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open_qa
|
Which bird flies the farthest?
|
The Arctic tern flies a round trip of 21,750 miles a year, breeding in the Arctic in the northern summer and feeding in the Antarctic during the southern summer. The bar-tailed godwit migrates farther in a single trip than any other bird. Each year it travels non-stop from Alaska to New Zealand in nine days and loses over half its body weight.
| 0.7066 |
|
open_qa
|
What is Linux?
|
Linux is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems that are based on the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel was first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel X86 architecture, but has since then been ported to more platforms than any other operating system. Popular Linux distributions include Debian, Fedora, Red Hat and Ubuntu.
| 0.7066 |
|
classification
|
I'm confused if I should join a data science bootcamp or do an online course. The following are some reasons. Can you segregate based on the choice I have to make?
easier to drop out if you dont like it
hands on learning
group discussions
option to do multiple courses
access to mentors
detailed deep dive into multiple topics
lesser time investment
networking opportunities
financially feasible
|
In favour of data science bootcamp:
detailed deep dive into multiple topics
access to mentors
networking opportunities
hands on learning
group discussions
In favour of online course:
financially feasible
easier to drop out if you dont like it
lesser time investment
option to do multiple courses
| 0.7066 |
|
closed_qa
|
here is some text about Andre Weiss, how many years was Andre at University of Dijon in Paris?
|
Andre Weiss was at the University of Dijon in Paris for 10 years, 1881 to 1891, before moving to the University of Paris Law School.
|
Charles André Weiss (September 30, 1858 in Mulhouse - August 31, 1928 in the Hague) was a French jurist. He was professor at the Universities of Dijon and Paris and served from 1922 until his death as judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice.
Life
André Weiss was born in Mulhouse in 1858 and completed a degree in law at the University of Paris in 1880. The following year he became a professor at the University of Dijon. In 1891 he moved to the Law School of the University of Paris. There he was from 1896 to 1908 a full professor of civil law, and from 1908 he held the chair for international law and private international law. From 1907 he also acted as legal advisor to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He was a close associate of Secretary of State Aristide Briand and participated as a delegate to the Paris Peace Conference at the end of World War I. He led one of the subcommissions of the conference.
From 1920, he was a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague. In September 1921, he was elected by the Assembly and the Council of the League of Nations to the post of judge on the newly formed Permanent International Court. His fellow judges elected him vice president at the beginning of the Tribunal's work on February 3, 1922. He was confirmed in this office in 1924 and 1927. He died before the end of his term as Judge and Vice President in August 1928 in the Hague. His compatriot, Henri Fromageot, was elected his successor, and in the office of vice-president he was succeeded by the Swiss Max Huber.
André Weiss taught in 1923 as a lecturer at the Hague Academy of International Law. He was a member of the Institut de Droit International from 1887, acting as president of its 30th session in 1922 in Grenoble. From 1914 he was a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques.
| 0.7065 |
open_qa
|
How does the train work?
|
How Does An Electric Locomotive Work:
Electric locomotives use electricity from overhead wires to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, making them lighter, faster, and quieter than steam or diesel engines.
How Does a Diesel Locomotive Work:
Diesel-electric locomotives provide cheaper upfront costs and improved reliability.
Train wheels are conical, allowing them to travel a longer distance while turning at the same speed as the inner wheel. The wheel on the left is positioned further out from the center of the axle than the right, which is beneficial for stability and comfort of the passengers. Railways have wide curves due to the "flange" of the wheel limiting lateral movement. Distance between tracks must be greater than wheel flanges to allow wheels to move laterally in curves, reducing efficiency and comfort. The "nominal gauge" of a railway is defined for the straight section and widened in curves to allow the train to tilt.
| 0.7065 |
|
classification
|
How many toes does a cat have?
|
A cat typically has five toes: four on its paw pad and one smaller one on the side of its arm called the declaw. Some cats are polydactyl, which means they could have more than the average number of toes.
| 0.7065 |
|
open_qa
|
What is the most important element of swimming breaststroke?
|
Timing is the most important aspect of swimming breaststroke. The swimmer needs to make sure to do the leg stroke (kicking) at a moment when the body is streamlined and presents the least resistance to the water. To achieve that, the arm stroke should be finished or almost finished before kicking begins. After kicking it is important to keep the streamlined position for some time to maintain the speed through gliding. The exact duration of gliding depends on the target distance of a given event or race. The longer the distance of the race is, the longer the gliding phase should be. For example, for a 50m race the gliding phase could be below 1 second, while for a 200m race it may be over 2 seconds.
| 0.7065 |
|
closed_qa
|
Why are there so few works of Kafka left even though he was a prolific writer?
|
Though Kafka was a prolific writer he struggled with low self-esteem and destroyed 90% of his work. Rest of his works were lost or were not published. In his will Kafka instructed that his unfinished novels be destroyed, luckily those instructions were ignored and we are able to read his novels like The Trial and The Castle.
|
Franz Kafka (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was a German-speaking Bohemian novelist and short-story writer based in Prague, who is widely regarded as one of the major figures of 20th-century literature. His work fuses elements of realism and the fantastic. It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. It has been interpreted as exploring themes of alienation, existential anxiety, guilt, and absurdity. His best known works include the short story "The Metamorphosis" and novels The Trial and The Castle. The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations, like those depicted in his writing.
Kafka was born into a middle-class German-speaking Czech Jewish family in Prague, the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today the capital of the Czech Republic). He trained as a lawyer, and after completing his legal education was employed full-time by an insurance company, forcing him to relegate writing to his spare time. Over the course of his life, Kafka wrote hundreds of letters to family and close friends, including his father, with whom he had a strained and formal relationship. He became engaged to several women but never married. He died in obscurity in 1924 at the age of 40 from tuberculosis.
Kafka was a prolific writer, spending most of his free time writing, often late in the night. He burned an estimated 90 per cent of his total work due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of the remaining 10 per cent is lost or otherwise unpublished. Few of Kafka's works were published during his lifetime: the story collections Contemplation and A Country Doctor, and individual stories (such as "The Metamorphosis") were published in literary magazines but received little public attention.
In his will, Kafka instructed his close friend and literary executor Max Brod to destroy his unfinished works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika, but Brod ignored these instructions, and had much of his work published. Kafka's work became famous in German-speaking countries after World War II, influencing their literature, and it spread elsewhere in the world in the 1960s. It has since influenced a range of writers, critics, artists, and philosophers.
| 0.7065 |
open_qa
|
What year did the Star Wars Trilogy premier in theaters?
|
The three films that consist of the original Star Wars Trilogy were released between 1977 and 1983. The films are below, listed in chronological order with their respective release dates:
- Star Wars (1977)
- The Empire Strikes Back (1980)
- Return of the Jedi (1983)
Following the original trilogy, another three films referred to as the prequel trilogy was released from 1999-2005:
- The Phantom Menace (1999)
- Attack of the Clones (2002)
- Revenge of the Sith (2005)
The most recent, sequel trilogy was released between 2015 and 2019:
- The Force Awakens (2015)
- The Last Jedi (2017)
- The Rise of Skywalker (2019)
| 0.7065 |
|
summarization
|
What are the different type of coats of dogs?
|
The coat of a dog varies depending on its breed. Typically a dog could have either a "double" coat or a "single" coat. "Double" coats are originated from breeds that live in colder climates. This type of coat consist of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair. Dogs with "single" coat only has the topcoat.
|
The coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: "double" being familiar with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only. Breeds may have an occasional "blaze", stripe, or "star" of white fur on their chest or underside. Premature graying can occur in dogs from as early as one year of age; this is associated with impulsive behaviors, anxiety behaviors, fear of noise, and fear of unfamiliar people or animals.
| 0.7065 |
brainstorming
|
Steps to choose right colour for occasion
|
Blue is the most recommended interview outfit
Warm colours like yellow, orange, or red are good for Company events
Bold colour like red or blue are good for parties
For court and legal the colours are blue, grey, and brown.
| 0.7065 |
|
summarization
|
Please note down some points regarding Austrian Cup from the given text
|
1. The Austrian Football Association, or FB, holds an annual football competition known as the Austrian Cup (German: FB-Cup), often known as the UNIQA FB Cup for sponsorship reasons. Austria Wien set a record by winning the competition for the 27th time during the 2008–09 season.
