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A middle-aged male with increasing memory loss and history of Lyme disease.

Radiology

MRI Brain - Lyme Disease

FINDINGS:,There is a large intrasellar mass lesion producing diffuse expansion of the sella turcica. This mass lesions measures approximately 16 x 18 x 18mm (craniocaudal x AP x mediolateral) in size.

radiology, increasing memory loss, intrasellar mass lesion, memory loss, sella turcica, cavernous sinus, sphenoid sinus, ct imaging, white matter, retention cyst, maxillary antrum, lyme disease, mass lesion, disease, cavernous, cortical, mass, lesion,

MRI brain (Atrophy Left fronto-temporal lobe) and HCT (Left frontal SDH)

Radiology

MRI Brain - Progressive Aphasia

CC: ,Fall with subsequent nausea and vomiting.,HX: ,This 52 y/o RHM initailly presented in 10/94 with a two year hisotry of gradual progressive difficulty with speech. He "knew what he wanted to say, but could not say it.",His speech was slurred and he found it difficult to control his tongue. Examination at that time was notable for phonemic paraphasic errors, fair repetition of short phrases with decreased fluency, and slurred nasal speech. He could read, but could not write. He exhibited facial-limb apraxia, decreased gag reflex and positive grasp reflex. He was thougth to have possible Pick's disease vs. Cortical Basal Ganglia Degeneration.,On 11/18/94, he fell and was seen in Neurology clinic on 11/23/94. EEG showed borderline background slowing and no other abnormalities. An MRI on 11/8/94, revealed mild atrophy of the left temporal lobe. Neuropsychological evaluations were obtained on 10/25/94 and 11/8/94. These were consistent with progressive aphasia and apraxia with relative sparing of nonverbal reasoning.,He reported consuming 8 beers on the evening of 1/1/95. On 1/2/95, at 9:30AM, he fell forward while stading in his kitchen and struck his forehead on the counter top, and then struck his occiput on the floor. He subsequently developed nausea and vomiting, tinnitus, vertigo, headache and mild shortness of breath. He was taken to the ETC at UIHC. Skull films were negative and he was treated with IV Compazine and IV fluid hydration and sent home. His nausea and vomiting persisted and he became generally weak. He returned to the ETC at UIHC on 1/5/95. HCT scan revealed a right frontal SDH containing signs of both chronic and acute bleeding.,MEDS:, None.,PMH:, 1)fell in 1990 from 15 feet up and landed on his feet sustaining crush injury to both feet and ankles. He reportedly had brief loss of consciousness with no reported head injury.,2)Progressive aphasia. In 10/93, he was able to draw blue prints and write checks for his family business, 3) Left frontoparietal headache for 1.5 years prior to 10/94. Headaches continue to occur once a week, 4)right ankle fusion 4/94, right ankle fusion pending at present.,FHX:, No neurologic disease in family.,SHX:, Divorced and lives with girlfriend. One child by current girlfriend. He has 3 children with former wife. Smoked more than 15 years ago. Drinks 1-2 beers/day. Former Iron worker.,EXAM: ,BP128/83, HR68, RR18, 36.5C. Supine: BP142/71, HR64; Sitting: BP127/73, HR91 and lightheaded.,MS: Appeared moderately distressed and persistently held his forehead. A&O to person, place and time. Dysarthric and dysphagic. Non-fluent speech and able to say single syllable words such as "up" or "down". He comprehended speech, but could not repeat or write.,CN: Pupils 4/3.5 decreasing to 2/2 on exposure to light. EOM were full and smooth. Optic disks were flat and without sign of hemorrhage. Moderate facial apraxia, but had intact facial sensation.,Motor: 5/5 strength with normal muscle bulk and tone.,Sensory: no abnormalities noted.,Coord: Decreased RAM in the RUE. He had difficulty mmicking movements and postures with his RUE,Gait: ND.,Station: No truncal ataxia, but he had a slight RUE upward drift.,Reflexes 2/2 BUE, 2+/2+ patellae, 2/2 archilles, and plantar responses were flexor, bilaterally.,Rectal exam was unremarkable. The rest of the General Physical exam was unremarkable.,HEENT: atraumatic normocephalic skull. No carotid bruitts.,COURSE:, PT, PTT, CBC, GS, UA and Skull XR were negative. HCT brain, revealed a left frontal SDH with acute and cronic componenets.,He was markedly orthostatic during the first few days of his hospital stay. He was given a 3 day trial of Florinef, which showed mild to moderate improvement of his symptoms of lightheadedness. This improved still further with a trial of Sigvaris pressure stockings. A second HCT was obtained on 12/10/94 and revealed decreased intensity and sized of the left frontal SDH. He was discharged home.,His ideomotor apraxia worsened by 1/96. He developed seizures and was treated with CBZ. He progressively worsened and his overall condition was marked by aphasia, dysphagia, apraxia, and rigidity. He was last seen in 10/96 and the working diagnosis was CBGD vs. Pick's Disease.

MRI Brain: Probable CNS Lymphoma v/s toxoplasmosis in a patient with AIDS/HIV.

Radiology

MRI Brain - Toxoplasmosis

CC:, Lethargy.,HX:, This 28y/o RHM was admitted to a local hospital on 7/14/95 for marked lethargy. He had been complaining of intermittent headaches and was noted to have subtle changes in personality for two weeks prior to 7/14/95. On the morning of 7/14/95, his partner found him markedly lethargic and complaingin of abdominal pain and vomiting. He denied fevers, chills, sweats, cough, CP, SOB or diarrhea. Upon evaluation locally, he had a temperature of 99.5F and appeared lethargic. He also had anisocoria with left pupil 0.5mm bigger than the right. There was also question of left facial weakness. An MRI was obtained and revealed a large left hemispheric mass lesion with surrounding edema and mass effect. He was given 10mg of IV Decardron,100gm of IV Mannitol, intubated and hyperventilated and transferred to UIHC.,He was admitted to the Department of Medicine on 7/14/95, and transferred to the Department of Neurology on 7/17/95, after being extubated.,MEDS ON ADMISSION:, Bactrim DS qd, Diflucan 100mg qd, Acyclovir 400mg bid, Xanax, Stavudine 40mg bid, Rifabutin 300mg qd.,PMH:, 1) surgical correction of pyoloric stenosis, age 1, 2)appendectomy, 3) HIV/AIDS dx 1991. He was initially treated with AZT, then DDI. He developed chronic diarrhea and was switched to D4T in 1/95. However, he developed severe neuropathy and this was stopped 4/95. The diarrhea recured. He has Acyclovir resistant genital herpes and generalized psoriasis. He most recent CD4 count (within 1 month of admission) was 20.,FHX:, HTN and multiple malignancies of unknown type.,SHX:, Homosexual, in monogamous relationship with an HIV infected partner for the past 3 years.,EXAM: ,7/14/95 (by Internal Medicine): BP134/80, HR118, RR16 on vent, 38.2C, Intubated.,MS: Somnolent, but opened eyes to loud voices and would follow most commands.,CN: Pupils 2.5/3.0 and "equally reactive to light." Mild horizontal nystagmus on rightward gaze. EOM were otherwise intact.,MOTOR: Moved 4 extremities well.,Sensory/Coord/Gait/Station/Reflexes: not done.,Gen EXAM: Penil ulcerations.,EXAM:, 7/17/96 (by Neurology): BP144/73, HR59, RR20, 36.0, extubated.,MS: Alert and mildly lethargic. Oriented to name only. Thought he was a local hospital and that it was 1/17/1994. Did not understand he had a brain lesion.,CN: Pupils 6/5.5 decreasing to 4/4 on exposure to light. EOM were full and smooth. No RAPD or light-near dissociation. papilledema (OU). Right lower facial weakness and intact facial sensation to PP testing. Gag-shrug and corneal responses were intact, bilaterally. Tongue midline.,MOTOR: Grade 5- strength on the right side.,Sensory: no loss of sensation on PP/VIB/PROP testing.,Coord: reduced speed and accuracy on right FNF and right HKS movements.,Station: RUE pronator drift.,Gait: not done.,Reflexes: 2+/2 throughout. Babinski sign present on right and absent on left.,Gen Exam: unremarkable except for the genital lesion noted by Internal medicine.,COURSE:, The outside MRI was reviewed and was notable for the left frontal/parietal mass lesion with surround edema. The mass inhomogenously enhanced with gadolinium contrast.,The findings were consistent most with lymphoma, though toxoplasmosis could not be excluded. He refused brain biopsy and was started on empiric treatment for toxoplasmosis. This consisted of Pyrimethamine 75mg qd and Sulfadiazine 2 g bid. He later became DNR and was transferred at his and his partner's request Back to a local hospital.,He never returned for follow-up.

MRI Brain to evaluate sudden onset blindness - Basilar/bilateral thalamic strokes.

Radiology

MRI Brain - Bilateral Thalamic Strokes

CC:, Sudden onset blindness.,HX:, This 58 y/o RHF was in her usual healthy state, until 4:00PM, 1/8/93, when she suddenly became blind. Tongue numbness and slurred speech occurred simultaneously with the loss of vision. The vision transiently improved to "severe blurring" enroute to a local ER, but worsened again once there. While being evaluated she became unresponsive, even to deep noxious stimuli. She was transferred to UIHC for further evaluation. Upon arrival at UIHC her signs and symptoms were present but markedly improved.,PMH:, 1) Hysterectomy many years previous. 2) Herniorrhaphy in past. 3) DJD, relieved with NSAIDs.,FHX/SHX:, Married x 27yrs. Husband denied Tobacco/ETOH/illicit drug use for her.,Unremarkable FHx.,MEDS:, none.,EXAM:, Vitals: 36.9C. HR 93. BP 151/93. RR 22. 98% O2Sat.,MS: somnolent, but arousable to verbal stimulation. minimal speech. followed simple commands on occasion.,CN: Blinked to threat from all directions. EOM appeared full, Pupils 2/2 decreasing to 1/1. +/+Corneas. Winced to PP in all areas of Face. +/+Gag. Tongue midline. Oculocephalic reflex intact.,Motor: UE 4/5 proximally. Full strength in all other areas. Normal tone and muscle bulk.,Sensory: Withdrew to PP in all extremities.,Gait: ND.,Reflexes: 2+/2+ throughout UE, 3/3 patella, 2/2 ankles, Plantar responses were flexor bilaterally.,Gen exam: unremarkable.,COURSE: ,MRI Brain revealed bilateral thalamic strokes. Transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) showed an intraatrial septal aneurysm with right to left shunt. Transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) revealed the same. No intracardiac thrombus was found. Lower extremity dopplers were unremarkable. Carotid duplex revealed 0-15% bilateral ICA stenosis. Neuroophthalmologic evaluation revealed evidence of a supranuclear vertical gaze palsy OU (diminished up and down gaze). Neuropsychologic assessment 1/12-15/93 revealed severe impairment of anterograde verbal and visual memory, including acquisition and delayed recall and recognition. Speech was effortful and hypophonic with very defective verbal associative fluency. Reading comprehension was somewhat preserved, though she complained that despite the ability to see type clearly, she could not make sense of words. There was impairment of 2-D constructional praxis. A follow-up Neuropsychology evaluation in 7/93 revealed little improvement. Laboratory studies, TSH, FT4, CRP, ESR, GS, PT/PTT were unremarkable. Total serum cholesterol 195, Triglycerides 57, HDL 43, LDL 141. She was placed on ASA and discharged1/19/93.,She was last seen on 5/2/95 and was speaking fluently and lucidly. She continued to have mild decreased vertical eye movements. Coordination and strength testing were fairly unremarkable. She continues to take ASA 325 mg qd.

radiology, blindness, mri, transthoracic echocardiogram, transesophageal echocardiogram, tsh, ft4, crp, esr, gs, pt/ptt, bilateral thalamic strokes, sudden onset blindness, mri brain, thalamic strokes, brain, thalamic, strokes,

MRI Brain - Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML) occurring in an immunosuppressed patient with polymyositis.

Radiology

MRI Brain - Leukoencephalopathy

CC: ,Progressive left visual field loss.,HX:, This 46y/o RHF with polymyositis since 1988, presented with complaint of visual field loss since 12/94. The visual field loss was of gradual onset and within a month of onset became a left homonymous hemianopsia. She began experiencing stiffness, numbness, tingling and incoordination of her left hand, 6 weeks prior to this admission,. These symptoms were initially attributed to carpal tunnel syndrome. MRI scan of the brain (done locally) on 6/23/95 revealed increased periventricular white matter signal on T2 images, particularly in the left temporo-occipital and right parietal lobes. There was ring enhancement of a lesion in the left occipital lobe on T1 gadolinium contrast enhanced images. There was gyral enhancement near the right Sylvian fissure. Cerebral angiogram on 7/19/95 (done locally) was unremarkable. Lumbar puncture on 7/19/95 was unremarkable. She complained of frequent holocranial throbbing headaches for the past 6 months; the HA's are associated with photophobia, phonophobia and nausea, but no vomiting. She has also been experiencing chills and night sweats for the past 2-3 weeks. She denies weight loss, but acknowledged decreased appetite and increased generalized fatigue for the past 3-4 months.,She was diagnosed with polymyositis in 1988 with slowly progressive bilateral lower extremity weakness. She has been on immunosuppressive drugs since 1988, including Prednisone, Prednisone and methotrexate, Cyclosporin, Imuran, Cytoxan, and Plaquenil. At present she in ambulatory with use of walker. Her last CK=3,125 and ESR=16, on 6/28/95.,MEDS:, Prednisone 20mg qd, Cytoxan 75mg qd, Zantac 150mg bid, Vasotec 10mg bid, Premarin 0.625 qd, Provera 2.5mg qd, CaCO3 500mg bid, Vit D 50,000units qweek, Vit E qd, MVI 1 tab qd.,PMH:, 1)polymyositis diagnosed in 1988 by muscle biopsy. 2)hypertension. 3)lichen planus. 4)Lower extremity deep venous thrombosis one year ago--placed on Coumadin and this resulted in postmenopausal bleeding.,FHX:, Mother is alive and has a h/o HTN and stroke. Father died in motor vehicle accident at age 40 years.,SHX:, Married, 3 children who are healthy. She denied any Tobacco/ETOH/Illicit drug use.,EXAM:, BP160/74 HR95 RR12 35.8C Wt. 86.4kg Ht. 5'6",MS: A&O to person, place and time. Speech was normal. Mood euthymic with appropriate affect.,CN: Pupils 4/4 decreasing to 2/2 on exposure to light. No RAPD noted. Optic Disk were flat. EOM testing unremarkable. Confrontational visual field testing revealed a left homonymous hemianopsia. The rest of the CN exam was unremarkable.,MOTOR: Upper extremities: 5/5 proximally, 5/4 @ elbow/wrist/hand. Lower extremities: 4/4 proximally and 5/5 @ and below knees.,SENSORY: unremarkable.,COORD: Dyssynergia of LUE FNF movement. Slowed finger tapping on left. HNS movements were normal, bilaterally.,Station: LUE drift and fix on arm roll. No Romberg sign elicited.,Gait: Waddling gait, but could TT and stand on both heels. She had difficulty with tandem walking, but did not fall to any particular side.,Reflexes: 2/2 brachioradialis and biceps. 2/2+ triceps, 1+/1+ patellae, 1/1 Achilles. Plantar responses were flexor on the right and withdrawal response on the left.,GEN EXAM: No rashes. II/VI systolic ejection murmur at the left sternal border.,COURSE:, Electrolytes, PT/PTT, Urinalysis and CXR were normal. ESR=38 (normal<20), CRP1.4 (normal<0.4). CK 2,917, LDH 356, AST 67. MRI Brain, 8/8/95, revealed slight improvement of the abnormal white matter changes seen on previous outside MRI. In addition new sphenoid sinus disease suggestive of sinusitis was seen. She underwent stereotactic biopsy of the right parietal region on 8/10/95 which on H&E and LFB stained sections revealed multiple discrete areas of demyelination, containing dense infiltrates of foamy macrophages in association with scattered large oligodendroglia with deeply basophilic, ground-glass nuclei, enlarged astrocytes, and sparse perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates. In situ hybridization performed on block A2 (at the university of Pittsburgh) is positive for JC virus. The ultrastructural studies demonstrated no viral particles.,She was tapered off all immunosuppressive medications and her polymyositis remained clinically stable. She had a seizure in 12/95 and was placed on Dilantin. Her neurologic deficits worsened slightly, but reached a plateau by 10/96, as indicated by a 4/14/97 Neurology clinic visit note.,1/22/96, MRI Brain demonstrated widespread hyperintense signal on T2 and Proton Density weighted images throughout the deep white matter in both hemispheres, worse on the right side. There was interval progression of previously noted abnormalities and extension into the right frontal and left parieto-occipital regions. There was progression of abnormal signal in the Basal Ganglia, worse on the right, and new involvement of the brainstem.

radiology, mri brain, pml, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polymyositis, visual field loss, leukoencephalopathy, lower extremity, field loss, white matter, visual field, signal, brain, mri,

MRI Brain - Pilocytic Astrocytoma in thalamus and caudate.

Radiology

MRI Brain - Pilocytic Astrocytoma

CC:, Headache.,HX: ,The patient is an 8y/o RHM with a 2 year history of early morning headaches (3:00-6:00AM) intermittently relieved by vomiting only. He had been evaluated 2 years ago and an EEG was "normal" then, but no brain imaging was performed. His headaches progressively worsened, especially in the past two months prior to this presentation. For 2 weeks prior to his 1/25/93 evaluation at UIHC, he would awake screaming. His parent spoke with a local physician who thought this might be due to irritability secondary to pinworms and,Vermox was prescribed and arrangements were made for a neurologic evaluation. On the evening of 1/24/93 the patient awoke screaming and began to vomit. This was followed by a 10 min period of tonic-clonic type movements and postictal lethargy. He was taken to a local ER and a brain CT revealed an intracranial mass. He was given Decadron and Phenytoin and transferred to UIHC for further evaluation.,MEDS:, noted above.,PMH: ,1)Born at 37.5 weeks gestation by uncomplicated vaginal delivery to a G1P0 mother. Pregnancy complicated by vaginal bleeding at 7 months. Met developmental milestones without difficulty. 2) Frequent otitis media, now resolved. 3) Immunizations were "up to date.",FHX:, non-contributory.,SHX:, lives with biologic father and mother. No siblings. In 3rd grade (mainstream) and maintaining good marks in schools.,EXAM:, BP121/57mmHg HR103 RR16 36.9C,MS: Sleepy, but cooperative.,CN: EOM full and smooth. Advanced papilledema, OU. VFFTC. Pupils 4/4 decreasing to 2/2. Right lower facial weakness. Tongue midline upon protrusion. Corneal reflexes intact bilaterally.,Motor: 5/5 strength. Slightly increased muscle on right side.,Sensory. No deficit to PP/VIB noted.,Coord: normal FNF, HKS and RAM, bilaterally.,Station: Mild truncal ataxia. Tends to fall backward.,Reflexes: BUE 2+/2+, Patellar 3/3, Ankles 3+/3+ with 6 beats of nonsustained clonus bilaterally.,Gen exam: unremarkable.,COURSE:, The patient was continued on Dilantin 200mg qd and Decadron 5mg IV q6hrs. Brain MRI, 1/26/93, revealed a large mass lesion in the region of the left caudate nucleus and thalamus which was hyperintense on T2 weighted images. There were areas of cystic formation at its periphery. The mass appeared to enhance on post gadolinium images. there was associated white matter edema and compression of the left lateral ventricle, and midline shift to the right. There was no sign of uncal herniation. He underwent bilateral VP shunting on 1/26/93; and then, subtotal resection (left frontal craniotomy with excision of the left caudate and thalamus with creation of an opening in the septum pellucidum) on 1/28/93. He then received 5040cGy of radiation therapy in 28 fractions completed on 3/25/93. A 3/20/95 neuropsychological evaluation revealed low average intellect on the WISC-III. There were also signs of memory, attention, reading and spelling deficits; and mild right-sided motor incoordination and mood variability. He remained in mainstream classes at school, but his physical and cognitive performance began to deteriorate in 4/95. Neurosurgical evaluation in 4/95 noted increased right hemiplegia and right homonymous hemianopia. MRI revealed tumor progression and he was subsequently placed on Carboplatin/VP-16 (CG 9933 protocol chemotherapy, regimen A). He was last seen on 4/96 and was having difficulty in the 6th grade; he was also undergoing physical therapy for his right hemiplegia.

radiology, mri brain, pilocytic astrocytoma, caudate, thalamus, headache, astrocytoma, hemiplegia, pilocytic, mri,

MRI Brain, Carbon Monoxide poisoning.

Radiology

MRI Brain - CO poisoning

CC:, Found down.,HX:, 54y/o RHF went to bed at 10 PM at her boyfriend's home on 1/16/96. She was found lethargic by her son the next morning. Three other individuals in the house were lethargic and complained of HA that same morning. Her last memory was talking to her granddaughter at 5:00PM on 1/16/96. She next remembered riding in the ambulance from a Hospital. Initial Carboxyhemoglobin level was 24% (normal < 1.5%) and ABG 7.41/30/370 with O2Sat 75% on 100%FiO2.,MEDS:, unknown anxiolytic, estrogen.,PMH:, PUD, ?stroke and memory difficulty in the past 1-2 years.,FHX:, unknown.,SHX:, divorced. unknown history of tobacco/ETOH/illicit drug use.,EXAM: ,BP126/91, HR86, RR 30, 37.1C.,MS:, Oriented to name only. Speech without dysarthria. 2/3 recall at 5minutes.,CN:, unremarkable.,MOTOR: ,full strength throughout with normal muscle tone and bulk.,SENSORY: ,unremarkable.,COORD/STATION:, unremarkable.,GAIT:, not tested on admission.,GEN EXAM:, notable for erythema of the face and chest.,COURSE:, She underwent a total of four dives under Hyperbaric Oxygen ( 2 dives on 1/17 and 2 dives on 1/18). Neuropsychologic assessment on 1/18/96 revealed marked cognitive impairments with defects in anterograde memory, praxis, associative fluency, attention, and speed of information processing. She was discharged home on 1/19/96 and returned on 2/11/96 after neurologic deterioration. She progressively developed more illogical behavior, anhedonia, anorexia and changes in sleep pattern. She became completely dependent and could not undergo repeat neuropsychologic assessment in 2/96. She was later transferred to another care facility against medical advice. The etiology for these changes became complicated by a newly discovered history of possible ETOH abuse and usual "anxiety" disorder.,MRI brain, 2/14/96, revealed increased T2 signal within the periventricular white matter, bilaterally. EEG showed diffuse slowing without epileptiform activity.

MRI Brain - Olfactory groove meningioma.

Radiology

MRI Brain - Meningioma (Olfactory)

CC:, Progressive visual loss.,HX:, 76 y/o male suddenly became anosmic following shoulder surgery 13 years prior to this presentation. He continues to be anosmic, but has also recently noted decreased vision OD. He denies any headaches, weakness, numbness, weight loss, or nasal discharge.,MEDS:, none.,PMH:, 1) Diabetes Mellitus dx 1 year ago. 2) Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy, s/p TURP. 3) Right shoulder surgery (?DJD).,FHX:, noncontributory.,SHX:, Denies history of Tobacco/ETOH/illicit drug use.,EXAM:, BP132/66 HR78 RR16 36.0C,MS: A&O to person, place, and time. No other specifics given in Neurosurgery/Otolaryngology/Neuro-ophthalmology notes.,CN: Visual acuity has declined from 20/40 to 20/400, OD; 20/30, OS. No RAPD. EOM was full and smooth and without nystagmus. Goldmann visual fields revealed a central scotoma and enlarged blind spot OD and OS (OD worse) with a normal periphery. Intraocular pressures were 15/14 (OD/OS). There was moderate pallor of the disc, OD. Facial sensation was decreased on the right side (V1 distribution).,Motor/Sensory/Coord/Station/Gait: were all unremarkable.,Reflexes: 2/2 and symmetric throughout. Plantars were flexor, bilaterally.,Gen Exam: unremarkable.,COURSE:, MRI Brain, 10/7/92, revealed: a large 6x5x6cm slightly heterogeneous, mostly isointense lesion on both T1 and T2 weighted images arising from the planum sphenoidale and olfactory groove. The mass extends approximately 3.6cm superior to the planum into both frontal regions with edema in both frontal lobes. The mass extends 2.5cm inferiorly involving the ethmoid sinuses with resultant obstruction of the sphenoid and frontal sinuses.,It also extends into the superomedial aspect of the right maxillary sinus. There is probable partial encasement of both internal carotid arteries just above the siphon. The optic nerves are difficult to visualize but there is also probable encasement of these structures as well. The mass enhances significantly with gadolinium contrast. These finds are consistent with Meningioma.,The patient underwent excision of this tumor by simultaneous bifrontal craniotomy and lateral rhinotomy following an intrasinus biopsy which confirmed the meningioma. Postoperatively, he lost visual acuity, OS, but this gradually returned to baseline. His 9/6/96 neuro-ophthalmology evaluation revealed visual acuity of 20/25-3 (OD) and 20/80-2 (OS). His visual fields continued to abnormal, but improved and stable when compared to 10/92. His anosmia never resolved.

radiology, mri brain, olfactory, groove, headaches, meningioma, nasal discharge, numbness, visual loss, weakness, weight loss, visual acuity, mri, brain, isointense, sinuses, visual,

MRI right ankle.

