforts to amend the Electoral College. On 18 October 1957, Chundrigar became the Prime Minister of Pakistan, receiving his oath of office from Chief Justice M. Munir.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Prime Minister of Pakistan (1957)", "target_page_ids": [ 597999, 461896, 21074975, 26526671, 1897833, 760741, 461896, 22258, 844250, 4232085 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 50 ], [ 92, 106 ], [ 150, 170 ], [ 176, 195 ], [ 307, 325 ], [ 405, 422 ], [ 466, 492 ], [ 508, 522 ], [ 528, 541 ], [ 542, 550 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the first session of the National Assembly, Chundrigar presented his plan to reform the Electoral College which was met with great parliamentary opposition by even his Cabinet ministers from the Republican Party and the Awami League. With the Republican Party leadersparty president Feroz Khan and President of Pakistan Iskander Mirzaexploiting and manipulating the opponents of the Muslim League, a successful vote of no-confidence in the National Assembly led by the Republicans and the Awami Party effectively ended Chundrigar's term. He resigned on 11 December 1957.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Prime Minister of Pakistan (1957)", "target_page_ids": [ 761068, 760741, 1338320, 419460, 455033, 409087 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 45 ], [ 91, 108 ], [ 286, 296 ], [ 301, 322 ], [ 323, 337 ], [ 386, 399 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chundrigar served the third-shortest term of any Prime Minister in Pakistan: 17 October 195711 December 1957, 55 days into his term.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Prime Minister of Pakistan (1957)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1958, Chundrigar was appointed as president of the Supreme Court Bar Association which he remained until his death. In 1960, Chundrigar traveled to Hamburg where he addressed the International Law Conference and suffered a haemorrhage while visiting in London. For treatment, he was taken to the Royal Northern Hospital and suddenly died. His body was brought back to Karachi in Pakistan, where he was buried in a local cemetery.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death and reputation", "target_page_ids": [ 19425862, 13467, 146315, 17867, 22519889, 17123, 23235, 13772490 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 83 ], [ 151, 158 ], [ 226, 237 ], [ 256, 262 ], [ 299, 322 ], [ 371, 378 ], [ 382, 390 ], [ 417, 431 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his honour, the Government of Pakistan renamed McLeod Road in Karachi after him.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Death and reputation", "target_page_ids": [ 1897833, 4640124, 17123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 41 ], [ 50, 61 ], [ 65, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Constitutionalism in Pakistan", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 304824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 30 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Parliamentary history of Pakistan", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 15555748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " I. I. Chundrigar", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chronicles Of Pakistan", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1897_births", "1960_deaths", "People_from_Panchmahal_district", "Politicians_from_Ahmedabad", "University_of_Mumbai_alumni", "20th-century_Indian_philosophers", "20th-century_Indian_lawyers", "All_India_Muslim_League_members", "Leaders_of_the_Pakistan_Movement", "Pakistani_people_of_Gujarati_descent", "Pakistani_people_of_Arab_descent", "People_from_Karachi", "First_Pakistani_Cabinet", "Pakistani_diplomats", "Ambassadors_of_Pakistan_to_Afghanistan", "Governors_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa", "Pakistani_lawyers", "Governors_of_Punjab,_Pakistan", "Ambassadors_of_Pakistan_to_Turkey", "Pakistan_Muslim_League_politicians", "Pakistani_legal_scholars", "Lawyers_from_Karachi", "Law_Ministers_of_Pakistan", "Pakistani_philosophers", "Prime_Ministers_of_Pakistan", "University_of_Karachi_people", "Members_of_the_Pakistan_Philosophical_Congress", "Deaths_from_bleeding", "Scholars_from_Ahmedabad", "Members_of_the_Council_of_the_Governor_General_of_India" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "National freeway 4 is a freeway, which begins in Qingshui, Taichung on the provincial highway 17. and ends in Tanzi District on the provincial highway 74.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2411002, 951049, 12591584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 31 ], [ 49, 67 ], [ 110, 124 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total length is 28.0km (17.4 miles).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Length", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Taichung City", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major cities along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 296151 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lanes in each direction are listed below.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "3 lanes:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Qingshui Top - Fengshi IC", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2 lanes:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fengshi IC-Tanzi System", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Highway system in Taiwan", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 950062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Completed in November 2001.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Notes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fengshi IC-Tanzi IC on construction,it will open to traffic in the end of 2022.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Notes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau, MOTC ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Highways_in_Taiwan" ]

[ "Taichung Circular Line" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Tomáš Hübschman (; born 4 September 1981) is a Czech professional footballer who plays for FK Jablonec. He can play as a centre-back or defensive midfielder and is known for his strength, speed and tight marking.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 4991040, 649702, 548981 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 66, 76 ], [ 91, 102 ], [ 121, 132 ], [ 136, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before joining Shakhtar Donetsk in the summer of 2004, Hübschman played for Sparta Prague, having started playing for the club's youth at age five and signing his first professional contract in 1998. Hübschman first came to prominence after joining Jablonec on a loan for the 2001–02 season. After gaining positive reviews, he returned to Sparta, where he was a regular in their 2002–03 UEFA Champions League run, playing 11 matches. In the 2003–04 season, he helped the club to the knockout stage of the 2003–04 Champions League and ended the season helping Sparta win the Czech Cup after beating fierce rivals Baník Ostrava 2–1.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 861305, 861331, 4991040, 3343595, 3170309, 4160713, 1138124 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 31 ], [ 76, 89 ], [ 249, 257 ], [ 379, 408 ], [ 505, 529 ], [ 574, 583 ], [ 612, 625 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After several successful seasons in his homeland, Hübschman joined Shakhtar Donetsk for a reported fee of €3million transfer fee. Hübschman made an immediate impact, becoming a regular in the team and has won two league titles in his first two seasons and became a champion of the UEFA Cup in 2009.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 232175, 12450336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 281, 289 ], [ 293, 297 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During an April 2012 Ukrainian derby, Hübschman put in a superb, man of the match performance in midfield to help his side defeat title rivals Dynamo Kyiv 2–0, a result which drew Shakhtar level on points in the league. The previous month, Hübschmann scored his first Ukrainian Premier League goal in two seasons to help the Miners defeat Illichivets Mariupol 2–1.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 25013775, 889025, 31744317, 2322171, 3383256 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 36 ], [ 143, 154 ], [ 212, 218 ], [ 268, 292 ], [ 339, 359 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2014, Hübschman returned to Baumit Jablonec 13 years after his loan spell with the club, signing a three-year contract.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Club career", "target_page_ids": [ 4991040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Hübschman has represented the Czech Republic at various youth levels and captained his country's under-20 team at the 2001 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He was also part of the Czech side which won the UEFA U-21 Championships in 2002. He then played for the senior team at UEFA Euro 2004, albeit only a minor role, as well as several matches in 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification, although not part of main squad when the Czechs did qualify for the final tournament.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "International career", "target_page_ids": [ 32057906, 5484715, 2848921, 729739, 372770, 2014796, 157233 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 110 ], [ 118, 142 ], [ 193, 216 ], [ 249, 260 ], [ 264, 278 ], [ 336, 369 ], [ 439, 455 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sparta Prague", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Czech First League: 1999–2000, 2002–03", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 2429942, 12867817, 12859031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 20, 29 ], [ 31, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Czech Cup: 2003–04", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 4160713, 34044627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 11, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Shakhtar Donetsk", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Vyshcha Liha/Ukrainian Premier League: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 2322171, 4353472, 5130692, 11823081, 22833371, 24916249, 31744317, 35129804, 39114861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 37 ], [ 39, 46 ], [ 48, 55 ], [ 57, 64 ], [ 66, 73 ], [ 75, 82 ], [ 84, 91 ], [ 93, 100 ], [ 102, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ukrainian Cup: 2007–08, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 4983496, 15805180, 28034182, 32326138, 36317184 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 15, 22 ], [ 24, 31 ], [ 33, 40 ], [ 42, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ukrainian Super Cup: 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2013", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 5063660, 53417977, 53850460, 58037067, 61394592, 61394931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ], [ 21, 25 ], [ 27, 31 ], [ 33, 37 ], [ 39, 43 ], [ 45, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "UEFA Cup: 2008–09", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Honours", "target_page_ids": [ 232175, 12450336 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 10, 17 ] ] } ]

[ "Living_people", "1981_births", "Footballers_from_Prague", "Association_football_defenders", "Czech_footballers", "Czech_expatriate_footballers", "Czech_people_of_German_descent", "Expatriate_footballers_in_Ukraine", "Czech_Republic_youth_international_footballers", "Czech_Republic_under-21_international_footballers", "Czech_Republic_international_footballers", "AC_Sparta_Prague_players", "FC_Shakhtar_Donetsk_players", "UEFA_Cup_winning_players", "FC_Fastav_Zlín_players", "FK_Jablonec_players", "UEFA_Euro_2004_players", "UEFA_Euro_2012_players", "Czech_First_League_players", "Ukrainian_Premier_League_players", "Czech_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Ukraine" ]

[ "Tomas Hubschman" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Verre églomisé is a French term referring to the process of applying both a design and gilding onto the rear face of glass to produce a mirror finish. The name is derived from the 18th-century French decorator and art-dealer Jean-Baptiste Glomy (1711–1786), who was responsible for its revival.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 27159771, 390698, 20545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 83 ], [ 88, 95 ], [ 137, 150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Glomy's technique was a relatively simple one of applying decorative designs in a combination of plain colour and gilding, usually to glass picture frames. However, over time it has come to be used to describe nearly any process involving back-painted and gilded glass, however elaborate.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The technique of back-painting glass actually dates back to pre-Roman eras. One of the key historical periods of the art was in Italy during the 13th to 16th centuries. Small panels of glass with designs formed by engraved gilding were applied to reliquaries and portable altars. The method used is described by Cennino Cennini. Other practitioners include Jonas Zeuner and Hans Jakob Sprungli (1559–1637).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1423806, 40877470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 312, 327 ], [ 357, 369 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has also been used throughout Europe since the 15th century, appearing in paintings, furniture, drinking glasses and similar vessels, and jewellery. It is also often seen in the form of decorative panels of mirrors, clock faces, and in more recent history, as window signs and advertising mirrors.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 564384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 219, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The technique was explored by the Blue Rider group of artists in the 1920s who turned what had been a folk art into fine art. Indeed, artists of the caliber of Kandinsky, Marc, Klee and Gabriele Münter produced glass paintings. Nowadays, there are very few artists using the technique as a fine art. The Irish artist Yanny Petters is one of them. Examples of her work can be seen at the Shirley Sherwood Gallery,", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 621334, 33820, 173668, 80441, 1692794, 26677920 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 44 ], [ 160, 169 ], [ 171, 175 ], [ 177, 181 ], [ 186, 201 ], [ 387, 403 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kew Gardens, London and at the Olivier Cornet Gallery in Dublin, Ireland. In France the Meilleure ouvrière de FranceDelphine Nény also uses this technique.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 25086311, 70394326, 8504, 4635739 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ], [ 32, 54 ], [ 58, 64 ], [ 89, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the gilding process, the silver, gold or other metal leaf is fixed using a gelatin adhesive which, after steaming, results in a mirror-like, reflective finish. The design can be applied by various techniques, often by reverse painting prior to gilding, or by engraving the design into the gilded layer, or even into the glass. When painting an elaborate design such as a flower, the artist's natural methodology is reversed, with highlights applied first and the background applied last.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The metal leaf may also be applied using oil-based adhesives (goldsize varnish) to achieve a matte finish. It is to be distinguished from \"sandwiched\" gold glass where gold leaf is glued to a piece of glass, and often then scraped off to form a design, and a further layer of hot glass is then applied on top and fused to seal the gold inside.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 39320626 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 151, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In recent years, the term Verre Églomisé has also been used to describe gilded and distressed mirrors which have no actual design or pattern applied, but this is taking it a further step away from its source. A better term for these would be \"Distressed Hand-Gilded Mirror\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " verre églomisé example on a painted screen/room divider (top left).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Painting on glass - Verre Eglomisé - Hinterglasmalerei - Back painting on clear glass a history of the technique and a short film demonstrating the technique.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Glass_art", "Gilding" ]

[ "verre eglomise", "verre-églomisé", "reverse engraving on glass", "glass foil underengraving" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Francis Whitaker (November 29, 1906 – October 23, 1999) was a blacksmith in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, where he established The Forge in the Forest. He had The Mountain Forge, in Aspen, Colorado, which he later relocated when he was named an artist-in-residence at the Colorado Rocky Mountain School in Carbondale, Colorado.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 145092, 107769, 70630068, 48921, 4665100, 108502 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 72 ], [ 76, 105 ], [ 132, 151 ], [ 183, 198 ], [ 273, 303 ], [ 307, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitaker was born in Woburn, Massachusetts on November 29, 1906. His father was the editor of a journal for the American Institute of Architects.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life", "target_page_ids": [ 116868, 500492 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 42 ], [ 112, 144 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His training as a smith included a one-year apprenticeship under Philadelphia based blacksmith Samuel Yellin followed by a two-year apprenticeship under Julius Schramm in Berlin, Germany in the mid-1920s. Upon his return to the states in 1927, he began working as a smith in a career that spanned eight decades.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 912428, 3354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 108 ], [ 171, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitaker completed the five engine bay doors and inside iron handrails for the Carmel Fire Station in 1937.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 70918424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 98 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "During World War II, Whitaker was hired by the US Navy to teach welding at the Naval Base San Diego.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1482249 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitaker was friends with the blacksmith mayor John C. Catlin in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. Whitaker operated the Forge in the Forest from 1940 to 1963. He made the wrought hardware for many of the historic buildings in Carmel. He worked on the dragon-headed wrought iron grille work at the Kocher Building in Carmel. The work is the best example of wrought iron work of Whitaker in the Monterey Peninsula. He became friends with authors John Steinbeck and Leon Uris in Carmel. They both created characters based on Whitaker in their books.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 70630068, 107769, 70630068, 70422893, 30861455, 15825, 252727 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 61 ], [ 65, 94 ], [ 118, 137 ], [ 295, 310 ], [ 391, 409 ], [ 442, 456 ], [ 461, 470 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He served on the Carmel City Council for 13 years helping to preserve Big Sur and Point Lobos. When Whitaker left Carmel in 1963, the Forge became an artist’s studio, then converted to a restaurant and saloon in the fall of 1970, called Forge in the Forest. Photographs of Whitaker and the original Forge building are on display inside the current Forge restaurant. He moved to Aspen, Colorado, where he opened the Mountain Forge. He gave workshops across the county and established two Francis Whitaker Schools.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 240894, 2189441, 48921 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 77 ], [ 82, 93 ], [ 378, 393 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1976, he was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from the University of Colorado. In 1995, he received the Colorado Council on the Arts Governor's Award for Excellence in the Arts. In 1997, he received a National Heritage Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 7611849, 223219, 7109862, 2282525, 282752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 63 ], [ 73, 95 ], [ 122, 150 ], [ 219, 247 ], [ 257, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Whitaker died, at age 92, on October 23, 1999 in Glenwood Springs, Colorado.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Death", "target_page_ids": [ 108503 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He wrote or co-wrote four books on blacksmithing.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(1986) The Blacksmith's Cookbook: Recipes in Iron. Jim Fleming Publications. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(1995) My Life as an Artist-Blacksmith. F. Whitaker. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(1997) Beautiful Iron: The Pursuit of Excellence by Francis Whitaker ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "(2004) A Blacksmith's Craft: The Legacy of Francis Whitaker. Volume 1. by George F Dixon.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Smithsonian American Art Museum", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anvil Magazine, 1997 interview", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "HGTV, \"Blacksmithing Dean\". Modern Masters: Episode MAS-112.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "National Heritage Award", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Folkways, Francis Whitaker was filmed in 1981 at the John C. Campbell Folk School in North Carolina for the Folkways series episode \"Fire and Forge\". The original camera tapes from this interview have been preserved digitally by UNC-TV.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 2829637, 1747632 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 81 ], [ 229, 235 ] ] } ]

[ "American_blacksmiths", "Artists_from_Colorado", "1906_births", "1999_deaths", "People_from_Woburn,_Massachusetts", "People_from_Glenwood_Springs,_Colorado", "People_from_Carmel-by-the-Sea,_California", "National_Heritage_Fellowship_winners", "20th-century_American_artists" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The 10/40 Window is a term coined by Christian missionary strategist and Partners International CEO Luis Bush in 1990 to refer to those regions of the eastern hemisphere, plus the European and African part of the western hemisphere, located between 10 and 40 degrees north of the equator, a general area that was purported to have the highest level of socioeconomic challenges and least access to the Christian message and Christian resources on the planet.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 666270, 5442356, 18163609, 3274480, 20611356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 57 ], [ 100, 109 ], [ 249, 251 ], [ 256, 272 ], [ 280, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The concept behind the 10/40 Window highlights these three elements (as of data available in 1990): an area of the world with great poverty and low quality of life, combined with lack of access to Christian resources and unreached non-Christians. The Window forms a band encompassing Saharan and Northern Africa, as well as almost all of Asia (West Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, East Asia and much of Southeast Asia). Roughly two-thirds of the world population lived in the 10/40 Window, and it is predominantly Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, animist, Jewish, or atheist. Many governments in the 10/40 Window are officially or unofficially opposed to Christian missionary work of any kind within their borders.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 325363, 19541, 13677, 3267529, 1423, 25955086, 15247542 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 284, 290 ], [ 514, 520 ], [ 522, 527 ], [ 529, 537 ], [ 539, 546 ], [ 548, 554 ], [ 559, 566 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "This region of the world was previously known to Christians as the \"resistant belt\", as noted by Luis Bush at the 1989 Lausanne II Conference in Manila. In 1990, Bush's research led to a meeting with Pete Holzmann, a leader of the team developing the first PC-based GIS software. They analyzed the region using a box between 10 and 40 degrees north latitude and called it the 10/40 box. A few weeks later, Bush and his wife Doris were inspired to rename it the 10/40 Window, stating that this region ought to be seen as a \"window of opportunity\". The analysis and concept was a generalization that focuses on a region, not a sharp boundary defining what is a priority, and what is not. For this reason, many missiologists prefer to use the phrase 10/40 Window region.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin", "target_page_ids": [ 5442356, 2195737, 12398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 97, 106 ], [ 119, 151 ], [ 266, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before being called the \"resistant belt\", the Islamic portions of this region, as well as selected unreached Buddhist and Hindu areas, were referred to as the \"unoccupied fields\" by Samuel Zwemer, in his book by that same title, published in 1911.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Origin", "target_page_ids": [ 3767871 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 195 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Some have objected to such a broad-brush term which seems to imply a unifying characteristic of the 10/40 Window when in fact no large area of the planet is completely homogenous in cultural attributes.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 1990 research data states:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " this part of the world was home to the largest populations living in deep poverty and lowest quality of life;", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 47789 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 109 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " this part of the world did have least access to Christian resources. Note the emphasis on access not percent Christian. The West has ubiquitous access to such resources; this area of the world did and does not.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "This research deals in overall population characteristics. The 10/40 Window is a term that helps people visualize the general area of the analysis, where the above characteristics are generally true, but with exceptions proving it is only a generalization. Some examples of the exceptions:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The 10/40 Window article refers to the \"poorest of the poor\" living in that region (based on late-1980s per-capita GNP under US$  500). Of the three billion people living in such poverty-stricken nations, 82% lived in the 10/40 Window. Yet the 10/40 Window also includes nations such as South Korea and Japan. In the late 20th century, Japan boasted the world's third largest economy, and South Korea the eleventh. Such nations were strong throughout the late 20th century.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 1242956, 27019 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 119 ], [ 289, 300 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Geographically, the 10/40 Window includes the Philippines and Portugal, which both have a Roman Catholic Christian majority; Greece, where almost 98% of the population belonged to the Greek Orthodox Church; Cyprus, where Christianity accounts for over 70% of the population; South Korea, which is home to the largest single congregation church in the world and is also the second largest missionary-sending nation in the world; and Ethiopia, which is a majority-Christian country. The 10/40 Window does not encompass Indonesia or Sri Lanka, nations that had very little access to Christian resources.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [ 23440, 23033, 12108, 224731, 14579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 58 ], [ 63, 71 ], [ 126, 132 ], [ 185, 206 ], [ 522, 531 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To address these concerns the list of 10/40 countries has been amended in recent years to omit Greece, Portugal and the Philippines.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Controversy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Over the years, the 10/40 Window has evolved from a specialist term used by Christian missiologists to assumed vocabulary for Christians in the West. It is an emerging term in the secular press and can be found in press style glossaries. Non-western writers and organizations also refer to the 10/40 Window. In addition, those opposed to the idea of evangelism make use of the term. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Gaining widespread use", "target_page_ids": [ 159411 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The original 1990 GIS 10/40 Window analysis produced several insights, among them showing that the nations of the 10/40 Window represented (as of the research date):", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "82% of the poorest of the world's poor (per capita GNP less than US$500 per year),", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "84% of those with lowest quality of life (life expectancy, infant mortality, and literacy),", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "the hub of the world's major non-Christian religions (Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc.,)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "close to 100% of those who were both most-poor and had least-access to Christian resources (two-dimensional analysis)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The least Christian resource investment and least sharing of the Christian message", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The GIS analysis utilized country-level data from the Operation World almanac, the World Christian Encyclopedia, and the World Factbook.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 14439089, 5163 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 111 ], [ 121, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first edition GIS analysis maps highlighted the three major religious blocks in the 10/40 Window, specifically the majority Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist nations. Population estimates at the time for the year 2000 (from Operation World) were given as:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 28 Muslim countries, 1.1 billion population est. (2000)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 2 Hindu countries, 1.1 billion population est. (2000)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 8 Buddhist countries, 237 million population est. (2000)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Later updates have been based more on census data and other estimates rather than forward-looking population estimates. The cited reference provides the following estimate of \"unreached\" non-Christian populations in the 10/40 Window:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "865 million Muslims", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "550 million Hindus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "275 million Buddhists", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "140 million in 2550 tribal groups (mainly animist)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "17 million Jews", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 10/40 Window originally encompassed the following 57 countries. An expanded list including some important nearby nations is offered by the Joshua Project:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 24760541 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 157 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Afghanistan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 737 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Algeria", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 358 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bahrain", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 18933277 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bangladesh", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 3454 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Benin", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 3459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Bhutan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 2421391 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Burkina Faso", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 3470 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cambodia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 334751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chad", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 5488 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " China", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 5405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cyprus", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 5593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Djibouti", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 17207794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Egypt", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 8087628 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 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"anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lebanon", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 17771 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Libya", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 17633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mali", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 19127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Malta", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 19137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mauritania", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 18778516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Morocco", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 19291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Myanmar", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 19457 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nepal", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 171166 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Niger", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 21373 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oman", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 22316 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pakistan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 23235 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Qatar", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 8238258 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Saudi Arabia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 349303 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Senegal", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 27278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sudan (at the time including South Sudan)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 27421, 32350676, 32350676 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 8, 19 ], [ 30, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Syria", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 7515849 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Taiwan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 25734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tajikistan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 30108 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Thailand", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 30128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tunisia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 30188 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Turkey", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 11125639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Turkmenistan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 198149 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " United Arab Emirates", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 69328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vietnam", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 202354 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Western Sahara", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 33220 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Yemen", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 350939 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "These were all Old World nations (mostly in the eastern hemisphere) with at least 50 percent of their land area falling within 10 to 40 degrees latitude as of 1990. (The list also included Gibraltar and Macau, which are not independent nations.)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Analysis", "target_page_ids": [ 143913, 679587, 7607314, 19068 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 24 ], [ 48, 66 ], [ 189, 198 ], [ 203, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Child evangelism movement", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 40778872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Human Development Index which followed from the Quality of Life Index used in the 10/40 Window research", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 261460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Updated statistics, including some relating to 10/40 Window, SNU.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "10/40 Window Maps, GMI. Updated data from the original GIS analysis", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 12398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 59 ] ] } ]

[ "Christian_missions", "Evangelical_Christian_missions", "Geographical_neologisms", "Religion_and_geography" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Oak Park Elementary School District 97 operates 10 schools, (eight elementary schools (K–5, unless otherwise noted) and two middle schools (6–8) in Oak Park, Illinois, USA.) The district has 376 teachers (FTEs) serving 4,923 students.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 11722032, 234954, 111027, 3434750, 353891 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 84 ], [ 124, 137 ], [ 148, 166 ], [ 168, 171 ], [ 205, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note: Based on 2002–2003 school year data", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "School_districts_in_Cook_County,_Illinois", "Oak_Park,_Illinois", "Educational_institutions_in_the_United_States_with_year_of_establishment_missing" ]

[ "OPESD" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Microsoft OneNote is a note-taking program for free-form information gathering and multi-user collaboration. It gathers users' notes, drawings, screen clippings, and audio commentaries. Notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or a network. OneNote is available as part of the Microsoft Office suite; it is also available as a free, stand-alone app via the official website and the app stores of: Windows 10, MacOS, iOS and Android. Microsoft also provides a web-based version of OneNote as part of OneDrive and Office for the web.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1699819, 519276, 624665, 20288, 32183000, 43989914, 20640, 16161443, 12610483, 288311, 11190001, 20288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 34 ], [ 57, 78 ], [ 83, 107 ], [ 299, 315 ], [ 404, 413 ], [ 419, 429 ], [ 431, 436 ], [ 438, 441 ], [ 446, 453 ], [ 481, 490 ], [ 521, 529 ], [ 534, 552 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In OneNote, users can create notes that can include: texts, pictures, tables, and drawings. Unlike a word processor, OneNote features a virtually unbounded document window, in which users can click anywhere on the canvas to create a new text box at that location. OneNote saves data automatically as the user makes edits to their file.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "OneNote saves information in pages organized into sections within notebooks. Microsoft designed this user interface to resemble a tabbed ring binder, into which the user can directly make notes and gather material from other applications. OneNote notebooks collect, organize and share possibly unpublished materials – as compared to word processors and wikis, which usually target publishing in some way. The difference shows in certain OneNote features and characteristics:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 45249, 1404579, 454746, 57307464, 32851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 115 ], [ 137, 148 ], [ 225, 237 ], [ 333, 347 ], [ 353, 357 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pages can be arbitrarily large", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Images can be inserted", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " There is no enforced uniform page layout or structure.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Users can move pages within the binder and annotate them with a stylus or word-processing or drawing tools. Users may add embedded multimedia recordings and hyperlinks. They can also add embeddable content like YouTube videos. OneNote also integrates search features and indexing into a free-form graphics and audio repository. It can search for images (e.g. screen captures, embedded document scans, photographs) for embedded text content. It also searches \"electronic ink\" annotations as text and phonetically searches audio recordings on a text key. It can replay audio concurrently with notes taken during the recording. It can also extract or copy texts from images and documents using Optical Character Recognition", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 236388, 49547, 3524766, 49091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 70 ], [ 157, 166 ], [ 211, 218 ], [ 691, 720 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Its multi-user capability allows offline paragraph-level editing with later synchronization and merging. This allows collaboration among multiple individuals in a notebook when they are offline. More than one person can work on the same page at the same time using OneNote as a shared whiteboard environment.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 41440, 28738, 469661 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 40 ], [ 76, 91 ], [ 285, 295 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 17, 2014, Microsoft released the OneNote cloud service API that enables third-party application developers to integrate the service into their apps. The API runs on Microsoft's globally available cloud and sends data from applications into the user's OneDrive. OneNote can perform optical character recognition on images of text and can render webpages as snapshot images.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 81601, 49091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 67 ], [ 290, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Microsoft also announced several new features in OneNote that use the service API: ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "OneNote Clipper: A browser bookmarklet that uses the OneNote service API and enables users to save a screenshot of a webpage to OneNote along with the link. The text in the screenshot is made searchable using Optical Character Recognition.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [ 81218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Email to OneNote: A feature enabling users to send emails to the address [email protected] from pre-specified email IDs to have the contents of the email saved to OneNote.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Overview", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A OneNote notebook is stored as a folder with a separate data file for each section. A .one file can be a OneNote notebook or a OneNote section. OneNote files have a filename extension.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "File format", "target_page_ids": [ 3136406, 147957 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 66 ], [ 167, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Microsoft upgraded the file format twice after it had introduced OneNote 2003 — first in OneNote 2007, then in OneNote 2010. OneNote 2003 files can be opened by both OneNote 2007 and OneNote 2010 in read-only mode and subsequently upgraded to the later versions of the file format. OneNote 2010 can read and write OneNote 2007 file formats. It can also convert back and forth between the 2010 and the 2007 formats.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "File format", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Microsoft has documented the OneNote file format. It is an open format that can store varied multimedia content in a single file. OneNote file format is also supported by the Outline note-taking application for IPad and Mac. Outline can open, edit and save notebooks in the OneNote file format.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "File format", "target_page_ids": [ 262906, 20420, 42741720, 25970423 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 70 ], [ 93, 103 ], [ 176, 183 ], [ 212, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Multiple .one files can be exported to a .onepkg file, which stores multiple .one files (corresponding to the individual notebooks) in cabinet file format.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "File format", "target_page_ids": [ 322678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OneNote supports simultaneous editing of shared OneNote documents by multiple users when the document is stored in a shared folder in OneDrive. Dropbox was supported for some time as a sync protocol, but after Windows Live Mesh was discontinued, OneNote supported it for cloud-based storage and synchronization of OneNote files. OneNote clients, including the OneNote web app of Office Online, can view and edit them.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Platform support", "target_page_ids": [ 4913316, 20288 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 210, 227 ], [ 379, 392 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OneNote is also available for cell phones. Microsoft has released a stand-alone OneNote app for IOS and Android, which are each free for up to 5GB of storage as part of OneDrive. Beyond 5GB, users can upgrade OneDrive to expand their storage. On July 1, 2013, Microsoft released version 2 of its app for IPad, containing significantly updated features, to correspond more closely to those available on the Windows platform. On August 19, 2014, Microsoft updated OneNote for Android tablets to include handwriting support and touch-friendly navigation. This version supports notebooks stored on OneDrive or SharePoint.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Platform support", "target_page_ids": [ 16161443, 12610483, 13473328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 99 ], [ 104, 111 ], [ 606, 616 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OneNote Mobile for older Windows Mobile smartphones and pocket PCs was included with OneNote 2007. OneNote was available on Symbian as part of Microsoft Apps. A Microsoft Store version of OneNote (formerly known as OneNote MX) was available for Windows 8 and RT, using OneDrive as a storage place. It is optimized for use on tablets by implementing a pie menu interface and invoking operating system's tablet-specific functionality.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Platform support", "target_page_ids": [ 33453827, 24806506, 35523640, 11190001, 24869 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 161, 176 ], [ 245, 254 ], [ 259, 261 ], [ 269, 277 ], [ 351, 359 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On March 17, 2014, Microsoft released OneNote for Mac. It is compatible with OS X Mavericks and above and can be downloaded for free from the Mac App Store. Microsoft also made OneNote 2013 for Windows desktop available for free. OneNote for Windows and Mac are both based on a freemium model. Premium features such as SharePoint support, version history and Microsoft Outlook integration were previously available only to Office 365 and Office 2013 customers, but on February 13, 2015, Microsoft removed all feature restrictions, except creation of local notebooks — the free edition only stores notebooks on OneDrive — from the programs, essentially making the program completely free to use.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Platform support", "target_page_ids": [ 39635381, 29295293, 7546127, 176271, 63519937, 36275180, 11592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 77, 91 ], [ 142, 155 ], [ 278, 286 ], [ 359, 376 ], [ 423, 433 ], [ 438, 449 ], [ 682, 693 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Microsoft OneNote has become an integral part of Windows 10 and its mobile phone counterpart, with features that bring the app more in line with its iPhone/iPad and Android counterparts. However, the Android app allows only three minutes of audio recording .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Platform support", "target_page_ids": [ 43989914, 45153450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 59 ], [ 64, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2018, Microsoft announced that for OneNote on Windows, the Universal Windows Platform (UWP) based OneNote for Windows 10, would be the default experience for Office users on Windows. The Win32/Win64 \"desktop\" version would remain known as OneNote 2016 despite the release of Office 2019, would no longer receive new features, and would not be installed with Office by default, but remain available as an option.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Platform support", "target_page_ids": [ 48114377, 55351413 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 88 ], [ 278, 289 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, in 2019 Microsoft reversed this decision and announced that both versions would receive active development and the desktop version would once again be installed with Office by default. The desktop application was renamed to simply OneNote, matching the other programs in Office 365.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Platform support", "target_page_ids": [ 63519937 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 280, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OneNote will no longer be installed with Windows starting from Windows 11, but will be still available from Microsoft Store.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Platform support", "target_page_ids": [ 67953981, 33453827 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 73 ], [ 108, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The desktop OneNote and OneNote for Windows 10 have different functionality and user interfaces, which also differ from the versions for other platforms. Compared to OneNote for Windows 10, the desktop OneNote: has a full Office ribbon interface, features the most customization options, runs on multiple versions of Windows, and provides the possibility of local notebook support as opposed to OneDrive cloud storage; it is the only version for any platform to offer the latter feature, even as a paid option.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Version and licensing differences", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to the version differences, OneNote features on Windows and Mac vary according to whether it is installed as a free or paid program. If a \"compatible\" Office license (whether for the subscription Office 365 or the perpetual Office 2019) is present on the machine, the Windows desktop, Windows 10, and Mac versions all unlock additional functionality, which varies depending on the version: the desktop OneNote adds local notebook support, the Mac version adds stickers and OneNote for Windows 10 gains several features including stickers, ink replay, Researcher and Math Assistant. More premium features are in development for the Mac and Windows 10 versions.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Version and licensing differences", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Christopher Dawson reviewed OneNote 2010, titling his favorable review \"OneNote is Office 2010's killer app in education\". He speculated that the app would be particularly useful as a tool for student notetaking.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "All release dates pertain to general availability. Release to manufacturing is usually two or three months in advance.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Release history", "target_page_ids": [ 220901, 220901 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 49 ], [ 51, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Comparison of notetaking software", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 10052952 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " OneNote Download link", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Microsoft_Office", " Note-taking_software", " Screenshot_software", " IOS_software", " WatchOS_software", " Android_(operating_system)_software", " Wear_OS_software", " Windows_software", " Universal_Windows_Platform_apps", " Classic_Mac_OS_software", " Google_Chrome_apps", "2003_software" ]