2. Red Bull Salzburg is the current champion, having won the competition for the eighth time in a row and nine times total.
|
The Austrian Cup (German: ÖFB-Cup), known as UNIQA ÖFB Cup for sponsorship purposes, is an annual football competition held by the Austrian Football Association, the ÖFB. During the 2008–09 season, Austria Wien won the tournament for 27th time, a record. Red Bull Salzburg are the current holders, winning the 2021-2022 tournament, making it their 8th successive win in the tournament and their 9th overall.
| 0.7065 |
open_qa
|
What is the .NET Framework?
|
.NET Framework is a managed execution environment for Windows that allows software developers to create a software application in one programming language and be assured that the app will be able to work with code written in other languages.
| 0.7064 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a list of the best PC games of all time.
|
Disco Elysium: The Final Cut
Half-Life 2
Grand Theft Auto V
The Orange Box
Half-Life
BioShock
Baldur's Gate II: Shadows of Amn
Persona 5 Royal
Portal 2
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim
| 0.7064 |
|
brainstorming
|
What are 6 different reasons to go on vacation?
|
1. re-connect with you partner
2. spend time with your children
3. learn a new culture
4. address burnout you are feeling in your regular life
5. learn a new language
6. eat delicious food
| 0.7064 |
|
brainstorming
|
What are a few different ways to spend a free weekend
|
- Write LLM Prompts
- Go hiking
- Play Video Games
- Watch Netflix
- Cook Molecular Gastronomy dishes
| 0.7063 |
|
general_qa
|
What makes Alabama Football coach Nick Saban so good at his job?
|
Nick Saban is process oriented. This is exemplified by his team's focus on processes rather than results. The philosophy is centered around the idea that building a "championship process" is the key to success. Focusing on improving your processes (e.g. tackling, blocking, footwork, catching, reading the defense) as opposed to being results-oriented will carry you further. Chasing results can cause someone to re-invent the wheel when they don't achieve immediate success, whereas being process-oriented allows you to hone in and improve upon the skill set needed to consistently reach your goals.
| 0.7063 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a bullet point list of reasons to wear sunscreen
|
- To prevent sunburns
- To reduce the risk of skin cancer
- To lessen premature aging
- To protect your skin
| 0.7063 |
|
general_qa
|
What is the difference between a Software Engineer and a Data Engineer
|
Even though often contested, there are still apparent separation of focus areas between Software Engineers and Data Engineers in today's data driven world. A Software engineer focuses mostly on code, scripting templates, CICD, i.e. has a code first mindset. A Data Engineer on the other hand has a data first mindset, i.e. focuses on data organization, separation, structure, curation, aggregation. Their responsibilities may very well overlap, and are often performed by the same team, or even the same person, but there is always scope for defining the roles separately.
| 0.7062 |
|
closed_qa
|
Given this table of train services, how many trains are there between Leeuwarden and Zwolle per day? Explain your math.
|
There are 48 trains between Leeuwarden and Zwolle per day. The trains from Leeuwarden to Rotterdam travel once an hour, and the trains from Leeuwarden to Den Haag travel once an hour. Since there are 24 hours in a day, and two routes, the total number of daily trains between Leeuwarden and Zwolle per day is 48. If the train service shuts down at night, as is common, there may be fewer than 48 trains between Leeuwarden and Zwolle per day. However, that information is not included in the provided table.
|
Train services
Route Service type Operator Notes
Zwolle – Meppel – Groningen Local ("Sprinters") NS 2x per hour – On Sundays, this train operates 1x per hour until 15:00, then 2x per hour after
Leeuwarden – Heerenveen – Meppel – Zwolle – Amersfoort – Utrecht – Gouda – Rotterdam Express ("Intercity") NS 1x per hour
Leeuwarden – Heerenveen – Meppel – Zwolle – Lelystad – Almere – Amsterdam – Schiphol – Leiden – Den Haag Express ("Intercity") NS 1x per hour
Leeuwarden – Heerenveen – Meppel Local ("Sprinter") NS 2x per hour – 1x per hour after 20:00 and on weekends
| 0.7062 |
classification
|
I dont think I should pursue higher education. From the following, what are some pros and cons of getting a masters education?
degree to show mastery of a subject
Takes money
Hard work is required
Losing out on entrepreneurial opportunities by the time spent studying
degree to show mastery of a subject
skill development
Time away from family
Set you up for lifelong success
respect in society
|
Pros:
skill development
respect in society
degree to show mastery of a subject
Set you up for lifelong success
Cons:
Takes money
Hard work is required
Time away from family
Losing out on entrepreneurial opportunities by the time spent studying
| 0.7062 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a list of luxury watches to buy
|
Depending on the price you want to pay, here is a list of 10 very popular luxury watches:
- Rolex Submariner with date or no date.
- Rolex GMT Master II (Pepsi or Batman)
- Rolex Cosmograph Daytona (White, black and other dial colours)
- Audemars Piguet Royal Oak
- Audemars Piguet Royal Oak Chronograph
- FP.Journe : Chronomètre Souverain
- Patek Philippe Nautilus (5711 or 5712)
- Patek Philippe Calatrava
- Cartier Tank
- Jeager-Lecoultre Reverso
| 0.7062 |
|
classification
|
Which are the U.S. cities and which are U.S. states in this list? Montana, Chicago, New York, Atlanta, Honolulu, Florida, Austin, South Dakota
|
U.S. cities in the list: Chicago, New York, Atlanta, Honolulu, Austin
U.S. states in the list: Montana, New York, Florida, South Dakota
| 0.7062 |
|
brainstorming
|
What are the 5 largest ski and snowboard resorts in North America?
|
1.) Whistler Blackcomb, 2.) Park City Resort, 3.) Big Sky, 4.) Vail, and 5.) Heavenly
| 0.7062 |
|
summarization
|
Give me a list of the key elements of telecommunications developed over time
|
Beacons, telegraph, telephone, radio, television, thermionic valves, computer networks and the Internet
|
At the 1932 Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations decided to merge to form the International Telecommunication Union (ITU). They defined telecommunication as "any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores)."
The definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the Radio Regulations (RR), telecommunication, which defined it as "Any transmission, emission or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems".
Beacons and pigeons
A replica of one of Chappe's semaphore towers
Homing pigeons have been used throughout history by different cultures. Pigeon post had Persian roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military. Frontinus claimed Julius Caesar used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of Gaul. The Greeks also conveyed the names of the victors at the Olympic Games to various cities using homing pigeons. In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in Java and Sumatra. And in 1849, Paul Julius Reuter started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between Aachen and Brussels, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed.
In the Middle Ages, chains of beacons were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during the Spanish Armada, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from Plymouth to London.
In 1792, Claude Chappe, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual telegraphy system (or semaphore line) between Lille and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.
Telegraph and telephone
On July 25, 1837, the first commercial electrical telegraph was demonstrated by English inventor Sir William Fothergill Cooke and English scientist Sir Charles Wheatstone. Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph" and not as a new device.
Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837. His code was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first transatlantic telegraph cable was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.
The conventional telephone was patented by Alexander Bell in 1876. Elisha Gray also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to document the idea and test it in a telephone. Antonio Meucci invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly 30 years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the electrophonic effect requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to "hear." The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and London.
Radio and television
In 1894, Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of radio waves, showing by 1901 that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of wireless telegraphy by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers.
World War I accelerated the development of radio for military communications. After the war, commercial radio AM broadcasting began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news. World War II again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo FM broadcasting of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1970s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard.
On March 25, 1925, John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store Selfridges. Baird's device relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the cathode ray tube invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by Philo Farnsworth and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.
Thermionic valves
The type of device known as a thermionic tube or thermionic valve uses thermionic emission of electrons from a heated cathode for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal amplification and current rectification.
The simplest vacuum tube, the diode invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more control grids within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar, sound recording and reproduction, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital computers. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the spark gap transmitter for radio or mechanical computers for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of electronics.
In the 1940s, the invention of semiconductor devices made it possible to produce solid-state devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than thermionic tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were replaced with the transistor. Thermionic tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers.
Computer networks and the Internet
On 11 September 1940, George Stibitz transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a teletype and received the computed results back at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. This configuration of a centralized computer (mainframe) with remote dumb terminals remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s, researchers started to investigate packet switching, a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination asynchronously without passing it through a centralized mainframe. A four-node network emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the ARPANET, which by 1981 had grown to 213 nodes. ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) who published a series of Request for Comments documents, other networking advancements occurred in industrial laboratories, such as the local area network (LAN) developments of Ethernet (1983) and Token Ring (1984)[citation needed].
Growth of transmission capacity
The effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes (pB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 pB in 1993 to 2.2 exabytes (eB) in 2000 to 65 eB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP).
| 0.7062 |
open_qa
|
What is a database schema?
|
A database schema is a definition for how to organize data within a relational database. a relational database can also have multiple schemas. Schemas may also describe the source system the data in that schema comes from. Schema includes table names, fields, data types, and the relationships between all these items. Schemas are visually represented using Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs), and the process of creating schema definitions is called data modeling.
| 0.7062 |
|
brainstorming
|
What are 10 movies my young child can watch?
|
For your young child these movies can be interested:
- The Lion King (1994)
- Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
- Coco (2017)
- WALL·E (2008)
- Toy Story (1995)
- Up (2009)
- Finding Nemo (2003)
- The Iron Giant (1999)
- The Incredibles (2004)
- Aladdin (1992)
| 0.7062 |
|
creative_writing
|
Does a difference in prediction outcomes between two ethnic/gender groups from a credit scoring algorithm constitute a bias in the data collection process or the algorithm itself?
|
I argue that differences in outcomes of credit scoring constitute both a data issue and an algorithmic bias. Let’s first examine the bias in the dataset. I think of the model itself as a black box that generates outputs to fulfill certain objectives – in the case of credit scoring, the objective is the accuracy, recall, and precision of default risk predictions. The model at its untrained version does not discriminate against foreign workers, women, or young people: in fact, it does not conceive of these (socially constructed) labels the way humans do. Yet, the dataset that the model is trained on is fraught with socially constructed biases. For example, social norms cast women as incapable, foreign workers as untrustworthy, and young people as inexperienced, leading to higher unemployment rate and worse living conditions for these groups. Their resulting higher historical default likelihood stems less likely from the demographics-related differences in capability than from the vicious cycles generated by social stereotypes. Stereotypes render datasets biased, which in turns bias the algorithms: given the goal to maximize prediction accuracy, the model learns the “patterns” in the dataset and absorbs the socially constructed differences as a part of its prediction algorithm. Can we blame the algorithm? – After all, the model is constrained to the “history” and has no imaginative capacity for the potential of the historically discriminated groups. Essentially we have a “garbage in, garbage out” scenario caused by the historical and representation biases in the data inputs.
