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Many applications require a navigation mechanism in order to transition from one page of the application to another. Current application navigation systems require user gestures, such as swiping or double-tapping, to be reserved for navigation between pages. Therefore, such gestures cannot be used for other purposes within the application. Furthermore, navigation mechanisms often lack an efficient method to denote which content page a user is currently viewing, while reserving a sufficient amount of space on the screen to display content. Including a page title at the top of a content page takes up screen space, which cannot be used for other purposes within the application. The headings provided herein are merely for convenience and do not necessarily affect the scope or meaning of the terms used.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a time code processing apparatus, a time code processing method, a program, and a video signal playback apparatus. In particular, the present invention relates to a technique of, when playing back a first video signal in 24 frame/s progressive format as a second video signal in 30 frame/s interlaced format, generating second time code values for the second video signal based on first time code values that are provided in the first video signal at intervals of a given number of frames. 2. Description of the Related Art Movie films and so on are commonly shot at 24 frames per second. In order to allow video taken with a video camera, instead of a film camera, to be displayed in a manner similar to that in which video recorded on a film is displayed, a video signal in 24 frame/s progressive format (hereinafter referred to as a “24p video signal”) is commonly generated. Meanwhile, in television devices, video is commonly displayed using a video signal in 30 frame/s interlaced format (hereinafter referred to as a “60i video signal”). As such, 2:3 pulldown, 2:3:3:2 pulldown, and so on are commonly performed to convert the 24p video signal to the 60i video signal. Referring to FIG. 9, in the 2:3 pulldown, two fields of 60i video signal are generated from a first frame of the 24p video signal. Three fields of 60i video signal are generated from a second frame of the 24p video signal. Two fields of 60i video signal are generated from a third frame of the 24p video signal. Three fields of 60i video signal are generated from a fourth frame of the 24p video signal. In this manner, five frames of 60i video signal are generated from four frames of 24p video signal. This process corresponds to one sequence. This sequence is repeated to convert the 24p video signal to the 60i video signal. Note that, in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10 described below, “t” and “b” in the 60i video signal represent a top field and a bottom field, respectively. Referring to FIG. 10, in the 2:3:3:2 pulldown, two fields of 60i video signal are generated from the first frame of the 24p video signal. Three fields of 60i video signal are generated from the second frame of the 24p video signal. Three fields of 60i video signal are generated from the third frame of the 24p video signal. Two fields of 60i video signal are generated from the fourth frame of the 24p video signal. This process corresponds to one sequence. This sequence is repeated to convert the 24p video signal to the 60i video signal. In the case where the 2:3:3:2 pulldown is applied, conversion of the 60i video signal to the 24p video signal is easily accomplished by, in each sequence, eliminating the third frame of the 60i video signal and recovering each two-field signal to a one-frame signal. Further, in order to facilitate edition and the like, time code values are provided so as to be associated with the video signals. When converting the 24p video signal to the 60i video signal, it is necessary to generate time code values for the 60i video signal based on time code values for the 24p video signal. As such, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-289512 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,212,733 corresponding thereto, for example, disclose a technique of converting the time code values for the 24p video signal to the time code values for the 60i video signal at the time of normal playback or varied-speed playback.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a process for whitening kaolin which permits the obtention of higher indices of whiteness and a reduction in the size of the particles of the kaolin product obtained. 2. Description of Previously Existing Technology As is widely known in the field, kaolin is the term generally used to designate a material essentially consisting of clay minerals of the kaolinite group (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.2SiO.sub.2 H.sub.2 O), i.e., a silicate of hydrated aluminum. Geologically, kaolins appear in the form of an extremely fine powder, resulting from the weathering of feldspathic rocks, the primary economically exploitable deposits of which originated in primary kaolinization in situ of rocks containing high concentrations of feldspathic minerals (primary kaolins), or arising from being borne along by river or lake freshwater currents, with subsequent settling and selection of primary kaolins associated with other minerals such as quartz or mica (secondary kaolins). Owing to their characteristics of good chemical inertness and fine particle size, in addition to their generally white color, their broad availability and low costs, kaolins are widely used industrially as fillers or coating materials for paper, ceramics, inks, rubbers, plastics and fertilizers, among other substances. One problem with kaolins, however, is the presence of iron and titanium oxides, which alter their white color--one of their most important characteristics. The content and forms in which the contaminating oxides are present vary according to the origin of the kaolin. Innumerable solutions have been previously proposed to improve kaolins, aimed at removing the contaminating iron oxide in order to whiten kaolins. Diverse whitening processes using different reagents are described, for instance, in the text "Clays and Clay Minerals--Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals," Washington, D.C., October 1988, pages 317 and 327, the text of which is included herewith as a reference. Among these well-known processes, the most widely used are leaching the kaolin with an acid solution containing sodium dithionite (Na.sub.2 S.sub.2 O.sub.4) or a mixture of sodium bisulfite and metallic zinc (NaHSO.sub.3 /Zn.sup.o). For the specific case of Brazilian kaolinitic clays, which are principally darkened by the presence of high concentrations of goethite (FeOOH), however, the use of these aforementioned reagents is not sufficient to provide the whiteness required for certain applications of kaolin. In fact, laboratory experiments have shown that leaching samples of goethite with acid solutions containing the above-mentioned reagents resulted in dissolving or eliminating from 12.5 to 18.7% of the iron contained in the sample, which is low for obtaining the higher values of whiteness. Therefore, there exists a need for a process for whitening kaolin, which, by means of dissolving greater amounts of iron in kaolin, will make it possible to obtain greater values of whiteness.

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a game of skill. More particularly, it relates to a game of skill played on a small board, wherein the board resembles the professional game of football, baseball or basketball. 2. Description of Prior Art In the prior art, games of skill are known. However, Applicant is unaware of any such game including all of the features and aspects of the present invention. The following prior art is known to Applicant: U.S. Pat. No. 1,922,904 to Warren PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 2,722,211 to Eisele PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 2,828,964 to Horton PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 3,888,485 to Conti PA1 U.S. Pat. No. 4,550,911 to Daley The present invention distinguishes from the teachings of these patents, taken alone or in combination with one another, as contemplating a novelty game of skill resembling one of many popular professional sports--namely, football, baseball and basketball--wherein a miniature field or court is provided having a goal at one end and a launching mechanism at the opposed end whereby a user launches a ball like element at the goal to score points.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a process for converting the mineral-containing residue resulting from coal liquefaction processes into hydraulic cement. 2. Brief Description of the Prior Art Processes which convert coal or other carbonaceous materials to liquid products or to low mineral content meltable solids also produce large quantities of mineral-containing residue. One particular coal conversion process employs hydro-liquefaction of coal to produce both liquid and meltable solid products. The hydro-liquefaction process also produces a mineral-containing residue comprising from about 35 to 60 percent mineral matter with the balance being substantially high molecular weight aromatic compounds and carbon. The mineral matter includes kaolinite, calcite, gypsum, pyrrhotite and the like. Presently, it is anticipated that the residue resulting from coal liquefaction processes will be employed as feed, either alone or in admixture with untreated coal, to gasifiers wherein hydrogen is produced. The hydrogen will be used in the liquefaction processes to improve the quality of the products. Generally, gasifiers are designed to handle feeds containing less than 35 percent mineral matter. When the residue from a hydro-liquefaction process containing in excess of 35 percent mineral matter is introduced into a gasifier certain problems arise. The gasifier can not be operated to produce the maximum quantities of hydrogen possible from the feed if mechanical operating problems are to be avoided. Thus, some valuable carbonaceous material is lost. The gasifier also produces a mineral ash which then must be disposed of in an ecologically acceptable manner. It would be desirable to provide a process whereby the energy value of the mineral-containing residue from coal liquefaction processes can be recovered and the mineral content of the residue can be constructively and profitably utilized.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to automotive accessories and, more particularly, to a trailer or towed vehicle hitch alignment apparatus. 2. History of the Prior Art Towed vehicles such as boat trailers, camping trailers and many other trailers or vehicles for general or specific use are common in the prior art. Towing and towed vehicles are typically coupled with a ball and socket hitch. The ball is usually mounted at the rear of the towing vehicle and the socket is mounted at the front of the towed vehicle. Precise alignment of the ball and socket is required to allow the two to be coupled. Aligning these components without assistance from an outside observer is frequently a difficult and frustrating experience. The ball and socket become blocked from the driver's view and even an experienced driver has to get out of the towing vehicle a number of times to check the relative position of the hitch components or risk a collision of the two vehicles. The closing distance of the two vehicles is more difficult to judge than the lateral, or left-right alignment. The inability of the driver to accurately judge the closing distance relative to the two vehicles often results in a collision causing damage to one or both vehicles. A number of hitch alignment guides have been devised. All of these devices have components which mount both to the towing vehicle and to the towed vehicle. U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,029 issued to Anderson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,818,599 issued to Tague and U.S. Pat. No. 4,541,183 issued to McConnell are examples of devices consisting of vertical rods connected to both vehicles. These rods must be viewed through the rear window of the towing vehicle when backing up to a towed vehicle or trailer to provide assistance to the driver. U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,432 issued to Law describes a device consisting of a vertical rod mounted to the towed vehicle and a fork-like sighting member mounted to the towing vehicle. U.S. Pat. No. 4,065,147 issued to Ross describes a guide rod mounted to the trailer that extends toward the tow vehicle and actually touches its rear window at a required pre-placed mark to indicate proper alignment. U.S. Pat. No. 4,156,972 issued to Vankrevelen describes a device which consists of two sighting rods, one connected to the towing vehicle and the other connected to the towed vehicle. These rods can be mounted in the vertical position or in the horizontal position to extend laterally past the side of the tow vehicle to allow the device to be seen if rearward visibility is blocked. U.S Pat. No. 4,627,634 issued to Coleman describes a device which consists of two sighting rods. One rod mounts to the tow vehicle and the other mounts to the towed vehicle or on the ground in a predetermined spot if rearward visibility is blocked. All of the above inventions require a mark or member to be placed on the towing vehicle or on both the towing and towed vehicles.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to switching power source apparatuses used for consumer appliances and audio equipment, and particularly, to a switching power source apparatus capable of stably operating even on input and output variations and preventing magnetostrictive noise. 2. Description of the Related Art FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating a switching power source apparatus according to a related art. This apparatus performs a pseudo resonant operation. In FIG. 1, a rectifier 1c and a smoothing capacitor 1d form a rectifying-smoothing circuit 1 that rectifies and smoothes an AC voltage from an AC power source into a DC voltage. Both ends of the smoothing capacitor 1d are connected to a series circuit that includes a primary winding P of a transformer 2 and a switching element 3 made of a MOSFET. A current detecting resistor 9 (current detector) detects a current passing through the primary winding of the transformer 2 or the switching element 3 and outputs a current detected signal to a turn-off controller 25a. Both ends of a secondary winding S of the transformer 2 are connected to a series circuit including a diode 4 and a smoothing capacitor 5. The smoothing capacitor 5A provides a DC output voltage Vout. The diode 4 and smoothing capacitor 5 form an output rectifying-smoothing circuit. A voltage detector 7 detects a voltage across the smoothing capacitor 5, i.e., the DC output voltage Vout, finds an error between the detected DC output voltage Vout and a reference voltage, and sends the error as an error signal to the turn-off controller 25a on the primary side. A controller 8 generates a drive signal that controls an ON/OFF period of the switching element 3 so as to substantially keep the DC output voltage Vout constant. The controller 8 includes a power source start/stop circuit (Reg+Start/Stop) 24, the turn-off controller 25a, a bottom detector 41, and an R-S flip-flop 23. The power source start/stop circuit 24 activates each part with a voltage from the smoothing capacitor 1d passed through a resistor 10, and after the activation, operates each part with a voltage from an auxiliary winding D rectified and smoothed through a diode 11 and a capacitor 12. The power source start/stop circuit 24 also has a function of stopping each part. The turn-off controller 25a generates an OFF signal to turn off the switching element 3 according to the error signal from the voltage detector 7 and the current detected signal from the current detecting resistor 9 and sends the OFF signal to a reset terminal R of the R-S flip-flop 23. The bottom detector 41 serves to reduce a switching loss when the switching element 3 turns on. According to a voltage generated by the auxiliary winding D of the transformer 2, the bottom detector 41 detects a bottom in an oscillation of a drain-source voltage Vds of the switching element 3, generates an ON signal to turn on the switching element 3, and sends the ON signal to a set terminal S of the R-S flip-flop 23. The switching power source apparatus of FIG. 1 that performs a pseudo resonant operation increases, in principle, a switching frequency under light load, to deteriorate efficiency. The global warming in recent years requires energy saving measures such as efficiency improvement to be taken. FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram illustrating a switching power source apparatus disclosed in International Patent Application Publication No. WO2004/023634. This apparatus carries out a bottom skip operation. Namely, as illustrated in FIG. 3, the turn-on timing of a switching element 3 is delayed under light load with the use of the ringing of a drain-source voltage Vds of the switching element 3 during an OFF period of the switching element 3, to thereby extend the OFF period, suppress an increase in a switching frequency, decrease a switching loss, and improve efficiency under light load. The switching power source apparatus of FIG. 2 consists of an externally excited flyback DC-DC converter having a controller 8. Operation of this apparatus will be explained. Under heavy to normal load, an output signal VLD of a D flip-flop 28 is high as illustrated in FIG. 3(E). In synchronization with a first fall edge of an output signal VBD (FIG. 3(D)) of a bottom detector 41, an output terminal Q of a first D flip-flop 50 of a bottom skip controller 42 outputs a single pulse of signal VDF1. As a result, in synchronization with the first fall edge of the output signal VBD of the bottom detector 41, an AND gate 52 outputs a single pulse of AND signal VAD that increases to a high level. At this time, an output terminal Q of a second D flip-flop 51 of the bottom skip controller 42 outputs a low-level signal VDF2. Accordingly, in synchronization with the first fall edge of the output signal VBD of the bottom detector 41, an OR gate 53 outputs a single pulse of OR signal VOR that increases to high to set an R-S flip-flop 23. As illustrated in FIGS. 3(D) and 3(C), in synchronization with the first fall edge of the output signal VBD of the bottom detector 41, a drive signal VG provided by the R-S flip-flop 23 to a gate terminal of the switching element 3 changes from low to high to turn on the switching element 3. At this time, a drain current ID (FIG. 3(B)) to the switching element 3 linearly increases and a voltage VOCP at a connection point between level shifting resistors 17 and 18 linearly decreases below a high reference voltage VDTH as illustrated in FIG. 3(F). When the voltage VOCP reaches the voltage level of a detection signal VFB from an output voltage detector 7, a current mode controlling comparator 20 outputs a high-level signal V2 to reset the R-S flip-flop 23. As results, the drive signal VG from the R-S flip-flop 23 to the gate terminal of the switching element 3 changes from high to low as illustrated in FIG. 3(C), to change the switching element 3 from ON to OFF. In this way, under heavy to normal load, a pseudo resonant operation is carried out to turn on the switching element 3 at the time when the transformer 2 completely discharges flyback energy and the drain-source voltage Vds of the switching element 3 reaches a minimum point (bottom point). If the load becomes lighter, the output signal VLD of the D flip-flop 28 changes from high to low as illustrated in FIG. 3(E). Then, as illustrated in FIG. 3(B), a maximum value of the drain current ID to the switching element 3 slightly becomes higher, and as illustrated in FIG. 3(F), a peak of the voltage VOCP at the connection point of the level shifting resistors 17 and 18 slightly moves downward. At this time, a voltage level changer 31 changes a reference voltage supplied to a non-inverting input terminal of a current detecting comparator 27 from the high reference voltage VDTH to a low reference voltage VDTL as illustrated in FIG. 3(F). At this time, in synchronization with a second fall edge of the output signal VBD of the bottom detector 41 illustrated in FIG. 3(D), the output terminal Q of the second D flip-flop 51 of the bottom skip controller 42 outputs a single pulse of signal VDF2. Since the AND gate 52 outputs a low-level signal VAD, the OR gate 53 outputs, in synchronization with the second fall edge of the output signal VBD of the bottom detector 41, a single pulse of OR signal VOR that increases to high to set the R-S flip-flop 23. Consequently, the drive signal VG supplied to the gate terminal of the switching element 3 from the R-S flip-flop 23 in synchronization with the second fall edge of the output signal VBD of the bottom detector 41 changes from low to high as illustrated in FIGS. 3(D) and 3(C), to turn on the switching element 3. The drain current ID to the switching element 3 linearly increases as illustrated in FIG. 3(B) and the voltage VOCP at the connection point of the level shifting resistors 17 and 18 linearly decreases. At this time, the detection signal VFB from the output voltage detector 7 is higher than the low reference voltage VDTL as illustrated in FIG. 3(F), and therefore, the voltage VOCP at the connection point of the level shifting resistors 17 and 18 does not reach the low reference voltage VDTL. When the voltage VOCP reaches the level of the detection signal VFB, the current mode controlling comparator 20 outputs a high-level signal V2 to reset the R-S flip-flop 23. As a result, the drive signal VG from the R-S flip-flop 23 to the gate terminal of the switching element 3 changes from high to low as illustrated in FIG. 3(C), to change the switching element 3 from ON to OFF. In this way, the bottom skip operation is carried out under light load, to turn on the switching element 3 at a second minimum point of the drain-source voltage Vds of the switching element 3 during an OFF period of the switching element 3. FIG. 4 illustrates an oscillation state with respect to a load ratio of the externally excited flyback DC-DC converter having the controller 8 of FIG. 2. The “load ratio” is a ratio of power consumed by load to power provided by the converter to the load. A load ratio of 50% to 100% corresponds to normal to heavy load under which the pseudo resonant operation is carried out. A load ratio of 0% to 70% corresponds to normal to light load under which the bottom skip operation is carried out. When the load ratio decreases from 100% to 50%, the pseudo resonant operation is shifted to the bottom skip operation, which is continued up to no-load state such as a standby state in which the load ratio is 0%. If the load ratio changes from 0% to 70%, the bottom skip operation is shifted to the pseudo resonant operation, which is continued up to a load ratio of 100%. Under light load, the switching power source apparatus of the related art illustrated in FIG. 2 uses the bottom skip controller 42 to turn on the switching element 3 at every second minimum point of the drain-source voltage Vds of the switching element 3. This elongates an OFF period of the switching element 3 and decreases the switching frequency of the switching element 3. Namely, the number of times of switching of the switching element 3 decreases to reduce a switching loss under light load and improve the conversion efficiency of the switching power source apparatus for a wide range of load. Under light load, flyback energy of the transformer 2 is supplied within a relatively short period after the turning-off of the switching element 3 to a load (not illustrated) from the secondary winding 2b through the output rectifying-smoothing circuit 6. This produces narrow-width voltage pulses (Vds) containing free oscillation portions between the drain and source of the switching element 3 as illustrated in FIGS. 3(A) and 4(A). Accordingly, when the load is light, the bottom skip controller 42 carries out the bottom skip operation to turn on the switching element 3 whenever the bottom detector 41 detects a second minimum point in the drain-source voltage Vds. The bottom skip operation elongates an OFF period of the switching element 3 and decreases the oscillation frequency thereof. Under heavy to normal load, flyback energy of the transformer 2 is supplied within a relatively long period after the turning-off of the switching element 3 to the load (not illustrated) from the secondary winding 2b through the rectifying-smoothing circuit 6. This generates wide-width voltage pulses (Vds) between the drain and source of the switching element 3. Accordingly, when the load is heavy to normal, the bottom skip controller 42 carries out the pseudo resonant operation to turn on the switching element 3 whenever the bottom detector 41 detects a first minimum point in the drain-source voltage Vds. The pseudo resonant operation changes the switching element 3 from OFF to ON when flyback energy of the transformer 2 is completely discharged and the drain-source voltage Vds of the switching element 3 reaches a minimum point (bottom point).

