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across the top of the ravine from cave 1 is large hall known as 's temple ( cave ) the portico has four pillars and two pilasters the hall has 3 chambers at the back the central one a shrine and the rest for priests ( both are plain rooms ) the door of the central shrine has pilasters and a frieze with the threshold having lion figures at the end the shrine has an altar a water channel and hole in the centre in which a statue of parvati may have been worshipped a 17th @@ century record states that this cave [ has ] a beautiful gate with a porch of exquisitely wrought marble and two idols one of goddess candi and a head being in a large square seat |
passing along the face of the eastern hill to the north of 's cave is a small hindu excavation with a veranda which was probably to be three cells but was abandoned following the discovery of a flaw in the rock towards the east of hill is a dry pond with large artificial boulders and buddhist cisterns along its banks at the end of the north spur of the main hill is a mound that resembles a buddhist stupa |
the threats to elephanta caves have been identified as the following developmental pressures ( mainly due to its location within the mumbai harbour ) anthropogenic pressure due to growth of population of the communities residing on the island industrial growth of the port facilities close to the island no risk preparedness plan to address natural calamities such as earthquake cyclones and terrorist attacks unsustainable tourism and tourist facilities on the island and poor management of the heritage monument |
preservation of elephanta island as a whole with its monuments has been ensured both through legislation and by physical restoration of the caves and its sculptures the basic legislations enacted are the ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains act of 1958 and rules ( 1959 ) the elephanta island ( protected monument ) rules of 1957 which prohibits mining quarrying blasting excavation and other operations near the monument the antiquities and art treasures act promulgated in 1972 with its rules promulgated in 1973 a notification issued in 1985 declaring the entire island and a 1 @@ kilometre ( 0 @@ 62 mi ) area from the shore as a prohibited area a series of maharashtra state government environmental acts protecting the site the 1966 regional and town planning act and the 1995 heritage regulations for greater bombay |
the archaeological survey of india ( asi ) aurangabad circle on the basis of the above legislation and rules maintain and manage the monuments the physical measures undertaken for conservation cover include stabilisation of the rock face construction of supports to the cave structures where pillars have collapsed and consolidation of cave floors and construction of a parapet wall surrounding the site in addition visitor facilities at the site have been upgraded ( such as toilet facilities railing construction pathways and a flight of steps from the jetty to the caves ) an on @@ site museum has been established and a conservation plan has been put in place overall conservation of the property is stated to be good the site receives approximately 25 @@ 000 visitors per month public information brochures are also available at the venue of the monuments during the world heritage day on 18 april and world heritage week between 19 and 25 november there are special events held at the caves another popular event organised is an annual traditional dance festival that attracts many visitors |
after declaring the caves a world heritage site unesco granted $ 100 @@ 000 to document the site's history and draw up a site plan a part of the grant was used for conservation of the caves based on assessments by unesco management plans include better communication and collaboration between the asi on @@ site staff and other responsible government departments improved public information and awareness programs monitoring environmental impact of tourists on the cave and island environment greater attention to the maintenance of the rocks to address water leakages into the caves and daily monitoring of both structural and chemical conservation measures |
the indian national trust for art and cultural heritage ( intach ) is also involved with the archaeological survey of india in improving the local conditions at the cave site a book has been published jointly by unesco intach and the government of india which presents a comprehensive site plan for restoration and a brief history of each sculpture constructed inside the caves |
devin garret townsend ( born may 5 1972 ) is a canadian musician songwriter and record producer he was the founder songwriter vocalist and guitarist in extreme metal band strapping young lad from 1994 to 2007 and has an extensive career as a solo artist |
after performing in a number of heavy metal bands in high school townsend was discovered by a record label in 1993 and was asked to perform lead vocals on steve vai's album sex & religion after recording and touring with vai townsend was discouraged by what he found in the music industry and vented his anger on the solo album heavy as a really heavy thing released under the pseudonym strapping young lad he soon assembled a band under the name and released the critically acclaimed city in 1997 since then he has released three more studio albums with strapping young lad along with solo material released under his own independent record label hevydevy records |
townsend's solo albums a diverse mix of hard rock progressive metal ambient and new @@ age have featured a varying lineup of supporting musicians in 2002 he formed the devin townsend band a dedicated lineup which recorded and toured for two of his solo releases in 2007 he disbanded both strapping young lad and the devin townsend band taking a break from touring to spend more time with his family after a two @@ year hiatus he began recording again and soon announced the formation of the devin townsend project the project began with a series of four albums released from 2009 to 2011 each written in a different style and townsend continues to record and tour under the new moniker |
across all his bands and projects townsend has released twenty @@ three studio albums and three live albums townsend's trademark production style featuring a heavily multitracked wall of sound has been compared to the styles of phil spector and frank zappa his versatile vocal delivery ranges from screaming to an opera @@ esque singing and his songwriting is similarly diverse townsend's musical style is rooted in metal and his albums are written to express different aspects of his personality |
devin townsend was born in new westminster british columbia on may 5 1972 townsend picked up the banjo when he was five and began playing guitar when he was 12 as an early teenager he befriended brian beav waddell who would later play guitars as part of the devin townsend band and bass on the devin townsend project he participated in several metal bands while he was in high school and founded grey skies at the age of 19 around the same time he joined a popular local group called caustic thought replacing jed simon on guitar and playing alongside bassist byron stroud both of whom would later become members of townsend's flagship band strapping young lad in 1993 townsend began writing material under the name noisescapes a project he later described as just as violent as strapping young lad |