On the other hand, I argue that the outcome differences still constitute an algorithmic bias. I believe that we could still “blame” the model for the objectives and constraints that it has to fulfill (even though we humans lay them down in the first place). As illustrated above, with accuracy as the evaluation metric, the entire prediction/forecast algorithm built on historical datasets is meant to repeat the history without looking for potential or discerning social norms. Does the objective of maximizing accuracy constitute a bias itself? – If we can discern the vicious cycle that is both created by and reifying the socially crafted myths (weak women, reckless youth, and xenophobia), a model that actively learns and propagates certain kinds of societal stereotype should certainly be called out for its bias! However, we hard-wire the models to optimize those goals, and to address the inherent bias in the metrics, we humans are responsible for modifying the objectives and adding appropriate constraints. For example, in the programming assignment we encounter the mitigation technique that rejects predictions within a certain decision boundary. Besides techniques like active rejection, can we add constraints such as promoting the growth of underprivileged groups as an objective? Without these constraints, I would say the outcome differences also constitute an algorithmic bias in the part of objective specification.
| 0.7061 |
|
open_qa
|
What is Linux?
|
Linux is an open-source UNIX-like operating system initially developed by Linus Torvalds and now with thousands of contributors around the world. Linux is actually the operating system kernel and the other components necessary to form an operating system are coming from other open source projects and in particular the GNU project. For this reason, the operating system is sometimes referred to as GNU/Linux.
| 0.7061 |
|
classification
|
Which companies continue to make computers today: Lenovo, Apple, Tandy, Compaq, Digital, HP, Dell, Gateway.
|
The following companies continue to make computers today: Lenovo, Apple, HP, Dell.
Please note that Compaq was acquired by HP and its computers were subsequently rebranded as HP.
| 0.7061 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a list of the best movies I've never seen.
|
Top 10 movies I've ever seen, in no particular order. The Godfather, Dead Poet's Society, Rear Window, Scarface, Inception, Top Gun, Jaws, Skyfall, The Shawshank Redemption, A Few Good Men
| 0.706 |
|
summarization
|
Provide a brief summary of how the ISO 27001 standard works
|
The ISO 27001 standard works by requiring management of the information security management system to examine security risks, implement a comprehensive suite of security controls to manage the identified risks, and operate ongoing processes to measure control effectiveness and risk levels.
|
Most organizations have a number of information security controls. However, without an information security management system (ISMS), controls tend to be somewhat disorganized and disjointed, having been implemented often as point solutions to specific situations or simply as a matter of convention. Security controls in operation typically address certain aspects of information technology (IT) or data security specifically; leaving non-IT information assets (such as paperwork and proprietary knowledge) less protected on the whole. Moreover, business continuity planning and physical security may be managed quite independently of IT or information security while Human Resources practices may make little reference to the need to define and assign information security roles and responsibilities throughout the organization.
ISO/IEC 27001 requires that management:
Systematically examine the organization's information security risks, taking account of the threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts;
Design and implement a coherent and comprehensive suite of information security controls and/or other forms of risk treatment (such as risk avoidance or risk transfer) to address those risks that are deemed unacceptable; and
Adopt an overarching management process to ensure that the information security controls continue to meet the organization's information security needs on an ongoing basis.
What controls will be tested as part of certification to ISO/IEC 27001 is dependent on the certification auditor. This can include any controls that the organisation has deemed to be within the scope of the ISMS and this testing can be to any depth or extent as assessed by the auditor as needed to test that the control has been implemented and is operating effectively.
Management determines the scope of the ISMS for certification purposes and may limit it to, say, a single business unit or location. The ISO/IEC 27001 certificate does not necessarily mean the remainder of the organization, outside the scoped area, has an adequate approach to information security management.
Other standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards provide additional guidance on certain aspects of designing, implementing and operating an ISMS, for example on information security risk management (ISO/IEC 27005).
| 0.706 |
creative_writing
|
Provide a short review for a Japanese restaurant called Honto in Brisbane. It was a little hard to find as it is in a backstreet, but we found it without too much trouble. Be sure to mention it was very atmospheric and that the food was great.
|
Dining at Honto was an especially memorable experience for us. The space was atmospheric and the Japanese food served was exceptional. It is surely one of Brisbane's best kept secrets.
| 0.706 |
|
general_qa
|
How difficult is it to learn how to juggle?
|
Learning to juggle is not difficult, but requires consistent and deliberate practice to master. Most people are capable of learning the basics if they commit to practicing the movements over the course of a few weeks. Once you learn how to juggle with three balls, you can increase the number of balls to make it more difficult.
| 0.7059 |
|
brainstorming
|
What are the best places in the United States for a golf trip?
|
The best places in the USA to take a golf trip:
Pinehurst, North Carolina
Kiawah Island, South Carolina
Pebble Beach, California
Scottsdale, Arizona
Streamsong, Florida
| 0.7059 |
|
general_qa
|
What does the percentage chance of rain in a weather forecast indicate?
|
This provides the probability of rain from models projected by meteorologists. For example, a 50% chance of rain translates to meteorologists seeing rain in 50% of the scenarios with the similar air pressure, temperatures, time period, and other factors they use in their modeling scenarios.
| 0.7059 |
|
general_qa
|
How do I make good coffee?
|
Making good coffee depends on three key things. First, use good coffee beans that have been roasted within the last seven days. Then use a high-quality grinder so that the coffee grinds are consistent with the type of coffee you are making. Finally, use filtered water so that the flavor of the coffee is not overshadowed by any minerals in the water.
| 0.7059 |
|
open_qa
|
When was the internet created?
|
The birthday of the internet is January 1, 1983. This is an important day because it gave computers and computer networks for the first time in history a way to communicate with each other. Prior to this networks were on closed loops. On this this day a new internet protocol was also created called TCP/IP. This stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
| 0.7058 |
|
brainstorming
|
What are some of the best ways to generate passive income?
|
1) Rental Property Income
2) Crypto staking
3) Peer-to-Peer lending
4) Dividend Income
5) Create a digital course or product
6) Write an e-book and sell on Amazon
7) Affiliate Marketing
8) Invest in a REIT
| 0.7058 |
|
classification
|
Classify each of the following as characters in the 2003 reboot of Battlestar Galactica or Pokemon: Starbuck, Admiral Adama, Snorlax, Lee Adama, Dugtrio, Gaius Baltar, Laura Roslin, Venusaur, Lapras
|
Battlestar Galactica: Starbuck, Admiral Adam, Lee Adama, Gaius Baltar, Laura Roslin
Pokemon: Snorlax, Dugtrio, Venosaur, Lapras, Venusaur
| 0.7057 |
|
open_qa
|
Why is the 1980 gold medal match in hockey called the 'Miracle on Ice'?
|
The US Olympic hockey team was a heavy underdog against the Soviets in 1980, and their victory over the Soviets was a surprise to nearly everyone. As the game concluded, Al Michaels, the play-by-play announcer for the game, exclaimed "Do you believe in miracles? Yes!', and because many people around the world watched the game on television, the game became known as the 'Miracle on Ice'.
| 0.7057 |
|
open_qa
|
What are the names of the different scores you can shoot for each hole when golfing?
|
The following are the names for different scores you can shoot on a golf hole:
- Hole-in-One: The hole was completed with only one shot.
- Albatross: The hole was completed in 3 shots less than par.
- Eagle: The hole was completed in 2 shots less than par.
- Birdie: The hole was completed in 1 shot less than par.
- Par: The hole was completed in the same number of shots as par.
- Bogey: The hole was completed in 1 shot more than par.
- Double Bogey: The hole was completed in 2 shots more than par.
- Triple Bogey: The hole was completed in 3 shots more than par.
- Quadruple Bogey: The hole was completed in 4 shots more than par.
- Quintuple Bogey: The hole was completed in 5 shots more than par.
| 0.7057 |
|
brainstorming
|
Name some popular computer games from early this millenia.
|
World of Warcraft, Grand Theft Auto, Final Fantasy X and Guitar Hero were all popular games in the first decade of the 2000s.
| 0.7057 |
|
classification
|
Which of these are not playable races on Dungeons and Dragons 5th edition: Giant, Gnome, Half-Elf, Chimera, Kenku, Troll, Gnoll
|
From this list, Giant, Chimera, Troll and Gnoll are not playable races in Dungeons and Dragons 5th edition, although there is a race similar to the concept of giants called Firbolg.
| 0.7056 |
|
brainstorming
|
5 ways animal communicate
|
they use visual aid
Use auditory or sound-based signals
use chemical such as pheromones
Use touch-based cues.