An information processing system that searches for information matching given criteria and provides the information to a user is hitherto known. For example, a preference information management system that estimates and uses preference information suitable for a user is disclosed in Patent Literature 1 listed below. The system includes a means for estimating preference information based on the current location and a category of its place when there is no preference information in a certain location, and a means for storing correspondence between absolute location data as represented by latitude and longitude and a category of its place. Further, a service information delivery device that allows a recipient of service information to easily obtain service information related to the current location is disclosed in Patent Literature 2 listed below. Upon receiving a service delivery request from a terminal of a recipient member, the device automatically acquires the current location information of the terminal, extracts service information matching the service genre desired by the member and also matching the current location information from a delivery file, and delivers the service information to the terminal. Furthermore, a destination search device for easily conducting a search for a destination even when the name or location of the destination is unknown is disclosed in Patent Literature 3 listed below. The device searches for a destination based on a database storing names, locations and genres of places which can be a destination or relevant place, a selected genre, an input name or genre of a relevant place, and a specified positional relationship. In such search systems, “Fuzzy” search or “Did you mean” search using a dictionary which defines relations of characters or words is used in some cases. This search technique may be used to estimate a correct word and runs a search when there is a typing error in search criteria. Further, it may be used to estimate another word related to a word input as search criteria and runs a search using the estimated word as well, thereby extending the range of search results. As a technique relating to a dictionary to implement such a search, a synonym computation device that creates a synonym dictionary reflecting the degree of association of at least two types is disclosed in Patent Literature 4 listed below. The device uses at least two types of degree-of-association dictionaries, and initializes a word group based on one degree-of-association dictionary and merges word groups based on the respective degree-of-association dictionaries, thereby creating a synonym group.

This description relates to techniques for collecting, processing, and presenting hybrid vehicle performance information. With the increased interest in reducing dependency on fossil fuels, the use of alternative energy sources has been incorporated into various applications such as transportation. Both public and private transportation vehicles have been developed to run on a fuel other than traditional petroleum based fuels (i.e., petrol, diesel, etc.). Some vehicles solely use alternative energy sources while others combine the functionality of petroleum based systems with alternative energy based systems (e.g., electrical, biofuel, natural gas, etc.). Along with being potentially more cost-effective and having more abundant resources, such alternative energy sources and their byproducts are considered to be more environmentally friendly.

1. Field of the Invention This application describes embodiments of apparatuses, methods, and systems for the visualization of tissues. 2. Description of the Related Art Traditional surgical procedures, both therapeutic and diagnostic, for pathologies located within the body can cause significant trauma to the intervening tissues. These procedures often require a long incision, extensive muscle stripping, prolonged retraction of tissues, denervation and devascularization of tissue. Such procedures can require operating room time of several hours followed by several weeks of post-operative recovery time due to the destruction of tissue during the surgical procedure. In some cases, these invasive procedures lead to permanent scarring and pain that can be more severe than the pain leading to the surgical intervention. The development of percutaneous procedures has yielded a major improvement in reducing recovery time and post-operative pain because minimal dissection of tissue, such as muscle tissue, is required. For example, minimally invasive surgical techniques are desirable for spinal and neurosurgical applications because of the need for access to locations within the body and the danger of damage to vital intervening tissues. While developments in minimally invasive surgery are steps in the right direction, there remains a need for further development in minimally invasive surgical instruments and methods. Treatment of internal tissue sites, such as the treatment of an orthopedic joint, often requires visualization of the target internal tissues. However, proper visualization of an internal tissue site can be expensive and time-consuming to schedule, such as when magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is required. Further, other modes of imaging can potentially damage the tissue site, leading to poor diagnosis and extended recovery time. Consequently, there is need for improved devices and methods for visualization of an internal tissue site.

Locking devices for relatively sliding parallel door panels have included conventional key operated locks as well as the use of a simple rigid bar placed between the sliding panel and the door jamb for supplemental security. The use of the bar to block the sliding movement of the sliding door panel, however, is limited, at least in its simple form, to instances where the sliding door is interiorly placed with respect to the fixed one of the two door panels. When the sliding door panel slides past the fixed door panel on the outside of the fixed panel, there is no way to place a simple blocking device which would be secure against easy removal. Several attempts have been made to provide locking bars for different types of "patio doors" such as the ones shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,608,940, 3,478,471, 3,328,920 and 3,821,884. Each of the devices disclosed in these patents is complex and requires extensive modification of the door and, in some cases such as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,608,940, the device requires the presence of a door frame with rather large dimensions and of suitable material to allow the attachment of the safety lock to the fixed door framing member. In instances where the glass door panel frame is constructed of an aluminum extrusion, for example, it would not be possible to attach a locking bar such as the ones disclosed in the aforementioned patents.

Telecommunication networks are rapidly evolving towards fully digital transmission techniques for both voice and data. One of the first digital carriers was the 24-voice channel 1.544 Mb/s T1 system, introduced in the United States in approximately 1962. Due to advantages over more costly analog systems, the T1 system became widely deployed. An individual voice channel in the T1 system is generated by band limiting a voice signal in a frequency range from about 300 to 3400 Hz, sampling the limited signal at a rate of 8 kHz, and thereafter encoding the sampled signal with an 8 bit logarithmic quantizer. The resultant signal is a 64 kb/s digital signal. The T1 system multiplexes the 24 individual digital signals into a single data stream. A T1 system limits the number of voice channels in a single grouping to 24. In order to increase the number of channels and still maintain a transmission rate of approximately 1.544 Mb/s, the individual signal transmission rate must be reduced from a rate of 64 kb/s. One method used to reduce this rate is known as transform coding. In transform coding of speech signals, the individual speech signal is divided into sequential blocks of speech samples. The samples in each block are thereafter arranged in a vector and transformed from the time domain to an alternate domain, such as the frequency domain. Transforming the block of samples to the frequency domain creates a set of transform coefficients having varying degrees of amplitude. Each coefficient is independently quantized and transmitted. On the receiving end, the samples are de-quantized and transformed back into the time domain. The importance of the transformation is that the signal representation in the transform domain reduces the amount of redundant information, i.e. there is less correlation between samples. Consequently, fewer bits are needed to quantize a given sample block with respect to a given error measure (e.g. mean square error distortion) than the number of bits which would be required to quantize the same block in the original time domain. An example of such a prior transform coding system is shown in greater detail in FIG. 1. A speech signal is provided to a buffer 10, which arranges a predetermined number of successive samples into a vector x. Vector x is linearly transformed from the time domain to an alternate domain using a unitary matrix A by transform member 12, resulting in vector y. The elements of vector y are quantized by quantizer 14, yielding vector Y, which vector is transmitted. Vector Y is received and de-quantized by de-quantizer 16, and transformed back to the time domain by inverse transform member 18, using the inverse matrix A.sup.-1. The resulting block of time domain samples are placed back into successive sequence by buffer 20. The output of buffer 20 is ideally the reconstructed original signal. While the transform coding scheme in theory provided satisfaction of the need to reduce the bit rate of individual T1 channels, historically the quantization process produced unacceptable amounts of noise and distortion. To a large extent, the noise and distortion problems emanated from two areas: the inability of various transform matrices to efficiently transform the original signal; and from the distortion and noise created in the quantization process. In an attempt to optimize transform efficiency, various transform matrices have been evaluated. It is generally agreed that the optimal transform matrix is the Karhunen-Loeve Transform (KLT). The problem with this transform, however, is that it lacks a fast computation algorithm and the matrix is signal-dependent. Consequently, other transforms have been investigated, for example, the Walsh-Hadamard Transform (WHT), the discrete slant transform (DST), the discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), the symmetric discrete Fourier Transform (SDFT), and the discrete cosine transform (DCT). The SDFT and DCT appear to be closest in efficiency to the KLT, are signal-independent and include fast algorithms. In attempting to resolve the distortion and noise problems, previous investigations centered on the quantization process. Quantization is the procedure whereby an analog signal i converted to digital form. Max, Joel "Quantization for Minimum Distortion" IRE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. IT-6 (March, 1960), pp. 7-12 (MAX) discusses this procedure. In quantization the amplitude of a signal is represented by a finite number of output levels. Each level has a distinct digital representation. Since each level encompasses all amplitudes falling within that level, the resultant digital signal does not precisely reflect the original analog signal. The difference between the analog and digital signals is the quantization noise. Consider for example the uniform quantization of the signal x, where x is any real number between 0.00 and 10.00, and where five output levels are available, at 1.00, 3.00, 5.00, 7.00 and 9.00, respectively. The digital signal representative of the first level in this example can signify any real number between 0.00 and 2.00. For a given range of input signals, it can be seen that the quantization noise produced is inversely proportional to the number of output levels. In early quantization investigations for transform coding, it was found that not all transform coefficients were being quantized and transmitted at low bit rates. Initial quantization investigations involved quantizers having logarithmic characteristics and having bit assignment schemes which were used to determine the optimum number of bits to be assigned by the quantizer to a given sample block containing a number of transform coefficients. Such schemes utilized formulae which took into account an averaged mean-squared distortion of the transformed signal over long periods. Approaches of this type were deemed to be fixed bit allocation processes because bit assignment and step-size are fixed a priori and are based upon long term speech statistics. As indicated above, a major problem which occurred at lower bit rates was the lack of a sufficient number of bits to quantize all of the speech samples or coefficients in each block. Some speech samples were lost. Consequently, distortion noise utilizing these schemes remained unsatisfactory at lower bit rates. Further attempts to improve the transform coding distortion noise problem at lower bit rates, involved investigating the quantization process using dynamic bit assignment and dynamic step-size determination processes. Bit assignment was adapted to short term statistics of the speech signal, namely statistics which occurred from block to block, and step-size was adapted to the transform's spectral information for each block. These techniques became known as adaptive transform coding methods. In adaptive transform coding, optimum bit assignment and step-size are determined for each sample block usually by adaptive algorithms which require certain knowledge about the variance of the amplitude of the transform coefficients in each block. The spectral envelope is that envelope formed by the variances of the transform coefficients in each sample block. Knowing the spectral envelope in each block, thus allows a more optimal selection of step size and bit allocation, yielding a more precisely quantized signal having less distortion and noise. Since variance or spectral envelope information is developed to assist in the quantization process, this same information will be necessary in the de-quantization process. Consequently, in addition to transmitting the quantized transform coefficients, adaptive transform coding also provides for the transmission of the variance or spectral envelope. This is referred to as side information. Since the overall objective in adaptive transform coding is to reduce bit rate, the actual variance information is not transmitted as side information, but rather, information from which the spectral envelope may be determined is transmitted. The spectral envelope represents in the transform domain the dynamic properties of speech, namely formants. Speech is produced by generating an excitation signal which is either periodic (voiced sounds), aperiodic (unvoiced sounds), or a mixture (eg. voiced fricatives). The periodic component of the excitation signal is known as the pitch. During speech the excitation signal is filtered by a vocal tract filter, determined by the position of the mouth, jaw, lips, nasal cavity, etc. This filter has resonances or formants which determine the nature of the sound being heard. The vocal tract filter provides an envelope to the excitation signal. Since this envelope contains the filter formants, it is known as the formant or spectral envelope. Speech production can be modeled whereby speech characteristics are mathematically represented by convolving the excitation signal and vocal tract filter. In such a model, the vocal tract filter frequency response, i.e. the spectral envelope, is an estimate of the variance of the transform coefficients of the speech signal in the frequency domain. Hence, the more precise the determination of the spectral envelope, the more optimal the step-size and bit allocation determinations used to code transformed speech signals. Thus, adaptive transform coding techniques appear capable of efficiently coding and transmitting individual voice signals at lower bit rates. In view of the above, adaptive transform coding research has concentrated on various techniques for more precisely determining the spectral envelope. One early technique disclosed in Zelinski, R. et al. "Adaptive Transform Coding of Speech Signals" IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-25, No. 4 (August, 1977), pp. 299-309 and Zelinski, R. et al. "Approaches to Adaptive Transform Speech Coding at Low Bit Rates" IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-27, No. 1 (February, 1979), pp. 89-95 involved estimation of the spectral envelope by squaring the transform coefficients, and averaging the coefficients over a preselected number of neighboring coefficients. The magnitude of the averaged coefficients were themselves quantized and transmitted with the coded signal as side information. To obtain the spectral estimates of all coefficients, the averaged coefficients were geometrically interpolated (i.e. linearly interpolated in the log domain). The result was a piecewise approximation of the spectral levels, i.e. variances, in the frequency domain. These values were then used by the bit assignment and step-size algorithms. While it demonstrated acceptable distortion and noise at bit rates lower than 64 kb/s, the problem with this early technique was that it had a limit approximately between 16 and 20 kb/s. Below this limit, some of the same problems exhibited by previous transform coding techniques were present, namely, the failure to quantize certain of the transform coefficients due to a lack of a sufficient number of bits per block. Consequently, certain essential speech elements were lost. One reason for losing the essential speech elements with this early technique was that it was nonspeech specific in the sense that it did not take into account the known properties of speech, such as the all-pole vocal-tract model and the pitch model in determining the variance information and bit allocation. In an attempt to utilize adaptive transform coding at bit rates of 16 kb/s or lower, efforts were made to develop speech specific adaption algorithms. In speech specific techniques one should account for both pitch and formant information in a speech signal. Consequently, the transform scheme utilized in an adaptive transform coder should not only produce a spectral envelope but preferably includes a modulating term which can be utilized for reflecting pitch striations. One speech specific technique disclosed in Tribolet, J. et al. "Frequency Domain Coding of Speech" IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Vol. ASSP-27, No. 3 (October, 1979), pp. 512-530, utilizing the DCT to obtain the transform coefficients, determined the DCT spectral envelope by first squaring the DCT coefficients and then inverse transforming the squared coefficients using an inverse DFT. The resultant time domain sample block yielded an autocorrelation-like function, which was termed the pseudo-ACF. The values of a number of initial block samples were then used to define a correlation matrix in an equation format. The solution of the equation resulted in a linear prediction model made up of linear prediction coefficients. The inverse spectrum of the linear prediction coefficients yielded a precise estimation of the DCT spectral envelope. In order to develop a pitch pattern, it was necessary to obtain a pitch period and a pitch gain. To determine these two factors, this technique searched the pseudo-ACF to determine a maximum value which became the pitch period. The pitch gain was thereafter defined as the ratio between the value of the pseudo-ACF function at the point where the maximum value was determined and the value of the pseudo-ACF at its origin. The estimated spectral envelope and the generated pitch pattern were thereafter used in conjunction with the step-size and bit assignment algorithms. It was stated that the above speech specific technique worked better at lower bit rates, i.e. 16 kb/s, than previous adaptive transform coding techniques, because it forced the assignment of bits to many pitch harmonics, i.e. essential speech elements, which previously would not have been transmitted and it helped to preserve pitch structure information. The problem with this technique however is that due to its computational complexity, i.e. the technique required a 2N-point FFT operation, a magnitude operation, and a normalizing operation. As concluded in Crochiere, R. et al. "Real-Time Speech Coding" IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-30, No. 4 (April, 1982), pp. 621-634 an array processor was needed for implementation. Consequently, it was not economical with regard to either processing time or cost. Accordingly, a need still exists for an adaptive transform coder which is capable of efficient operation at low bit rates, has low noise levels, and which is capable of reasonable cost and processing time implementation. There is also a need to design a coder which is capable of optimal performance over a wide dynamic range of input signals while maintaining a high signal-to-noise ratio at all levels. This has been attempted previously by: careful control of input levels to correctly bias A/D conversion; analog AGC prior to A/D conversion; and digital AGC after A/D conversion. Careful control of the input levels is seldom viable because most, if not all, signals come from external sources. AGC prior to A/D conversion is possible if control is maintained over the analog interface. However problems typically encountered with such procedures involve rise and fall times as well as background noise amplification. Also, inverse AGC at the receiver is not possible. Digital AGC follows the problems encountered in analog AGC and also introduces a degree of quantization noise which may not be removed. There is still a further need for an adaptive transform coder which conducts a post bit allocation process to assure that each coefficient to be quantized is an integer. In performing bit assignment one or more calculations are used to determine the number of bits needed to quantize a particular piece of information, i.e. a transform coefficient. Such calculations do not usually yield integer numbers, but rather, result in real numbers which included an integer and a decimal fraction, e.g. 3.66, 5.72, or 2.44. If bits are only assigned to the integer portion of the calculated value and the details of the decimal fraction portions are ignored due to the limited number of available bits important information could be lost or distortion noise could be increased. Consequently, a need exists to account for the decimal fraction information and minimize the distortion noise.