townsend recorded a noisescapes demo and sent copies to various record labels relativity records responded to townsend with a record deal and townsend began work on what was to be the first noisescapes album promise shortly afterward the label introduced him to musician steve vai impressed with townsend's vocal work vai offered him the role of the lead vocalist on his new album sex and religion after recording sex and religion townsend accompanied vai on a world tour in support of the album townsend soon landed a second touring gig this time with the opening band of vai's tour the wildhearts he played live with the band throughout half of 1994 in europe and appeared as a guest musician on their single urge ginger the band's frontman remained close friends with townsend later co @@ writing several songs on infinity and the + 4 demos ep |
while on tour with the wildhearts townsend formed a short @@ lived thrash metal project with metallica's then @@ bassist jason newsted the band known as ir8 featured newsted on vocals and bass townsend on guitar and tom hunting of exodus on drums the group recorded a few songs together although townsend says that they never intended to go further than that people heard about it and thought we wanted to put out a cd which is absolutely not true he explains people took this project way too seriously a demo tape was put together but the material was not released until 2002 when newsted published the ir8 vs compilation |
though townsend was proud of what he had accomplished so early in his career he was discouraged by his experience with the music industry i was becoming a product of somebody else's imagination and it was mixing with my own personality he later reflected this combination was appalling he pushed to get his own projects off the ground despite getting notable touring gigs with other musicians however townsend continued to face rejection of his own music relativity records dropped noisescapes from their label shortly after townsend accepted vai's offer seeing no commercial appeal in townsend's music i have a hunch they only offered me a deal to get me to sing with steve he mused while touring with the wildhearts townsend received a phone call from an a & r representative for roadrunner records expressing an interest in his demos and an intention to sign him the offer was ultimately rescinded by the head of roadrunner who regarded townsend's recordings as just noise |
in 1994 century media records offered townsend a contract to make some extreme albums he agreed to a five @@ album deal with the record label and also provided much of the guitar work on the 1994 album millennium and the 1995 album hard wired by vancouver industrial band front line assembly townsend began to record material under the pseudonym strapping young lad he avoided using his real name at this point in career looking for a fresh start after his high @@ profile vai gig at the beginning i wanted to avoid at all cost to use my name because i was known as the singer for steve vai and it wasn't the best publicity to have he later explained i was playing somebody else's music and i was judged in respect to that music townsend produced and performed nearly all the instruments on the debut studio album heavy as a really heavy thing which was released in april 1995 |
following the release of the record townsend and several other musician friends he knew in vancouver recorded his first solo album in 1996 entitled punky cooked on written and recorded in under a month the album was produced as a parody of punk rock bands and documents the act of selling out for mainstream success townsend founded his own independent record label hevydevy records to release the album townsend assembled a permanent lineup of strapping young lad to record city including prolific metal drummer gene hoglan along with townsend's former bandmates jed simon on guitar and byron stroud on bass the industrial @@ influenced album was released in 1997 to this day the album is widely considered strapping young lad's best work with metal maniacs calling it groundbreaking and revolver naming it one of the greatest metal albums of all time townsend himself considers it the band's ultimate album later that year townsend released his second solo album ocean machine biomech the album featured a mix of hard rock ambient and progressive rock |
after the completion of city and ocean machine biomech townsend began to approach a mental breakdown i started to see human beings as little lonesome water based pink meat he explained life forms pushing air through themselves and making noises that the other little pieces of meat seemed to understand in 1997 he checked himself into a mental @@ health hospital where he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder the diagnosis helped him understand where the two sides of his music were coming from he felt his disorder gave birth to the two extremes that are strapping's city record and ocean machine biomech after being discharged from the hospital townsend found that everything just clicked and he was able to write his third solo album infinity which he described as the parent project of city and ocean machine biomech with music influenced by broadway townsend returned to the studio accompanied by hoglan to work on the album on which townsend played most of the instruments infinity was released in october 1998 later in his career townsend has cited infinity as his favorite solo record |
with infinity townsend began to label all albums outside of strapping young lad under his own name dropping the ocean machine moniker to reduce confusion he wanted to show that despite the highly varied nature of his projects they are all simply aspects of his identity the album biomech was relabeled and redistributed as ocean machine biomech under townsend's name to reflect the new arrangement townsend's bandmates began to play two sets at their shows one as strapping young lad and one as the devin townsend band playing songs from townsend's solo albums |
townsend's next project took several years to come to fruition after the creation of the ir8 demo tape townsend and jason newsted had begun work on a new project called which they described as heavier than strapping young lad when the ir8 tape was leaked newsted's metallica bandmates james hetfield and lars ulrich learned of the project hetfield was fucking pissed that newsted was playing outside the band and newsted was prevented by his bandmates from working on any more side projects with the project stalled townsend instead wrote the album himself entitling it physicist townsend assembled his strapping young lad bandmates to record it the only time this lineup was featured on a devin townsend album the thrash @@ influenced physicist was released in june 2000 and is generally considered a low point in townsend's career hoglan and the rest of the band were dissatisfied with the way the sound was mixed and townsend considers it his worst album to date |
feeling he had ostracized a bunch of fans with physicist townsend felt he had the chance to make a more personal and honest record townsend was inspired one morning while driving across canada with his band and looked to write an introspective album dedicated to his homeland he produced and recorded terria a highly illustrated stream @@ of @@ consciousness album with gene hoglan on drums craig mcfarland on bass and jamie meyer on keyboards townsend cited ween's white pepper as an inspiration for the album terria was released in november 2001 |