[ "OneNote" ]

[ { "plaintext": "This is a list of airports in Botswana, sorted by location.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 37575, 3464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 26 ], [ 30, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Note: Only airports with an ICAO airport code and/or IATA airport code have been included. Airport names shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 376521, 150179 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 45 ], [ 53, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "__TOC__", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transport in Botswana", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " F", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Africa", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " - includes IATA codes", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Great Circle Mapper: Airports in Botswana", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " World Aero Data: Airports in Botswana", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Airport records for Botswana at Landings.com. Retrieved 2013-08-21", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Lists_of_airports_by_country", "Airports_in_Botswana", "Botswana_transport-related_lists", "Lists_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Botswana", "Lists_of_airports_in_Africa" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The Kruger telegram was a message sent by Germany's Kaiser Wilhelm II to Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger, president of the Transvaal Republic, on 3 January 1896. The Kaiser congratulated the president on repelling the Jameson Raid, a sortie by 600 British irregulars from Cape Colony into the Transvaal under the command of Leander Starr Jameson. The raid was intended to trigger an anti-government uprising by the primarily British expatriate miners, but was a fiasco with 65 of the raiders killed to only one Boer, and the rest surrendering. The telegram caused huge indignation in the UK, and led to a further inflammation of tensions between Britain and Germany.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12674, 50450, 137007, 28343, 106515, 152256, 44554, 466191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 49 ], [ 52, 69 ], [ 73, 105 ], [ 124, 142 ], [ 219, 231 ], [ 249, 256 ], [ 273, 284 ], [ 325, 346 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On receiving news of the Jameson Raid on 31 December 1895, the Kaiser reacted furiously, approving decisions to order a landing party of 50 marines to proceed to Pretoria to protect the Germans there and to dispatch a cruiser to Delagoa Bay. At a meeting on 1 January 1896 his behaviour towards his own Minister of War was so violent that the latter had difficulty in restraining himself from \"drawing swords\" and doubted that the Kaiser was \"entirely normal\" mentally. On 2 January the Kaiser wrote to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia to pursue the idea of a continental league against Great Britain.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The telegram", "target_page_ids": [ 30172853 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 504, 520 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 3 January the Kaiser met with leading military and government representatives and the Foreign Secretary Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein's idea of a telegram was agreed upon as a compromise on the Kaiser's more extreme proposals such as declaring the Transvaal a German protectorate and the dispatch of troops there. The wording of the telegram was toned down after the Chancellor threatened to resign and the final version read:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The telegram", "target_page_ids": [ 24598284 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 107, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In his Memoirs, the Kaiser claimed that the Kruger telegram had been composed by Marschall. According to the Kaiser:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The telegram", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Kaiser also asserted that there was a subsequent Russo-French proposal for war against England.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "The telegram", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The telegram was applauded by the conservative German press and criticised in the liberal papers due to the potential of conflict with Britain. It caused huge indignation in Great Britain and led to a further deterioration in relations between the two countries. The telegram was taken to mean that the Kaiser endorsed the Transvaal's independence in what was seen by the British as their sphere of influence, and the reference to \"friendly powers\" was interpreted by them as meaning that assistance would have been available from Germany if necessary and that such assistance might be available in the future.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reaction", "target_page_ids": [ 19641, 240727, 372836 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 59 ], [ 389, 408 ], [ 441, 447 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Times newspaper proclaimed that \"England will concede nothing to menaces and will not lie down under insult.\" The windows of German shops were broken, and German sailors were attacked in London. The German diplomatic response was essentially conciliatory, with the Kaiser responding to a letter from Queen Victoria (his grandmother) with \"Never was the Telegram intended as a step against England or your Government....\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Reaction", "target_page_ids": [ 39127, 22112840, 17867, 28165911, 47923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ], [ 10, 19 ], [ 191, 197 ], [ 210, 220 ], [ 304, 318 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Massie, Robert K. - Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War. New York: Random House, (1991)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [ 3072041 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Roberts, Andrew. Salisbury: Victorian Titan (2006) ch 37", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Sontag, Raymond J. \"The Cowes Interview and the Kruger Telegram,\" Political Science Quarterly (1925) 40#2 pp. 217-247 in JSTOR", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " van der Poel, J - The Jameson Raid, Oxford University Press, (1951)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " My Memoirs: 1878–1918 by William II, London: Cassell & Co. 1922.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1896_in_the_United_Kingdom", "1896_in_Germany", "Telegrams", "Boer_Republics", "1896_in_South_Africa", "Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor", "1896_documents" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Robert DiMaio (born February 19, 1968) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player. He played in 894 National Hockey League (NHL) games with the New York Islanders, Tampa Bay Lightning, Philadelphia Flyers, Boston Bruins, New York Rangers, Carolina Hurricanes, and Dallas Stars. He is currently the General Manager of the San Diego Gulls. He won the Stanley Cup with the Blues in 2019.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19851291, 14790, 21809, 66880, 73124, 66941, 69523, 66881, 70523, 73135, 45252937, 66968, 57387798 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 52 ], [ 73, 83 ], [ 109, 131 ], [ 153, 171 ], [ 173, 192 ], [ 194, 213 ], [ 215, 228 ], [ 230, 246 ], [ 248, 267 ], [ 273, 285 ], [ 330, 345 ], [ 358, 369 ], [ 388, 392 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "DiMaio was first drafted by the New York Islanders 6th round, 118th overall in the 1987 NHL Entry Draft, and captained their minor league Springfield Indians affiliate to a Calder Cup championship in 1990; he was the final active NHL player of the Indians' franchise. Over the course of his career, he played for the Islanders, Boston Bruins, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers, Carolina Hurricanes, Dallas Stars, and was one of the original Lightning players during Tampa's inaugural season. He suffered a severe concussion after a controversial hit by Montreal Canadiens forward Guillaume Latendresse during the 2006 preseason, which ended his career. He won the Italian championship in the 2005 with Hockey Club Milano Vipers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Playing career", "target_page_ids": [ 66880, 1876207, 291986, 69523, 66881, 66941, 70523, 73135, 42966, 6421922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 50 ], [ 138, 157 ], [ 173, 183 ], [ 328, 341 ], [ 343, 359 ], [ 361, 380 ], [ 382, 401 ], [ 403, 415 ], [ 557, 575 ], [ 584, 605 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "June 18, 1992- Claimed by the Tampa Bay Lightning from the New York Islanders in the Expansion Draft.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [ 73124, 66880 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 49 ], [ 59, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "March 18, 1994- Traded by the Tampa Bay Lightning to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Jim Cummins and Philadelphia's 1995 4th round draft choice.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [ 66941, 6501613 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 76 ], [ 93, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "September 30, 1996- Claimed on waivers by the San Jose Sharks from the Philadelphia Flyers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [ 73139 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "September 30, 1996- Traded by the San Jose Sharks to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Boston's 1997 5th round draft choice.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [ 69523 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 70 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "March 10, 2000- Traded by the Boston Bruins to the New York Rangers in exchange for Mike Knuble.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [ 66881, 588222 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 67 ], [ 84, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "August 4, 2000- Traded by the New York Rangers, along with Darren Langdon, to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for Sandy McCarthy and Carolina's 2001 4th round draft choice.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [ 4710860, 70523, 5080416 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 73 ], [ 82, 101 ], [ 118, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "July 1, 2001- Signed as free agent with the Dallas Stars.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [ 73135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "January 2005- Signed with Hockey Club Milano Vipers.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "August 9, 2005- Signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Lightning.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Transactions", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1968_births", "Boston_Bruins_personnel", "Boston_Bruins_players", "Canadian_ice_hockey_right_wingers", "Canadian_people_of_Italian_descent", "Capital_District_Islanders_players", "Carolina_Hurricanes_players", "Dallas_Stars_players", "Dallas_Stars_scouts", "HC_Milano_players", "Ice_hockey_people_from_Alberta", "Kamloops_Blazers_players", "Living_people", "Medicine_Hat_Tigers_players", "New_York_Islanders_draft_picks", "New_York_Islanders_players", "New_York_Rangers_players", "Philadelphia_Flyers_players", "St._Louis_Blues_scouts", "SCL_Tigers_players", "Sportspeople_from_Calgary", "Springfield_Indians_players", "Tampa_Bay_Lightning_players", "Utah_Grizzlies_(AHL)_players", "Canadian_expatriate_ice_hockey_players_in_Italy", "Canadian_expatriate_ice_hockey_players_in_Switzerland", "Stanley_Cup_champions" ]

[ "Robert DiMaio" ]

[ { "plaintext": "National freeway 3A (native:國道三號甲線;三甲) is a spur of national freeway 3 for connection of downtown Taipei City. It's miles is begins in south of downtown Taipei City at the intersection of Xinhai Road and Fanglan Road, near National Taiwan University, and ends in Shenkeng, New Taipei City on municipal highway 106B. It's tolled as it is the spur of National freeway 3.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1449011, 57648, 202639, 951175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 70 ], [ 98, 109 ], [ 223, 249 ], [ 263, 288 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has an at-grade intersections with traffic signals installed around Muzha Interchange for National Freeway No.3 mainline, located at .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The total length is 5.6km.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Length", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Taipei City", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major Cities Along the Route", "target_page_ids": [ 57648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "New Taipei City", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major Cities Along the Route", "target_page_ids": [ 333440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taipei City ( Daan District) 大安區 (Daan District)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Places Along The Highway", "target_page_ids": [ 57648, 645599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 14, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taipei City ( Rural Wenshan District) (Has Countyway 106 to go to urban part of Wenshan District (Muzha and Jingmei)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Places Along The Highway", "target_page_ids": [ 676332, 948418, 948618 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 36 ], [ 98, 103 ], [ 108, 115 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "New Taipei City (Shenkeng District(Originally Shenkeng Township)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Places Along The Highway", "target_page_ids": [ 951175 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The freeway has 2 lanes in each direction for its entire length.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Highway system in Taiwan", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 950062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Completed in March 1996.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1996_establishments_in_Taiwan", "Highways_in_Taiwan" ]

[ "Taipei Connection Line" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In graph theory, a loop (also called a self-loop or a buckle) is an edge that connects a vertex to itself. A simple graph contains no loops.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12401, 325802, 638899, 325806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 15 ], [ 68, 72 ], [ 89, 95 ], [ 109, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Depending on the context, a graph or a multigraph may be defined so as to either allow or disallow the presence of loops (often in concert with allowing or disallowing multiple edges between the same vertices):", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 325806, 1774970, 5719783 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 33 ], [ 39, 49 ], [ 168, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Where graphs are defined so as to allow loops and multiple edges, a graph without loops or multiple edges is often distinguished from other graphs by calling it a simple graph.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Where graphs are defined so as to disallow loops and multiple edges, a graph that does have loops or multiple edges is often distinguished from the graphs that satisfy these constraints by calling it a multigraph or pseudograph.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1774970 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 217, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In a graph with one vertex, all edges must be loops. Such a graph is called a bouquet.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 56061455 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For an undirected graph, the degree of a vertex is equal to the number of adjacent vertices.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Degree", "target_page_ids": [ 325806, 1374448, 7309251 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 23 ], [ 29, 35 ], [ 74, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A special case is a loop, which adds two to the degree. This can be understood by letting each connection of the loop edge count as its own adjacent vertex. In other words, a vertex with a loop \"sees\" itself as an adjacent vertex from both ends of the edge thus adding two, not one, to the degree.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Degree", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For a directed graph, a loop adds one to the in degree and one to the out degree.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Degree", "target_page_ids": [ 19721986, 1374448, 1374448 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 6, 20 ], [ 45, 54 ], [ 70, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cycle (graph theory)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 168609 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Graph theory", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 12401 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Glossary of graph theory", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 325802 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Möbius ladder", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 7355278 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Möbius strip", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 37817 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Strange loop", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 47929 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Klein bottle", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Balakrishnan, V. K.; Graph Theory, McGraw-Hill; 1 edition (February 1, 1997). .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Bollobás, Béla; Modern Graph Theory, Springer; 1st edition (August 12, 2002). .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Diestel, Reinhard; Graph Theory, Springer; 2nd edition (February 18, 2000). .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gross, Jonathon L, and Yellen, Jay; Graph Theory and Its Applications, CRC Press (December 30, 1998). .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Gross, Jonathon L, and Yellen, Jay; (eds); Handbook of Graph Theory. CRC (December 29, 2003). .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Zwillinger, Daniel; CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae, Chapman & Hall/CRC; 31st edition (November 27, 2002). .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Graph_theory" ]

[ "loop (graph theory)" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Reflections on the Revolution in France is a political pamphlet written by the Irish statesman Edmund Burke and published in November 1790. It is fundamentally a contrast of the French Revolution to that time with the unwritten British Constitution and, to a significant degree, an argument with British supporters and interpreters of the events in France. One of the best-known intellectual attacks against the French Revolution, Reflections is a defining tract of modern conservatism as well as an important contribution to international theory. The Norton Anthology of English Literature describes Reflections as becoming the \"most eloquent statement of British conservatism favoring monarchy, aristocracy, property, hereditary succession, and the wisdom of the ages.\" Above all else, it has been one of the defining efforts of Edmund Burke's transformation of \"traditionalism into a self-conscious and fully conceived political philosophy of conservatism\".", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 264757, 10030, 11188, 23987465, 42631401, 6675, 33072340, 19013, 37671, 23626, 6970425, 13715070, 23040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 63 ], [ 95, 107 ], [ 178, 195 ], [ 228, 248 ], [ 296, 314 ], [ 473, 485 ], [ 658, 678 ], [ 688, 696 ], [ 698, 709 ], [ 711, 719 ], [ 721, 742 ], [ 867, 881 ], [ 924, 944 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The pamphlet has not been easy to classify. Before seeing this work as a pamphlet, Burke wrote in the mode of a letter, invoking expectations of openness and selectivity that added a layer of meaning. Academics have had trouble identifying whether Burke, or his tract, can best be understood as \"a realist or an idealist, Rationalist or a Revolutionist\". Thanks to its thoroughness, rhetorical skill and literary power, it has become one of the most widely known of Burke's writings and a classic text in political theory. In the 20th century, it influenced a number of conservative intellectuals, who recast Burke's Whiggish arguments as a critique of Bolshevik programmes.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 969321, 21244047, 15428, 63753, 38584728, 1272591, 4927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 119 ], [ 299, 306 ], [ 313, 321 ], [ 323, 334 ], [ 340, 353 ], [ 618, 626 ], [ 654, 663 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burke served in the House of Commons of Great Britain, representing the Whig party, in close alliance with liberal politician Lord Rockingham. In Burke's political career, he vigorously defended constitutional limitation of the Crown's authority, denounced the religious persecution of Catholics in his native Ireland, voiced the grievances of Britain's American colonies, supported American Independence and vigorously pursued impeachment of Warren Hastings, the Governor-General of British India, for corruption and abuse of power. For these actions, Burke was widely respected by liberals in Great Britain, the United States and the European continent. Earlier in his career, Burke had championed many liberal causes and sided with the Americans in their war for independence. Thus, opponents and allies alike were surprised at the strength of his conviction that the French Revolution was \"a disaster\" and the revolutionists \"a swinish multitude\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 24913960, 43729, 169183, 1973, 29949377, 266209, 3574003 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 53 ], [ 72, 76 ], [ 126, 141 ], [ 383, 404 ], [ 428, 458 ], [ 464, 480 ], [ 484, 497 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Soon after the fall of the Bastille in 1789, the French aristocrat Charles-Jean-François Depont asked his impressions of the Revolution and Burke replied with two letters. The longer, second letter, drafted after he read Richard Price's speech A Discourse on the Love of Our Country in January 1790, became Reflections on the Revolution in France. Published in November 1790, the work was an instant bestseller as thirteen thousand copies were purchased in the first five weeks and by the following September had gone through eleven editions. According to Stephen Greenblatt in The Norton Anthology of English Literature, \"part of its appeal to contemporary readers lay in the highly wrought accounts of the mob's violent treatment of the French king and queen (who at the time Burke was writing were imprisoned in Paris...).\" The French king and queen were respectively executed three years later, in January and October 1793.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 900865, 205480, 56114784, 2305445, 21322599, 45109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 35 ], [ 221, 234 ], [ 244, 282 ], [ 578, 620 ], [ 903, 910 ], [ 915, 928 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Burke wrote that he did not like abstract thinking, that freedom and equality were different, that genuine equality must be judged by God and that liberty was a construct of the law and no excuse to do whatever one would like. He was not comfortable with radical change and believed that the revolutionaries would find themselves further in trouble as their actions would cause more problems. In his opinions, the revolutionaries did not understand that \"there are no rights without corresponding duties, or without some strict qualifications\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "With his view of what he believed would happen to the revolutionaries, one can see why Burke did not like change. Men cannot handle large amounts of power. \"When men play God\", Burke said, \"presently they behave like devils\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In the Reflections, Burke argued that the French Revolution would end disastrously because its abstract foundations, purportedly rational, ignored the complexities of human nature and society. Further, he focused on the practicality of solutions instead of the metaphysics, writing: \"What is the use of discussing a man's abstract right to food or to medicine? The question is upon the method of procuring and administering them. In this deliberation I shall always advise to call in the aid of the farmer and the physician, rather than the professor of metaphysics\". Following St. Augustine and Cicero, he believed in \"human heart\"-based government. Nevertheless, he was contemptuous and afraid of the Enlightenment, inspired by the writings of such intellectuals such as David Hume, Edward Gibbon, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Voltaire and Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, who disbelieved in divine moral order and original sin. Burke said that society should be handled like a living organism and that people and society are limitlessly complicated, leading him to conflict with Thomas Hobbes' assertion that politics might be reducible to a deductive system akin to mathematics.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arguments", "target_page_ids": [ 18895, 2030, 6046, 30758, 7925, 10310, 15941, 32375, 156024, 22735, 29823, 396102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 261, 272 ], [ 578, 591 ], [ 596, 602 ], [ 703, 716 ], [ 773, 783 ], [ 785, 798 ], [ 800, 821 ], [ 823, 831 ], [ 836, 862 ], [ 906, 918 ], [ 1071, 1084 ], [ 1134, 1150 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As a Whig, Burke expressly repudiated the belief in divinely appointed monarchic authority and the idea that a people have no right to depose an oppressive government. However, he advocated central roles for private property, tradition and prejudice (i.e. adherence to values regardless of their rational basis) to give citizens a stake in their nation's social order. He argued for gradual, constitutional reform, not revolution (in every case, except the most qualified case), emphasizing that a political doctrine founded upon abstractions such as liberty and the rights of man could be easily abused to justify tyranny. He saw inherited rights, restated in England from the Magna Carta to the Declaration of Right, as firm and concrete providing continuity (like tradition, prejudice and inheritable private property). By contrast, enforcement of speculative abstract rights might waver and be subject to change based on currents of politics. Instead, he called for the constitutional enactment of specific, concrete rights and liberties as protection against governmental oppression.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arguments", "target_page_ids": [ 9137, 20958, 38867 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 80 ], [ 678, 689 ], [ 697, 717 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the phrase, \"[prejudice] renders a man's virtue his habit\", Burke defends people's cherished, but untaught, irrational prejudices (the greater it behooved them, the more they cherished it). Because a person's moral estimation is limited, people are better off drawing from the \"general bank and capital of nations and of ages\" than from their own intellects.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arguments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Burke predicted that the Revolution's concomitant disorder would make the army \"mutinous and full of faction\" and then a \"popular general\", commanding the soldiery's allegiance, would become \"master of your assembly, the master of your whole republic\". Although he may have been thinking of Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Napoleon fulfilled this prophecy on the 18th Brumaire, two years after Burke's death.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arguments", "target_page_ids": [ 156068, 69880, 408387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 291, 330 ], [ 332, 340 ], [ 372, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most of the House of Commons disagreed with Burke and his popularity declined. As the French Revolution broke into factions, the Whig Party broke in two, namely the New Whig party and the Old Whig party. As founder of the Old Whigs, Burke always took the opportunity to engage in debate with the New Whigs about French Jacobinism.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arguments", "target_page_ids": [ 13828, 16205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 28 ], [ 319, 329 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After trying to loosen the Protestant minority's control of Irish government, he was voted out of the House of Commons with a great pension. He later adopted French and Irish children, believing himself correct in rescuing them from government oppression. Before dying, he ordered his family to bury him secretly, believing his cadaver would be a political target for desecration should the Jacobins prevail in England.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Arguments", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Reflections on the Revolution in France was read widely when it was published in 1790, although not every Briton approved of Burke's kind treatment of their historic enemy or its royal family. His English enemies speculated he either had become mentally unbalanced or was a secret Catholic, outraged by the democratic French government's anti-clerical policies and expropriation of Church land. The publication of this work drew a swift response, first with A Vindication of the Rights of Men (1790) by Mary Wollstonecraft and then with Rights of Man (1791) by Thomas Paine. Nonetheless, Burke's work became popular with King George III and the Savoyard philosopher Joseph de Maistre.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Intellectual influence", "target_page_ids": [ 2958224, 19834, 332473, 30795, 42029, 27885, 213143 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 458, 492 ], [ 503, 522 ], [ 537, 550 ], [ 561, 573 ], [ 627, 637 ], [ 646, 651 ], [ 667, 684 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historically, Reflections on the Revolution in France became the founding philosophic opus of conservatism when some of Burke's predictions occurred, namely when the Reign of Terror under the new French Republic executed thousands (including many nuns and clergy) from 1793 to 1794 to purge so-called counter-revolutionary elements of society. In turn, that led to the political reaction of General Napoleon Bonaparte's government which appeared to some to be a military dictatorship. Burke had predicted the rise of a military dictatorship and that the revolutionary government instead of protecting the rights of the people would be corrupt and violent.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Intellectual influence", "target_page_ids": [ 6675, 25975, 2539667, 69880, 146728 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 106 ], [ 166, 181 ], [ 242, 262 ], [ 399, 417 ], [ 462, 479 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 19th century, positivist French historian Hippolyte Taine repeated Burke's arguments in Origins of Contemporary France (1876–1885), namely that centralisation of power is the essential fault of the Revolutionary French government system; that it does not promote democratic control; and that the Revolution transferred power from the divinely chosen aristocracy to an \"enlightened\" heartless elite more incompetent and tyrannical than the aristocrats.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Intellectual influence", "target_page_ids": [ 2871407, 199873, 37671, 30758 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 31 ], [ 49, 64 ], [ 357, 368 ], [ 376, 387 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 20th century, Western conservatives applied Burke's anti-revolutionary Reflections to popular revolutions, thus establishing Burke's iconic political value to conservatives. For example, Friedrich Hayek, a noted Austrian economist, acknowledged an intellectual debt to Burke. Christopher Hitchens wrote that the \"tremendous power of the Reflections lies\" in being \"the first serious argument that revolutions devour their own children and turn into their own opposites\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Intellectual influence", "target_page_ids": [ 25964, 11646, 228998 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 112 ], [ 194, 209 ], [ 283, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "However, historians have regarded Burke's arguments as inconsistent with the actual history of the events. Despite being the most respected conservative historian of the events, Alfred Cobban acknowledged that Burke's pamphlet in so far as it \"deals with the causes of the Revolution [...] they are not merely inadequate, but misleading\" and that its main success is as a \"violent parti pris\". Cobban notes that Burke was extremely well informed on America, Ireland and India, but in the case of the French Revolution relied on weak information and poor sources and as a result his thesis does not cohere to the ground reality of France at the onset of the Revolution, where the situation was indeed dire enough to sweep existing institutions. Cobban concludes: \"As literature, as political theory, as anything but history, his Reflections is magnificent\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Intellectual influence", "target_page_ids": [ 3073664 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 178, 191 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "All circumstances taken together, the French revolution is the most astonishing that has hitherto happened in the world. The most wonderful things are brought about in many instances by means the most absurd and ridiculous; in the most ridiculous modes; and apparently, by the most contemptible instruments. Every thing seems out of nature in this strange chaos of levity and ferocity, and of all sorts of crimes jumbled together with all sorts of follies.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In viewing this tragi-comic scene, the most opposite passions necessarily succeed, and sometimes mix with each other in the mind; alternate contempt and indignation; alternate laughter and tears; alternate scorn and horror.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A spirit of innovation is generally the result of a selfish temper and confined views. People will not look forward to posterity, who never look backward to their ancestors.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "They are surrounded by an army not raised either by the authority of their crown or by their command, and which, if they should order to dissolve itself, would instantly dissolve them.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Our political system is placed in a just correspondence and symmetry with the order of the world, and with the mode of existence decreed to a permanent body composed of transitory parts; wherein, by the disposition of a stupendous wisdom, moulding together the great mysterious incorporation of the human race, the whole, at one time, is never old, or middle-aged, or young, but in a condition of unchangeable constancy, moves on through the varied tenour of perpetual decay, fall, renovation, and progression. Thus, by preserving the method of nature in the conduct of the state, in what we improve we are never wholly new; in what we retain we are never wholly obsolete.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "If civil society be made for the advantage of man, all the advantages for which it is made become his right. [...] Men have a right to [...] justice; as between their fellows, whether their fellows are in politic function or in ordinary occupation. They have a right to the fruits of their industry; and to the means of making their industry fruitful. They have a right to the acquisitions of their parents; to the nourishment and improvement of their offspring; to instruction in life, and to consolation in death.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "All the pleasing illusions, which made power gentle, and obedience liberal, which harmonized the different shades of life, and which, by a bland assimilation, incorporated into politics the sentiments which beautify and soften private society, are to be dissolved by this new conquering empire of light and reason. All the decent drapery of life is to be rudely torn off.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Where trade and manufactures are wanting to a people, an the spirit of nobility and religion remains, sentiment supplies, and not always ill supplies their place; but if commerce and the arts should be lost in an experiment to try how well a state may stand without these old fundamental principles, what sort of a thing must be a nation of gross, stupid, ferocious, and at the same time, poor and sordid barbarians, destitute of religion, honor, or manly pride, possessing nothing at present, and hoping for nothing hereafter? I wish you may not be going fast, and by the shortest cut, to that horrible and disgustful situation. Already there appears a poverty of conception, a coarseness and vulgarity in all the proceedings of the assembly and of all their instructors. Their liberty is not liberal. Their science is presumptuous ignorance. Their humanity is savage and brutal.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Society is indeed a contract. Subordinate contracts for objects of mere occasional interest may be dissolved at pleasure – but the state ought not to be considered as nothing better than a partnership agreement in a trade of pepper and coffee, calico or tobacco, or some other such low concern, to be taken up for a little temporary interest, and to be dissolved by the fancy of the parties. It is to be looked on with other reverence; because it is not a partnership in things subservient only to the gross animal existence of a temporary and perishable nature. It is a partnership in all science; a partnership in all art; a partnership in every virtue, and in all perfection. As the ends of such a partnership cannot be obtained in many generations, it becomes a partnership not only between those who are living, but between those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Quotes from Reflections on the Revolution in France", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " An online facsimile of the first edition from the Internet Archive", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A brief excerpt from the text, from the Internet History Sourcebooks Project", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " A complete online edition of the text, from Project Gutenberg", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " \"Reactionary Prophet: Edmund Burke understood before anyone else that revolutions devour their young—and turn into their opposites\" by Christopher Hitchens, The Atlantic Monthly, April 2004.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1790_events_of_the_French_Revolution", "Works_by_Edmund_Burke", "Philosophy_books", "Political_philosophy_literature", "1790_books", "Books_about_the_French_Revolution", "Counter-Enlightenment" ]

[ "Reflections on the French Revolution" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup football tournament was the sixth FIFA Confederations Cup, held in France in June 2003. France retained the title they had won in 2001, but the tournament was overshadowed by the death of Cameroon player Marc-Vivien Foé, who died of heart failure in his side's semi-final against Colombia. Foé's death united the France and Cameroon teams in the final match, which was played even though team players from both sides had explicitly stated that the match should not be played out of respect for Foé. France went on to win the trophy with a golden goal from Thierry Henry.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 592115, 250197, 1447998, 1005798, 253764, 680175, 57567, 220160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 41 ], [ 67, 90 ], [ 121, 127 ], [ 163, 167 ], [ 221, 229 ], [ 237, 252 ], [ 313, 321 ], [ 572, 583 ], [ 589, 602 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the presentation of medals and trophies, two Cameroon players held a gigantic photo of Foé, and a runner-up medal was hung to the edge of the photo. When French captain Marcel Desailly was presented with the Confederations Cup, he did not lift it up high, but held it in unison with Cameroon captain Rigobert Song. Foé finished third in media voting for player of the tournament and was posthumously awarded the Bronze Ball at its conclusion.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 413244, 1658720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 172, 187 ], [ 303, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1Italy, the UEFA Euro 2000 runners-up, declined to take part as did Germany, the 2002 FIFA World Cup runners-up. So did Spain, who were ranked second in the FIFA World Rankings at the time. They were replaced by Turkey, who came third in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Qualified teams", "target_page_ids": [ 362466, 532125, 250204, 52622, 609825, 719095, 743577, 52622 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ], [ 12, 26 ], [ 68, 75 ], [ 81, 100 ], [ 120, 125 ], [ 157, 176 ], [ 212, 218 ], [ 242, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Five bids came before the deadline at 1 May 2002. Australia, Portugal and the United States put in single bids, while South Africa–Egypt and France–Switzerland put in joint bids. The France–Switzerland bid never materialized.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Bid process", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The host was selected on 24 September 2002, during a meeting of FIFA's executive committee.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Bid process", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The matches were played in:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Venues", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Africa", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Coffi Codjia (Benin)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 5589610, 4600892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 14, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Asia", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Masoud Moradi (Iran)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 11995085, 1262861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 15, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Europe", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Lucílio Batista (Portugal)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 9559756, 680370 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 17, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Valentin Ivanov (Russia)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 5358809, 1265468 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 17, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Markus Merk (Germany)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 2067111, 690078 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 13, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "North America, Central America and Caribbean", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Batres (Guatemala)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 8920322, 5380324 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 15, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Oceania", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mark Shield (Australia)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 4646277, 550845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ], [ 13, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "South America", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Carlos Amarilla (Paraguay)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 5524345, 2869925 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 17, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jorge Larrionda (Uruguayan)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Match officials", "target_page_ids": [ 5522554, 5223237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ], [ 17, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "FIFA presents the Golden Ball award to the outstanding player of the competition, as voted by the media present at the tournament.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "FIFA presents the Golden Shoe award to the tournament's top goalscorer. ", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "FIFA presents the Fair Play Award to the team with the best fair play record, according to a points system and criteria founded by the FIFA Fair Play Committee.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Awards", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thierry Henry received the Golden Shoe award for scoring four goals. In total, 37 goals were scored by 22 different players, with none of them credited as own goal.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "4 goals", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Thierry Henry", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 220160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "3 goals", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Giovanni Hernández", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1617308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Robert Pires", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 553772 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Shunsuke Nakamura", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1094987 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tuncay", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1765584 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Okan Yılmaz", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 10832353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "2 goals", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Adriano", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1142467 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gökdeniz Karadeniz", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1865424 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "1 goal", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Alex", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 2040493 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Samuel Eto'o", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1303679 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Geremi", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1666479 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pius Ndiefi", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1667724 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jorge López", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 29966531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mario Yepes", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 2458636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Djibril Cissé", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1172503 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ludovic Giuly", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1706459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sidney Govou", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 3147075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Olivier Kapo", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 2033995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sylvain Wiltord", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 1460156 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hidetoshi Nakata", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 222889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Raf de Gregorio", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 3556131 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " DaMarcus Beasley", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "Statistics", "target_page_ids": [ 567909 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "FIFA Confederations Cup France 2003, FIFA.com", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2003 FIFA Confederations Cup Official Site (Archived)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " FIFA Technical Report (Part 1), (Part 2) and (Part 3) (Archived)", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " FIFA Confederations Cup France 2003 Regulations", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "2003_FIFA_Confederations_Cup", "FIFA_Confederations_Cup_tournaments", "International_association_football_competitions_hosted_by_France", "2002–03_in_French_football", "2002–03_in_Turkish_football", "2003_in_Japanese_football", "Brazil_at_the_2003_FIFA_Confederations_Cup", "2003_in_Colombian_football", "2003_in_American_soccer", "2003_in_Cameroonian_football", "2003_in_New_Zealand_association_football", "June_2003_sports_events_in_Europe", "2003_in_association_football" ]