FIG. 1 illustrates a group of ATMs. The group of ATMs communicates with a server 3 (called a “switch”), which controls their operations, as by granting permission to dispense cash. For example, if a customer (not shown) requests a cash withdrawal from ATM_3, that ATM contacts server 3 to inquire whether the customer's bank balance will cover the withdrawal. If server 3 is operated by the bank which holds the customer's account, server 3 can answer the inquiry directly. If another bank holds the account, server 3 contacts another server (not shown), to obtain the account information. After server 3 obtains the account information, server 3 accepts or denies the request, and instructs ATM_3 accordingly. If the request is accepted, ATM_3 dispenses currency to the customer. Eventually, the currency supply of each ATM will become depleted, and must be replenished. Numerous approaches are possible to accomplish the replenishment. Many approaches require a service person or team equipped with a supply of currency to (1) visit each ATM, (2) examine the ATM's stock of currency, (3) make a determination as to whether replenishment is required, and (4) replenish the appropriate denominations. Then, after replenishing the ATMs, the technician reports to the server 3 the amounts of currency replenished, so that the server 3 knows how much currency is contained in each ATM. It has been found that, in this reporting procedure, mistakes are occasionally made. While the mistakes are not frequent, the amounts of currency involved are so large that even infrequent mistakes can be costly.

This invention relates to a heatable appliance for personal use, in particular a hair-care appliance, including a device for the flameless combustion of a fuel/air mixture and an associated activation device for initiating its flameless combustion. An appliance of this type is already known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,133. The device for flameless combustion is comprised of catalytically coated quartz wool which, for reasons of mechanical stability and a sufficiently accurate locating ability, is arranged between two spiral springs serving a supporting function for the quartz wool. The catalytically effective quartz wool serves for the flameless combustion of a fuel/air mixture supplied, the combustion heat being utilized for heating an appliance for personal use as, for example, for heating a gas-powered curling iron. However, the catalytic combustion action of the fuel/air mixture does not start until the catalytically active material has reached a specific activation temperature (LOT=light-off temperature). The energy required to obtain the activation temperature of the catalyst is supplied to the catalyst by means of an associated activation device. This activation device ignites a fuel/air mixture fed to a combustion chamber of the appliance after the fuel supply is started, the ignition being accomplished by means of one or several sparks or a flame introduced from outside, with the ignited fuel/air mixture becoming extinguished automatically within a fraction of one or several seconds. The energy released by this ignition is, however, sufficient to heat at least isolated zones of the catalyst to the activation temperature and to set off the catalytic, that is, the flameless combustion within the catalyst. Whilst this appliance, sold in quantities in the million range in the past years, is well-established in practice, experience has shown that in single aspects the device for flameless combustion is still capable of improvement. First, the mechanical instability of the quartz wool and the resultant need to locate it in position by means of a mechanically stable supporting structure have given rise to problems. In the use of an appliance equipped with a catalyst of the type referred to above, it may happen that isolated fibers of the quartz wool fall out of their mechanical supporting structure which may adversely affect the passage of fuel by causing (partial) clogging of the fuel metering nozzle. Furthermore, loss of fiber may result in a deterioration of the activation action of the appliance, in particular where a piezoelectric igniter is used. Finally, the quartz wool is not in a position to ensure a consistent flow resistance at all times, so that hot spots may occur in partial areas of the catalyst. This impairs the service life of the catalyst materially. On the other hand, it is precisely in the use of the known catalyst in hair-care appliances that the following problems occur: Specific user groups of such hair-care appliances heated by flameless combustion tend to apply hair-care products such as setting foams, hair spray, shampoo or the like prior to or while treating their hair. As a result, the air around the hair-care appliance is enriched with these hair-care substances or portions thereof to a greater or lesser degree. Some of this ambient air is aspirated by the fuel-heated hair-care appliance for producing a suitable fuel/air mixture. As comprehensive examinations have revealed, these hair-care products involve great disadvantages in respect of the useful life of the catalyst, particularly if they contain silicone-containing substances. If air enriched with hair-care agent is supplied to the catalyst for flameless combustion of the fuel, the tests performed and described in greater detail in the following reveal that a deposit of as little as 5 grams of hair-care agent accumulating on the catalyst is already sufficient to deteriorate the properties of the catalyst to a degree reducing the activation ability to intolerable values or to cause the degree of catalytic conversion of the fuel/air mixture to drop below a lower threshold. Therefore, appliances in which a deposit of more than 5 grams of hair-care agent accumulates on the catalyst are, as a rule, no longer usable, presenting a case for customer service.

The present invention relates to an automatic document feeder (ADF) for use with an electrophotographic copier, digital copier or similar image recorder for selectively feeding ordinary documents in the form of separate sheets and a continuous document in the form of computer form (CF) paper. An ADF is extensively used with the above-stated kind of image recorder for automatically feeding a document to a glass platen of the image recorder, then stopping it on the glass platen, and then discharging it after an image printed thereon has been scanned. An ADF having a capability for transporting a document in the form of CF paper or similar elongate paper to the glass platen in addition to ordinary documents has been proposed, as disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 59-72455 by way of example. In general, CF paper or similar document has a plurality of pages printed side by side thereon. A drawback with a prior art ADF having such a capability is that the document feed control cannot be readily implemented for each of different kinds of documents. Moreover, it is difficult to accurately position a document in a predetermined position of a glass platen for imagewise exposure. Especially, sequentially locating consecutive pages provided on CF paper in the particular position on the platen is extremely difficult.

Electroanatomical mapping is a broad term that covers several modes of mapping for a body surface, such as the heart. Some examples of cardiac mapping are endocardial mapping and epicardial mapping. The mapping can be utilized to generate an image, such as an isochronal image, for displaying electrophysiological information. One type of cardiac map is an activation map, which can be used to display activation time patterns on a surface of the heart. For example, the activation time for a given location can be determined as the maximum negative slope (dV/dt) in the signal. This common approach fails to account for the relationships between near-field and far-field components of signals as well as other potential anatomical features that may cause signal artifacts. As a result, such an approach can result in an inaccurate map being constructed. This approach also tends to be extremely sensitive to noise.

Internal combustion engines are supplied with a mixture of air and fuel for combustion within the engine that generates mechanical power. To maximize the power generated by this combustion process, the engine is often equipped with a turbocharged air induction system. A turbocharged air induction system includes a turbocharger that uses exhaust from the engine to compress air flowing into the engine, thereby forcing more air into a combustion chamber of the engine than the engine could otherwise draw into the combustion chamber. This increased supply of air allows for increased fuelling, resulting in an increased engine power output. The fuel energy conversion efficiency of an engine depends on many factors, including the efficiency of the engine's turbocharger. Previously proposed turbocharger designs include turbines having separate gas passages formed in their housings. In such turbines, two or more gas passages may be formed in the turbine housing and extend in parallel to one another such that exhaust pulse energy fluctuations from individual engine cylinders firing at different times are preserved as the exhaust gas passes through the turbine. These exhaust pulses can be used to improve the driving function of the turbine and increase its efficiency. Internal combustion engines also use various systems to reduce certain compounds and substances that are byproducts of the engine's combustion. One such system, which is commonly known as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), is configured to recirculate metered and often cooled exhaust gas into the intake system of the engine. The combustion gases recirculated in this fashion have considerably lower oxygen concentration than the fresh incoming air. The introduction of recirculated gas in the intake system of an engine and its subsequent introduction in the engine cylinders results in lower combustion temperatures being generated in the engine, which in turn reduces the creation of certain combustion byproducts, such as compounds containing oxygen and nitrogen. One known configuration for an EGR system used on turbocharged engines is commonly referred to as a high pressure EGR system. The high pressure designation is based on the locations in the engine intake and exhaust systems between which exhaust gas is recirculated. In a high pressure EGR system (HP-EGR), exhaust gas is removed from the exhaust system from a location upstream of a turbine and is delivered to the intake system at a location downstream of a compressor. When entering the intake system, the recirculated exhaust gas mixes with fuel and fresh air from the compressor and enters the engine's cylinders for combustion. In engines lacking specialized components, such as pumps, that promote the flow of EGR gas between the exhaust and intake systems of the engine, the maximum possible flow rate of EGR gas through the EGR system will depend on the pressure difference between the exhaust and intake systems of the engine. This pressure difference is commonly referred to as the EGR driving pressure. It is often the case that engines require a higher flow of EGR gas than what is possible based on the EGR driving pressure present during engine operation. In the past, various solutions have been proposed to selectively adjust the EGR driving pressure in turbocharged engines. One such solution has been the use of variable nozzle or variable geometry turbines. A variable nozzle turbine includes moveable blades disposed around the turbine wheel. Motion of the vanes changes the effective flow rate of the turbine and thus, in one aspect, creates a restriction that increases the pressure of the engine's exhaust system during operation. The increased exhaust gas pressure of the engine results in an increased EGR driving pressure, which in turn facilitates the increased flow capability of EGR gas in the engine. Although this and other known solutions to increase the EGR gas flow capability of an engine have been successful and have been widely used in the past, they require use of a variable geometry turbine, which is a relatively expensive device that includes moving parts operating in a harsh environment. Moreover, variable geometry turbines typically destroy or mute the pulse energy of the exhaust gas stream of the engine, which results in lower turbine efficiency and higher fuel consumption.

The present invention relates to computer controlled operation of stage elements including props and battens and, more particularly, to computer installations and software which enable operator interaction during operation of programmed instructions. During a stage production, it is desirable to effect movement of wings and props between scenes and even during a scene. Because of the costs and time necessary to effect such movement manually, there has been an increasing tendency to provide motorized movement under control of microprocessors providing signals in accordance with programmed data. Similarly, there has been extensive use of computer installations in stage lighting and sound generation. Use of computers also minimizes the potential for misunderstood directions and improper execution of instructions, and/or sequence of execution. Illustrative of a computer controlled lighting systems are D'Aleo et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,151 granted May 8, 1990, and Sugden et al U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,176 granted Apr. 11, 1995. Illustrative of computer controlled image generation in a multipanel display is Judenich U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,420 granted Oct. 9, 1990. Although computer controlled movement of effects has enjoyed successful application to theatrical productions, the time for programming and the difficulty of modifying the program tend to limit use of such computer controlled systems to productions of relatively long duration at a single facility. Moreover, it has heretofore been difficult, it not impossible, to modify the movement parameters of an effect while the program is running, and to display graphically before the operator the movement of the effects which are being produced by the operation of the program. Programming has generally required extensive entry of code to reflect all of the movement parameters, and adjustment of any parameter has been difficult. Evaluation of the operation of the program or of any changes has generally required actual operation of the drive elements and movement of the effects. As referred to herein, "effect" describes a single prop or batten (curtain or backdrop), or of a device which is turned on or off. As referred to herein, "cue" describes a group of moves or changes in on/off condition of effects during the production. It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel method for computer controlled movement of effects which permits online modification of movement parameters during operation of the program. It is also an object to provide such a method in which programming of the positioning of effects can be effected on a display monitor. Another object is to provide such a method in which the computer program enables simulation and emulation of the program on the display monitor. A further object is to provide a novel computer controlled installation for management of movement of stage effects which enables online modification of movement parameters during operation of the program. Yet another object is to provide such a computer controlled installation in which a novel interface enables manual operation of analog controls over movement parameters.