townsend's solo run lasted until 2002 after a five @@ year break from recording strapping young lad reunited to record a new album townsend credits the album strapping young lad as an emotional response to the attacks of september 11 2001 in the united states if the world's about to blow up said townsend let's write the soundtrack for it the album's lyrics were based more around fear and insecurity than the hostile lyrics of city musically strapping young lad was less industrial than city and more reminiscent of death metal with a larger @@ than @@ life rock production style townsend cited front line assembly grotus and samael's passage as influences the self @@ titled album was released in february 2003 it received lukewarm reviews with critics finding it inferior to city but it was the band's first charting album entering at 97th place on billboard's top heatseekers chart |
while strapping young lad was being reunited townsend formed a new permanent band on par with strapping to record and tour for his solo releases the devin townsend band consisted of brian beav waddell on guitar mike young on bass ryan van poederooyen on drums and dave young on keyboards townsend performed guitar vocals and production as he did in strapping young lad townsend worked on the band's first album accelerated evolution at the same time he was working on strapping young lad spending half the week on one and half on the other accelerated evolution named for the pace of putting a new band together in under a year was released a month after strapping young lad mike g of metal maniacs called it the album of the year praising it for the hard @@ to @@ accomplish trick of being extreme yet accessible simultaneously heavy' n' rockin' yet majestic and beautiful prior to the formation of the devin townsend band townsend had represented his solo releases live with the strapping young lad lineup the band would play one set of strapping young lad songs and one set of devin townsend songs after the release of accelerated evolution townsend's two bands toured separately for their separate albums |
strapping young lad began working on their next album alien in march 2004 feeling that the band's previous album did not live up to expectations townsend decided to take his music to a new extreme to prepare for the new album townsend stopped taking the medication prescribed to treat his bipolar disorder i think that as an artist in order for me to get to the next plateau i kind of feel the need to explore things and sometimes that exploration leads you to places that are a little crazy he explains and alien was no exception with that although townsend considered the album an impenetrable mass of technicality it was well received on its release selling 3 @@ 697 copies in its first week and appearing on several billboard charts around this time townsend also contributed to the soundtrack of the video game fallout brotherhood of steel |
shortly thereafter townsend began putting together the next devin townsend band record with the working title human townsend intended the album as the more pleasant counterpart to alien it's basically a record about coming back down to earth after being in space with alien for a while the album ended up being renamed synchestra and was released in january 2006 townsend showcased a wide variety of musical styles in synchestra blending his trademark pop metal with influences from folk polka and middle eastern music the final strapping young lad album the new black was released later in 2006 |
townsend withdrew from touring to spend time with his family from home townsend completed his second solo ambient album the hummer releasing it exclusively on his website in november 2006 |
in may 2007 townsend released ziltoid the omniscient a tongue @@ in @@ cheek rock opera about the eponymous fictional alien this was truly a solo album he programmed the drums using from hell a software drum machine that uses samples recorded by tomas haake of meshuggah and played all other instruments himself shortly after the album's release townsend announced that he no longer planned to tour or make albums with strapping young lad or the devin townsend band he explained that he was burnt out on travelling touring and self promotion and wished to do production work write albums and spend time with his family without the stress of interviews or touring |
in 2008 townsend lent his voice to characters in several episodes of the adult swim cartoon metalocalypse ( see musician cameos in metalocalypse for more ) the original character design for pickles the drummer one of the series' main characters bore a striking resemblance to townsend the series' co @@ creator brendon small acknowledged the similarity and altered the design before the series began we made sure he didn't look like devin townsend we gave him the goatee and the so he wouldn't look like that |
after removing himself from the music industry townsend cut his trademark hair off and gave up drinking and smoking townsend found it disconcerting that he had difficulty writing music without drugs and that he had trouble identifying his purpose as a musician he spent a year producing albums in absence of writing but found it unrewarding and decided to pick up the guitar and just write this began a period of self discovery where he learned how to create without drugs |
over two years townsend wrote over 60 songs and found that they fit into four distinct styles in march 2009 townsend announced his plans for a four @@ album series called devin townsend project with the goal of clarifying his musical identity and being accountable for the persona he projects to the public the project's concept includes a different theme and a different group of musicians on each album |
ki the first album of the devin townsend project tetralogy was written to set the stage for the subsequent albums townsend channelled his new @@ found control and sobriety into ki a tense quiet album which contrasts with much of the music he had been known for additional female vocals were provided by ché aimee dorval ( casualties of cool ) ki was released in may 2009 |
the second entry a commercial yet heavy album called addicted was released in november 2009 and features lead vocals from townsend and dutch singer anneke van giersbergen brian beav waddell was recruited from the devin townsend band to play bass |
townsend returned to the stage in january 2010 touring north america with headliner between the buried and me as well as cynic and scale the summit this was followed by a headlining tour in australia and a series of high @@ profile shows in europe ( for example co @@ headlining the brutal assault festival in czech republic ) he headlined a north american tour with uk label mates supporting which began in october 2010 and toured in europe with support from aeon zen and anneke van giersbergen |