Use echo or ultrasound
| 0.7056 |
|
general_qa
|
What is freedom?
|
Freedom is what you make out of it. The dictionary could provide you with one definition but at a personal level freedom for me means to be able to walk in to a coffee shop at a time I would like, express my thoughts and have the money to pay for that coffee.
| 0.7056 |
|
summarization
|
Without quoting directly from the text give me a short bulleted list of the regions in the Pokemon universe, categorized by the real world places they are supposed to be based on.
|
To date, regions in the Pokemon universe have been based on parts of Japan, Europe, and the United States. The breakdown is as follows:
- Regions based on Japan: Kanto (Kantō, Japan), Johto (Kansai, Japan), Hoenn (Kyushu, Japan), Sinnoh and Hisui (Hokkaido, Japan)
- Regions based on Europe: Kalos (France), Galar (England, Wales, Scotland, Isle of Man), Paldea (Spain and Portugal)
- Regions based on the United States: Unova (New York City, United States), Alola (Hawaii, United States)
|
Kanto
The Kanto region is the setting of Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow and their remakes, Pokémon FireRed, LeafGreen, Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!. Based on and named after the Kantō region of Japan, this setting started the precedent of basing the geography and culture of the game's region on a real world setting. This region is also visited in Pokémon Gold, Silver, Crystal, HeartGold and SoulSilver.
Johto
See also: Pokémon Gold and Silver § Setting
The Johto region is the setting of the second generation of Pokémon games, which includes Pokémon Gold, Silver, Crystal and their remakes, Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver. Again based on an area of Japan, this game's geography is based upon the Kansai, Tokai and eastern Shikoku areas of the country. The game setting draws upon the Kansai region's abundance of temples, the architectural design of the Kansai region and its geographical sights, such as Mount Fuji and the Naruto whirlpools.
Hoenn
The Hoenn region is the setting of the third generation of Pokémon games, Pokémon Ruby, Sapphire and Emerald, as well as their remakes Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire. This time being based on the Japanese island of Kyushu; the real world and game region share an abundance of smaller islands around the main one and a subtropical climate. Like Sinnoh, this region is known to have a large range of various natural environments, such as rainforests and deserts.
Sinnoh
The Sinnoh region is the setting of the fourth generation of Pokémon games, which encompasses the setting of Pokémon Diamond, Pearl and Platinum, as well as their remakes Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl and Pokémon Legends: Arceus. It is based on the northernmost island of Japan, Hokkaidō. The region was meant to have a "northern" feel, with some routes being entirely covered in snow.
Unova
The Unova region is the setting of the fifth generation of Pokémon games, which encompasses the setting of Pokémon Black and White and their sequels Pokémon Black 2 and White 2. For the first time in the main series, the region was based on a region outside Japan, with Unova taking inspiration from the New York metropolitan area
Kalos
The Kalos region is the setting of the sixth generation of Pokémon games, which is where the games Pokémon X and Y take place. This region is inspired almost entirely by the northern half of Metropolitan France, with landmarks such as the Eiffel Tower and the Palace of Versailles having representations here, along with a French style of music and fashion. According to Junichi Masuda, the name "Kalos" comes from the Greek word κάλλος, 'beauty'. The Kalos Pokemon League is based on the Notre-Dame de Paris due to its castle/cathedral-like exterior.
Alola
The Alola region is the setting of the seventh generation of Pokémon games, Pokémon Sun, Moon, Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon. This region is based on Hawaii, marking the second time a main entry Pokémon game setting has been inspired by a U.S. state. The name itself is a play on aloha, the Hawaiian word for both "hello" and "goodbye".
Galar
The Galar region is the setting of the eighth generation of Pokémon games, which is where the games Pokémon Sword and Shield take place. This region is primarily inspired by Great Britain (mainly England and parts of Scotland), showcasing landmarks inspired by Big Ben and Hadrian's Wall. Two additional areas, The Isle of Armor and The Crown Tundra, are based on the Isle of Man and Scotland respectively. The Galar Region was also introduced in Pokémon Journeys.
Paldea
The Paldea region is the setting of the ninth generation Pokémon games Pokémon Scarlet and Violet. The region seems to be based on the Iberian Peninsula, which encompasses both Spain and Portugal.
| 0.7056 |
summarization
|
Please provide a bulleted list of the wildfire history that have affected the Santa Barbara area.
|
- 1964 Coyote Fire: Destroyed 106 structures and burned 67,000 acres
- 1977 Sycamore Fire: Destroyed 200 structures
- 1990 Painted Cave Fire: Destroyed 500 structures
- 2008 Tea Fire: Destroyed 210 structures
- 2009 Jesusita Fire: Destroyed 160 structures and burned 8,733 acres
- 2017 Thomas Fire: Destroyed 1,050 structures and burned 281,893 acres
|
Since the middle of the twentieth century, several destructive fires have affected Santa Barbara: the 1964 Coyote Fire, which burned 67,000 acres (270 km2) of backcountry along with 106 homes; the smaller, but quickly moving, Sycamore Fire in 1977, which burned 200 homes; the disastrous 1990 Painted Cave Fire, which incinerated over 500 homes in only several hours, during an intense Sundowner wind event; the November 2008 Tea Fire, which destroyed 210 homes in the foothills of Santa Barbara and Montecito; and the 2009 Jesusita Fire that burned 8,733 acres (35.34 km2) and destroyed 160 homes above the San Roque region of Santa Barbara.
The Thomas Fire burned from its origins in Santa Paula 60 miles (100 km) to the east of Santa Barbara and consumed 281,893 acres (1,140.78 km2) in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, most of which consisted of rural land and wilderness areas. The fire started December 4, 2017, and was 100% contained by January 12, 2018. 1,050 structures were lost in the Thomas Fire, mostly east of Santa Barbara in Ventura County. The Thomas Fire has been the largest Santa Barbara County fire ever recorded to date.
| 0.7056 |
brainstorming
|
Give me list of top 10 countries by GDP
|
Below is the list of top 10 countries by GDP in 2023:
1. United States (approx. 26.2 trillion USD)
2. China (approx. 19.2 trillion USD)
3. Japan (approx. 4.4 trillion USD)
4. Germany (approx. 4.1 trillion USD)
5. India (approx. 3.8 trillion USD)
6. United Kingdom (approx. 3.5 trillion USD)
7. France (approx. 2.8 trillion USD)
8. Canada (approx. 2.3 trillion USD)
9. Russia (approx. 2.1 trillion USD)
10. Brazil (approx. 2 trillion USD)
| 0.7056 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a list of the best TV shows that I must watch.
|
Everyone has a different taste when it comes to TV shows, but here are some that you should watch:
- Planet Earth (2006)
- Breaking Bad (2008)
- Band of Brothers (2001)
- Chernobyl (2019)
- The Sopranos (1999)
- Game of Thrones (2011)
- Rick and Morty (2013)
- The Office (2005)
- The Last of Us (2023)
- Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000)
- Narcos (2015)
- Dragon Ball Z (1989)
- Rome (2005)
- The Mandalorian (2019)
- Mr. Bean (1990)
- The Queen's Gambit (2020)
| 0.7055 |
|
open_qa
|
I am a reader in the US and would like to get started in collecting special edition books. Where should I start?
|
Special edition books are printed in limited qualities, sometimes signed by the author, numbered, have unique cover designs compared to the trade editions, and some have sprayed or stenciled edges. In the US, a popular publisher is Subterranean Press that offers many titles typically of the science fiction, fantasy, and horror genres. The UK has several options such as Illumicrate and Fairy Loot. These companies usually offer signed special editions with author signatures, unique covers, and decorative edges. Genres primarily offered include young adult fantasy. For the company with the widest selection, Goldsboro Books is the best option. The special editions are hand signed, numbered, and have sprayed or stencil edges. While Goldsboro Books offers many science fiction and fantasy options, they also offer many other genres including literary fiction, historical fiction, mysteries, and thrillers. Please keep in mind that readers it will cost US readers more when ordering from UK companies due to the pound-dollar conversion and costlier international shipping fees.
| 0.7055 |
|
open_qa
|
Who are the best golfers of all time?
|
Golf is a sport that has been around for hundreds of years. In modern golf (1900 - Present) there have been a few really great players. In the early half of the 20th century, Bobby Jones from Atlanta, GA was probably the best in the world. Then Ben Hogan from Texas came along and was another great player. From there, Jack Nicklaus and Tiger Woods are likely the best since. Winning major championships is really what defines greatness in golf. Major championships include: The Masters, The US Open, The British Open and the PGA Championship. Jack Nicklaus holds the record for most majors won.
| 0.7055 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a bulleted list of the major religious groups
|
* Christianity
* Islam
* Atheists or Irreligion
* Hinduism
* Buddhism
* Sikhism
* Judaism
| 0.7055 |
|
summarization
|
Based on the reference text, provide a bulleted list of the three stages of ISO 27001 Certification and the activities of each stage.
|
The following are the three stages of ISO 27001 certification:
1. Stage 1: A preliminary, informal review of the Information Security Management System. Activities include checking for existence and completeness of primary documentation.