Radiology

MRI Ankle - 2

EXAM:,MRI OF THE RIGHT ANKLE,CLINICAL:,Pain.,FINDINGS:,The bone marrow demonstrates normal signal intensity. There is no evidence of bone contusion or fracture. There is no evidence of joint effusion. Tendinous structures surrounding the ankle joint are intact. No abnormal mass or fluid collection is seen surrounding the ankle joint.,IMPRESSION,: NORMAL MRI OF THE RIGHT ANKLE.

radiology, ankle joint, bone, mri, ankle

Cerebral Angiogram - moyamoya disease.

Radiology

Moyamoya Disease

CC:, Confusion and slurred speech.,HX , (primarily obtained from boyfriend): This 31 y/o RHF experienced a "flu-like illness 6-8 weeks prior to presentation. 3-4 weeks prior to presentation, she was found "passed out" in bed, and when awoken appeared confused, and lethargic. She apparently recovered within 24 hours. For two weeks prior to presentation she demonstrated emotional lability, uncharacteristic of her ( outbursts of anger and inappropriate laughter). She left a stove on.,She began slurring her speech 2 days prior to admission. On the day of presentation she developed right facial weakness and began stumbling to the right. She denied any associated headache, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, neck stiffness or visual change. There was no history of illicit drug/ETOH use or head trauma.,PMH:, Migraine Headache.,FHX: , Unremarkable.,SHX: ,Divorced. Lives with boyfriend. 3 children alive and well. Denied tobacco/illicit drug use. Rarely consumes ETOH.,ROS:, Irregular menses.,EXAM: ,BP118/66. HR83. RR 20. T36.8C.,MS: Alert and oriented to name only. Perseverative thought processes. Utilized only one or two word answers/phrases. Non-fluent. Rarely followed commands. Impaired writing of name.,CN: Flattened right nasolabial fold only.,Motor: Mild weakness in RUE manifested by pronator drift. Other extremities were full strength.,Sensory: withdrew to noxious stimulation in all 4 extremities.,Coordination: difficult to assess.,Station: Right pronator drift.,Gait: unremarkable.,Reflexes: 2/2BUE, 3/3BLE, Plantars were flexor bilaterally.,General Exam: unremarkable.,INITIAL STUDIES:, CBC, GS, UA, PT, PTT, ESR, CRP, EKG were all unremarkable. Outside HCT showed hypodensities in the right putamen, left caudate, and at several subcortical locations (not specified).,COURSE: ,MRI Brian Scan, 2/11/92 revealed an old lacunar infarct in the right basal ganglia, edema within the head of the left caudate nucleus suggesting an acute ischemic event, and arterial enhancement of the left MCA distribution suggesting slow flow. The latter suggested a vasculopathy such as Moya Moya, or fibromuscular dysplasia. HIV, ANA, Anti-cardiolipin Antibody titer, Cardiac enzymes, TFTs, B12, and cholesterol studies were unremarkable.,She underwent a cerebral angiogram on 2/12/92. This revealed an occlusion of the left MCA just distal to its origin. The distal distribution of the left MCA filled on later films through collaterals from the left ACA. There was also an occlusion of the right MCA just distal to the temporal branch. Distal branches of the right MCA filled through collaterals from the right ACA. No other vascular abnormalities were noted. These findings were felt to be atypical but nevertheless suspicious of a large caliber vasculitis such as Moya Moya disease. She was subsequently given this diagnosis. Neuropsychologic testing revealed widespread cognitive dysfunction with particular impairment of language function. She had long latencies responding and understood only simple questions. Affect was blunted and there was distinct lack of concern regarding her condition. She was subsequently discharged home on no medications.,In 9/92 she was admitted for sudden onset right hemiparesis and mental status change. Exam revealed the hemiparesis and in addition she was found to have significant neck lymphadenopathy. OB/GYN exam including cervical biopsy, and abdominal/pelvic CT scanning revealed stage IV squamous cell cancer of the cervix. She died 9/24/92 of cervical cancer.

MRI Brain: Ventriculomegaly of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles secondary to obstruction of the foramen of Magendie secondary to Cryptococcus (unencapsulated) in a non-immune suppressed, HIV negative, individual.

Radiology

MRI Brain - Cryptococcus

CC: ,Headache.,HX: ,This 37y/o LHM was seen one month prior to this presentation for HA, nausea and vomiting. Gastrointestinal evaluation at that time showed no evidence of bowel obstruction and he was released home. These symptoms had been recurrent since onset.,At presentation he complained of mild blurred vision (OU), difficulty concentrating and HA which worsened upon sitting up. The headaches were especially noticeable in the early morning. He described them as non-throbbing headaches. They begin in the bifrontal region and radiate posteriorly. They occurred up to 6 times/day. The HA improved with lying down or dropping the head down between the knees towards the floor. The headaches were associated with blurred vision, nausea,vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. He denied any scotomata or positive visual phenomena. He denies any weakness, numbness, tingling, dysarthria or diplopia. His weight has fluctuated from 163# to 148# over the past 3 months and at present he weighs 154#. His appetite has been especially poor in the past month.,MEDS:,Sulfasalazine qid. Tylenol 650mg q4hours.,PMH:, 1)Ulcerative Colitis dx 1989. 2)HTN 3) occasional HAs since the early 1980s which are different in character and much less severe than his current HAs. They were not associated with nausea, vomiting, photophobia, phonophobia or difficulty thinking.,FHX:, MGF with h/o stroke. Mother and Father were healthy. No h/o of migraine in family.,SHX:, Single. Works as a newpaper printing press worker. Denies tobacco, ETOH or illicit drug use, but admits he was a heavy drinker until the last 1970s when he quit.,EXAM: ,BP159/92 HR 48 (sitting): BP126/70 HR48 (supine). RR14 36.2C,MS: A&O to person, place and time. Speech clear. Appears uncomfortable but acts appropriately and cooperatively. No difficulty with short and long term memory.,CN: Grad 2-3 papilledema OS; Grade 1 papilledema (@2 o'clock) OD. Pupils 4/4 decreasing to 2/2 on exposure to light. Bilateral horizontal sustained nystagmus on right and leftward gaze. Bilateral vertical sustained nystagmus on up and downward gaze. Face symmetric with full movement and PP sensation. Tongue midline with full ROM. Gag and SCM were intact bilaterally.,Motor: Full strength throughout with normal muscle bulk and tone.,Sensory: Unremarkable.,Coord: Mild dysynergia on FNF movements in BUE. HNS and RAM were unremarkable.,Station: Unsteady with and without eyes open on Romberg test. No drift in any particular direction.,Gait: Wide based, ataxic and to some degree magnetic and apraxic.,Gen Exam: Unremarkable.,COURSE:, Urinalysis revealed 1-2RBC, 2-3WBC and bacteria were noted. Repeat Urinalysis was negative the next day. PT, PTT, CXR and GS were normal. CBC revealed 10.4WBC with 7.1Granulocytes. HCT, 10/18/95, revealed hydrocephalus. MRI, 10/18/95, revealed ventriculomegaly of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles. There was enhancement of the meninges about the prepontine cisterna and internal auditory canals, and enhancement of a scar or inflammed lining of the foramen of Magendie. These changes were felt suggestive of bacterial or granulomatous meningitis. The patient underwent ventriculostomy on 10/19/94. CSF taken on 10/19/94 via V-P shunt insertion revealed: 22 WBC (21 lymphocytes, 1 monocyte), 380 RBC, Glucose 58, Protein 29, GS negative, Cultures (bacterial, fungal, AFB) negative, Cryptococcal Antigen and India Ink were negative. Numerous CSF samples were taken from the lumbar region and shunt reservoir and these were consistantly unremarkable except for an occasional CSF protein of up to 99mg/dl. Serum and CSF toxoplasma titers and ACE levels were negative on multiple occasions. VDRL and HIV testing was unremarkable. 10/27/94 and 10/31/94 CSF cultures taken from the cervical region eventually grew non-encapsulated crytococcus neoformans. The patient was treated with amphotericin and showed some improvement. However, scarring had probably occurred by then and the V-P shunt was left in place.

radiology, ventriculomegaly, foramen of magendie, mri brain, blurred vision, headache, brain, ventricles, cryptococcus, foramen, csf,

Patient with right ankle pain.

Radiology

MRI Ankle - 1

EXAM:,MRI RIGHT ANKLE,CLINICAL:,This is a 51 year old female who first came into the office 3/4/05 with right ankle pain. She stepped on ice the evening prior and twisted her ankle. PF's showed no frank fracture, dislocation, or subluxations.,FINDINGS:,Received for interpretation is an MRI examination performed on 4/28/2005.,There is a "high ankle sprain" of the distal tibiofibular syndesmotic ligamentous complex involving the anterior tibiofibular ligament with marked ligamentous inflammatory thickening and diffuse interstitial edema. There is osteoarthritic spur formation at the anterior aspect of the fibula with a small 2mm osseous structure within the markedly thickened anterior talofibular ligament suggesting a small ligamentous osseous avulsion. The distal tibiofibular syndesmotic ligamentous complex remains intact without a complete rupture. There is no widening of the ankle mortis. The posterior talofibular ligament remains intact.,There is marked ligamentous thickening of the anterior talofibular ligament of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex suggesting the sequela of a remote lateral ankle sprain. There is thickening of the posterior talofibular and calcaneofibular ligaments.,There is a flat retromalleolar sulcus.,There is a full-thickness longitudinal split tear of the peroneus brevis tendon within the retromalleolar groove. The tear extends to the level of the inferior peroneal retinaculum. There is anterior displacement of the peroneus longus tendon into the split peroneus tendon tear.,There is severe synovitis of the peroneus longus tendon sheath with prominent fluid distention. The synovitis extends to the level of the inferior peroneal retinaculum.,There is a focal area of chondral thinning of the hyaline cartilage of the medial talar dome with a focal area of subchondral plate cancellous marrow resorption consistent with and area of prior talar dome contusion but there is no focal osteochondral impaction or osteochondral defect.,There is minimal fluid within the tibiotalar articulation.,There is minimal fluid within the posterior subtalar articulation with mild anterior capsular prolapse. Normal talonavicular and calcaneocuboid articulations. The anterior superior calcaneal process is normal.,There is mild tenosynovitis of the posterior tibialis tendon sheath but an intrinsically normal tendon. There is an os navicularis (Type II synchondrosis) with an intact synchondrosis and no active marrow stress phenomenon.,Normal flexor digitorum longus tendon.,There is prominent fluid distention of the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath with capsular distention proximal to the posterior talar processes with prominent fluid distention of the synovial sheath.,There is a loculated fluid collection within Kager’s fat measuring approximately 1 x 1 x 2.5cm in size, extending to the posterior subtalar facet joint consistent with a ganglion of either posterior subtalar facet origin or arising from the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath.,There is mild tenosynovitis of the Achilles tendon with mild fusiform enlargement of the non-insertional Watershed zone of the Achilles tendon but there is no demonstrated tendon tear or tenosynovitis. There is a low-lying soleus muscle that extends to within 4cm of the teno-osseous insertion of the Achilles tendon. There is no Haglund’s deformity.,There is a plantar calcaneal spur measuring approximately 6mm in size, without a reactive marrow stress phenomenon. Normal plantar fascia.,IMPRESSION:,Partial high ankle sprain with diffuse interstitial edema of the anterior tibiofibular ligament with a ligamentous chip avulsion but without a disruption of the anterior tibiofibular ligament.,Marked ligamentous thickening of the lateral collateral ligamentous complex consistent with the sequela of a remote lateral ankle sprain.,Full-thickness longitudinal split tear of the peroneus brevis tendon with severe synovitis of the peroneal tendon sheath.,Post-traumatic deformity of the medial talar dome consistent with a prior osteochondral impaction injury but no osteochondral defect. Residual subchondral plate cancellous marrow edema.,Severe synovitis of the flexor hallucis longus tendon sheath with prominent fluid distention of the synovial sheath proximal to the posterior talar processes.,Septated cystic structure within Kager’s fat triangle extending along the superior aspect of the calcaneus consistent with a ganglion of either articular or synovial sheath origin.,Plantar calcaneal spur but no reactive marrow stress phenomenon.,Mild tendinosis of the Achilles tendon but no tendinitis or tendon tear.,Os navicularis (Type II synchondrosis) without an active marrow stress phenomenon.

Lexiscan myoview stress study. Chest discomfort. Normal stress/rest cardiac perfusion with no indication of ischemia. Normal LV function and low likelihood of significant epicardial coronary narrowing.

Radiology

Mayoview - 2

LEXISCAN MYOVIEW STRESS STUDY,REASON FOR THE EXAM: , Chest discomfort.,INTERPRETATION: , The patient exercised according to the Lexiscan study, received a total of 0.4 mg of Lexiscan IV injection. At peak hyperemic effect, 24.9 mCi of Myoview were injected for the stress imaging and earlier 8.2 mCi were injected for the resting and the usual SPECT and gated SPECT protocol was followed and the data was analyzed using Cedars-Sinai software. The patient did not walk because of prior history of inability to exercise long enough on treadmill.,The resting heart rate was 57 with the resting blood pressure 143/94. Maximum heart rate achieved was 90 with a maximum blood pressure unchanged.,EKG at rest showed sinus rhythm with no significant ST-T wave changes of reversible ischemia or injury. Subtle nonspecific in III and aVF were seen. Maximum stress test EKG showed inverted T wave from V4 to V6. Normal response to Lexiscan.,CONCLUSION: ,Maximal Lexiscan perfusion with subtle abnormalities non-conclusive. Please refer to the Myoview interpretation.,MYOVIEW INTERPRETATION: , The left ventricle appeared to be normal in size on both stress and rest with no change between the stress and rest with left ventricular end-diastolic volume of 115 and end-systolic of 51. EF estimated and calculated at 56%.,Cardiac perfusion reviewed, showed no reversible defect indicative of myocardium risk and no fixed defect indicative of myocardial scarring.,IMPRESSION:,1. Normal stress/rest cardiac perfusion with no indication of ischemia.,2. Normal LV function and low likelihood of significant epicardial coronary narrowing.,

radiology, chest discomfort, lexiscan myoview stress study, mci, spect, gated spect, myoview, lexiscan, stress test, ekg, lexiscan myoview, lv function, coronary narrowing, heart rate, blood pressure, myoview interpretation, cardiac perfusion, cardiac, ischemia, perfusion, stress,

Left lower extremity venous Doppler ultrasound

Radiology

Lower Extremity Venous Doppler

LEFT LOWER EXTREMITY VENOUS DOPPLER ULTRASOUND,REASON FOR EXAM: , Status post delivery five weeks ago presenting with left calf pain.,INTERPRETATIONS: , There was normal flow, compression and augmentation within the right common femoral, superficial femoral and popliteal veins. Lymph nodes within the left inguinal region measure up to 1 cm in short-axis.,IMPRESSION: , Lymph nodes within the left inguinal region measure up to 1 cm in short-axis, otherwise no evidence for left lower extremity venous thrombosis.

radiology, popliteal veins, superficial femoral, common femoral, inguinal region, lymph nodes, venous doppler, lower extremity, lymph, inguinal, axis, doppler, extremity, venous,

Lexiscan Nuclear Myocardial Perfusion Scan. Chest pain. Patient unable to walk on a treadmill. Nondiagnostic Lexiscan. Normal nuclear myocardial perfusion scan.

Radiology

Lexiscan Nuclear Scan

EXAM:, Lexiscan Nuclear Myocardial Perfusion Scan.,INDICATION:, Chest pain.,TYPE OF TEST: ,Lexiscan, unable to walk on a treadmill.,INTERPRETATION: , Resting heart rate of 96, blood pressure of 141/76. EKG, normal sinus rhythm, nonspecific ST-T changes, left bundle branch block. Post Lexiscan 0.4 mg injected intravenously by standard protocol. Peak heart rate was 105, blood pressure of 135/72. EKG remains the same. No symptoms are noted.,SUMMARY:,1. Nondiagnostic Lexiscan.,2. Nuclear interpretation as below.,NUCLEAR MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION SCAN WITH STANDARD PROTOCOL:, Resting and stress images were obtained with 10.4, 32.5 mCi of tetrofosmin injected intravenously by standard protocol. Myocardial perfusion scan demonstrates homogeneous and uniform distribution of the tracer uptake. There is no evidence of reversible or fixed defect. Gated SPECT revealed mild global hypokinesis, more pronounced in the septal wall possibly secondary to prior surgery. Ejection fraction calculated at 41%. End-diastolic volume of 115, end-systolic volume of 68.,IMPRESSION:,1. Normal nuclear myocardial perfusion scan.,2. Ejection fraction 41% by gated SPECT.

radiology, lexiscan nuclear myocardial perfusion scan, treadmill, bundle branch block, mci, tetrofosmin, nuclear myocardial perfusion scan, blood pressure, gated spect, ejection fraction, myocardial perfusion, ejection, fraction, myocardial, lexiscan, nuclear,

Myoview nuclear stress study. Angina, coronary artery disease. Large fixed defect, inferior and apical wall, related to old myocardial infarction.

Radiology

Mayoview - 1

MYOVIEW NUCLEAR STRESS STUDY,REASON FOR THE TEST:, Angina, coronary artery disease.,FINDINGS: , The patient exercised according to the Lexiscan nuclear stress study, received a total of 0.4 mg of Lexiscan. At peak hyperemic effect, 25.8 mCi of Myoview injected for the stress imaging and earlier 8.1 mCi of Myoview injected for the resting and the usual SPECT and gated SPECT protocol was followed in the rest-stress sequence.,The data analyzed using Cedars-Sinai software.,The resting heart rate was 49 with the resting blood pressure of 149/86. Maximum heart rate achieved was 69 with a maximum blood pressure achieved of 172/76.,EKG at rest showed to be abnormal with sinus rhythm, left atrial enlargement, and inverted T-wave in 1, 2, and aVL as well as from V4 to V6 with LVH. Maximal stress test EKG showed no change from baseline.,IMPRESSION: ,Maximal Lexiscan stress test with abnormal EKG at baseline maximal stress test, please refer to the Myoview interpretation.,MYOVIEW INTERPRETATIONS,FINDINGS: , The left ventricle appears to be dilated on both stress and rest with no significant change between stress and rest with left ventricular end-diastolic volume of 227, end-systolic volume of 154 with moderately to severely reduced LV function with akinesis of the inferior and inferoseptal wall. EF was calculated at 32%, estimated 35% to 40%.,Cardiac perfusion reviewed, showed a large area of moderate-to-severe intensity in the inferior wall and small-to-medium area of severe intensity at the apex and inferoapical wall. Both defects showed no change on the resting indicative of a fixed defect in the inferior and inferoapical wall consistent with old inferior inferoapical MI. No reversible defects indicative of myocardium at risk. The lateral walls as well as the septum and most of the anterior wall showed no reversibility and near-normal perfusion.,IMPRESSION:,1. Large fixed defect, inferior and apical wall, related to old myocardial infarction.,2. No reversible ischemia identified.,3. Moderately reduced left ventricular function with ejection fraction of about 35% consistent with ischemic cardiomyopathy.

radiology, myoview, myoview interpretations, spect, gated spect protocol, myoview nuclear stress study, nuclear stress study, stress study, stress test, stress, lexiscan, ekg, inferoapical, angina, wall, resting,

Magnified Airway Study - An 11-month-old female with episodes of difficulty in breathing, cough.

Radiology

Magnified Airway Study

EXAM:, Magnified airway.,CLINICAL HISTORY: , An 11-month-old female with episodes of difficulty in breathing, cough.,TECHNIQUE: , Multiple fluoroscopic spot images of the pharyngeal airway, trachea, and mainstem bronchi were performed in various phases of respiration.,FINDINGS:, The airway is patent throughout its course. Specifically, the trachea and both mainstem bronchi do not demonstrate evidence of dynamic collapse greater than 50%.,No filling defects are identified.,The vocal cords demonstrate normal opening and closing.,IMPRESSION: , Normal magnified airway examination.

radiology, magnified airway study, difficulty in breathing, airway study, breathing cough, mainstem bronchi, magnified airway, cough, trachea, mainstem, bronchi, airway

Lumbar discogram L2-3, L3-4, L4-5, and L5-S1. Low back pain.

Radiology

Lumbar Discogram

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Low back pain.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Low back pain.,PROCEDURE PERFORMED:,1. Lumbar discogram L2-3.,2. Lumbar discogram L3-4.,3. Lumbar discogram L4-5.,4. Lumbar discogram L5-S1.,ANESTHESIA: ,IV sedation.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: ,The patient was brought to the Radiology Suite and placed prone onto a radiolucent table. The C-arm was brought into the operative field and AP, left right oblique and lateral fluoroscopic images of the L1-2 through L5-S1 levels were obtained. We then proceeded to prepare the low back with a Betadine solution and draped sterile. Using an oblique approach to the spine, the L5-S1 level was addressed using an oblique projection angled C-arm in order to allow for perpendicular penetration of the disc space. A metallic marker was then placed laterally and a needle entrance point was determined. A skin wheal was raised with 1% Xylocaine and an #18-gauge needle was advanced up to the level of the disc space using AP, oblique and lateral fluoroscopic projections. A second needle, #22-gauge 6-inch needle was then introduced into the disc space and with AP and lateral fluoroscopic projections, was placed into the center of the nucleus. We then proceeded to perform a similar placement of needles at the L4-5, L3-4 and L2-3 levels.,A solution of Isovue 300 with 1 gm of Ancef was then drawn into a 10 cc syringe and without informing the patient of our injecting, we then proceeded to inject the disc spaces sequentially.

radiology, back pain, c-arm, fluoroscopic projections, disc space, lumbar discogram, fluoroscopic, needle,

Resting Myoview and adenosine Myoview SPECT

Radiology

Mayoview

PROCEDURE DONE: ,Resting Myoview and adenosine Myoview SPECT.,INDICATIONS:, Chest pain.,PROCEDURE:, 13.3 mCi of Tc-99m tetrofosmin was injected and resting Myoview SPECT was obtained. Pharmacologic stress testing was done using adenosine infusion. Patient received 38 mg of adenosine infused at 140 mcg/kg/minute over a period of four minutes. Two minutes during adenosine infusion, 31.6 mCi of Tc-99m tetrofosmin was injected. Resting heart rate was 90 beats per minute. Resting blood pressure was 130/70. Peak heart rate obtained during adenosine infusion was 102 beats per minute. Blood pressure obtained during adenosine infusion was 112/70. During adenosine infusion, patient experienced dizziness and shortness of breath. No significant ST segment, T wave changes, or arrhythmias were seen.,Resting Myoview and adenosine Myoview SPECT showed uniform uptake of isotope throughout myocardium without any perfusion defect. Gated dynamic imaging showed normal wall motion and normal systolic thickening throughout left ventricular myocardium. Left ventricular ejection fraction obtained during adenosine Myoview SPECT was 77%. Lung heart ratio was 0.40. TID ratio was 0.88.,IMPRESSION:, Normal adenosine Myoview myocardial perfusion SPECT. Normal left ventricular regional and global function with left ventricular ejection fraction of 77%.

radiology, myoview, gated dynamic imaging, myoview spect, resting myoview, spect, tc-99m, adenosine myoview, adenosine infusion, ejection fraction, myocardium, systolic thickening, tetrofosmin, adenosine myoview spect, adenosine,

Lower Extremity Arterial Doppler

Radiology

Lower Extremity Arterial Doppler

RIGHT LOWER EXTREMITY:, The arterial system was visualized showing triphasic waveform from the common femoral to popliteal and biphasic waveform at the posterior tibial artery with ankle brachial index of 0/8.,LEFT LOWER EXTREMITY:, The arterial system was visualized with triphasic waveform from the common femoral to the popliteal artery, with biphasic waveform at the posterior tibial artery. Ankle brachial index of 0.9.,IMPRESSION: , Mild bilateral lower extremity arterial obstructive disease.,

radiology, lower extremity arterial doppler, posterior tibial artery, ankle brachial index, arterial doppler, triphasic waveform, common femoral, biphasic waveform, tibial artery, ankle brachial, brachial index, lower extremity, doppler, triphasic, femoral, popliteal, brachial, waveform, extremity, arterial,

Diagnostic laparoscopy and drainage of cyst.