[ "FIFA Confederations Cup 2003" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Vrbas Banovina or Vrbas Banate ( / Врбаска бановина), was a province (banovina) of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between 1929 and 1941. It was named after the Vrbas River and consisted mostly of territory in western Bosnia (part of historical and present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) with its capital at Banja Luka. Dvor district of present-day Croatia was also part of the Vrbas Banovina.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 12733697, 232269, 854000, 3114713, 3463, 385109, 6266882, 5573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 82 ], [ 91, 112 ], [ 159, 170 ], [ 216, 222 ], [ 259, 281 ], [ 303, 313 ], [ 315, 319 ], [ 344, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the 1931 Constitution of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Borders", "target_page_ids": [ 5253 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Vrbas Banovina is bounded, from the north-eastern boundary of the district of Dvor (south-west of Kostajnica) by the river Una to the point where it flows into the Sava; it then follows the course of the Sava, which it leaves to follow the eastern boundaries of the districts of Derventa and Gračanica, as far as the river Bosna at the village of Dolac. It then continues along the south-western boundary of the district of Maglaj as far as the intersection of the boundaries of the three districts of Tešanj, Maglaj and Žepče. From this point the boundary of the Banovina follows the northern boundary of the districts of Žepče, Zenica, and Travnik, to mount Vlasić (Ljuta Greda hill 1740); thence it passes by hill 1446, following the eastern slope of the Lesina (hill 1433), hill 1057, the Jelić (hill 1192), hill 1018, hill 1139, the Obrenovac, (hill 1167), and then across the Radanja Planina, (hill 1366) and the Igrališta, (hill 1085), and up to the Rakovec (hill 1217). From this point the boundary passes the villages of Podripci and Sultanović, and then passes between the villages of Gmići and Guvno to the Osoj (hill 888); it continues along the ridge, following the Šuljaga (hill 1533), the Demirovac (hill 1724), and the Crni Vrh (hill 1403), to the Mali Vitorog (hill 1748). From the Mali Vitorog the frontier follows the eastern and then the south-western boundary of the district of Glamoč to the foot of hill 1156, on mount Staretina; from there the boundary cuts the western part of the plain of Livno, to the Troglav (hill 1913) on the south-western boundary of the district of Livno, and follows this line to the Veliki Bat (hill 1851). From this point the boundary continues following the southern and western boundaries of the district of Bosanski Petrovac as far as the intersection of the boundaries of the three districts of Donji Lapac, Knin, and also Bosanski Petrovac. From this point to the north-eastern boundary of the district of Dvor (south-west of Kostajnica) the boundary coincides with the boundary ... of the Sava Banovina.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Borders", "target_page_ids": [ 6266882, 5147652, 1667563, 587845, 1757739, 1757748, 751297, 5235792, 1757768, 1935678, 548717, 714286, 28381233, 69027476, 283881, 4141384, 1961020, 1671693, 4116924, 3561528, 864960 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 86 ], [ 102, 112 ], [ 127, 130 ], [ 168, 172 ], [ 283, 291 ], [ 296, 305 ], [ 327, 332 ], [ 428, 434 ], [ 506, 512 ], [ 525, 530 ], [ 634, 640 ], [ 646, 653 ], [ 1034, 1042 ], [ 1099, 1104 ], [ 1109, 1114 ], [ 1404, 1410 ], [ 1533, 1540 ], [ 1602, 1607 ], [ 1766, 1783 ], [ 1855, 1866 ], [ 1868, 1872 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The population of the Vrbas Banovina in 1931 was 1,037,382. Most numerous religious groups were Eastern Orthodox Christians with 600,529 (58%), then Muslims with 250,265 (24%), and finally Roman Catholics with 172,787 (17%).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Population", "target_page_ids": [ 10186, 19541, 606848 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 123 ], [ 149, 156 ], [ 189, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1939, a small portion of the Vrbas Banovina with Croat majority (Derventa and Gradačac) in the northeast was detached and made a part of the newly formed Banovina of Croatia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3963794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 157, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1941, the World War II Axis Powers occupied Vrbas Banovina and the province was abolished and attached to the Independent State of Croatia. Following World War II, most of the region became part of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within a federal Socialist Yugoslavia. A Dvor district became part of the Socialist Republic of Croatia.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32927, 43507, 375905, 3463, 156371, 297809, 6266882, 5573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ], [ 26, 37 ], [ 113, 141 ], [ 227, 249 ], [ 259, 266 ], [ 267, 287 ], [ 291, 295 ], [ 346, 353 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Since 1992, the area of the former province has been split between Republika Srpska and Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina within independent Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 347422, 383916, 3463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 83 ], [ 88, 124 ], [ 144, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Svetislav Milosavljević (1929–1934)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bans of Vrbas Banovina", "target_page_ids": [ 48128387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dragoslav Đorđević (1934–1935)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bans of Vrbas Banovina", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Bogoljub Kujundžić (1935–1937)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bans of Vrbas Banovina", "target_page_ids": [ 48030394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Todor Lazarević (1937–1938)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bans of Vrbas Banovina", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Petar Cvetković (1938–1939)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bans of Vrbas Banovina", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Gojko Ružić (1939–1941)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bans of Vrbas Banovina", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nikola Stojanović (1941)", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Bans of Vrbas Banovina", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Banja Luka (capital)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 385109 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bihać", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 540794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bosanska Dubica", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 3463121 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bosanska Gradiška", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1757734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bosanska Kostajnica", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 5147652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bosanski Novi", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 3021104 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bosanski Petrovac", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 4116924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Bosansko Grahovo", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 808997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 16 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cazin", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1291650 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Derventa (1939 to the Banovina of Croatia)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1757739, 3963794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 22, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Doboj", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 294608 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Donji Vakuf", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 2806588 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Drvar", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 2100643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Dvor", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 6266882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 4 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Glamoč", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 4141384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gračanica", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1757748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Gradačac (1939 to the Banovina of Croatia)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1303613, 3963794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ], [ 22, 41 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Jajce", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 530599 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ključ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 4135330 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kotor Varoš", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 2034919 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Maglaj", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 5235792 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Modriča (1939 to the Banovina of Croatia)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1324639, 3963794 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 7 ], [ 21, 40 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Mrkonjić Grad", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 4080956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prijedor", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1757757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prnjavor", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 5306024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sanski Most", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1757765 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Teslić", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1372494 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Tešanj", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Cities and towns", "target_page_ids": [ 1757768 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 6 ] ] } ]

[ "Geographic_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina", "Yugoslav_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina", "Banovinas_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia", "1929_establishments_in_Yugoslavia", "1941_disestablishments_in_Yugoslavia", "Former_subdivisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina", "History_of_Bosanska_Krajina" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Jonathan Welsh (April 3, 1947 – January 27, 2005) was a Canadian actor of stage, television and film, best known for his principal roles in Canadian television series, notably the 1986–1989 adventure comedy Adderly and the 1989–1994 journalism drama E.N.G..", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 19851291, 3442611, 1496345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 64 ], [ 207, 214 ], [ 250, 256 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On E.N.G., Welsh portrayed Eric \"Mac\" MacFarlane, one of the first openly gay characters in North American series television, a source of considerable pride for the actor.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1496345, 71537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 3, 9 ], [ 67, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He also appeared in the 1979 movie City on Fire which was Canada's attempt to enter the disaster movie era. The movie was a critical and box office failure. His other film credits included roles in Agency (1980), Nothing Personal (1980), All in Good Taste (1983) and The Surrogate (1984).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 4301557, 19241848, 42896705, 8828263, 29586430 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ], [ 198, 204 ], [ 213, 229 ], [ 238, 255 ], [ 267, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His acting career began in theatre in the 1960s, with roles at the Shaw and Stratford festivals and in the 1969 Canadian debut of Hair at the Royal Alexandra Theatre.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 20913771, 376591, 343056, 67898, 1215259 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 34 ], [ 67, 71 ], [ 76, 95 ], [ 130, 134 ], [ 142, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1990, Welsh founded Performers for Literacy, an acclaimed national charity that encourages children to read with interactive shows and readings, and with Second Story Reading Centres in Toronto and Edmonton.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 95405 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 201, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Toward the end of his life, he moved from Toronto to Belleville, Ontario, where he died in his sleep after a short illness. He was survived by his wife Heather and three children, Hilary, Owen and Julia.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 178855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 72 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Performers for Literacy", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1947_births", "2005_deaths", "Canadian_male_stage_actors", "Canadian_male_television_actors", "Canadian_male_film_actors", "Best_Supporting_Actor_in_a_Drama_Series_Canadian_Screen_Award_winners" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Team Dresch is an American punk rock band originally formed in 1993 in Olympia, Washington. The band made a significant impression on the DIY punk movement queercore, which gave voice through zines and music to the passions and concerns of LGBT people in the punk scene.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 23037, 57860, 42719, 316000, 396322, 89129, 24589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 36 ], [ 71, 90 ], [ 138, 141 ], [ 156, 165 ], [ 192, 196 ], [ 240, 251 ], [ 259, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1993, Donna Dresch formed Team Dresch with herself playing guitar and bass, Jody Bleyle on guitar and vocals, Kaia Wilson on guitar and vocals, and Marcéo Martinez on drums. Dresch and Bleyle met in the early 1990s, and together decided they wanted to form “an all-dyke band.\" Dresch has roots in the queercore movement, contributing to the zines J.D.s and Outpunk, as well as writing her own, called Chainsaw. Dresch's involvement in queercore influenced the band's style and involvement in the scene from the beginning.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 3639680, 1920216, 1859218, 1512519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 21 ], [ 113, 124 ], [ 350, 355 ], [ 360, 367 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Team Dresch's first release was \"Seven\" on Rock Stars Kill in 1994, which generated enough attention for them to book multiple shows \"all around the country,\" including the first Yoyo a Go Go in 1994. Today, Donna Dresch admits \"people didn’t know who we were... [they] didn’t know what to make of a bunch of ’queer freaks’ onstage.\" In 1995 the four released their debut album, Personal Best, co-released by Chainsaw Records and Candy Ass Records, Dresch's and Bleyle's record labels respectively.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 20457493, 49816554, 2870743, 1512375, 1518639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 58 ], [ 179, 191 ], [ 379, 392 ], [ 409, 425 ], [ 430, 447 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the release of Personal Best, drummer Marcéo Martinez was replaced by Melissa York, and the quartet put out Captain My Captain in 1996, another co-release from Chainsaw and Candy Ass. Captain is often discussed as a more outwardly queer album than Personal Best, with the former including lyrics such as \"I'm a flaming S&M rubber dyke\" and \"queer sex is great.\" The album is also praised for its themes of mental illness and reassurance. Additionally in the late 90s, Team Dresch performed in and was interviewed for the 1997 documentary film She's Real (Worse Than Queer) by Lucy Thane, which showcased the 90's riot grrrl and queercore scenes. Team Dresch disbanded in 1998 to work on individual projects. During this break, Jody Bleyle was interviewed for the 2001 German documentary Step Up and Be Vocal, Interviews zu Queer Punk und Feminismus in San Francisco by Uta Busch and Sandra Ortmann.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1478850, 13484127, 10191543, 10191543, 33599991 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 88 ], [ 114, 132 ], [ 549, 578 ], [ 582, 592 ], [ 619, 629 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2004, Team Dresch reunited to headline the Olympia queercore festival Homo-a-Go-Go, put together by the band's friend Ed. They discuss their activity since 2004 as \"taking things day by day and enjoying ourselves.\" They performed sporadically, embarking on brief West and East coast tours throughout 2006 and 2007, including at California's Outfest. They played in Portland and Seattle in September 2009, as well as in Brazil for two Ladyfest shows in May 2010. They played some shows in the Pacific Northwest in 2014 in addition to some in 2017. Also in 2017, they appeared in How to Punk a Revolution, a documentary by Yony Leyser.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 7550053, 1857808 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 344, 351 ], [ 437, 445 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In March 2019, Team Dresch announced they would be reissuing their entire catalogue via Jealous Butcher Records in honor of the band's 25th anniversary. The reissue allowed Marcéo Martinez, who came out publicly as transmasculine in 2019, to have his name corrected in credits, which was \"so important and necessary\" for him to feel seen. They also released previously unheard music through Jealous Butcher Records with Choices, Chances, Changes: Singles & Comptracks 1994-2000. This all came alongside the release of a new video for the band's classic track \"Fagetarian and Dyke.\" The new visual featured never-before-seen live footage of the group, offering a glimpse into the wild mosh pit-filled shows of their heyday. Along with the rerelease, they announced a US tour as well as a release of a new single, \"Your Hands in My Pockets,\" the band's first new music in 19 years.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 19904525 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 215, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Most recently, Team Dresch released the single \"Story of the Earth\" in July 2020. The \"fast, raw, and simple\" song was written in 2007 in response to a rise in colony collapse cases. On Bandcamp, the group stated that all proceeds from the single would be donated to the Trans Justice Funding Project.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 20610449, 29378641 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 160, 175 ], [ 186, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Personal Best (1995, Chainsaw Records / Candy Ass Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 2870743, 1512375, 1518639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 13 ], [ 21, 37 ], [ 40, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Captain My Captain (1996, Chainsaw Records / Candy Ass Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 13484127, 1512375, 1518639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 26, 42 ], [ 45, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Choices, Chances, Changes: Singles & Comptracks 1994-2000 (2019, Jealous Butcher Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Hand Grenade / Endtime Relay / Molasses In January 7-inch (1994, Kill Rock Stars)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 50674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 65, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The New Team Dresch V 6.0 Beta 7-inch (1998, Outpunk Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 1512519 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Your Hands in My Pockets digital (2019, Jealous Butcher Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Story of the Earth digital (2020, Jackpot! Recording)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 12861328 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 52 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Take On Me split tour 7-inch with Bikini Kill (1996, Banda Bonnet)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 209009 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "What Can A Lover Do? split 7-inch with F-80, Shove, and Dahlia Seed (1996, Marigold Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 3676460 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It's A Conversation split 7-inch with Longstocking (1998, Sub Pop)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 3686680, 144539 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 50 ], [ 58, 65 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Temporary Insurance split 7-inch with The Automaticons (2000, Mental Monkey Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Fake Fight\" on Periscope (1994, Yoyo Recordings)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Seven\" on Rock Stars Kill (1994, Kill Rock Stars)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 20457493, 50674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 26 ], [ 34, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Song For Anne Bannon\" on Free To Fight (1995, Candy Ass Records / Chainsaw Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 9025235, 1518639 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 39 ], [ 47, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"She's Amazing\" (live) and \"The Lesbionic Story\" on Yoyo A Go Go (1996, Yoyo Recordings)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Hand Grenade\" on Some Songs (1997, Kill Rock Stars)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "\"Deattached (A Maximum Volume Interpretation)\" remix by Christoph de Babalon on Join The Queercorps (1998, Queercorps)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [ 16833551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"Fake Fight\" and \"My Voice\" on The Shiner Cassette (Slo-Mo Records)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Discography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "List of all-female bands", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 417829 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " A fansite", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "All-female_punk_bands", "Punk_rock_groups_from_Washington_(state)", "Queercore_groups", "Riot_grrrl_bands", "Musical_groups_from_Portland,_Oregon", "LGBT-themed_musical_groups", "LGBT_people_from_Oregon", "1993_establishments_in_Washington_(state)", "Musical_groups_established_in_1993", "Musical_groups_disestablished_in_1998", "Musical_groups_reestablished_in_2004", "2004_establishments_in_Oregon" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Veritas (Latin: truth) was a political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 2005 by Robert Kilroy-Silk following a split from the UK Independence Party (UKIP). Kilroy-Silk served as party leader through the 2005 General Election. He was succeeded by Patrick Eston, who resigned in 2008 citing frustrations of his efforts to reform the party. The party merged into the English Democrats in 2015.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 17730, 240578, 426414, 217536, 1847945, 424825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 14 ], [ 29, 66 ], [ 86, 104 ], [ 132, 153 ], [ 209, 230 ], [ 370, 387 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Veritas had no representation in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, although it had members serve in the European Parliament and the London Assembly, elected as UKIP members and defecting upon Veritas' formation. At the time of its merger, the party had not put forward General Election candidates since 2005.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 13964, 9581, 355966 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 69 ], [ 108, 127 ], [ 136, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Robert Kilroy-Silk, a former Labour shadow cabinet member and television presenter, was elected as a UKIP Member of the European Parliament in the 2004 European Parliament election for the East Midlands region. His ambition to attain the leadership of that party was announced in October 2004, but it proved very unpopular within the party. Instead of risking disciplinary action for continuing this action, Kilroy-Silk resigned the party whip, while remaining a full member and asserting his continued challenge. The plan ultimately failed, and Kilroy-Silk finally resigned from the party – as had been long expected – on 20 January 2005. Rumours circulated immediately that Kilroy-Silk was set to form his own party, fuelled by the registration of the domain name \"veritasparty.com\" a month earlier. An earlier rumour suggested that he had been in negotiations with the English Democrats to join and lead their party.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Formation", "target_page_ids": [ 19279158, 258909, 433911, 53107, 242237, 424825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 35 ], [ 106, 139 ], [ 147, 180 ], [ 189, 202 ], [ 439, 443 ], [ 872, 889 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Veritas – Latin for \"truth\" – was officially founded in a press conference on 2 February, during which Kilroy-Silk proclaimed \"unlike the old parties, we shall be honest, open and straight\", devoid of the other parties' \"lies and spin\". There were a number of defections from UKIP to the new party. They included UKIP London Assembly member Damian Hockney, who became deputy leader.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Formation", "target_page_ids": [ 17730, 723237 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 15 ], [ 341, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At the time of formation, its primary policy was opposition to immigration to the United Kingdom. It was perceived to be more specific than UKIP's general euroscepticism, and almost to the point of Veritas being labelled a single-issue party. Kilroy-Silk also proposed support for the introduction of flat tax in opposition to the existing system of income tax bands varying with income. Kilroy-Silk's preferred figure was 22%, the \"basic rate\" band in which most UK citizens fell at the time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Formation", "target_page_ids": [ 1247786, 10037, 822310, 46334 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 96 ], [ 155, 169 ], [ 223, 241 ], [ 301, 309 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The party was immediately lambasted as nothing more than a vanity vehicle for Kilroy-Silk, and was nicknamed \"Vanitas\" by former allies.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Formation", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The first test of Veritas' ambitions was the general election on 5 May 2005 where it had hoped to overtake UKIP as the primary party opposing the European Union. Although The Times newspaper had suggested that Veritas hoped to run candidates in every constituency in Great Britain, the party ended up fielding 65 candidates in England and Wales, polling 40,481 votes, an average of 623 (1.5%).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2005 election", "target_page_ids": [ 9317, 39127, 13530298 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 160 ], [ 171, 180 ], [ 267, 280 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kilroy-Silk contested the constituency of Erewash in Derbyshire. He came fourth with 2,957 votes (5.8%); Liz Blackman was elected for Labour with 22,472. No Veritas candidates were elected; Kilroy-Silk was the only one to save his deposit.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2005 election", "target_page_ids": [ 1822101, 71070, 414663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 49 ], [ 53, 63 ], [ 105, 117 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the subsequent Cheadle by-election on 14 July 2005 Les Leggett of Veritas polled 218 votes (0.6%).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "2005 election", "target_page_ids": [ 1962720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 37 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the wake of the poor showing in the general election, it was reported that there were many resignations from the party. Some discontented party members came to oppose Kilroy-Silk and formed the Veritas Members Association (VMA). One of its founders, Ken Wharton, challenged Kilroy-Silk for the leadership on 12 July 2005, during the Cheadle by-election campaign but his challenge faltered due to ill health. Kilroy-Silk resigned as party leader on 29 July. In a press statement he said \"It was clear from the general election result – and more recently that of the Cheadle by-election – that the electors are content with the old parties and that it would be virtually impossible for a new party to make a significant impact given the nature of our electoral system. We tried and failed\". Further resignations included that of his chief-of-staff David Soutter and deputy leader Damian Hockney. Hockney and London Assembly Veritas representative Peter Hulme-Cross (who, like Hockney, had defected from UKIP) subsequently formed the One London party.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Aftermath of 2005 general election", "target_page_ids": [ 723258, 2608067 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 951, 968 ], [ 1037, 1047 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A leadership election was held in September 2005. Acting leader Patrick Eston defeated Foreign Affairs Spokesperson Colin Brown, and former boxer Winston McKenzie on a 22% turnout. This, combined with a poor turnout at the party's first Annual General Meeting, is believed to have brought about the subsequent resignation of Brown and the founders of the VMA. Eston appointed a new party chairman, Alan Ainscow, who resigned from that post and the party in November. As defections and resignations continued, a number of members and former members from Veritas and UKIP, including Anthony Bennett and Ken Wharton, formed a new party, the Popular Alliance in March 2006. Eston appointed a deputy, Howard Martin, who was the main Veritas Party spokesperson, and seemed determined to continue with the party, despite the depletion of the Veritas membership.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Aftermath of 2005 general election", "target_page_ids": [ 12138516, 2634270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 146, 162 ], [ 583, 598 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 2006 local elections, Veritas stood four candidates: two each in Kingston-upon-Hull and Bolton. They polled an average of 98 votes each (3.5% of the total). In the 2007 elections, Veritas stood three candidates: two in English council elections and one – Iain James Sheldon in the Mid and West Wales Region for the Welsh Assembly, who received 502 votes (0.2% of the total).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "2005–15", "target_page_ids": [ 3431169, 56474, 352418, 5975644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 27 ], [ 72, 90 ], [ 95, 101 ], [ 288, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the summer of 2007, Patrick Eston contacted the leadership of other parties with similar political positions with a view to organising a meeting to discuss co-operation. While all parties were being contacted a later meeting was being arranged for September between Eston and the leaders of the Freedom Party and United Kingdom Popular Democrats who had shown interest. On 15 June 2008 Patrick Eston announced that he could not take the Veritas Party in the direction he wanted and so would be resigning the party leadership. In a resignation letter to the party membership he said:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "2005–15", "target_page_ids": [ 219165 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 298, 311 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "\"I have come to the reluctant conclusion that the only way a new political party can move forward is for one person to have complete control and take all the decisions. However, I believe that members must have a say on whether that person stays as leader on a yearly basis. A sort of benevolent dictator that members can remove yearly if they so wish.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "2005–15", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Therese Muchewicz, Party Secretary, served as Acting Leader until leadership elections in October 2008. She was subsequently elected as the new Party Leader. The party put forward no candidates in the 2010 or 2015 general elections. It was subsequently announced that Veritas would merge into the English Democrats.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "2005–15", "target_page_ids": [ 1855482, 43747946 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 201, 205 ], [ 209, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alliance for Democracy (UK)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 25941473 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " English Democrats", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 424825 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] } ]

[ "Veritas_(political_party)", "2005_establishments_in_the_United_Kingdom", "2015_disestablishments_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Political_parties_disestablished_in_2015", "Political_parties_established_in_2005", "Eurosceptic_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom", "Political_schisms", "UK_Independence_Party_breakaway_groups", "Defunct_political_parties_in_England", "English_Democrats" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Andrey Yuryevich Kurkov (; ; born 23 April 1961 in Leningrad, USSR) is a Ukrainian author and public intellectual who writes in Russian. He is the author of 19 novels, including the bestselling Death and the Penguin, nine books for children, and about 20 documentary, fiction and TV movie scripts. His work is currently translated into 37 languages, including English, Spanish, Japanese, French, German, Italian, Chinese, Swedish, Persian and Hebrew, and published in 65 countries. Kurkov, who has long been a respected commentator on Ukraine for the international media, notably in Europe and the United States, has written assorted articles for various publications worldwide. His books are full of black humour, post-Soviet reality and elements of surrealism.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 24320051, 26779, 31750, 25431, 23713433, 3486671, 118365, 1609192, 28766 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 60 ], [ 62, 66 ], [ 73, 82 ], [ 128, 135 ], [ 160, 165 ], [ 194, 215 ], [ 701, 713 ], [ 715, 734 ], [ 751, 761 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kurkov's father was a test pilot and his mother was a doctor. When he was just 2 his family relocated to Kyiv in connection with his father's work. He started writing at the age of seven when, after the death of two of his three pet hamsters, he wrote a poem about the loneliness of the remaining pet. He also produced poetry about Lenin, purportedly inspired by his Soviet education at the time.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and works", "target_page_ids": [ 585629, 11015252, 811205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 106, 110 ], [ 333, 338 ], [ 368, 384 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Having graduated in 1983 from the Kyiv Foreign Languages Institute, and as a trained Japanese translator Kurkov was assigned military service assisting the KGB. However, he managed to get his papers changed to service with the military police. This offered him a greater degree of freedom during and after his service period. He was assigned a prison guard position in Odessa. It was during this period that Kurkov wrote all of his children's stories.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and works", "target_page_ids": [ 23454335, 55545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 156, 159 ], [ 369, 375 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His first novel was published two weeks before the fall of the Soviet Union, and in the ensuing social and political turmoil he made the first steps towards self-publishing and distribution. Borrowing money from friends to fund his work, Kurkov managed to publish independently. While organising distribution around Ukraine, he would also sell copies by hand from stalls on busy streets.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and works", "target_page_ids": [ 40494892, 23873702, 31750 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 75 ], [ 157, 172 ], [ 316, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Like many successful writers, Kurkov had difficulty getting his first publishing contract. He reportedly received 500 rejections before being accepted, in which time he had written almost eight complete novels. In 2018 he was elected as the President of PEN Ukraine.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and works", "target_page_ids": [ 965947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 254, 265 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Later in his career he won acclaim as one of the most successful Ukrainian authors in the post-Soviet era and has featured on European bestseller lists. His novel The Bickford Fuse (published in 2009 in Russian, and in Boris Dralyuk's English-language translation in 2016 by MacLehose Press) was characterised by Sam Leith in The Financial Times as \"a sort of cross between The Pilgrim's Progress, Catch-22, Heart of Darkness and Cormac McCarthy's The Road, with a faint shading, here and there, of Samuel Beckett: an insistently dreamlike absurdist satire shaped by the vastness of Russia's landmass and the insanity of its Soviet-era ideology\", and reviewed by The Guardian as a \"genre-defying work, fusing picaresque adventure with post-apocalyptic parable\", while Kurkov himself called it \"the dearest and most important of all my works\". He has been described by Ian Sansom as \"a serious writer never more serious than when he's being funny about unfunny things, and with a whole lifetime of unfunny things to be serious about.\"", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and works", "target_page_ids": [ 1609192, 68311461, 26018310, 33051418, 136566, 173974, 55469, 13535, 324581, 7402039, 27640, 19344515, 26570968 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 90, 105 ], [ 219, 232 ], [ 275, 290 ], [ 313, 322 ], [ 326, 345 ], [ 374, 396 ], [ 398, 406 ], [ 408, 425 ], [ 430, 445 ], [ 448, 456 ], [ 499, 513 ], [ 663, 675 ], [ 868, 878 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kurkov's most recently translated novel, Grey Bees, which has \"elements of both the fable and the epic\", dramatises the conflict in his country through the adventures of a beekeeper.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and works", "target_page_ids": [ 70529213 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kurkov lives in Kyiv with his English wife, Elizabeth, and their three children. After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, he became an internally displaced person and continued to write and broadcast about the war. A bilingual, native Russian speaker, in a 2022 interview Kurkov speculated that Russia’s war on Ukraine, rather than suppress Ukrainian culture and identity, would potentially have the opposite effect, encouraging Ukrainian writers, especially those whose native language is Russian, to publish increasingly, or even exclusively, in Ukrainian.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Life and works", "target_page_ids": [ 585629, 70149799, 427408, 42085878, 10516775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 20 ], [ 91, 123 ], [ 138, 165 ], [ 299, 322 ], [ 469, 501 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Novels translated to English", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "For children", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Adventures of Baby Vacuum Cleaner Gosha", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Why No One Pets The Hedgehog illustrator: Tania Goryushina, , 2012.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Non-fiction:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Ukraine Diaries: Dispatches from Kiev, , 2014", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Bibliography", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "ABC National Radio - A recent interview", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Ukrainian Observer: Andrey Kurkov: Ukraine's Literary Success", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Freedom Lecture: Andrey Kurkov @ De Balie, Amsterdam", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1961_births", "21st-century_Ukrainian_writers", "Living_people", "People_from_Saint_Petersburg", "Ukrainian_male_writers", "Ukrainian_writers", "Ukrainian_writers_in_Russian" ]