the third and fourth albums in the devin townsend project series deconstruction and ghost were released simultaneously on june 21 2011 in december 2011 all four devin townsend project albums with additional material were released as the us box set townsend performed all four of devin townsend project albums in london and recorded them for a dvd box set called by a thread live in london 2011 that was released on june 18 2012 the first three shows were held at the university of london union november 10 12 2011 ki addicted and deconstruction were each performed on one night respectively the show for ghost was held at the union chapel islington on november 13 2011 these four shows were each entitled an evening with the devin townsend project |
despite the devin townsend project being originally a four @@ album series townsend decided to continue working under the moniker and released the fifth album epicloud on september 18 2012 again featuring anneke van giersbergen on vocals epicloud appeared on several european charts peaking at number 8 in finland on october 27 2012 devin townsend performed a one @@ off show covering his musical career called the retinal circus at roundhouse in london the 3 @@ hour performance was recorded in high definition and released on dvd and blu @@ ray on september 30 2013 also in 2012 townsend played bass on the debut bent sea album he also produced the record |
another project townsend has mentioned several times between 2009 and 2012 is an album featuring creepy bass driven apocalyptic music created with an ampeg rig and an icelandic choir working with many projects simultaneously at that time townsend stated in 2012 the project is vying for pole position until he wakes up and says' he wants to do it' |
after deconstruction and ghost townsend announced a new album casualties of cool with which he started to work after the release of epicloud the album features ché aimee dorval ( from ki ) on vocals and morgan on drums townsend described the album sounds like haunted johnny cash songs and late night music highlighting it will be different than anything he has done before townsend referred the music of the album to be closest to his heart at this point of his life and that it is an important and satisfying project he doesn't want to rush |
the album was completed on november 2013 and a bonus disc was also made for the album containing the leftover material from the main album as well as songs from ghost 2 the unreleased compilation of leftover tracks from ghost originally in 2012 townsend stated that this album will be the sixth and the last album in the devin townsend project series but he ultimately confirmed that casualties of cool is its own project townsend also started a crowdfunding campaign through pledgemusic to support the release of the album the funding quickly reached its goal and all additional funds were put directly to townsend's upcoming projects casualties of cool was released on may 14 2014 the album was re @@ issued worldwide on january 15 2016 containing an additional dvd with live footage from the 2014 concert at the union chapel in london |
from 2009 townsend worked on a long @@ running album project called z ² a sequel to the album ziltoid the omniscient ( 2007 ) originally in 2012 he teased he may have just written the heaviest thing he's ever done for the album and told there might a surprising lack of ziltoid himself appearing on the album however in august 2013 a london @@ based radio station radio aired the first episode of ziltoid radio a satirical radio show hosted solely by ziltoid this being one element of the z ² project townsend also discussed a or ziltoid tv is preceding the album later townsend stated he has found the project hard to schedule and work with amidst touring and writing stating it takes a lot of effort to keep the content with tongue @@ in @@ cheek humour entertaining |
after writing ideas for over 70 songs townsend stated he is finally going to finish the whole project followed by the announcement the album will be released on october 27 2014 the recording process started in may 2014 and the final project includes the album a ziltoid tv program and a live show with a big graphic novel comic and a documentary the album itself is a double album with disc one being the main album and disc two featuring devin townsend project material according to townsend the album's theme is ziltoid against the world the devin townsend project disc is called sky blue and the ziltoid disc is called dark matters |
after finishing the album townsend stated the project was punishing and an absolute nightmare to complete due to amount of material against tight schedules he also described the hardship of the project by telling if he was ever going to start drinking [ again ] the last months would have been it but now he's starting to get excited again later after the chaos of finishing it had subsided townsend stated he is really satisfied with the result |
townsend recently discussed at least a year @@ long hiatus beginning after the z ² show taking place at the royal albert hall on april 13 2015 during the indefinitely long break townsend intends to recharge his batteries get some inspiration and experiences and to see what the next chapter holds for him |
in 2014 devin recorded a' poppy sounding' song in los angeles with producer brian howes but has decided against releasing devin mentioned he is against the project being contrived due to the current hard rock undertones in popular music he described it as a lukewarm heavy metal devin song on december 11 2015 townsend announced via twitter that he was recording vocals for a song by steve vai |
as of april 2016 devin is in the middle of recording the seventh dtp album entitled transcendence at armoury studios in vancouver |
townsend has been married to tracy turner his girlfriend since he was 19 she gave birth to their first son liam townsend on october 4 2006 he is a vegetarian |
townsend designed his two main projects the aggressive strapping young lad and his more melodic solo material as counterparts strapping young lad's music was a diverse mix of extreme metal genres death metal thrash metal black metal and industrial metal townsend's solo material blends many genres and influences with elements of atmospheric ambient music hard rock and progressive rock along with pop metal and arena rock he described it as a highly orchestrated type of expansive music based in hard rock and heavy metal dense and produced with a large amount of ambient elements despite strapping young lad's greater mainstream acceptance townsend identifies more with his solo material and has never intended strapping young lad to be the focus of his music |
as a self @@ proclaimed fan of multitracking townsend has developed a trademark production style featuring an atmospheric layered wall of sound townsend has drawn critical praise for his productions which are always marked by a sense of adventure intrigue chaotic atmospherics and overall aural pyrotechnics according to mike g of metal maniacs townsend mainly uses pro tools to produce his music alongside other software suites such as steinberg cubase ableton live and logic pro townsend's musical ideas and production style have drawn comparisons to phil spector and frank zappa townsend has carried out the mixing and mastering for most of his solo work himself he has also mixed and remixed work for other artists such as rammstein august burns red and misery signals |