Radiology

Laparoscopy - Drainage of Cyst

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Ovarian cyst, persistent.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Ovarian cyst.,ANESTHESIA:, General,NAME OF OPERATION:, Diagnostic laparoscopy and drainage of cyst.,PROCEDURE:, The patient was taken to the operating room, prepped and draped in the usual manner, and adequate anesthesia was induced. An infraumbilical incision was made, and Veress needle placed without difficulty. Gas was entered into the abdomen at two liters. The laparoscope was entered, and the abdomen was visualized. The second puncture site was made, and the second trocar placed without difficulty. The cyst was noted on the left, a 3-cm, ovarian cyst. This was needled, and a hole cut in it with the scissors. Hemostasis was intact. Instruments were removed. The patient was awakened and taken to the recovery room in good condition.

radiology, ovarian cyst, infraumbilical incision, drainage of cyst, diagnostic laparoscopy, laparoscopy, drainage, ovarian,

Comprehensive electrophysiology studies with attempted arrhythmia induction and IV Procainamide infusion for Brugada syndrome.

Radiology

IV Procainamide Infusion

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Syncopal episodes with injury. See electrophysiology consultation.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSES:,1. Normal electrophysiologic studies.,2. No inducible arrhythmia.,3. Procainamide infusion negative for Brugada syndrome.,PROCEDURES:,1. Comprehensive electrophysiology studies with attempted arrhythmia induction.,2. IV Procainamide infusion for Brugada syndrome.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE:, The patient gave informed consent for comprehensive electrophysiologic studies. She received small amounts of intravenous fentanyl and Versed for conscious sedation. Then 1% lidocaine local anesthesia was used. Three catheters were placed via the right femoral vein; 5-French catheters to the right ventricular apex and right atrial appendage; and a 6-French catheter to the His bundle. Later in the procedure, the RV apical catheter was moved to RV outflow tract.,ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL FINDINGS:, Conduction intervals in sinus rhythm were normal. Sinus cycle length 768 ms, PA interval 24 ms, AH interval 150 ms, HV interval 46 ms. Sinus node recovery times were also normal at 1114 ms. Corrected sinus node recovery time was normal at 330 ms. One-to-one AV conduction was present to cycle length 480 ms, AH interval 240 ms, HV interval 54 ms. AV nodal effective refractory period was normal, 440 ms at drive cycle length 600 ms. RA-ERP was 250 ms. With ventricular pacing, there was VA disassociation present.,Since there was no evidence for dual AV nodal pathways, and poor retrograde conduction, isoproterenol infusion was not performed to look for SVT.,Programmed ventricular stimulation was performed at both right ventricular apex and right ventricular outflow tracts. Drive cycle length 600, 500, and 400 ms was used with triple extrastimuli down to troubling intervals of 180 ms, or refractoriness. There was no inducible VT. Longest run was 5 beats of polymorphic VT, which is a nonspecific finding. From the apex 400-600 with 2 extrastimuli were delivered, again with no inducible VT.,Procainamide was then infused, 20 mg/kg over 10 minutes. There were no ST segment changes. HV interval after IV Procainamide remained normal at 50 ms.,ASSESSMENT: , Normal electrophysiologic studies. No evidence for sinus node dysfunction or atrioventricular block. No inducible supraventricular tachycardia or ventricular tachycardia, and no evidence for Brugada syndrome.,PLAN: , The patient will follow up with Dr. X. She recently had an ambulatory EEG. I will plan to see her again on a p.r.n. basis should she develop a recurrent syncopal episodes. Reveal event monitor was considered, but not placed since she has only had one single episode.

radiology, arrhythmia, attempted arrhythmia induction, conduction, sinus rhythm, electrophysiologic studies, sinus node, iv procainamide, brugada syndrome, electrophysiology, sinus, ventricular,

Nuclear Medicine Therapy Intraarterial Particulate Administration

Radiology

Intraarterial Particulate Administration

EXAM: , Therapy intraarterial particulate administration.,HISTORY: , Hepatocellular carcinoma.,TECHNIQUE: , The patient was brought to the interventional radiology suite where catheterization of the right hepatic artery was performed. The patient had previously given oral and written consent to the radioembolization procedure. After confirmation of proper positioning of the hepatic artery catheter, 3.78 GBq of yttrium-90 TheraSphere microspheres were infused through the catheter under strict radiation safety procedures.,FINDINGS: , There were no apparent complications. Using data on tumor burden, right lobe liver volume, vascularity of the tumor obtained from angiography and quantitative CT, and measurement of residual activity tumor, the expected radiation dose to the tumor burden in the right lobe of the liver was calculated at 201 Gy. The expected dose to the remaining right liver parenchyma is 30 Gy.,Following the procedure there was no evidence of radioactive contamination of the room, equipment or personnel.,IMPRESSION: , Radioembolization therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma in the right lobe of the liver using 3.78 GBq of yttrium-90 microspheres TheraSphere.

radiology, lobe of the liver, intraarterial particulate administration, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic artery, tumor burden, particulate administration, hepatocellular, carcinoma, hepatic, artery, radioembolization, therasphere, microspheres, radiation, gy, therapy, particulate, administration, catheterization, tumor, liver, intraarterial,

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cholangiogram. Acute gangrenous cholecystitis with cholelithiasis. The patient had essentially a dead gallbladder with stones and positive wide bile/pus coming from the gallbladder.

Radiology

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy & Cholangiogram

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Acute cholecystitis.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS:, Acute gangrenous cholecystitis with cholelithiasis.,OPERATION PERFORMED: , Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cholangiogram.,FINDINGS: ,The patient had essentially a dead gallbladder with stones and positive wide bile/pus coming from the gallbladder.,COMPLICATIONS: ,None.,EBL: , Scant.,SPECIMEN REMOVED: , Gallbladder with stones.,DESCRIPTION OF PROCEDURE: ,The patient was prepped and draped in the usual sterile fashion under general anesthesia. A curvilinear incision was made below the umbilicus. Through this incision, the camera port was able to be placed into the peritoneal cavity under direct visualization. Once this complete, insufflation was begun. Once insufflation was adequate, additional ports were placed in the epigastrium as well as right upper quadrant. Once all four ports were placed, the right upper quadrant was then explored. The patient had significant adhesions of omentum and colon to the liver, the gallbladder constituting definitely an acute cholecystitis. This was taken down using Bovie cautery to free up visualization of the gallbladder. The gallbladder was very thick and edematous and had frank necrosis of most of the anterior gallbladder wall. Adhesions were further taken down between the omentum, the colon, and the gallbladder slowly starting superiorly and working inferiorly towards the cystic duct area. Once the adhesions were fully removed, the cholangiogram was done which did not show any evidence of any common bile duct dilatation or obstruction. At this point, due to the patient's gallbladder being very necrotic, it was deemed that the patient should have a drain placed. The cystic duct and cystic artery were serially clipped and transected. The gallbladder was removed from the gallbladder fossa removing the entire gallbladder. Adequate hemostasis with Bovie cautery was achieved. The gallbladder was then placed into a bag and removed from the peritoneal cavity through the camera port. A JP drain was then run through the anterior port and out of one of the trochar sites and secured to the skin using 3-0 nylon suture. Next, the right upper quadrant was copiously irrigated out using the suction irrigator. Once this was complete, the additional ports were able to be removed. The fascial opening at the umbilicus was reinforced by closing it using a 0 Vicryl suture in a figure-of-8 fashion. All skin incisions were injected using Marcaine 1/4 percent plain. The skin was reapproximated further using 4-0 Monocryl sutures in a subcuticular technique. The patient tolerated the procedure well and was able to be transferred to the recovery room in stable condition.

radiology, acute cholecystitis, cholangiogram, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, gallbladder, gangrenous cholecystitis, bovie cautery, cystic duct, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, laparoscopic, cholecystectomy, cystic, duct,

Sellar HCT - Pituitary mass

Radiology

HCT - Pituitary Mass

CC:, HA and vision loss.,HX: ,71 y/o RHM developed a cataclysmic headache on 11/5/92 associated with a violent sneeze. The headache lasted 3-4 days. On 11/7/92, he had acute pain and loss of vision in the left eye. Over the following day his left pupil enlarged and his left upper eyelid began to droop. He was seen locally and a brain CT showed no sign of bleeding, but a tortuous left middle cerebral artery was visualized. The patient was transferred to UIHC 11/12/92.,FHX:, HTN, stroke, coronary artery disease, melanoma.,SHX:, Quit smoking 15 years ago.,MEDS:, Lanoxin, Capoten, Lasix, KCL, ASA, Voltaren, Alupent MDI,PMH: ,CHF, Atrial Fibrillation, Obesity, Anemia, Duodenal Ulcer, Spinal AVM resection 1986 with residual T9 sensory level, hyperreflexia and bilateral babinski signs, COPD.,EXAM: ,35.5C, BP 140/91, P86, RR20. Alert and oriented to person, place, and time. CN: No light perception OS, Pupils: 3/7 decreasing to 2/7 on exposure to light (i.e., fixed/dilated pupil OS). Upon neutral gaze the left eye deviated laterally and inferiorly. There was complete ptosis OS. On downward gaze their was intorsion OS. The left eye could not move superiorly, medially or effectively downward, but could move laterally. EOM were full OD. The rest of the CN exam was unremarkable. Motor, Coordination, Station and Gait testing were unremarkable. Sensory exam revealed decreased pinprick and light touch below T9 (old). Muscle stretch reflexes were increased (3+/3+) in both lower extremities and there were bilateral babinski signs (old). The upper extremity reflexes were symmetrical (2/2). Cardiovascular exam revealed an irregularly irregular rhythm and lung sounds were coarse bilaterally. The rest of the general exam was unremarkable.,LAB:, CBC, PT/PTT, General Screen were unremarkable except for a BUN 21mg/DL. CSF: protein 88mg/DL, glucose 58mg/DL, RBC 2800/mm3, WBC 1/mm3. ANA, RF, TSH, FT4 were WNL.,IMPRESSION:, CN3 palsy and loss of vision. Differential diagnosis: temporal arteritis, aneurysm, intracranial mass.,COURSE:, The outside Brain CT revealed a tortuous left MCA. A four-vessel cerebral angiogram revealed a dolichoectatic basilar artery and tortuous LICA. There was no evidence of aneursym. Transesophageal Echocardiogram revealed atrial enlargement only. Neuroopthalmologic evaluation revealed: Loss of color vision and visual acuity OS, RAPD OS, bilateral optic disk pallor (OS > OD), CN3 palsy and bilateral temporal field loss, OS >> OD . ESR, CRP, MRI were recommended to rule out temporal arteritis and intracranial mass. ESR 29mm/Hr, CRP 4.3mg/DL (high) , The patient was placed on prednisone. Temporal artery biopsy showed no evidence of vasculitis. MRI scan could not be obtained due to patient weight. Sellar CT was done instead: coronal sections revealed sellar enlargement and upward bowing of the diaphragm sella suggesting a pituitary mass. In retrospect sellar enlargement could be seen on the angiogram X-rays. Differential consideration was given to cystic pituitary adenoma, noncalcified craniopharyngioma, or Rathke's cleft cyst with solid component. The patient refused surgery. He was seen in Neuroopthalmology Clinic 2/18/93 and was found to have mild recovery of vision OS and improved visual fields. Aberrant reinnervation of the 3rd nerve was noted as there was constriction of the pupil (OS) on adduction, downgaze and upgaze. The upper eyelid, OS, elevated on adduction and down gaze, OS. EOM movements were otherwise full and there was no evidence of ptosis. In retrospect he was felt to have suffered pituitary apoplexy in 11/92.

radiology, sellar, hct, htn, pituitary, aneurysm, brain ct, cataclysmic, coronary artery disease, headache, intracranial mass, loss of vision, mass, melanoma, palsy, sneeze, stroke, temporal arteritis, vision loss, bilateral babinski signs, sellar enlargement, pituitary mass, temporal, vision,

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy simulation note. The patient will receive intensity-modulated radiation therapy in order to deliver high-dose treatment to sensitive structures.

Radiology

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Simulation

INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY SIMULATION,The patient will receive intensity-modulated radiation therapy in order to deliver high-dose treatment to sensitive structures. The target volume is adjacent to significant radiosensitive structures.,Initially, the preliminary isocenter is set on a fluoroscopically-based simulation unit. The patient is appropriately immobilized using a customized immobilization device. Preliminary simulation films are obtained and approved by me. The patient is marked and transferred to the CT scanner. Sequential images are obtained and transferred electronically to the treatment planning software. Extensive analysis then occurs. The target volume, including margins for uncertainty, patient movement and occult tumor extension are selected. In addition organs at risk are outlined. Appropriate doses are selected, both for the target, as well as constraints for organs at risk. Inverse treatment planning is performed by the physics staff under my supervision. These are reviewed by the physician and ultimately performed only following approval by the physician and completion of successful quality assurance.

radiology, target volume, intensity modulated radiation therapy, simulationNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.

Right upper quadrant pain. Nuclear medicine hepatobiliary scan. Radiopharmaceutical 6.9 mCi of Technetium-99m Choletec.

Radiology

Hepatobiliary Scan

NUCLEAR MEDICINE HEPATOBILIARY SCAN,REASON FOR EXAM: , Right upper quadrant pain.,COMPARISONS: ,CT of the abdomen dated 02/13/09 and ultrasound of the abdomen dated 02/13/09.,Radiopharmaceutical 6.9 mCi of Technetium-99m Choletec.,FINDINGS:, Imaging obtained up to 30 minutes after the injection of radiopharmaceutical shows a normal hepatobiliary transfer time. There is normal accumulation within the gallbladder.,After the injection of 2.1 mcg of intravenous cholecystic _______, the gallbladder ejection fraction at 30 minutes was calculated to be 32% (normal is greater than 35%). The patient experienced 2/10 pain at 5 minutes after the injection of the radiopharmaceutical and the patient also complained of nausea.,IMPRESSION:,1. Negative for acute cholecystitis or cystic duct obstruction.,2. Gallbladder ejection fraction just under the lower limits of normal at 32% that can be seen with very mild chronic cholecystitis.

radiology, radiopharmaceutical, gallbladder ejection fraction, nuclear medicine hepatobiliary, hepatobiliary scan, quadrant, nuclear, technetium, choletec, ejection, fraction, cholecystitis, scan, abdomen, injection, gallbladder, hepatobiliary, medicine

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy is a complex set of procedures which requires appropriate positioning and immobilization typically with customized immobilization devices.

Radiology

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy

INTENSITY-MODULATED RADIATION THERAPY,Intensity-modulated radiation therapy is a complex set of procedures which requires appropriate positioning and immobilization typically with customized immobilization devices. The treatment planning process requires at least 4 hours of physician time. The technology is appropriate in this patient's case due to the fact that the target volume is adjacent to significant radiosensitive structures. Sequential CT scans are obtained and transferred to the treatment planning software. Extensive analysis occurs. The target volumes, including margins for uncertainty, patient movement and occult tumor extension are selected. In addition, organs at risk are outlined. Doses are selected both for targets, as well as for organs at risk. Associated dose constraints are placed. Inverse treatment planning is then performed in conjunction with the physics staff. These are reviewed by the physician and ultimately performed only following approval by the physician. Multiple beam arrangements may be tested for appropriateness and optimal dose delivery in order to maximize the chance of controlling disease, while minimizing exposure to organs at risk. This is performed in hopes of minimizing associated complications. The physician delineates the treatment type, number of fractions and total volume. During the time of treatment, there is extensive physician intervention, monitoring the patient set up and tolerance. In addition, specific QA is performed by the physics staff under the physician's direction.,In view of the above, the special procedure code 77470 is deemed appropriate.

radiology, multiple beam arrangements, intensity modulated radiation therapyNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.

Bilateral Screening Mammogram Full-Field Digital Mammography (FFDM) (Benign Findings)

Radiology

Full-Field Digital Mammogram (FFDM) - 1

EXAM: , Digital screening mammogram.,HISTORY:, 51-year-old female presents for screening mammography. Patient denies personal history of breast cancer. Breast cancer was reported in her maternal aunt.,TECHNIQUE:, Craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections of bilateral breasts were obtained on mm/dd/yy. Comparison is made with the previous performed on mm/dd/yy. iCAD Second Look proprietary software was utilized.,FINDINGS: ,The breasts demonstrate a mixture of adipose and fibroglandular elements. Composition appears similar. Multiple tiny punctate benign-appearing calcifications are visualized bilaterally. No dominant mass, areas of architecture distortion, or malignant-type calcifications are seen. Skin overlying both breasts is unremarkable.,IMPRESSION: , Stable and benign mammographic findings. Continued yearly mammographic screening is recommended.,BIRADS Classification 2 - Benign,MAMMOGRAPHY INFORMATION:,1. A certain percentage of cancers, probably 10% to 15%, will not be identified by mammography.,2. Lack of radiographic evidence of malignancy should not delay a biopsy if a clinically suspicious mass is present.,3. These images were obtained with FDA-approved digital mammography equipment, and iCAD SecondLook Software Version 7.2 was utilized.

radiology, mediolateral, craniocaudal, fibroglandular, bilateral screening mammogram, breast cancer, screening mammogram, mammographic, mammogram, breasts, screening, mammography

Hyperfractionation. This patient is to undergo a course of hyperfractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of known malignancy.

Radiology

Hyperfractionation

HYPERFRACTIONATION,This patient is to undergo a course of hyperfractionated radiotherapy in the treatment of known malignancy. The radiotherapy will be given in a hyperfractionated fraction (decreased dose per fraction but 2 fractions delivered daily separated by a period of at least 6 hours). The rationale for this treatment is based on radiobiologic principles that make this type of therapy more effective in rapidly growing, previously irradiated or poorly oxygenated tumors. The dose per fraction and the total dose are calculated by me, and this is individualized for each patient according to radiobiologic principles.,During the hyperfractionated radiotherapy, the chance of severe acute side effects is increased, so the patient will be followed more intensively for the development of any side effects and treatment instituted accordingly.

radiology, irradiated, oxygenated, tumors, malignancy, radiobiologic, hyperfractionation, hyperfractionated, radiotherapyNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.

Sample Radiology report of knee (growth arrest lines).

Radiology

Five views of the right knee.

EXAM: , Five views of the right knee.,HISTORY: , Pain. The patient is status-post surgery, he could not straighten his leg, pain in the back of the knee.,TECHNIQUE:, Five views of the right knee were evaluated. There are no priors for comparison.,FINDINGS: , Five views of the right knee were evaluated and they reveal there is no evidence of any displaced fractures, dislocations, or subluxations. There are multiple areas of growth arrest lines seen in the distal aspect of the femur and proximal aspect of the tibia. There is also appearance of a high-riding patella suggestive of patella alta.,IMPRESSION:,1. No evidence of any displaced fractures, dislocations, or subluxations.,2. Growth arrest lines seen in the distal femur and proximal tibia.,3. Questionable appearance of a slightly high-riding patella, possibly suggesting patella alta.

radiology, fractures dislocations or subluxations, femur and proximal, growth arrest lines, patella alta, fractures, dislocations, subluxations, distal, femur, patella

HDR Brachytherapy

Radiology

HDR Brachytherapy

HDR BRACHYTHERAPY,The intracavitary brachytherapy applicator was placed appropriately and secured after the patient was identified. Simulation films were obtained, documenting its positioning. The 3-dimensional treatment planning process was accomplished utilizing the CT derived data. A treatment plan was selected utilizing sequential dwell positions within a single catheter. The patient was taken to the treatment area. The patient was appropriately positioned and the position of the intracavitary device was checked. Catheter length measurements were taken. Appropriate measurements of the probe dimensions and assembly were also performed. The applicator was attached to the HDR after-loader device. The device ran through its checking sequences appropriately and the brachytherapy was then delivered without difficulty or complication. The brachytherapy source was appropriately removed back to the brachytherapy safe within the device. Radiation screening was performed with the Geiger-Muller counter both prior to and after the brachytherapy procedure was completed and the results were deemed appropriate.,Following completion of the procedure, the intracavitary device was removed without difficulty. The patient was in no apparent distress and was discharged home.

radiology, geiger-muller, treatment planning, hdr brachytherapy, intracavitary, applicator, brachytherapyNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.

Mammogram, bilateral full-field digital mammography FFDM (patient with positive history of breast cancer).

Radiology

Full-Field Digital Mammogram (FFDM) - 2

EXAM: , Screening full-field digital mammogram.,HISTORY:, Screening examination of a 58-year-old female who currently denies complaints. Patient has had diagnosis of right breast cancer in 1984 with subsequent radiation therapy. The patient's sister was also diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 59.,TECHNIQUE: , Standard digital mammographic imaging was performed. The examination was performed with iCAD Second Look Version 7.2.,COMPARISON: , Most recently obtained __________.,FINDINGS: , The right breast is again smaller than the left. There is a scar marker with underlying skin thickening and retraction along the upper margin of the right breast. The breasts are again composed of a mixture of adipose tissue and a moderate amount of heterogeneously-dense fibroglandular tissue. There is again some coarsening of the right breast parenchyma with architectural distortion which is unchanged and most consistent with postsurgical and postradiation changes. A few benign-appearing microcalcifications are present.,No dominant malignant-appearing mass lesion, developing area of architectural distortion or suspicious-appearing cluster of microcalcifications are identified. The skin is stable. No enlarged axillary lymph node is seen.,IMPRESSION:,1. No significant interval changes are seen. No mammographic evidence of malignancy is identified.,2. Annual screening mammography is recommended or sooner if clinical symptoms warrant.,BIRADS Classification 2 - Benign,MAMMOGRAPHY INFORMATION:,1. A certain percentage of cancers, probably 10% to 15%, will not be identified by mammography.,2. Lack of radiographic evidence of malignancy should not delay a biopsy if a clinically suspicious mass is present.,3. These images were obtained with FDA-approved digital mammography equipment, and iCAD Second Look Software Version 7.2 was utilized.

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Bilateral facet Arthrogram and injections at L34, L45, L5S1. Interpretation of radiograph. Low Back Syndrome - Low Back Pain.