[ "Andrei Kurkov", "Andrey Yuryevich Kurkov" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Kang is a village in Kgalagadi District of Botswana. It is situated in the Kalahari Desert and lies on the Trans-Kalahari Highway between Ghanzi in the north and Sekoma in the south. Kang also provides access to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park in the south-west and the Central Kalahari Game Reserve in the north-east. The route via Ghanzi takes one to the Namibian border, whilst that to Sekoma leads to Gaborone, the capital of Botswana. The population was 5,985 according to the 2011 census.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 514257, 3464, 17165, 5820441, 2941382, 2557110, 6066458, 21292, 56664, 3464 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 39 ], [ 43, 51 ], [ 75, 90 ], [ 107, 129 ], [ 138, 144 ], [ 216, 244 ], [ 271, 300 ], [ 358, 365 ], [ 406, 414 ], [ 431, 439 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kang also falls under the Kgalagadi North constituency whose Member of Parliament is Hon. Talita Monnakgotla. The village is divided into seven wards which are; Gasekgalo, Gamonyemana (main ward), Gamotshoto, Gapanyana, Gamoriti, Kaatshwene and Tshwaragano ward. The village is led by a female chief, Kgosi Basadi Seipone who is the daughter to the late former chief Churchill Pego Seipone who died in 2010. The village's key development areas include the Central Roads Depot, Central Transport Organisation (with a fuel point), Airstrip/Landing ground (along Kang-Tsetseng road), mini Rural Administration Centre/ Service Centre, Botswana Open University Regional Campus, Brigade Centre, Police Station, Health Clinic, Magistrate Court, Department Road Transport Service offices, Wildlife offices, Botswana Power Corporation Offices, Water Utilities Corporation offices, Facility Management offices, Senior Secondary, Junior Secondary School and two primary schools.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The private sector has also had their fair share of developments in the village. Kang is also home to Bank Gaborone, Choppies superstore, Sefalana Cash and Carry, Kang Ultra Stop, Nkisi Lodge, Nakabu Hotel, Echo Lodge, Yame-Kele Guesthouse, Kang Lodge, Goo Baitshepi Guest house, Kang VDC Guesthouse, Kang Meat Market and Abattoir, PEP Stores, Shoprite and Lavender Pharmacy.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The village being at the centre of the constituency and along one of the busiest roads (Trans Kalahari Highway) is one of the fastest growing villages and a great place for investments.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Kgalagadi_District", "Villages_in_Botswana" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Marcus Samuelsson (born Kassahun Tsegie; 25 January 1971) is an Ethiopian-born Swedish-American celebrity chef, restaurateur and television personality. He is the head chef of Red Rooster in Harlem, New York.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 29380512, 745656, 54861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 80, 87 ], [ 97, 111 ], [ 192, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kassahun Joar Tsegie was born in Ethiopia. His father, Tsegie, is an Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church priest. His mother died in a tuberculosis epidemic when he was three years old. As detailed in Samuelsson's appearance on Parts Unknown he and his elder sister, Fantaye, were separated from their family during the turmoil of the Ethiopian Civil War which began in 1974. Subsequently, the siblings were adopted by Anne-Marie and Lennart Samuelsson, a homemaker and a geologist, respectively, who lived in Gothenburg, Sweden. The siblings' names were changed to Marcus and Linda Samuelsson. They also have an adopted sister, Anna Samuelsson. His biological father, Tsegie, the father of eight others (the chef's half-siblings), still resides in the Ethiopian village where Samuelsson was born.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 187749, 229435, 30653, 6572888, 11861 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 41 ], [ 69, 103 ], [ 133, 145 ], [ 334, 353 ], [ 509, 519 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After becoming interested in cooking through his maternal grandmother in Sweden, Samuelsson studied at the Culinary Institute in Göteborg (Gothenburg) where he was raised. He apprenticed in Switzerland and Austria then came to the United States in 1994 as an apprentice at Restaurant Aquavit.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Early life and education", "target_page_ids": [ 11861, 26748, 26964606, 20258698 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 149 ], [ 190, 201 ], [ 206, 213 ], [ 273, 291 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "At 24, Samuelsson became executive chef of Aquavit and soon afterwards became the youngest ever to receive a three-star restaurant review from The New York Times. In 2003 he was named \"Best Chef: New York City\" by the James Beard Foundation. The same year he started a second New York restaurant, Riingo, serving Japanese-influenced American food.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 30680, 949623, 15976 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 161 ], [ 218, 240 ], [ 313, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In addition to his recognition as a world-class chef, Samuelsson is a cookbook author with titles in both English and Swedish. His 2006 African-inspired cookbook The Soul of a New Cuisine received the prize \"Best International Cookbook\" by the James Beard Foundation. Other titles written by Samuelsson are Aquavit and the New Scandinavian Cuisine, En Smakresa (\"A Journey of Flavour\"), and Street Food.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 949623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 244, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson is a Visiting Professor of International Culinary Science at the Umeå University School of Restaurant and Culinary Arts in Sweden. He had a television show, Inner Chef, which aired in 2005 on Discovery Home Channel and yet another program in 2008, Urban Cuisine on BET J (now Centric). His cooking combines international influences with traditional cuisines from Sweden to Japan and Africa.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 31798, 5058739, 2035344, 928888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 91 ], [ 134, 140 ], [ 203, 225 ], [ 276, 281 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 24 November 2009, Samuelsson served as the guest chef for the first state dinner of the Barack Obama presidency. The dinner, in honor of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh was served on the South Lawn and largely vegetarian. Samuelsson reportedly sought to combine sustainable and regional foods which reflect the best in American cuisine yet evoke the flavors of India. Harvesting fresh vegetables and herbs from the White House Garden, Samuelsson included red lentil soup, roasted potato dumplings, and green curry prawns on his menu. The tradition of guest chefs joining the White House chef for special events began during the Clinton administration.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 6143251, 534366, 14533, 24452, 606490, 15728461, 32591, 22785335, 361745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 83 ], [ 91, 103 ], [ 140, 145 ], [ 147, 161 ], [ 162, 176 ], [ 195, 205 ], [ 218, 228 ], [ 424, 442 ], [ 637, 659 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson is an advisor to The Institute of Culinary Education in New York City.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 16929159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "His restaurant, Red Rooster opened in December 2010 in Harlem. In March 2011, Red Rooster hosted a fundraising dinner for the Democratic National Committee. President Obama attended the dinner. The $30,800-per-plate event raised $1.5 million.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 54861, 182450 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 61 ], [ 126, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the fall of 2012, Samuelsson, together with Clarion Hotels, launched a restaurant concept called Kitchen & Table. The concept's first restaurant opened at Clarion Hotel Arlanda Airport and from 2013 to 2014 it was held at all Clarion Hotels in Sweden and Norway.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 1850780 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In spring 2015, Samuelsson opened his second Harlem restaurant, Streetbird Rotisserie, a kitchenette with a menu inspired by cookouts focusing on fried and rotisserie chicken, and décor paying tribute to the hip-hop culture of Harlem. In 2015, Marcus partnered with the Hamilton Princess & Beach Club to open the restaurant Marcus' in the Bermuda hotel. The restaurant re-opened with a new menu and decor in March 2017. In late 2016, Samuelsson opened Marcus at MGM National Harbor in Oxon Hill, Md. and developed the room-service menu for the hotel. In November 2017 he opened a new restaurant, Marcus B&P on Halsey Street in Newark, New Jersey.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 2562887, 3460, 49617754, 59919892, 67234 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 270, 300 ], [ 339, 346 ], [ 462, 481 ], [ 610, 623 ], [ 627, 645 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In spring 2019, Samuelsson announced the opening of Marcus at The Four Seasons Hotel in Montreal.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson has been featured on television including on CNN, MSNBC's The Dylan Ratigan Show; he has been a judge on Guy's Grocery Games Top Chef, Iron Chef USA, Iron Chef America, and Chopped making frequent guest appearances on Today. He previously hosted his own television shows, The Inner Chef and Urban Cuisine. He was also a judge on the TV One show My Momma Throws Down.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 62028, 159846, 23440526, 42969421, 4224547, 36540, 1395063, 21190805, 226675, 4825701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 59 ], [ 61, 66 ], [ 69, 91 ], [ 116, 135 ], [ 136, 144 ], [ 146, 159 ], [ 161, 178 ], [ 184, 191 ], [ 229, 234 ], [ 345, 351 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In early 2010, he competed alongside 21 world-renowned chefs on Bravo's television series Top Chef Masters. Samuelsson won the competition, earning $115,000 for UNICEF's grassroots effort The Tap Project. In 2011, he was a contestant on the fourth season of The Next Iron Chef competing against nine other chefs for the opportunity to be designated an \"Iron Chef\" and appear regularly on Iron Chef America. Samuelsson was eliminated in the fifth episode, finishing in sixth place.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 351810, 22338360, 21923899, 13301372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 69 ], [ 90, 106 ], [ 188, 203 ], [ 258, 276 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After appearing consistently as a culinary judge on the Food Network show Chopped, Samuelsson competed in and won Chopped All Stars 2012: Judges Remix. He was awarded the grand prize of $50,000 for his charity, the Careers Through Culinary Arts Program. Samuelsson is a regular guest judge on Food Network shows Chopped, Chopped Junior, Beat Bobby Flay, Cooks vs. Cons, The Kitchen, and Star Plates.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 616842, 616842, 21190805, 50517938, 31732145, 616842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 68 ], [ 293, 305 ], [ 312, 319 ], [ 321, 335 ], [ 337, 352 ], [ 354, 368 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 28 June 2012, Samuelsson was the subject of an extensive interview on Fresh Air with Terry Gross on NPR.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 402633, 29697232 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 73, 99 ], [ 103, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2014, he made his debut as a judge on the second season of the American television series The Taste.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 37876931 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 93, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2015, he appeared in an episode of Parts Unknown with Ethiopia being the focus of that episode's visit.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 187749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson appeared on 8 October 2016 episode of the radio show Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!. He appeared on the Another Round podcast in June 2017.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 429203, 49944633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 91 ], [ 112, 125 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2016, Samuelsson began making occasional appearances in videos produced for BuzzFeed's Tasty video series mostly providing food demonstrations as well as making a guest appearance in an episode of BuzzFeed's flagship food series Worth It in a segment filmed at Red Rooster where his fried chicken was declared series creator Steven Lim's personal \"Worth It winner\". In August 2018, Samuelsson officially joined Tasty as executive chef-in-residence.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 23940206, 23940206, 23940206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 89 ], [ 90, 95 ], [ 232, 240 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In May 2017, Marcus Samuelsson appeared in the final episode of Undercover Boss to find and mentor new culinary talent.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 28295092 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 79 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson appears as himself in the 2018 movie Scooby-Doo! and the Gourmet Ghost.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 57477063 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 48, 81 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On April 22, 2019, Samuelsson appeared on Top Chef Canada Season 7, Episode 4 as a guest judge for a Nordic ingredients challenge.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 30969627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On October 13, 2020, Samuelsson was introduced as the global brand advisor for Bon Appétit.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 2099545 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In July 2018, Samuelsson premiered a six-part series called No Passport Required on PBS. The series highlights and celebrates immigrant cultures and foods found in the United States. Samuelsson is both the host and executive producer of the series. In 2019, PBS announced that the series was renewed for a second six-episode season.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Career", "target_page_ids": [ 29697498 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 87 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson has released cookbooks New American Table, The Soul of a New Cuisine, Marcus Off Duty, and The Red Rooster Cookbook.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2012, Samuelsson released Yes, Chef a memoir co-written with journalist Veronica Chambers about Samuelsson's early life and trajectory to becoming a chef. The book gained favorable reviews and won the James Beard Foundation award for Writing and Literature related to food.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [ 53762634, 53762847, 949623 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 38 ], [ 75, 92 ], [ 204, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After the success of Yes, Chef in 2015 Samuelsson published Make it Messy: My Perfectly Imperfect Life, aimed at young adults.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 2020, Sameulsson released The Rise, a cookbook with Osayi Endolyn, Yewande Komolafe, Tamie Cook, and Angie Mosier. In interviews about the book, Samuelsson describes the book as a means to share the Black experience in food history.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Books", "target_page_ids": [ 68536734 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson is married to the model Gate (Maya) Haile. Their wedding was in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. They live in Harlem. They have a son, and Samuelsson has an adult daughter. On December 4, 2021, the Samuelssons announced they are expecting a daughter (to be named Grace Ethiopia) in 2022. ", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 52593 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson serves on the board at City Harvest and serves as co-chair of the board of directors for Careers Through Culinary Arts Program (C-CAP). He also has been a UNICEF ambassador since 2000, and he and his wife are the co-founders of the Three Goats Organization.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 40400556, 19698110 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 46 ], [ 166, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Samuelsson is a keen football (soccer) fan and an avid supporter of Arsenal F.C. (London, England).", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 10568, 2174 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 29 ], [ 68, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Townhouse Restaurant Group", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Red Rooster", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aquavit", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biography, StarChefs.com", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1970_births", "Living_people", "Swedish_adoptees", "Swedish_chefs", "Swedish_restaurateurs", "American_television_chefs", "Food_Network_chefs", "American_male_chefs", "Ethiopian_chefs", "Umeå_University_faculty", "Swedish_people_of_Ethiopian_descent", "Swedish_emigrants_to_the_United_States", "Top_Chef_winners", "Participants_in_American_reality_television_series", "James_Beard_Foundation_Award_winners" ]

[ "Kassahun Tsegie" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Asti (, Piedmontese: Provincia d’Ast) is a province in the Piedmont region of northern Italy. Its capital is the city of Asti. To the northwest it borders on the Metropolitan City of Turin; to the southwest it borders on the province of Cuneo. To the east it borders on the province of Alessandria, while in the south it shares a very short border with the Ligurian province of Savona. It has an area of , and, , a total population of 215,871.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 493075, 316057, 25061, 14532, 45743, 45017056, 961044, 1448810, 1448640 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 35 ], [ 59, 67 ], [ 75, 83 ], [ 103, 108 ], [ 137, 141 ], [ 178, 204 ], [ 241, 258 ], [ 290, 313 ], [ 382, 400 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Province of Asti was re-established on 1 April 1935 by Royal Decree No. 297 of King Victor Emmanuel III. It was detached from the existing Province of Alessandria into which it had been absorbed upon the creation of that province in 1859.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 69840, 1448810 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 107 ], [ 143, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The Province of Asti is among the institutions awarded the Gold Medal for Military Valor (Medaglia d'Oro al Valor Militare) for its contribution to the partisan struggle during the last two years of the Second World War.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 32927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 203, 219 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There are 118 municipalities (comuni, singular: comune) in the province. the largest by population are:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 457055, 457055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 36 ], [ 48, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Piemonte (wine)", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 14167757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "MonferratoArte A historical and bibliographical directory of artists active in the extra-urban Churches of the Diocese of Casale Monferrato, which includes twenty parishes within the Province of Asti. ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [ 13549472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 139 ] ] } ]

[ "Province_of_Asti", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Asti", "provincia di Asti", "Asti province" ]

[ { "plaintext": "National freeway 5 is a freeway in Taiwan, which begins in Taipei City at Nangang Junction on National freeway 3 and ends in Su-ao, Yilan on Masai Road. Although it was called the Beiyi Freeway (Chinese abbreviation for Taipei to Yilan) prior to its final completion in June 2006, the official name is the Chiang Wei-shui Memorial Freeway, after the early twentieth century Taiwanese political activist and Yilan native Chiang Wei-shui.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2411002, 25734, 57648, 1449011, 945747, 3026775 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 31 ], [ 35, 41 ], [ 59, 70 ], [ 94, 112 ], [ 125, 137 ], [ 420, 435 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Taipei City", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major cities along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 57648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "New Taipei City (although this route passes through the mountainous area)", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major cities along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 333440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Yilan City", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Major cities along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 942101 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "National freeway 3 at Nangang JCT. in Taipei City", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Intersections with other freeways and expressways", "target_page_ids": [ 1449011, 57648 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ], [ 38, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lanes in each direction are listed below.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2 lanes:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nangang Junction– Su-ao Interchange", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The speed limit in the Hsuehshan Tunnel section is 90km/h.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Traffic rules", "target_page_ids": [ 4793923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The separation distance is 50 m.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Traffic rules", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Only a toll station named and located in Toucheng, Yilan County is now active. Other toll stations on interchanges are not working until fare changed to based on mileages.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Toll Stations", "target_page_ids": [ 1498642, 720685 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 49 ], [ 51, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "As of July 2008, Toucheng Toll Station has started ETC service.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Toll Stations", "target_page_ids": [ 370644 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The section between Toucheng Township and Su'ao Township of Yilan County was completed in January 2006.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notes", "target_page_ids": [ 1498642, 945747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 37 ], [ 42, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Xueshan Tunnel between Pinglin, Taipei and Toucheng, Yilan is 12.9km long. It is the fifth longest road tunnel in the world.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notes", "target_page_ids": [ 4793923, 960289, 1498642, 160832 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ], [ 23, 38 ], [ 43, 58 ], [ 104, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Extension to Hualien City is planned, but the construction is suspended due to environmental concerns.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notes", "target_page_ids": [ 22946701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Pinglin IC located in Taipei water preservation area, is temporarily opened before the Syueshan Tunnel completed. It will not open to public due to environmental protection issues. The water on the freeway is collected by the water processing plant to prevent polluting the preservation area.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Notes", "target_page_ids": [ 4793923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Su-Hua Freeway (蘇花高速公路) is a future freeway project executed by Taiwan Area National Expressway Engineering Bureau. It will be constructed between Su-ao, Yilan and Ji-an, Hualien. It may cost over 100 billion New Taiwan dollars to build. Due to environmental protection issues, this project is temporarily suspended. The next item will be Hua-dong Freeway and South Link Freeway.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Su-Hua Freeway", "target_page_ids": [ 41889790, 945747, 17967509, 309749 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 114 ], [ 147, 159 ], [ 164, 178 ], [ 209, 226 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2008, a realignment of the Su-Hua Highway was suggested, which was named \"Suhuati.\" It would be between Nan-ao, Yilan and Heping, Hualien, and would cost approximately billion to build.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Su-Hua Freeway", "target_page_ids": [ 26213044, 1498722 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 44 ], [ 107, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2010, the project was renamed to Suhuagai. The project was intended to improve dangerous sections between Suao and Chongde; the MOTC said it will start construction in 2011.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "Su-Hua Freeway", "target_page_ids": [ 18886199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 44 ] ] } ]

[ "Highways_in_Taiwan" ]

[ "Chiang Wei-shui Memorial Freeway", "Beiyi Freeway", "Taipei–Yilan Freeway" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Province of Biella (, Piedmontese: Provincia ëd Biela) is a province of Italy located in Piedmont. It was created in 1992 and its capital is the city of Biella.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 493075, 316057, 25061, 1065432 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 37 ], [ 64, 81 ], [ 93, 101 ], [ 157, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has an area of , and a total population of 178 551 (1-1-2017). There are 82 comuni (singular: comune) in the province .", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 457055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The main comuni by population are:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Biella is home to the Sacred Mountain of Oropa, which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Culture", "target_page_ids": [ 10420833, 21786641, 44940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 46 ], [ 63, 69 ], [ 70, 89 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Official website", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Official web site for European Sacred Mounts", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Biella", "Provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Biella", "provincia di Biella" ]