2. Stage 2: A detailed and formal audit performed by a third party to validate adequate implementation of the requirements specified in ISO 27001
3. Ongoing: Follow-up reviews and audits to confirm continued compliance with the requirements of ISO 27001.
|
SO/IEC 27001 is an international standard to manage information security. The standard was originally published jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2005, revised in 2013, and again most recently in 2022. There are also numerous recognized national variants of the standard. It details requirements for establishing, implementing, maintaining and continually improving an information security management system (ISMS) – the aim of which is to help organizations make the information assets they hold more secure. Organizations that meet the standard's requirements can choose to be certified by an accredited certification body following successful completion of an audit. The effectiveness of the ISO/IEC 27001 certification process and the overall standard has been addressed in a large-scale study conducted in 2020.
How the standard works
Most organizations have a number of information security controls. However, without an information security management system (ISMS), controls tend to be somewhat disorganized and disjointed, having been implemented often as point solutions to specific situations or simply as a matter of convention. Security controls in operation typically address certain aspects of information technology (IT) or data security specifically; leaving non-IT information assets (such as paperwork and proprietary knowledge) less protected on the whole. Moreover, business continuity planning and physical security may be managed quite independently of IT or information security while Human Resources practices may make little reference to the need to define and assign information security roles and responsibilities throughout the organization.
ISO/IEC 27001 requires that management:
Systematically examine the organization's information security risks, taking account of the threats, vulnerabilities, and impacts;
Design and implement a coherent and comprehensive suite of information security controls and/or other forms of risk treatment (such as risk avoidance or risk transfer) to address those risks that are deemed unacceptable; and
Adopt an overarching management process to ensure that the information security controls continue to meet the organization's information security needs on an ongoing basis.
What controls will be tested as part of certification to ISO/IEC 27001 is dependent on the certification auditor. This can include any controls that the organisation has deemed to be within the scope of the ISMS and this testing can be to any depth or extent as assessed by the auditor as needed to test that the control has been implemented and is operating effectively.
Management determines the scope of the ISMS for certification purposes and may limit it to, say, a single business unit or location. The ISO/IEC 27001 certificate does not necessarily mean the remainder of the organization, outside the scoped area, has an adequate approach to information security management.
Other standards in the ISO/IEC 27000 family of standards provide additional guidance on certain aspects of designing, implementing and operating an ISMS, for example on information security risk management (ISO/IEC 27005).
History of ISO/IEC 27001
BS 7799 was a standard originally published by BSI Group in 1995. It was written by the UK government's Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and consisted of several parts.
The first part, containing the best practices for information security management, was revised in 1998; after a lengthy discussion in the worldwide standards bodies, it was eventually adopted by ISO as ISO/IEC 17799, "Information Technology - Code of practice for information security management." in 2000. ISO/IEC 17799 was then revised in June 2005 and finally incorporated in the ISO 27000 series of standards as ISO/IEC 27002 in July 2007.
The second part of BS7799 was first published by BSI in 1999, known as BS 7799 Part 2, titled "Information Security Management Systems - Specification with guidance for use." BS 7799-2 focused on how to implement an Information security management system (ISMS), referring to the information security management structure and controls identified in BS 7799-2. This later became ISO/IEC 27001:2005. BS 7799 Part 2 was adopted by ISO as ISO/IEC 27001 in November 2005.
BS 7799 Part 3 was published in 2005, covering risk analysis and management. It aligns with ISO/IEC 27001:2005.
Very little reference or use is made to any of the BS standards in connection with ISO/IEC 27001.
Certification
An ISMS may be certified compliant with the ISO/IEC 27001 standard by a number of Accredited Registrars worldwide. Certification against any of the recognized national variants of ISO/IEC 27001 (e.g. JIS Q 27001, the Japanese version) by an accredited certification body is functionally equivalent to certification against ISO/IEC 27001 itself.
In some countries, the bodies that verify conformity of management systems to specified standards are called "certification bodies", while in others they are commonly referred to as "registration bodies", "assessment and registration bodies", "certification/ registration bodies", and sometimes "registrars".
The ISO/IEC 27001 certification, like other ISO management system certifications, usually involves a three-stage external audit process defined by ISO/IEC 17021 and ISO/IEC 27006 standards:
Stage 1 is a preliminary, informal review of the ISMS. For example there are checks for the existence and completeness of key documentation, such as the organization's information security policy, Statement of Applicability (SoA), and Risk Treatment Plan (RTP). This stage serves to familiarize the auditors with the organization and vice versa.
Stage 2 is a more detailed and formal compliance audit, independently testing the ISMS against the requirements specified in ISO/IEC 27001. The auditors will seek evidence to confirm that the management system has been properly designed and implemented, and is in fact in operation (for example by confirming that a security committee or similar management body meets regularly to oversee the ISMS). Certification audits are usually conducted by ISO/IEC 27001 Lead Auditors. Passing this stage results in the ISMS being certified compliant with ISO/IEC 27001.
Ongoing involves follow-up reviews or audits to confirm that the organization remains in compliance with the standard. Certification maintenance requires periodic re-assessment audits to confirm that the ISMS continues to operate as specified and intended. These should happen at least annually but (by agreement with management) are often conducted more frequently, particularly while the ISMS is still maturing.
| 0.7055 |
brainstorming
|
Explain me the concept of "Karma" in Buddhism.
|
Karma is one of the most misunderstood aspects of Buddhism. In simple terms, Karma is the law of action and reactions. Our actions, both physical and thoughts, are the acts that are put in the world. Reactions can be referred to as their manifestations in the actor's life, i.e. our own life. For example, suppose your mind is filled with greed, evil thoughts like harming another person, and jealousy. In that case, it reflects restlessness as we will never be satisfied, punishments for harming another person, and stress to become like someone else, respectively. For a positive example, a life lived with generosity, righteousness, kindness, and genuinely putting good out there will lead to respect in society and a fulfilled life. Furthermore, Buddhism believes in reincarnation. So the good acts and deeds that one puts in this life, one also reaps the benefits in the next life. Therefore, the equation of Karma is relatively straightforward. Do good and work for the betterment of society and oneself.
| 0.7055 |
|
classification
|
Which of these foods are kosher? Lobster, cheeseburger, hamburger and fries, shrimp and grits, thai red curry with tofu, thai red curry with chicken, birthday cake, lentil soup with ham hock.
|
By Islamic law, all foods are considered halal, or lawful, except for pork and its by-products, animals improperly slaughtered or dead before slaughtering, animals slaughtered in the name of anyone but Allah (God), carnivorous animals, birds of prey, animals without external ears (some birds and reptiles), blood, alcohol, and foods contaminated with any of these. All seafood is halal. Based on this, the following foods are halal: Lobster, cheeseburger, hamburger and fries, shrimp and grits, thai red curry with tofu, thai red curry with chicken, and birthday cake.
| 0.7055 |
|
information_extraction
|
What is Economics?
|
Economics allows us to understand resources, production of goods and services, growth over time and other issues that impact society. Microeconomics is the study of individual agents such as buyers, sellers and households. Macroeconomics studies the economy as a whole system and the factors that affect it.
|
Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. Economics focuses on the behaviour and interactions of economic agents and how economies work. Microeconomics analyzes what's viewed as basic elements in the economy, including individual agents and markets, their interactions, and the outcomes of interactions. Individual agents may include, for example, households, firms, buyers, and sellers. Macroeconomics analyzes the economy as a system where production, consumption, saving, and investment interact, and factors affecting it: employment of the resources of labour, capital, and land, currency inflation, economic growth, and public policies that have impact on these elements.
| 0.7054 |
general_qa
|
Could you write a poem about a standing desk?
|
The Standing Desk
Two doors down
Standing in the corner
Looking out the window
Is your desk
Back turned
Wailing at all of us
Wondering why we can’t hear it
Whispering sometimes with secrets for the room
When the door closes, it is particularly loud
Screaming, screaming mad
Angry and lonely
Moaning now for us to find its partner
Groaning now for why, why, why
And only when it hears the occupants in the room questioning and turning to stare is it mollified
We unplugged it to keep it quiet
Left it tall and high at the position you liked best
Chair tucked neatly under
Gleaming clean and bear, beckoning for the next master
And when everyone is busy
Meeting our many meetings
It hums softly (usually that same song you taught it), seemingly content and happy
People enter, come and go
And the Observer watches and waits for a pause
Wanting to insert something weird and funny
I glare at it when I come in
It knows, I know.
I know, I know! Shhhhhh!
“We’re working on it,” I say
It raises a brow at me
I roll my eyes at it and shake my head
“Not enough!”, it throws at me as I slink out walking backwards
Searching, I stay out of sight
Looking for its new companion
Specs on hand, omissions at the back of my throat
Someone smart, yet dumb enough
Someone commanding, yet submissive
Someone current, yet mature
Someone good but not too much
“Someone who will stay,” the desk whispers hopefully
I grimace and say:
“I’ll take someone tall enough for the desk!”
It taunts and laughs at me
While the memories flood in
And I start to laugh too
And the desk and I share a grin
“Not funny,” I say
The desk shrugs and finally stays quiet
One day, when everyone was gone, I sneak in and stand before it
Power it up and press the down button so I can rest my elbows on its smooth surface
And I look out the dark window
In unison, we share a heavy sigh
Choked up, I whisper: “A new person will be here soon and I’ll be gone.
Watch over everyone, will you?”