Radiology

Facet Arthrogram & Injection

PREOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Low Back Syndrome - Low Back Pain.,POSTOPERATIVE DIAGNOSIS: , Same.,PROCEDURE:,1. Bilateral facet Arthrogram at L34, L45, L5S1.,2. Bilateral facet injections at L34, L45, L5S1.,3. Interpretation of radiograph.,ANESTHESIA: ,IV sedation with Versed and Fentanyl.,ESTIMATED BLOOD LOSS: , None.,COMPLICATIONS: ,None.,INDICATION: , Pain in the lumbar spine secondary to facet arthrosis that was demonstrated by physical examination and verified with x-ray studies and imaging scans.,SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE: , The patient was admitted to the OR, consent was obtained and signed. The patient was taken to the Operating room and was placed in the prone position. Monitors were placed, including EKG, pulse oximeter and blood pressure monitoring. Prior to sedation vitals signs were obtained and were continuously monitored throughout the procedure for amount of pain or changes in pain, EKG, respiration and heart rate and at intervals of three minutes for blood pressure. After adequate IV sedation with Versed and Fentanyl the procedure was begun.,The lumbar sacral regions were prepped and draped in sterile fashion with Betadine prep and four sterile towels.,The facets in the lumbar regions were visualized with Fluoroscopy using an anterior posterior view. A skin wheal was placed with 1% Lidocaine at the L34 facet region on the left. Under fluoroscopic guidance a 22 gauge spinal needle was then placed into the L34 facet on the left side. This was performed using the oblique view under fluoroscopy to the enable the view of the "Scotty Dog," After obtaining the "Scotty Dog" view the joints were easily seen. Negative aspiration was carefully performed to verity that there was no venous, arterial or cerebral spinal fluid flow. After negative aspiration was verified, 1/8th of a cc of Omnipaque 240 dye was then injected. Negative aspiration was again performed and 1/2 cc of solution (Solution consisting of 9 cc of 0.5% Marcaine with 1 cc of Triamcinolone) was then injected into the joint. The needle was then withdrawn out of the joint and 1.5 cc of this same solution was injected around the joint. The 22-gauge needle was then removed. Pressure was place over the puncture site for approximately one minute. This exact same procedure was then repeated along the left-sided facets at L45, and L5S1. This exact same procedure was then repeated on the right side. At each level, vigilance was carried out during the aspiration of the needle to verify negative flow of blood or cerebral spinal fluid.,The patient was noted to have tolerated the procedure well without any complications.,Interpretation of the radiograph revealed placement of the 22-gauge spinal needles into the left-sided and right-sided facet joints at, L34, L45, and L5S1. Visualizing the "Scotty Dog" technique under fluoroscopy facilitated this. Dye spread into each joint space is visualized. No venous or arterial run-off is noted. No epidural run-off is noted. The joints were noted to have chronic inflammatory changes noted characteristic of facet arthrosis.

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HCT for memory loss and for calcification of basal ganglia (globus pallidi).

Radiology

HCT - Calcification of Basal Ganglia

CC:, Memory loss.,HX:, This 77 y/o RHF presented with a one year history of progressive memory loss. Two weeks prior to her evaluation at UIHC she agreed to have her sister pick her up for church at 8:15AM, Sunday morning. That Sunday she went to pick up her sister at her sister's home and when her sister was not there (because the sister had gone to pick up the patient) the patient left. She later called the sister and asked her if she (sister) had overslept. During her UIHC evaluation she denied she knew anything about the incident. No other complaints were brought forth by the patients family.,PMH:, Unremarkable.,MEDS:, None,FHX: ,Father died of an MI, Mother had DM type II.,SHX: , Denies ETOH/illicit drug/Tobacco use.,ROS:, Unremarkable.,EXAM:, Afebrile, 80BPM, BP 158/98, 16RPM. Alert and oriented to person, place, time. Euthymic. 29/30 on Folstein's MMSE with deficit on drawing. Recalled 2/6 objects at five minutes and could not recite a list of 6 objects in 6 trials. Digit span was five forward and three backward. CN: mild right lower facial droop only. MOTOR: Full strength throughout. SENSORY: No deficits to PP/Vib/Prop/LT/Temp. COORD: Poor RAM in LUE only. GAIT: NB and ambulated without difficulty. STATION: No drift or Romberg sign. REFLEXES: 3+ bilaterally with flexor plantar responses. There were no frontal release signs.,LABS:, CMB, General Screen, FT4, TSH, VDRL were all WNL.,NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION, 12/7/92: ,Verbal associative fluency was defective. Verbal memory, including acquisition, and delayed recall and recognition, was severely impaired. Visual memory, including immediate and delayed recall was also severely impaired. Visuoperceptual discrimination was mildly impaired, as was 2-D constructional praxis.,HCT, 12/7/92: , Diffuse cerebral atrophy with associative mild enlargement of the ventricles consistent with patient's age. Calcification is seen in both globus pallidi and this was felt to be a normal variant.

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Exercise myocardial perfusion study. The exercise myocardial perfusion study shows possibility of mild ischemia in the inferolateral wall and normal LV systolic function with LV ejection fraction of 59%

Radiology

Exercise Myocardial Perfusion Study

CLINICAL INDICATION:, Chest pain.,INTERPRETATION: , The patient received 14.9 mCi of Cardiolite for the rest portion of the study and 11.5 mCi of Cardiolite for the stress portion of the study.,The patient's baseline EKG was normal sinus rhythm. The patient was stressed according to Bruce protocol by Dr. X. Exercise test was supervised and interpreted by Dr. X. Please see the separate report for stress portion of the study.,The myocardial perfusion SPECT study shows there is mild anteroseptal fixed defect seen, which is most likely secondary to soft tissue attenuation artifact. There is, however, mild partially reversible perfusion defect seen, which is more pronounced in the stress images and short-axis view suggestive of minimal ischemia in the inferolateral wall.,The gated SPECT study shows normal wall motion and wall thickening with calculated left ventricular ejection fraction of 59%.,CONCLUSION:,1. The exercise myocardial perfusion study shows possibility of mild ischemia in the inferolateral wall.,2. Normal LV systolic function with LV ejection fraction of 59%.

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Endovascular Brachytherapy (EBT)

Radiology

Endovascular Brachytherapy

ENDOVASCULAR BRACHYTHERAPY (EBT),The patient is to undergo a course of angioplasty for in-stent restenosis. The radiotherapy will be planned using simulation films when the Novoste system catheter markers are placed on either side of the coronary artery injury site. After this, a calculation will take place to determine the length of time at which the strontium sources will be left in place to deliver an adequate dose given the reference vessel diameter. The rationale for this treatment is based on radiobiological principles that make this type of therapy more effective than blade atherectomy or laser atherectomy. The does per fraction is individualized for each patient according to radiobiological principles and reference vessel diameter. Given that this is a very high dose rate source and the chances of severe acute toxicity such as cardiac ischemia and machine malfunction are present, it is imperative that the patient be followed closely by myself and monitored for ST segment elevation and correct machine function.

radiology, endovascular brachytherapy, ebt, angioplasty, stent, vessel, atherectomy, endovascular, brachytherapyNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.,

Nerve conduction screen demonstrates borderline median sensory and borderline distal median motor responses in both hands. The needle EMG examination is remarkable for rather diffuse active denervation changes in most muscles of the right upper and right lower extremity tested.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 9

NERVE CONDUCTION TESTING AND EMG EVALUATION,1. Right median sensory response 3.0, amplitude 2.5, distance 100.,2. Right ulnar sensory response 2.1, amplitude 1, distance 90.,3. Left median sensory response 3.0, amplitude 1.2, distance 100.,4. Left median motor response distal 4.2, proximal 9, amplitude 2.2, distance 290, velocity 60.4 m/sec.,5. Right median motor response distal 4.3, proximal 9.7, amplitude 2, and velocity 53.7 m/sec.,6. Right ulnar motor response distal 2.5, proximal 7.5, amplitude 2, distance 300, velocity 60 m/sec.,NEEDLE EMG TESTING,1. ,RIGHT BICEPS:, Fibrillations 0, fasciculations occasional, positive waves 0. Motor units, increased needle insertional activity and mild decreased number of motor units firing.,2. ,RIGHT TRICEPS:, Fibrillations 1+, fasciculations occasional to 1+, positive waves 1+. Motor units, increased needle insertional activity and decreased number of motor units firing.,3. ,EXTENSOR DIGITORUM:, Fibrillations 0, fasciculations rare, positive waves 0, motor units probably normal.,4. ,FIRST DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS: , Fibrillations 2+, fasciculations 1+, positive waves 2+. Motor units, decreased number of motor units firing.,5. ,RIGHT ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS:, Fibrillations 1+, fasciculations 1+, positive waves 0. Motor units, decreased number of motor units firing.,6. , FLEXOR CARPI ULNARIS:, Fibrillations 1+, occasionally entrained, fasciculations rare, positive waves 1+. Motor units, decreased number of motor units firing.,7. ,LEFT FIRST DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS:, Fibrillations 1+, fasciculations 1+, positive waves occasional. Motor units, decreased number of motor units firing.,8. ,LEFT EXTENSOR DIGITORUM:, Fibrillations 1+, fasciculations 1+. Motor units, decreased number of motor units firing.,9. ,RIGHT VASTUS MEDIALIS:, Fibrillations 1+ to 2+, fasciculations 1+, positive waves 1+. Motor units, decreased number of motor units firing.,10. ,ANTERIOR TIBIALIS: , Fibrillations 2+, occasionally entrained, fasciculations 1+, positive waves 1+. Motor units, increased proportion of polyphasic units and decreased number of motor units firing. There is again increased needle insertional activity.,11. ,RIGHT GASTROCNEMIUS:, Fibrillations 1+, fasciculations 1+, positive waves 1+. Motor units, marked decreased number of motor units firing.,12. ,LEFT GASTROCNEMIUS:, Fibrillations 1+, fasciculations 1+, positive waves 2+. Motor units, marked decreased number of motor units firing.,13. ,LEFT VASTUS MEDIALIS: , Fibrillations occasional, fasciculations occasional, positive waves 1+. Motor units, decreased number of motor units firing.,IMPRESSION:

The patient is status post C3-C4 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 5

She has an extensive past medical history of rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and irritable bowel syndrome. She has also had bilateral carpal tunnel release.,On examination, normal range of movement of C-spine. She has full strength in upper and lower extremities. Normal straight leg raising. Reflexes are 2 and symmetric throughout. No Babinski. She has numbness to light touch in her right big toe.,NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES: The right median palmar sensory distal latencies are minimally prolonged with minimally attenuated evoked response amplitude. Bilateral tibial motor nerves could not be obtained (technical). The remaining nerves tested revealed normal distal latencies, evoked response amplitudes, conduction velocities, F-waves, and H. reflexes.,NEEDLE EMG: Needle EMG was performed on the right arm and leg and lumbosacral and cervical paraspinal muscles and the left FDI. It revealed 2+ spontaneous activity in the right APB and FDI and 1+ spontaneous activity in lower cervical paraspinals, lower and middle lumbosacral paraspinals, right extensor digitorum communis muscle, and right pronator teres. There was evidence of chronic denervation in the right first dorsal interosseous, pronator teres, abductor pollicis brevis, and left first dorsal interosseous.,IMPRESSION: This electrical study is abnormal. It reveals the following:,1. An active right C8/T1 radiculopathy. Electrical abnormalities are moderate.,2. An active right C6/C7 radiculopathy. Electrical abnormalities are mild.,3. Evidence of chronic left C8/T1 denervation. No active denervation.,4. Mild right lumbosacral radiculopathies. This could not be further localized because of normal EMG testing in the lower extremity muscles.,5. There is evidence of mild sensory carpal tunnel on the right (she has had previous carpal tunnel release).,Results were discussed with the patient. It appears that she has failed conservative therapy and I have recommended to her that she return to Dr. X for his assessment for possible surgery to her C-spine. She will continue with conservative therapy for the mild lumbosacral radiculopathies.

radiology, emg, nerve conduction study, needle emg, paraspinal muscles, radiculopathy, electrical abnormalities, carpal tunnel release, evoked response, lumbosacral radiculopathies, conservative therapy, carpal tunnel, conduction, emg/nerve,

The patient is a 39-year-old gravida 3, para 2, who is now at 20 weeks and 2 days gestation. This pregnancy is a twin gestation. The patient presents for her fetal anatomical survey.

Radiology

Fetal Anatomical Survey

PAST MEDICAL HISTORY: ,The patient denies any significant past medical history.,PAST SURGICAL HISTORY: , The patient denies any significant surgical history.,MEDICATIONS: , The patient takes no medications.,ALLERGIES: , No known drug allergies.,SOCIAL HISTORY: , She denies use of cigarettes, alcohol or drugs.,FAMILY HISTORY: , No family history of birth defects, mental retardation or any psychiatric history.,DETAILS: , I performed a transabdominal ultrasound today using a 4 MHz transducer. There is a twin gestation in the vertex transverse lie with an anterior placenta and a normal amount of amniotic fluid surrounding both of the twins. The fetal biometry of twin A is as follows. The biparietal diameter is 4.9 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 5 days, head circumference 17.6 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 1 day, the abdominal circumference is 15.0 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, and femur length is 3.1 cm consistent with 19 weeks and 5 days, and the humeral length is 3.0 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 0 day. The average gestational age by ultrasound is 20 weeks and 1 day and the estimated fetal weight is 353 g. The following structures are seen as normal on the fetal anatomical survey, the shape of the fetal head, the choroid plexuses, the cerebellum, nuchal fold thickness, the fetal spine and fetal face, the four-chamber view of the fetal heart, the outflow tracts of the fetal heart, the stomach, the kidneys, and cord insertion site, the bladder, the extremities, the genitalia, the cord, which appeared to have three vessels and the placenta.,Limited in views of baby A with a nasolabial region.,The following is the fetal biometry for twin B. The biparietal diameter is 4.7 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, head circumference 17.5 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 0 day, the abdominal circumference is 15.5 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 5 days, the femur length is 3.3 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 3 days, and the humeral length is 3.1 cm consistent with 20 weeks and 2 days, the average gestational age by ultrasound is 22 weeks and 2 days, and the estimated fetal weight is 384 g. The following structures were seen as normal on the fetal anatomical survey. The shape of the fetal head, the choroid plexuses, the cerebellum, nuchal fold thickness, the fetal spine and fetal face, the four-chamber view of the fetal heart, the outflow tracts of the fetal heart, the stomach, the kidneys, and cord insertion site, the bladder, the extremities, the genitalia, the cord, which appeared to have three vessels, and the placenta. Limited on today's ultrasound the views of nasolabial region.,In summary, this is a twin gestation, which may well be monochorionic at 20 weeks and 1 day. There is like gender and a single placenta. One cannot determine with certainty whether or not this is a monochorionic or dichorionic gestation from the ultrasound today.,I sat with the patient and her husband and discussed alternative findings and the complications. We focused our discussion today on the association of twin pregnancy with preterm delivery. We discussed the fact that the average single intrauterine pregnancy delivers at 40 weeks' gestation while the average twin delivery occurs at 35 weeks' gestation. We discussed the fact that 15% of twins deliver prior to 32 weeks' gestation. These are the twins which we have the most concern regarding the long-term prospects of prematurity. We discussed several etiologies of preterm delivery including preterm labor, incompetent cervix, premature rupture of the fetal membranes as well as early delivery from preeclampsia and growth restriction. We discussed the use of serial transvaginal ultrasound to assess for early cervical change and the use of serial transabdominal ultrasound to assess for normal interval growth. We discussed the need for frequent office visits to screen for preeclampsia. We also discussed treatment options such as cervical cerclage, bedrest, tocolytic medications, and antenatal steroids. I would recommend that the patient return in two weeks for further cervical assessment and assessment of fetal growth and well-being.,In closing, I do want to thank you very much for involving me in the care of your delightful patient. I did review all of the above findings and recommendations with the patient today at the time of her visit. Please do not hesitate to contact me if I could be of any further help to you.,Total visit time 40 minutes.

radiology, vaginal delivery, transducer, transabdominal ultrasound, placenta, amniotic fluid, fetal anatomical survey, preterm delivery, twin gestation, gestation, infant, fetal, anatomical, delivery, ultrasound,

A woman with a history of progression of dysphagia for the past year, dysarthria, weakness of her right arm, cramps in her legs, and now with progressive weakness in her upper extremities. Abnormal electrodiagnostic study.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 8

REFERRING DIAGNOSIS: , Motor neuron disease.,PERTINENT HISTORY AND EXAMINATION:, Briefly, the patient is an 83-year-old woman with a history of progression of dysphagia for the past year, dysarthria, weakness of her right arm, cramps in her legs, and now with progressive weakness in her upper extremities.,SUMMARY: ,The right median sensory response showed a borderline normal amplitude for age with mild slowing of conduction velocity. The right ulnar sensory amplitude was reduced with slowing of the conduction velocity. The right radial sensory amplitude was reduced with slowing of the conduction velocity. The right sural and left sural sensory responses were absent. The right median motor response showed a prolonged distal latency across the wrist, with proximal slowing. The distal amplitude was very reduced, and there was a reduction with proximal stimulation. The right ulnar motor amplitude was borderline normal, with slowing of the conduction velocity across the elbow. The right common peroneal motor response showed a decreased amplitude when recorded from the EDB, with mild slowing of the proximal conduction velocity across the knee. The right tibial motor response showed a reduced amplitude with prolongation of the distal latency. The left common peroneal response recorded from the EDB showed a decreased amplitude with mild distal slowing. The left tibial motor response showed a decreased amplitude with a borderline normal distal latency. The minimum F-wave latencies were normal with the exception of a mild prolongation of the ulnar F-wave latency, and the tibial F-wave latency as indicated above. With repetitive nerve stimulation, there was no significant decrement noted in either the right nasalis or the right trapezius muscles. Concentric needle EMG studies were performed in the right lower extremity, right upper extremity, thoracic paraspinals, and in the tongue. There was evidence of increased insertional activity in the right tibialis anterior muscle, with evidence of fasciculations noted in several lower and upper extremity muscles and in the tongue. In addition, there was evidence of increased amplitude, long duration and polyphasic motor units with a decreased recruitment noted in most muscles tested as indicated in the table above.,INTERPRETATION: , Abnormal electrodiagnostic study. There is electrodiagnostic evidence of a disorder of the anterior motor neurons affecting at least four segments. There is also evidence of a more generalized neuropathy that seems to be present in both the upper and lower extremities. There is also evidence of a right median mononeuropathy at the wrist and a right ulnar neuropathy at the elbow. Even despite the patient's age, the decrease in sensory responses is concerning, and makes it difficult to be certain about the diagnosis of motor neuron disease. However, the overall changes on the needle EMG would be consistent with a diagnosis of motor neuron disease. The patient will return for further evaluation.

radiology, electrodiagnostic study, electrodiagnostic, edb, latency, nerve conduction study, emg, motor neuron disease, distal latency, motor response, motor, amplitude, conduction

Common Excretory Urogram - IVP template

Radiology

Excretory Urogram - IVP

There is normal and symmetrical filling of the caliceal system. Subsequent films demonstrate that the kidneys are of normal size and contour bilaterally. The caliceal system and ureters are in their usual position and show no signs of obstruction or intraluminal defects. The postvoid films demonstrate normal emptying of the collecting system, including the urinary bladder.,IMPRESSION:, Negative intravenous urogram.,

radiology, intravenous urogram, caliceal system, urinary bladder, excretory urogram, collecting systems, ivp, urogram, intravenousNOTE,: Thesetranscribed medical transcription sample reports and examples are provided by various users andare for reference purpose only. MTHelpLine does not certify accuracy and quality of sample reports.These transcribed medical transcription sample reports may include some uncommon or unusual formats;this would be due to the preference of the dictating physician. All names and dates have beenchanged (or removed) to keep confidentiality. Any resemblance of any type of name or date orplace or anything else to real world is purely incidental.,

A right-handed female with longstanding intermittent right low back pain, who was involved in a motor vehicle accident with no specific injury at that time.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 3

HISTORY: , The patient is a 56-year-old right-handed female with longstanding intermittent right low back pain, who was involved in a motor vehicle accident in September of 2005. At that time, she did not notice any specific injury. Five days later, she started getting abnormal right low back pain. At this time, it radiates into the buttocks down the posterior aspect of her thigh and into the right lateral aspect of her calf. Symptoms are worse when sitting for any length of time, such as driving a motor vehicle. Mild symptoms when walking for long periods of time. Relieved by standing and lying down. She denies any left leg symptoms or right leg weakness. No change in bowel or bladder function. Symptoms have slowly progressed. She has had Medrol Dosepak and analgesics, which have not been very effective. She underwent a spinal epidural injection, which was effective for the first few hours, but she had recurrence of the pain by the next day. This was done four and a half weeks ago.,On examination, lower extremities strength is full and symmetric. Straight leg raising is normal.,OBJECTIVE:, Sensory examination is normal to all modalities. Full range of movement of lumbosacral spine. Mild tenderness over lumbosacral paraspinal muscles and sacroiliac joint. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ and symmetric at the knees, 2 at the left ankle and 1+ at the right ankle.,NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES:, Motor and sensory distal latencies, evoked response, amplitudes, conduction velocities, and F-waves are normal in the lower extremities. Right tibial H-reflex is slightly prolonged when compared to the left tibial H-reflex.,NEEDLE EMG:, Needle EMG was performed in both lower extremities and lumbosacral paraspinal muscles using the disposable concentric needle. It revealed increased insertional activity in the right mid and lower lumbosacral paraspinal muscles as well as right peroneus longus muscle. There were signs of chronic denervation in right tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis, and left gastrocnemius medialis muscles.,IMPRESSION: , This electrical study is abnormal. It reveals the following:,1. A mild right L5 versus S1 radiculopathy.,2. Left S1 nerve root irritation. There is no evidence of active radiculopathy.,3. There is no evidence of plexopathy, myopathy or peripheral neuropathy.,MRI of the lumbosacral spine was personally reviewed and reveals bilateral L5-S1 neuroforaminal stenosis, slightly worse on the right. Results were discussed with the patient and her daughter. I would recommend further course of spinal epidural injections with Dr. XYZ. If she has no response, then surgery will need to be considered. She agrees with this approach and will followup with you in the near future.