Advances in plasma processing have facilitated growth in the semiconductor industry. During plasma processing, a semiconductor manufacturer may employ a recipe to etch and/or deposit material on a substrate. The recipe may include a plurality of parameters including, for example, the level of RF power, the gas, the temperature, the pressure, the gas flow rate, and the likes. Each of the parameters of the recipe works together to produce a quality device (e.g., MEMs, etc.). Thus, inaccurate parameters may result in substandard device and/or defective device. To minimize inaccuracy, the various components that provide the parameters may have to be monitored and/or verified. The flow rate of gas is one such parameter that may have to be verified. During substrate processing, the amount of process gas furnished to the reaction chamber is generally carefully controlled. The indicated gas flow rate (i.e., process gas flow rate) is commonly controlled by a mass flow controller (MFC). Consider the situation wherein, for example a critical process step requires a flow rate of 40 standard cubic centimeters (sccm). A process engineer may enter the flow rate in the process recipe and apply the recipe into the plasma tool from a user interface. In entering the recipe flow rate, the process engineer is assuming that the mass flow controller (MFC) will be flowing gas into the reaction chamber at the desired rate. However, the actual flow rate of the gas may vary from the indicated flow rate, of the MFC. As discussed herein, an indicated flow rate refers to the flow rate that is shown as the MFC flow rate that is displayed on the plasma tool's user interface. The accuracy of the indicated flow rate may be dependent upon the accuracy of the MFC. During the manufacture of the MFC, one or more verification test may be performed on the MFC to validate that the gas flow rate control provided by the MFC is within established MFC design specification tolerances. The MFC verification is usually performed in a controlled laboratory environment using an inert gas, such as N2 gas. To translate the verification results into corresponding results for other gases (which may be employed in actual production environment), conversion factors may be applied. However, the translated corresponding results may have errors since the conversion factors have an inherent level of uncertainty. Over time, the MFC performance may degrade resulting in a flow rate inaccuracy. In other words, the indicated flow rate of the MFC and may be outside of the design specification tolerance for the MFC due to calibration drift, zero drift, or gas-calibration error and the MFC may have to be recalibrated or replaced. A flow verification method is required to determine the percentage of error of the MFC flow rate so that a flow correction can be made to correct the inaccuracy in the gas delivery system. One method that has been employed to validate the indicated flow rate of the MFC, is the rate of rise (ROR) procedure. With the ROR, procedure, a reaction chamber volume is filled and the pressure rate of rise of the gas is measured. With the ROR method, an actual flow rate for the gas may be determined. The ROR procedure is a lengthy process which may take about 10 or more hours. The long length time period may be due to the large reaction chamber volume (e.g., up to 60 liters. Other factors include a plurality of gas lines and a plurality of gas boxes in the plasma tool and elevated operating temperatures of certain reaction chambers In addition to the ROR procedure being a lengthy process; the ROR procedure may also suffered from inaccuracy in matching process results from chamber to chamber. In an example, the volume may vary between chambers of the same size due to manufacturing tolerance of chamber components. In an example, large temperature difference in the chamber may result in a change in volume. Thus, the ROR procedure is a cumbersome method that may introduce longer time duration due to elevated reaction chamber operation temperature. Also, the ROR procedure may require the plasma tool to be cooled down before the ROR procedure may be performed. The cooling down period may be about 2 or more hours, which represents additional time the reaction chamber is not available for processing wafers. As a result, the ROR procedure may contribute to cost of ownership without really providing a true method for validating the indicated flow rate of the MFC. Another method that may be employed to verify the indicated flow rate of the MFC includes utilizing a small external ROR chamber or a flow measurement standard (e.g., Molbloc) instead of the actual reaction chamber. With the external flow measurement device method, the external device may be employed as a testing device which may be directly connected to the MFC to test the flow rate of a gas. Thus, the external device may be employed as a flow verification device. By employing the external device, a plurality of pressure sensing manometers may be required to accurately measure pressure measurements covering the flow rate of semiconductor manufacturing equipment from 1 sccm to 10,000 sccm. To minimize the time duration of each pressure measurement, a plurality of chamber volumes may have to be designed into the small chamber ROR device. In addition, by employing the smaller chamber ROR device, the time period for filling up the chamber is reduced and the temperature impact on the chamber may also be minimized. However, only inert gases may be tested in the smaller chamber. Thus, real gases that may be employed in etching (e.g., etchant gases) are not tested. As a result, the eternal flow measurement device method is unable to test for the effect on flow rate due to the compressibility of the gases. In addition, the smaller chamber ROR device usually requires the utilization of a separate proprietary computer system, thereby not providing an integrated solution with the plasma processing system.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a security technology in a system and in particular, relates to a security system in a service provision system for checking, for example, matching constraint attached to the template of a data model for an object and ensuring the security of a system in a service provision system that comprises an object network as a language process function and a common platform as an interface function between the network and a client and has a hierarchical structure in which an object network is composed of a data model, an object model, a role model and a process model. 2. Description of the Related Art As comprehensive network systems, including the Internet, have been widely used, it has become necessary to provide a network system with a security system for ensuring the security of the entire services provided by the network system, including access authorization in using a network, authorization in giving/receiving services, prevention of data from being stolen and the like. There is a tendency that a security system is classified by the types of services and is increasingly diversified. In a so-called e-business, a variety of types of services, such as a direct mail service, a transportation settlement service, agency service, a special function provision service, an organization service of a variety of communications services, such as a gate way, a system operation service, a diagnosis service, a security service and the like, are provided, and correlation between the services has increased. For example, as a system for realizing a client's request, that is, providing a service intentionally requested by a client, there is a WELL system using a functional language abbreviated as WELL (window-based elaboration language). This WELL system is not limited to a specific service field, and in this WELL system, using object networks corresponding to respective service fields can provide services in a variety of fields. An object network can be obtained by modeling both data and a variety of operations against data. The WELL system comprises a common platform as an interface with a variety of windows for a user providing instructions and data to this object network and displaying the provision result of the system and the like. Such object network, common platform and WELL system are disclosed in the following references. Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 5-233690: Language Processing System using an Object Network Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 7-295929: Interactive Information Processing Device using a Common Platform Function Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 9-297684: Information Processing Device using an Object Network As described above, for example, an exclusive security system is necessary for a network system, and a security system has a tendency to be increasingly diversified as the number of service types increases. Therefore, it is difficult to unify the architecture of security systems for providing a variety of services, which is a problem. Generally, in a system using an object-oriented language, an object for checking security must be provided separately from an object for providing a basic service in order to ensure the security, which is also a problem.

The invention relates to an electric drive unit for adjustment systems in motor vehicles, more particularly for an electrically operated window winder. From EP 0474904, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein fully by reference, a commutator gear drive unit is known which is constructed in the following manner. The motor housing is adjoined directly by the gear housing into which the extended motor shaft of the electric motor projects. The extended motor shaft serves as the gear shaft. An electronics housing contains a one-dimensional conductor plate which is fitted with an outer connection plug and with a brush holder and brush socket. The electrical connections of all the component parts are more particularly contacted by flood bath welding. All the electronic or electrical and mechanical components are mounted in a common housing to which the motor is connected by flanges. The disadvantage of this solution lies in the high degree of specialization and thus insufficient flexibility regarding desirable modifications. Thus, small changes in the system often cause incomparably high expense. Another variation of the motor or moving the gear housing area containing the electronics to another position (e.g., for reasons of space) always entails having to make a new housing. The tooling costs connected with this are considerable. Particularly in the automobile industry one and the same principle of a technical solution is often evaluated in a very large number of embodiments. Therefore, particularly here a lack of flexibility often leads to special expense such as in storage, logistics and handling.

Amplification circuitry within mobile devices often has to account for varying transmit power requirements and varying impedance loading. These varying requirements may result in the amplification circuitry providing different transmit powers for different operational conditions of the mobile devices, e.g., the mode or frequency range in which the mobile device is operating, distance from the base station, etc. They also may require the amplification circuitry to exhibit minimal variation to external impedance changes. In order for the amplification circuitry to operate efficiently across a range of transmit powers, with a fixed supply voltage, the amplification circuitry may include a matching network that is capable of providing a varying impedance transformation.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a communication system switching method. The present invention particularly relates to the communication system switching method of switching from a communication system to another different communication system, and a terminal device using the method. 2. Description of the Related Art Recently, cdma2000 1x-EV DO (hereinafter referred to as EV-DO) has been developed as a next-generation high-rate radio communication system. The EV-DO system is a new version, which is specialized for the purpose of data communication and increased in transmission rate, of the cdma2000 1x system, which is an extended version (third generation system) of the cdmaOne system. “EV” means evolution, and “DO” means data only. The EV-DO system is approximately the same as the cdma2000 1x system in the configuration of a radio interface of an uplink channel from a radio communication terminal to a base station. As for the configuration of the radio interface of a downlink channel from a base station to a radio communication terminal, whereas the bandwidth of 1.23 MHz is the same with that of the cdma2000 1x system, the modulation method and the multiplexing method are much different from those of the cdma2000 1x system. As for the modulation method, whereas QPSK and HPSK are used in the cdma2000 1x system, QPSK, 8-PSK, or 16QAM is selectively used in the EV-DO system according to a radio receive state of a downlink channel of a radio communication terminal. As a result, a high transmission rate with low error resistance is used when the radio receive state is good, and a low transmission rate with high error resistance is used when the radio receive state is bad. As for the multiplexing method for enabling multiple communications from one base station to a plurality of radio communication terminals, TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) is employed in which communications with a plurality of radio communication terminals are performed in such a manner that time is divided in units of 1/600 second, a communication is performed with one radio communication terminal in each unit time, and the radio communication terminal to be communicated is switched every unit time, rather than CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) which is employed in the cdmaOne system and the cdma2000 1x system. A radio communication terminal measures a carrier-to-interference power ratio (hereinafter abbreviated as CIR) of a pilot signal as an index of a radio receive state of a downlink channel from a base station to be communicated, predicts a radio receive state during the next reception time slot on the basis of a variation of the CIR, and notify “a maximum transmission rate which enables to receive with a error ratio that is lower than a predetermined rate”, which is expected from the predicted radio receive state to the base station as data rate control bits (hereinafter referred to as DRC)predetermined. The predetermined error rate is usually set to about 1% though it depends on the system design. The base station receives the DRCs from a plurality of radio communication terminals, and a scheduler function in the base station determines with which radio communication terminal is to communicate in each division unit time. Basically, as high a transmission rate as possible is decided on the basis of a DRC sent from each radio communication terminal and is used for a communication with it. With the above configuration, the EV-DO system enables a maximum transmission rate of 2.4 Mbps (mega-bits per second) per sector in a downlink channel. This transmission rate is the sum of amounts of data communications from one base station to a plurality of radio communication terminals in one frequency band and in one of a plurality of sectors (usually, a plurality of sectors exist). The transmission rate increases if a plurality of frequency bands is used. JP-A-2002-300644 is referred to as a related art. In the case of that the radio communication terminal can employ not only the EV-DO system but also another radio communication system, such as a wireless LAN system (hereinafter “W-LAN”) or a personal handyphone system, and one of these radio communication systems is selected to employ actually. When the radio communication terminal is used, a criterion used to select a radio communication system to be used is important in order to satisfy the general user request for a “stable communication at a high transmission rate”. Especially, in the case that the W-LAN, the EV-DO system or the personal handyphone system is available in the radio communication terminal, and besides, the maximum transmission rates greatly differ by about 100 times, e.g., from 11 Mbps of the W-LAN based on IEEE802.11b to 128 kbps of the personal handyphone system, the actual transmission rate will be greatly varied in accordance with the difference of switching methods. In order to meet the above request under this condition, the criterion for switching must be changed between when the transmission rate of the currently employed communication system is higher than the transmission rate of another communication system to be selected, and when the transmission rate of the current system is lower than the transmission rate of another communication system to be selected. Since the transmission characteristic of a radio communication system greatly depends on the quality of a radio transmission path (hereinafter “transmission path quality”) in general, the switching between the radio communication systems is determined based on the transmission path quality. However, when radio communication systems to be selected include a system, such as the EV-DO system, in which the transmission rate, the communication method and the transmission output differ between the uplink line and the downlink line, it is preferable that the transmission path qualities of the uplink line and the downlink line be measured independently. On the other hand, the radio communication terminal cannot measure the transmission path quality of the uplink line while the radio communication terminal can measure the transmission path quality of the downlink line. In addition, unless a new control signal is used in the radio communication system in consideration of easiness of feasibility, the transmission path quality of the uplink line is not notified from the base station. Therefore, it is more difficult to obtain the transmission path quality of the uplink line. Further, when the terminal device travels between the areas covered by different radio communication systems, it is preferable, in consideration of the stabilization of communication, that the radio communication systems are not be switched within a short period of time, and that hysteresis is provided for the switching control.

The present invention relates generally to a rail barricade including pivotable feet and a plurality of vertical spokes which is attachable to another rail barricade to create a barrier. Rail barricades are often used in concerts and events to restrict a crowd to a certain area and to prevent the crowd from entering restricted areas. Prior art rail barricades are attached together by a rod and loop attachment to create a barrier of a desired length. Each rail barricade includes a plurality of loops on one side and a vertical rod on the opposing side. To attach the rail barricades, the vertical rod of one of the rail barricades is inserted into the plurality of loops on the other barricade. A plurality of rail barricades are attached in this manner to create a barrier of the desired length. The frame of the prior art rail barricade is formed of a pair of vertical rails and a pair of horizontal rails which are welded together. A plurality of vertical spokes between the vertical rails are welded at opposing ends to the horizontal rails. The prior art rail barricade also includes a pair of feet perpendicular to the frame of the rail barricade. A drawback to the rail barricade of the prior art is that each of the rail barricades must be lifted and angled relative to each other to assemble and disassemble the rail barricades, making connection and disconnection of the rail barricades difficult. Finally, as the feet of the prior art rail barricade are perpendicular to the frame, storage and transport of the rail barricade is difficult.