[ { "plaintext": " is the main antagonist of the Mega Man X video game series. Created by Dr. Cain, Sigma was considered the finest of the Reploids and was the first leader of the Maverick Hunters, peacekeeping androids who defend humans against their renegade counterparts. Although he was once respectable, Sigma unexpectedly goes berserk during Mega Man X and rebels against humankind after coming into contact with the Maverick Virus. He defects to the Mavericks and assumes the role of their leader. Due to the virus integrated into his circuits, he can survive seemingly anything, and constantly returns to menace the world.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 654157, 5871016, 5363, 5871016, 30874322, 713, 2106669, 30874322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 23 ], [ 31, 41 ], [ 42, 52 ], [ 121, 128 ], [ 162, 178 ], [ 193, 201 ], [ 330, 340 ], [ 439, 448 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sigma has appeared in almost every Mega Man X video game since his first appearance in the 1993 title Mega Man X. He has received praise from critics and fans for his design and charisma as a villain, though his introduction was noted as marking a darker and more pessimistic theme for Mega Man X compared to other Mega Man sub-series.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2106669 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 112 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sigma appears as a tall, bald humanoid in most of his forms. As the former leader of the Maverick Hunters, Sigma is a capable military leader, rendering him a devious and strategic opponent to his primary enemies, X and Zero. Sigma is a skilled and charismatic manipulator, managing to turn various Reploids, Maverick Hunters, and Mavericks to his side. Although he has been destroyed countless times, Sigma's programming always survives, either building himself a new form, or is revived by Reploid and Maverick admirers alike; it is implied that he grows more insane with each revival. He is fond of incorporating himself into battlesuits which are vastly larger than his \"regular\" form. He serves as the final boss in all games except Command Mission and Mega Man X8 (he does not appear in the former and in the latter, Sigma is the penultimate boss).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Characteristics", "target_page_ids": [ 1882303, 1687618, 249431, 2175382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 214, 215 ], [ 220, 224 ], [ 707, 717 ], [ 759, 770 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Prior to the first Mega Man X game, Sigma was the most advanced Reploid of his time, leading the Maverick Hunters. However, one day, the Maverick Hunters received reports of an overwhelmingly powerful \"Red Maverick\" that destroyed an entire squadron of Hunters. While investigating, Sigma, along with his unit, tracked it down to an abandoned laboratory and faced the Maverick alone. The Maverick is revealed to be Zero, an evil robot created by Dr. Wily that carried a computer virus called \"Maverick Virus\". After Sigma defeats Zero, the virus inadvertently transfers into Sigma. While the virus is purged from Zero, turning him benevolent, the virus adapts to Sigma, becoming the Sigma Virus.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 1006994, 18994196 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 446, 454 ], [ 470, 484 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "After gradually succumbing to the virus, he suddenly leads a mass revolt among the Reploids, declaring total war on humans. Many Maverick Hunters follow Sigma out of loyalty, leaving Zero in charge of the organization. X, the last creation of Dr. Light and the base model for every Reploid decides to volunteer and joins Zero. X and Zero battle through the Maverick regime, and it is X who finally destroys Sigma. But though his physical body is scrapped, Sigma's \"soul\" (the Virus) survives. After the end credits roll, Sigma's face appears on a blue monitor and warns X that he will be back.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 30874322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 243, 252 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sigma returns in each installment of the series in various forms but is defeated by X each time. His final appearance is in Mega Man X8 - although he is finally destroyed for good, the Sigma Virus remains, prompting doing the events of the Mega Man Zero series.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 2175382, 692508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 135 ], [ 240, 253 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Sigma appears in the crossover game Marvel vs. Capcom Infinite. In the story mode, he merges with Ultron to become \"Ultron Sigma\" to convert the inhabitants of both of their worlds into their slaves. Sigma as a playable character is available for purchase as standalone downloadable content or as part of the game's character pass.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 597264, 709267, 15573477 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 30 ], [ 98, 104 ], [ 270, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Though not a starring character, Sigma was referred to in an episode of the 1994 Mega Man cartoon, where X, Vile, and Spark Mandrill go back in time. His profile, shown by X, mistakenly spells his name as Cigma. The only lines Sigma has is when Vile contacts him near the end of the episode.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 9126945 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He also appears in a short unlockable OVA in Mega Man Maverick Hunter X entitled \"The Day of Σ\". It shows the Maverick Hunters prior to the events of the first Mega Man X game under Sigma's command, before he ultimately revolts.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mega Man X was originally meant to have a team of three villains, one tall, one short, and one chubby. However, the designs by Keiji Inafune were merged to create a single villain, Sigma. These designs were later reused as the basis for Mega Man X2's X-Hunters. Ever since his creation, Inafune aimed parts to his appearance to hint a connection with Mega Man villain Dr. Wily. He was created with the idea of being an \"absolute evil\" type character to fit the dark narrative of the games as Sigma is a villain despite being manufactured to be pure good. ", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [ 1414796, 2152372 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 140 ], [ 237, 248 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Kaiser Sigma was designed with an idea of being more \"messy\" than the original design of the character. With the creation of Mega Man X4, Inafune originally avoided to feature Sigma since the story of such game involved a lack of black and white view of the scenario. Since Sigma received major damage in X5, he was redesigned in X6 to lack his early menace and instead \"messy\". In Mega Man X8 a new villain named Lumine appears; to contrast his angel-like appearance, Sigma was instead made to look like a demon.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Development", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A figure of Sigma was released by Tamashii Nations in 2013.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Merchandise", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Sigma was praised for his backstory, resulting in the story of Mega Man X having unclear morality. Peter Tieryas of Kotaku stated that he felt guilty after defeating Sigma, due to the Mavericks' origins as normal Reploids whose design was patterned after the series protagonist, and that they just wanted independence. Heather Alexandra of the same publication noted the character's heavy similarities with Overwatch's Sigma, to the point that they could be the same character. She called the Mega Man Sigma \"a bit of a pest, to say the least,\" due to his ability to \"leap into new robot bodies and other computer systems\". ", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 2110257, 44331238, 50689681 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 122 ], [ 407, 416 ], [ 419, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Patrick Lee of The A.V. Club, however, stated that Sigma is \"exactly the sort of boogeyman anti-progress allegories are built around\". Saying that he is the \"first piece of technology the Mega Man series suggests was a mistake to create\", he says that Sigma runs contrary to the previous, optimistic themes of the series, which suggest that technology is ultimately beneficial to mankind, and that robots are \"morally neutral tools\". He described this \"more cynical worldview\" as \"anti-technology scaremongering.\" With regards to Sigma's appearance in Marvel vs Capcom: Infinite, Mike Fahey from Kotaku thought the merging of Ultron and Sigma into an amalgamated being is \"a great idea, and makes for a very cool visual\", although he felt the game's idea of characters from Capcom's Mega Man, Resident Evil and Street Fighter franchises sharing the same world and knowing each other to be silly.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "Reception", "target_page_ids": [ 4444257, 365785, 170424, 52820, 17438226 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 28 ], [ 81, 90 ], [ 783, 791 ], [ 793, 806 ], [ 811, 825 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "ロックマンXシリーズ", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Capcom_antagonists", "Robot_supervillains", "Artificial_intelligence_characters_in_video_games", "Fictional_mass_murderers", "Fictional_computer_viruses", "Shapeshifter_characters_in_video_games", "Fictional_technopaths", "Fictional_terrorists", "Fictional_viruses", "Fictional_murderers", "Video_game_bosses", "Mega_Man_characters", "Fictional_androids", "Video_game_characters_introduced_in_1993" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "This is a list of Ig Nobel Prize winners from 1991 to the present day.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A parody of the Nobel Prizes, the Ig Nobel Prizes are awarded each year in mid-September, around the time the recipients of the genuine Nobel Prizes are announced, for ten achievements that \"first make people laugh, and then make them think\". Commenting on the 2006 awards, Marc Abrahams, editor of Annals of Improbable Research and co-sponsor of the awards, said that \"[t]he prizes are intended to celebrate the unusual, honor the imaginative, and spur people's interest in science, medicine, and technology\". All prizes are awarded for real achievements, except for three in 1991 and one in 1994, due to an erroneous press release.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18960192, 21201, 15207, 2195775, 241965 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 2, 8 ], [ 16, 27 ], [ 34, 48 ], [ 274, 287 ], [ 299, 328 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Robert Klark Graham, selector of seeds and prophet of propagation, for his pioneering development of the Repository for Germinal Choice, a sperm bank that accepts donations only from Nobellians and Olympians.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 859733, 2158693, 1686162, 1175987, 22360 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 30 ], [ 116, 146 ], [ 150, 160 ], [ 194, 204 ], [ 209, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Jacques Benveniste, prolific proselytizer and dedicated correspondent of Nature, for his persistent \"discovery\" that water, , is an intelligent liquid, and for demonstrating to his satisfaction that water is able to remember events long after all traces of those events have vanished (see water memory, his proposed explanation for homeopathy).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 65090291, 234523, 43427, 974761, 14229 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 31 ], [ 42, 54 ], [ 86, 92 ], [ 302, 314 ], [ 345, 355 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Michael Milken, titan of Wall Street and father of the junk bond, to whom the world is indebted.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 20813, 49770 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 27 ], [ 68, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Education – Dan Quayle, \"consumer of time and occupier of space\" (as well as the then-U.S. Vice President), for demonstrating, better than anyone else, the need for science education.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 15923, 32759 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 23 ], [ 87, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Erich von Däniken, visionary raconteur and author of Chariots of the Gods?, for explaining how human civilization was influenced by ancient astronauts from outer space.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 191325, 313864, 301719 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 31 ], [ 67, 88 ], [ 146, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Alan Kligerman, deviser of digestive deliverance, vanquisher of vapor, and inventor of Beano, for his pioneering work with anti-gas liquids that prevent bloat, gassiness, discomfort, and embarrassment.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 1972227 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 99, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Edward Teller, father of the hydrogen bomb and first champion of the Star Wars weapons system, for his lifelong efforts to change the meaning of peace as it is known.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 37782, 2269463, 29186 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 22 ], [ 38, 51 ], [ 78, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The first nomination also featured three fictional recipients for fictional achievements.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Interdisciplinary Research: Josiah S. Carberry, for his work in psychoceramics, the study of \"cracked pots\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 106444, 384236 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 47 ], [ 95, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Pedestrian Technology: Paul DeFanti, \"wizard of structures and crusader for public safety, for his invention of the Buckybonnet, a geodesic fashion structure that pedestrians wear to protect their heads and preserve their composure\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 707810, 55222, 91096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 36 ], [ 117, 128 ], [ 132, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Thomas Kyle, for his discovery of \"the heaviest element in the universe, Administratium\".", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "1991", "target_page_ids": [ 355882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 97 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Archaeology – Éclaireurs de France (a French Scouting organization), removers of graffiti, for damaging the prehistoric paintings of two Bisons in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 6572092, 11985, 4583, 1498392, 1521797 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 35 ], [ 82, 90 ], [ 138, 143 ], [ 152, 179 ], [ 207, 216 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Art – Presented jointly to Jim Knowlton, modern Renaissance man, for his classic anatomy poster \"Penises of the Animal Kingdom,\" and to the U.S. National Endowment for the Arts, for encouraging Mr. Knowlton to extend his work in the form of a pop-up book.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 25121, 282752 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 64 ], [ 146, 177 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Dr. Cecil Jacobson, relentlessly generous sperm donor, and prolific patriarch of sperm banking, for devising a simple, single-handed method of quality control.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 1021619 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Ivette Bassa, constructor of colourful colloids, for her role in the crowning achievement of 20th century chemistry, the synthesis of bright blue Jell-O.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 5346, 16585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 59 ], [ 159, 165 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – The investors of Lloyd's of London, heirs to 300 years of dull prudent management, for their bold attempt to ensure disaster by refusing to pay for their company's losses.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 152061 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Yuri Struchkov, unstoppable author from the Institute of Organoelement Compounds in Moscow, for the 948 scientific papers he published between the years 1981 and 1990, averaging more than one every 3.9 days.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 71428969, 29949856 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 28 ], [ 58, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – F. Kanda, E. Yagi, M. Fukuda, K. Nakajima, T. Ohta, and O. Nakata of the Shiseido Research Center in Yokohama, for their pioneering research study \"Elucidation of Chemical Compounds Responsible for Foot Malodour,\" especially for their conclusion that people who think they have foot odor do, and those who don't, don't.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 2648677, 80313, 47862742 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 93 ], [ 113, 121 ], [ 290, 299 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nutrition – The utilizers of SPAM, courageous consumers of canned comestibles, for 54 years of undiscriminating digestion.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 28367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 34 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Daryl Gates, former police chief of the City of Los Angeles, for his uniquely compelling methods of bringing people together.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 946729, 1553191 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 20 ], [ 109, 133 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – David Chorley and Doug Bower, lions of low-energy physics, for their circular contributions to field theory based on the geometrical destruction of English crops.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "1992", "target_page_ids": [ 56206 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented jointly to Paul Williams Jr. of the Oregon State Health Division and Kenneth W. Newel of the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, bold biological detectives, for their pioneering study, \"Salmonella Excretion in Joy-Riding Pigs\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 1048406 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 114, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented jointly to James Campbell and Gaines Campbell of Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, dedicated deliverers of fragrance, for inventing scent strips, the odious method by which perfume is applied to magazine pages.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 135210 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Consumer Engineering – Presented to Ron Popeil, incessant inventor and perpetual pitchman of late night television, for redefining the industrial revolution with such devices as the Veg-O-Matic, the Pocket Fisherman, Mr. Microphone, and the Inside-the-Shell Egg Scrambler.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 26179, 303043, 5315293 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 47 ], [ 94, 115 ], [ 183, 194 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to Ravi Batra of Southern Methodist University, shrewd economist and best-selling author of The Great Depression of 1990 () and Surviving the Great Depression of 1990, () for selling enough copies of his books to single-handedly prevent worldwide economic collapse.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 3261595, 479109, 38289 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 36 ], [ 40, 69 ], [ 260, 287 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to T. Morrison, E. Topol, R. Califf, F. Van de Werf, P. W. Armstrong, and their 972 co-authors, for publishing a medical research paper which has one hundred times as many authors as pages. The authors are from the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 3343, 9282173, 17515, 21148, 4913064, 22936, 26748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 271, 278 ], [ 314, 320 ], [ 322, 332 ], [ 338, 349 ], [ 351, 362 ], [ 364, 370 ], [ 379, 390 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mathematics – Presented to Robert W. Faid of Greenville, South Carolina, farsighted and faithful seer of statistics, for calculating the exact odds (710,609,175,188,282,000 to 1) that Mikhail Gorbachev is the Antichrist.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 5451061, 134497, 20979, 19156399 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 42 ], [ 46, 72 ], [ 185, 202 ], [ 210, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to James F. Nolan, Thomas J. Stillwell, and John P. Sands, Jr., medical men of mercy, for their painstaking research report, \"Acute Management of the Zipper-Entrapped Penis\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – The Pepsi-Cola Company of the Philippines, for sponsoring a contest to create a millionaire, and then announcing the wrong winning number, thereby inciting and uniting 800,000 riotously expectant winners, and bringing many warring factions together for the first time in their nation's history.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 50333038, 64251337 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 50 ], [ 69, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to Corentin Louis Kervran of France, ardent admirer of alchemy, for his conclusion that the calcium in chickens' eggshells is created by a process of cold fusion.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 309460, 573, 7463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 46 ], [ 76, 83 ], [ 171, 182 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology – Presented jointly to John E. Mack of Harvard Medical School and David M. Jacobs of Temple University, for their conclusion that people who believe they were kidnapped by aliens from outer space, probably were—and especially for their conclusion, \"the focus of the abduction is the production of children\".", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 294411, 329529, 19102160, 239930, 558847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 47 ], [ 51, 73 ], [ 78, 93 ], [ 97, 114 ], [ 171, 207 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Visionary Technology – Presented jointly to Jay Schiffman of Farmington Hills, Michigan, crack inventor of AutoVision, an image projection device that makes it possible to drive a car and watch television at the same time, and to the Michigan State Legislature, for making it legal to do so.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "1993", "target_page_ids": [ 118331, 13673345, 426202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 88 ], [ 181, 184 ], [ 235, 261 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to W. Brian Sweeney, Brian Krafte-Jacobs, Jeffrey W. Britton, and Wayne Hansen, for their breakthrough study, \"The Constipated Serviceman: Prevalence Among Deployed US Troops,\" and especially for their numerical analysis of bowel movement frequency.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 75982 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 245, 259 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to Texas State Senator Bob Glasgow, wise writer of logical legislation, for sponsoring the 1989 drug control law which makes it illegal to purchase beakers, flasks, test tubes, or other laboratory glassware without a permit.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 523631, 23167874, 5086112, 1627998, 106269, 43958 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 45 ], [ 46, 57 ], [ 171, 178 ], [ 180, 186 ], [ 188, 197 ], [ 209, 229 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to Juan Pablo Dávila of Chile, tireless trader of financial futures and former employee of the state-owned company Codelco, for instructing his computer to \"buy\" when he meant \"sell\". He subsequently attempted to recoup his losses by making increasingly unprofitable trades that ultimately lost 0.5 percent of Chile's gross national product. Davila's relentless achievement inspired his countrymen to coin a new verb, \"davilar\", meaning \"to botch things up royally\".", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 5489, 985804, 22022450, 1242956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 47, 52 ], [ 138, 145 ], [ 302, 317 ], [ 341, 363 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Entomology – Presented to Robert A. Lopez of Westport, NY, valiant veterinarian and so called friend of all creatures great and small, for his series of experiments in obtaining ear mites from cats, inserting them into his own ear, and carefully observing and analyzing the results.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 126448, 229116 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 58 ], [ 68, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to L. Ron Hubbard, ardent author of science fiction and founding father of Scientology, for his crackling Good Book, Dianetics, which is highly profitable to mankind, or to a portion thereof.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 17862, 13118744 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 41 ], [ 99, 110 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mathematics – Presented to The Southern Baptist Church of Alabama, mathematical measurers of morality, for their county-by-county estimate of how many Alabama citizens will go to Hell if they don't repent.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 117407, 303, 43254, 5098574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 48 ], [ 59, 66 ], [ 94, 102 ], [ 180, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Two prizes. First, to Patient X, formerly of the US Marine Corps, valiant victim of a venomous bite from his pet rattlesnake, for his determined use of electroshock therapy. At his own insistence, automobile spark plug wires were attached to his lip, and the car engine revved to 3,000 rpm for five minutes. Second, to Dr. Richard C. Dart of the Rocky Mountain Poison Center and Dr. Richard A. Gustafson of The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, for their well-grounded medical report, \"Failure of Electric Shock Treatment for Rattlesnake Envenomation.\"", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 17349325, 458086, 64656869, 144209, 32015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 76 ], [ 125, 136 ], [ 164, 184 ], [ 220, 230 ], [ 423, 444 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to John Hagelin of Maharishi University and The Institute of Science, Technology and Public Policy, for his experimental conclusion that 4,000 trained meditators caused an 24 percent decrease in violent crime in Washington, D.C.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 16077, 271937, 28677895 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 34 ], [ 38, 58 ], [ 162, 180 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology – Presented to Lee Kuan Yew, former Prime Minister of Singapore, for his thirty-year study of the effects of punishing three million citizens of Singapore whenever they spat, chewed gum, or fed pigeons.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 65064, 350647, 1844102 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 39 ], [ 48, 75 ], [ 187, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to The Japanese Meteorological Agency, for its seven-year study of whether earthquakes are caused by catfish wiggling their tails. This winner is not officially listed, as it was based on what turned out to be erroneous press accounts.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "1994", "target_page_ids": [ 457886, 663703 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 58 ], [ 122, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 6 October 1995.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to Bijan Pakzad of Beverly Hills, for creating DNA Cologne and DNA Perfume, neither of which contain deoxyribonucleic acid, and both of which come in a triple helix bottle.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 7016377, 75346, 7955 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ], [ 42, 55 ], [ 124, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Dentistry – Presented to Robert H. Beaumont, of Shoreview, Minnesota, for his incisive study \"Patient Preference for Waxed or Unwaxed Dental Floss\".", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 121461 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 69 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented jointly to Nick Leeson and his superiors at Barings Bank and to Robert Citron of Orange County, California for using the calculus of derivatives to demonstrate that every financial institution has its limits.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 191274, 155586, 2112828, 45330, 5176, 9135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 45 ], [ 67, 79 ], [ 87, 100 ], [ 104, 129 ], [ 144, 152 ], [ 156, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to David B. Busch and James R. Starling, of Madison, Wisconsin, for their research report, \"Rectal Foreign Bodies: Case Reports and a Comprehensive Review of the World's Literature.\" The citations include reports of, among other items: seven light bulbs; a knife sharpener; two flashlights; a wire spring; a snuff box; an oil can with potato stopper; eleven different forms of fruits, vegetables and other foodstuffs; a jeweler's saw; a frozen pig's tail; a tin cup; a beer glass; and one patient's remarkable ensemble collection consisting of spectacles, a suitcase key, a tobacco pouch and a magazine.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 57863, 841321, 9656, 243718, 316617, 5895924, 28078407, 10243065, 4248529, 74844, 303326 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 86 ], [ 116, 137 ], [ 266, 276 ], [ 302, 312 ], [ 317, 328 ], [ 332, 341 ], [ 346, 353 ], [ 444, 457 ], [ 493, 503 ], [ 568, 578 ], [ 582, 590 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Marcia E. Buebel, David S. Shannahoff-Khalsa, and Michael R. Boyle, for their study entitled \"The Effects of Unilateral Forced Nostril Breathing on Cognition.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Nutrition – Presented to John Martinez of J. Martinez & Company in Atlanta, for luak coffee, the world's most expensive coffee, which is made from coffee beans ingested and excreted by the luak, a bobcat-like animal native to Indonesia.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 3138, 756653, 437746, 14579 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 75 ], [ 81, 92 ], [ 190, 194 ], [ 227, 236 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to the Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China (Taiwan), for demonstrating that \"politicians gain more by punching, kicking and gouging each other than by waging war against other nations\", in the context of legislative violence.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 140556, 25734, 25734, 5879951, 5879951 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 42 ], [ 50, 67 ], [ 69, 75 ], [ 127, 167 ], [ 229, 249 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to Dominique M.R. Georget, R. Parker, and Andrew C. Smith of Norwich, England, for their rigorous analysis of soggy breakfast cereal. It was published in the report entitled \"A Study of the Effects of Water Content on the Compaction Behaviour of Breakfast Cereal Flakes.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 103443, 82776 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 82, 89 ], [ 137, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology – Presented to Shigeru Watanabe, Junko Sakamoto, and Masumi Wakita, of Keio University, for their success in training pigeons to discriminate between the paintings of Picasso and those of Monet.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 376432, 63355, 24176, 6548 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 98 ], [ 130, 137 ], [ 179, 186 ], [ 200, 205 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public Health – Presented to Martha Kold Bakkevig of Sintef Unimed in Trondheim, Norway, and Ruth Nielsen of the Technical University of Denmark, for their exhaustive study, \"Impact of Wet Underwear on Thermoregulatory Responses and Thermal Comfort in the Cold.\"", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "1995", "target_page_ids": [ 37472, 21241, 144200 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 80 ], [ 82, 88 ], [ 114, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 3 October 1996.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Art – Presented to Don Featherstone of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, for his ornamentally evolutionary invention, the plastic pink flamingo. Featherstone was the first Ig Nobel Prize winner to appear in person at the awards ceremony to accept the award.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 6270484, 116934, 2439983 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 36 ], [ 40, 64 ], [ 115, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biodiversity – Presented to Chonosuke Okamura of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory in Nagoya, Japan, for discovering the fossils of dinosaurs, horses, dragons, and more than one thousand other extinct \"mini-species\", each of which is less than 0.25mm in length.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 32157915, 61720, 8311, 8531 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 46 ], [ 83, 96 ], [ 129, 137 ], [ 148, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented jointly to Anders Bærheim and Hogne Sandvik of the University of Bergen, Norway, for their report, \"Effect of Ale, Garlic, and Soured Cream on the Appetite of Leeches.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 31799 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to George Goble of Purdue University, for his blistering world record time for igniting a barbecue grill: three seconds, using charcoal and liquid oxygen.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 4340206, 23757, 21193982, 314402 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ], [ 42, 59 ], [ 150, 158 ], [ 163, 176 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to Dr. Robert J. Genco of the University at Buffalo for his discovery that \"financial strain is a risk indicator for destructive periodontal disease.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 465598 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 74 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to the editors of the journal Social Text for publishing a paper composed under deceptive pretenses that couched an absurd but theoretically specialized argument about the nature of gravity in a mire of academic buzzwords associated with humanities departments. (See Sokal Affair for details).", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 903388, 28547 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 65 ], [ 291, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to James Johnston of R.J. Reynolds, Joseph Taddeo of U.S. Tobacco, Andrew Tisch of Lorillard, William Campbell of Philip Morris, Edward A. Horrigan of Liggett Group, Donald S. Johnston of American Tobacco Company, and Thomas E. Sandefur, Jr., chairman of Brown and Williamson Tobacco Company, for their unshakable discovery, as testified to the U.S. Congress, that nicotine is not addictive.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 142883, 2957883, 25118483, 3006780, 52638, 1617252, 364614, 453904, 31756, 38272 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 56 ], [ 75, 87 ], [ 89, 101 ], [ 105, 114 ], [ 136, 149 ], [ 173, 186 ], [ 210, 234 ], [ 277, 313 ], [ 367, 380 ], [ 387, 395 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to Jacques Chirac, President of France, for commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Hiroshima with atomic bomb tests in the Pacific.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 39764, 24899, 11778948, 41420264 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 36 ], [ 38, 57 ], [ 105, 114 ], [ 120, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to Robert Matthews of Aston University, England, for his studies of Murphy's Law, and especially for demonstrating that toast often falls on the buttered side.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 11237733, 210156, 47635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 39 ], [ 43, 59 ], [ 89, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public Health – Presented to Ellen Kleist of Nuuk, Greenland and Harald Moi of Oslo, Norway, for their cautionary medical report \"Transmission of Gonorrhea Through an Inflatable Doll.\"", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "1996", "target_page_ids": [ 53303, 22309, 21241 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 61 ], [ 80, 84 ], [ 86, 92 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 9 October 1997.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Astronomy – Presented to Richard C. Hoagland of New Jersey, for identifying artificial features on the moon and on Mars, including a human face on Mars and ten-mile high buildings on the far side of the moon.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 508141, 21648, 19331, 14640471, 4691591 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 45 ], [ 49, 59 ], [ 100, 108 ], [ 116, 120 ], [ 140, 152 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to T. Yagyu and his colleagues from the University Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland, the Kansai Medical University in Osaka, Japan, and the Neuroscience Technology Research in Prague, Czech Republic, for measuring people's brainwave patterns while they chewed different flavors of gum.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 40334603, 52230, 23844, 222266 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 90 ], [ 138, 143 ], [ 196, 202 ], [ 301, 304 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Communications – Presented to Sanford Wallace, president of Cyber Promotions of Philadelphia. Nothing has stopped this self-appointed courier from delivering electronic junk mail to all the world.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 694756, 50585, 459847 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 46 ], [ 81, 93 ], [ 159, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to Akihiro Yokoi of Wiz Company in Chiba, Japan, and Aki Maita of Bandai Company in Tokyo, for diverting millions of man-hours of work into the husbandry of virtual pets.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 179796, 292755, 242602 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 58, 63 ], [ 89, 95 ], [ 180, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Entomology – Presented to Mark Hostetler of the University of Florida, for his book, That Gunk on Your Car, () which identifies the insect splats that appear on automobile windows.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 60611, 13673345 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 70 ], [ 162, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to Doron Witztum, Eliyahu Rips, and Yoav Rosenberg of Israel, and to Michael Drosnin of the United States, for their claimed statistical discovery of a hidden code in the Bible.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 673693, 9282173, 298274 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 54 ], [ 78, 84 ], [ 183, 200 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Carl J. Charnetski and Francis X. Brennan, Jr. of Wilkes University, and James F. Harrison of Muzak Ltd. in Seattle, Washington, for their discovery that listening to Muzak stimulates immunity system production and thus may help prevent the common cold.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 590391, 239195, 11388236, 55348, 92693 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 75, 92 ], [ 119, 124 ], [ 133, 152 ], [ 192, 197 ], [ 266, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Meteorology – Presented to Bernard Vonnegut of the State University of New York at Albany, for his report, \"Chicken Plucking as Measure of Tornado Wind Speed.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 1203933, 472878 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 44 ], [ 52, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to Harold Hillman of the University of Surrey, England, for his report \"The Possible Pain Experienced During Execution by Different Methods.\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 9344623, 167774 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 36 ], [ 44, 64 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to John Bockris of Texas A&M University, for his achievements in cold fusion, in the transmutation of base elements into gold, and in the electrochemical incineration of domestic rubbish.", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "1997", "target_page_ids": [ 2272592, 29927, 7463, 573 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 36 ], [ 40, 60 ], [ 86, 97 ], [ 106, 146 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 8 October 1998.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to Jacques Benveniste of France, for his homeopathic \"discovery\" that not only does water have memory, but that the information can be transmitted over telephone lines and the Internet.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 65090291, 14229, 31217535, 946963 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 44 ], [ 64, 75 ], [ 118, 124 ], [ 175, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to Peter Fong of Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, for contributing to the happiness of clams by giving them Prozac.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 496690, 53270, 55528, 10153680 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 56 ], [ 58, 82 ], [ 121, 126 ], [ 142, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to Richard Seed of Chicago for his efforts to stoke up the world economy by cloning himself and other human beings.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 14020881, 6910, 682482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ], [ 99, 106 ], [ 125, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to Dr. Mara Sidoli of Washington, D.C., for her illuminating report, \"Farting as a Defence Against Unspeakable Dread\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 108956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 46, 62 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Patient Y and to his doctors, Caroline Mills, Meirion Llewelyn, David Kelly, and Peter Holt, of Royal Gwent Hospital, in Newport for the cautionary medical report, \"A Man Who Pricked His Finger and Smelled Putrid for 5 Years.\"", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 5622620, 338052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 141 ], [ 146, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to Prime Minister of India, Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Prime Minister of Pakistan, Nawaz Sharif, for their aggressively peaceful detonations of atomic bombs.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 24452, 101730, 461896, 374012, 21785 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 45 ], [ 47, 67 ], [ 72, 98 ], [ 100, 112 ], [ 161, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to Deepak Chopra of The Chopra Center for Well Being, La Jolla, California, for his unique interpretation of quantum physics as it applies to life, liberty, and the pursuit of economic happiness.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 299145, 165081, 25202 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 37 ], [ 75, 83 ], [ 130, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Safety Engineering – Presented to Troy Hurtubise, of North Bay, Ontario, for developing and personally testing a suit of armor that is impervious to grizzly bears.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 858943, 73903, 35783123 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 49 ], [ 54, 72 ], [ 150, 163 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Science Education – Presented to Dolores Krieger, Professor Emerita, New York University, for demonstrating the merits of therapeutic touch, a method by which nurses manipulate the energy fields of ailing patients by carefully avoiding physical contact with those patients.", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 7954455, 528543 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 70, 89 ], [ 123, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Statistics – Presented to Jerald Bain of Mt. Sinai Hospital in Toronto and Kerry Siminoski of the University of Alberta, for their carefully measured report, \"The Relationship Among Height, Penile Length, and Foot Size\".", "section_idx": 8, "section_name": "1998", "target_page_ids": [ 64646, 242057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 64, 71 ], [ 99, 120 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 30 September 1999.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to Dr. Paul Bosland, director of The Chile Pepper Institute, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, for breeding a spiceless jalapeño chili pepper.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 40418360, 510353, 125874, 475861, 74225 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 80 ], [ 82, 109 ], [ 111, 133 ], [ 160, 168 ], [ 169, 181 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to Takeshi Makino, president of The Safety Detective Agency in Osaka, Japan, for his involvement with S-Check, an infidelity detection spray that wives can apply to their husbands' underwear.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 19167764 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 204, 213 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Environmental Protection – Presented to Hyuk-ho Kwon of Kolon Company of Seoul, South Korea, for inventing the self-perfuming business suit.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 19159283, 27019, 339784 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 74, 79 ], [ 81, 92 ], [ 127, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to the British Standards Institution for its six-page specification (BS 6008) of the proper way to make a cup of tea.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 9385162, 1841431, 18400194 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 60 ], [ 93, 100 ], [ 130, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Managed Health Care – Presented to George Blonsky and Charlotte Blonsky of New York City and San Jose, California, for inventing an Apparatus for facilitating the birth of a child by centrifugal force () to aid women in giving birth: the woman is strapped onto a circular table, and the table is then rotated at high speed.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 53446, 19265670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 94, 114 ], [ 184, 201 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Arvid Vatle of Stord, Norway, for carefully collecting, classifying, and contemplating which kinds of containers his patients chose when submitting urine samples.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 19764248, 178098, 21241, 3938382 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 36 ], [ 40, 45 ], [ 47, 53 ], [ 173, 178 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to Charl Fourie and Michelle Wong of Johannesburg, South Africa, for inventing the Blaster, a foot-pedal activated flamethrower that motorists can use against carjackers.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 58893, 1687757, 70868, 362652 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 68 ], [ 102, 109 ], [ 134, 146 ], [ 178, 188 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to Dr. Len Fisher of Bristol, England and Sydney, Australia for calculating the optimal way to dunk a biscuit (cookie). Also, to Professor Jean-Marc Vanden-Broeck of the University of East Anglia, England, and Belgium, and Joseph Keller of the U.S. for calculating how to make a teapot spout that does not drip.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 67154498, 27862, 314994, 61678211, 197027, 4454126, 215023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 38 ], [ 63, 80 ], [ 123, 130 ], [ 160, 183 ], [ 191, 216 ], [ 244, 257 ], [ 300, 306 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Science Education – Presented to the Kansas State Board of Education and the Colorado State Board of Education, for mandating that children should not believe in Darwin's theory of evolution any more than they believe in Newton's theory of gravitation, Faraday's and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism, or Pasteur's theory that germs cause disease.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 10526626, 15547729, 1850132, 8411, 38579, 19727, 28989696, 9532, 17740, 35038133 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 69 ], [ 78, 111 ], [ 132, 159 ], [ 163, 191 ], [ 231, 252 ], [ 254, 261 ], [ 268, 275 ], [ 288, 304 ], [ 309, 316 ], [ 331, 336 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sociology – Presented to Steve Penfold, of York University in Toronto, for doing his PhD thesis on the history of Canadian doughnut shops.", "section_idx": 9, "section_name": "1999", "target_page_ids": [ 34310, 74803 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 59 ], [ 124, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 5 October 2000.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to Richard Wassersug of Dalhousie University, for his firsthand report, \"On the Comparative Palatability of Some Dry-Season Tadpoles from Costa Rica\".", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 29720349, 8642, 12126172, 263800, 5551 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 41 ], [ 45, 65 ], [ 113, 125 ], [ 145, 152 ], [ 159, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to Donatella Marazziti, Alessandra Rossi, and Giovanni B. Cassano of the University of Pisa, Italy, and Hagop S. Akiskal of the University of California, San Diego, for their discovery that, biochemically, romantic love may be indistinguishable from having severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 453158, 9299128, 31927, 20082214 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 114 ], [ 127, 143 ], [ 151, 186 ], [ 287, 316 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Computer Science – Presented to Chris Niswander of Tucson, Arizona, for inventing PawSense, software that detects when a cat is walking across your computer keyboard.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 57180, 18842281 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 67 ], [ 149, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to The Reverend Sun Myung Moon, for bringing efficiency and steady growth to the mass marriage industry, with, according to his reports, a 36-couple wedding in 1960, a 430-couple wedding in 1968, an 1800-couple wedding in 1975, a 6000-couple wedding in 1982, a 30,000-couple wedding in 1992, a 360,000-couple wedding in 1995, and a 36,000,000-couple wedding in 1997.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 29074, 29932464, 5610023 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 53 ], [ 104, 117 ], [ 147, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to Jasmuheen (formerly known as Ellen Greve) of Australia, first lady of Breatharianism, for her book Living on Light, () which explains that although some people do eat food, they don't ever really need to.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 16584, 16584, 5040 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 36 ], [ 56, 67 ], [ 97, 111 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Willibrord Weijmar Schultz, Pek van Andel, and Eduard Mooyaart of Groningen, the Netherlands, and Ida Sabelis of Amsterdam, for their illuminating report \"Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Male and Female Genitals During Coitus and Female Sexual Arousal.\"", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 50118, 21148, 844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 91, 100 ], [ 106, 117 ], [ 138, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to The Royal Navy, for ordering its sailors to stop using live cannon shells, and to instead just shout \"Bang!\"", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 26061, 7053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 36 ], [ 82, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to Andre Geim of the University of Nijmegen, the Netherlands, and Michael Berry of Bristol University, England, for using magnets to levitate a frog. Geim later shared the 2010 Nobel Prize in physics for his research on graphene, the first time anyone has been awarded both the Ig Nobel and (real) Nobel Prizes. And by 2022 their magnetic levitation of a frog was reportedly part of the inspiration for China's lunar gravity research facility.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 17054160, 956504, 322001, 60991, 51079, 911833, 8955537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 34 ], [ 42, 64 ], [ 87, 100 ], [ 104, 122 ], [ 143, 150 ], [ 241, 249 ], [ 432, 454 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology – Presented to David Dunning of Cornell University and Justin Kruger of the University of Illinois, for their modest report, \" How Difficulties in Recognizing One's Own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments\".", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 50637485, 7954422, 53951084, 384695, 2288777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 40 ], [ 44, 62 ], [ 67, 80 ], [ 88, 110 ], [ 138, 227 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public Health – Presented to Jonathan Wyatt, Gordon McNaughton, and William Tullett of Glasgow, for their alarming report, \"The Collapse of Toilets in Glasgow\".", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "2000", "target_page_ids": [ 68736, 3035321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 95 ], [ 129, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 4 October 2001.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Astrophysics – Presented to Jack Van Impe and Rexella Van Impe of Jack Van Impe Ministries, Rochester Hills, Michigan, for their discovery that black holes fulfill all the technical requirements for the location of Hell.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 1979912, 118788, 4650, 5098574 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 42 ], [ 93, 118 ], [ 145, 155 ], [ 216, 220 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to Buck Weimer of Pueblo, Colorado for inventing Under-Ease, airtight underwear with a replaceable charcoal filter that removes bad-smelling gases before they escape.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 24158, 21193982, 11240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 55 ], [ 120, 128 ], [ 149, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to Joel Slemrod, of the University of Michigan Business School, and Wojciech Kopczuk, of the University of British Columbia, for their conclusion that people find a way to postpone their deaths if that would qualify them for a lower rate on the inheritance tax.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 23379496, 31740, 70807816, 173411, 5824627 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 38 ], [ 47, 69 ], [ 91, 107 ], [ 116, 146 ], [ 268, 283 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to John Richards of Boston, England, founder of the Apostrophe Protection Society, for his efforts to protect, promote, and defend the differences between the plural and the possessive.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 65194, 21462191, 148424, 914267 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 59 ], [ 76, 105 ], [ 183, 189 ], [ 198, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Peter Barss of McGill University, Canada, for his impactful medical report \"Injuries Due to Falling Coconuts\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 7954643 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to Viliumas Malinauskas of Grūtas, Lithuania, for creating the amusement park known as \"Stalin World\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 17675, 137327, 701682 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 63 ], [ 82, 96 ], [ 107, 119 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to David Schmidt of the University of Massachusetts, for his partial explanation of the shower-curtain effect: a shower curtain tends to billow inwards while a shower is being taken.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 248437, 401062, 477822 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 72 ], [ 109, 130 ], [ 134, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology – Presented to Lawrence W. Sherman of Miami University, Ohio, for his influential research report \"An Ecological Study of Glee in Small Groups of Preschool Children\".", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 295150, 169409, 420020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ], [ 134, 138 ], [ 158, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public Health – Presented to Chittaranjan Andrade and B. S. Srihari of the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India, for their probing medical discovery that nose-picking is a common activity among adolescents.", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 44275267, 14533, 87633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 140 ], [ 142, 147 ], [ 190, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Technology – Presented jointly to John Keogh of Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia, for patenting the wheel in the year 2001, and to the Australian Patent Office (IP Australia) for granting him Innovation Patent #2001100012", "section_idx": 11, "section_name": "2001", "target_page_ids": [ 581984, 11671564 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 67 ], [ 159, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 3 October 2002.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to Norma E. Bubier, Charles G.M. Paxton, Phil Bowers, and D. Charles Deeming of the United Kingdom, for their report \"Courtship Behaviour of Ostriches Towards Humans Under Farming Conditions in Britain\".", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 985834 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 162, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to Theodore Gray of Wolfram Research, in Champaign, Illinois, for gathering many elements of the periodic table, and assembling them into a four-legged version.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 9118221, 594109, 110872, 23053 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 39 ], [ 43, 59 ], [ 64, 83 ], [ 120, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to the executives, corporate directors, and auditors of Enron, Lernout & Hauspie (Belgium), Adelphia, Bank of Commerce and Credit International (Pakistan), Cendant, CMS Energy, Duke Energy, Dynegy, Gazprom (Russia), Global Crossing, HIH Insurance (Australia), Informix, Kmart, Maxwell Communications (UK), McKessonHBOC, Merrill Lynch, Merck, Peregrine Systems, Qwest Communications, Reliant Resources, Rent-Way, Rite Aid, Sunbeam, Tyco, Waste Management, WorldCom, Xerox, and Arthur Andersen, for adapting the mathematical concept of imaginary numbers for use in the business world. (All companies except for Arthur Andersen were forced to restate their financial reports due to false or incorrect accounting. Andersen was the accounting firm most identified with the scandals, having been indicted on criminal charges stemming from its actions as auditor of Enron. All companies are U.S.-based unless otherwise noted.)", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 10166, 744408, 3343, 461528, 75074, 23235, 1047797, 1951976, 1711438, 1189455, 320489, 62414, 858151, 51818, 242080, 21599150, 1041603, 33731299, 30874304, 1199034, 19196565, 331476, 6742748, 1662617, 1939968, 451755, 4155870, 59695, 34164, 38797, 14554 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 84 ], [ 86, 103 ], [ 105, 112 ], [ 115, 123 ], [ 125, 166 ], [ 168, 176 ], [ 179, 186 ], [ 188, 198 ], [ 200, 211 ], [ 213, 219 ], [ 221, 228 ], [ 239, 254 ], [ 256, 269 ], [ 283, 291 ], [ 293, 298 ], [ 300, 322 ], [ 329, 341 ], [ 343, 356 ], [ 358, 363 ], [ 365, 382 ], [ 384, 404 ], [ 406, 423 ], [ 425, 433 ], [ 435, 443 ], [ 445, 452 ], [ 454, 458 ], [ 460, 476 ], [ 478, 486 ], [ 488, 493 ], [ 499, 514 ], [ 557, 573 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Hygiene – Presented to Eduardo Segura, from Tarragona, Catalonia (Spain), for inventing a washing machine for cats and dogs, bearing the commercial name of Lavakan de Aste.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 59704, 172111 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 54 ], [ 91, 106 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Interdisciplinary Research – Presented to Karl Kruszelnicki of The University of Sydney, Australia, for performing a comprehensive survey of human belly button fluff – who gets it, when, what color, and how much.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 701063, 31928, 39703769 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 60 ], [ 68, 88 ], [ 148, 166 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented jointly to Vicki L. Silvers of the University of Nevada, Reno and David S. Kreiner of Central Missouri State University, for their colorful report \"The Effects of Pre-Existing Inappropriate Highlighting on Reading Comprehension\".", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 239274, 798456 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 59, 85 ], [ 110, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mathematics – Presented to K. P. Sreekumar and G. Nirmalan of Kerala Agricultural University, India, for their analytical report \"Estimation of the Total Surface Area in Indian Elephants\".", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 14533, 5323507 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 100 ], [ 171, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Chris McManus of University College London, for his excruciatingly balanced report, \"Scrotal Asymmetry in Man and in Ancient Sculpture\".", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 52029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to Keita Sato, President of Takara Co., Dr. Matsumi Suzuki, President of Japan Acoustic Lab, and Dr. Norio Kogure, Executive Director, Kogure Veterinary Hospital, for promoting peace and harmony between the species by inventing Bow-Lingual, a computer-based automatic dog-to-human language translation device.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 99537 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 247, 258 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, for demonstrating that beer froth obeys the mathematical law of exponential decay.", "section_idx": 12, "section_name": "2002", "target_page_ids": [ 252750, 330320 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 70 ], [ 136, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 2 October 2003.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to Kees Moeliker, of Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for documenting the first scientifically recorded case of homosexual necrophilia in the mallard duck.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 44040718, 13962356 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 37 ], [ 42, 105 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to Yukio Hirose of Kanazawa University, for his chemical investigation of a bronze statue, in the city of Kanazawa, that fails to attract pigeons due to its arsenic content.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 11462647, 6792941, 63355 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 61 ], [ 129, 137 ], [ 161, 168 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to Karl Schwärzler and the nation of Liechtenstein, for making it possible to rent the entire country for corporate conventions, weddings, bar mitzvahs, and other gatherings.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 17810, 52526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 60, 73 ], [ 162, 173 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Engineering – Presented to John Paul Stapp, Edward A. Murphy, Jr., and George Nichols, for jointly giving birth in 1949 to Murphy's Law, the basic engineering principle that \"If there are two or more ways to do something, and one of those ways can result in a catastrophe, someone will do it\" (or, in other words: \"If anything can go wrong, it will\").", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 264048, 3378650, 47635 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 43 ], [ 45, 66 ], [ 124, 136 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Interdisciplinary Research – Presented to Stefano Ghirlanda, Liselotte Jansson, and Magnus Enquis of Stockholm University, for their inevitable report \"Chickens Prefer Beautiful Humans.\"", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 27157 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 102, 122 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to John Trinkaus, of the Zicklin School of Business, New York City, for meticulously collecting data and publishing more than 80 detailed academic reports about things that annoyed him, such as:", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 37396268, 6316700 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 40 ], [ 49, 75 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " What percentage of young people wear baseball caps with the peak facing to the rear rather than to the front;", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 433135 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 50 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " What percentage of pedestrians wear sport shoes that are white rather than some other color;", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " What percentage of swimmers swim laps in the shallow end of a pool rather than the deep end;", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 27999 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " What percentage of automobile drivers almost, but not completely, come to a stop at one particular stop-sign;", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " What percentage of commuters carry attaché cases;", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 255426, 1527344 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 28 ], [ 36, 48 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " What percentage of shoppers exceed the number of items permitted in a supermarket's express checkout lane;", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " What percentage of students dislike the taste of Brussels sprouts.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 410720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 50, 66 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Eleanor Maguire, David Gadian, Ingrid Johnsrude, Catriona Good, John Ashburner, Richard Frackowiak, and Christopher Frith of University College London, for presenting evidence that the hippocampi of London taxi drivers are more highly developed than those of their fellow citizens.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 37399719, 31296550, 52029, 53948, 22026933 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 40 ], [ 56, 72 ], [ 150, 175 ], [ 210, 220 ], [ 231, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to Lal Bihari, of Uttar Pradesh, India, for a triple accomplishment: First, for leading an active life even though he has been declared legally dead; second, for waging a lively posthumous campaign against bureaucratic inertia and greedy relatives; and third, for creating the Association of Dead People. Lal Bihari overcame the handicap of being dead, and managed to obtain a passport from the Indian government so that he could travel to Harvard to accept his Prize. However, the U.S. government refused to allow him into the country. His friend Madhu Kapoor therefore came to the Ig Nobel Ceremony and accepted the Prize on behalf of Lal Bihari. Several weeks later, the Prize was presented to Lal Bihari himself in a special ceremony in India.", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 1819560, 231623, 14533, 1774481, 14533, 18426501 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 32 ], [ 37, 50 ], [ 52, 57 ], [ 296, 322 ], [ 414, 419 ], [ 459, 466 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented to Jack Harvey, John Culvenor, Warren Payne, Steve Cowley, Michael Lawrance, David Stuart, and Robyn Williams of Australia, for their irresistible report \"An analysis of the forces required to drag sheep over various surfaces\".", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 931368 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 116, 130 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology – Presented to Gian Vittorio Caprara and Claudio Barbaranelli of the University of Rome La Sapienza, and to Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University, for their discerning report \"Politicians' Uniquely Simple Personalities\".", "section_idx": 13, "section_name": "2003", "target_page_ids": [ 1222318, 438080, 26977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 111 ], [ 120, 135 ], [ 139, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 30 September 2004.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented to Ben Wilson of the University of British Columbia, Lawrence Dill of Simon Fraser University, Canada, Robert Batty of the Scottish Association for Marine Science, Magnus Wahlberg of the University of Aarhus, Denmark, and Håkan Westerberg of Sweden's National Board of Fisheries, for showing that herrings apparently communicate by farting.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 173411, 28525, 401280, 76972, 5058739, 49890, 11240 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 72 ], [ 91, 114 ], [ 208, 228 ], [ 230, 237 ], [ 263, 269 ], [ 318, 325 ], [ 353, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has been suggested that the study of this phenomenon has had major political consequences. Following the sensational stranding of a Soviet submarine deep inside Swedish waters on 27 October 1981, the Swedish navy initiated a large-scale campaign to guard Swedish territorial waters from the perceived threat of infiltration by foreign submarines, despite the Soviets consistently asserting that the stranding had occurred due to navigational errors. The \"submarine hunts\", which lasted throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, have been a heavily debated issue in Sweden, as to whether or not there ever was any factual substance to the claims of Soviet infiltration. One widely reported piece of \"evidence\" were several sound recordings of what the Swedish navy suspected to be foreign submarines. Oceanographers and marine biologists were invited to study the recordings and would eventually find that the sounds heard were most probably produced not by submarines, but in fact were the noises made when herring passed gas. In a reportage by the Swedish science magazine \"Vetenskapens värld\" (\"World of science\") televised on 16 April 2012, it's suggested that these findings were important in putting an end to the costly \"submarine hunts\" which had continued for more than a decade, with Ig Nobel laureate Håkan Westerberg guessing that this would have saved Swedish tax payers hundreds of millions in SEK.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 472399, 26779, 17930434, 16709 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 108, 151 ], [ 358, 369 ], [ 457, 474 ], [ 1406, 1409 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented to The Coca-Cola Company of Great Britain, for using advanced technology to convert liquid from the River Thames (via a drinking water tap in Sidcup) into Dasani, a brand of bottled water, which for precautionary reasons has been made unavailable to consumers.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 914869, 49031, 501852 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 47 ], [ 123, 135 ], [ 178, 184 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to the Vatican, for outsourcing prayers to India.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 13393, 235890, 14533 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 37 ], [ 43, 54 ], [ 66, 71 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Engineering – Presented jointly to Donald J. Smith and his father, Frank J. Smith, of Orlando, Florida, for patenting the comb over ().", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 100582, 845997 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 87, 103 ], [ 123, 132 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to The American Nudist Research Library of Kissimmee, Florida, for preserving nudist history so that everyone can see it.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 109569, 21911 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 85 ], [ 102, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented jointly to Steven Stack of Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, and James Gundlach of Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, for their published report \"The Effect of Country Music on Suicide\".", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 302260, 8687, 327945, 104844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 71 ], [ 73, 90 ], [ 114, 131 ], [ 133, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented to Daisuke Inoue of Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan, for inventing karaoke, thereby providing an entirely new way for people to learn to tolerate each other.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 22728633, 214011, 17080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 35 ], [ 39, 55 ], [ 78, 85 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented jointly to Ramesh Balasubramaniam of the University of Ottawa, and Michael Turvey of the University of Connecticut and Haskins Laboratory, for exploring and explaining the dynamics of hula-hooping.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 140699, 239846, 314777 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 82 ], [ 110, 135 ], [ 205, 217 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology – Presented jointly to Daniel Simons of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign and Christopher Chabris of Harvard University, for demonstrating that when people pay close attention to something, it's all too easy to overlook anything else – even a woman in a gorilla suit. (See inattentional blindness).", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 384695, 18426501, 1677048 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 98 ], [ 126, 144 ], [ 298, 321 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public Health – Presented to Jillian Clarke of the Chicago High School for Agricultural Sciences, and then Howard University, for investigating the scientific validity of the five-second rule about whether it's safe to eat food that's been dropped on the floor.", "section_idx": 14, "section_name": "2004", "target_page_ids": [ 9781255, 378111, 254058 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 97 ], [ 108, 125 ], [ 176, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 6 October 2005.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Agricultural History – Presented to James Watson of Massey University, New Zealand, for his scholarly study, \"The Significance of Mr. Richard Buckley's exploding trousers\".", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 87221, 4913064, 6946381 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 70 ], [ 72, 83 ], [ 153, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology – Presented jointly to Benjamin Smith of the University of Adelaide, Australia and the University of Toronto, Canada and the Firmenich perfume company, Geneva, Switzerland, and ChemComm Enterprises, Archamps, France; Craig Williams of James Cook University and the University of South Australia; Michael Tyler of the University of Adelaide; Brian Williams of the University of Adelaide; and Yoji Hayasaka of the Australian Wine Research Institute; for painstakingly smelling and cataloging the peculiar odors produced by 131 different species of frogs when the frogs were feeling stressed.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 206748, 7955325, 12521, 26748, 75751, 335415 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 76 ], [ 96, 117 ], [ 161, 167 ], [ 169, 180 ], [ 244, 265 ], [ 274, 303 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry – Presented jointly to Edward Cussler of the University of Minnesota and Brian Gettelfinger of the University of Minnesota and the University of Wisconsin–Madison, for conducting a careful experiment to settle the longstanding scientific question: can people swim faster in syrup or in water?", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 17220829, 416813, 23536538, 300696 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 48 ], [ 56, 79 ], [ 142, 173 ], [ 285, 290 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics – Presented to Gauri Nanda of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for inventing Clocky, an alarm clock that runs away and hides, repeatedly, thus ensuring that people get out of bed, and thus theoretically adding many productive hours to the workday.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 18879, 14347510 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 45, 82 ], [ 98, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fluid Dynamics – Presented jointly to Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow of International University Bremen, Germany and the University of Oulu, Finland; and József Gál of Loránd Eötvös University, Hungary, for using basic principles of physics to calculate the pressure that builds up inside a penguin, as detailed in their report \"Pressures Produced When Penguins Poo—Calculations on Avian Defecation\".", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 104185, 267975, 10577, 681379, 13275 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 99 ], [ 117, 135 ], [ 137, 144 ], [ 164, 188 ], [ 190, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature – Presented to the Internet entrepreneurs of Nigeria, for creating and then using e-mail to distribute a bold series of short stories, thus introducing millions of readers to a cast of rich characters—General Sani Abacha, Mrs. Mariam Sanni Abacha, Barrister Jon A Mbeki Esq., and others—each of whom requires just a small amount of expense money so as to obtain access to the great wealth to which they are entitled and which they would like to share with the kind person who assists them. (See advance fee fraud.)", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 21383, 392443, 8973849, 46526 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 57, 64 ], [ 221, 232 ], [ 239, 258 ], [ 507, 524 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine – Presented to Gregg A. Miller of Oak Grove, Missouri, for inventing Neuticles—artificial replacement testicles for dogs, which are available in three sizes, and three degrees of firmness.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 38033755, 152219, 19571, 2855663 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 25, 40 ], [ 44, 53 ], [ 55, 63 ], [ 79, 88 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nutrition – Presented to Dr. Yoshiro Nakamatsu of Tokyo, Japan, for photographing and retrospectively analyzing every meal he has consumed during a period of 34 years (and counting).", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 510585 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 47 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace – Presented jointly to Claire Rind and Peter Simmons of University of Newcastle, in the UK, for electrically monitoring the activity of a brain cell in a locust while that locust was watching selected highlights from the movie Star Wars.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 203338, 74204, 52549 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 86 ], [ 161, 167 ], [ 234, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics – Presented jointly to John Mainstone and Thomas Parnell of the University of Queensland, Australia, for patiently conducting the so-called pitch drop experiment that began in the year 1927—in which a glob of congealed black tar pitch has been slowly dripping through a funnel, at a rate of approximately one drop every nine years.", "section_idx": 15, "section_name": "2005", "target_page_ids": [ 2857261, 192819, 250107, 323371 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 51, 65 ], [ 73, 97 ], [ 149, 170 ], [ 238, 243 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 5 October 2006.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Acoustics: D. Lynn Halpern of Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, and Brandeis University, and Northwestern University, Randolph Blake of Vanderbilt University and Northwestern University and James Hillenbrand of Western Michigan University and Northwestern University for conducting experiments to learn why people dislike the sound of fingernails scraping chalkboard.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 81223, 174216, 282250, 174216, 161724, 174216, 16805305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 91 ], [ 97, 120 ], [ 140, 161 ], [ 166, 189 ], [ 215, 242 ], [ 247, 270 ], [ 330, 370 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology: Bart Knols of Wageningen Agricultural University, in Wageningen, the Netherlands, and of the National Institute for Medical Research / Ifakara Health Institute, Tanzania, and of the International Atomic Energy Agency, in Vienna, Austria; and Ruurd de Jong of Wageningen Agricultural University, and of Santa Maria degli Angeli, Italy for showing that the female malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae is attracted equally to the smell of limburger cheese and to the smell of human feet.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 101641, 21148, 42865077, 30118, 14984, 55866, 26964606, 10242927, 20423, 37789, 4119009, 47862748 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 73 ], [ 79, 90 ], [ 145, 169 ], [ 171, 179 ], [ 192, 226 ], [ 231, 237 ], [ 239, 246 ], [ 312, 336 ], [ 372, 379 ], [ 380, 388 ], [ 389, 406 ], [ 444, 460 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Antonio Mulet, José Javier Benedito and José Bon of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, and Carmen Rosselló of the University of Illes Balears, in Palma de Mallorca, Spain, for their study \"Ultrasonic Velocity in Cheddar Cheese as Affected by Temperature\".", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 1921508, 4724437, 74592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 68, 102 ], [ 138, 165 ], [ 170, 187 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature: Daniel M. Oppenheimer of Princeton University for his report \"Consequences of Erudite Vernacular Utilized Irrespective of Necessity: Problems with Using Long Words Needlessly\".", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 12487360, 23922 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 34 ], [ 38, 58 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mathematics: Nic Svenson and Piers Barnes of the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, for calculating the number of photographs that must be taken to (almost) ensure that nobody in a group photo will have their eyes closed.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 288262 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Francis M. Fesmire of the University of Tennessee College of Medicine, for his medical case report \"Termination of Intractable Hiccups with Digital Rectal Massage\";", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 28935082, 29142386 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 29 ], [ 37, 80 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nutrition: Wasmia Al-Houty of Kuwait University and Faten Al-Mussalam of the Kuwait Environment Public Authority, for showing that dung beetles are finicky eaters.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 2890302, 630020 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 48 ], [ 132, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ornithology: Ivan R. Schwab, of the University of California, Davis, and Philip R.A. May of the University of California, Los Angeles, for exploring and explaining why woodpeckers don't get headaches.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 8670913, 31924, 37765, 210845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 28 ], [ 37, 68 ], [ 97, 134 ], [ 169, 179 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: Howard Stapleton of Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, for inventing an electromechanical teenager repellant – a device that makes annoying high-pitched noise designed to be audible to teenagers but not to adults; and for later using that same technology to make telephone ringtones that are audible to teenagers but probably not to their teachers.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 3324864, 351127, 69894, 3324864, 231463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ], [ 28, 42 ], [ 44, 49 ], [ 68, 104 ], [ 269, 277 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Basile Audoly and Sebastien Neukirch of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, for their analysis that explains why uncooked spaghetti breaks into several pieces when it is bent.", "section_idx": 16, "section_name": "2006", "target_page_ids": [ 4732720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 54, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 4 October 2007.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Aviation: Patricia V. Agostino, Santiago A. Plano and Diego A. Golombek, for discovering that hamsters recover from jetlag more quickly when given Viagra.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 42157076, 56552, 32565 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 55, 72 ], [ 117, 123 ], [ 148, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology: Johanna E.M.H. van Bronswijk, for taking a census of all the mites and other life forms that live in people's beds.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 217387 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Mayu Yamamoto for extracting vanilla flavour from cow dung.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 228190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 56 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics: Kuo Cheng Hsieh, for patenting a device to catch bank robbers by ensnaring them in a net.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Linguistics: Juan Manuel Toro, Josep B. Trobalon and Nuria Sebastian-Galles, for determining that rats sometimes can't distinguish between recordings of Japanese and Dutch played backward.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 19985174 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 167, 172 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature: Glenda Browne, for her study into indexing entries that start with the definitive article \"the\".", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 48578 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 102 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Dan Meyer and Brian Witcombe, for investigating the side-effects of swallowing swords.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 53125165, 1560690 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 20 ], [ 79, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nutrition: Brian Wansink, for investigating people's appetite for mindless eating by secretly feeding them a self-refilling bowl of soup.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 7461486, 7461486 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 25 ], [ 67, 82 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: The United States Air Force Wright Laboratory in Dayton, Ohio, for suggesting the research and development of a \"gay bomb,\" which would cause enemy troops to become sexually attracted to each other.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 32090, 764257, 150911, 1409995 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 35 ], [ 36, 53 ], [ 57, 69 ], [ 121, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Lakshminarayanan Mahadevan and Enrique Cerda Villablanca for their theoretical study of how sheets become wrinkled.", "section_idx": 17, "section_name": "2007", "target_page_ids": [ 25894864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 2 October 2008.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Archaeology: Astolfo Gomes de Mello Araujo and Jose Carlos Marcelino, for showing that armadillos can mix up the contents of an archaeological site.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [ 2186, 147625 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 97 ], [ 129, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology: Marie-Christine Cadiergues, Christel Joubert, and Michel Franc, for discovering that fleas that live on dogs jump higher than fleas that live on cats.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [ 77305 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 95, 99 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Sheree Umpierre, Joseph Hill, and Deborah Anderson, for discovering that Coca-Cola is an effective spermicide, and C.Y. Hong, C.C. Shieh, P. Wu, and B.N. Chiang for accidentally proving it is not.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [ 6690, 387814 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 85, 94 ], [ 111, 121 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cognitive Science: Toshiyuki Nakagaki, Hiroyasu Yamada, Ryo Kobayashi, Atsushi Tero, Akio Ishiguro, and Ágota Tóth, for discovering that slime molds can solve puzzles.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [ 26725, 1467948 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 148 ], [ 154, 167 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics: Geoffrey Miller, Joshua Tybur, and Brent Jordan, for discovering that exotic dancers earn more when at peak fertility.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [ 2807080, 244207, 257215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 27 ], [ 82, 95 ], [ 120, 129 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature: David Sims, for his study \"You Bastard: A Narrative Exploration of the Experience of Indignation within Organizations\".", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Rebecca Waber, Baba Shiv, Ziv Carmon, and Dan Ariely for demonstrating that expensive placebos are more effective than inexpensive placebos.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [ 8774721, 142821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 63 ], [ 97, 104 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Nutrition: Massimiliano Zampini and Charles Spence, for demonstrating that food tastes better when it sounds more appealing.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [ 1879592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 51 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: The Swiss Federal Ethics Committee on Non-Human Biotechnology and the citizens of Switzerland, for adopting the legal principle that plants have dignity.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [ 22695093, 234393 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 18, 69 ], [ 153, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Dorian M. Raymer and Douglas Smith, for proving that heaps of string or hair will inevitably tangle.", "section_idx": 18, "section_name": "2008", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 1 October 2009.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology: Fumiaki Taguchi, Song Guofu, and Zhang Guanglei of Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences in Sagamihara, Japan, for demonstrating that kitchen refuse can be reduced more than 90% in mass by using bacteria extracted from the feces of giant pandas.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 16833892, 12713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 80 ], [ 260, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Javier Morales, Miguel Apatiga, and Victor M. Castano of Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, for creating diamond film from tequila.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 145426, 39357 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 108 ], [ 141, 148 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics: The directors, executives, and auditors of four Icelandic banks—Kaupthing Bank, Landsbanki, Glitnir Bank, and Central Bank of Iceland—for demonstrating that tiny banks can be rapidly transformed into huge banks, and vice versa (and for demonstrating that similar things can be done to an entire national economy).", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 738002, 692638, 4377050, 692742, 19685804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 90 ], [ 92, 102 ], [ 104, 116 ], [ 122, 145 ], [ 267, 323 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature: Garda Síochána for writing and presenting more than 50 traffic tickets to a Polish individual, by the name of \"Prawo Jazdy\". Mr. \"Jazdy\" was widely thought to be the most frequent driving offender in Ireland, until an investigation uncovered the fact that Prawo Jazdy is the Polish term for \"Driving License\".", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 383207, 275297, 37239057 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 27 ], [ 89, 95 ], [ 124, 135 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mathematics: Gideon Gono, governor of Zimbabwe's Reserve Bank, for giving people a simple, everyday way to cope with a wide range of numbers by having his bank print notes with denominations ranging from one cent to one hundred trillion dollars.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 3635361, 3329300, 17878788 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 25 ], [ 39, 62 ], [ 205, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Donald L. Unger of Thousand Oaks, California, US, for investigating a possible cause of arthritis of the fingers, by diligently cracking the knuckles of his left hand but not his right hand every day for 50 years.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 7042 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 139, 160 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: Stephan Bolliger, Steffen Ross, Lars Oesterhelweg, Michael Thali, and Beat Kneubuehl of the University of Bern, Switzerland, for determining whether it is better to be hit on the head with a full bottle of beer or with an empty bottle.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 1157515 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 118 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Katherine K. Whitcome of the University of Cincinnati, Daniel E. Lieberman of Harvard University, and Liza J. Shapiro of the University of Texas at Austin, all in the US, for analytically determining why pregnant women do not tip over.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 526016, 40633975, 18426501, 32031 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 39, 63 ], [ 65, 84 ], [ 88, 106 ], [ 135, 164 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public Health: Elena N. Bodnar, Raphael C. Lee, and Sandra Marijan of Chicago, US, for inventing a bra that can be quickly converted into a pair of face masks—one for the wearer and one to be given to a needy bystander.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 13502823 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 100, 103 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Veterinary medicine: Catherine Douglas and Peter Rowlinson of Newcastle University, UK, for showing that cows with names give more milk than cows that are nameless.", "section_idx": 19, "section_name": "2009", "target_page_ids": [ 203338 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 83 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 30 September 2010.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology: Libiao Zhang, Min Tan, Guangjian Zhu, Jianping Ye, Tiyu Hong, Shanyi Zhou, and Shuyi Zhang of China, and Gareth Jones of the University of Bristol, UK, for scientifically documenting fellatio in fruit bats.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 60991, 11258, 86367 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 135, 156 ], [ 193, 201 ], [ 205, 214 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Eric Adams, Scott Socolofsky, Stephen Masutani and BP, for disproving the old belief that oil and water don't mix.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 18998720, 27046954 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 65 ], [ 71, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics: The executives and directors of Goldman Sachs, AIG, Lehman Brothers, Bear Stearns, Merrill Lynch, and Magnetar Capital for creating and promoting new ways to invest money—ways that maximize financial gain and minimize financial risk for the world economy, or for a portion thereof.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 335244, 521884, 885075, 928719, 33731299, 26907925, 227630 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 57 ], [ 59, 62 ], [ 64, 79 ], [ 81, 93 ], [ 95, 108 ], [ 114, 130 ], [ 253, 266 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Engineering: Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse and Agnes Rocha-Gosselin of the Zoological Society of London, UK, and Diane Gendron of Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Baja California Sur, Mexico, for perfecting a method to collect whale snot, using a remote-control helicopter.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 372274, 30872282, 501188, 2334889 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 72, 100 ], [ 127, 157 ], [ 229, 233 ], [ 243, 268 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Management: Alessandro Pluchino, Andrea Rapisarda, and Cesare Garofalo of the University of Catania, Italy, for demonstrating mathematically that organizations would become more efficient if they promoted people at random.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 24512 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 197, 222 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Simon Rietveld of the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Ilja van Beest of Tilburg University, The Netherlands, for discovering that symptoms of asthma can be treated with a roller coaster ride.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 546160, 1070237, 44905, 137471 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 56 ], [ 97, 115 ], [ 167, 173 ], [ 196, 210 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: Richard Stephens, John Atkins, and Andrew Kingston of Keele University, UK, for confirming the widely held belief that swearing relieves pain.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 228606, 40240007 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 78 ], [ 127, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Lianne Parkin, Sheila Williams, and Patricia Priest of the University of Otago, New Zealand, for demonstrating that, on icy footpaths in wintertime, people slip and fall less often if they wear socks on the outside of their shoes.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 98089, 312678 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 69, 88 ], [ 134, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public Health: Manuel Barbeito, Charles Mathews, and Larry Taylor of the Industrial Health and Safety Office, Fort Detrick for determining by experiment that microbes cling to bearded scientists.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 80877 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 111, 123 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Transportation Planning: Toshiyuki Nakagaki, Atsushi Tero, Seiji Takagi, Tetsu Saigusa, Kentaro Ito, Kenji Yumiki, Ryo Kobayashi of Japan, and Dan Bebber, Mark Fricker of the UK, for using slime mold to determine the optimal routes for railroad tracks.", "section_idx": 20, "section_name": "2010", "target_page_ids": [ 26725, 321365 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 190, 200 ], [ 237, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 29 September 2011.", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology: Darryl Gwynne and David Rentz for discovering that certain kinds of beetle mate with certain kinds of Australian beer bottle.", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 32104670, 1082607 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 61, 84 ], [ 123, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Makoto Imai, Naoki Urushihata, Hideki Tanemura, Yukinobu Tajima, Hideaki Goto, Koichiro Mizoguchi and Junichi Murakami for determining the ideal density of airborne wasabi (pungent horseradish) to awaken sleeping people in case of a fire or other emergency, and for applying this knowledge to invent the wasabi alarm.", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 33637 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 177, 183 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Literature: John Perry of Stanford University for his Theory of Structured Procrastination, which states: \"To be a high achiever, always work on something important, using it as a way to avoid doing something that's even more important.\"", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 2637941, 26977 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 23 ], [ 27, 46 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mathematics: Dorothy Martin of the U.S. (who predicted the world would end in 1954), Pat Robertson of the U.S. (who predicted the world would end in 1982), Elizabeth Clare Prophet of the U.S. (who predicted the world would end in 1990), Lee Jang Rim of Korea (who predicted the world would end in 1992), Credonia Mwerinde of Uganda (who predicted the world would end in 1999), and Harold Camping of the U.S. (who originally predicted the world would end on 6 September 1994, and later predicted that the world would end on 21 May 2011, which preceded his final prediction on 21 October 2011), for teaching the world to be careful when making mathematical assumptions and calculations.", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 9199046, 49908, 704528, 38063498, 13966060, 2198290, 31744838 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 28 ], [ 86, 99 ], [ 157, 180 ], [ 238, 250 ], [ 305, 322 ], [ 382, 396 ], [ 598, 630 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Mirjam Tuk, Debra Trampe and Luk Warlop, and jointly to Matthew Lewis, Peter Snyder, Robert Feldman, Robert Pietrzak, David Darby and Paul Maruff for demonstrating that people make better decisions about some kinds of things – but worse decisions about other kinds of things – when they have a strong urge to urinate.", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: Arturas Zuokas, the mayor of Vilnius, Lithuania, for demonstrating that the problem of illegally parked luxury cars can be solved by running them over with a tank. (Note, the vehicle used was not a tank, but a BTR-60 Armoured personnel carrier.)", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 1227136, 32597, 17675, 251887, 29970, 1433988, 19278686 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 22 ], [ 37, 44 ], [ 46, 55 ], [ 112, 122 ], [ 166, 170 ], [ 218, 224 ], [ 225, 251 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology: Karl Halvor Teigen of the University of Oslo, Norway, for trying to understand why, in everyday life, people sigh.", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 69617341, 31800 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 31 ], [ 39, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Philippe Perrin, Cyril Perrot, Dominique Deviterne, Bruno Ragaru and Herman Kingma for trying to determine why discus throwers become dizzy, and why hammer throwers don't, in their paper \"Dizziness in discus throwers is related to motion sickness generated while spinning\".", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 8490, 43720 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 133 ], [ 159, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physiology: Anna Wilkinson, Natalie Sebanz, Isabella Mandl and Ludwig Huber for their study \"No evidence of contagious yawning in the red-footed tortoise Geochelone carbonaria\".", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 234857, 2926796 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 109, 127 ], [ 135, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Public safety: John Senders of the University of Toronto, Canada, for conducting a series of safety experiments in which a person drives an automobile on a major highway while a visor repeatedly flaps down over their face, blinding them.", "section_idx": 21, "section_name": "2011", "target_page_ids": [ 7955325 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 36, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 20 September 2012.", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Acoustics: Kazutaka Kurihara and Koji Tsukada for creating the SpeechJammer – a machine that disrupts a person's speech by making them hear their own spoken words at a very slight delay.", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [ 9982546 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 136, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Anatomy: Frans de Waal and Jennifer Pokorny, for discovering that chimpanzees can identify other chimpanzees individually by seeing photographs of their anogenital regions (their behinds).", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [ 377076, 7844 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 23 ], [ 67, 77 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Johan Pettersson, for solving the puzzle of why, in certain new houses in the town of Anderslöv, Sweden, people's hair turned green. Water pipes connected to these houses lacked coatings, so hot water left in the pipes overnight peeled copper from them, leading to very high copper levels in the water.", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [ 22476872 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 107 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Fluid Dynamics: Rouslan Krechetnikov and Hans Mayer for studying the dynamics of liquid sloshing, to learn what happens when a person walks while carrying a cup of coffee.", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Literature: The US Government General Accountability Office, for issuing a report about reports about reports that recommends the preparation of a report about the report about reports about reports.", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [ 199096 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Emmanuel Ben-Soussan and Michel Antonietti, for advising doctors who perform colonoscopies how to minimize the chance that their patients will explode.", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [ 324482 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 88, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Neuroscience: Craig Bennett, Abigail Baird, Michael Miller, and George Wolford, for demonstrating that brain researchers, by using complicated instruments and simple statistics, can see meaningful brain activity anywhere – even in a dead salmon.", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [ 36984 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 239, 245 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: The SKN Company, for converting old Russian ammunition into new diamonds. ", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Joseph Keller, Raymond E. Goldstein, Patrick Warren, and , for calculating the balance of forces that shape and move the hair in a human ponytail.", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [ 4454126, 47053052, 425716 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 23 ], [ 25, 45 ], [ 147, 155 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology: Anita Eerland, Rolf Zwaan, and Tulio Guadalupe for their study \"Leaning to the Left Makes the Eiffel Tower Seem Smaller\".", "section_idx": 22, "section_name": "2012", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 12 September 2013.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Archaeology: Brian Crandall and Peter Stahl, for parboiling a dead shrew, and then swallowing the shrew without chewing, and then carefully examining everything excreted during subsequent days—all so they could see which bones would dissolve inside the human digestive system, and which bones would not.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Biology/Astronomy: Marie Dacke, Emily Baird, Marcus Byrne, Clarke Scholtz, and Eric Warrant, for discovering that when dung beetles get lost, they can navigate their way home by looking at the Milky Way.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [ 61691931, 44041217, 38352909, 2589714 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 30 ], [ 45, 57 ], [ 119, 131 ], [ 193, 202 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Chemistry: Shinsuke Imai, Nobuaki Tsuge, Muneaki Tomotake, Yoshiaki Nagatome, Toshiyuki Nagata, and Hidehiko Kumagai, for discovering that the biochemical process by which onions make people cry is even more complicated than scientists previously realized.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Medicine: Masateru Uchiyama, Xiangyuan Jin, Qi Zhang, Toshihito Hirai, Atsushi Amano, Hisashi Bashuda, and Masanori Niimi, for assessing the effect of listening to opera on mice which have had heart transplant operations.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Peace: Alexander Lukashenko, president of Belarus, for making it illegal to applaud in public, and to the Belarus State Police, for arresting a one-armed man for applauding.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [ 156589, 3457, 32304516 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 27 ], [ 42, 49 ], [ 55, 93 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Probability: Bert Tolkamp, Marie Haskell, Fritha Langford, David Roberts, and Colin Morgan, for making two related discoveries: First, that the longer a cow has been lying down, the more likely that cow will soon stand up; and second, that once a cow stands up, you cannot easily predict how soon that cow will lie down again.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Physics: Alberto Minetti, Yuri Ivanenko, Germana Cappellini, Nadia Dominici, and Francesco Lacquaniti, for discovering that some people would be physically capable of running across the surface of a pond—if those people and that pond were on the moon.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [ 64476271 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 81, 101 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Psychology: Laurent Bègue, Brad Bushman, Oulmann Zerhouni, Baptiste Subra, and Medhi Ourabah, for confirming, by experiment, that people who think they are drunk also think they are attractive.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [ 11588159 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Public Health: Kasian Bhanganada, Tu Chayavatana, Chumporn Pongnumkul, Anunt Tonmukayakul, Piyasakol Sakolsatayadorn, Krit Komaratal, and Henry Wilde, for the medical techniques described in their report \"Surgical Management of an Epidemic of Penile Amputations in Siam\"—techniques which they recommend, except in cases where the amputated penis had been partially eaten by a duck.", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [ 30128 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 265, 269 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Safety Engineering: The late Gustano Pizzo, for inventing an electro-mechanical system to trap airplane hijackers—the system drops a hijacker through trap doors, seals him into a package, then drops the encapsulated hijacker through the airplane's specially-installed bomb bay doors, whence he parachutes to earth, where police, having been alerted by radio, await his arrival. ()", "section_idx": 23, "section_name": "2013", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 18 September 2014.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Arctic on Science: Eigil Reimers and Sindre Eftestøl, for testing how reindeer react to seeing humans who are disguised as polar bears.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Art: Marina de Tommaso, Michele Sardaro, and Paolo Livrea, for measuring the relative pain people suffer while looking at an ugly painting, rather than a pretty painting, while being shot [in the hand] by a powerful laser beam.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Biology: Vlastimil Hart, Petra Nováková, Erich Pascal Malkemper, Sabine Begall, Vladimír Hanzal, Miloš Ježek, Tomáš Kušta, Veronika Němcová, Jana Adámková, Kateřina Benediktová, Jaroslav Červený and Hynek Burda, for carefully documenting that when dogs defecate and urinate, they prefer to align their body axis with Earth's north–south geomagnetic field lines.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [ 63653203 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 63 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Economics: ISTAT – the Italian government's National Institute of Statistics, for including revenue from illegal drug sales, prostitution, smuggling, etc., in GDP reporting, in order to meet an EU regulatory mandate.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [ 405440 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 44, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Medicine: Ian Humphreys, Sonal Saraiya, Walter Belenky and James Dworkin, for treating \"uncontrollable\" nosebleeds, using the method of nasal-packing-with-strips-of-cured-pork.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Neuroscience: Jiangang Liu, Jun Li, Lu Feng, Ling Li, Shubham Bose, Jie Tian, and Kang Lee, for trying to understand what happens in the brains of people who see the face of Jesus in a piece of toast.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [ 3540478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 158, 199 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nutrition: Raquel Rubio, Anna Jofré, Belén Martín, Teresa Aymerich, and Margarita Garriga, for their study titled \"Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Infant Faeces as Potential Probiotic Starter Cultures for Fermented Sausages.\"", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Physics: Kiyoshi Mabuchi, Kensei Tanaka, Daichi Uchijima and Rina Sakai, for measuring the amount of friction between a shoe and a banana skin, and between a banana skin and the floor, when a person steps on a banana skin that's on the floor.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [ 11979055 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 131, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Psychology: Peter K. Jonason, Amy Jones, and Minna Lyons, for amassing evidence that people who habitually stay up late are, on average, more self-admiring, more manipulative, and more psychopathic than people who habitually arise early in the morning.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [ 18280830 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 197 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Public Health: Jaroslav Flegr, Jan Havlíček and Jitka Hanušova-Lindova, and to David Hanauer, Naren Ramakrishnan, Lisa Seyfried, for investigating whether it is mentally hazardous for a human being to own a cat.", "section_idx": 24, "section_name": "2014", "target_page_ids": [ 23372065 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 17 September 2015.", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chemistry: Callum Ormonde and Colin Raston, and Tom Yuan, Stephan Kudlacek, Sameeran Kunche, Joshua N. Smith, William A. Brown, Kaitlin Pugliese, Tivoli Olsen, Mariam Iftikhar, Gregory Weiss, for inventing a chemical recipe to partially un-boil an egg.", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [ 50807874 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 42 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Physics: Patricia Yang, David Hu, and Jonathan Pham, Jerome Choo, for testing the biological principle that nearly all mammals empty their bladders in about 21 seconds (plus or minus 13 seconds).", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [ 63718592, 159421 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 32 ], [ 127, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Literature: Mark Dingemanse, Francisco Torreira, and Nick J. Enfield, for discovering that the word \"huh?\" (or its equivalent) seems to exist in every human language — and for not being quite sure why.", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Management: Gennaro Bernile, Vineet Bhagwat, and P. Raghavendra Rau, for discovering that many business leaders developed in childhood a fondness for risk-taking, when they experienced natural disasters (such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and wildfires) that — for them—had no dire personal consequences.", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [ 29153597 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 49, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Economics: The Bangkok Metropolitan Police, for offering to pay policemen extra cash if the policemen refuse to take bribes.", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Medicine: Awarded jointly to two groups: Hajime Kimata; and to Jaroslava Durdiaková, Peter Celec, Natália Kamodyová, Tatiana Sedláčková, Gabriela Repiská, Barbara Sviežená, and Gabriel Minárik, for experiments to study the biomedical benefits or biomedical consequences of intense kissing (and other intimate, interpersonal activities).", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Mathematics: Elisabeth Oberzaucher and Karl Grammer, for trying to use mathematical techniques to determine whether and how Moulay Ismael the Bloodthirsty, the Sharifian Emperor, managed, during the years from 1697 through 1727, to father 888 children.", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [ 147402, 19291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 124, 154 ], [ 160, 169 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Biology: Bruno Grossi, Omar Larach, Mauricio Canals, Rodrigo A. Vásquez, José Iriarte-Díaz, for observing that when you attach a weighted stick to the rear end of a chicken, the chicken then walks in a manner similar to that in which dinosaurs are thought to have walked.", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Diagnostic Medicine: Diallah Karim, Anthony Harnden, Nigel D'Souza, Andrew Huang, Abdel Kader Allouni, Helen Ashdown, Richard J. Stevens, and Simon Kreckler, for determining that acute appendicitis can be accurately diagnosed by the amount of pain evident when the patient is driven over speed bumps.", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [ 70980, 460557 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 185, 197 ], [ 288, 298 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Physiology and Entomology: Awarded jointly to two individuals: Justin Schmidt, for painstakingly creating the Schmidt sting pain index, which rates the relative pain people feel when stung by various insects; and to Michael L. Smith, for carefully arranging for honey bees to sting him repeatedly on 25 different locations on his body, to learn which locations are the least painful (the skull, middle toe tip, and upper arm) and which are the most painful (the nostril, upper lip, and penis shaft).", "section_idx": 25, "section_name": "2015", "target_page_ids": [ 8361212, 1820622, 58261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 77 ], [ 110, 134 ], [ 262, 272 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 22 September 2016.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Reproduction: The late Ahmed Shafik, for testing the effects of wearing polyester, cotton, or wool trousers on the sex life of rats, and for then conducting similar tests on the human male.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [ 37794760 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 36 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Economics: Mark Avis and colleagues, for assessing the perceived personalities of rocks, from a sales and marketing perspective.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Physics: Gabor Horvath and colleagues, for discovering why white-haired horses are the most horsefly-proof horses, and for discovering why dragonflies are fatally attracted to black tombstones.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chemistry: Volkswagen, for solving the problem of excessive automobile pollution emissions by automatically, electromechanically producing fewer emissions whenever the cars are being tested.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [ 32413, 47896187 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 12, 22 ], [ 156, 190 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Medicine: Christoph Helmchen and colleagues, for discovering that if you have an itch on the left side of your body, you can relieve it by looking into a mirror and scratching the right side of your body (and vice versa).", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [ 52190509 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 11, 29 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Psychology: Evelyne Debey and colleagues, for asking a thousand liars how often they lie, and for deciding whether to believe those answers.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Peace: Gordon Pennycook and colleagues, for their scholarly study called \"On the Reception and Detection of Pseudo-Profound Bullshit\".", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [ 70441322 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Biology: Awarded jointly to: Charles Foster, for living in the wild as, at different times, a badger, an otter, a deer, a fox, and a bird; and to Thomas Thwaites, for creating prosthetic extensions of his limbs that allowed him to move in the manner of, and spend time roaming hills in the company of, goats.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [ 7601436, 52883570 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 30, 44 ], [ 147, 162 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Literature: , for his three-volume autobiographical work about the pleasures of collecting flies that are dead, and flies that are not yet dead.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Perception: Atsuki Higashiyama and Kohei Adachi, for investigating whether things look different when you bend over and view them between your legs.", "section_idx": 26, "section_name": "2016", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 14 September 2017.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Physics: Marc-Antoine Fardin, for using fluid dynamics to probe the question \"Can a Cat Be Both a Solid and a Liquid?\"", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Peace: Milo Puhan, Alex Suarez, Christian Lo Cascio, Alfred Zahn, Markus Heitz, and Otto Braendli, for demonstrating that regular playing of a didgeridoo is an effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [ 8443, 28445 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 143, 153 ], [ 196, 208 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Economics: Matthew Rockloff and Nancy Greer, for their experiments to see how contact with a live crocodile affects a person's willingness to gamble.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anatomy: James Heathcote, for his medical research study \"Why Do Old Men Have Big Ears?\"", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Biology: Kazunori Yoshizawa, Rodrigo Ferreira, Yoshitaka Kamimura, and Charles Lienhard, for their discovery of a female penis, and a male vagina, in a cave insect.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Fluid Dynamics: Jiwon Han, for studying the dynamics of liquid-sloshing, to learn what happens when a person walks backwards while carrying a cup of coffee.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nutrition: Fernanda Ito, Enrico Bernard, and Rodrigo Torres, for the first scientific report of human blood in the diet of the hairy-legged vampire bat.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [ 2406691 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 127, 151 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Medicine: Jean-Pierre Royet, David Meunier, Nicolas Torquet, Anne-Marie Mouly and Tao Jiang, for using advanced brain-scanning technology to measure the extent to which some people are disgusted by cheese.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Cognition: Matteo Martini, Ilaria Bufalari, Maria Antonietta Stazi, and Salvatore Maria Aglioti, for demonstrating that many identical twins cannot tell each other apart visually.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Obstetrics: Marisa López-Teijón, Álex García-Faura, Alberto Prats-Galino, and Luis Pallarés Aniorte, for showing that a developing human fetus responds more strongly to music that is played electromechanically inside the mother's vagina than to music that is played electromechanically on the mother's belly. Fetal Acoustic Stimulation Device, patent ES2546919B1, granted 29 September 2015 to Luis y Pallarés Aniorte and Maria Luisa López-Teijón Pérez.", "section_idx": 27, "section_name": "2017", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 13 September 2018.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Medicine: Marc Mitchell and David Wartinger, for using roller coaster rides to try to hasten the passage of kidney stones.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Anthropology: Tomas Persson, Gabriela-Alina Sauciuc, and Elainie Madsen, for collecting evidence, in a zoo, that chimpanzees imitate humans about as often, and about as well, as humans imitate chimpanzees.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Biology: Paul Becher, Sebastien Lebreton, Erika Wallin, Erik Hedenström, Felipe Borrero-Echeverry, Marie Bengtsson, Volker Jörger, and Peter Witzgall, for demonstrating that wine experts can reliably identify, by smell, the presence of a single fruit fly in a glass of wine.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Chemistry: Paula Romão, Adília Alarcão and the late César Viana, for measuring the degree to which human saliva is a good cleaning agent for dirty surfaces.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Medical Education: Akira Horiuchi, for the medical report \"Colonoscopy in the Sitting Position: Lessons Learned From Self-Colonoscopy.\"", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Literature: Thea Blackler, Rafael Gomez, Vesna Popovic and M. Helen Thompson, for documenting that most people who use complicated products do not read the instruction manual.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Nutrition: James Cole, for calculating that the caloric intake from a human-cannibalism diet is significantly lower than the caloric intake from most other traditional meat diets.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Peace: Francisco Alonso, Cristina Esteban, Andrea Serge, Maria-Luisa Ballestar, Jaime Sanmartín, Constanza Calatayud, and Beatriz Alamar, for measuring the frequency, motivation, and effects of shouting and cursing while driving an automobile.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Reproductive Medicine: John Barry, Bruce Blank, and Michel Boileau, for using postage stamps to test whether the male sexual organ is functioning properly—as described in their study \"Nocturnal Penile Tumescence Monitoring With Stamps.\"", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Economics: Lindie Hanyu Liang, Douglas Brown, Huiwen Lian, Samuel Hanig, D. Lance Ferris, and Lisa Keeping, for investigating whether it is effective for employees to use Voodoo dolls to retaliate against abusive bosses.", "section_idx": 28, "section_name": "2018", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 12 September 2019.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Silvano Gallus, for collecting evidence that pizza might protect against illness and death, if the pizza is made and eaten in Italy.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Medical Education: Karen Pryor and Theresa McKeon, for using a simple animal-training technique—called \"clicker training\"—to train surgeons to perform orthopedic surgery.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [ 993774, 430380 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 105, 121 ], [ 152, 170 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Biology: Ling-Jun Kong, Herbert Crepaz, Agnieszka Górecka, Aleksandra Urbanek, Rainer Dumke, and Tomasz Paterek, for discovering that dead magnetized cockroaches behave differently than living magnetized cockroaches.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Anatomy: Roger Mieusset and Bourras Bengoudifa, for measuring scrotal temperature asymmetry in naked and clothed postmen in France.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Shigeru Watanabe, Mineko Ohnishi, Kaori Imai, Eiji Kawano, and Seiji Igarashi, for estimating the total saliva volume produced per day by a typical five-year-old child.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Engineering: Iman Farahbakhsh, for inventing a diaper-changing machine for use on human infants.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Economics: Habip Gedik, Timothy A. Voss, and Andreas Voss, for testing which country's paper money is best at transmitting dangerous bacteria.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: Ghada A. bin Saif, Alexandru Papoiu, Liliana Banari, Francis McGlone, Shawn G. Kwatra, Yiong-Huak Chan, and Gil Yosipovitch, for trying to measure the pleasurability of scratching an itch.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology: Fritz Strack, for discovering that holding a pen in one's mouth makes one smile, which makes one happier—and for then discovering that it does not.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [ 61067930 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 13, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Patricia Yang, Alexander Lee, Miles Chan, Alynn Martin, Ashley Edwards, Scott Carver, and David Hu, for studying how, and why, wombats make cube-shaped feces.", "section_idx": 29, "section_name": "2019", "target_page_ids": [ 33864 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 137, 143 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ceremony took place on 17 September 2020 and was webcast.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [ 626855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 53, 60 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Acoustics: Stephan Reber, Takeshi Nishimura, Judith Janisch, Mark Robertson, and Tecumseh Fitch, for inducing a female Chinese alligator to bellow in an airtight chamber filled with helium-enriched air.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [ 1246694 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 120, 137 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Psychology: Miranda Giacomin and Nicholas Rule, for devising a method to identify narcissists by examining their eyebrows.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [ 5605670 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 83, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: The governments of India and Pakistan, for having their diplomats surreptitiously ring each other's doorbells in the middle of the night, and then run away before anyone had a chance to answer the door.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [ 14533, 23235, 3727740 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 27, 32 ], [ 37, 45 ], [ 90, 209 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Ivan Maksymov and Andriy Pototsky, for determining, experimentally, what happens to the shape of a living earthworm when one vibrates the earthworm at high frequency.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Economics: Christopher Watkins, Juan David Leongómez, Jeanne Bovet, Agnieszka Żelaźniewicz, Max Korbmacher, Marco Antônio Corrêa Varella, Ana Maria Fernandez, Danielle Wagstaff, and Samuela Bolgan, for trying to quantify the relationship between different countries’ national income inequality and the average amount of mouth-to-mouth kissing.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Management: Xi Guang-An (), Mo Tian-Xiang (), Yang Kang-Sheng (), Yang Guang-Sheng (), and Ling Xian Si (), five professional hitmen in Guangxi, China, who managed a contract for a hit job (a murder performed for money) in the following way: After accepting payment to perform the murder, Xi Guang-An then instead subcontracted the task to Mo Tian-Xiang, who then instead subcontracted the task to Yang Kang-Sheng, who then instead subcontracted the task to Yang Guang-Sheng, who then instead subcontracted the task to Ling Xian-Si, with each subsequently enlisted hitman receiving a smaller percentage of the fee, and nobody actually performing a murder.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [ 250879 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 182, 189 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Entomology: Richard Vetter, for collecting evidence that many entomologists (scientists who study insects) are afraid of spiders, which are not insects.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [ 59238 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 63, 76 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Nienke Vulink, Damiaan Denys, and Arnoud van Loon, for diagnosing a long-unrecognized medical condition: Misophonia, the distress at hearing other people make chewing sounds.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [ 19414028 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 117, 127 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medical Education: Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil, Boris Johnson of the United Kingdom, Narendra Modi of India, Andrés Manuel López Obrador of Mexico, Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus, Donald Trump of the United States, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of Turkey, Vladimir Putin of Russia, and Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow of Turkmenistan, for using the COVID-19 viral pandemic to teach the world that politicians can have a more immediate effect on life and death than scientists and doctors can.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [ 46603496, 19065069, 444222, 720564, 156589, 4848272, 376619, 32817, 8544556, 62750956 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 20, 34 ], [ 46, 59 ], [ 83, 96 ], [ 107, 134 ], [ 146, 166 ], [ 179, 191 ], [ 214, 234 ], [ 246, 260 ], [ 276, 301 ], [ 333, 356 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Materials Science: Metin Eren, Michelle Bebber, James Norris, Alyssa Perrone, Ashley Rutkoski, Michael Wilson, and Mary Ann Raghanti, for showing that knives manufactured from frozen human feces are not effective tools for skinning or butchery.", "section_idx": 30, "section_name": "2020", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The 31st First Annual Ig Nobel Prize ceremony took place on Thursday, 9 September 2021 and was webcast.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Biology: Susanne Schötz, Robert Eklund and Joost van de Weijer for analyzing variations in purring, chirping, chattering, trilling, tweedling, murmuring, meowing, moaning, squeaking, hissing, yowling, howling, growling, and other modes of cat-human communication.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [ 5741167 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 240, 263 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ecology: Leila Satari, Alba Guillén, Àngela Vidal-Verdú, and Manuel Porcar, for using genetic analysis to identify the different species of bacteria that reside in wads of discarded chewing gum stuck on pavements in various countries.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [ 4087965, 288636 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 86, 102 ], [ 182, 193 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Chemistry: Jörg Wicker, Nicolas Krauter, Bettina Derstroff, Christof Stönner, Efstratios Bourtsoukidis, Achim Edtbauer, Jochen Wulf, Thomas Klüpfel, Stefan Kramer, and Jonathan Williams, for chemically analyzing the air inside movie theaters, to test whether the odours produced by an audience reliably indicate the levels of violence, sex, antisocial behavior, drug use, and profanity in the movie the audience is watching.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [ 77819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 228, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Economics: Pavlo Blavatskyy, for discovering that the obesity of a country’s politicians may be a good indicator of that country’s corruption.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [ 3608404 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 132, 142 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Medicine: Olcay Cem Bulut, Dare Oladokun, Burkard Lippert, and Ralph Hohenberger, for demonstrating that sexual orgasms can be as effective as decongestant medicines at improving nasal breathing.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [ 22546, 462508 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 113, 119 ], [ 144, 156 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Peace: Ethan Beseris, Steven Naleway, and David Carrier, for testing the hypothesis that humans evolved beards to protect themselves from punches to the face.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Physics: Alessandro Corbetta, Jasper Meeusen, Chung-min Lee, Roberto Benzi, and Federico Toschi, for conducting experiments to learn why pedestrians do not constantly collide with other pedestrians.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [ 175476 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 138, 149 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Kinetics: Hisashi Murakami, Claudio Feliciani, Yuta Nishiyama, and Katsuhiro Nishinari, for conducting experiments to learn how mutual anticipation can contribute to self-organization in crowds.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Entomology: John Mulrennan Jr, Roger Grothaus, Charles Hammond, and Jay Lamdin, for their research study “A New Method of Cockroach Control on Submarines”.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Transportation: Robin Radcliffe, Mark Jago, Peter Morkel, Estelle Morkel, Pierre du Preez, Piet Beytell, Birgit Kotting, Bakker Manuel, Jan Hendrik du Preez, Michele Miller, Julia Felippe, Stephen Parry, and Robin Gleed, for determining by experiment whether it is safer to transport an airborne rhinoceros upside-down.", "section_idx": 31, "section_name": "2021", "target_page_ids": [ 802146 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 297, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Jacques Benveniste, 1991 and 1998 Chemistry", "section_idx": 32, "section_name": "People who received multiple Ig Nobel Prizes", "target_page_ids": [ 65090291 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " David Hu, 2015 and 2019 Physics", "section_idx": 32, "section_name": "People who received multiple Ig Nobel Prizes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Alexander Lukashenko, 2013 Peace and 2020 Medical Education", "section_idx": 32, "section_name": "People who received multiple Ig Nobel Prizes", "target_page_ids": [ 156589 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Toshiyuki Nakagaki and colleagues, 2008 Cognitive Science and 2010 Transportation Planning", "section_idx": 32, "section_name": "People who received multiple Ig Nobel Prizes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Joseph Keller, 1999 and 2012 Physics", "section_idx": 32, "section_name": "People who received multiple Ig Nobel Prizes", "target_page_ids": [ 4454126 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Patricia Yang, 2015 and 2019 Physics", "section_idx": 32, "section_name": "People who received multiple Ig Nobel Prizes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Andre Geim, Ig Nobel Prize in 2000 Physics", "section_idx": 33, "section_name": "People who received real Nobel Prizes after", "target_page_ids": [ 17054160 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Ig Nobel Prize Winner List (public domain)", "section_idx": 35, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Lists_of_award_winners", "Ig_Nobel_Prize", "Science_and_technology_award_winners" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Lisbon District (, ) is a district located in the South Central Portugal, the district capital is the city of Lisbon, also the national capital. From its creation until 1926, it included the area of the current Setúbal District.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 221375, 23033, 18091, 172888 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 34 ], [ 64, 72 ], [ 110, 116 ], [ 212, 228 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The district is composed of 16 municipalities:", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 317199 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Alenquer", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 4348321 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Amadora", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 515592 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Arruda dos Vinhos", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 4348353 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Azambuja", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 4239047 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cadaval", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 4353590 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Cascais", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 851024 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lisbon", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 18091 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Loures", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 29335503 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Lourinhã", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 4353736 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mafra", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 885189 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 6 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Odivelas", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 767083 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 9 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Oeiras", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 1218923 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sintra", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 184964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sobral de Monte Agraço", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 1877282 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 23 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Torres Vedras", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 1554412 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Vila Franca de Xira", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Municipalities", "target_page_ids": [ 2155824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 20 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|- class=\"unsortable\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!rowspan=2|Parties!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S!!%!!S", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|- class=\"unsortable\" align=\"center\"", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1976", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1979", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1980", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1983", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1985", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1987", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1991", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1995", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 1999", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 2002", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 2005", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 2009", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 2011", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 2015", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 2019", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "!colspan=2 | 2022", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| PS || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|38.3 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|25 || 25.8 || 15 || 28.1 || 17 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|35.8 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|21 || 19.8 || 12 || 21.2 || 12 || 29.7 || 16 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|44.3 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|24 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|42.7 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|23 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|38.7 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|20 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|44.1 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|23 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|36.4 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|19 || 27.5 || 14 || 33.5 || 18 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|36.7 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|20 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|40.8 || style=\"background:#FF66FF;\"|21", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 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"section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| CDS-PP || 13.2 || 8 || 11.7 || 7 || 8.1 || 4 || 3.7 || 2 || 4.0 || 2 || 9.4 || 5 || 8.5 || 4 || 8.5 || 4 || 8.2 || 4 || 11.0 || 5 || 13.8 || 7 || 4.4 || 2 || 1.7", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 770845 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 22 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| PCP/APU/CDU || 21.8 || 14 || 26.0 || 16 || 23.1 || 13 || 25.3 || 15 || 20.1 || 12 || 16.5 || 10 || 12.2 || 6 || 12.0 || 6 || 12.3 || 6 || 8.8 || 4 || 9.8 || 5 || 9.9 || 5 || 9.6 || 5 || 9.8 || 5 || 7.8 || 4 || 5.1 || 2", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 1753713 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 27 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| UDP || 2.6 || 1 || 2.8 || 1 || 1.7 || 1 || colspan=26|", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 1949307 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| AD || colspan=2| || style=\"background:#00FFFF;\"|40.0 || style=\"background:#00FFFF;\"|24 || style=\"background:#00FFFF;\"|41.6 || style=\"background:#00FFFF;\"|25 || colspan=26|", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 1921972 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| PRD || colspan=8| || 21.3 || 13 || 6.9 || 4 || colspan=20|", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 4204154 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| PSN || colspan=12| || 2.7 || 1 || colspan=18|", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 44281190 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| BE || colspan=16| || 4.9 || 2 || 4.7 || 2 || 8.8 || 4 || 10.8 || 5 || 5.7 || 3 || 10.9 || 5 || 9.7 || 5 || 4.7 || 2", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 495812 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| PàF || colspan=26| || style=\"background:#00AAAA;\"|34.7 || style=\"background:#00AAAA;\"|18 || colspan=4|", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 42888070 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| PAN || colspan=26| || 2.0 || 1 || 4.4 || 2 || 2.0 || 1", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 36281619 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| CHEGA || colspan=28| || 2.0 || 1 || 7.8 || 4", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 60708659 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| IL || colspan=28| || 2.5 || 1 || 7.9 || 4", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 56073389 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "| align=\"left\"| LIVRE || colspan=28| || 2.1 || 1 || 2.4 || 1", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [ 42867898 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 16, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! Total seats || colspan=2| 58 || colspan=10|56 || colspan=4|50 || colspan=2|49 || colspan=4|48 || colspan=6|47 || colspan=4|48", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|-", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "! colspan=33|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "|}", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Summary of votes and seats won 1976-2022", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Villages in the district of Lisbon:", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Abelheira", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 37592398 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gouveia", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 17389654 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 8 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Varge Mondar", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 44702961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 13 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " List of Civil Governors (1835-2008)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Lisbon_District", "Districts_of_Portugal", "Districts_in_Alentejo" ]