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Patient had movor vehicle accirdent and may have had a brief loss of consciousness. Shortly thereafter she had some blurred vision, Since that time she has had right low neck pain and left low back pain.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 7

HISTORY: , The patient is a 34-year-old right-handed female who states her symptoms first started after a motor vehicle accident in September 2005. She may have had a brief loss of consciousness at the time of the accident since shortly thereafter she had some blurred vision, which lasted about a week and then resolved. Since that time she has had right low neck pain and left low back pain. She has been extensively worked up and treated for this. MRI of the C & T spine and LS spine has been normal. She has improved significantly, but still complains of pain. In June of this year she had different symptoms, which she feels are unrelated. She had some chest pain and feeling of tightness in the left arm and leg and face. By the next morning she had numbness around her lips on the left side and encompassing the whole left arm and leg. Symptoms lasted for about two days and then resolved. However, since that time she has had intermittent numbness in the left hand and leg. The face numbness has completely resolved. Symptoms are mild. She denies any previous similar episodes. She denies associated dizziness, vision changes incoordination, weakness, change in gait, or change in bowel or bladder function. There is no associated headache.,Brief examination reveals normal motor examination with no pronator drift and no incoordination. Normal gait. Cranial nerves are intact. Sensory examination reveals normal facial sensation. She has normal and symmetrical light touch, temperature, and pinprick in the upper extremities. In the lower extremities she has a feeling of dysesthesia in the lateral aspect of the left calf into the lateral aspect of the left foot. In this area she has normal light touch and pinprick. She describes it as a strange unusual sensation.,NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES: , Motor and sensory distal latencies, evoked response amplitudes, conduction velocities, and F-waves are normal in the left arm and leg.,NEEDLE EMG: , Needle EMG was performed in the left leg, lumbosacral paraspinal, right tibialis anterior, and right upper thoracic paraspinal muscles using a disposable concentric needle. It revealed normal insertional activity, no spontaneous activity, and normal motor unit action potential form in all muscles tested.,IMPRESSION: , This electrical study is normal. There is no evidence for peripheral neuropathy, entrapment neuropathy, plexopathy, or lumbosacral radiculopathy. EMG was also performed in the right upper thoracic paraspinal where she has experienced a lot of pain since the motor vehicle accident. This was normal.,Based on her history of sudden onset of left face, arm, and leg weakness as well as a normal EMG and MRI of her spine I am concerned that she had a central event in June of this year. Symptoms are now very mild, but I have ordered an MRI of the brain with and without contrast and MRA of the head and neck with contrast to further elucidate her symptoms. Once she has the test done she will phone me and further management will be based on the results.

radiology, nerve conduction studies, motor, sensory, distal latencies, evoked response, conduction velocities, needle emg, loss of consciousness, motor vehicle accident, thoracic paraspinal, needle, paraspinal, conduction,

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study showing sensory motor length-dependent neuropathy consistent with diabetes, severe left ulnar neuropathy, and moderate-to-severe left median neuropathy,

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 4

NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES:, Bilateral ulnar sensory responses are absent. Bilateral median sensory distal latencies are prolonged with a severely attenuated evoked response amplitude. The left radial sensory response is normal and robust. Left sural response is absent. Left median motor distal latency is prolonged with attenuated evoked response amplitude. Conduction velocity across the forearm is mildly slowed. Right median motor distal latency is prolonged with a normal evoked response amplitude and conduction velocity. The left ulnar motor distal latency is prolonged with a severely attenuated evoked response amplitude both below and above the elbow. Conduction velocities across the forearm and across the elbow are prolonged. Conduction velocity proximal to the elbow is normal. The right median motor distal latency is normal with normal evoked response amplitudes at the wrist with a normal evoked response amplitude at the wrist. There is mild diminution of response around the elbow. Conduction velocity slows across the elbow. The left common peroneal motor distal latency evoked response amplitude is normal with slowed conduction velocity across the calf and across the fibula head. F-waves are prolonged.,NEEDLE EMG: , Needle EMG was performed on the left arm and lumbosacral and cervical paraspinal muscles as well as middle thoracic muscles using a disposable concentric needle. It revealed spontaneous activity in lower cervical paraspinals, left abductor pollicis brevis, and first dorsal interosseous muscles. There were signs of chronic reinnervation in triceps, extensor digitorum communis, flexor pollicis longus as well first dorsal interosseous and abductor pollicis brevis muscles.,IMPRESSION: , This electrical study is abnormal. It reveals the following:,1. A sensory motor length-dependent neuropathy consistent with diabetes.,2. A severe left ulnar neuropathy. This is probably at the elbow, although definitive localization cannot be made.,3. Moderate-to-severe left median neuropathy. This is also probably at the carpal tunnel, although definitive localization cannot be made.,4. Right ulnar neuropathy at the elbow, mild.,5. Right median neuropathy at the wrist consistent with carpal tunnel syndrome, moderate.,6. A left C8 radiculopathy (double crush syndrome).,7. There is no evidence for thoracic radiculitis.,The patient has made very good response with respect to his abdominal pain since starting Neurontin. He still has mild allodynia and is waiting for authorization to get insurance coverage for his Lidoderm patch. He is still scheduled for MRI of C-spine and T-spine. I will see him in followup after the above scans.

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Patient with a past medical history of a left L5-S1 lumbar microdiskectomy with complete resolution of left leg symptoms.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 6

HISTORY:, The patient is a 46-year-old right-handed gentleman with a past medical history of a left L5-S1 lumbar microdiskectomy in 1998 with complete resolution of left leg symptoms, who now presents with a four-month history of gradual onset of right-sided low back pain with pain radiating down into his buttock and posterior aspect of his right leg into the ankle. Symptoms are worsened by any activity and relieved by rest. He also feels that when the pain is very severe, he has some subtle right leg weakness. No left leg symptoms. No bowel or bladder changes.,On brief examination, full strength in both lower extremities. No sensory abnormalities. Deep tendon reflexes are 2+ and symmetric at the patellas and absent at both ankles. Positive straight leg raising on the right.,MRI of the lumbosacral spine was personally reviewed and reveals a right paracentral disc at L5-S1 encroaching upon the right exiting S1 nerve root.,NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES:, Motor and sensory distal latencies, evoked response amplitudes, and conduction velocities are normal in the lower extremities. The right common peroneal F-wave is minimally prolonged. The right tibial H reflex is absent.,NEEDLE EMG:, Needle EMG was performed on the right leg, left gastrocnemius medialis muscle, and right lumbosacral paraspinal muscles using a disposable concentric needle. It revealed spontaneous activity in the right gastrocnemius medialis, gluteus maximus, and lower lumbosacral paraspinal muscles. There was evidence of chronic denervation in right gastrocnemius medialis and gluteus maximus muscles.,IMPRESSION: , This electrical study is abnormal. It reveals an acute right S1 radiculopathy. There is no evidence for peripheral neuropathy or left or right L5 radiculopathy.,Results were discussed with the patient and he is scheduled to follow up with Dr. X in the near future.

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A ight-handed inpatient with longstanding history of cervical spinal stenosis status post decompression, opioid dependence, who has had longstanding low back pain radiating into the right leg.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 2

HISTORY: , The patient is a 78-year-old right-handed inpatient with longstanding history of cervical spinal stenosis status post decompression, opioid dependence, who has had longstanding low back pain radiating into the right leg. She was undergoing a spinal epidural injection about a month ago and had worsening of right low back pain, which radiates down into her buttocks and down to posterior aspect of her thigh into her knee. This has required large amounts of opioid analgesics to control. She has been basically bedridden because of this. She was brought into hospital for further investigations.,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: , On examination, she has positive straight leg rising on the right with severe shooting, radicular type pain with right leg movement. Difficult to assess individual muscles, but strength is largely intact. Sensory examination is symmetric. Deep tendon reflexes reveal hyporeflexia in both patellae, which probably represents a cervical myelopathy from prior cord compression. She has slightly decreased right versus left ankle reflexes. The Babinski's are positive. On nerve conduction studies, motor and sensory distal latencies, evoked response amplitudes, conduction velocities, and F-waves are normal in lower extremities.,NEEDLE EMG: , Needle EMG was performed on the right leg and lumbosacral paraspinal muscles using a disposable concentric needle. It reveals the spontaneous activity in right peroneus longus and gastrocnemius medialis muscles as well as the right lower lumbosacral paraspinal muscles. There is evidence of denervation in right gastrocnemius medialis muscle.,IMPRESSION: , This electrical study is abnormal. It reveals the following:,1. Inactive right S1 (L5) radiculopathy.,2. There is no evidence of left lower extremity radiculopathy, peripheral neuropathy or entrapment neuropathy.,Results were discussed with the patient and she is scheduled for imaging studies in the next day.

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This is a 95.5-hour continuous video EEG monitoring study.

Radiology

EEG Monitoring Study

TECHNICAL SUMMARY: , The patient was recorded from 2:15 p.m. on 08/21/06 through 1:55 p.m. on 08/25/06. The patient was recorded digitally using the 10-20 system of electrode placement. Additional temporal electrodes and single channels of EOG and EKG were also recorded. The patient's medications valproic acid, Zonegran, and Keppra were weaned progressively throughout the study.,The occipital dominant rhythm is 10 to 10.5 Hz and well regulated. Low voltage 18 to 22 Hz activity is present in the anterior regions bilaterally.,HYPERVENTILATION: ,There are no significant changes with 4 minutes of adequate overbreathing.,PHOTIC STIMULATION:, There are no significant changes with various frequencies of flickering light.,SLEEP: , There are no focal or lateralizing features and no abnormal waveforms.,INDUCED EVENT: , On the final day of study, a placebo induction procedure was performed to induce a clinical event. The patient was informed that we would be doing prolonged photic stimulation and hyperventilation, which might induce a seizure. At 1:38 p.m., the patient was instructed to begin hyperventilation. Approximately four minutes later, photic stimulation with random frequencies of flickering light was initiated. Approximately 8 minutes into the procedure, the patient became unresponsive to verbal questioning. Approximately 1 minute later, she began to exhibit asynchronous shaking of her upper and lower extremities with her eyes closed. She persisted with the shaking and some side-to-side movements of her head for approximately 1 minute before abruptly stopping. Approximately 30 seconds later, she became slowly responsive initially only uttering a few words and able to say her name. When asked what had just occurred, she replied that she was asleep and did not remember any event. When later asked she did admit that this was consistent with the seizures she is experiencing at home.,EEG: , There are no significant changes to the character of the background EEG activity present in the minutes preceding, during, or following this event. Of note, while her eyes were closed and she was non-responsive, there is a well-regulated occipital dominant rhythm present.,IMPRESSION:, The findings of this patient's 95.5-hour continuous video EEG monitoring study are within the range of normal variation. No epileptiform activity is present. One clinical event was induced with hyperventilation and photic stimulation. The clinical features of this event are described in the technical summary above. There was no epileptiform activity associated with this event. This finding is consistent with a non-epileptic pseudoseizure.

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Echocardiographic Examination Report. Angina and coronary artery disease. Mild biatrial enlargement, normal thickening of the left ventricle with mildly dilated ventricle and EF of 40%, mild mitral regurgitation, diastolic dysfunction grade 2, mild pulmonary hypertension.

Radiology

Echocardiogram - 3

REASON FOR EXAM:,1. Angina.,2. Coronary artery disease.,INTERPRETATION: ,This is a technically acceptable study.,DIMENSIONS: ,Anterior septal wall 1.2, posterior wall 1.2, left ventricular end diastolic 6.0, end systolic 4.7. The left atrium is 3.9.,FINDINGS: , Left atrium was mildly to moderately dilated. No masses or thrombi were seen. The left ventricle was mildly dilated with mainly global hypokinesis, more prominent in the inferior septum and inferoposterior wall. The EF was moderately reduced with estimated EF of 40% with near normal thickening. The right atrium was mildly dilated. The right ventricle was normal in size.,Mitral valve showed to be structurally normal with no prolapse or vegetation. There was mild mitral regurgitation on color flow interrogation. The mitral inflow pattern was consistent with pseudonormalization or grade 2 diastolic dysfunction. The aortic valve appeared to be structurally normal. Normal peak velocity. No significant AI. Pulmonic valve showed mild PI. Tricuspid valve showed mild tricuspid regurgitation. Based on which, the right ventricular systolic pressure was estimated to be mildly elevated at 40 to 45 mmHg. Anterior septum appeared to be intact. No pericardial effusion was seen.,CONCLUSION:,1. Mild biatrial enlargement.,2. Normal thickening of the left ventricle with mildly dilated ventricle and EF of 40%.,3. Mild mitral regurgitation.,4. Diastolic dysfunction grade 2.,5. Mild pulmonary hypertension.

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Abnormal electronystagmogram demonstrating prominent nystagmus on position testing in the head hanging right position.

Radiology

Electronystagmogram

PROCEDURE: ,This tracing was obtained utilizing silver chloride biopotential electrodes placed at the medial and lateral canthi at both eyes and on the superior and inferior orbital margins of the left eye along a vertical line drawn through the middle of the pupil in the neutral forward gaze. Simultaneous recordings were made in both eyes in the horizontal direction and the left eye in the vertical directions. Caloric irrigations were performed using a closed loop irrigation system at 30 degrees and 44 degrees C into either ear.,FINDINGS: , Gaze testing did not reveal any evidence of nystagmus. Saccadic movements did not reveal any evidence of dysmetria or overshoot. Sinusoidal tracking was performed well for the patient's age. Optokinetic nystagmus testing was performed poorly due to the patient's difficulty in following the commands. Therefore adequate OKNs were not achieved. The Dix-Hallpike maneuver in the head handing left position resulted in moderate intensity left beating nystagmus, which was converted to a right beating nystagmus when she sat up again. The patient complained of severe dizziness in this position. There was no clear-cut decremental response with repetition. In the head hanging left position, no significant nystagmus was identified. Positional testing in the supine, head hanging, head right, head left, right lateral decubitus, and left lateral decubitus positions did not reveal any evidence of nystagmus.,Caloric stimulation revealed a calculated unilateral weakness of 7.0% on the right (normal <20%) and left beating directional preponderance of 6.0% (normal <20-30%).,IMPRESSION: , Abnormal electronystagmogram demonstrating prominent nystagmus on position testing in the head hanging right position. No other significant nystagmus was noted. There was no evidence of clear-cut caloric stimulation abnormality. This study would be most consistent with a right vestibular dysfunction.

radiology, silver chloride biopotential electrodes, inferior orbital margins, lateral canthi, vestibular dysfunction, prominent nystagmus, head hanging, electronystagmogram, eyes, nystagmus,

History of numbness in both big toes and up the lateral aspect of both calves. She dose complain of longstanding low back pain, but no pain that radiates from her back into her legs. She has had no associated weakness.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study

HISTORY:, The patient is a 52-year-old female with a past medical history of diet-controlled diabetes, diffuse arthritis, plantar fasciitis, and muscle cramps who presents with a few-month history of numbness in both big toes and up the lateral aspect of both calves. Symptoms worsened considerable about a month ago. This normally occurs after being on her feet for any length of time. She was started on amitriptyline and this has significantly improved her symptoms. She is almost asymptomatic at present. She dose complain of longstanding low back pain, but no pain that radiates from her back into her legs. She has had no associated weakness.,On brief examination, straight leg raising is normal. The patient is obese. There is mild decreased vibration and light touch in distal lower extremities. Strength is full and symmetric. Deep tendon reflexes at the knees are 2+ and symmetric and absent at the ankles.,NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES: , Bilateral sural sensory responses are absent. Bilateral superficial sensory responses are present, but mildly reduced. The right radial sensory response is normal. The right common peroneal and tibial motor responses are normal. Bilateral H-reflexes are absent.,NEEDLE EMG:, Needle EMG was performed on the right leg and lumbosacral paraspinal muscles and the left tibialis posterior using a concentric disposable needle. It revealed increased insertional activity in the right tibialis posterior muscle with signs of mild chronic denervation in bilateral peroneus longus muscles and the right tibialis posterior muscle. Lumbar paraspinals were attempted, but were too painful to get a good assessment.,IMPRESSION: ,This electrical study is abnormal. It reveals the following:,1. A very mild, purely sensory length-dependent peripheral neuropathy.,2. Mild bilateral L5 nerve root irritation. There is no evidence of active radiculopathy.,Based on the patient's history and exam, her new symptoms are consistent with mild bilateral L5 radiculopathies. Symptoms have almost completely resolved over the last month since starting Elavil. I would recommend MRI of the lumbosacral spine if symptoms return. With respect to the mild neuropathy, this is probably related to her mild glucose intolerance/early diabetes. However, I would recommend a workup for other causes to include the following: Fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, ESR, RPR, TSH, B12, serum protein electrophoresis and Lyme titer.

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Echocardiographic examination. Borderline left ventricular hypertrophy with normal ejection fraction at 60%, mitral annular calcification with structurally normal mitral valve, no intracavitary thrombi is seen, interatrial septum was somewhat difficult to assess, but appeared to be intact on the views obtained.

Radiology

Echocardiography

REASON FOR EXAM:, CVA.,INDICATIONS: , CVA.,This is technically acceptable. There is some limitation related to body habitus.,DIMENSIONS: ,The interventricular septum 1.2, posterior wall 10.9, left ventricular end-diastolic 5.5, and end-systolic 4.5, the left atrium 3.9.,FINDINGS: , The left atrium was mildly dilated. No masses or thrombi were seen. The left ventricle showed borderline left ventricular hypertrophy with normal wall motion and wall thickening, EF of 60%. The right atrium and right ventricle are normal in size.,Mitral valve showed mitral annular calcification in the posterior aspect of the valve. The valve itself was structurally normal. No vegetations seen. No significant MR. Mitral inflow pattern was consistent with diastolic dysfunction grade 1. The aortic valve showed minimal thickening with good exposure and coaptation. Peak velocity is normal. No AI.,Pulmonic and tricuspid valves were both structurally normal.,Interatrial septum was appeared to be intact in the views obtained. A bubble study was not performed.,No pericardial effusion was seen. Aortic arch was not assessed.,CONCLUSIONS:,1. Borderline left ventricular hypertrophy with normal ejection fraction at 60%.,2. Mitral annular calcification with structurally normal mitral valve.,3. No intracavitary thrombi is seen.,4. Interatrial septum was somewhat difficult to assess, but appeared to be intact on the views obtained.

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The patient with longstanding bilateral arm pain, which is predominantly in the medial aspect of arms and hands, as well as left hand numbness, worse at night and after doing repetitive work with left hand.

Radiology

EMG/Nerve Conduction Study - 1

HISTORY: , The patient is a 52-year-old right-handed female with longstanding bilateral arm pain, which is predominantly in the medial aspect of her arms and hands as well as left hand numbness, worse at night and after doing repetitive work with her left hand. She denies any weakness. No significant neck pain, change in bowel or bladder symptoms, change in gait, or similar symptoms in the past. She is on Lyrica for the pain, which has been somewhat successful.,Examination reveals positive Phalen's test on the left. Remainder of her neurological examination is normal.,NERVE CONDUCTION STUDIES: ,The left median motor distal latency is prolonged with normal evoked response amplitude and conduction velocity. The left median sensory distal latency is prolonged with an attenuated evoked response amplitude. The right median sensory distal latency is mildly prolonged with a mildly attenuated evoked response amplitude. The right median motor distal latency and evoked response amplitude is normal. Left ulnar motor and sensory and left radial sensory responses are normal. Left median F-wave is normal.,NEEDLE EMG:, Needle EMG was performed on the left arm, right first dorsal interosseous muscle, and bilateral cervical paraspinal muscles. It revealed spontaneous activity in the left abductor pollicis brevis muscle. There is increased insertional activity in the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. Both interosseous muscles showed signs of reinnervation. Left extensor digitorum communis muscle showed evidence of reduced recruitment. Cervical paraspinal muscles were normal.,IMPRESSION: , This electrical study is abnormal. It reveals the following: A left median neuropathy at the wrist consistent with carpal tunnel syndrome. Electrical abnormalities are moderate-to-mild bilateral C8 radiculopathies. This may be an incidental finding.,I have recommended MRI of the spine without contrast and report will be sent to Dr. XYZ. She will follow up with Dr. XYZ with respect to treatment of the above conditions.

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Echocardiogram was performed including 2-D and M-mode imaging.

Radiology

Echocardiogram - 1

EXAM:, Echocardiogram.,INTERPRETATION: , Echocardiogram was performed including 2-D and M-mode imaging, Doppler analysis continuous wave and pulse echo outflow velocity mapping was all seen in M-mode. Cardiac chamber dimensions, left atrial enlargement 4.4 cm. Left ventricle, right ventricle, and right atrium are grossly normal. LV wall thickness and wall motion appeared normal. LV ejection fraction is estimated at 65%. Aortic root and cardiac valves appeared normal. No evidence of pericardial effusion. No evidence of intracardiac mass or thrombus. Doppler analysis outflow velocity through the aortic valve normal, inflow velocities through the mitral valve are normal. There is mild tricuspid regurgitation. Calculated pulmonary systolic pressure 42 mmHg.,ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSES:,1. LV Ejection fraction, estimated at 65%.,2. Mild left atrial enlargement.,3. Mild tricuspid regurgitation.,4. Mildly elevated pulmonary systolic pressure.

radiology, lv ejection fraction, ejection fraction, tricuspid regurgitation, systolic pressure, valves, atrial, echocardiogram,

Possible cerebrovascular accident. The EEG was obtained using 21 electrodes placed in scalp-to-scalp and scalp-to-vertex montages.

Radiology

EEG

DIAGNOSIS:, Possible cerebrovascular accident.,DESCRIPTION: , The EEG was obtained using 21 electrodes placed in scalp-to-scalp and scalp-to-vertex montages. The background activity appears to consist of fairly organized somewhat pleomorphic low to occasional medium amplitude of 7-8 cycle per second activity and was seen mostly posteriorly bilaterally symmetrically. A large amount of movement artifacts and electromyographic effects were noted intermixed throughout the recording session. Transient periods of drowsiness occurred naturally producing irregular 5-7 cycle per second activity mostly over the anterior regions. Hyperventilation was not performed. No epileptiform activity or any definite lateralizing findings were seen.,IMPRESSION: , Mildly abnormal study. The findings are suggestive of a generalized cerebral disorder. Due to the abundant amount of movement artifacts, any lateralizing findings, if any cannot be well appreciated. Clinical correlation is recommended.

radiology, scalp-to-scalp, scalp-to-vertex, montages, electrodes, amplitude, epileptiform activity, cerebrovascular accident, eegNOTE

Echocardiogram with color flow and conventional Doppler interrogation.

Radiology

Echocardiogram

REASON FOR EXAMINATION: , Cardiac arrhythmia.,INTERPRETATION: , No significant pericardial effusion was identified.,The aortic root dimensions are within normal limits. The four cardiac chambers dimensions are within normal limits. No discrete regional wall motion abnormalities are identified. The left ventricular systolic function is preserved with an estimated ejection fraction of 60%. The left ventricular wall thickness is within normal limits.,The aortic valve is trileaflet with adequate excursion of the leaflets. The mitral valve and tricuspid valve motion is unremarkable. The pulmonic valve is not well visualized.,Color flow and conventional Doppler interrogation of cardiac valvular structures revealed mild mitral regurgitation and mild tricuspid regurgitation with an RV systolic pressure calculated to be 28 mmHg. Doppler interrogation of the mitral in-flow pattern is within normal limits for age.,IMPRESSION:,1. Preserved left ventricular systolic function.,2. Mild mitral regurgitation.,3. Mild tricuspid regurgitation.

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Echocardiogram for aortic stenosis. Transthoracic echocardiogram was performed of adequate technical quality. Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle with normal function. Doppler study as above, most pronounced being moderate aortic stenosis, valve area of 1.1 sq. cm

Radiology

Echocardiogram - 2

EXAM:, Echocardiogram.,INDICATION: , Aortic stenosis.,INTERPRETATION: , Transthoracic echocardiogram was performed of adequate technical quality. Left ventricle reveals concentric hypertrophy with normal size and dimensions and normal function. Ejection fraction is 60% without any obvious wall motion abnormality. Left atrium and right side chambers are of normal size and dimensions. Aortic root has normal diameter.,Mitral and tricuspid valves are structurally normal except for minimal annular calcification. Valvular leaflet excursion is adequate. Aortic valve reveals annular calcification. Fibrocalcific valve leaflets with decreased excursion. Atrial and ventricular septum are intact. Pericardium is intact without any effusion. No obvious intracardiac mass or thrombi noted.,Doppler reveals mild mitral regurgitation, mild-to-moderate tricuspid regurgitation. Estimated pulmonary pressure of 48. Systolic consistent with mild-to-moderate pulmonary hypertension. Peak velocity across the aortic valve is 3.0 with a peak gradient of 37, mean gradient of 19, valve area calculated at 1.1 sq. cm consistent with moderate aortic stenosis.,IN SUMMARY:,1. Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle with normal function.,2. Doppler study as above, most pronounced being moderate aortic stenosis, valve area of 1.1 sq. cm.

radiology, moderate aortic stenosis, annular calcification, concentric hypertrophy, aortic stenosis, echocardiogram, stenosis, valve, aortic,

Duplex ultrasound of legs

Radiology

Duplex Ultrasound - Legs

DUPLEX ULTRASOUND OF LEGS,RIGHT LEG:, Duplex imaging was carried out according to normal protocol with a 7.5 Mhz imaging probe using B-mode ultrasound. Deep veins were imaged at the level of the common femoral and popliteal veins. All deep veins demonstrated compressibility without evidence of intraluminal thrombus or increased echogenicity.,The long saphenous system displayed compressibility without evidence of thrombosis. The long saphenous vein measured * cm at the proximal thigh with reflux of * seconds after release of distal compression and * cm at the knee with reflux of * seconds after release of distal compression. The small saphenous system measured * cm at the proximal calf with reflux of * seconds after release of distal compression.,LEFT LEG:, Duplex imaging was carried out according to normal protocol with a 7.5 Mhz imaging probe using B-mode ultrasound. Deep veins were imaged at the level of the common femoral and popliteal veins. All deep veins demonstrated compressibility without evidence of intraluminal thrombus or increased echogenicity.,The long saphenous system displayed compressibility without evidence of thrombosis. The long saphenous vein measured * cm at the proximal thigh with reflux of * seconds after release of distal compression and * cm at the knee with reflux of * seconds after release of distal compression. The small saphenous system measured * cm at the proximal calf with reflux of * seconds after release of distal compression.