The desk nods quietly, lump in throat
I take an orange sticker and press it gently underneath as a reminder of its promise
And then walk two doors down to add one to my own desk before heading home for the night
As the elevator takes me down, the desk scans the empty office, takes a deep breath, and stands at the ready, a white knight brave but trembling, and starts humming your song.
| 0.7054 |
|
brainstorming
|
Who would win if Mike Tyson fought Tyson Fury?
|
This seems like a tricky question to answer as both boxers have a very different fighting style and belong to different eras. It's easy to say that Tyson Fury would have the reach advantage due to his height being just under 7 feet, but if I had to pick one I would pick Mike Tyson due to the sheer ferocity of his boxing skills.
Mike Tyson would probably seek to cause a lot of body damage with his signature hooks to the liver and use Fury's long gait to sneak inwards for body shots. It would be interesting to see how Fury is able to limit the body damage caused by Mike by using his world-renowned reflexes.
I must still say that it would be a very close fight as both of them are greats of the boxing world!
| 0.7054 |
|
creative_writing
|
Write a witty paragraph about a chicken's thought process for crossing the road.
|
Oh my, that is a lovely shrub over there past the black track. I wonder if it smells as good as I imagine it would. I do wonder if all the fast folks passing by know this shrub and thus are not bothered by the curiosity. There is no way around it; I have to get close to confirm it.
| 0.7053 |
|
general_qa
|
Why did Major League Baseball introduce new rules for 2023?
|
Major League Baseball has long grappled with a stigma that its games were boring because they were too long without much action.
There were multiple reasons for games to swell to over 3 hours long on average, but notably were more pitching changes, long delays between pitches, batters who would step out of the batters box between pitches, evolving batter strategies to be home-run or strikeout, and increased coach mound visits.
In 2023, Major League Baseball implemented a number of drastic rule changes in its top flight league that had shortened game times to 2 hours, 30 minutes in lower levels called the Minor Leagues. These changes included a pitch clock, limiting the number of pickoff attempts. To increase the amount of offense generated, they eliminated the defensive shift and increased the size of the bases, effectively shortening the distance between bases to encourage more stolen base attempts.
Through the first week of the 2023 season, the average length of game is down to 2 hours, 30 minutes like the Minors, batting averages are up 15 points to .245, and the number of stolen bases doubled in comparison to the year before.
| 0.7053 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a bulleted list of some things that could go wrong skateboarding down a steep hill
|
- You could hit a rock in the street and go flying off your board
- You could gain too much speed and be unable to slow down
- You could be unable to stop and run a stop sign in front of a cop car
- You could be hit by a car
- You could have your board fly into traffic and be broken by a car
| 0.7053 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a bulleted list of some programming languages
|
* Java
* C++
* Python
* C#
* Rust
There are many programming languages. These are a few of the popular ones.
| 0.7053 |
|
summarization
|
In which cities was the AFL Grand Final played during COVID-19 ?
|
The AFL Grand Final was played in Brisbane in 2020 and Perth in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Usually the AFL Grand Final is played in Melbourne, Victoria.
|
The COVID-19 pandemic affected the scheduling of the match in 2020 and 2021, as outbreaks of the virus in Melbourne during finals precluded unrestricted travel and mass gatherings in Victoria. In 2020, when most of the league's clubs had been relocated to Queensland for the majority of the season, the grand final was played at the Gabba in Brisbane, the first time it had been played outside Victoria. It was also played at night, the first time it was not played in the afternoon time slot. The following season, it was played at Optus Stadium in Perth in a twilight timeslot
| 0.7053 |
information_extraction
|
Are there companies that build a plane end to end?
|
A plane is typically not created by a single entity, but instead is a collaboration between numerous parts manufacturers and assemblers.
|
Few companies produce planes on a large scale. However, the production of a plane for one company is a process that actually involves dozens, or even hundreds, of other companies and plants, that produce the parts that go into the plane. For example, one company can be responsible for the production of the landing gear, while another one is responsible for the radar. The production of such parts is not limited to the same city or country; in the case of large plane manufacturing companies, such parts can come from all over the world.
The parts are sent to the main plant of the plane company, where the production line is located. In the case of large planes, production lines dedicated to the assembly of certain parts of the plane can exist, especially the wings and the fuselage
| 0.7053 |
classification
|
Tell me whether these songs are performed by Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds or by Radiohead: Karma Police, The Good Son, The Mercy Seat, Creep, Planet Telex, Deanna, Pyramid Song, Airbag, Tupelo, Into My Arms, The National Anthem, Morning Bell, Lament, Idioteque, Red Right Hand, Straight To You
|
The following songs are performed by Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds:
The Good Son, The Mercy Seat, Deanna, Tupelo, Into My Arms, Lament, Red Right Hand, Straight To You
The following songs are performed by Radiohead:
Karma Police, Creep, Planet Telex, Pyramid Song, Airbag, The National Anthem, Morning Bell, Idioteque,
| 0.7053 |
|
general_qa
|
can i run for president?
|
According to the U.S. constitution you must meet the following requirements:
- Be a natural-born citizen of the United States.
- Be at least 35 years old.
- Have been a resident of the United States for 14 years.
| 0.7052 |
|
general_qa
|
Why do people like the color green?
|
It is a neutral color. When people look at something green, it is natural for them to think about trees, grasses, and anything in nature. It is naturally a delightful color and make people feel relaxed. People came from living in the wild millions of years ago. A prosperous season after the rain brings "dead" plants back to the green colors. It means lives are coming back, life is becoming abundance again.
| 0.7052 |
|
open_qa
|
How much is in a baker's dozen?
|
A baker's dozen is not 12, it is 13. There is a story for the origin of this practice that dates back to medieval times and bakers throwing in an extra roll or loaf of bread, to avoid being found guilty of cheating their customers based on prices vs quantity of wheat flour sold. In modern times, the practice is more about generosity of your baker; though you might not find a baker who actually gives you 13 when you pay for a dozen donuts.
| 0.7052 |
|
general_qa
|
How did the Royal Navy Protect the British Task Force from Argentine air attacks during the Falklands War?
|
The British managed to minimize their shipping losses through a combination of layered air defenses and signals intelligence. Type 42 destroyers and Sea Dart missiles provided adequate high-altitude air defense, forcing Argentine pilots to fly at very low altitudes to evade Royal Navy ship-based radar. Royal Navy submarines operating off the coast of Argentina could use electronic sensors in their periscopes to detect electronic signals from Argentine aircraft as they took off. These subs provided the fleet with enough advanced warning to launch Sea Harriers on interception missions. Consequently, an Argentine pilot needed to be ready to dogfight a Harrier, dodge surface-to-air missiles, and then pull off a low-level bombing run. All three of these tasks required a level of training that most Argentine pilots lacked. Argentina ran out of fighter jets before the British ran out of ships.
| 0.7052 |
|
open_qa
|
What is the value of x if x^2 = 4?
|
The value of x is either 2 or -2. This is because the square of both those numbers is 4 as shown below:
2 * 2 = 4
-2 * -2 = 4
| 0.7052 |
|
general_qa
|
Why are gaming conferences fun for everyone?
|
Gaming conferences can be fun for everyone because they are interactive and immersive experiences that go on for days. Gaming conferences allow you to meet new people from all walks of life and ages. People enjoy gaming with family, friends, and colleagues. There are creative people selling new gaming ideas, competitive people trying to beat their opponents with strategy and luck, and outgoing people who just like to talk and interact with others.
| 0.7052 |
|
closed_qa
|
Given that the current year is 2023, how old is Chevron?
|
Because the current year is 2023 and Chevron traces its history back to the 1870s, Chevron is roughly between 143 and 153 years old.
|
Chevron traces its history back to the 1870s. The company grew quickly after the breakup of Standard Oil by acquiring companies and partnering with others, eventually becoming one of the Seven Sisters that dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s. In 1985, Socal merged with the Pittsburgh-based Gulf Oil and rebranded as Chevron; the newly merged company later merged with Texaco in 2001. Today, Chevron manufactures and sells fuels, lubricants, additives, and petrochemicals, primarily in Western North America, the U.S. Gulf Coast, Southeast Asia, South Korea and Australia. In 2018, the company produced an average of 791,000 barrels of net oil-equivalent per day in United States.
| 0.7052 |
classification
|
Tell me if these are states or countries: New York, Brazil, Africa, Sweden, Indiana, California, Hawaii, Argentina
|
The following are states: Indiana, California, Hawaii, New York. Countries: Brazil, Argentina, Sweden. Africa is neither a state or a country, it is a continent. Also New York is the name of a city and a state.
| 0.7052 |
|
closed_qa
|
Given the this paragraph about the invention of transistors, why did lawyers at Bell Labs advise Shockley against filing a patent for his field-effect transistors?
|
The idea had previously been proposed and patented by Julius Edgar Lilienfeld.
|
From November 17 to December 23, 1947, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at AT&T's Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey performed experiments and observed that when two gold point contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, a signal was produced with the output power greater than the input. Solid State Physics Group leader William Shockley saw the potential in this, and over the next few months worked to greatly expand the knowledge of semiconductors. The term transistor was coined by John R. Pierce as a contraction of the term transresistance. According to Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, Shockley proposed that Bell Labs' first patent for a transistor should be based on the field-effect and that he be named as the inventor. Having unearthed Julius Edgar Lilienfeld's patents that went into obscurity years earlier, lawyers at Bell Labs advised against Shockley's proposal because the idea of a field-effect transistor that used an electric field as a "grid" was not new. Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. To acknowledge this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain jointly received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect".
| 0.7052 |
brainstorming
|
Who are the greatest soccer players of all time?
|
The greatest soccer players of all time is a widely debated question and is subject to one's personal opinions and values. Here is a list of soccer players who are commonly thought of as some of the greatest of all time:
1. Pelé from Brazil, who played from 1956 to 1977, is widely considered as one of the greatest soccer players of all time due to his prolific goal-scoring, and 3 world cup titles. His 1279 goals including friendlies is recognized as a Guinness World Record. In 1999 he was named the Athlete of the Century by the International Olympic Committee.