[ "Lisbon District", "Lisboa District", "Lisboa" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Michael Charles Avory (born 15 February 1944) is an English musician, best known as the longtime drummer and percussionist for the English rock band the Kinks. He joined them shortly after their formation in 1964 and remained with them until 1984, when he left amid creative friction with guitarist Dave Davies. He is the longest-serving member of the band, apart from the Davies brothers. He is also the most prolific member, again apart from the Davies brothers, who has played on twenty studio albums or nearly all of the band's creative output.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 3158351, 284882 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 149, 158 ], [ 299, 310 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Before he joined the Kinks, Avory was a member of the band Bobby Angelo & The Tuxedos who had a No. 30 hit with \"Baby Sittin'\" in August 1961. After leaving that group, he was asked twice to rehearse on drums at the Bricklayers Arms pub in London during late May/early June 1962 for a group of musicians who were later to become the Rolling Stones. It has been said that he also went on to play at their first show at The Marquee Club on 12 July 1962, yet Avory himself says \"I think Tony Chapman did the gig at the Marquee. I didn't. I just rehearsed twice in the Bricklayers Arms in Soho.\" Mick Jagger himself has said he has no recollection of playing any gigs with Avory. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Before the band (1962–63)", "target_page_ids": [ 31056, 3650359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 329, 347 ], [ 484, 496 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Avory joined the Kinks in January 1964, after their previous drummer Micky Willet left the band. Avory was hired to replace him after their management saw an advertisement Avory had placed in the trade magazine Melody Maker. He attended a rehearsal at the Camden Head in Islington shortly before Christmas of 1963, then offered the job by manager Robert Wace just after New Year. Despite his ability, early Kinks recordings (including hits such as \"You Really Got Me\") commonly did not feature Avory on drums; producer Shel Talmy hired more seasoned session drummers (most notably Clem Cattini and Bobby Graham) for studio work well into 1965, but with Avory often providing supporting percussion and he drummed on certain tracks on the first and third albums and all but one song on the second album Kinda Kinks. The first single A-side Avory played on was \"Ev'rybody's Gonna Be Happy\", and went on to play on all Kinks recordings from the 1966 album Face to Face until his departure in 1984.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Kinks (1964–1984)", "target_page_ids": [ 462002, 978860, 1573471, 4170951, 2557839, 1572896, 2454580, 2452971, 21497919, 1081218 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 211, 223 ], [ 449, 466 ], [ 519, 529 ], [ 581, 593 ], [ 598, 610 ], [ 737, 742 ], [ 747, 759 ], [ 801, 812 ], [ 859, 885 ], [ 952, 964 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Avory was always considered the quietest and most easy-going member of the Kinks lineup and was Ray Davies's best friend. However, his turbulent working relationship with guitarist Dave Davies resulted in many legendary onstage fights. In the most notorious (and widely mis-reported) incident, at the Capitol Theatre, Cardiff, South Wales, in 1965, Avory hit Davies with his drum pedal (not the cymbal stand, which, according to later interviews with Avory \"would have decapitated him\"), in reprisal for Davies kicking over his drum kit as revenge for a drunken fight the previous night in a Taunton hotel, apparently won by Mick. He then fled into hiding for days to avoid arrest for grievous bodily harm. On other occasions, fuming, he would hurl his drumsticks at Dave. According to Ray, their problems began during the time Mick and Dave shared a flat in London for a short period in early 1965.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Kinks (1964–1984)", "target_page_ids": [ 83316, 284882, 41908562, 1239484 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 96, 106 ], [ 181, 192 ], [ 301, 316 ], [ 685, 705 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ultimately, the relationship between Avory and the younger Davies brother deteriorated to the point where Avory left the band. By agreement with Ray Davies, he ceased performing and recording with the band in 1984, but accepted an invitation to manage Konk Studios, where the band and the Davies brothers record most of their records - a position he has held ever since.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Kinks (1964–1984)", "target_page_ids": [ 24600913 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 252, 264 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Ray explained the situation:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Kinks (1964–1984)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In another interview, Ray said:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Kinks (1964–1984)", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Avory was replaced by Bob Henrit, former drummer with The Roulettes, Unit 4 + 2 and Argent.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Kinks (1964–1984)", "target_page_ids": [ 2694565, 13994682, 1357068, 1776459 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 32 ], [ 54, 67 ], [ 69, 79 ], [ 84, 90 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Later on, it would seem that Dave Davies and Avory settled their differences, as Avory subsequently played the drums on \"Rock 'n' Roll Cities\", a track on the Think Visual album written by Dave Davies. Avory was asked to rejoin by Ray Davies, but he declined as he wanted a rest from the non-stop touring, working and performing schedule of two decades.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "The Kinks (1964–1984)", "target_page_ids": [ 43100452, 2707107 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 121, 141 ], [ 159, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1996, he started playing with The Kast Off Kinks, along with John Dalton, Dave Clarke (no relation to the Dave Clark of \"The Dave Clark Five\"), John Gosling and Jim Rodford. He has performed with them ever since.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Current work (1985–present)", "target_page_ids": [ 3158351, 2897982, 4566673, 167469, 2283408 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 51 ], [ 64, 75 ], [ 77, 88 ], [ 124, 143 ], [ 164, 175 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the 1990s, he also formed Shut Up Frank with Clarke, Noel Redding and Dave Rowberry of The Animals. They toured extensively and recorded several albums.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Current work (1985–present)", "target_page_ids": [ 226445, 9606651 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 56, 68 ], [ 73, 86 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Avory was inducted into both the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2005, with original bassist Pete Quaife and the Davies brothers.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Current work (1985–present)", "target_page_ids": [ 58902, 1329947, 1388633 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 33, 59 ], [ 76, 97 ], [ 129, 140 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "By April 2004 at the request of The Animals, who were about to do their 40th anniversary tour, Chip Hawkes (formerly of The Tremeloes) was asked to form a band to tour along with them. This he did and brought together a true beat-era supergroup. The band features former original members of British 1960s groups, including Avory, Eric Haydock (The Hollies) and Hawkes, who have now combined to perform as The Class of 64 (referring to the actual year the British Invasion took America by storm), also featuring guitarists 'Telecaster Ted' Tomlin and Graham Pollock. The band have toured around the world, and have recorded an album of their former bands' hits.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Current work (1985–present)", "target_page_ids": [ 77003, 1421061, 8010115, 465901, 89767 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 43 ], [ 120, 133 ], [ 330, 342 ], [ 344, 355 ], [ 455, 471 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 2007, Avory left The Class of 64 and, with other former 64 members Haydock, Pollock, Tomlin, formed a new band called The Legends of the Sixties, adding Martin Lyon. Avory made a special guest appearance onstage at Ray Davies' Royal Albert Hall performance on 10 May 2007. He played tambourine. Also guesting was Ian Gibbons, the former longtime Kinks keyboard player.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Current work (1985–present)", "target_page_ids": [ 179238, 2706778 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 230, 247 ], [ 316, 327 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Avory also plays in The '60s All Stars' band with British 1960s group members: John Dee (The Foundations), Alan Lovell (The Swinging Blue Jeans) and Derek Mandell (The George Harrison Band). The band can be seen playing regularly at the Cardinal Wolsey pub across the river from Avory's childhood suburb. Avory was selected to pick up the sticks for From The Jam following Rick Buckler's departure, and toured with them in December 2009.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Current work (1985–present)", "target_page_ids": [ 150037, 3109171 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 350, 362 ], [ 373, 385 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Avory lives in Kew, west London. Avory has a daughter, he has claimed that she is not \"terribly musical\". Avory married Marliesa Mladek in January 2018.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Personal life", "target_page_ids": [ 94142 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Mick Avory's page at Drummerworld", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "1944_births", "Living_people", "The_Kinks_members", "English_rock_drummers", "People_from_Molesey", "People_from_Chipping_Barnet", "British_rhythm_and_blues_boom_musicians" ]