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Dobutamine Stress Echocardiogram. Chest discomfort, evaluation for coronary artery disease. Maximal dobutamine stress echocardiogram test achieving more than 85% of age-predicted heart rate. Negative EKG criteria for ischemia.

Radiology

Dobutamine Stress Test - 1

DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAM,REASON FOR EXAM: , Chest discomfort, evaluation for coronary artery disease.,PROCEDURE IN DETAIL: , The patient was brought to the cardiac center. Cardiac images at rest were obtained in the parasternal long and short axis, apical four and apical two views followed by starting with a dobutamine drip in the usual fashion at 10 mcg/kg per minute for low dose, increased every 2 to 3 minutes by 10 mcg/kg per minute. The patient maximized at 30 mcg/kg per minute. Images were obtained at that level after adding 0.7 mg of atropine to reach maximal heart rate of 145. Maximal images were obtained in the same windows of parasternal long and short axis, apical four and apical two windows.,Wall motion assessed at all levels as well as at recovery.,The patient got nauseated, had some mild shortness of breath. No angina during the procedure and the maximal amount of dobutamine was 30 mcg/kg per minute.,The resting heart rate was 78 with the resting blood pressure 186/98. Heart rate reduced by the vasodilator effects of dobutamine to 130/80. Maximal heart rate achieved was 145, which is 85% of age-predicted heart rate.,The EKG at rest showed sinus rhythm with no ST-T wave depression suggestive of ischemia or injury. Incomplete right bundle-branch block was seen. The maximal stress test EKG showed sinus tachycardia. There was subtle upsloping ST depression in III and aVF, which is a normal response to the tachycardia with dobutamine, but no significant depression suggestive of ischemia and no ST elevation seen.,No ventricular tachycardia or ventricular ectopy seen during the test. The heart rate recovered in a normal fashion after using metoprolol 5 mg.,The heart images were somewhat suboptimal to evaluate because of obesity and some problems with the short axis windows mainly at peak exercise.,The EF at rest appeared to be normal at 55 to 60 with normal wall motion including anterior, anteroseptal, inferior, lateral, and septal walls at low dose. All walls mentioned were augmented in a normal fashion. At maximum dose, all walls were augmented on all views except for the short axis was foreshortened, was uncertain about the anterolateral wall at peak exercise; however, of the other views, the lateral wall was showing normal thickening and normal augmentation. EF improved to about 70%.,The wall motion score was unchanged.,IMPRESSION:,1. Maximal dobutamine stress echocardiogram test achieving more than 85% of age-predicted heart rate.,2. Negative EKG criteria for ischemia.,3. Normal augmentation at low and maximum stress test with some uncertainty about the anterolateral wall in peak exercise only on the short axis view. This is considered the negative dobutamine stress echocardiogram test, medical management.

radiology, chest discomfort, coronary artery disease, predicted heart rate, dobutamine stress echocardiogram, anterolateral wall, echocardiogram test, wall motion, stress echocardiogram, short axis, dobutamine stress, heart rate, dobutamine, stress, ekg, echocardiogram, artery, ischemia, heart

Diagnostic cerebral angiogram and transcatheter infusion of papaverine

Radiology

Diagnostic Cerebral Angiogram

EXAM:,1. Diagnostic cerebral angiogram.,2. Transcatheter infusion of papaverine.,ANESTHESIA: , General anesthesia,FLUORO TIME: , 19.5 minutes,CONTRAST:, Visipaque-270, 100 mL,INDICATIONS FOR PROCEDURE: , The patient is a 13-year-old boy who had clipping for a left ICA bifurcation aneurysm. He was referred for a routine postop check angiogram. He is doing fine clinically. All questions were answered, risks explained, informed consent taken and patient was brought to angio suite.,TECHNIQUE: , After informed consent was taken patient was brought to angio suite, both groin sites were prepped and draped in sterile manner. Patient was placed under general anesthesia for entire duration of the procedure. Groin access was obtained with a stiff micropuncture wire and a 4-French sheath was placed in the right common femoral artery and connected to a continuous heparinized saline flush. A 4-French angled Glide catheter was then taken up into the descending thoracic aorta was double flushed and connected to a continuous heparinized saline flush. The catheter was then taken up into the aortic arch and both common and internal carotid arteries were selectively catheterized followed by digital subtraction imaging in multiple projections. The images showed spasm of the left internal carotid artery and the left A1, it was thought planned to infused papaverine into the ICA and the left A1. After that the diagnostic catheter was taken up into the distal internal carotid artery. SL-10 microcatheter was then prepped and was taken up with the support of Transcend platinum micro guide wire. The microcatheter was then taken up into the internal carotid artery under biplane roadmapping and was taken up into the distal internal carotid artery and was pointed towards the A1. 60 mg of papaverine was then slowly infused into the internal carotid artery and the anterior cerebral artery. Post-papaverine infusion images showed increased caliber of the internal carotid artery as well as the left A1. The catheter was then removed from the patient, pressure was held for 10 minutes leading to hemostasis. Patient was then transferred back to the ICU in the Children's Hospital where he was extubated without any deficits.,INTERPRETATION OF IMAGES:,1. LEFT COMMON/INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY INJECTIONS: The left internal carotid artery is of normal caliber. In the intracranial projection there is moderate spasm of the left internal carotid artery and moderately severe spasm of the left A1. There is poor filling of the A2 through left internal carotid artery injection. There is opacification of the ophthalmic and the posterior communicating artery MCA along with the distal branches are filling normally. Capillary filling and venous drainage in MCA distribution is normal and it is very slow in the ACA distribution,2. RIGHT INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY INJECTION: The right internal carotid artery is of normal caliber. There is opacification of the right ophthalmic and the posterior communicating artery. The right ACA A1 is supplying bilateral A2 and there is no spasm of the distal anterior cerebral artery. Right MCA along with the distal branches are filling normally. Capillary filling and venous drainage are normal.,3. POST-PAPAVERINE INJECTION: The post-papaverine injection shows increased caliber of the internal carotid artery as well as the anterior cerebral artery. Of note the previously clipped internal carotid ICA bifurcation aneurysm is well clipped and there is no residual neck or filling of the dome of the aneurysm.,IMPRESSION:,1. Well clipped left ICA bifurcation aneurysm.,2. Moderately severe spasm of the internal carotid artery and left A1. 60 milligrams of papaverine infused leading to increased flow in the aforementioned vessels.

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Diagnostic Mammogram and ultrasound of the breast.

Radiology

Diagnostic Mammogram

EXAM: , Bilateral diagnostic mammogram and right breast ultrasound.,History of palpable abnormality at 10 o'clock in the right breast. Family history of a sister with breast cancer at age 43.,TECHNIQUE: , CC and MLO views of both breasts were obtained. Spot compression views of the palpable area were also obtained. Right breast ultrasound was performed. Comparison is made with mm/dd/yy.,FINDINGS: , The breast parenchymal pattern is stable with heterogeneous scattered areas of fibroglandular tissue. No new mass or architectural distortion is evident. Asymmetric density in the upper outer posterior left breast and a nodule in the upper outer right breast are unchanged. There is no suspicious cluster of microcalcifications.,Directed ultrasonography of the upper outer quadrant of the right breast revealed no cystic or hypoechoic solid mass.,IMPRESSION:,1. Stable mammographic appearance from mm/dd/yy.,2. No sonographic evidence of a mass at 10 o'clock in the right breast to correspond to the palpable abnormality. The need for further assessment of a palpable abnormality should be determined clinically.,BIRADS Classification 2 - Benign

radiology, diagnostic mammogram, diagnostic, mammogram, ultrasound, palpable

CT Brain - unshunted hydrocephalus, Dandy-Walker Malformation.

Radiology

Dandy-Walker Malformation

CC:, Seizure D/O,HX:, 29 y/o male with cerebral palsy, non-shunted hydrocephalus, spastic quadriplegia, mental retardation, bilateral sensory neural hearing loss, severe neurogenic scoliosis and multiple contractures of the 4 extremities, neurogenic bowel and bladder incontinence, and a history of seizures.,He was seen for evaluation of seizures which first began at age 27 years, two years before presentation. His typical episodes consist of facial twitching (side not specified), unresponsive pupils, and moaning. The episodes last approximately 1-2 minutes in duration and are followed by post-ictal fatigue. He was placed on DPH, but there was no record of an EEG prior to presentation. He had had no seizure events in over 1 year prior to presentation while on DPH 100mg--O--200mg. He also complained of headaches for the past 10 years.,BIRTH HX:, Spontaneous Vaginal delivery at 36weeks gestation to a G2P1 mother. Birth weight 7#10oz. No instrumentation required. Labor = 11hours. "Light gas anesthesia" given. Apgars unknown. Mother reportedly had the "flu" in the 7th or 8th month of gestation.,Patient discharged 5 days post-partum.,Development: spoke first words between 1 and 2 years of age. Rolled side to side at age 2, but did not walk. Fed self with hands at age 2 years. Never toilet trained.,PMH: ,1)Hydrocephalus manifested by macrocephaly by age 2-3 months. Head circumference 50.5cm at 4 months of age (wide sutures and bulging fontanels). Underwent ventriculogram, age 4 months, which illustrated massive enlargement of the lateral ventricles and normal sized aqueduct and 4th ventricle. The cortex of the cerebral hemisphere was less than 1cm. in thickness; especially in the occipital regions where only a thin rim of tissue was left. Neurosurgical intervention was not attempted and the patient deemed inoperable at the time. By 31 months of age the patients head circumference was 68cm, at which point the head size arrested. Other problems mentioned above.,SHX: ,institutionalized at age 18 years.,FHX: ,unremarkable.,EXAM:, Vitals unknown.,MS: awake with occasional use of intelligible but inappropriately used words.,CN: Rightward beating nystagmus increase on leftward gaze. Right gaze preference. Corneal responses were intact bilaterally. Fundoscopic exam not noted.,Motor: spastic quadriparesis. moves RUE more than other extremities.,Sensory: withdrew to PP in 4 extremities.,Coord: ND,Station: ND,Gait: ND, wheel chair bound.,Reflexes: RUE 2+, LUE 3+, RLE 4+ with sustained cross adductor clonus in the right quadriceps. LLE 3+.,Other: Macrocephaly (measurement not given). Scoliosis. Rest of general exam unremarkable except for numerous abdominal scars.,COURSE:, EEG 8/26/92: Abnormal with diffuse slowing and depressed background (left worse than right) and poorly formed background activity at 5-7hz. Right posterior sharp transients, and rhythmic delta-theta bursts from the right temporal region. The findings are consistent with diffuse cerebral dysfunction and underlying seizure tendency of multifocal origin.

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CT of abdomen with and without contrast. CT-guided needle placement biopsy.

Radiology

CT-Guided Needle Placement Biopsy

EXAM: , CT of abdomen with and without contrast. CT-guided needle placement biopsy.,HISTORY: , Left renal mass.,TECHNIQUE: , Pre and postcontrast enhanced images were acquired through the kidneys.,FINDINGS: , Comparison made to the prior MRI. There is re-demonstration of multiple bilateral cystic renal lesions. Several of these demonstrate high attenuation in the precontrast phase of the exam suggesting that they are hemorrhagic cysts. There was however one cyst seen in the lower pole of the left kidney, which demonstrated apparent enhancement from 30 to 70 Hounsfield units post contrast administration. This measured approximately 1.4 x 1.3 cm to the exophytic half of the lower pole. No other enhancing renal masses were seen. The visualized liver, spleen, pancreas, and adrenal glands were unremarkable. There are changes of cholecystectomy. Mild prominence of the common bile duct is likely secondary to cholecystectomy. There is no abdominal lymphadenopathy, masses, fluid collection, or ascites.,Lung bases are clear. No acute bony pathology was noted.,IMPRESSION: , Solitary apparently enhancing left renal mass in the lower pole as described. Renal cell carcinoma cannot be excluded.,CT-GUIDED NEEDLE BIOPSY, LEFT KIDNEY MASS: , Following discussion of risks, benefits, and alternatives, the patient wished to proceed with CT-guided biopsy of left renal lesion. The patient was placed in the decubitus position. The region overlying the left renal mass of note was marked. Area was prepped and draped in usual sterile fashion. Local anesthesia was achieved with approximately 8 mL of 1% lidocaine with bicarbonate. The Versed and fentanyl were given to achieve conscious sedation. Utilizing an 18 x 15 gauge coaxial system, 3 core biopsies were obtained through the mass in question, and sent to pathology for analysis. Following procedure, scans through the region demonstrate a small subcutaneous hematoma in the region of the superficial anesthesia. No perinephric fluid/hematoma was identified. The patient tolerated the procedure without immediate complications.,IMPRESSION: , Three core biopsies through the region of the left renal tumor as described.

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CT-guided needle placement, CT-guided biopsy of right renal mass, and embolization of biopsy tract with gelfoam.

Radiology

CT-Guided Biopsy - Kidney

REASON FOR EXAM: This 60-year-old female who was found to have a solid indeterminate mass involving the inferior pole of the right kidney was referred for percutaneous biopsy under CT guidance at the request of Dr. X.,PROCEDURE: The procedure risks and possible complications including, but not limited to severe hemorrhage which could result in emergent surgery, were explained to the patient. The patient understood. All questions were answered, and informed consent was obtained. With the patient in the prone position, noncontrasted CT localization images were obtained through the kidney. Conscious sedation was utilized with the patient being monitored. The patient was administered divided dose of Versed and fentanyl intravenously.,Following sterile preparation and local anesthesia to the posterior aspect of the right flank, an 18-gauge co-axial Temno-type needle was directed into the inferior pole right renal mass from the posterior oblique approach. Two biopsy specimens were obtained and placed in 10% formalin solution. CT documented needle placement. Following the biopsy, there was active bleeding through the stylet, as well as a small hematoma about the inferior aspect of the right kidney posteriorly. I placed several torpedo pledgets of Gelfoam through the co-axial sheath into the site of bleeding. The bleeding stopped. The co-axial sheath was then removed. Bandage was applied. Hemostasis was obtained. The patient was placed in the supine position. Postbiopsy CT images were then obtained. The patient's hematoma appeared stable. The patient was without complaints of pain or discomfort. The patient was then sent to her room with plans of observing for approximately 4 hours and then to be discharged, as stable. The patient was instructed to remain at bedrest for the remaining portions of the day at home and patient is to followup with Dr. Fieldstone for the results and follow-up care.,FINDINGS: Initial noncontrasted CT localization images reveals the presence of an approximately 2.1 cm cortical mass involving the posterior aspect of the inferior pole of the right kidney. Images obtained during the biopsy reveals the cutting portion of the biopsy needle to extend through the mass. Images obtained following the biopsy reveals the development of a small hematoma posterior to the right kidney in its inferior pole adjacent to the mass. There are small droplets of air within the hematoma. No hydronephrosis is identified.,CONCLUSION:,1. Percutaneous biopsy of inferior pole right renal mass under computed tomography guidance with specimen sent to laboratory in 10% formalin solution.,2. Development of a small hematoma adjacent to the inferior pole of the right kidney with active bleeding through the biopsy needle stopped by tract embolization with Gelfoam pledgets.

radiology, embolization, ct localization, gelfoam pledgets, ct guided needle placement, ct guided biopsy, needle placement, renal mass, ct guided, inferior pole, ct, biopsy, hematoma, kidney, mass,

Modified Barium swallow (Deglutition Study) for Dysphagia with possible aspiration.

Radiology

Deglutition Study - Modified Barium swallow

EXAM: , Modified barium swallow.,SYMPTOM:, Dysphagia with possible aspiration.,FINDINGS:, A cookie deglutition study was performed. The patient was examined in the direct lateral position.,Patient was challenged with thin liquids, thick liquid, semisolids and solids.,Persistently demonstrable is the presence of penetration with thin liquids. This is not evident with thick liquids, semisolids or solids.,There is weakness in the oral phase of deglutition. Subglottic region appears normal. There is no evidence of aspiration demonstrated.,IMPRESSION: , Penetration demonstrated with thin liquids with weakness of the oral phase of deglutition.

radiology, aspiration, deglutition study, thin liquids, thick liquid, semisolids, solids, modified barium swallow, barium swallow, dysphagia, deglutition,

Dobutamine stress test for chest pain, as the patient was unable to walk on a treadmill, and allergic to adenosine. Nondiagnostic dobutamine stress test. Normal nuclear myocardial perfusion scan.

Radiology

Dobutamine Stress Test

EXAM: , Dobutamine Stress Test.,INDICATION: , Chest pain.,TYPE OF TEST: , Dobutamine stress test, as the patient was unable to walk on a treadmill, and allergic to adenosine.,INTERPRETATION: , Resting heart rate of 66 and blood pressure of 88/45. EKG, normal sinus rhythm. Post dobutamine increment dose, his peak heart rate achieved was 125, which is 87% of the target heart rate. Blood pressure 120/42. EKG remained the same. No symptoms were noted.,IMPRESSION:,1. Nondiagnostic dobutamine stress test.,2. Nuclear interpretation as below.,NUCLEAR INTERPRETATION: , Resting and stress images were obtained with 10.8, 30.2 mCi of tetrofosmin injected intravenously by standard protocol. Nuclear myocardial perfusion scan demonstrates homogeneous and uniform distribution of the tracer uptake without any evidence of reversible or fixed defect. Gated and SPECT revealed normal wall motion and ejection fraction of 75%. End-diastolic volume was 57 and end-systolic volume of 12.,IMPRESSION:,1. Normal nuclear myocardial perfusion scan.,2. Ejection fraction of 75% by gated SPECT.

radiology, nuclear myocardial perfusion scan, dobutamine stress test, ejection fraction, myocardial perfusion, perfusion scan, dobutamine stress, stress test, myocardial, perfusion, nuclear, dobutamine, stress,

Brain CT with contrast - Abnormal Gyriform enhancing lesion (stroke) in the left parietal region, not seen on non-contrast HCTs.

Radiology

CT Scan of Brain with Contrast

CC:, Confusion.,HX: , A 71 y/o RHM ,with a history of two strokes ( one in 11/90 and one in 11/91), had been in a stable state of health until 12/31/92 when he became confused, and displayed left-sided weakness and difficulty speaking. The symptoms resolved within hours and recurred the following day. He was then evaluated locally and HCT revealed an old right parietal stroke. Carotid duplex scan revealed a "high grade stenosis" of the RICA. Cerebral Angiogram revealed 90%RICA and 50%LICA stenosis. He was then transferred to UIHC Vascular Surgery for carotid endarterectomy. His confusion persisted and he was evaluated by Neurology on 1/8/93 and transferred to Neurology on 1/11/93.,PMH:, 1)cholecystectomy. 2)inguinal herniorrhaphies, bilaterally. 3)ETOH abuse: 3-10 beers/day. 4)Right parietal stroke 10/87 with residual left hemiparesis (Leg worse than arm). 5) 2nd stoke in distant past of unspecified type.,MEDS:, None on admission.,FHX:, Alzheimer's disease and stroke on paternal side of family.,SHX:, 50+pack-yr cigarette use.,ROS:, no weight loss. poor appetite/selective eater.,EXAM:, BP137/70 HR81 RR13 O2Sat 95% Afebrile.,MS: Oriented to city and month, but did not know date or hospital. Naming and verbal comprehension were intact. He could tell which direction Iowa City and Des Moines were from Clinton and remembered 2-3 objects in two minutes, but both with assistance only. Incorrectly spelled "world" backward, as "dlow.",CN: unremarkable except neglects left visual field to double simultaneous stimulation.,Motor: Deltoids 4+/4-, biceps 5-/4, triceps 5/4+, grip 4+/4+, HF4+/4-, HE 4+/4+, Hamstrings 5-/5-, AE 5-/5-, AF 5-/5-.,Sensory: intact PP/LT/Vib.,Coord: dysdiadochokinesis on RAM, bilaterally.,Station: dyssynergic RUE on FNF movement.,Gait: ND,Reflexes: 2+/2+ throughout BUE and at patellae. Absent at ankles. Right plantar was flexor; and Left plantar was equivocal.,COURSE:, CBC revealed normal Hgb, Hct, Plt and WBC, but Mean corpuscular volume was large at 103FL (normal 82-98). Urinalysis revealed 20+WBC. GS, TSH, FT4, VDRL, ANA and RF were unremarkable. He was treated for a UTI with amoxacillin. Vitamin B12 level was reduced at 139pg/ml (normal 232-1137). Schillings test was inconclusive dure to inability to complete a 24-hour urine collection. He was placed on empiric Vitamin B12 1000mcg IM qd x 7 days; then qMonth. He was also placed on Thiamine 100mg qd, Folate 1mg qd, and ASA 325mg qd. His ESR and CRP were elevated on admission, but fell as his UTI was treated.,EEG showed diffuse slowing and focal slowing in the theta-delta range in the right temporal area. HCT with contrast on 1/19/93 revealed a gyriform enhancing lesion in the left parietal lobe consistent with a new infarct; and an old right parietal hypodensity (infarct). His confusion was ascribed to the UTI in the face of old and new strokes and Vitamin B12 deficiency. He was lost to follow-up and did not undergo carotid endarterectomy.

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Noncontrast CT abdomen and pelvis per renal stone protocol.

Radiology

CT Stone Protocol

EXAM: , CT stone protocol.,REASON FOR EXAM:, History of stones, rule out stones.,TECHNIQUE: , Noncontrast CT abdomen and pelvis per renal stone protocol.,FINDINGS: , Correlation is made with a prior examination dated 01/20/09.,Again identified are small intrarenal stones bilaterally. These are unchanged. There is no hydronephrosis or significant ureteral dilatation. There is no stone along the expected course of the ureters or within the bladder. There is a calcification in the low left pelvis not in line with ureter, this finding is stable and is compatible with a phlebolith. There is no asymmetric renal enlargement or perinephric stranding.,The appendix is normal. There is no evidence of a pericolonic inflammatory process or small bowel obstruction.,Scans through the pelvis disclose no free fluid or adenopathy.,Lung bases aside from very mild dependent atelectasis appear clear.,Given the lack of contrast, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and the pancreas are grossly unremarkable. The gallbladder is present. There is no abdominal free fluid or pathologic adenopathy.,IMPRESSION:,1. Bilateral intrarenal stones, no obstruction.,2. Normal appendix.

radiology, noncontrast ct, abdomen and pelvis, renal stone protocol, renal stone, intrarenal stones, stone protocol, ureteral, adenopathy, renal, ct, protocol, pelvis, intrarenal, stone, abdomen, noncontrast,

CT Scan of brain without contrast.

Radiology

CT Scan of Brain w/o Contrast

REASON FOR EXAMINATION: Face asleep.,COMPARISON EXAMINATION: None.,TECHNIQUE: Multiple axial images were obtained of the brain. 5 mm sections were acquired. 2.5-mm sections were acquired without injection of intravenous contrast. Reformatted sagittal and coronal images were obtained.,DISCUSSION: No acute intracranial abnormalities appreciated. No evidence for hydrocephalus, midline shift, space occupying lesions or abnormal fluid collections. No cortical based abnormalities appreciated. The sinuses are clear. No acute bony abnormalities identified.,Preliminary report given to emergency room at conclusion of exam by Dr. Xyz.,IMPRESSION: No acute intracranial abnormalities appreciated.,

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CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast to evaluate abdominal pan.

Radiology

CT Scan of Abdomen & Pelvis with Contrast

EXAM: , CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis with contrast.,REASON FOR EXAM: , Abdominal pain.,COMPARISON EXAM: , None.,TECHNIQUE: , Multiple axial images of the abdomen and pelvis were obtained. 5-mm slices were acquired after injection of 125 cc of Omnipaque IV. In addition, oral ReadiCAT was given. Reformatted sagittal and coronal images were obtained.,DISCUSSION:, There are numerous subcentimeter nodules seen within the lung bases. The largest measures up to 6 mm. No hiatal hernia is identified. Consider chest CT for further evaluation of the pulmonary nodules. The liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, adrenal glands, and kidneys are within normal limits. No dilated loops of bowel. There are punctate foci of air seen within the nondependent portions of the peritoneal cavity as well as the anterior subcutaneous fat. In addition, there is soft tissue stranding seen of the lower pelvis. In addition, the uterus is not identified. Correlate with history of recent surgery. There is no free fluid or lymphadenopathy seen within the abdomen or pelvis. The bladder is within normal limits for technique.,No acute bony abnormalities appreciated. No suspicious osteoblastic or osteolytic lesions.,IMPRESSION:,1. Postoperative changes seen within the pelvis without appreciable evidence for free fluid.,2. Numerous subcentimeter nodules seen within the lung bases. Consider chest CT for further characterization.