2. Johann Cruyff from the Netherlands, who played from 1964-1984, is considered by many to be of the greatest players of all time winning the Ballon'dOr 3 times and leading the Netherlands to the world cup final in 1974 where he received the Golden Ball as the player of the tournament. In 1999 he was voted European Player of the Century and came second behind Pelé as world player of the Century.
3. Diego Maradona from Argentina, who played from 1976 to 1997, is widely considered one of the greatest soccer players of all time due to his passing, vision, and ball control as well as his leadership on the field. Maradona scored the goal of the century in 1986 with an incredible solo goal as he dribbled 60 meters past 5 England defenders.
4. Cristiano Ronaldo, who played from 2002 to current, is widely considered by many one of the greatest soccer players of all time. Known for his prolific goal-scoring on a variety of different teams and in a variety of different ways Ronaldo is thought of by many as the 'Complete Player'. He has won the Ballon d'Or 5 times and currently holds the all-time record for most men's international goals (122), most goals in the champions league (140), and the most professional goals (834).
5. Lionel Messi, who played from 2003 to current, is widely considered by many as one of the greatest soccer players of all time. Known by many as the magician, Messi is known for his vision, passing, and tight ball control. Messi has won a record 7 Ballon d'Or awards, the most goals in La Liga (484), the most hat tricks in La Liga (34), and the most assists in La Liga (192). Messi also lead Argentian to win the 2022 World Cup in Qatar which many believe cemented his place as one of the all-time greats.
| 0.7052 |
|
open_qa
|
Why do people fly on airplanes?
|
People fly on airplanes to go between places faster. Driving is an alternative to flying but when time is an issue flying is the quickest way to get to your destination. Flying is also necessary when you need to get to an island or another continent which is not attached to the continent where you live. Taking a boat may be too costly and long in some cases even if you don't like flying. Flying is used to take trips, visit family and friends, meeting new people, interacting with co-workers, and sight-seeing.
| 0.7052 |
|
general_qa
|
What is freedom?
|
Freedom could mean something different for every person in the world. In this time and place I think of freedom as the ability to make my own decisions.
| 0.7051 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a bulleted list of the last 10 UK Prime Ministers
|
- Rishi Sunak
- Liz Truss
- Boris Johnson
- Theresa May
- David Cameron
- Gordon Brown
- Tony Blair
- John Major
- Margaret Thatcher
- James Callaghan
| 0.7051 |
|
open_qa
|
What's the difference between splitboarding and snowboarding?
|
Splitboarding is a more specialized form of snowboarding that also enables uphill and lateral travel, in addition to conventional downhill (alpine) travel. Snowboarders will typically ride within a developed ski resort using powered chairlifts, while a splitboarder typically ventures into undeveloped areas backcountry areas.
From an equipment perspective, a splitboard looks like a conventional snowboard for downhill travel, but for uphill travel it splits into two ski-like surfaces that, with grippy climbing skins attached on the base that contacts the snow, enables people to step and glide uphill on snow.
In addition to conventional downhill snowboarding skills, splitboarding requires additional skills in uphill technique, safely navigating the backcountry (including avalanche risk).
| 0.705 |
|
general_qa
|
What kind of Toys should be prepare for a new puppy
|
• Puppy’s teeth can be strong, and they can easily destroy soft
toys. They can also accidentally swallow part of the toys. Do
monitor the puppy when they are playing with toys to
prevent accidental choking.
• As the puppy is teething, they will need bite toys to chew
on.
So prepare the toy for the puppy base on the above consideration.
| 0.705 |
|
general_qa
|
What are your recommendations to achieve a healthy lifestyle?
|
A healthy lifestyle consists of a healthy diet, regular exercise, quality sleep and a limited intake of alcohol and coffee.
It’s recommend to eat a balanced and healthy diet. This generally consists of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, seeds, nuts and foods that contain proteins, such as beans, peas, meat or fish. Healthy foods usually contain relatively low amounts of sugar, salt and trans fats.
Moreover, it’s important to exercise. This could be achieved by doing sports, but basically every form of exercise helps, for instance by walking or gardening.
Furthermore, quality sleep is recommended for seven or eight hours per day. In addition, it’s best to don’t drink alcohol and limit your coffee intake to maximal three cups a day.
| 0.705 |
|
general_qa
|
Why is biathlon a challenging sport?
|
Biathlon requires two very different skills from athletes. First, they need to be fast on skis, hence their heart rate will go high. But second, they also need to be very precise at shooting, hence be able to lower their heart rate very fast. Having both skills and being able to transition from high intensity to very low intensity activities fast is extremely challenging.
| 0.705 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me some ideas for Halloween costumes.
|
Traditionally Halloween is associated with scary costumes such ghosts, zombies or skeletons. Dressing up as video game or movie characters is also popular.
| 0.7049 |
|
open_qa
|
How many cents do I have if I have 3 dollars and a dime?
|
If you have 3 dollars and a dime, you have 310 cents in total.
| 0.7049 |
|
classification
|
Sort these car brands and models into car types, either sedan, SUV, or sports car: Volkswagon Atlas, Porsche Boxter, Ford Mustang, Porsche Cayenne, Toyota Camry, Toyota Corolla, Dodge Durango, Chevrolet Camaro, Ford Explorer, Nissan Sentra, Porsche 911, Ford Escape, Chevrolet Equinox, Honda Pilot, Kia Telluride, Genesis G90, Honda Accord, Honda Civic, Kia Forte
|
The SUVs are: Volkswagon Atlas, Porsche Cayenne, Dodge Durango, Ford Explorer, Ford Escape, Chevrolet Equinox, Honda Pilot, Kia Telluride, and Genesis G90. The sports cars are: Porsche Boxter, Chevrolet Camaro, Porsche 911, and Ford Mustang. The sedans are: Toyota Camry, Toyota Corolla, Nissan Sentra, Honda Accord, Honda Civic, and Kia Forte.
| 0.7049 |
|
creative_writing
|
What trait do you think everyone should have?
|
There are many important traits and virtues that can lead to a life of meaning. Perhaps the most important of all is resilience. Resilience allows one to live with the ability to adapt, operate from a mindset of hopefulness and willingness to learn new things. Undoubtedly life will present many trials and obstacles. Resilience will allow you to move forward from difficult situations with optimism for the future and the ability to cultivate learning from mistakes.
| 0.7049 |
|
classification
|
which of the following are software companies vs not?
shell
microsoft
nasa
spacex
grammarly
apple
figma
john deere
bira 91
|
software companies:
microsoft
grammarly
apple
figma
| 0.7048 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a bulleted list of the seven more recent Indian Prime Ministers
|
- Narendra Modi (2014– )
- Manmohan Singh (2004–14)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1998–2004; 2nd time)
- Inder K. Gujral (1997–98)
- H.D. Deve Gowda (1996–97)
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1996; 1st time)
- P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96)
| 0.7048 |
|
creative_writing
|
Write a journal entry from the pandemic.
|
I can’t remember the last time I kept a journal. I used to write constantly as a little girl: in colorful notebooks gifted to me at Christmas or on my birthday. I always abandoned them when they were half full. Maybe a quarter if I was “busy.” The truth is, I abandoned them when I realized no one but me cared about what I had to say; when I had stopped caring; when I realized I wasn’t particularly profound. That may happen this time around, too.
The difference now is that even if I don’t say anything profound: the timing is profound. We’re living through a global pandemic, hiding in our homes, hoping we aren’t infected and unknowingly infecting others. Avoiding people on the sidewalk when we go for walks, immediately wanting to wash our hands when picking something up after the grocery store after waiting in line for an hour.
Yesterday, it was my turn to go grocery shopping. My partner had been making the majority of our runs. The last time I joined him was weeks ago, before you could expect a line around the block. We had woken up early on a Saturday, and it was lightly raining, so I convinced him we should go to the Mollie Stones up the street to beat everyone there. About 12 people were lined up when we arrived, and we huddled under a tiny floral umbrella that lives in the trunk of our car.
I had charged this particular umbrella to my corporate card when on a work trip to London, and even though it’s barely functional, I won’t throw it out. Opening it to cover us while waiting outside Mollie Stones, I daydreamed of going back to London. Of traveling at all. Of being able to run into a grocery store for brunch ingredients, and nothing more. Mollie Stones was always our destination for brunch ingredients after a particularly aggressive night out. I missed nights out: crowded bars where you had to raise your voice just to be heard, and yet were still annoyed when your best friend would scream into your ear.