1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to the field of logic devices. More specifically, the invention relates to the field of programmable logic devices. 2. Background Information One of the core functional units of a computer processor (or CPU) is the arithmetic/logic datapath, or simply, the datapath. The datapath is typically responsible for executing various arithmetic and/or logic operations supported by the instruction set architecture (ISA) of a computer system. As such, the datapath typically includes an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) that performs arithmetic/logic operations, an address generation unit to provide memory addresses, and a control unit to provide the proper control signals for the various devices of the datapath to perform the desired operation(s). The control signals that control the operations of the datapath may be considered as a vector of bits, which is known as a "direct control vector", since it directly controls the datapath operations. The width of this direct control vector varies greatly in CPU designs, and both the overall width as well as the meaning of the individual control bits is dependent on detailed aspects of the design. However, for typical CPU designs, the width of the direct control vector is from about 50 to 150 bits. Typically, the direct control vector is developed from a combination of bits in the instruction, processor state bits (which are sometimes known as "mode bits"), and logic gates. The combination of instruction bits and mode bits, all of which may change on each cycle, can be considered as an "indirect control vector" since it indirectly controls the datapath operations. The indirect control vector is normally much less wide than the direct control vector, about 10 to 30 bits in a typical CPU design. For example, when an ADD instruction is issued in a CPU, an opcode (the indirect control vector) that is contained in the ADD instruction is decoded by the control mechanism to generate appropriate control signals (the direct control vector) to cause the ALU to add the two operands indicated by the ADD instruction. In a similar manner, other relatively simple arithmetic and/or (Boolean) logic operations may be realized by the datapath of the CPU. Several aspects of a CPU's datapath may be limited by various device and/or design constraints. For example, operands in a CPU datapath are typically limited to those of fixed length to simplify the datapath and control mechanisms of the datapath, which in turn, may result in improved system performance/efficiency. Similarly, some CPU designs, such as those implemented in reduced instruction set architecture (RISC) processors, increase performance by limiting the complexity and number of types of operations supported by the datapath to minimize control signals, minimize/simplify the number of datapath components, etc. A CPU's ISA cannot create more direct control vectors than 2.sup.X, where X is the width in bits of the indirect control vectors. This is because every possible direct control vector corresponds to a distinct indirect control vector, so even though there may be more bits in the direct control vector, the number of states reachable by the datapath is determined by the indirect control vector. For this reason, a CPU design cannot specify in a single instruction all the complex logic operations that may be necessary for some applications. Instead, complex logic operations are broken down into a sequence of simpler ones. In this way, a CPU may perform an arbitrarily complex logic operation, but it may take many instruction cycles to complete. Some applications require relatively complex logic operations to be performed at high speed. For example, an application might require a certain complex logic operation to be performed 1 million times per second. For a CPU to perform these operations in time, it must be able to process instructions at a still higher rate. For example, if an operation required 800 instructions on a certain CPU, it would have to process 800 million instructions per second to meet the requirements of the application. In many cases, this is not an economical way to implement demanding applications, while in others it is not possible at all. In such cases, other devices may be used in place of or in combination with a CPU's ALU. For example, programmable logic arrays (PLAs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and application specific integrated circuits (ASICs) may be tightly coupled to serve as coprocessors to a CPU. The coprocessor elements, whether ASICs, PLAs, or FPGAs, are configured to perform the complex logic operations required by the application in a much more parallel manner than a CPU, so that the operations can be done at a lower, and more economical, clock rate. While ASICs are specifically designed state machines and datapaths, PLAs and FPGAs typically contain an array/matrix of logic circuits (e.g., logic gates, memory cells, etc.) in which connections between particular logic circuits may be programmed after manufacture (e.g., by a user in the field; hence, the term "field" programmable). As such, PLAs and FPGAs may be configured to perform relatively complex logic operations by making the proper pattern of interconnections (e.g., by burning in fuses or programming individual SRAM cells) in the logic array of such devices. Often, this is analogous to defining a single, highly specialized CPU instruction specifically for the application, or in more complex cases a better analogy might be to defining a highly specialized datapath that implements several specialized instructions using its own direct and indirect control vectors, which may be supplied by the CPU. However, PLAs, FPGAs and ASICs suffer from some limitations. For example, ASICs cannot be reprogrammed. As another example, certain PLAs and FPGAs cannot be reprogrammed once configured and installed (often referred to as "one-time programmable"). Thus, such devices may not be suitable for applications wherein the execution of various logic operations may be required. Furthermore, a substantial portion of circuitry in PLAs and FPGAs may be unused, resulting in power and/or cost inefficiency. Although some FPGAs may be re-programmed to support various logic operations and numbers of inputs, such devices also suffer from limitations. For example, in an SRAM cell-based FPGA, the interconnection array in which the various configurable logic blocks (CLBs) reside is typically programmed by pass transistors, which may result in relatively large "on" resistance. Furthermore, interconnect delays in SRAM cell-based FPGAs may be relatively large due to certain wires of unpredictably varying, and sometimes relatively long, length. Yet further inefficiency may be caused by the presence of multiple wires in the interconnect array which may be unused, resulting in increased capacitive load and increased device driver power requirements; and by the need for multiple pass transistors and SRAM cells to complete each logical connection. Finally, the number of control/configuration bits typically required to program an FPGA (e.g., produce the appropriate interconnections between the CLBs) may exceed 250,000 bits, making dynamic (e.g., "on the fly"; on a cycle-by-cycle basis) re-configuration/re-programming relatively difficult and commercially impractical.

Cases as part of ammunition both for small-bore weapons and for large-bore weapons have long since been known and are commonly used. Above all, they serve for accommodating the propellant charge powder. Usually, cases have a circular-cylindrical and oblong hollow shape; the actual sheath here is referred to as jacket wall. For producing a shell, the case generally is additionally equipped with a bottom comprising a primer. The same usually is made of metal, mostly of steel. For producing a cartridge, a projectile additionally is placed onto the free longitudinal end of the case opposite the bottom. Combustible cases also are known in principle. They are burnt or consumed as a result of firing. If this occurs sufficiently free from residues, no case rests must be removed before the next shot. Ideally, only the bottom has to be ejected. For combustible cases, a combustion as free as possible from residues therefore is desirable, in order to avoid an additional cleaning of the charge space or the barrel. It is known to produce combustible cases from nitrocellulose and cellulose; in general with additives such as binder resin and stabilizers. Conventionally, a screen mold is vertically immersed into an aqueous pulp with nitrocellulose and cellulose. By means of negative pressure, the screen mold sucks in the fibrous pulp; there is formed a wet raw felt. In principle, this material can also be referred to as “fleece”. However, the term “raw felt” has gained acceptance here. To achieve the final geometry and for dewatering, the raw felt also is compressed and heated at least at times. The cases must have a certain mechanical stability. A small deformation may be tolerable, but there should not form a crack. Through a crack, propellant charge powder might leak—a safety risk which is not tolerated. According to some specifications, the cases therefore are designed with an additional, internally located bag for accommodating the propellant charge powder, a so-called powder bag. The stability of the case is particularly relevant for tank ammunition, since here the requirements concerning the mechanical stability can be very pronounced, for example due to the handling within the tank and as a result of loads and movement shocks when attaching the cartridge. The invention is, however, not limited to tank ammunition. DE 30 08 996 A1 discloses a method for producing combustible cases. It is proposed to roll fabric inlays into the raw felts during the felting operation. It was found that a case produced in this way can break up into several parts during an impact. The felt can detach from the inserted fabric over a large surface. In the worst case, the case is split into three separate parts, namely the fabric inlay and the raw felt which has detached from the inside and the outside of the fabric. DE 36 19 960 A1 discloses a combustible case with additional reinforcements made of metal or plastics. These reinforcements can be embedded in the case or also be fixed on the same. If the reinforcements are embedded in the case, they are provided with holes, so that the rest of the case can burn through these holes. The reinforcements themselves, however, are not burnt.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to microwave type concentration measuring apparatus that measures the concentrations of fluid bodies to be measured which contain various suspended solids or soluble substances, such as sewage sludge, pulp or building materials. 2. Description of the Related Art Hitherto, as equipment for measuring the concentrations of suspended solids and the like, ultrasonic type concentration meters, which find the concentration by measuring the attenuation factor of ultrasonic waves, and optical type concentration meters, which find the concentration using light by measuring the attenuation factor of transmitted light or the increase of scattered light, have been widely used. However, with ultrasonic type concentration meters, if, for example, bubbles are intermixed in the fluid, these have a great effect and there are large measurement errors. Also, with optical type concentration meters, if dirt or the like adheres to the optical windows used for projecting the light or receiving the light, this, too, has a great effect and there are large measurement errors. Therefore, recently, as a concentration meter which does not undergo these influences of bubbles in the fluid and dirt on optical windows, a microwave type concentration measuring apparatus has been conceived and is about to be put into practical use. FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of this type of microwave type concentration measuring apparatus. This is composed as follows. The microwave transmitting antenna 2 and the microwave receiving antenna 3 are located opposite each other and are attached on the outside wall of pipe 1 which contains the flowing fluid to be measured. The microwaves pass through the fluid to be measured which is flowing in pipe 1. Microwaves from microwave generator 4 are inputted to microwave transmitting antenna 2 via power splitter 5. The microwaves transmitted from microwave transmitting antenna 2 are diffused in the fluid under measurement inside pipe 1, received by microwave receiving antenna 3 and inputted to phase difference measuring circuit 6. At the same time, microwaves from microwave generator 4 are directly inputted to phase difference measuring circuit 6 via power splitter 5. Then, phase lag .theta.2 of the microwaves coming diffused by the fluid under measurement in pipe 1 behind the microwaves directly transmitted from microwave generator 4 via power splitter 5 is found by this phase difference measuring circuit 6. Next, this phase lag .theta.2 is compared with phase lag .theta.1, which is that measured beforehand by filling pipe 1 with a reference fluid (for example, tap water, which can be regarded as zero concentration) and measuring the microwaves coming diffused by the reference fluid in the same state as the fluid under measurement. The design is to find the concentration X of the fluid under measurement from the resulting phase difference .DELTA..theta.=(.theta.2-.theta.1) using a calibration curve such as that shown in FIG. 2. This concentration X can be found based on calibration curves of X=a.DELTA..theta.+b corresponding to each type of fluid under measurement. Here, a is the gradient of the calibration curve, and b is the intercept. Normally, b=0. When using this type of microwave type concentration measuring apparatus, the phase difference of the microwaves is measured, not the attenuation factor. Also, there is no need for any windows through which the microwaves are projected and received to be transparent. Therefore, the measurement apparatus is not easily affected by bobbles or dirt, making it possible to continuously measure the concentration of the fluid under analysis. However, in a case such as a fluid under measurement containing a number of substances, if the constituent composition of one of these substances should vary, the measurement sensitivity would change due to the effect of that. Thus there were times when errors which could not be ignored occurred in concentration measurement results for fluids under measurement. Now, for example, consider the case of mixture concentration measurement of a fluid under measurement in a state in which a compound, in which substances A, B and C are mixed in constant proportions, is suspended in water. If it is taken that the constituent (molecules and elements) composition of substances A and B do not vary but the constituent composition of substance C does vary, the variation of the constituent composition of that substance C will produce a great effect on the measurement sensitivity of the mixture of substances A, B and C as a whole. For example, when simple carbon is contained in substance C and the percentage content of that carbon varies, that variation will appear as a variation of the measurement sensitivity of the mixture as a whole. Also, if the measurement sensitivity of the mixture as a whole varies, errors will occur in the results of concentration measurement of the fluid under measurement. The reason for that can be considered as the following. Here, for the measurement sensitivity of a microwave type concentration measuring apparatus that uses the phase difference measurement method, by how much the phase difference varies for a 1% concentration (weight %) variation when expressed by an equation becomes: EQU Measurement sensitivity=(Phase difference .DELTA..theta.)/(Concentration X)=(1/a) and is expressed by the inverse of gradient a of the calibration curve. Here, intercept b of the calibration curve=0. By this means, if the measurement sensitivities of substances A, B and C as respective simple bodies are taken as (1/a1), (1/a2) and (1/a3), measurement sensitivity (1/a0) of the mixture as a whole is determined by (1/a1), (1/a2) and (1/a3) and the mixture proportions of substances A, B and C. Therefore, supposing that measurement sensitivity (1/a3) varies due to variation of the constituent composition of substance C, measurement sensitivity (1/a0) of the mixture as a whole will also vary. In this case, if correction is not carried out by taking the constituent composition of substance C at the time of a certain state as a reference, concentration measurement errors will occur.

The plant surface serves as an interface to the environment. Many substances from the outside are taken up by the plant and many internal products are released. In addition, some of these substances produced or taken up by the plant are also stored in surface structures. The interactions between the plant and its environment take place on the aerial surface such as the shoot, leaves, flowers, etc. as well as on the surface of the root. The surface of plants is built by the epidermis, a tissue in which highly specialized cells are formed to accomplish the various above sketched functions. Examples of these specialized cell types are e.g. plant hairs (trichomes), which are involved in protection against insects or other pathogens by either secretion of substances or steric hindrance, root hairs which mediate nutrient and water uptake, or stomata which regulate gas exchange. Trichomes are single-celled hairs that during wild-type maturation undergo an average of four rounds of endoreduplication, leading to a characteristic 3-4-branched cell with a DNA content of approximately 32C. See Hulskamp et al., Int. Rev. Cytol., 186, 147-178 (1999) and Traas et al., Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 1, 498-503 (1998). Mutant trichomes with a lesser DNA content (e.g., 16C) are smaller and have fewer branches, whereas trichomes with a higher DNA content (e.g., 64C) are larger and develop more branches. Due to their metabolic activities, many of the epidermal cells of various plants are of economical interest. An alteration of the cell number, size, or other cellular parameters can influence the metabolic power and thus their economical use.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to the field of mobile handset communication. More particularly, this invention relates to improved techniques in the areas of SMS (Short Messaging Service), EMS (Enhanced SMS) and Inage messaging with respect to a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) communications network. 2. Description of the Related Art There are two basic types of services offered through GSM: telephony (also referred to as teleservices) and data (also referred to as bearer services). Telephony services are mainly voice services that provide subscribers with the complete capability (including necessary terminal equipment) to communicate with other subscribers. Data services provide the capacity necessary to transmit appropriate data signals between two access points creating an interface to the network. In addition to normal telephony and emergency calling, GSM supports dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF), facsimile group III, cell broadcast, voice mail, fax mail and short message services (SMS). The latter of the above-referenced GSM facilities, SMS, is the service most relevant to the present invention. According to the SMS service, a message consisting of a maximum of 160 alphanumeric characters can be sent to or from a mobile station. This service can be viewed as an advanced form of alphanumeric paging with a number of advantages. If the subscriber's mobile unit is powered off or has left the coverage area, the message is stored and offered back to the subscriber when the mobile unit is once again powered on or has reentered the coverage area of the network. This function ensures that the message will be received. The SMS service makes use of an SMSC (Short Message Service Center), which acts as a store-and-forward system for short messages. The wireless network provides the mechanisms required to find the destination station(s) and transports short messages between the SMSC and wireless stations. In contrast to other existing text-message transmission services, such as alphanumeric paging, the service elements are designed to provide guaranteed delivery of text messages to the destination. Additionally, SMS supports several input mechanisms that allow interconnection with different message sources and destinations. A distinguishing characteristic of the SMS service is that an active mobile handset is able to receive or submit a short message at any time, independent of whether a voice or data call is in progress. In some implementations, this may depend on the MSC (Mobil Switching Center) or SMSC capabilities. As mentioned above, SMS also guarantees delivery of the short message by the network. Temporary failures due to unavailable receiving stations are identified, and the short message is stored in the SMSC until the destination device becomes available. SMS is also characterized by out-of-band packet delivery and low-bandwidth message transfer, which results in a highly efficient means for transmitting short bursts of data. Initial applications of SMS focused on eliminating alphanumeric pagers by permitting two-way general-purpose messaging and notification services, primarily for voice mail. As technology and networks evolved, a variety of services have been introduced, including e-mail, fax, paging integration, interactive banking, information services such as stock quotes, and integration with Internet-based applications. Wireless data applications include downloading of SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) cards for activation, debit, profile-editing purposes, wireless points-of-sale (POSs), and other field-service applications such as automatic meter reading, remote sensing, and location-based services. Additionally, integration with the Internet spurred the development of Web-based messaging and other interactive applications such as instant messaging, gaming, and chatting. One of the most popular ways an SMS message is sent and/or received is via a GSM handset equipped with SMS capabilities. An identification number is first stored in the memory of the handset. This identification number identifies the Mobil Switching Center (MSC) to which each SMS message from that particular handset will be sent for proper distribution to the intended recipient. The identification number only needs to be stored once and each time an SMS message is generated using that handset, the stored number is used for message routing. After storing the proper MSC identification number, SMS messages are typically created using the GSM handset by manually entering a combination of message text and/or characters by pressing the appropriate keys located either on the handset itself or on an accessory keyboard that can be operably attached to the handset or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). According to the SMS standard, up to 160 characters can be sent in each SMS message. Currently, free-hand message creation, i.e., messages drawn freely by the author using symbols, characters, text, pictures or any other desired nomenclature, as opposed to using predetermined keystrokes, such as in conventional SMS messaging, is known with respect to PDAs. However, such devices are quite expensive and complicated when compared to a conventional cellular handset, i.e., 2G or, second generation handsets. In addition to PDAs, there are certain other approaches that permit free-hand message creation. These other approaches, however, typically require additional hardware devices that work in conjunction with cellular handsets and they are unique for each handset. For example, some known devices must connect to the handset's external connector, which is a proprietary connection for each handset. Furthermore, these externally attached modules are both large and expensive. Also, the devices that allow free-hand message transmission comprise handsets with externally connected modules that are not generic with respect to the handset. This contributes to increased costs, typically making these devices very expensive when compared to the cost of a cellular handset. PDAs, on the other hand, do not require any attachments, but PDAs cannot send free-hand drawn images. Also, PDA devices are expensive when compared to regular second generation cellular handsets. Lastly, entering message data is even more complicated when it is desired to send a message using characters not supported by the keypad of the device, e.g., Chinese characters.