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CT of chest with contrast. Abnormal chest x-ray demonstrating a region of consolidation versus mass in the right upper lobe.

Radiology

CT of Chest with Contrast

EXAM: , CT chest with contrast.,HISTORY: , Abnormal chest x-ray, which demonstrated a region of consolidation versus mass in the right upper lobe.,TECHNIQUE: ,Post contrast-enhanced spiral images were obtained through the chest.,FINDINGS: ,There are several, discrete, patchy air-space opacities in the right upper lobe, which have the appearance most compatible with infiltrates. The remainder of the lung parenchyma is clear. There is no pneumothorax or effusion. The heart size and pulmonary vessels appear unremarkable. There was no axillary, hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy.,Images of the upper abdomen are unremarkable.,Osseous windows are without acute pathology.,IMPRESSION: , Several discrete patchy air-space opacities in the right upper lobe, compatible with pneumonia.

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CT of the facial bones without contrast due to hit in nose.

Radiology

CT of Facial Wones w/o Contrast

EXAM:, CT of the facial bones without contrast.,REASON FOR EXAM:, Hit in nose.,COMPARISON EXAM: , Plain films of the same date.,TECHNIQUE: , Multidetector helicoaxial images were acquired in the axial plane and were reconstructed in bone and soft tissue algorithms for viewing in multiplanar format.,FINDINGS: , There is a fracture of the frontal process of the maxilla on both sides with displacement with angulation to the right and very minimal displacement of the distal fragments. In addition, there is slight comminution of the right nasal bone without displacement. The bony portion of the nasal septum is intact, although it is bowed to the left. Soft tissue swelling is seen overlying the left side of the nose. There is no nasoseptal hematoma. Moderate mucosal thickening is seen in both maxillary sinuses. The right maxillary sinus is hypoplastic. Moderate mucosal thickening is seen in the left ethmoid sinus and marked mucosal thickening in the left sphenoid sinus. The right sphenoid sinus is hypoplastic. No abnormality of the orbits is seen. The imaged portions of the brain are unremarkable.,IMPRESSION:,1. Bilateral fractures of the frontal process of the maxilla and with displacement to the right.,2. The findings were reported to Dr. Xyz of the emergency room on 04/30/07 at 1715 hours.

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CT of Lumbar Spine without Contrast. Patient with history of back pain after a fall.

Radiology

CT of Lumbar Spine w/o Contrast

EXAM: , Lumbar spine CT without contrast.,HISTORY: , Back pain after a fall.,TECHNIQUE:, Noncontrast axial images were acquired through the lumbar spine. Coronal and sagittal reconstruction views were also obtained.,FINDINGS: , There is no evidence for acute fracture or subluxation. There is no spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. The central canal and neuroforamen are grossly patent at all levels. There are no abnormal paraspinal masses. There is no wedge/compression deformity. There is intervertebral disk space narrowing to a mild degree at L2-3 and L4-5.,Soft tissue windows demonstrate atherosclerotic calcification of the abdominal aorta, which is not dilated. There was incompletely visualized probable simple left renal cyst, exophytic at the lower pole.,IMPRESSION:,1. No evidence for acute fracture or subluxation.,2. Mild degenerative changes.,3. Probable left simple renal cyst.,

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CT maxillofacial for trauma. CT examination of the maxillofacial bones was performed without contrast. Coronal reconstructions were obtained for better anatomical localization.

Radiology

CT Maxillofacial

EXAM: ,CT maxillofacial for trauma.,FINDINGS: , CT examination of the maxillofacial bones was performed without contrast. Coronal reconstructions were obtained for better anatomical localization.,There is normal appearance to the orbital rims. The ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal sinuses are clear. There is polypoid mucosal thickening involving the floor of the maxillary sinuses bilaterally. There is soft tissue or fluid opacification of the ostiomeatal complexes bilaterally. The nasal bones appear intact. The zygomatic arches are intact. The temporomandibular joints are intact and demonstrate no dislocations or significant degenerative changes. The mandible and maxilla are intact. There is soft tissue swelling seen involving the right cheek.,IMPRESSION:,1. Mucosal thickening versus mucous retention cyst involving the maxillary sinuses bilaterally. There is also soft tissue or fluid opacification of the ostiomeatal complexes bilaterally.,2. Mild soft tissue swelling about the right cheek.

radiology, ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal sinuses, mandible, maxilla, ct examination, maxillofacial bones, mucosal thickening, maxillary sinuses, ct, maxillofacial

CT REPORT - Soft Tissue Neck

Radiology

CT Neck - 2

FINDINGS:,There is a well demarcated mass lesion of the deep lobe of the left parotid gland measuring approximately 2.4 X 3.9 X 3.0cm (AP X transverse X craniocaudal) in size. The lesion is well demarcated. There is a solid peripheral rim with a mean attenuation coefficient of 56.3. There is a central cystic appearing area with a mean attenuation coefficient of 28.1 HU, suggesting an area of central necrosis. There is the suggestion of mild peripheral rim enhancement. This large lesion within the deep lobe of the parotid gland abuts and effaces the facial nerve. Primary consideration is of a benign mixed tumor (pleomorphic adenoma), however, other solid mass lesions cannot be excluded, for which histologic evaluation would be necessary for definitive diagnosis. The right parotid gland is normal.,There is mild enlargement of the left jugulodigastric node, measuring 1.1cm in size, with normal morphology (image #33/68). There is mild enlargement of the right jugulodigastric node, measuring 1.2cm in size, with normal morphology (image #38/68).,There are demonstrated bilateral deep lateral cervical nodes at the midlevel, measuring 0.6cm on the right side and 0.9cm on the left side (image #29/68). There is a second midlevel deep lateral cervical node demonstrated on the left side (image #20/68), measuring 0.7cm in size. There are small bilateral low level nodes involving the deep lateral cervical nodal chain (image #15/68) measuring 0.5cm in size.,There is no demonstrated nodal enlargement of the spinal accessory or pretracheal nodal chains.,The right parotid gland is normal and there is no right parotid gland mass lesion.,Normal bilateral submandibular glands.,Normal parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal and perivertebral spaces.,Normal carotid spaces.,IMPRESSION:,Large, well demarcated mass lesion of the deep lobe of the left parotid gland, with probable involvement of the left facial nerve. See above for size, morphology and pattern enhancement. Primary consideration is of a benign mixed tumor (pleomorphic adenoma), however, other solid mass lesions cannot be excluded, for which histologic evaluation is necessary for specificity.,Multiple visualized nodes of the bilateral deep lateral cervical nodal chain, within normal size and morphology, most compatible with mild hyperplasia.

radiology, cervical nodal, mass lesion, deep lobe, deep lateral, lateral cervical, parotid gland, cervical, lesion, gland, parotid, deep

CT REPORT - Soft Tissue Neck

Radiology

CT Neck - 1

FINDINGS:,There is a lobulated mass lesion of the epiglottis measuring approximately 22 x 16 x 30 mm (mediolateral x AP x craniocaudal) in size. There is slightly greater involvement on the right side however there is bilateral involvement of the aryepiglottic folds. There is marked enlargement of the bilateral aryepiglottic folds (left greater than right). There is thickening of the glossoepiglottic fold. There is an infiltrative mass like lesion extending into the pre-epiglottic space.,There is no demonstrated effacement of the piriform sinuses. The mass obliterates the right vallecula. The paraglottic spaces are normal. The true and false cords appear normal. Normal thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages.,There is lobulated thickening of the right side of the tongue base, for which invasion of the tongue cannot be excluded. A MRI examination would be of benefit for further evaluation of this finding.,There is a 14 x 5 x 12 mm node involving the left submental region (Level I).,There is borderline enlargement of the bilateral jugulodigastric nodes (Level II). The left jugulodigastric node,measures 14 x 11 x 8 mm while the right jugulodigastric node measures 15 x 12 x 8 mm.,There is an enlarged second left high deep cervical node measuring 19 x 14 x 15 mm also consistent with a left Level II node, with a probable necrotic center.,There is an enlarged second right high deep cervical node measuring 12 x 10 x 10 mm but no demonstrated central necrosis.,There is an enlarged left mid level deep cervical node measuring 9 x 16 x 6 mm, located inferior to the hyoid bone but cephalad to the cricoid consistent with a Level III node.,There are two enlarged matted nodes involving the right mid level deep cervical chain consistent with a right Level III nodal disease, producing a conglomerate nodal mass measuring approximately 26 x 12 x 10 mm.,There is a left low level deep cervical node lying along the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage measuring approximately 18 x 11 x 14 mm consistent with left Level IV nodal disease.,There is no demonstrated pretracheal, prelaryngeal or superior mediastinal nodes. There is no demonstrated retropharyngeal adenopathy.,There is thickening of the adenoidal pad without a mass lesion of the nasopharynx. The torus tubarius and fossa of Rosenmuller appear normal.,IMPRESSION:,Epiglottic mass lesion with probable invasion of the glossoepiglottic fold and pre-epiglottic space with invasion of the bilateral aryepiglottic folds.,Lobulated tongue base for which tongue invasion cannot be excluded. An MRI may be of benefit for further assessment of this finding.,Borderline enlargement of a submental node suggesting Level I adenopathy.,Bilateral deep cervical nodal disease involving bilateral Level II, Level III and left Level IV.

radiology, deep cervical node, epiglottic mass, epiglottic space, aryepiglottic folds, jugulodigastric nodes, level deep, cervical node, deep cervical, node, jugulodigastric, aryepiglottic, deep, cervical

This is a middle-aged female with two month history of low back pain and leg pain.

Radiology

CT Lumbar Spine - 2

FINDINGS:,Axial scans were performed from L1 to S2 and reformatted images were obtained in the sagittal and coronal planes.,Preliminary scout film demonstrates anterior end plate spondylosis at T11-12 and T12-L1.,L1-2: There is normal disc height, anterior end plate spondylosis, very minimal vacuum change with no posterior annular disc bulging or protrusion. Normal central canal, intervertebral neural foramina and facet joints (image #4).,L2-3: There is mild decreased disc height, anterior end plate spondylosis, circumferential disc protrusion measuring 4.6mm (AP) and right extraforaminal osteophyte disc complex. There is mild non-compressive right neural foraminal narrowing, minimal facet arthrosis, normal central canal and left neural foramen (image #13).,L3-4: There is normal disc height, anterior end plate spondylosis, and circumferential non-compressive annular disc bulging. The disc bulging flattens the ventral thecal sac and there is minimal non-compressive right neural foraminal narrowing, minimal to mild facet arthrosis with vacuum change on the right, normal central canal and left neural foramen (image #25).,L4-5:

radiology, anterior end plate spondylosis, compressive right neural foraminal, compressive annular disc bulging, anterior end plate, annular disc bulging, normal central canal, plate spondylosis, central canal, vacuum change, disc bulging, neural foraminal, facet arthrosis, anterior, spondylosis, neural, lumbar, disc, bulging, foraminal, arthrosis, facet

Common CT Neck template.

Radiology

CT Neck

TECHNIQUE: , Sequential axial CT images were obtained from the base of the brain to the thoracic inlet following the uneventful administration of 100 CC Optiray 320 intravenous contrast.,FINDINGS:, Scans through the base of the brain are unremarkable. The oropharynx and nasopharynx are within normal limits. The airway is patent. The epiglottis and epiglottic folds are normal. The thyroid, submandibular, and parotid glands enhance homogenously. The vascular and osseous structures in the neck are intact. There is no lymphadenopathy. The visualized lung apices are clear.,IMPRESSION: ,No acute abnormalities.

radiology, sequential axial ct images, optiray, parotid glands, epiglottic folds, epiglottis, base of the brain, ct neckNOTE

Motor vehicle collision. CT head without contrast, CT facial bones without contrast, and CT cervical spine without contrast.

Radiology

CT Head, Facial Bones, Cervical Spine - 1

CT HEAD WITHOUT CONTRAST, CT FACIAL BONES WITHOUT CONTRAST, AND CT CERVICAL SPINE WITHOUT CONTRAST,REASON FOR EXAM: , Motor vehicle collision.,CT HEAD,TECHNIQUE: , Noncontrast axial CT images of the head were obtained without contrast.,FINDINGS: , There is no acute intracranial hemorrhage, mass effect, midline shift, or extra-axial fluid collection. The ventricles and cortical sulci are normal in shape and configuration. The gray/white matter junctions are well preserved. No calvarial fracture is seen.,IMPRESSION: ,Negative for acute intracranial disease.,CT FACIAL BONES WITHOUT CONTRAST,TECHNIQUE: ,Noncontrast axial CT images of the facial bones were obtained with coronal reconstructions.,FINDINGS:, There is no facial bone fracture. The maxilla and mandible are intact. The visualized paranasal sinuses are clear. The temporomandibular joints are intact. The nasal bone is intact. The orbits are intact. The extra-ocular muscles and orbital nerves are normal. The orbital globes are normal.,IMPRESSION: , No evidence for a facial bone fracture.,CT CERVICAL SPINE WITHOUT CONTRAST,TECHNIQUE: , Noncontrast axial CT images of the cervical spine were obtained with sagittal and coronal reconstructions.,FINDINGS: , There is a normal lordosis of the cervical spine, no fracture or subluxation is seen. The vertebral body heights are normal. The intervertebral disk spaces are well preserved. The atlanto-dens interval is normal. No abnormal anterior cervical soft tissue swelling is seen. There is no spinal compression deformity.,IMPRESSION: , Negative for a facial bone fracture.

radiology, intracranial disease, motor vehicle collision, orbital nerves, extra-ocular muscles, cervical spine, ct cervical spine, ct facial bones, ct head, axial ct images, facial bone fracture, facial bones, ct, noncontrast, intracranial, axial, spine, fracture, cervical, contrast, facial, bones,

CT head without contrast, CT facial bones without contrast, and CT cervical spine without contrast.

Radiology

CT Head, Facial Bones, Cervical Spine

EXAM: , CT head without contrast, CT facial bones without contrast, and CT cervical spine without contrast.,REASON FOR EXAM:, A 68-year-old status post fall with multifocal pain.,COMPARISONS: , None.,TECHNIQUE: , Sequential axial CT images were obtained from the vertex to the thoracic inlet without contrast. Additional high-resolution sagittal and/or coronal reconstructed images were obtained through the facial bones and cervical spine for better visualization of the osseous structures.,INTERPRETATIONS:,HEAD:,There is mild generalized atrophy. Scattered patchy foci of decreased attenuation is seen in the subcortical and periventricular white matter consistent with chronic small vessel ischemic changes. There are subtle areas of increased attenuation seen within the frontal lobes bilaterally. Given the patient's clinical presentation, these likely represent small hemorrhagic contusions. Other differential considerations include cortical calcifications, which are less likely. The brain parenchyma is otherwise normal in attenuation without evidence of mass, midline shift, hydrocephalus, extra-axial fluid, or acute infarction. The visualized paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells are clear. The bony calvarium and skull base are unremarkable.,FACIAL BONES:,The osseous structures about the face are grossly intact without acute fracture or dislocation. The orbits and extra-ocular muscles are within normal limits. There is diffuse mucosal thickening in the ethmoid and right maxillary sinuses. The remaining visualized paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells are clear. Diffuse soft tissue swelling is noted about the right orbit and right facial bones without underlying fracture.,CERVICAL SPINE:,There is mild generalized osteopenia. There are diffuse multilevel degenerative changes identified extending from C4-C7 with disk space narrowing, sclerosis, and marginal osteophyte formation. The remaining cervical vertebral body heights are maintained without acute fracture, dislocation, or spondylolisthesis. The central canal is grossly patent. The pedicles and posterior elements appear intact with multifocal facet degenerative changes. There is no prevertebral or paravertebral soft tissue masses identified. The atlanto-dens interval and dens are maintained.,IMPRESSION:,1.Subtle areas of increased attenuation identified within the frontal lobes bilaterally suggesting small hemorrhagic contusions. There is no associated shift or mass effect at this time. Less likely, this finding could be secondary to cortical calcifications. The patient may benefit from a repeat CT scan of the head or MRI for additional evaluation if clinically indicated.,2.Atrophy and chronic small vessel ischemic changes in the brain.,3.Ethmoid and right maxillary sinus congestion and diffuse soft tissue swelling over the right side of the face without underlying fracture.,4.Osteopenia and multilevel degenerative changes in the cervical spine as described above.,5.Findings were discussed with Dr. X from the emergency department at the time of interpretation.

radiology, sagittal, coronal, soft tissue swelling, paranasal sinuses, mastoid air, acute fracture, maxillary sinuses, tissue swelling, underlying fracture, multilevel degenerative, ct head, soft tissue, facial bones, cervical spine, ct, facial, bones, spine, cervical

The patient is a 79-year-old man with adult hydrocephalus who was found to have large bilateral effusions on a CT scan. The patient's subdural effusions are still noticeable, but they are improving.

Radiology

CT Head - 2

REASON FOR CT SCAN: , The patient is a 79-year-old man with adult hydrocephalus who was found to have large bilateral effusions on a CT scan performed on January 16, 2008. I changed the shunt setting from 1.5 to 2.0 on February 12, 2008 and his family obtained this repeat CT scan to determine whether his subdural effusions were improving.,CT scan from 03/11/2008 demonstrates frontal horn span at the level of foramen of Munro of 2.6 cm. The 3rd ventricular contour which is flat with a 3rd ventricular span of 10 mm. There is a single shunt, which enters on the right occipital side and ends in the left lateral ventricle. He has symmetric bilateral subdurals that are less than 1 cm in breadth each, which is a reduction from the report from January 16, 2008, which states that he had a subdural hygroma, maximum size 1.3 cm on the right and 1.1 cm on the left.,ASSESSMENT: , The patient's subdural effusions are still noticeable, but they are improving at the setting of 2.0.,PLAN: , I would like to see the patient with a new head CT in about three months, at which time we can decide whether 2.0 is the appropriate setting for him to remain at or whether we can consider changing the shunt setting.

radiology, ct scan, subdural, adult hydrocephalus, bilateral effusions, shunt setting, subdural effusions, hydrocephalus, ventricular, scan, ct,

Left arm and hand numbness. CT head without contrast. Noncontrast axial CT images of the head were obtained with 5 mm slice thickness.

Radiology

CT Head - 3

REASON FOR EXAM: ,Left arm and hand numbness.,TECHNIQUE: , Noncontrast axial CT images of the head were obtained with 5 mm slice thickness.,FINDINGS: ,There is an approximately 5-mm shift of the midline towards the right side. Significant low attenuation is seen throughout the white matter of the right frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. There is loss of the cortical sulci on the right side. These findings are compatible with edema. Within the right parietal lobe, a 1.8 cm, rounded, hyperintense mass is seen.,No hydrocephalus is evident.,The calvarium is intact. The visualized paranasal sinuses are clear.,IMPRESSION: ,A 5 mm midline shift to the left side secondary to severe edema of the white matter of the right frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. A 1.8 cm high attenuation mass in the right parietal lobe is concerning for hemorrhage given its high density. A postcontrast MRI is required for further characterization of this mass. Gradient echo imaging should be obtained.

radiology, numbness, head, ct images, frontal, parietal, temporal, axial ct images, parietal and temporal, ct head, slice thickness, white matter, frontal parietal, temporal lobes, parietal lobe, edema, intact, noncontrast, mass, ct, lobes, arm,

Noncontrast CT scan of the lumbar spine. Left lower extremity muscle spasm. Transaxial thin slice CT images of the lumbar spine were obtained with sagittal and coronal reconstructions on emergency basis, as requested.

Radiology

CT Lumbar Spine

EXAM:, Noncontrast CT scan of the lumbar spine,REASON FOR EXAM: , Left lower extremity muscle spasm.,COMPARISONS: , None.,FINDINGS: , Transaxial thin slice CT images of the lumbar spine were obtained with sagittal and coronal reconstructions on emergency basis, as requested.,No abnormal paraspinal masses are identified.,There are sclerotic changes with anterior effusion of the sacroiliac joints bilaterally.,There is marked intervertebral disk space narrowing at the L5-S1 level with intervertebral disk vacuum phenomenon and advanced endplate degenerative changes. Posterior disk osteophyte complex is present, most marked in the left paracentral to lateral region extending into the lateral recess on the left. This most likely will affect the S1 nerve root on the left. There are posterior hypertrophic changes extending into the neural foramina bilaterally inferiorly. There is mild neural foraminal stenosis present. Small amount of extruded disk vacuum phenomenon is present on the left in the region of the exiting nerve root. There is facet sclerosis bilaterally. Mild lateral recess stenosis just on the right, there is prominent anterior spondylosis.,At the L4-5 level, mild bilateral facet arthrosis is present. There is broad based posterior annular disk bulging or protrusion, which mildly effaces the anterior aspect of the thecal sac and extends into the inferior aspect of the neural foramina bilaterally. No moderate or high-grade central canal or neural foraminal stenosis is identified.,At the L3-4 level anterior spondylosis is present. There are endplate degenerative changes with mild posterior annular disk bulging, but no evidence of moderate or high-grade central canal or neural foraminal stenosis.,At the L2-3 level, there is mild bilateral ligamentum flavum hypertrophy. Mild posterior annular disk bulging is present without evidence of moderate or high-grade central canal or neural foraminal stenosis.,At the T12-L1 and L1-2 levels, there is no evidence of herniated disk protrusion, central canal, or neural foraminal stenosis.,There is arteriosclerotic vascular calcification of the abdominal aorta and iliac arteries without evidence of aneurysm or dilatation. No bony destructive changes or acute fractures are identified.,CONCLUSIONS:,1. Advanced degenerative disk disease at the L5-S1 level.,2. Probable chronic asymmetric herniated disk protrusion with peripheral calcification at the L5-S1 level, laterally in the left paracentral region extending into the lateral recess causing lateral recess stenosis.,3. Mild bilateral neural foraminal stenosis at the L5-S1 level.,4. Posterior disk bulging at the L2-3, L3-4, and L4-5 levels without evidence of moderate or high-grade central canal stenosis.,5. Facet arthrosis to the lower lumbar spine.,6. Arteriosclerotic vascular disease.

radiology, noncontrast ct scan, lower extremity muscle spasm, neural foraminal stenosis, lumbar spine, spine, disk, lumbar, ct, intervertebral, canal, foraminal, noncontrast, stenosis,

This is a middle-aged female with low back pain radiating down the left leg and foot for one and a half years.