townsend mainly uses open c tuning for both six and seven string guitar he now also uses open b tuning and open b flat tuning ( open c tuning tuned a half and a whole step down respectively ) on his six string guitars townsend's technique varies from fingerpicking power chords and to sweep @@ picked arpeggios and tapping techniques he is also known for his heavy use of reverb and delay effects he has expressed that he has no taste for shred guitar saying that musically it doesn't do anything for me and that he only solos when he thinks that he can within the context of the song |
townsend's employs a variety of vocal techniques in his work including screaming growling or even falsetto his vocal range has been noted to be over 5 octaves ( c2 to f7 ) |
townsend draws influence from a wide range of music genres most prominently heavy metal townsend has cited among others judas priest wasp frank zappa broadway musicals abba new @@ age music france king's x morbid angel grotus jane's addiction metallica cop shoot cop and fear factory as his influences and has also expressed his admiration for meshuggah on several occasions calling them the best metal band on the planet townsend lists paul horn and ravi shankar as the two most important musicians in his life the two songs that townsend credits with changing the way he thought about music are the burning down by king's x and up the beach by jane's addiction city was influenced by bands such as foetus and cop shoot cop and the new black's influences were meshuggah and more traditional metal like metallica he is also influenced by orchestral and classical composers such as john williams trevor jones and igor stravinsky |
the zagreb synagogue ( croatian ) was the main place of worship for the jewish community of zagreb in modern @@ day croatia it was constructed in 1867 in the kingdom of croatia @@ slavonia within the austrian empire and was used until it was demolished by the fascist authorities in 1941 in the axis @@ aligned independent state of croatia |
the moorish revival synagogue designed after the tempel in vienna was located on modern @@ day praška street it has been the only purpose @@ built jewish house of worship in the history of the city it was one of the city's most prominent public buildings as well as one of the most esteemed examples of synagogue architecture in the region |
since the 1980s plans have been made to rebuild the synagogue in its original location due to various political circumstances very limited progress has been made major disagreements exist between the government and jewish organizations as to how much the latter should be involved in decisions about the reconstruction project including proposed design and character of the new building |
encouraged by the 1782 edict of tolerance of emperor joseph ii jews first permanently settled in zagreb in the late eighteenth century and founded the jewish community in 1806 in 1809 the jewish community had a rabbi and by 1811 it had its own cemetery as early as 1833 the community was permitted to buy land for construction of a synagogue but did not have sufficient money to finance one at the time |
by 1855 the community had grown to 700 members and on october 30 of that year the decision was made to build a new jewish synagogue the construction committee appointed in 1861 selected and purchased a parcel of land at the corner of maria valeria street ( now praška street ) and ban jelačić square the central town square however a new urban planning scheme of 1864 reduced the area available for construction and the community decided to buy another parcel of 1 @@ 540 square metres ( 16 @@ 600 sq ft ) in maria valeria street approximately 80 metres ( 260 ft ) south of the original location |
franjo klein a vienna @@ born zagreb architect was commissioned to build the synagogue klein a representative of romantic historicism modeled the building on the viennese tempel ( 1858 ) a moorish revival temple designed by ludwig förster it became a prototype for synagogue design in central europe zagreb synagogue used the already developed round arch style ( ) but did not adopt förster's early oriental motifs |
the composition of the main facade with its dominant drawn @@ out and elevated projection and the two symmetrical lower lateral parts reflects the internal division into three naves at ground @@ floor level the front was distinguished by the three @@ arch entrance and whereas the first @@ floor level had a high triforium with an elevated arch and the rosettes on the staircases |
the synagogue occupied the greater part of the plot facing west it receded from the street regulation @@ line in accordance with the rule then still enforced in austria hungary prohibiting non @@ catholic places of worship from having a public entrance from the street the synagogue had a wider and slightly higher central nave and two narrower naves unlike förster's synagogue in vienna it did not have a plan |
construction began in 1866 and was completed the following year the synagogue was officially consecrated on september 27 1867 a ceremony attended by representatives of city and regional authorities zagreb public figures and many citizens it was the first prominent public building in zagreb's lower town and its architecture and scale aroused general admiration and praise |
with the new synagogue an organ was introduced into religious service the small minority of orthodox jews found this change to be intolerable and they began to hold their services separately in rented rooms |
in the 1880 earthquake the synagogue suffered minor damage and was repaired the following year |
largely due to immigration from hungary bohemia and moravia the jewish population of zagreb quickly grew in size from 1 @@ 285 members in 1887 to 3 @@ 237 members in 1900 and then to 5 @@ 970 members in 1921 the synagogue became too small to accommodate the needs of the ever @@ growing community in 1921 a renovation was undertaken to increase the number of available seats a 1931 plan to increase the capacity to 944 seats was ultimately abandoned a central heating system was installed in 1933 |
during the 1941 collapse of the kingdom of yugoslavia under the axis invasion in the april war the independent state of croatia was created it was ruled by the extreme nationalist ustaša regime the ustaša quickly started with the systematic persecution of the jews modeled after the nazi germany approach and at times even more brutal racial laws were introduced jewish property was confiscated and the jews were subjected to mass arrests and deportations to death camps in croatia and abroad |
in october 1941 the newly installed mayor of zagreb ivan werner issued a decree ordering the demolition of the praška street synagogue ostensibly because it did not fit into the city's master plan the demolition began on october 10 1941 proceeding slowly so as not to damage the adjacent buildings it was finished by april 1942 the whole process was photographed for propaganda purposes and the photographs were shown to the public at an antisemitic exhibition first held in zagreb it was also shown in dubrovnik karlovac sarajevo vukovar and zemun as an illustration of the solution of the jewish question in croatia |
a fragment of the film footage of the demolition was discovered five decades later by the film director during research for his 1993 documentary feature decline of the century testimony of l z 41 seconds of the film survives this footage was also shown in mira wolf's documentary the zagreb synagogue 1867 @@ 1942 ( 1996 ) produced by croatian radiotelevision |