I. Field The following description relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly to employing delta-based reverse link traffic power control and interference management in a wireless communication system. II. Background Wireless networking systems have become a prevalent means by which a majority of people worldwide has come to communicate. Wireless communication devices have become smaller and more powerful in order to meet consumer needs and to improve portability and convenience. Consumers have become dependent upon wireless communication devices such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) and the like, demanding reliable service, expanded areas of coverage and increased functionality. Generally, a wireless multiple-access communication system can simultaneously support communication for multiple wireless terminals or mobile devices. Each mobile device communicates with one or more base stations via transmissions on the forward and reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the mobile devices, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the mobile devices to the base stations. Wireless systems can be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. Typically, each base station supports mobile devices located within a specific coverage area referred to as a sector. A sector that supports a specific mobile device is referred to as the serving sector. Other sectors, not supporting the specific mobile device, are referred to as non-serving sectors. Mobile devices within a sector can be allocated specific resources to allow simultaneous support of multiple mobile devices. As such, mobile devices within a sector typically do not interfere with each other since they can be assigned orthogonal resources. However, transmissions by mobile devices in neighboring sectors may not be coordinated. Consequently, transmissions by mobile devices operating in neighboring sectors can cause interference and degradation of mobile device performance.

This invention relates to packaging materials, and more particularly to an improved packaging material which, upon being disposed, will degrade over a relatively brief period of time upon being exposed to the elements--i.e., water, insects, fungi, etc. More particularly this invention relates to a novel process for producing such packaging material. The extensive use of synthetic plastics for packaging and wrapping materials has caused a proliferation of the environment with refuse which defies disposal short of incineration. Even then, incineration of disposed plastic items tends simply to redistribute the pollution from the earth to the atmosphere. Waste disposal, therefore, has become a national crisis, particularly in the larger metropolitan areas. Unfortunately, the populated areas often seek to solve the waste problem by transporting their waste to the more rural areas, thus generating also social-political problems. Numerous efforts have been made to combat this problem by developing biodegradable materials which can be substituted in place of the heretofore non-biodegradable plastics so often employed for packaging materials such as wrapping films, shipping boxes, containers, and the like. U.S. Pat. No. 3,921,333, for example, suggests that the problem can be at least partially solved by using synthetic plastic materials which are biodegradable--i.e., thermoplastic polymers which can be degraded by living organisms, usually microorganisms. The U.S. Pat. No. 4,312,979 discloses various methods for preparing polysaccharides by extracellular cultivation from the genus Pseudonomas in a nutrient medium. Although the patent does not disclose or teach the production of a packaging or wrapping material, it does suggest that polysaccharides can be used as moldable materials for biodegradable films, as well as for other purposes. Accordingly, one object of this invention is to provide a novel method of producing a biodegradable packaging material from a gellable plant extract, such as for example from a polysaccharide such as agar-agar. Still a more specific object of this invention is to provide a novel method of producing a biodegradable packaging material by freeze drying a liquid mixture containing a polysaccharide gelling agent. Other objects of the invention will be apparent hereinafter from the specification and from the recital of the appended claims.

In the course of Bayer alum earth processing technology the alum earth containing mineral is mixed with sodium hydroxide and the alum earth is digested using a line consisting of preheaters and/or autoclaves, or in tube digesting equipment. Digesting equipment consisting of preheaters and autoclaves is disclosed in the Hungarian Pat. No. 149 514 and in the German Pat. No. 1 920 222. Upon heating the slurry in these types of equipment, at the slurry-side of the boiler tubes a deposit forms which must be removed from time to time. In case of equipment consisting of preheaters and autoclaves cleaning is performed by cyclic cut off of each unit, sometimes by cyclic putting out of each line, while for the mentioned tube digesting equipment cleaning is carried out by disconnecting one or more boiler tubes. Since frequent cleaning is inevitable for the efficient operation of the equipment, the possibility and manner of cleaning indicate up-to-dateness of the equipment. The chemical composition of the deposit depends on the chemical composition of the alum earth containing mineral, but the amount of deposit is mainly determined by the silicates because of the silica which is always present in the starting mineral. In the methods disclosed in the above-mentioned patents the deposits are removed with the aid of a cleaning fluid, which method requires supplementary equipment at additional cost.