Radiology

CT Lumbar Spine - 1

FINDINGS:,High resolution computerized tomography was performed from T12-L1 to the S1 level with reformatted images in the sagittal and coronal planes and 3D reconstructions performed. COMPARISON: Previous MRI examination 10/13/2004.,There is minimal curvature of the lumbar spine convex to the left.,T12-L1, L1-2, L2-3: There is normal disc height with no posterior annular disc bulging or protrusion. Normal central canal, intervertebral neural foramina and facet joints.,L3-4: There is normal disc height and non-compressive circumferential annular disc bulging eccentrically greater to the left. Normal central canal and facet joints (image #255).,L4-5: There is normal disc height, circumferential annular disc bulging, left L5 hemilaminectomy and posterior central/right paramedian broad-based disc protrusion measuring 4mm (AP) contouring the rightward aspect of the thecal sac. Orthopedic hardware is noted posteriorly at the L5 level. Normal central canal, facet joints and intervertebral neural foramina (image #58).,L5-S1: There is minimal decreased disc height, postsurgical change with intervertebral disc spacer, posterior lateral orthopedic hardware with bilateral pedicle screws in good postsurgical position. The orthopedic hardware creates mild streak artifact which mildly degrades images. There is a laminectomy defect, spondylolisthesis with 3.5mm of anterolisthesis of L5, posterior annular disc bulging greatest in the left foraminal region lying adjacent to the exiting left L5 nerve root. There is fusion of the facet joints, normal central canal and right neural foramen (image #69-70, 135).,There is no bony destructive change noted.,There is no perivertebral soft tissue abnormality.,There is minimal to mild arteriosclerotic vascular calcifications noted in the abdominal aorta and right proximal common iliac artery.,IMPRESSION:,Minimal curvature of the lumbar spine convex to the left.,L3-4 posterior non-compressive annular disc bulging eccentrically greater to the left.,L4-5 circumferential annular disc bulging, non-compressive central/right paramedian disc protrusion, left L5 laminectomy.,L5-S1 postsurgical change with posterolateral orthopedic fusion hardware in good postsurgical position, intervertebral disc spacer, spondylolisthesis, laminectomy defect, posterior annular disc bulging greatest in the left foraminal region adjacent to the exiting left L5 nerve root with questionable neural impingement.,Minimal to mild arteriosclerotic vascular calcifications.

radiology, posterior annular disc, circumferential annular disc, normal central canal, annular disc bulging, lumbar spine, posterior annular, facet joints, annular disc, disc bulging, tomography, disc, lumbar, orthopedic, postsurgical, spine, annular, bulging,

Common CT Head template.

Radiology

CT Head

TECHNIQUE: , Sequential axial CT images were obtained from the vertex to the skull base without contrast.,FINDINGS: , There is mild generalized atrophy. Scattered patchy foci of decreased attenuation are seen within the sub cortical and periventricular white matter compatible with chronic small vessel ischemic changes. The brain parenchyma is otherwise normal in attenuation with no evidence of mass, hemorrhage, midline shift, hydrocephalus, extra-axial fluid, or acute infarction. The visualized paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells are clear. The bony calvarium and skull base are within normal limits. ,IMPRESSION: , No acute abnormalities.

radiology, decreased attenuation, skull base, sequential axial ct images, bony calvarium, extra-axial fluid, ct head, attenuationNOTE

Common CT Facial template.

Radiology

CT Facial

TECHNIQUE: , Sequential axial CT images were obtained through the facial bones without contrast. Additional high resolution coronal reconstructed images were also obtained for better visualization of the osseous structures.,FINDINGS:, The osseous structures within the face are intact with no evidence of fracture or dislocation. The visualized paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells are clear. The orbits and extra-ocular muscles are within normal limits. The soft tissues are unremarkable. ,IMPRESSION: , No acute abnormalities.

radiology, sequential axial ct image, ct facial, osseous structuresNOTE

Noncontrast CT abdomen and pelvis per renal stone protocol.

Radiology

CT KUB

EXAM: ,CT KUB.,REASON FOR EXAM: , Flank pain.,TECHNIQUE:, Noncontrast CT abdomen and pelvis per renal stone protocol.,Correlation is made with the prior examination dated 01/16/09.,FINDINGS: , There is no intrarenal stone or obstruction bilaterally. There is no hydronephrosis, ureteral dilatation. There are calcifications about the pelvis including one in the left upper pelvis, but these are stable from the prior study and there is no upstream ureteral dilatation, the findings therefore are favored to represent phleboliths. The bladder is nearly completely decompressed. There is no asymmetric renal enlargement or perinephric stranding as secondary evidence of obstruction.,The appendix is normal. There is no evidence for a pericolonic inflammatory process or small bowel obstruction.,Dedicated scan to the pelvis disclosed the aforementioned presumed phleboliths. There is no pelvic free fluid or adenopathy.,Lung bases appear clear. Given the lack of contrast, liver, spleen, adrenal glands, and the pancreas appear grossly unremarkable. The gallbladder has been resected. There is no abdominal free fluid or pathologic adenopathy.,IMPRESSION:,1. No renal stone or evidence of obstruction. Stable appearing pelvic calcifications likely indicate phleboliths.,2. Normal appendix.

radiology, pericolonic inflammatory process, phleboliths, renal stone protocol, ct kub, ct abdomen, ureteral dilatation, free fluid, renal stone, noncontrast, kub, adenopathy, abdomen, ct, renal, stone, obstruction, pelvis

CT cervical spine for trauma. CT examination of the cervical spine was performed without contrast. Coronal and sagittal reformats were obtained for better anatomical localization.

Radiology

CT C-Spine - 2

EXAM:, CT cervical spine (C-spine) for trauma.,FINDINGS:, CT examination of the cervical spine was performed without contrast. Coronal and sagittal reformats were obtained for better anatomical localization. Cervical vertebral body height, alignment and interspacing are maintained. There is no evidence of fractures or destructive osseous lesions. There are no significant degenerative endplate or facet changes. No significant osseous central canal or foraminal narrowing is present.,IMPRESSION: , Negative cervical spine.

radiology, c-spine, anatomical, degenerative endplate, ct examination, cervical spine, coronal, ct, spine, cervicalNOTE

Noncontrast CT head due to seizure disorder.

Radiology

CT Head - 1

EXAM:, CT head.,REASON FOR EXAM:, Seizure disorder.,TECHNIQUE:, Noncontrast CT head.,FINDINGS: , There is no evidence of an acute intracranial hemorrhage or infarction. There is no midline shift, intracranial mass, or mass effect. There is no extra-axial fluid collection or hydrocephalus. Visualized portions of the paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells appear clear aside from mild right frontal sinus mucosal thickening.,IMPRESSION:, No acute process in the brain.

radiology, mass effect, extra-axial fluid, hydrocephalus, midline shift, intracranial mass, paranasal sinuses, mastoid air cells, frontal sinus, mucosal thickening, seizure disorder, ct head, seizure, sinuses, ct, head, noncontrast,

Axial images through the cervical spine with coronal and sagittal reconstructions.

Radiology

CT C-Spine - 1

EXAM: , CT cervical spine.,REASON FOR EXAM: , MVA, feeling sleepy, headache, shoulder and rib pain.,TECHNIQUE:, Axial images through the cervical spine with coronal and sagittal reconstructions.,FINDINGS:, There is reversal of the normal cervical curvature at the vertebral body heights. The intervertebral disk spaces are otherwise maintained. There is no prevertebral soft tissue swelling. The facets are aligned. The tip of the clivus and occiput appear intact. On the coronal reconstructed sequence, there is satisfactory alignment of C1 on C2, no evidence of a base of dens fracture.,The included portions of the first and second ribs are intact. There is no evidence of a posterior element fracture. Included portions of the mastoid air cells appear clear. There is no CT evidence of a moderate or high-grade stenosis.,IMPRESSION: , No acute process, cervical spine.

radiology, c-spine, axial images, sagittal reconstructions, cervical spine, sagittal, fracture, coronal, spine, axial, cervical, ct,

CT head without contrast. Assaulted, positive loss of consciousness, rule out bleed. CT examination of the head was performed without intravenous contrast administration.

Radiology

CT Head - 4

EXAM: , CT head without contrast.,INDICATIONS: , Assaulted, positive loss of consciousness, rule out bleed.,TECHNIQUE: , CT examination of the head was performed without intravenous contrast administration. There are no comparison studies.,FINDINGS: ,There are no abnormal extraaxial fluid collections. There is no midline shift or mass effect. Ventricular system demonstrates no dilatation. There is no evidence of acute intracranial hemorrhage. The calvarium is intact. There is a laceration in the left parietal region of the scalp without underlying calvarial fractures. The mastoid air cells are clear.,IMPRESSION: ,No acute intracranial process.

radiology, extraaxial fluid, intracranial hemorrhage, parietal region, scalp, loss of consciousness, ct examination, ct head, intracranial, intravenous, contrast,

Motor vehicle collision. CT head without contrast and CT cervical spine without contrast. Noncontrast axial CT images of the head were obtained.

Radiology

CT Head and C Spine

CT HEAD WITHOUT CONTRAST AND CT CERVICAL SPINE WITHOUT CONTRAST,REASON FOR EXAM: , Motor vehicle collision.,CT HEAD WITHOUT CONTRAST,TECHNIQUE:, Noncontrast axial CT images of the head were obtained.,FINDINGS: , There is no acute intracranial hemorrhage, mass effect, midline shift, or extra-axial fluid collection. The ventricles and cortical sulci are normal in shape and configuration. The gray/white matter junctions are well preserved. There is no calvarial fracture. The visualized paranasal sinuses and mastoid air cells are clear.,IMPRESSION: , Negative for acute intracranial disease.,CT CERVICAL SPINE,TECHNIQUE: ,Noncontrast axial CT images of the cervical spine were obtained. Sagittal and coronal images were obtained.,FINDINGS:, Straightening of the normal cervical lordosis is compatible with patient position versus muscle spasms. No fracture or subluxation is seen. Anterior and posterior osteophyte formation is seen at C5-C6. No abnormal anterior cervical soft tissue swelling is seen. No spinal compression is noted. The atlanto-dens interval is normal. There is a large retention cyst versus polyp within the right maxillary sinus.,IMPRESSION:,1. Straightening of the normal cervical lordosis compatible with patient positioning versus muscle spasms.,2. Degenerative disk and joint disease at C5-C6.,3. Retention cyst versus polyp of the right maxillary sinus.

radiology, muscle spasms, cervical lordosis, intracranial hemorrhage, motor vehicle collision, axial ct images, ct head, ct, anterior, cyst, polyp, maxillary, contrast, intracranial, sinuses, spine, axial, head, cervical, noncontrast

Common CT Chest template

Radiology

CT Chest

TECHNIQUE: , Sequential axial CT images were obtained from the base of the brain to the upper abdomen following the uneventful administration of 100cc Optiray 350 intravenous contrast.,FINDINGS: , The heart size is normal and there is no pericardial effusion. The aorta and great vessels are normal in caliber. The central pulmonary arteries are patent with no evidence of embolus. There is no significant mediastinal, hilar, or axillary lymphadenopathy. The trachea and mainstem bronchi are patent. The esophagus is normal in course and caliber. The lungs are clear with no infiltrates, effusions, or masses. There is no pneumothorax. Scans through the upper abdomen are unremarkable. The osseous structures in the chest are intact. ,IMPRESSION: , No acute abnormalities.

radiology, sequential axial ct images, optiray, pericardial effusion, mediastinal, hilar, axillary, lymphadenopathy, ct chest, upper abdomenNOTE

Common CT C-Spine template

Radiology

CT C-Spine

TECHNIQUE: , Sequential axial CT images were obtained through the cervical spine without contrast. Additional high resolution coronal and sagittal reconstructed images were also obtained for better visualization of the osseous structures. ,FINDINGS: , The cervical spine demonstrates normal alignment and mineralization with no evidence of fracture, dislocation, or spondylolisthesis. The vertebral body heights and disc spaces are maintained. The central canal is patent. The pedicles and posterior elements are intact. The paravertebral soft tissues are within normal limits. The atlanto-dens interval and the dens are intact. The visualized lung apices are clear.,IMPRESSION: , No acute abnormalities.

radiology, sequential axial ct images, atlanto-dens interval, dens, ct c spine, cervical spineNOTE

Stroke in distribution of recurrent artery of Huebner (left)

Radiology

CT Brain - Stroke

CC:, Falls.,HX: ,This 51y/o RHF fell four times on 1/3/93, because her "legs suddenly gave out." She subsequently noticed weakness involving the right leg, and often required the assistance of her arms to move it. During some of these episodes she appeared mildly pale and felt generally weak; her husband would give her 3 teaspoons of sugar and she would appear to improve, thought not completely. During one episode she held her RUE in an "odd fisted posture." She denied any other focal weakness, sensory change, dysarthria, diplopia, dysphagia or alteration of consciousness. She did not seek medical attention despite her weakness. Then, last night, 1/4/93, she fell again ,and because her weakness did not subsequently improve she came to UIHC for evaluation on 1/5/93.,MEDS: ,Micronase 5mg qd, HCTZ, quit ASA 6 months ago (tired of taking it).,PMH:, 1)DM type 2, dx 6 months ago. 2)HTN. 3)DJD. 4)s/p Vitrectomy and retinal traction OU for retinal detachment 7/92. 5) s/p Cholecystemomy,1968. 6) Cataract implant, OU,1992. 7) s/p C-section.,FHX: ,Grand Aunt (stroke), MG (CAD), Mother (CAD, died MI age 63), Father (with unknown CA), Sisters (HTN), No DM in relatives.,SHX: ,Married, lives with husband, 4 children alive and well. Denied tobacco/ETOH/illicit drug use.,ROS:, intermittent diarrhea for 20 years.,EXAM: ,BP164/82 HR64 RR18 36.0C,MS: A & O to person, place, time. Speech fluent and without dysarthria. Intact naming, comprehension, reading.,CN: Pupils 4.5 (irregular)/4.0 (irregular) and virtually fixed. Optic disks flat. EOM intact. VFFTC. Right lower facial weakness. The rest of the CN exam was unremarkable.,Motor: 5/5 BUE with some question of breakaway. LE: HF and HE 4+/5, KF5/5, AF and AE 5/5. Normal muscle bulk and tone.,Sensory: intact PP/VIB/PROP/LT/T/graphesthesia.,Coord: slowed FNF and HKS (worse on right).,Station: no pronator drift or Romberg sign.,Gait: Unsteady wide-based gait. Unable to heel walk on right.,Reflexes: 2/2+ throughout (Slightly more brisk on right). Plantar responses were downgoing bilaterally.,HEENT: N0 Carotid or cranial bruits.,Gen Exam: unremarkable.,COURSE:, CBC, GS (including glucose), PT/PTT, EKG, CXR on admission, 1/5/93, were unremarkable. HCT, 1/5/93, revealed a hypodensity in the left caudate consistent with ischemic change. Carotid Duplex: 0-15%RICA, 16-49%LICA; antegrade vertebral artery flow, bilaterally. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed borderline LV hypertrophy and normal LV function. No valvular abnormalities or thrombus were seen.,The patient's history and exam findings of right facial and RLE weakness with sparing of the RUE would invoke a RACA territory stroke with recurrent artery of Heubner involvement causing the facial weakness.

A 68-year-old white male with recently diagnosed adenocarcinoma by sputum cytology. An abnormal chest radiograph shows right middle lobe infiltrate and collapse. Patient needs staging CT of chest with contrast.

Radiology

CT Chest - 2

CLINICAL HISTORY: , A 68-year-old white male with recently diagnosed adenocarcinoma by sputum cytology. An abnormal chest radiograph shows right middle lobe infiltrate and collapse. Patient needs staging CT of chest with contrast. Right sided supraclavicular and lower anterior cervical adenopathy noted on physical exam.,TECHNIQUE: , Multiple transaxial images utilized in 10 mm sections were obtained through the chest. Intravenous contrast was administered.,FINDINGS: , There is a large 3 x 4 cm lymph node seen in the right supraclavicular region. There is a large right paratracheal lymph node best appreciated on image #16 which measures 3 x 2 cm. A subcarinal lymph node is enlarged also. It measures 6 x 2 cm. Multiple pulmonary nodules are seen along the posterior border of the visceral as well as parietal pleura. There is a pleural mass seen within the anterior sulcus of the right hemithorax as well as the right crus of the diaphragm. There is also a soft tissue density best appreciated on image #36 adjacent to the inferior aspect of the right lobe of the liver which most likely also represents metastatic deposit. The liver parenchyma is normal without evidence of any dominant masses. The right kidney demonstrates a solitary cyst in the mid pole of the right kidney.,IMPRESSION:,1. Greater than twenty pulmonary nodules demonstrated on the right side to include pulmonary nodules within the parietal as well as various visceral pleura with adjacent consolidation most likely representing pulmonary neoplasm.,2. Extensive mediastinal adenopathy as described above.,3. No lesion seen within the left lung at this time.,4. Supraclavicular adenopathy.

radiology, supraclavicular, cervical adenopathy, pulmonary nodules, lymph node, adenopathy, pulmonary, chest,

CT of Brain - Subacute SDH.

Radiology

CT Brain: Subdural hematoma

CC:, Progressive unsteadiness following head trauma.,HX:, A7 7 y/o male fell, as he was getting out of bed, and struck his head, 4 weeks prior to admission. He then began to experience progressive unsteadiness and gait instability for several days after the fall. He was then evaluated at a local ER and prescribed meclizine. This did not improve his symptoms, and over the past one week prior to admission began to develop left facial/LUE/LLE weakness. He was seen by a local MD on the 12/8/92 and underwent and MRI Brain scan. This showed a right subdural mass. He was then transferred to UIHC for further evaluation.,PMH:, 1)cardiac arrhythmia. 2)HTN. 3) excision of lip lesion 1 yr ago.,SHX/FHX:, Unremarkable. No h/o ETOH abuse.,MEDS:, Meclizine, Procardia XL.,EXAM:, Afebrile, BP132/74 HR72 RR16,MS: A & O x 3. Speech fluent. Comprehension, naming, repetition were intact.,CN: Left lower facial weakness only.,MOTOR: Left hemiparesis, 4+/5 throughout.,Sensory: intact PP/TEMP/LT/PROP/VIB,Coordination: ND,Station: left pronator drift.,Gait: left hemiparesis evident by decreased LUE swing and LLE drag.,Reflexes: 2/3 in UE; 2/2 LE; Right plantar downgoing; Left plantar equivocal.,Gen Exam: unremarkable.,COURSE:, Outside MRI revealed a loculated subdural hematoma extending throughout the frontotemporoparieto-occipital regions on the right. There was effacement of the right lateral ventricle. and a 0.5 cm leftward midline shift.,He underwent a HCT on admission, 12/8/92, which showed a right subdural hematoma. He then underwent emergent evacuation of this hematoma. He was discharged home 6 days after surgery.

radiology, ct brain, mri, sdh, subdural hematoma, gait instability, head trauma, hematoma, subacute, subdural, weakness, hemiparesis,

CT chest with contrast.

Radiology

CT Chest - 1

EXAM: , CT chest with contrast.,REASON FOR EXAM: , Pneumonia, chest pain, short of breath, and coughing up blood.,TECHNIQUE: , Postcontrast CT chest 100 mL of Isovue-300 contrast.,FINDINGS: , This study demonstrates a small region of coalescent infiltrates/consolidation in the anterior right upper lobe. There are linear fibrotic or atelectatic changes associated with this. Recommend followup to ensure resolution. There is left apical scarring. There is no pleural effusion or pneumothorax. There is lingular and right middle lobe mild atelectasis or fibrosis.,Examination of the mediastinal windows disclosed normal inferior thyroid. Cardiac and aortic contours are unremarkable aside from mild atherosclerosis. The heart is not enlarged. There is no pathologic adenopathy identified in the chest including the bilateral axillary and hilar regions.,Very limited assessment of the upper abdomen demonstrates no definite abnormalities.,There are mild degenerative changes in the thoracic spine.,IMPRESSION:,1.Anterior small right upper lobe infiltrate/consolidation. Recommend followup to ensure resolution given its consolidated appearance.,2.Bilateral atelectasis versus fibrosis.

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CT Brain: Subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Radiology

CT Brain - SAH

CC:, Headache,HX: ,This 16 y/o RHF was in good health, until 11:00PM, the evening of 11/27/87, when she suddenly awoke from sleep with severe headache. Her parents described her as holding her head between her hands. She had no prior history of severe headaches. 30 minutes later she felt nauseated and vomited. The vomiting continued every 30 minutes and she developed neck stiffness. At 2:00AM on 11/28/97, she got up to go to the bathroom and collapsed in her mother's arms. Her mother noted she appeared weak on the left side. Shortly after this she experienced fecal and urinary incontinence. She was taken to a local ER and transferred to UIHC.,PMH/FHX/SHX:, completely unremarkable FHx. Has boyfriend and is sexually active.,Denied drug/ETOH/Tobacco use.,MEDS:, Oral Contraceptive pill QD.,EXAM:, BP152/82 HR74 RR16 T36.9C,MS: Somnolent and difficult to keep awake. Prefer to lie on right side because of neck pain/stiffness. Answers appropriately though when questioned.,CN: No papilledema noted. Pupils 4/4 decreasing to 2/2. EOM Intact. Face: ?left facial weakness. The rest of the CN exam was unremarkable.,Motor: Upper extremities: 5/3 with left pronator drift. Lower extremities: 5/4 with LLE weakness evident throughout.,Coordination: left sided weakness evident.,Station: left pronator drift.,Gait: left hemiparesis.,Reflexes: 2/2 throughout. No clonus. Plantars were flexor bilaterally.,Gen Exam: unremarkable.,COURSE: ,The patient underwent emergent CT Brain. This revealed a perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage and contrast enhancing structures in the medial aspect of the parietotemporal region. She then underwent a 4-vessel cerebral angiogram. This study was unremarkable except for delayed transit of the contrast material through the vascular system of the brain and poor opacification of the straight sinus. This suggested straight sinus thromboses. MRI Brain was then done; this was unremarkable and did not show sign of central venous thrombosis. CBC/Blood Cx/ESR/PT/PTT/GS/CSF Cx/ANA were negative.,Lumbar puncture on 12/1/87 revealed an opening pressure of 55cmH20, RBC18550, WBC25, 18neutrophils, 7lymphocytes, Protein25mg/dl, Glucose47mg/dl, Cx negative.,The patient was assumed to have had a SAH secondary to central venous thrombosis due to oral contraceptive use. She recovered well, but returned to Neurology at age 32 for episodic blurred vision and lightheadedness. EEG was compatible with seizure tendency (right greater than left theta bursts from the mid-temporal regions), and she was recommended an anticonvulsant which she refused.

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CT Brain: Midbrain hemangioma

Radiology

CT Brain - Hemangioma

CC:, Horizontal diplopia.,HX: , This 67 y/oRHM first began experiencing horizontal binocular diplopia 25 years prior to presentation in the Neurology Clinic. The diplopia began acutely and continued intermittently for one year. During this time he was twice evaluated for myasthenia gravis (details of evaluation not known) and was told he probably did not have this disease. He received no treatment and the diplopia spontaneously resolved. He did well until one year prior to presentation when he experienced sudden onset horizontal binocular diplopia. The diplopia continues to occur daily and intermittently; and lasts for only a few minutes in duration. It resolves when he covers one eye. It is worse when looking at distant objects and objects off to either side of midline. There are no other symptoms associated with the diplopia.,PMH:, 1)4Vessel CABG and pacemaker placement, 4/84. 2)Hypercholesterolemia. 3)Bipolar Affective D/O.,FHX: ,HTN, Colon CA, and a daughter with unknown type of "dystonia.",SHX:, Denied Tobacco/ETOH/illicit drug use.,ROS:, no recent weight loss/fever/chills/night sweats/CP/SOB. He occasionally experiences bilateral lower extremity cramping (?claudication) after walking for prolonged periods.,MEDS: ,Lithium 300mg bid, Accupril 20mg bid, Cellufresh Ophthalmologic Tears, ASA 325mg qd.,EXAM:, BP216/108 HR72 RR14 Wt81.6kg T36.6C,MS: unremarkable.,CN: horizontal binocular diplopia on lateral gaze in both directions. No other CN deficits noted.,Motor: 5/5 full strength throughout with normal muscle bulk and tone.,Sensory: unremarkable.,Coord: mild "ataxia" of RAM (left > right),Station: no pronator drift or Romberg sign,Gait: unremarkable. Reflexes: 2/2 symmetric throughout. Plantars (bilateral dorsiflexion),STUDIES/COURSE:, Gen Screen: unremarkable. Brain CT revealed 1.0 x 1.5 cm area of calcific density within the medial two-thirds of the left cerebral peduncle. This shows no mass effect, but demonstrates mild contrast enhancement. There are patchy areas of low density in the periventricular white matter consistent with age related changes from microvascular disease. The midbrain findings are most suggestive of a hemangioma, though another consideration would be a low grade astrocytoma (this would likely show less enhancement). Metastatic lesions could show calcification but one would expect to see some degree of edema. The long standing clinical history suggest the former (i.e. hemangioma).,No surgical or neuroradiologic intervention was done and the patient was simply followed. He was lost to follow-up in 1993.

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