the synagogue's eight valuable torah scrolls were saved due to an intervention by leonardo grivičić an entrepreneur and industrialist who lived next door from mile budak a minister in the ustaša government he was also close to poglavnik ante pavelić and the third reich's ambassador to croatia edmund glaise @@ horstenau although grivičić did not have a significant political role in the independent state of croatia he was considered trustworthy on october 9 1941 he learned about the regime's plan to start the demolition of the synagogue on the following morning by that evening grivičić secretly relayed the information to the synagogue's chief cantor grüner and during the night the torah scrolls were moved to safety |
shortly after the destruction of the synagogue the catholic archbishop of zagreb aloysius stepinac delivered a homily in which he said a house of god of any faith is a holy thing and whoever harms it will pay with their lives in this world and the next they will be punished |
the only surviving fragments of the building the wash @@ basin and two memorial tables from the forecourt as well as some parts of a column were saved by ivo kraus he pulled them from the rubble shortly after the end of world war ii the wash @@ basin and the memorial tables are now in the zagreb city museum the column fragments are kept by the jewish community of zagreb |
only one in five croatian jews survived the holocaust of world war ii between 1948 and 1952 nearly one half of the surviving members of jewish community of zagreb opted for emigration to israel and the community dropped to one @@ tenth of its pre @@ war membership the yugoslav communist regime nationalized virtually all real estate owned by the jewish community of zagreb including the plot in praška street all this combined with the new regime's general hostility toward religion made reconstruction of the synagogue nearly impossible |
after world war ii the vacant site of the former synagogue was used as a makeshift volleyball court the volleyball court made way for a prefabricated department store building constructed in 1959 the department store was completely destroyed in a fire on december 31 1980 and was subsequently dismantled despite some earlier ideas about a permanent department store building on the same spot and a 1977 architecture competition for its design no construction took place instead the parcel was turned into a parking lot which it remains to this day |
after 1986 the jewish community of zagreb began to consider a jewish cultural center and a memorial synagogue two architects branko and boris both of whom participated in the failed 1977 department store competition came forward on their own accord and contributed their ideas for a new jewish center in praška street 's vision was ultimately not accepted by the jewish community instead plans were being made for the construction of the cultural center and a synagogue following an international architecture competition however despite support for the project both within yugoslavia and abroad the issuance of necessary permits was either stalled or denied by the municipal government the project was not developed |
by the autumn of 1990 after the first democratic elections in croatia the municipal government finally approved the project an architectural competition was planned for january 1991 political turmoil in the country followed by the breakup of yugoslavia and the croatian war of independence ( 1991 1995 ) caused the project to be put on hold again in 1994 president of croatia franjo tuđman said to jakov council member of the zagreb jewish community that they should build the new synagogue at the site of the former synagogue which will be funded by the croatian government declined the offer believing to be inappropriate when 1800 catholic churches are left destroyed at the time during croatian war of independence |
in the meantime the jewish community of zagreb sought to legally reacquire its property the croatian law was enacted in 1996 and the praška street parcel was finally returned to the community on december 31 1999 by 2000 reconstruction activities were invigorated again an investment study was submitted to the government of croatia and the city of zagreb in july 2004 and revised in october 2004 the architecture competition was planned for 2005 however a 2005 rift in the jewish community of zagreb resulted in formation of a splinter jewish community bet israel led by ivo and slavko goldstein |
in september 2006 the government of croatia formed a construction workgroup it was decided that the project estimated at the time at hrk 173 million ( us $ 30 million ) would be partially financed by the government of croatia and the city of zagreb and that both jewish organizations should be represented in the workgroup however the involvement of bet israel was deemed unacceptable by the jewish community of zagreb which is the sole owner of the praška street property and which also sees itself as the sole legal representative of the zagreb jewish community as a consequence the community and its president kraus refused further participation in the project under the set conditions |
further disagreements existed about the design and character of the new building facsimile reconstruction while feasible was not seriously contemplated there was a general agreement that the new building should also have a cultural as well as commercial purpose while the jewish community of zagreb envisioned a modern design reminiscent of the original synagogue the bet israel advocated building a replica of the original synagogue's facade perceiving it as having a powerful symbolism opinions of architects urban planners and art historians were also divided along similar lines |
in 2014 and 2015 the jewish community of zagreb presented new plans for a 10 @@ 600 m2 ( 114 @@ 000 sq ft ) multi @@ purpose jewish center and synagogue in praška street |
the 1806 great coastal hurricane was a severe and damaging storm along the east coast of the united states which produced upwards of 36 in ( 91 cm ) of rainfall in parts of massachusetts first observed east of the lesser antilles on 17 august the hurricane arrived at the bahamas by 19 august the disturbance continued to drift northward and made landfall at the mouth of the cape fear river in north carolina on 22 august the storm soon moved out to sea as a category 2 @@ equivalent hurricane on the saffir simpson hurricane wind scale persisting off of new england before dissipating south of nova scotia on 25 august as a markedly weaker storm several french and british military ships were damaged out at sea in the carolinas salt sugar rice and lumber industries suffered considerably and several individuals were killed wharves and vessels endured moderate damage with many ships wrecked on north barrier islands a majority of the deaths caused by the hurricane occurred aboard the rose @@ in @@ bloom offshore of barnegat inlet new jersey with 21 of the ship's 48 passengers killed and $ 171 @@ 000 ( 1806 usd ) in damage to its cargo upon arriving in new england reports indicated extreme rainfall though no deaths were reported in all the hurricane killed more than 24 individuals along the entirety of its track |