[ "Michael Charles Avory" ]

[ { "plaintext": "ODMR may refer to:", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " On-Demand Mail Relay", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1437366 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Optically detected magnetic resonance, a double resonance technique which combines electron paramagnetic resonance with measurements such as fluorescence, phosphorescence and absorption", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 58094662, 1926015 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 38 ], [ 84, 115 ] ] } ]

[]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "Novara (It. Provincia di Novara) is a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Novara.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 25061, 14532, 5141756 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 46 ], [ 54, 62 ], [ 73, 78 ], [ 99, 113 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In 1992, the new Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola was created through the fusion of three geographical areas which had previously been part of the Province of Novara.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 1095610 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 49 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It has an area of and a total population of 373,081 (2012). It consists of 88 comuni (municipalities).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The province of Novara is home to the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wine of Colline Novaresi which was created in 1994 for the red and white Italian wines of the area. All grapes destined for DOC wine production need to be harvested to a yield no greater than 11 tonnes/ha. The red wine is a blend of at least 30% Nebbiolo (known under the local name of Spanna), up to 40% Uva Rara and no more than 30% collectively of Croatina and Vespolina. Varietal styles of each of the red grape varieties can be made provided that the grape makes up at least 85% of the wine. The white wine is made 100% from the Erbaluce grape. The finished wine must attain a minimum alcohol level of 11% in order to be labelled with the Colline Novaresi DOC designation.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Colline Novaresi DOC", "target_page_ids": [ 393473, 1807097, 14067073, 14625441, 31185, 452586, 20144856, 8154785, 20144871, 679361, 450096, 19791101, 409309, 1606714 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 38, 74 ], [ 154, 166 ], [ 236, 245 ], [ 251, 256 ], [ 276, 282 ], [ 327, 335 ], [ 386, 394 ], [ 432, 440 ], [ 445, 454 ], [ 456, 464 ], [ 491, 506 ], [ 615, 623 ], [ 671, 684 ], [ 707, 715 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "ISTAT", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Official website", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Novara", "Provinces_of_Italy", "Wine_regions_of_Italy" ]

[ "provincia di Novara", "Novara Province", "Novara" ]

[ { "plaintext": "National freeway 6, also known as Shuishalian Freeway or Central East-West Freeway, is a freeway between Wufeng, Taichung and Puli, Nantou, and all of the main line was already open to traffic on 21 March 2009. The freeway runs parallel with provincial highway 14 for most of its length.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2411002, 957774, 951052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 96 ], [ 105, 121 ], [ 126, 138 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The length is about 37.6km between Wufeng, Taichung and Puli, Nantou.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Length", "target_page_ids": [ 957774, 951052 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 51 ], [ 56, 68 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Its construction began on 25 March 2004. On 27 January 2008, the main line between Ailan IC and Puli terminal was open to traffic. Then, the main line between Wufeng JCT and East Caotun IC, and the East Caotun connection way were open to traffic on 27 December 2008. The other part of main line between east Caotun IC and Ailan IC was already open to traffic on 21 March 2009. Afterwards, Guoxing IC was open to traffic on 22 October 2009. Then, Jiuzheng IC was open to traffic on 31 January 2011. Beishan IC was completed on 21 November 2013.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 17789095 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 179, 185 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There is a plan to extend the route further east to Hualien City. However, it is technically difficult due to the mountains between Puli, Nantou and Hualien City.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Background", "target_page_ids": [ 22946701, 951052, 22946701 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 64 ], [ 132, 144 ], [ 149, 161 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Highway system in Taiwan", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 950062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] } ]

[ "Highways_in_Taiwan" ]

[ "Shuishalian Freeway" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Idris Wyn Owen (18 February 1912 – 21 December 2003) was a British Conservative Party politician, and Member of Parliament (MP) for Stockport North 1970–74.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32113, 3776360, 8675723 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 67, 85 ], [ 102, 122 ], [ 132, 147 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Owen was educated at Stockport School and College, and Manchester School of Commerce (forerunner of Manchester Metropolitan University). He became a director of a building and civil engineering company. He was a fellow of the Institute of Builders and Vice-president of the National Federation of Building Trades Employers, 1965.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 300827, 38308 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 21, 30 ], [ 100, 134 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He served as a councillor on Stockport Borough Council from 1946 and chaired the housing committee.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 2820315 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 54 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Owen contested Manchester Exchange in 1951, came close in Stalybridge and Hyde in 1955 and first stood in Stockport North in 1966.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 8455744, 1811261 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 15, 34 ], [ 58, 78 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "He was elected in Stockport North in the 1970 general election but was defeated by just 203 votes by Labour's Andrew Bennett in the February 1974 general election. He stood again in the October 1974 general election but lost by a larger margin.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 159614, 19279158, 414621, 269663, 269689 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 62 ], [ 101, 107 ], [ 110, 124 ], [ 132, 162 ], [ 186, 215 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Owen lived in The Old Rectory, Gawsworth, Cheshire for much of his life, later moving to Prestbury, Cheshire, where he died. He and his wife Eileen had two children.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Biography", "target_page_ids": [ 16809415, 155050, 7406, 3055961 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 14, 29 ], [ 31, 40 ], [ 42, 50 ], [ 89, 108 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "18,475 William Griffiths (Labour)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 8349247 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "14,881 Idris Owen (Conservative)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "23,617 Fred Blackburn (Labour)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 4675819 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "23,462 Idris Owen (Conservative)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "21,598 Arnold Gregory (Labour)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 8671757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "18,262 Idris Owen (Conservative)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Majority: 3,336", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Idris Owen (Conservative)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Arnold Gregory (Labour)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [ 8671757 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 14 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "16,948 Andrew Bennett (Labour)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "16,745 Idris Owen (Conservative)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "9,283 Peter Arnold (Liberal)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Majority: 203", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "17,979 Andrew Bennett (Labour)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "16,155 Idris Owen (Conservative)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "7,085 Peter Arnold (Liberal)", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Majority: 1,824", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Election results", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Times Guide to the House of Commons, Times Newspapers Ltd, 1951, 1955, 1966, 1974", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "References", "target_page_ids": [ 39127 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 61 ] ] } ]

[ "1912_births", "2003_deaths", "Conservative_Party_(UK)_MPs_for_English_constituencies", "UK_MPs_1970–1974", "People_from_Prestbury,_Cheshire", "Councillors_in_Stockport" ]

[ "Idris Wyn Owen" ]

[ { "plaintext": "In the mathematical field of algebraic graph theory, the degree matrix of an undirected graph is a diagonal matrix which contains information about the degree of each vertex—that is, the number of edges attached to each vertex. It is used together with the adjacency matrix to construct the Laplacian matrix of a graph: the Laplacian matrix is the difference of the degree matrix and the adjacency matrix.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 18831, 1620216, 325806, 174080, 1374448, 638899, 244463, 1448472 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 19 ], [ 29, 51 ], [ 77, 93 ], [ 99, 114 ], [ 152, 158 ], [ 167, 173 ], [ 257, 273 ], [ 291, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Given a graph with , the degree matrix for is a diagonal matrix defined as", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 174080 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 52, 67 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "where the degree of a vertex counts the number of times an edge terminates at that vertex. In an undirected graph, this means that each loop increases the degree of a vertex by two. In a directed graph, the term degree may refer either to indegree (the number of incoming edges at each vertex) or outdegree (the number of outgoing edges at each vertex).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Definition", "target_page_ids": [ 325806, 19721986, 19721986, 19721986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 98, 114 ], [ 188, 202 ], [ 240, 248 ], [ 298, 307 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The following undirected graph has a 6x6 degree matrix with values:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Example", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Note that in the case of undirected graphs, an edge that starts and ends in the same node increases the corresponding degree value by 2 (i.e. it is counted twice).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Example", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The degree matrix of a k-regular graph has a constant diagonal of .", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 85821 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 23, 38 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the degree sum formula, the trace of the degree matrix is twice the number of edges of the considered graph.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Properties", "target_page_ids": [ 9607933, 43270 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 17, 35 ], [ 41, 46 ] ] } ]