I managed to get through that trip to Mollie Stones without crying. The last time my partner and I went to that Mollie Stones, it was the Sunday before Mayor Breed directed San Francisco to shelter in place. There weren’t any social distancing requirements, and the store was overrun by frantic shoppers. People bumped into each other in the aisles. The paper goods had been ransacked. The oat milk was nowhere to be found. We chose Mollie Stones because it’s the most expensive grocery store in San Francisco, and we didn’t think everyone would be stocking up there. But this is San Francisco, so we were wrong. I saw an elderly woman moving slowly through the store and started to hyperventilate. My partner wasn’t far, so I managed to find him and take a few deep breaths so I could avoid a panic attack.
So, you can understand why I wasn’t looking forward to my first solo grocery run. I chose the Costco in SOMA because so few people live south of Market, and it was the middle of the work week: maybe you can sneak away from Zoom meetings for a quick trip to Whole Foods or Trader Joe’s, but Costco is an adventure, a commitment. Well, hundreds were as committed as I was. Probably to securing 30 rolls of toilet paper.
I pulled into the Costco parking garage at 10am as it was opening. No cars waiting to enter, which I took as a good sign. Note to self: there are no good signs in a pandemic. After I finally found a parking spot, I meandered around the lot only to find myself at the back of what felt like a makeshift never-ending airport security line, hastily created with caution tape and lazily monitored by a Costco employee in a face mask with megaphone. Every few minutes, he would remind us to stay six feet apart.
Despite being hopeful about the wait, I came prepared. My face was completely covered by a N95 mask, which I admit, I felt guilty about. Healthcare workers all over America needed PPE, and here I was, waiting in line at Costco wearing one piece of the ensemble. I had purchased a 10-pack after the last fire season and had broken the seal on the pack, making them impossible to donate. My mask makes me feel like a child or a cartoon character: it spans from my chin to the bottom of my eyelids. To complement it, I’m rocking ski gloves (plastic are almost impossible to come by), and have multiple episodes of The Daily downloaded on my phone. I take my spot at the back of the line, which has six or so switchbacks, and settle in to catch up with Michael Barbaro.
I’ve been listening to The Daily for over a year now: almost everyday, either on my commute or while working out in the morning. But since quarantining, I’ve sadly kicked the habit. Without a gym or a ride to work, it doesn’t easily fit into my schedule. I miss Michael’s “and here’s what else you need to know today.”
The first episode up features a conversation with Paul Mozur, a technology reporter based in Asia — originally Shanghai. He, along with a handful of other American reporters, were unceremoniously banned from China and forced to leave the country, and he shared both his emotional reaction and the reasons why.
I then chose “voices of the pandemic,” an episode cut into four parts: reporters talking to Americans impacted by the pandemic in Pittsburgh, Kansas City, New York and Seattle. Parents who are now homeschooling their screaming toddlers. A former waitress now living in her car trying to get a job at a grocery store, but unable to locate her birth certificate. A nurse who can no longer see her grandchildren because she’s treating COVID patients. I teared up listening to her recall the first night in the hospital when they confirmed two cases of COVID-19. She felt a sense of purpose and camaraderie with her coworkers, but realized almost immediately that it meant she wouldn’t be able to host her weekly sleepover with her grandchildren. She described in detail the room she decorated for them in her house, and how their beds will remain empty for weeks.
Three Daily episodes in, and I’m finally making progress in the Costco line, winding up the ramp, where red tape at our feet clearly marks the required 6-foot gap between you and the people in front and behind you. Once inside the massive warehouse, I chart a course to the paper goods and make it my mission to secure toilet paper and paper towels. A success on that front makes the wait feel worthwhile, and I start to check items off my list with purpose. Although Costco employees are strategically placed throughout the warehouse, every so often lifting a megaphone to remind shoppers to stay six feet apart, there are a few ways that make this Costco trip rather typical: I pack my shopping cart to the brim, spend far too much money, and rush out the door. More than anything, I can’t wait to take my mask off.
| 0.7048 |
|
classification
|
Tell me whether the following athletes are tennis or football players: Ibrahimovic, Medvedev, Agassi, Neymar, Halep, Davenport
|
There are only two football players in the list, Neymar and Ibrahimovic. All the others are well known tennis players.
| 0.7048 |
|
open_qa
|
Give me a bulleted list of the cutest animals
|
Beauty is on the eye of the beholder. Having said that, here is a list of animals considered “cute” on average:
• Dogs
• Cats
• Bunnies
• Birds
• Pandas
• Dolphins
| 0.7047 |
|
classification
|
Classify these programming languages to compiled or interpreted: shell script, erlang, rust, python, javascript, C++, go
|
- Compiled language: erlang, rust, C++, go
- Interpreted language: shell script, python, javascript
| 0.7047 |
|
summarization
|
Summarize the mechanism for conventional superconductors.
|
Cooper Pairs - consisting of two lightly attracted electrons - still carry charge, but now act more like bosons than fermions. Unlike fermions, bosons can all behave the exact same. Cooper Pairs all "acting the same" is the mechanism of conventional superconductivity.
|
At sufficiently low temperatures, electrons near the Fermi surface become unstable against the formation of Cooper pairs. Cooper showed such binding will occur in the presence of an attractive potential, no matter how weak. In conventional superconductors, an attraction is generally attributed to an electron-lattice interaction. The BCS theory, however, requires only that the potential be attractive, regardless of its origin. In the BCS framework, superconductivity is a macroscopic effect which results from the condensation of Cooper pairs. These have some bosonic properties, and bosons, at sufficiently low temperature, can form a large Bose–Einstein condensate. Superconductivity was simultaneously explained by Nikolay Bogolyubov, by means of the Bogoliubov transformations.
| 0.7047 |
summarization
|
From this summary, list three ways in which artificial intelligence systems show behavior misaligned human values, covered by Brian Christian in the three sections of his book "The Alignment Problem"?
|
In the first section, Prophecy, the author talks about predictive models making decisions that are difficult to examine and may become discriminative or unfair.
In the second section, Agency, about reinforcement learning systems, despite some remarkable achievements, are guided nearly exclusively by their objective function, not so much by curiosity to discover the world.
In the third section, Normativity, inverse reinforcement learning techniques face the challenge of figuring out the objective function of humans.
|
The book is divided into three sections: Prophecy, Agency, and Normativity. Each section covers researchers and engineers working on different challenges in the alignment of artificial intelligence with human values.
Prophecy
In the first section, Christian interweaves discussions of the history of artificial intelligence research, particularly the machine learning approach of artificial neural networks such as the Perceptron and AlexNet, with examples of how AI systems can have unintended behavior. He tells the story of Julia Angwin, a journalist whose ProPublica investigation of the COMPAS algorithm, a tool for predicting recidivism among criminal defendants, led to widespread criticism of its accuracy and bias towards certain demographics. One of AI's main alignment challenges is its black box nature (inputs and outputs are identifiable but the transformation process in between is undetermined). The lack of transparency makes it difficult to know where the system is going right and where it is going wrong.
Agency
In the second section, Christian similarly interweaves the history of the psychological study of reward, such as behaviorism and dopamine, with the computer science of reinforcement learning, in which AI systems need to develop policy ("what to do") in the face of a value function ("what rewards or punishment to expect"). He calls the DeepMind AlphaGo and AlphaZero systems "perhaps the single most impressive achievement in automated curriculum design." He also highlights the importance of curiosity, in which reinforcement learners are intrinsically motivated to explore their environment, rather than exclusively seeking the external reward.
Normativity
The third section covers training AI through the imitation of human or machine behavior, as well as philosophical debates such as between possibilism and actualism that imply different ideal behavior for AI systems. Of particular importance is inverse reinforcement learning, a broad approach for machines to learn the objective function of a human or another agent. Christian discusses the normative challenges associated with effective altruism and existential risk, including the work of philosophers Toby Ord and William MacAskill who are trying to devise human and machine strategies for navigating the alignment problem as effectively as possible.
| 0.7046 |
open_qa
|
How many provinces contain the word ‘Holland’?
|
There are 6 provinces in the Netherlands that contain the word ‘Holland’. These provinces are North Holland, South Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Flevoland, and Gelderland.
| 0.7046 |
|
classification
|
Tell me whether those are countries or cities: Paris, Amsterdam, South Africa, Australia, Vienna, Singapore, Malaysia, Brunei, Argentina
|
Paris, Amsterdam and Vienna are cities. South Africa, Australia, Malaysia, Brunei and Argentina are countries. Singapore is actually both a city and a country.
| 0.7046 |
|
general_qa
|
What is an audible?
|
An audible can be used to describe how one can be prepared for changing circumstances. When asked an unexpected question, one is able to pivot their prepared response for another.
| 0.7046 |
|
brainstorming
|
Give me a list of the most popular vehicle brands in the United States.
|
- Toyota
- BMW
- Lexus
- Porsche
- Ford
- Dodge
| 0.7046 |
|
general_qa
|
How does scoring in tennis work?
|
The typical tennis match in comprised of three sets. The first person to win two sets wins the match. Two win a set, you have to win six games. Should players reach six games, a tie breaker is played to determine who will win that set. To win a game, you have the be the first player to win four points, by two.
| 0.7046 |
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