the great coastal hurricane of 1806 was first noted far east of the lesser antilles on 17 august weather historian david m ludlum followed the disturbance's track to the bahamas by 19 august intense winds persisted until 21 august however approximately 150 mi ( 240 km ) east of the bahamian island of eleuthera steering currents brought the storm northward and it approached charleston south carolina on 22 august where a generally easterly flow preceded the storm indicated its passage far east of the city the hurricane made landfall at the mouth of the cape fear river in north carolina later that day though the earliest impacts from the storm started several days earlier with gusts initially toward the northeast but later curving southwestward reports of similar wind shifts throughout the region suggested that the gale persisted stationary for several hours it eventually moved back out to sea while south of norfolk virginia departing the region on 24 august the hurricane maintained 1 @@ minute maximum sustained winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) while offshore equivalent to a category 2 system on the saffir simpson hurricane wind scale while offshore new england the gale featured a swath of winds 90 mi ( 150 km ) wide and was last observed just south of nova scotia on 25 august slightly weaker with sustained winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) |
the hurricane damaged several vessels while still drifting at sea dispersing and damaging jérôme bonaparte's fleet and dismasting the 74 @@ gun french ship of the line impétueux which later landed near cape henry |
in charleston south carolina the hurricane washed aground several ships and uprooted numerous trees though damage to the city harbor was minimal the lighthouse on north island flanking winyah bay collapsed under high winds and in georgetown proper the hurricane was considered to be the worst since the 1804 antigua charleston hurricane despite its storm surge being of a lesser size a cotton field covering 94 acres was ruined nearby at smithville north carolina numerous ships experienced damage while considerable destruction to structures was observed with many wharves wrecked meanwhile at wilmington the hurricane inflicted widespread damage with many wharves severely damaged and significant losses sustained by salt sugar rice and lumber industries the gable sections of three masonry houses were destroyed by wind or water and wooden houses suffered especially badly with many obliterated and those under construction flattened one individual died after a wall collapsed and several slaves were killed one by drowning at local plantations at bald head island the united states revenue cutter service vessel governor williams was stripped of its foremast and subsequently ran ashore before being repaired and continuing on its journey a second boat owned by the agency the diligence was tethered at port in wilmington and endured no damage similarly little impact occurred at new bern throughout the storm several vessels and supplies of stranded sailors were driven aground along the north coast on the bogue banks the remains of the adolphus and atlantic were discovered and at the core banks a dead body was washed ashore partially eaten by fish |
moderate damage occurred upon the hurricane's arrival in norfolk virginia winds toppled a number of newly built structures and chimneys uprooted trees and fences and washed two watercraft aground after the storm alterations to the shoreline around the chesapeake bay permitted the full establishment of a town at willoughby spit the rose @@ in @@ bloom was caught in the hurricane while offshore of barnegat inlet new jersey en route to new york city from charleston but was struck by a large wave which overturned the ship resulting in the deaths of 21 of its 48 passengers and the loss of $ 171 @@ 000 of its $ 180 @@ 000 ( 1806 usd ) cargo the vessel only barely stayed afloat with 30 bales of cotton preventing it from sinking entirely survivors were ferried to new york by the british brig swift which had then been traveling toward st john's newfoundland the hurricane produced strong gusts within the vicinity of new york city and at belleville new jersey several peach trees were defoliated and uprooted cape cod massachusetts was struck by heavy rain and observed minor damage to its port at edgartown meanwhile an individual witnessed torrential rainfall recording that a barrel was filled with 30 in ( 76 cm ) of water and estimating total rainfall reached 36 in ( 91 cm ) there where the storm devastated local crops and beached five cargo ships at brewster meanwhile severe damage to crops and was noted and 18 in ( 46 cm ) of rainfall was recorded reports in boston however indicate more modest rainfall amounts with a precipitation rate of 0 @@ 40 in ( 1 @@ 0 cm ) per hour noted |
forward intelligence teams ( fits ) are two or more police officers who are deployed by uk police forces to gather intelligence on the ground and in some circumstances to disrupt activists and deter anti @@ social behaviour they use cameras camcorders and audio recorders to conduct overt surveillance of the public an unsuccessful legal challenge has been made against their use of overt surveillance but in 2009 the court of appeal ruled that they must justify retention of photographs on a case @@ by @@ case basis any retained information is recorded on the crimint database |
political activists have criticised fits and said that they feel the aim of fit deployment during protests is to prevent legal protests journalists have also complained that fits attempt to stop them photographing protests and that they conduct surveillance of journalists a campaign group fitwatch formed in 2007 that aim to obstruct fits and conduct sousveillance on the officers two members of the group were arrested at the 2008 climate camp on obstruction charges a similar police surveillance unit the video intelligence unit is operated by greater manchester police in june 2010 the home office announced it would review the use of fits during public order policing |
fits were first formed in the early 1990s as part of the public order intelligence unit ( ) a section of the public order branch of the metropolitan police they initially targeted football fans hunt saboteurs and political protesters ( since at least 1996 ) using cameras camcorders and audio recorders to conduct overt surveillance of the public the police officers wear full uniform and are intended to be a highly visible presence their uniform is sometimes different from normal police officers in that the upper half of their yellow fluorescent jackets is blue civilian photographers are also employed by the police to work alongside fits according to scotland yard the aim of fit teams at protests is to record evidence of protesters in case disorder occurs later on at a protest |
more recently the teams' purpose has been extended to routine police work on low @@ level crime and anti @@ social behaviour and police forces throughout the uk now have their own fits despite the implication in their name that their function is to merely gather intelligence they are also intended to have a deterrent effect this approach has been reported to work in reducing reports of anti @@ social behaviour at times when fits are deployed in specific neighbourhoods jacqui smith then home secretary praised operation leopard that used fits to target youths in essex stating |
operation leopard is exactly the sort of intensive policing that can bring persistent offenders to their senses relentless filming of them and their associates throughout the day and night |