[ "Algebraic_graph_theory", "Matrices" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "The former Province of Turin (; ; ) was a province in the Piedmont region of Italy. Its capital was the city of Turin. The province existed until 31 December 2014, when it was replaced by the Metropolitan City of Turin.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 316057, 25061, 14532, 19450529, 45017056 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 42, 50 ], [ 58, 66 ], [ 77, 82 ], [ 112, 117 ], [ 192, 218 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "It had an area of , and a total population of (30 June 2011). There were 316 comuni (municipalities) in the province the most of any province in Italy. The second highest comuni are in the Province of Cuneo which has 250. Torino, the former capital of the province, and capital of the present day Metropolitan City of Turin, was the first national capital of unified Italy in 1861. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Geography", "target_page_ids": [ 457055, 961044, 19450529 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 78, 84 ], [ 191, 208 ], [ 224, 230 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The most important export items from the Turin province are automobiles, machinery, and metal products. The province has commercial relations with Germany, France, Poland, Spain, United Kingdom, Romania and Czech Republic. A large quantity of import and export is carried with these nations. ", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Service is the most important economic sector accounting to 66% of the gross domestic product. The other two important sectors are industry (32%) and agriculture (2%). In order to promote entrepreneurship, the provincial body has started \"Start Your Own Business\" (), an advice service to help aspiring entrepreneurs who have new business ideas.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Economy", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Piedmontese language", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 493075 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 21 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Franco-Provençal language", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 465924 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Sacro Monte di Belmonte", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 10138656 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " House of Savoy", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 69842 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 15 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Residences of the Royal House of Savoy", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 5177851 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 39 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gran Paradiso National Park — Parco Nazionale del Gran Paradiso.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4904449 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 28 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Official former website", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Province_of_Turin", "Metropolitan_City_of_Turin", "Former_provinces_of_Italy" ]

[ "Provincia di Torino", "Turin province", "Torino province", "Turin", "provincia di Torino" ]

[ { "plaintext": "Estimates of casualties of the Vietnam War vary widely. Estimates include both civilian and military deaths in North and South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 32611, 23550210, 59756, 17752, 334751 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 31, 42 ], [ 111, 116 ], [ 121, 134 ], [ 136, 140 ], [ 146, 154 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The war persisted from 1955 to 1975 and most of the fighting took place in South Vietnam; accordingly it suffered the most casualties. The war also spilled over into the neighboring countries of Cambodia and Laos which also endured casualties from aerial and ground fighting.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Civilian deaths caused by both sides amounted to a significant percentage of total deaths. Civilian deaths were partly caused by assassinations, massacres, and terror tactics. Civilian deaths were also caused by mortar and artillery, extensive aerial bombing and the use of firepower in military operations conducted in heavily populated areas. A number of incidents occurred during the war in which civilians were deliberately targeted or killed. The most prominent of these events were the Huế Massacre and the Mỹ Lai Massacre.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 629004, 68292 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 492, 504 ], [ 513, 528 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Estimates of the total number of deaths in the Vietnam War vary widely. The wide disparity among the estimates cited below is partially explained by the different time periods of the Vietnam War covered by the studies and whether casualties in Cambodia and Laos were included in the estimates.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A 1975 US Senate subcommittee estimated around 1.4 million civilian casualties in South Vietnam because of the war, including 415,000 deaths. An estimate by the Department of Defense after the war gave a figure of 1.2 million civilian casualties, including 195,000 deaths. ", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to statistics from the South Vietnamese Ministry of Health, 44.5% of civilians admitted to hospitals between 1967 and 1970 were wounded by mines or mortars, 21.2% by guns or grenades, and 34.3% by artillery or  bombing.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Guenter Lewy in 1978 estimated 1,353,000 total deaths in North and South Vietnam during the period 1965–1974 in which the U.S. was most engaged in the war. Lewy reduced the number of Viet Cong (VC) and People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) battle deaths claimed by the U.S. by 30 percent (in accordance with the opinion of United States Department of Defense officials), and assumed that one third of the reported battle deaths of the PAVN/VC may have actually been civilians. He estimates that between 30 and 46% of the total war deaths were civilians. His estimate of total deaths is reflected in the table.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 3112940, 7279897 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 317, 352 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A 1995 demographic study in Population and Development Review calculated 791,000–1,141,000 war-related Vietnamese deaths, both soldiers and civilians, for all of Vietnam from 1965–75. The study came up with a most likely Vietnamese death toll of 882,000, which included 655,000 adult males (above 15 years of age), 143,000 adult females, and 84,000 children. Those totals include only Vietnamese deaths, and do not include American and other allied military deaths which amounted to about 64,000. The study's authors stated that methodological limitations of the study include imbalance between rural and urban areas and the potential exclusion of high mortality areas.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 39317485 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 28, 61 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Another potential limitation is the relatively small sample size of the study.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "In 1995, the Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955–75. PAVN and VC losses were reported as 1.1 million dead and civilian deaths of Vietnamese on both sides totaled 2.0 million. These estimates probably include deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia, but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "A 2008 study by the BMJ (formerly British Medical Journal) came up with a higher toll of 3,812,000 dead in Vietnam between 1955–2002. For the period of the Vietnam War the totals are 1,310,000 between 1955 and 1964, 1,700,000 between 1965–74 and 810,000 between 1975 and 1984. (The estimates for 1955–64 are much higher than other estimates). The sum of those totals is 3,091,000 war deaths between 1955–75.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 541927 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 57 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Uppsala University in Sweden maintains the Armed Conflict Database. Their estimates for conflict deaths in Vietnam are 164,923 from 1955–64 and 1,458,050 from 1965–75 for a total of 1,622,973. The database also estimates combat deaths in Cambodia for the years 1967–75 to total 259,000. Data for deaths in Laos is incomplete.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 31801 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 18 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "R. J. Rummel's mid-range estimate in 1997 was that the total deaths due to the Vietnam War totaled 2,450,000 from 1954–75. Rummel calculated PAVN/VC deaths at 1,062,000 and ARVN and allied war deaths of 741,000, with both totals including civilians inadvertently killed. He estimated that victims of democide (deliberate killing of civilians) included 214,000 by North Vietnam/VC and 98,000 by South Vietnam and its allies. Deaths in Cambodia and Laos were estimated at 273,000 and 62,000 respectively.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Total number of deaths", "target_page_ids": [ 356324, 32611, 8587 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 79, 90 ], [ 300, 308 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Lewy estimates that 40,000 South Vietnamese civilians were assassinated by the PAVN/VC; 300,000 were killed as a result of combat in South Vietnam, and 65,000 were killed in North Vietnam for a total of 405,000 killed. He further suggests that 222,000 civilians may have been counted as enemy military deaths by the U.S. in compiling its \"body count\" raising the total to 627,000 killed. It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel in many instances as many individuals were part-time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms. Walter Mead estimates that approximately 365,000 Vietnamese civilians to have died as a result of the war during the period of American involvement.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 1147647 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 339, 349 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "R. J. Rummel estimated that PAVN/VC forces killed around 164,000 civilians in democide between 1954 and 1975 in South Vietnam, from a range of between 106,000 and 227,000, plus another 50,000 killed in North Vietnam. Rummel's mid-level estimate includes 17,000 South Vietnamese civil servants killed by PAVN/VC. In addition, at least 36,000 Southern civilians were executed for various reasons in the period 1967–1972. About 130 American and 16,000 South Vietnamese POWs died in captivity. During the peak war years, another scholar Guenter Lewy attributed almost a third of civilian deaths to the VC.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 356324, 8587, 25008, 3112940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 12 ], [ 78, 86 ], [ 466, 470 ], [ 533, 545 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Thomas Thayer in 1985 estimated that during the 1965–72 period the VC killed 33,052 South Vietnamese village officials and civil servants.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "These numbers do not include civilian and ARVN military deaths result from the communist mass-internment, the refugee crisis and subsequent exodus of Vietnamese people after the Fall of Saigon.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 1847365, 39455049, 29449713, 1135721 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 89, 104 ], [ 110, 124 ], [ 140, 167 ], [ 178, 192 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to RJ Rummel, from 1964 to 1975, an estimated 1,500 people died during the forced relocations of 1,200,000 civilians, another 5,000 prisoners died from ill-treatment and about 30,000 suspected communists and fighters were executed. In Quảng Nam Province 4,700 civilians were killed in 1969. This totals, from a range of between 16,000 and 167,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam during the (Diệm-era), and 42,000 and 118,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam in the post Diệm-era), excluding PAVN forces killed by the ARVN in combat. Benjamin Valentino estimates 110,000–310,000 deaths as a \"possible case\" of \"counter-guerrilla mass killings\" by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces during the war.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 1241593, 54017, 135327 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 245, 263 ], [ 400, 404 ], [ 635, 648 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Operating under the direction of the CIA and other US and South Vietnamese Intel organizations and carried out by ARVN units alongside US advisers was the Phoenix Program, intended to neutralise the VC political infrastructure, whom were the civilian administration of the Viet Cong/Provisional Revolutionary Government via infiltration, capture, counter-terrorism, interrogation, and assassination. The program resulted in an estimated 26,000 to 41,000 killed, with an unknown number possibly being innocent civilians.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 5183633, 710528, 68286, 68273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 37, 40 ], [ 155, 170 ], [ 273, 282 ], [ 283, 319 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "RJ Rummel estimated that American forces killed around 5,500 people in democide between 1960 and 1972, from a range of between 4,000 and 10,000. Estimates for the number of North Vietnamese civilian deaths resulting from US bombing range from 30,000–65,000. Higher estimates place the number of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder at 182,000. American bombing in Cambodia is estimated to have killed between 30,000 and 150,000 civilians and combatants.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 8587, 225878, 7584394 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 71, 79 ], [ 358, 383 ], [ 396, 424 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "18.2 million gallons of Agent Orange, some of which was contaminated with Dioxin, was sprayed by the U.S. military over more than 10% of Southern Vietnam as part of the U.S. herbicidal warfare program Operation Ranch Hand during the Vietnam War, from 1961 to 1971. Vietnam's government claimed that 400,000 people were killed or maimed as a result of after effects, and that 500,000 children were born with birth defects. The United States government has challenged these figures as being unreliable.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 2547, 13932142, 2463718, 259341, 321263 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 36 ], [ 74, 80 ], [ 174, 192 ], [ 201, 221 ], [ 407, 420 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "For official US military operations reports, there was no established distinctions between enemy KIA and civilian KIA. Since body counts were a direct measure of operational success, US \"operations reports\" often listed civilian deaths as enemy KIA or exaggerated the number. There was strong pressure to produce body counts as a measure of operational success and enemy body counts were directly tied to promotions and commendation. The My Lai Massacre was initially written off as an operational success and covered up. Sometimes civilian casualties from airstrikes or artillery barrages against villages were reported as \"enemies killed\". All individuals killed in declared free-fire zones, combatants or not, were considered enemy killed in action by US forces . This might partially explain the discrepancies between recovered weapons and body-count figures, along with exaggeration, although the NVA and VC also went to great lengths to recover weapons from the battlefield. At other times, US-committed atrocities or accidental killings were covered up or blamed on the NVA/VC to skirt punishment.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 2642674 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 677, 691 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "German historian Bernd Greiner mentions the following war crimes reported and/or investigated by the Peers Commission and the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group, among other sources:", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 68292, 21923896 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 117 ], [ 126, 158 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Seven massacres officially confirmed by the American side. My Lai (4) and My Khe (4) (collectively the My Lai Massacre) claimed the largest number of victims with 420 and 90 respectively, and in five other places a total of about 100 civilians were executed.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Two further massacres were reported by soldiers who had taken part in them, one north of Đức Pho in Quảng Ngãi Province in the summer of 1968 (14 victims), another in Bình Định Province on 20 July 1969 (25 victims).", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 2015207, 931323 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 101, 120 ], [ 168, 186 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Tiger Force, a special operations force, probably murdered hundreds of civilians during a 6-month period in 1967.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 346790 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Information Bureau of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam (PRG), a shadow government formed by North Vietnam in 1969, between April 1968 and the end of 1970 American ground troops killed about 6,500 civilians in the course of twenty-one operations either on their own or alongside their allies.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 68273 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 43, 96 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Nick Turse, in his 2013 book, Kill Anything that Moves, argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts, a widespread use of free-fire zones, rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as VC, and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. troops. One example cited by Turse is Operation Speedy Express, an operation by the 9th Infantry Division, which was described by John Paul Vann as, in effect, \"many My Lais\".", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 8329606, 926925, 754038 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 411, 435 ], [ 457, 478 ], [ 503, 517 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ROK Capital Division reportedly perpetrated the Bình An/Tây Vinh massacre in February/March 1966. The 2nd Marine Brigade reportedly perpetrated the Binh Tai Massacre on 9 October 1966. In December 1966, the Blue Dragon Brigade reportedly perpetrated the Bình Hòa massacre. The Second Marine Brigade perpetrated the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre on 12 February 1968. South Korean Marines reportedly perpetrated the Hà My massacre on 25 February 1968. According to a study conducted in 1968 by a Quaker-funded Vietnamese-speaking American couple, Diane and Michael Jones, there were at least 12 mass killings committed by South Korean forces that approached the scale of the My Lai Massacre, with reports of thousands of routine murders of civilians, primarily the elderly, women and children. A separate study was carried out by RAND Corporation employee Terry Rambo, who conducted interviews in 1970 on reported Korean atrocities in ARVN/civilian areas. Widespread reports of deliberate mass killings by Korean forces alleged that they were the result of systemic, deliberate policies to massacre civilians, with murders running into the hundreds. These policies were also reported on by US commanders, with one US Marine General stating \"whenever the Korean marines received fire \"or think [they got] fired on from a village ... they'd divert from their march and go over and completely level the village ... it would be a lesson to (the Vietnamese).\" Another Marine commander, Gen. Robert E. Cushman Jr., added, \"we had a big problem with atrocities attributed to them, which I sent on down to Saigon.\" Investigations by Korean civic groups have alleged that at least 9,000 civilians were massacred by ROK forces.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Civilian deaths in the Vietnam War", "target_page_ids": [ 8658718, 31057942, 24027879, 31110570, 24027879, 32356985, 30655126, 30840592, 38776954, 23712727, 3769892 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 24 ], [ 52, 77 ], [ 106, 124 ], [ 152, 169 ], [ 211, 230 ], [ 258, 275 ], [ 319, 352 ], [ 422, 436 ], [ 502, 515 ], [ 836, 852 ], [ 1492, 1513 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The ARVN suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths. According to Guenter Lewy, the ARVN suffered between 171,331 and 220,357 deaths during the war. R.J. Rummel estimated that ARVN suffered between 219,000 and 313,000 deaths during the war, including in 1975 and prior to 1960.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Army of the Republic of Vietnam", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Other casualties for the ARVN included up to 1,170,000 military wounded, and 1,000,000 surrendered or captured. Prior to the 1975 spring offensive, at least 5,336 ARVN were captured, being released in the aftermath of the Paris Peace Accords.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "Army of the Republic of Vietnam", "target_page_ids": [ 5475353, 669964 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 125, 146 ], [ 222, 241 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Deaths", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Vietnamese government's national survey and assessment of war casualties (March 2017), there were 849,018 PAVN/VC military personnel dead, including combat death and non-combat death, from the period between 1955 and 1975. Based on unit surveys, a rough estimate of 30–40% of dead and missing were non-combat deaths. Across all three wars including the First Indochina War and the Third Indochina War there was a total of 1,146,250 PAVN/VC military deaths or missing, included 939,460 deaths (their bodies were found) and 207,000 missing (their bodies were not found). Per war: 191,605 deaths/missing in the First Indochina War, 849,018 deaths/missing in the Second Indochina War (Vietnam War), and 105,627 deaths/missing in the Third Indochina War.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 222928, 537568, 222928 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 370, 389 ], [ 398, 417 ], [ 625, 644 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to American writer Joseph Babcock, the Vietnamese government estimated 300,000 PAVN/VC missing-in-action (MIA) in 2019, but that the real number of MIA is widely believed to be closer to 500,000 people, whose bodies were either never found or buried anonymously and never identified. The overwhelming majority of the MIA are from northern Vietnam. In 1976, the Vietnamese government organized Gathering Teams to find the remains of dead soldiers. The overwhelming majority of the MIA are from northern Vietnam. According to the Vietnamese government, from 1994 to 2012, 172,460 PAVN/VC bodies were found, including 15,989 in Cambodia, and 14,549 in Laos, and around 10,000 bodies were found from 2012 to 2015, reducing the number of MIA from 390,000 (1993) to 207,000 (2016). According to the Vice Minister Nguyễn Bá Hoan, in 2022, nearly 200,000 PAVN/VC were still MIA (whose bodies were have not been found), and 300,000 whose bodies have been found, but buried anonymously and never identified.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 10283947 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 29, 43 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "According to the Vietnamese government's official history, one of the deadliest years was 1972, in which the PAVN/VC suffered over 100,000 casualties (including 40,000 deaths) during the Easter Offensive. After the U.S.'s withdrawal from the conflict, the Pentagon estimated PAVN/VC deaths at 39,000 in 1973 and 61,000 in 1974.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 648940 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 187, 203 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "There has been considerable controversy about the exact numbers of deaths inflicted on the Communist side by U.S. and allied South Vietnamese forces. Shelby Stanton, writing in The Rise and Fall of an American Army, declined to include casualty statistics because of their 'general unreliability.' Accurate assessments of PAVN/VC losses, he wrote, were 'largely impossible due to lack of disclosure by the Vietnamese government, terrain, destruction of remains by firepower, and [inability] to confirm artillery and aerial kills.' The 'shameful gamesmanship' practiced by 'certain reporting elements' under pressure to 'produce results' also shrouded the process.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "RJ Rummel estimates 1,011,000 PAVN/VC combatant deaths. The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. For this figure, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported enemy killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of the VC and PAVN military forces was probably closer to 444,000.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Author Mark Woodruff noted that when the Vietnamese Government finally revealed its estimated losses (in April 1995) as being 1.1 million dead, U.S body count figures had actually underestimated enemy losses.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The Phoenix Program, a counterinsurgency program executed by the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), United States special operations forces, and the Republic of Vietnam's security apparatus, killed 26,369 suspected of being VC operatives and informants.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 710528, 1779806, 5183633, 427806 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 4, 19 ], [ 23, 40 ], [ 79, 106 ], [ 114, 153 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Historian Christian Appy states \"search and destroy was the principal tactic; and the enemy body count was the primary measure of progress\" in the US strategy of attrition. Search and destroy was a term to describe operations aimed at flushing the Viet Cong out of hiding, while body count was the measuring stick for operation success and this resulted in exaggeration and listing civilian deaths as enemy KIA. One study estimated that American commanders exaggerated body counts by 100 percent.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 32360595, 297373, 343446 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 10, 24 ], [ 33, 51 ], [ 162, 171 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Other casualties", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The PAVN/VC forces suffered around 600,000 wounded during the war, and prior to the 1975 spring offensive, lost at least 26,880 soldiers taken prisoner - being released after the 1973 Peace Accords. Additionally, according to the U.S. military, they also lost up to 101,511 personnel as defectors due to the Chieu Hoi program, but one analyst speculates that less than 25% of those were genuine.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "North Vietnamese and Viet Cong military casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 5475353, 2855029 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 84, 105 ], [ 308, 317 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Casualties as of 4 May 2021:", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 58,281 KIA or non-combat deaths (including the missing and deaths in captivity)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [ 368513 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 8, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 153,372 WIA (excluding 150,332 persons not requiring hospital care)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [ 871054 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 1,584 MIA (originally 2,646)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [ 601205 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 7, 10 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 766–778 POW (652–662 freed/escaped, 114–116 died in captivity)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [ 25008 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 9, 12 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total number of American personnel who were KIA or died non-hostile deaths, were enlisted personnel with a casualty number of 50,441. The total number of officer casualties, commissioned and warrant, are 7,877. The following is a chart of all casualties, listed by race, and in descending order.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "The total number of casualties, both KIA and non-hostile deaths, for drafted and volunteer service personnel (figures are approximated):", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "During the Vietnam War, 30% of wounded service members died of their wounds. 30–35% of American deaths in the war were non-combat or friendly fire deaths; the largest causes of death in the U.S. armed forces were small arms fire (31.8%), booby traps including mines and frags (27.4%), and aircraft crashes (14.7%).", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "African Americans suffered disproportionately high casualty rates in Vietnam. In 1965 alone they comprised 14.1% of total combat deaths, when they only comprised approximately 11% of the total U.S. population in the same year. With the draft increasing due to the troop buildup in South Vietnam, the military significantly lowered its admission standards. In October 1966, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara initiated Project 100,000 which further lowered military standards for 100,000 additional draftees per year. McNamara claimed this program would provide valuable training, skills and opportunity to America's poor—a promise that was never carried out. Many black men who had previously been ineligible could now be drafted, along with many poor and racially intolerant white men from the southern states. This led to increased racial tension in the military.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [ 80222, 25168359 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 391, 406 ], [ 417, 432 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The number of US military personnel in Vietnam jumped from 23,300 in 1965 to 465,600 by the end of 1967. Between October 1966 and June 1969, 246,000 soldiers were recruited through Project 100,000, of whom 41% were Black; Black people only made up about 11% of the population of the US. Of the 27 million draft-age men between 1964 and 1973, 40% were drafted into military service, and only 10% were actually sent to Vietnam. This group was made up almost entirely of either working-class or rural youth. Black people often made up a disproportionate 25% or more of combat units, while constituting only 12% of the military. 20% of Black males were combat soldiers, sailors, airmen and marines.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [ 39903086 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 475, 488 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Civil rights leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, John Lewis, Muhammad Ali and others, criticized the racial disparity in both casualties and representation in the entire military, prompting the Pentagon to order cutbacks in the number of African Americans in combat positions. Commander George L. Jackson said, \"In response to this criticism, the Department of Defense took steps to readjust force levels in order to achieve an equitable proportion and employment of Negroes in Vietnam.\" The Army instigated myriad reforms, addressed issues of discrimination and prejudice from the post exchanges to the lack of black officers, and introduced \"Mandatory Watch And Action Committees\" into each unit. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in the proportion of black casualties, and by late 1967, black casualties had fallen to 13%, and were below 10% in 1970 to 1972. As a result, by the war's completion, total black casualties averaged 12.5% of US combat deaths, approximately equal to percentage of draft-eligible black men, though still slightly higher than the 10% who served in the military.", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "United States armed forces", "target_page_ids": [ 20076, 20796, 411737, 63747 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 32, 54 ], [ 56, 65 ], [ 67, 77 ], [ 79, 91 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Unexploded ordnance continue to detonate and kill people today. According to the Vietnamese government, unexploded ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the end of the war. According to a 2009 study, one third of land in the central provinces of Vietnam is still contaminated with unexploded mines and ordnance. In 2012 alone, unexploded ordnance and claimed 500 casualties in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, according to activists and Vietnamese government databases. The United States has spent over $65 million since 1998 as part of unexploded ordnance clearing operations.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 406804 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Agent Orange and similar chemical defoliants have also caused a considerable number of deaths and injuries over the years, including among the US Air Force crew that handled them. The government of Vietnam says that 4 million of its citizens were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as 3 million have suffered illnesses because of it; these figures include the children of people who were exposed. The Red Cross of Vietnam estimates that up to 1 million people are disabled or suffer health problems due to Agent Orange exposure.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 1205877, 21020463 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 34, 44 ], [ 403, 423 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "On 9 August 2012, the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical from part of Da Nang International Airport, marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam. Da Nang was the primary storage site of the chemical. Two other cleanup sites being reviewed by the United States and Vietnam are Biên Hòa Air Base, in the southern province of Đồng Nai—a 'hotspot' for dioxin—and Phù Cát Air Base in Bình Định Province, according to U.S. Ambassador to Vietnam David Shear. The Vietnamese newspaper Nhân Dân reported in 2012 that the U.S. government was providing $41 million to the project, which aimed to reduce the contamination level in 73,000 m³ of soil by late 2016.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 2920410, 4889465, 529123, 20658047, 50418330, 931323, 2773938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 115, 144 ], [ 368, 385 ], [ 415, 423 ], [ 440, 446 ], [ 451, 467 ], [ 471, 489 ], [ 569, 577 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Following the end of the war, many refugees fled Vietnam by boat and ship. The number of boat people leaving Vietnam and arriving safely in another country totalled almost 800,000 between 1975 and 1995. Many of the refugees failed to survive the passage, facing danger from pirates, over-crowded boats, and storms. According to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, between 200,000 and 400,000 boat people died at sea. The boat people's first destinations were the Southeast Asian locations of Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand. From refugee camps in Southeast Asia, the great majority of boat people were resettled in more developed countries. Significant numbers resettled in the United States, Canada, Italy, Australia, France, West Germany, and the United Kingdom.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Aftermath", "target_page_ids": [ 45547, 202354, 31964, 28741, 27413692, 14579, 3607937, 23440, 27318, 30128, 438046, 3434750, 5042916, 14532, 4689264, 5843419, 33166, 31717 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 35, 42 ], [ 49, 56 ], [ 332, 375 ], [ 476, 490 ], [ 505, 514 ], [ 516, 525 ], [ 527, 535 ], [ 537, 548 ], [ 550, 559 ], [ 565, 573 ], [ 580, 592 ], [ 728, 741 ], [ 743, 749 ], [ 751, 756 ], [ 758, 767 ], [ 769, 775 ], [ 777, 789 ], [ 799, 813 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cambodian Civil War", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 350611 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 19 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 275,000–310,000 killed", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Laotian Civil War", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 209824 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 17 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 20,000–62,000 killed", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "South Korea", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 5,099 Killed in action", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 14,232 wounded", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 4 missing in action", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Australia", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 426 killed in action, 74 died of other causes", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 3,129 wounded", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 6 missing in action (all accounted for and repatriated)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Thailand", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 351 killed in action", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,358 wounded", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "New Zealand", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 37 killed in action plus 2 civilians", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 187 wounded", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Philippines", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 9 killed in action", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 64 wounded", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Republic of China (Taiwan)", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [ 27043414 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 26 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " 25 killed in action", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "17 captured ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "People's Republic of China", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " 1,446 killed in action", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Soviet Union", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ~16", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "North Korea", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " ~14 pilots killed ", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "Other nations' casualties", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " National Archives AAD Searchable database.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The Vietnam Center and Archive. Texas Tech University.", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Vietnamese Casualties During the American war", "section_idx": 10, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Vietnam_War_casualties", "People_of_the_Vietnam_War" ]

[]

[ { "plaintext": "National freeway 8 is a freeway, which begins in Annan District of Tainan City and ends in Sinhua District, Tainan on the provincial highway 20. The first 4.2 kilometres of the freeway (from provincial highway 17A to Tainan district road 133) is expressway-standard road with partial controlled access, while the rest is controlled-access highway.", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 2411002, 957944, 23026062, 957763 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 24, 31 ], [ 49, 63 ], [ 67, 78 ], [ 91, 114 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The total length is 15.5km (9.6 miles).", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Length", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tainan City", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Major cities along the route", "target_page_ids": [ 23026062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 0, 11 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "The lanes in each direction are listed below.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "2 lanes:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": "Tainan Top - Xinhua End", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Lanes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " Highway system in Taiwan", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 950062 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 25 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Completed in 1999.", "section_idx": 6, "section_name": "Notes", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "Highways_in_Taiwan" ]

[ "Tainan Line" ]

[ { "plaintext": "The Common Address Redundancy Protocol or CARP is a computer networking protocol which allows multiple hosts on the same local area network to share a set of IP addresses. Its primary purpose is to provide failover redundancy, especially when used with firewalls and routers. In some configurations, CARP can also provide load balancing functionality. CARP provides functionality similar to Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) and to Cisco Systems' Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP). It is implemented in several BSD-based operating systems and has been ported to Linux (ucarp).", "section_idx": 0, "section_name": "Introduction", "target_page_ids": [ 28030850, 4534553, 17739, 14921, 796240, 26173989, 25748, 61118, 907215, 51746, 854478, 18932622, 22194, 214804, 6097297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 62, 81 ], [ 104, 109 ], [ 122, 140 ], [ 159, 171 ], [ 207, 215 ], [ 254, 263 ], [ 268, 275 ], [ 323, 337 ], [ 393, 427 ], [ 442, 455 ], [ 457, 484 ], [ 523, 526 ], [ 533, 549 ], [ 564, 570 ], [ 574, 579 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "If there is a single computer running a packet filter, and it goes down, the networks on either side of the packet filter can no longer communicate with each other, or they communicate without any packet filtering. If, however, there are two computers running a packet filter, running CARP, then if one fails, the other will take over, and computers on either side of the packet filter will not be aware of the failure, so operation will continue as normal. In order to make sure the new active/primary operates the same as the old one, the packet filter used must support synchronization of state between the two computers.", "section_idx": 1, "section_name": "Example", "target_page_ids": [ 26173989 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 40, 53 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A group of hosts using CARP is called a \"group of redundancy\". The group of redundancy allocates itself an IP address which is shared or divided among the members of the group. Within this group, a host is designated as \"active/primary\". The other members are \"standby\". The main host is that which \"takes\" the IP address. It answers any traffic or ARP request brought to the attention of this address. Each host can belong to several groups of redundancy. Each host must have a second unique IP address.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Principle of redundancy", "target_page_ids": [ 47986 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 349, 360 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "A common use of CARP is the creation of a group of redundant firewalls. The virtual IP address allotted to the group of redundancy is indicated as the address of the default router on the computers behind this group of firewalls. If the main firewall breaks down or is disconnected from the network, the virtual IP address will be taken by one of the firewall slaves and the service availability will not be interrupted.", "section_idx": 2, "section_name": "Principle of redundancy", "target_page_ids": [ 2126855 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 76, 94 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In the late 1990s the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) began work on a protocol for router redundancy. In 1997, Cisco informed the IETF that it had patents in this area and, in 1998, pointed out its patent on HSRP. Nonetheless, IETF continued work on VRRP. After some debate, the IETF VRRP working group decided to approve the standard, despite its reliance on patented techniques, as long as Cisco made the patent available to third parties under reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing terms. Because VRRP fixed problems with the HSRP protocol, Cisco began using VRRP instead, while still claiming it as its own.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 15285, 854478, 907215, 657137 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 22, 53 ], [ 216, 220 ], [ 259, 263 ], [ 457, 500 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "Cisco informed the OpenBSD developers that it would enforce its patent on HSRP. Cisco's position may have been due to their lawsuit with Alcatel. As Cisco's licensing terms prevented an open-source VRRP implementation, the OpenBSD developers begun developing CARP instead. OpenBSD focuses on security. They designed CARP to use cryptography. This made CARP fundamentally different from VRRP and ensured that CARP did not infringe on Cisco's patent. CARP became available in October 2003. Later, it was integrated into FreeBSD (first released in May 2005 with FreeBSD 5.4), NetBSD and Linux (ucarp). While Cisco's US patent expired in 2014, the two incompatible protocols continue to coexist.", "section_idx": 3, "section_name": "History", "target_page_ids": [ 18949571, 18934432, 7580554, 28901365, 6097297 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 19, 26 ], [ 332, 344 ], [ 525, 532 ], [ 580, 586 ], [ 591, 596 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "OpenBSD uses VRRP's protocol number and MAC addresses. The OpenBSD project requested unique numbers from the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) but was denied.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incompatibility with IETF standards", "target_page_ids": [ 84022 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 110, 145 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "To allocate numbers, IANA has several requirements. At the time, these were specified in RFC 2780. Requirements include participating in a collaborative, lengthy discussion process within the IETF and producing a detailed textual specification of the protocol. The OpenBSD developers met neither requirement. OpenBSD's website states the following:", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incompatibility with IETF standards", "target_page_ids": [ 15285 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 194, 198 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "IANA had assigned protocol number 112 to VRRP (in 1998, via RFC 2338). Protocol number 112 remains in use by VRRP.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incompatibility with IETF standards", "target_page_ids": [ 907215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 41, 45 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "CARP also uses a range of Ethernet MAC addresses which IEEE had assigned to IANA/IETF for the VRRP protocol.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incompatibility with IETF standards", "target_page_ids": [ 9499, 20668, 56938 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 26, 34 ], [ 35, 46 ], [ 55, 59 ] ] }, { "plaintext": "In spite of the overlap, it is still possible to use VRRP and CARP in the same broadcast domain, as long as the VRRP group ID and the CARP virtual host ID are different.", "section_idx": 4, "section_name": "Incompatibility with IETF standards", "target_page_ids": [ 4279 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 79, 95 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 1557384 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 32 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " HSRP", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 854478 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " pfsync", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 4548049 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 7 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " VRRP", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 907215 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 5 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " IP network multipathing (IPMP)", "section_idx": 5, "section_name": "See also", "target_page_ids": [ 3838745 ], "anchor_spans": [ [ 1, 24 ] ] }, { "plaintext": " UCARP: userland CARP implementation", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " NetBSD port of CARP", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] }, { "plaintext": " The OpenBSD song 3.5: \"CARP License\" and \"Redundancy must be free\"", "section_idx": 7, "section_name": "External links", "target_page_ids": [], "anchor_spans": [] } ]

[ "High-availability_cluster_computing", "OpenBSD", "FreeBSD", "First-hop_redundancy_protocols" ]

[ "CARP", "ip_carp" ]