linda catt an activist has suggested that their tactics are designed to intimidate people and prevent lawful dissent this view is echoed by a police debriefing of their operations at the 2008 camp for climate action which praised fits at the event for disrupting activists |
in june 2010 the home office announced it would review the use of fits during public order policing the move was influenced by the discovery that information collected by fits included that which was unrelated to suspected crimes for example recording who made speeches at demonstrations |
in october 2010 fit officers in plain clothes were spotted by a press photographer at a protest against companies avoiding tax despite commander bob broadhurst telling a parliamentary committee in may 2009 that only uniformed officers distinguishable by their blue and yellow jackets were involved in gathering intelligence at protests the metropolitan police told the guardian that it was necessary to deploy plain @@ clothed officers to gather information to provide us with a relevant and up @@ to @@ date intelligence picture of what to expect it was the first time that fits are known to have been deployed in plain clothes |
liberty brought a judicial review of the overt surveillance practices in may 2008 which was decided in favour of the police however the police were asked to clarify their evidence to the court of appeal following an investigation by the guardian newspaper |
in may 2009 the court of appeal ruled that photographs collected by fits of people who have not committed a criminal offence can no longer be kept the ruling was made after andrew wood an arms trade activist was photographed after challenging the management of reed elsevier at their agm over them organising arms trade exhibitions wood argued that police had harassed him and infringed his right to privacy by photographing him lord collins of said that the police presence had a chilling effect on people who were protesting lawfully fits have not been banned but they must now justify the retention of photographs on a case @@ by @@ case basis as a result of the ruling the metropolitan police's public order unit was forced to delete 40 of the photos of protesters that it held |
in a report about the policing of the 2009 g @@ 20 london summit protests denis o'connor the chief inspector of constabulary stated that the routine use of fits at protests raises fundamental privacy issues and should be reviewed he also said that there was confusion over the role of fits and advised that the home office should issue guidance over the legality of the surveillance of protesters and the retention of images |
the information that fits collect is stored on the crimint database which is used daily by police officers to catalogue criminal intelligence people are listed by name allowing police to determine which events individuals have attended photographs obtained by fits are used to produce spotter cards consisting of people's photographs which allows officers to identify people at future events that they attend for £ 10 people are able to obtain a list of protests that they have attended from the data held on crimint under laws in the data protection act 1998 |
a 2006 report the economics of mass surveillance calculated that the use of fits at mass gatherings involves gathering intelligence on roughly 1 @@ 200 people to record the actions of one person the report also noted that most of the people on spotter cards used by the police photographers were those involved in the organisation of protests and that fits also attend meetings where demonstrations are organised |
fitwatch ( formed in early 2007 ) campaign against fits by actively obstructing their operations and by passively opposing their operations by photographing units ( a form of sousveillance ) |
in june 2009 the guardian released video evidence recorded by a fit at the 2008 climate camp of alleged police brutality against two female members of fitwatch the women had asked police officers to reveal their shoulder numbers as at least four officers had not displayed them the women attempted to photograph the police officers for evidence but were forced to the ground restrained with handcuffs and had their legs bound with straps they were then placed in restraint positions arrested charged and held in custody for four days including three days in hmp before they were released on bail the police later retracted all the charges against the women the women lodged a complaint with the ipcc over the incident the journalist george monbiot commented on this case saying that the police are turning activism into a crime and that the fits' methods appear to have been lifted from a stasi training manual he claimed that anybody who is politically active is filmed identified monitored logged and cross @@ checked a police debrief into the operation at kingsnorth praised the deployment of fits saying that they were highly effective and gained good intelligence and disruption |
three members of fitwatch were convicted for obstructing fit officers in june 2008 as they attempted to photograph those attending a no borders meeting in london in july 2010 the inner london crown court overturned the men's convictions with the judge stating that the protesters' human rights may have been violated by the fit officers |
on 15 november 2010 the hosts of the fitwatch blog were asked by the police national e @@ crime unit to take down the website due to it being used to undertake criminal activities the request came after a post on the blog after the 2010 student protest in london which advised students of actions they should take if they were concerned that they were photographed at the demonstration such as cutting their hair and disposing of clothing they were wearing emily apple one of the founders of the site told the guardian nothing in that post [ giving guidance to student protesters ] has not been said before on our blog or on other sites on 17 november 2010 the fitwatch website returned hosted on a web server outside of the uk |
the national union of journalists ( nuj ) has criticised fits for their surveillance and sometimes violent harassment of working journalists marc vallee who was hospitalised by police after documenting a protest has said that the teams limit freedom of the press and called on the home office to confirm that the police had no right to restrict the work of photojournalists bob broadhurst who is in charge of public order policing at the metropolitan police said in a statement to the nuj in 2008 that journalists on the production of a valid form of accreditation will be able to continue with their work the nuj are to make a formal complaint to the information commissioner due to the metropolitan police failing to provide details on the surveillance of journalists under the freedom of information act bob broadhurst told photographers at an nuj conference that he had no faith in the national press card ( a form of press pass ) despite journalists needing to prove that they are bona @@ fide to an independent authority before they are issued |
the bbc tv series panorama produced an episode entitled what ever happened to people power in july 2009 which discussed the use of fits in targeting activists and journalists |
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