The present invention is directed to ortho-anthranilamide derivatives and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which inhibit the enzyme, factor Xa, thereby being useful as anti-coagulants. It also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the derivatives or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and methods of their use. Factor Xa is a member of the trypsin-like serine protease class of enzymes. A one-to-one binding of factors Xa and Va with calcium ions and phospholipid forms the prothrombinase complex which converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin, in turn, converts fibrinogen to fibrin which polymerizes to form insoluble fibrin. In the coagulation cascade, the prothrombinase complex is the convergent point of the intrinsic (surface activated) and extrinsic (vessel injury-tissue factor) pathways (Biochemistry (1991), Vol. 30, p. 10363; and Cell (1988), Vol. 53, pp. 505-518). The model of the coagulation cascade has been refined further with the discovery of the mode of action of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) (Seminars in Hematology (1992), Vol. 29, pp. 159-161). TFPI is a circulating multi-domain serine protease inhibitor with three Kunitz-type domains which competes with factor Va for free factor Xa. Once formed, the binary complex of factor Xa and TFPI becomes a potent inhibitor of the factor VIIa and tissue factor complex. Factor Xa can be activated by two distinct complexes, by tissue factor-VIIa complex on the xe2x80x9cXa burstxe2x80x9d pathway and by the factor IXa-VIIIa complex (TENase) of the xe2x80x9csustained Xaxe2x80x9d pathway in the coagulation cascade. After vessel injury, the xe2x80x9cXa burstxe2x80x9d pathway is activated via tissue factor (TF). Up regulation of the coagulation cascade occurs via increased factor Xa production via the xe2x80x9csustained Xaxe2x80x9d pathway. Down regulation of the coagulation cascade occurs with the formation of the factor Xa-TFPI complex, which not only removes factor Xa but also inhibits further factor formation via the xe2x80x9cXa burstxe2x80x9d pathway. Therefore, the coagulation cascade is naturally regulated by factor Xa. The primary advantage of inhibiting factor Xa over thrombin in order to prevent coagulation is the focal role of factor Xa versus the multiple functions of thrombin. Thrombin not only catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, factor VIII to VIIIA, factor V to Va, and factor XI to XIa, but also activates platelets, is a monocyte chemotactic factor, and mitogen for lymphocytes and smooth muscle cells. Thrombin activates protein C, the in vivo anti-coagulant inactivator of factors Va and VIIIa, when bound to thrombomodulin. In circulation, thrombin is rapidly inactivated by antithrombin IIII (ATIII) and heparin cofactor II (HCII) in a reaction which is catalyzed by heparin or other proteoglycan-associated glycosaminoglycans, whereas thrombin in tissues is inactivated by the protease, nexin. Thrombin carries out its multiple cellular activation functions through a unique xe2x80x9ctethered ligandxe2x80x9d thrombin receptor (Cell (1991), Vol. 64, p. 1057), which requires the same anionic binding site and active site used in fibrinogen binding and cleavage and by thrombomodulin binding and protein C activation. Thus, a diverse group of in vivo molecular targets compete to bind thrombin and the subsequent proteolytic events will have very different physiological consequences depending upon which cell type and which receptor, modulator, substrate or inhibitor binds thrombin. Published data with the proteins antistasin and tick anti-coagulant peptide (TAP) demonstrate that factor Xa inhibitors are efficacious anti-coagulants (Thrombosis and Haemostasis (1992), Vol. 67, pp. 371-376; and Science (1990), Vol. 248, pp. 593-596). The active site of factor Xa can be blocked by either a mechanism-based or a tight binding inhibitor (a tight binding inhibitor differs from a mechanism-based inhibitor by the lack of a covalent link between the enzyme and the inhibitor). Two types of mechanism-based inhibitors are known, reversible and irreversible, which are distinguished by ease of hydrolysis of the enzyme-inhibitor link (Thrombosis Res (1992), Vol. 67, pp. 221-231; and Trends Pharmacol. Sci. (1987), Vol. 8, pp. 303-307). A series of guanidino compounds are examples of tight-binding inhibitors (Thrombosis Res. (1980), Vol. 19, pp. 339-349). Arylsulfonyl-arginine-piperidine-carboxylic acid derivatives have also been shown to be tight-binding inhibitors of thrombin (Biochem. (1984), Vol. 23, pp. 85-90), as well as a series of arylamidine-containing compounds, including 3-amidinophenylaryl derivatives (Thrombosis Res. (1983), Vol. 29, pp. 635-642) and bis(amidino)benzyl cycloketones (Thrombosis Res. (1980), Vol. 17, pp. 545-548). However, these compounds demonstrate poor selectivity for factor Xa. European Published Patent Application 0 540 051 (Nagahara et al) describes aromatic amidine derivatives. These derivatives are stated to be capable of showing a strong anticoagulant effect through reversible inhibition of factor Xa. The synthesis of xcex1,xcex1xe2x80x2-bis(amidinobenzylidene)cycloalkanones and xcex1,xcex1xe2x80x2-bis(amidino-benzyl)cycloalkanones is described in Pharmazie (1977), Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 141-145. These compounds are disclosed as being serine protease inhibitors. U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,363 (Mohan et al.) describes N,N-di(aryl) cyclic urea derivatives. These compounds are stated to be factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants. U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,381 (Dallas et al.) describes (Z,Z), (Z,E) and (E,Z) isomers of substituted bis(phenylmethylene)cycloketones. These compounds are disclosed as being factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants. U.S. Pat. No. 5,691,364 (Buckman et al.) describes benzamidine derivatives. These compounds are stated to be factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants. PCT Published Patent Application WO/97/21437 (Arnaiz et al) describes naphthyl-substituted benzimidazole derivatives. These compounds are disclosed as being factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants. PCT Published Patent Application WO/97129067 (Kochanny et al.) describes benzamidine derivatives that are substituted by amino acid and hydroxy acid derivatives. These compounds are stated to be factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as anticoagulants. PCT Published Patent Applications WO/96/10022 (Faull et al.), W097/29104 (Faull et al.), and WO/97/28129 describe aminoheterocyclic compounds which are disclosed as being factor Xa inhibitors, thereby being useful as antithrombotics and anticoagulants. The above references, published patent applications and U.S. patents are herein incorporated in full by reference. This invention is directed to compounds or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts which inhibit human factor Xa and are therefore useful as pharmacological agents for the treatment of disease-states characterized by thrombotic activity, i.e., as anti-coagulants. Accordingly, in one aspect, this invention provides compounds of formula (III): wherein m is 1 to 3; n is 1 to 5; xe2x80x83is an aryl or a heterocyclic ring substituted by R2 and one or more R1 groups; xe2x80x83is an aryl or a heterocyclic ring substituted by one or more R4 groups; D and E are independently a linker selected from the group consisting of xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(X)xe2x80x94; xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(X)xe2x80x94; xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(X)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94; xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(X)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94; xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94; xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94; xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94; and xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94 (where p is 0 to 2; X is oxygen, sulfur or H2) where D and E can be attached to the B ring having the R1 and R2 substituents by either terminus of the selected linker; each R1 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6) or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R19 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R19, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where p is 0 to 2), or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5; R3 is aryl or heterocyclyl both substituted by one or more R14 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, halo, formyl, acetyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10, xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, heterocyclyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the rest of the molecule through a nitrogen atom and is optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), and heterocyclylalkyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the alkyl radical through a nitrogen ring and is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); each R4 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; each R5 and R6 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R7 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R10 and R11 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94R xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); R12 is a side chain of an xcex1-amino acid; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl; each R16 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R5 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6); each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; R18 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2; and each R19 is cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); as a single stereoisomer or a mixture thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect, this invention provides compounds of formula (I): A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1 to 3; n is 1 to 4; D is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94 (where p is 0 to 2; Z is oxygen, sulfur or H2; and the nitrogen atom is directly bonded to the phenyl ring having the R1 and R2 substituents); E is xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 (where p is 0 to 2; Z is oxygen, sulfur or H2; and the nitrogen atom can be bonded to the phenyl ring having the R1 and the R2 substituents or to the aromatic ring having the R4 substituent); each R1 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5; or two adjacent R1""s together with the carbons to which they are attached form a heterocyclic ring fused to the phenyl ring wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl and aralkyl; R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OC(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R19 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R19, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where p is 0 to 2), or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5; R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2) or heterocyclylalkyl (where the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, aralkyl, nitro and cyano); and each R14 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, formyl, acetyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10, xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(NR 7)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, heterocyclyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the radical of formula (i) through a nitrogen atom and is optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the alkyl radical through a nitrogen atom and is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R3 is a radical of the formula (ii): xe2x80x83where v is 1 to 4; R13 is as defined above for formula (i); and R14 is as defined above for formula (i); each R4 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R7 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R16 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); R12 is a side chain of an xcex1-amino acid; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl; each R6 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R5xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6); each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; R18 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2; and each R9 is cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); as a single stereoisomer or a mixture thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; provided that when A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94, m is 1, n is 1, D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen atom is directly bonded to the phenyl ring having the R1 and R2 substituents), E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen atom is directly bonded to the phenyl ring having the R4 substituent), R1 is hydrogen and R2 is in the 5-position and is methyl, R4 is in the 4-position and is fluoro, R3 can not be a radical of formula (ii) where v is 1, R14 is hydrogen, and R13 is chloro. In another aspect, this invention provides compositions useful in treating a human having a disease-state characterized by thrombotic activity, which composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described above, without the proviso, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. In another aspect, this invention provides a method of treating a human having a disease-state characterized by thrombotic activity, which method comprises administering to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described above, without the proviso. In another aspect, this invention provides a method of treating a human having a disease-state alleviated by the inhibition of factor Xa, which method comprises administering to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention as described above, without the proviso. In another aspect, this invention provides a method of inhibiting human factor Xa in vitro by the administration of a compound of the invention, without the proviso. As used in the specification and appended claims, unless specified to the contrary, the following terms have the meaning indicated: xe2x80x9cAlkylxe2x80x9d refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation, having from one to six carbon atoms, and which is attached to the rest of the molecule by a single bond, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, 1-methylethyl (isopropyl), n-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylethyl (t-butyl), and the like. xe2x80x9cAlkoxyxe2x80x9d refers to a radical of the formula xe2x80x94ORa where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, and the like. xe2x80x9cAlkoxyalkylxe2x80x9d refers to a radical of the formula xe2x80x94Raxe2x80x94ORa where each Ra is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., 2-methoxyethyl, methoxymethyl, 3-ethoxypropyl, and the like. xe2x80x9cAlkylene chainxe2x80x9d refers to straight or branched chain divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, containing no unsaturation and having from one to six carbon atoms, e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, n-butylene and the like. xe2x80x9cAlkylidene chainxe2x80x9d refers to a straight or branched chain unsaturated divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, having from two to six carbon atoms, wherein the unsaturation is present only as double bonds and wherein a double bond can exist between the first carbon of the chain and the rest of the molecule, e.g., ethylidene, propylidene, n-butylidene, and the like. xe2x80x9cAlkylidyne chainxe2x80x9d refers to a straight or branched chain unsaturated divalent radical consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms having from two to six carbon atoms, wherein the unsaturation is present only as triple bonds and wherein a triple bond can exist between the first carbon of the chain and the carbon atom of the rest of the molecule to which it is attached, e.g., propylid-2-ynyl, n-butylid-1-ynyl, and the like. xe2x80x9cAminoxe2x80x9d refers to the xe2x80x94NH2 radical. xe2x80x9cAminocarbonylxe2x80x9d refers to the xe2x80x94C(O)NH2 radical. xe2x80x9cArylxe2x80x9d refers to a phenyl or naphthyl radical. Unless otherwise indicated, the term xe2x80x9carylxe2x80x9d refers to phenyl or naphthyl radicals which are optionally substituted by alkyl, halo, xe2x80x94OR5 (where R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl). xe2x80x9cAralkylxe2x80x9d refers to a radical of the formula xe2x80x94RaRb where Ra is an alkyl radical, as defined above, substituted by Rb, an aryl radical, as defined above, e.g., benzyl. xe2x80x9cxcex1-Amino Acidsxe2x80x9d refer to naturally occurring and commercially available amino acids and optical isomers thereof. Typical natural and commercially available amino acids are glycine, alanine, serine, homoserine, threonine, valine, norvaline, leucine, isoleucine, norleucine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, ornithine, histidine, arginine, cysteine, homocysteine, methionine, phenylalanine, homophenylalanine, phenylglycine, ortho-tyrosine, meta-tyrosine, para-tyrosine, tryptophan, glutamine, asparagine, proline and hydroxyproline. A xe2x80x9cside chain of an xcex1-amino acidxe2x80x9d refers to the radical found on the xcex1-carbon of an xcex1-amino acid as defined above, for example, hydrogen (for glycine), methyl (for alanine), benzyl (for phenylalanine), and the like. xe2x80x9cCycloalkylxe2x80x9d refers to a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic cyclic radical which is saturated, and which consists solely of carbon and hydrogen atoms, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like. xe2x80x9cDMFxe2x80x9d refers to N,N-dimethylformamide. xe2x80x9cDMSOxe2x80x9d refers to dimethylsulfoxide. xe2x80x9cDialkylaminoxe2x80x9d refers to a radical of the formula xe2x80x94N(Ra)Ra where each Ra is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., dimethylamino, diethylamino, (isopropyl)(ethyl)amino, and the like. xe2x80x9cDialkylaminocarbonylxe2x80x9d refers to a radical of the formula xe2x80x94C(O)N(Ra)Ra where each Ra is independently an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (dimethylamino)carbonyl, (diethylamino)carbonyl, ((isopropyl)(ethyl)amino)carbonyl, and the like. xe2x80x9cHaloxe2x80x9d refers to bromo, chloro, iodo or fluoro. xe2x80x9cHaloalkylxe2x80x9d refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2-trifluoroethyl, 1-fluoromethyl-2-fluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1-bromomethyl-2-bromoethyl, and the like. xe2x80x9cHeterocyclic ringxe2x80x9d refers to a stable 3- to 15-membered ring radical which consists of carbon atoms and from one to five heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen and sulfur. For purposes of this invention, the heterocyclic ring radical may be a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring system, which may include fused or bridged ring systems, and the nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclic ring radical may be optionally oxidized to various oxidation states. In addition, the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized; and the ring radical may be partially or fully saturated or aromatic. Examples of such heterocyclic ring radicals include, but are not limited to, azetidinyl, acridinyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxanyl, benzofuranyl, carbazoyl, cinnolinyl, dioxolanyl, indolizinyl, naphthyridinyl, perhydroazepinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrazoyl, tetrahydroisoquinolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, pyrrolyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, dihydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, triazolyl, indanyl, isoxazolyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, quinuclidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiadiazolyl, benzopyranyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, dioxaphospholanyl and oxadiazolyl. For those compounds where two adjacent R1""s together with the carbons to which they are attached form a heterocyclic ring fused to the phenyl ring, the most preferred heterocyclic ring is the dioxolane ring (with the phenyl ring forms a benzodioxole ring). xe2x80x9cHeterocyclylxe2x80x9d refers to a heterocyclic ring radical as defined above, except that the heterocyclyl ring radical may be attached to the main structure at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure. xe2x80x9cHeterocyclylalkylxe2x80x9d refers to a radical of the formula xe2x80x94Raxe2x80x94Rc where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined above and Rc is a heterocyclyl ring radical as defined above, for example, (4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl, (morpholin-4-yl)methyl, 2-(oxazolin-2-yl)ethyl, and the like. xe2x80x9cN-heterocyclic ringxe2x80x9d refers to those heterocyclic ring radicals defined above which contain at least one nitrogen. The N-heterocyclic ring radical is attached to the main structure through a nitrogen atom in the ring. Examples include, but are not limited to, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, oxazolin-2-yl, and the like. The N-heterocyclic ring may contain up to three additional hetero atoms. Examples include tetrazolyl, triazolyl, thiomorpholinyl, oxazinyl, and the like. xe2x80x9cHPLCxe2x80x9d refers to high pressure liquid chromatography. xe2x80x9cMonoalkylaminoxe2x80x9d refers to a radical of the formula xe2x80x94N(H)Ra where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., methylamino, ethylamino, (t-butyl)amino, and the like. xe2x80x9cMonoalkylaminocarbonylxe2x80x9d refers to a radical of the formula xe2x80x94C(O)N(H)Ra where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined above, e.g., (methylamino)carbonyl, (ethylamino)carbonyl, ((t-butyl)amino)carbonyl, and the like. xe2x80x9cOptionalxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9coptionallyxe2x80x9d means that the subsequently described event of circumstances may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, xe2x80x9coptionally substituted arylxe2x80x9d means that the aryl radical may or may not be substituted and that the description includes both substituted aryl radicals and aryl radicals having no substitution. xe2x80x9cPharmaceutically acceptable saltxe2x80x9d includes both acid and base addition salts. xe2x80x9cPharmaceutically acceptable acid addition saltxe2x80x9d refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as acetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, and the like. xe2x80x9cPharmaceutically acceptable base addition saltxe2x80x9d refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Preferred inorganic salts are the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2-diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Particularly preferred organic bases are isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine. xe2x80x9cTherapeutically effective amountxe2x80x9d refers to that amount of a compound of the invention which, when administered to a human in need thereof, is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, for disease-states characterized by thrombotic activity. The amount of a compound of the invention which constitutes a xe2x80x9ctherapeutically effective amountxe2x80x9d will vary depending on the compound, the disease-state and its severity, and the age of the human to be treated, but can be determined routinely by one of ordinary skill in the art having regard to his own knowledge and to this disclosure. xe2x80x9cTHFxe2x80x9d refers to tetrahydrofuran. xe2x80x9cTreatingxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9ctreatmentxe2x80x9d as used herein covers the treatment of a disease-state in a human, which disease-state is characterized by thrombotic activity, and includes: (i) preventing the disease-state from occurring in a human, in particular, when such human is predisposed to the disease-state but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease-state, ie., arresting its development; or (iii) relieving the disease-state, i.e., causing regression of the disease-state. The yield of each of the reactions described herein is expressed as a percentage of the theoretical yield. For purposes of this invention, in the substituent xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5xe2x80x9d, the xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94OR5xe2x80x9d group may be attached to any carbon in the alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain. Some of the compounds of the invention may have imino, amino, oxo or hydroxy substituents off aromatic heterocyclic ring systems. For purposes of this disclosure, it is understood that such imino, amino, oxo or hydroxy substituents may exist in their corresponding tautomeric form, i.e., amino, imino, hydroxy or oxo, respectively. For purposes of this invention, unless otherwise indicated, the linker moieties between the B ring and the C ring (xe2x80x9cExe2x80x9d) and between the B ring and the R3 moiety (xe2x80x9cDxe2x80x9d) may be independently attached to the B ring on either end of the linker. For purposes of this invention, the quaternary salts represented by xe2x80x9cxe2x80x94N⊕(R9(R16)2xe2x80x9d include aromatic rings wherein both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form an aromatic ring and it is understood that R9 is not present. The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, may have asymmetric carbon atoms, oxidized sulfur atoms or quaternized nitrogen atoms in their structure. The compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts may therefore exist as single stereoisomers, racemates, and as mixtures of enantiomers and diastereomers. The compounds may also exist as geometric isomers. All such single stereoisomers, racemates and mixtures thereof, and geometric isomers are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Methods for the preparation and/or separation and isolation of single stereoisomers from racemic mixtures or non-racemic mixtures of stereoisomers are well known in the art. The nomenclature used herein is a modified form of the I.U.P.A.C. system wherein the compounds of the invention are named as derivatives of benzamide. For example, a compound of the invention selected from formula (I) where A is xe2x80x94Nxe2x80x94; m is 1; n is 1; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94 where the nitrogen atom is bonded to pyridine ring; D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94 where the nitrogen atom is bonded to the phenyl ring; R1 is in the 5-position and is chloro; R2 is in the 3-position and is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 together with nitrogen to which they are attached form a morpholin-4-yl ring; R4 is in the 5-position and is chloro; and R3 is selected from formula (i): where R13 is chloro, r is 1 and R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R7 is hydrogen, R10 is methyl and R11 is 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl; i.e., a compound of the following formula (with position numbers indicated): is named herein as N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide. For purposes of this specification, parenthesis are used to denote substituents of a main atom. For example, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 refers to the radical: Carbonyl and thiocarbonyl groups are indicated as xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94 and xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94, respectively, and optionally substituted imino radicals are indicated as xe2x95x90N(R17). Substituents having repeating sections are indicated by brackets (or parenthesis) and the repeating integer. For example, the substituent xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 where t is 3 refers to the the substituent xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R5. The compounds of the invention are inhibitors of the serine protease, factor Xa, and are therefore useful in disease-states characterized by thrombotic activity based on factor Xa""s role in the coagulation cascade (see Background of the Invention above). Primarily, the compounds of the invention are useful as anti-coagulants. A primary indication for the compounds is prophylaxis for long term risk following myocardial infarction. Additional indications are prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following orthopedic surgery or prophylaxis of selected patients following a transient ischemic attack. The compounds of the invention may also be useful for indications in which coumarin is currently used, such as for DVT or other types of surgical intervention such as coronary artery bypass graft and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The compounds are also useful for the treatment of thrombotic complications associated with acute promyelocytic leukemia, diabetes, multiple myelomas, disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with septic shock, purpura fulminanas associated infection, adult respiratory distress syndrome, unstable angina, and thrombotic complications associated with aortic valve or vascular prosthesis. The compounds are also useful for prophylaxis for thrombotic diseases, in particular in patients who have a high risk of developing such disease. In addition, the compounds of the invention are useful as in vitro diagnostic reagents for selectively inhibiting factor Xa without inhibiting other components of the coagulation cascade. The primary bioassays used to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the compounds of the invention on factor Xa are simple chromogenic assays involving only serine protease, the compound of the invention to be tested, substrate and buffer (see, e.g., Thrombosis Res. (1979), Vol. 16, pp. 245-254). For example, four tissue human serine proteases can be used in the primary bioassay, free factor Xa, prothrombinase, thrombin (IIa) and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). The assay for tPA has been successfully used before to demonstrate undesired side effects in the inhibition of the fibrinolytic process (see, e.g., J. Med. Chem. (1993), Vol. 36, pp. 314-319). Another bioassay useful in demonstrating the utility of the compounds of the invention in inhibiting factor Xa demonstrates the potency of the compounds against free factor Xa in citrated plasma. For example, the anticoagulant efficacy of the compounds of the invention will be tested using either the prothrombin time (PT), or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) while selectivity of the compounds is checked with the thrombin clotting time (TCT) assay. Correlation of the Ki in the primary enzyme assay with the Ki for free factor Xa in citrated plasma will screen against compounds which interact with or are inactivated by other plasma components. Correlation of the Ki with the extension of the PT is a necessary in vitro demonstration that potency in the free factor Xa inhibition assay translates into potency in a clinical coagulation assay. In addition, extension of the PT in citrated plasma can be used to measure duration of action in subsequent pharmacodynamic studies. For further information on assays to demonstrate the activity of the compounds of the invention, see R. Lottenberg et al., Methods in Enzymology (1981), Vol. 80, pp. 341-361, and H. Ohno et al., Thrombosis Research (1980), Vol. 19, pp. 579-588. Administration of the compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in pure form or in an appropriate pharmaceutical composition, can be carried out via any of the accepted modes of administration or agents for serving similar utilities. Thus, administration can be, for example, orally, nasally, parenterally, topically, transdermally, or rectally, in the form of solid, semi-solid, lyophilized powder, or liquid dosage forms, such as for example, tablets, suppositories, pills, soft elastic and hard gelatin capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions, or aerosols, or the like, preferably in unit dosage forms suitable for simple administration of precise dosages. The compositions will include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier or excipient and a compound of the invention as the/an active agent, and, in addition, may include other medicinal agents, pharmaceutical agents, carriers, adjuvants, etc. Generally, depending on the intended mode of administration, the pharmaceutically acceptable compositions will contain about 1% to about 99% by weight of a compound(s) of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and 99% to 1% by weight of a suitable pharmaceutical excipient. Preferably, the composition will be about 5% to 75% by weight of a compound(s) of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, with the rest being suitable pharmaceutical excipients. The preferred route of administration is oral, using a convenient daily dosage regimen which can be adjusted according to the degree of severity of the disease-state to be treated. For such oral administration, a pharmaceutically acceptable composition containing a compound(s) of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, is formed by the incorporation of any of the normally employed excipients, such as, for example, pharmaceutical grades of mannitol, lactose, starch, pregelatinized starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, talcum, cellulose ether derivatives, glucose, gelatin, sucrose, citrate, propyl gallate, and the like. Such compositions take the form of solutions, suspensions, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained release formulations and the like. Preferably such compositions will take the form of capsule, caplet or tablet and therefore will also contain a diluent such as lactose, sucrose, dicalcium phosphate, and the like; a disintegrant such as croscarmellose sodium or derivatives thereof; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate and the like; and a binder such as starch, gum acacia, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, cellulose ether derivatives, and the like. The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, may also be formulated into a suppository using, for example, about 0.5% to about 50% active ingredient disposed in a carrier that slowly dissolves within the body, e.g., polyoxyethylene glycols and polyethylene glycols (PEG), e.g., PEG 1000 (96%) and PEG 4000 (4%). Liquid pharmaceutically administrable compositions can, for example, be prepared by dissolving, dispersing, etc., a compound(s) of the invention (about 0.5% to about 20%), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optional pharmaceutical adjuvants in a carrier, such as, for example, water, saline, aqueous dextrose, glycerol, ethanol and the like, to thereby form a solution or suspension. If desired, a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may also contain minor amounts of auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, pH buffering agents, antioxidants, and the like, such as, for example, citric acid, sorbitan monolaurate, triethanolamine oleate, butylated hydroxytoluene, etc. Actual methods of preparing such dosage forms are known, or will be apparent, to those skilled in this art; for example, see Remington""s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., (Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990). The composition to be administered will, in any event, contain a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treatment of a disease-state alleviated by the inhibition of factor Xa in accordance with the teachings of this invention. The compounds of the invention, or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are administered in a therapeutically effective amount which will vary depending upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the metabolic stability and length of action of the compound; the age, body weight, general health, sex, and diet of the patient; the mode and time of administration; the rate of excretion; the drug combination; the severity of the particular disease-states; and the host undergoing therapy. Generally, a therapeutically effective daily dose is from about 0.14 mg to about 14.3 mg/kg of body weight per day of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; preferably, from about 0.7 mg to about 10 mg/kg of body weight per day; and most preferably, from about 1.4 mg to about 7.2 mg/kg of body weight per day. For example, for administration to a 70 kg person, the dosage range would be from about 10 mg to about 1.0 gram per day of a compound of the invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, preferably from about 50 mg to about 700 mg per day, and most preferably from about 100 mg to about 500 mg per day. Of the compounds disclosed in the Summary of the Invention, certain compounds are preferred. The most preferred compounds of the invention are those compounds selected from formula (Ill) having the formula (I): A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1 to 3; n is 1 to 4; D is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94 (where p is 0 to 2; Z is oxygen, sulfur or H2; and the nitrogen atom is directly bonded to the phenyl ring having the R1 and R2 substituents); E is xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 (where p is 0 to 2; Z is oxygen, sulfur or H2; and the nitrogen atom can be bonded to the phenyl ring having the R1 and the R2 substituents or to the aromatic ring having the R4 substituent); each R1 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5; or two adjacent R1""s together with the carbons to which they are attached form a heterocyclic ring fused to the phenyl ring wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl and aralkyl; R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OC(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2OR5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R19 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R19, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where p is 0 to 2), or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5; R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2) or heterocyclylalkyl (where the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, aralkyl, nitro and cyano); and each R14 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, formyl, acetyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR51, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10, xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, heterocyclyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the radical of formula (i) through a nitrogen atom and is optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the alkyl radical through a nitrogen atom and is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R3 is a radical of the formula (ii): xe2x80x83where v is 1 to 4; R13 is as defined above for formula (i); and R14 is as defined above for formula (i); each R4 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R7 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); R12 is a side chain of an xcex1-amino acid; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, andxe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl; each R16 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6); each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; R18 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2; and each R19 is cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6). Of these compounds, a preferred group of compounds are those compounds wherein: A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1 to 3; n is 1 to 4; D is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94 (where Z is oxygen, sulfur or H2, and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl); E is xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 (where Z is oxygen, sulfur or H2, R5 is hydrogen or alkyl, and the nitrogen is attached to the pyridinyl ring); R1 is halo or haloalkyl; R2 is xe2x80x94N(R5)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1) or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; R9 is alkyl; and R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R5 (where R8 is a straight or branched alkylene chain and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to one additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by alkyl; R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is halo; and R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen; and R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form piperazinyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and xe2x80x94C(O)R5; and R4 is hydrogen or halo. Of this group of compounds, a preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein: m is 1; n is 1; D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen is bonded to the 2-position of the pyridinyl ring); R1 is halo in the 5-position; R2 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1) or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: each R5 is independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; each R8 is independently a methylene, ethylene or propylene chain; R9 is methyl or ethyl; and R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R5 (where R8 is ethylene and R5 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to one additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by alkyl; R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is chloro; and R14 is in the 4-position and is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen; and R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form piperazinyl optionally substituted by methyl or ethyl; and R4 is hydrogen, bromo or chloro in the 5-position. Of this subgroup of compounds, a preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R1 is chloro; R2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 or 2) where: each R5 is independently hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; each R8 is independently a methylene, ethylene or propylene chain; and R9 is methyl or ethyl. Of this class of compounds, more preferred compounds are those compounds selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(methylthio)methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide, and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide. Of this subgroup of compounds, another preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R1 is chloro; and R2 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R8 is a methylene, ethylene or propylene chain; and R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R5 (where R8 is ethylene and R5 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl). Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(dimethyl)amino-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-amino-5-chlorobenzamide. Of this subgroup of compounds, another preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R1 is chloro; R2 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R8 is methylene, ethylene or propylene; and R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to one additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by alkyl and is selected from the group consisting of morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl or imidazolyl. Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-morpholinylpropoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(imidazol-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the compounds of formula (I) described above, another preferred group of compounds are those compounds of formula (I) wherein: A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1 to 3; n is 1 to 4; D is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94 (where Z is oxygen, sulfur or H2, and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl); E is xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 (where Z is oxygen, sulfur or H2, R5 is hydrogen or alkyl, and the nitrogen is attached to the pyridinyl ring); R1 is halo or haloalkyl; R2 is hydrogen, haloalkyl, or xe2x80x94OR5 where R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is halo; and each R14 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, formyl, acetyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8-[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10, xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R61, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, heterocyclyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the radical of formula (i) through a nitrogen atom and is optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the alkyl radical through a nitrogen atom and is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R7 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R61, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl, where each R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and R8 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R16 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; and R4 is hydrogen or halo. Of this group of compounds, a preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein: m is 1; n is 1; D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen is bonded to the 2-position of the pyridinyl ring); R2 is hydrogen, haloalkyl, or xe2x80x94OR5 where R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is halo; and R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9, (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where xe2x80x83R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and xe2x80x83each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl, where xe2x80x83each R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and R18 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR51xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where xe2x80x83R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and xe2x80x83each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; and R4 is in the 5-position. Of this subgroup of compounds, a preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR51xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8OR5xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6) where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl, where each R5 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and R18 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2. Of this class of compounds, a preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein: R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5; and R11 is hydrogen, alkyl or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5; where each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, and each R5 is hydrogen or alkyl. Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are those compounds selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(chloromethyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2, Nxe2x80x2-di(2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2,2-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-ethoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((methylamino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(amino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((dimethylamino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-methylamino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(1-methylethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(ethylamino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(diethylamino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of this class of compounds, another preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein: R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and R11 is xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2) or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where: R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; and R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6) where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R3 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain. Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(methyl)sulfonyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((3,5-dimethylisoxazol4-yl)sulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((2-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)ethyl)sulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)sulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((dimethylamino)sulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-aminoethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-(dimethylamino)but-3-yn-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of this class of compounds, another preferred subclass of compound are those compounds wherein: R10 is hydrogen, alkyl or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5; and R11 is formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, or xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, where: each R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R8 is a straight or branched alkylene chain; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6) where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; and R18 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2. Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are those compounds selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-ethylureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-carboxyethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl)thioureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(((4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)methyl)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-hydroxyethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(Nxe2x80x2-methylureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-(chloro)ethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-(acetoxy)ethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x3-(2-(chloro)ethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-(((2-hydroxyphenyl)carbonyl)oxy)ethyl)ureido)-methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-cyanoamino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-((fluoromethylcarbonyl)amino)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((2-aminoethoxy)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((methylthio)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-((phenylthio)carbonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-nitro-1-(methylamino)ethenyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(((2-dimethylphosphoramidoethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the class of compounds, another preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein: R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5; R11 is cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6) where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain. Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino) methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(pyridin-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(thiazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(thiazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-(oxo)oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(pyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(dihydro-4(H)-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(t-butyl)-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(((thiazol-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-methoxyethyl)-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazol-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-trifluoromethyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(dihydro-4(H)-1,3-oxazin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(5-methyloxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(tetrazol-5-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(tetrazol-5-yl)amino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-methyloxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(pyrazol-3-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(pyridin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-amino-6-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-(imidazol4-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-((imidazol-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-aminopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-aminopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(4-(methylamino)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((3-(methoxymethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((3-((methylthio)methyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(1,3,2-dioxaphospholan-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the subgroup of compounds, another preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain. Of this class of compounds, a preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and nitro. Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4,5-dihydropyrazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((morpholin-4-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((hydantoin-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((imidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-dioxo-1H-purin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((5-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-methylimidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2,4-dimethylimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2,5-dimethylimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4,5-dichloroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(chloromethyl)imidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(fluoromethyl)imidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the class of compounds, another preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein the N-heterocylic ring is substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, nitro, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl. Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are those compounds selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-(hydroxymethyl)imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((5-(hydroxymethyl)imidazol-1-yl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(methoxymethyl)imidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(hydroxymethyl)imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-formylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(Nxe2x80x2-amino-Nxe2x80x2-methylamino)imidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(methylthio)imidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-(methylsulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(cyanomethyl)imidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the class of compounds, another preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein the N-heterocylic ring is substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, oxo, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)tR5, and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, or xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8 xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain. Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are those wherein the N-heterocylic ring is substituted by xe2x95x90N(R17) and is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5, where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain. Of these compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-5-methyltetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-5,5-(dimethyl)tetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-ethylimino-5,5-(dimethyl)tetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-5(S)-methyltetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-5(R)-methyltetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-iminotetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-5-(methoxymethyl)tetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-4-methyltetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((trans-4,5-dimethyl-2-iminotetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((cis-4,5-dimethyl-2-iminotetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((3-methyl-2-imino-2,3-dihydroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-tetrahydroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-4-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-iminotetrahydrothiazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-4-oxoimidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((tetrahydro-2-imino-2H-pyrimidin-1-ylpyrimidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(methoxycarbonylamino)imidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(cyanoimino)tetrahydroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-3-((phenylamino)carbonyl)tetrahydroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((cis-4,5-dimethoxy-2-iminotetrahydroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-amino-4-imino-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-((2-hydroxyethyl)imino)tetrahydroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-iminopiperidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-imino-1(4H)-pyridinyl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-1(2H)-pyridin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(ethylimino)pyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(((aminocarbonyl)methyl)imino)tetrahydroimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the class of compounds, another preferred subclass of compounds are those compounds wherein the N-heterocylic ring is substituted by xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl. Of this subclass of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-aminoimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((5-aminotetrazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((3-amino-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((3,5-diamino-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-amino-5-(aminocarbonyl)imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2,6-diaminopurin-9-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2,6-diaminopurin-7-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chlorbpyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((5-amino-2-oxo-2H-pyrimidin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((6-aminopurin-9-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((6-aminopurin-7-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-amino-6-oxopurin-9-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-amino-6-oxopurin-7-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((5-(dimethylamino)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((5-amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(methylamino)imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidin-5-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(ethylamino)imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(1-methylethyl)imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((3-dimethylamino-5-methylpyrazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((3-dimethylamino-5-methylpyrazol-2-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the group of compounds described above, another preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein: each R14 is independently alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or heterocyclyl (wherein the heterocyclyl radical is not attached to the radical of formula (i) through a nitrogen atom and is optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R7 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R5 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR 5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl, where each R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and R18 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94Rxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R16 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8 xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain. Of this subgroup of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((pyridinium-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((methylsulfinyl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(((2-hydroxyethyl)sulfinyl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((pyridinium-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-cyanomethyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(2-methylaminoethyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(hydroxy)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(((imidazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((imidazolin-2-yl)thio)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(((5-hydroxymethyl-1-methylimidazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(((diethylamino)oxy)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(imidazolin-2-yl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the group of compounds described above, another preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein: each R14 is independently xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10, or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R7 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R5 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94Rxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R5 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R15 is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94Rxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R3 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl, where each R5 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and R18 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94NO2; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain; each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, where R5 and R6 are independently each hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene, alkylidene or alkylidyne chain. Of this subgroup of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(((amidino)(methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(1-iminoethyl)xe2x80x94Nxe2x80x2-methylamino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x3-dimethyl-Nxe2x80x2xe2x80x3-cyanoguanidino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-hydroxyguanidino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-aminoethyl)xe2x80x94Nxe2x80x2xe2x80x3-cyanoguanidino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-aminoguanidino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x3-dimethyl-Nxe2x80x2xe2x80x3-(aminocarbonyl)guanidino)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(imino(phenyl)methyl)amino) methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(1-imino-2-(aminocarbonyl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(1-imino-4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(imino(pyridin-4-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(imino(thiophen-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(imino(pyrazin-2-yl)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(cyclopropyl(imino)methyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-cyano-1-iminopropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(1-imino-4,4,4-trifluorobutyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(2-amino-2-(hydroxyimino)ethyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the compounds of formula (I) described above, another preferred group of compounds are those compounds of formula (I) wherein: A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1; n is 1; D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen is bonded to the 2-position of the pyridinyl ring); R2 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R5 where R8 is an alkylene chain, and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 where R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is halo; and R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8-[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 3) where: each R5 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; R7 is hydrogen; R8 is a straight or branched alkylene chain; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5), where: each R5 and R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R15 is alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, oxo, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; where each R5 and R6 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; R8 is a straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; and R4 is in the 5-position and is hydrogen or halo. Of this group of compound, a preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein: R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R5 where R8 is an alkylene chain, and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl. Of this subgroup of compounds, a preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5); where: each R5 and R6 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R15 is alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, oxo, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; where: each R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R8 is straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6. Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of. N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(dimethyl)amino-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(dimethyl)amino-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(dimethyl)amino-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(di(2-methoxyethyl)amino)-5-chlorobenzamide. Of this group of compounds, another preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein: R2 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 where R5 is hydrogen or alkyl. Of this subgroup of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-methoxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methylsulfonyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x3-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-(1-methylethyl)-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-1-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-(carboxy)piperidin-1-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-ethylureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-trifluoromethyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(4-trifluoromethyl-5-carboxypyrimidin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-iminotetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(tetrazol-5-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the compounds of formula (I) described above, another preferred group of compounds are those compounds of formula (I) wherein: A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1; n is 1; D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen is bonded to the 2-position of the pyridinyl ring); R2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 3) or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R19 where R5 is hydrogen or alkyl, each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain, and R19 is heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, or haloalkyl); R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is halo; and R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5); where: each R5 and R6 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R5 is alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, oxo, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; where each R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R5 is straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; and R4 is in the 5-position and is hydrogen or halo. Of this group of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-ethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-((2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-((2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(pyridin-3-yloxy)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the compounds of formula (I) described above, another preferred group of compounds are those compounds of formula (I) wherein: A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1; n is 1; D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen is bonded to the 2-position of the pyridinyl ring); R2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R8 is a straight or branched alkylene chain; and R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R5 where R8 is an alkylene chain, and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 where R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is halo; and R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5), where: each R5 and R6 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R15 is alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5); and R4 is in the 5-position and is hydrogen or halo. Of this group of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(imidazol-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the compounds of formula (I) described above, another preferred group of compounds are those compounds of formula (I) wherein: A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1; n is 1; D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen is bonded to the 2-position of the pyridinyl ring); R2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 where each R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R8 is a straight or branched alkylene chain; and R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R5 where R8 is an alkylene chain, and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 where R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is halo; and R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; R7 is hydrogen; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5); where: each R5 and R6 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R15 is alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5); and R4 is in the 5-position and is hydrogen or halo. Of this group of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-acetoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-((dimethylamino)sulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxy-3-(imidazol-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxypropoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the compounds of formula (I) described above, another preferred group of compounds are those compounds of formula (I) wherein: A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1 to 3; n is 1; D is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94 (where Z is oxygen and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl); E is xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 (where Z is oxygen, R5 is hydrogen or alkyl, and the nitrogen is attached to the pyridinyl ring); each R1 is independently hydrogen, halo or xe2x80x94OR5; or two adjacent R1""s together with the carbons to which they are attached form a dioxole ring fused to the phenyl ring wherein the dioxole ring is optionally substituted by alkyl; R2 is hydrogen; R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where r is 1; R13 is halo; and R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen; and R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, and xe2x80x94C(O)OR5); where: each R5 and R6 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R15 is alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by xe2x80x94OR5); and R4 is in the 5-position and is hydrogen or halo. Of this group of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzamide; 5(N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)amino)carbonyl-6-[4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino-1,3-benzodioxole; 5(N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)amino)carbonyl-6-[4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino-1,3-benzodioxole; and 5(N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)amino)carbonyl-6-[4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-methoxyethyl)-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino-1,3-benzodioxole. Of the compounds of formula (I) described above, another preferred group of compounds are those compounds of formula (I) wherein: A is xe2x80x94CHxe2x80x94; m is 1; n is 1; D is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94 (where Z is oxygen and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl); E is xe2x80x94C(Z)xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 (where Z is oxygen, R5 is hydrogen or alkyl, and the nitrogen is attached to the phenyl ring having the R4 substituent); R1 is alkyl or halo; R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5; Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5; R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2) or heterocyclylalkyl (where the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, aralkyl, nitro and cyano); and each R14 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, formyl, acetyl, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10xe2x80x94O)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10; R4 is halo; R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene or alkylidene chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R151, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6); R12 is a side chain of an xcex1-amino acid; each R15 is independently alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl; and each R16 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6). Of this group of compounds, a preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein: D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94; R1 is halo; R2 is hydrogen, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5 or xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 where: each R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; R9 is alkyl; R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms; R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1; R13 is halo; and R14 is in the 4-position and is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; and R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5 or heterocyclyl; or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a piperazine ring optionally substituted by alkyl; and R4 is chloro. Of this subgroup of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-fluorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-((acetoxy)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-((methylthio)methoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-(morpholin-4-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the group of compounds described above, another preferred subgroup of compounds are those compounds wherein: D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94; R1 is methyl or chloro; R2 is hydrogen or xe2x80x94OR5; R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is alkyl, halo, OR5 (where R5 is alkyl) or heterocyclylalkyl (where the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by alkyl); and each R14 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, formyl, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6); R4 is halo; R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R7 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; R9 is alkyl; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, and xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6); R15 is alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl; and each R16 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6). Of this subgroup of compounds, a preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is halo, alkyl or 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and each R14 is independently hydrogen or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6) where: each R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; and each R15 is alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6). Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((5-((dimethylamino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amino)methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(carboxymethyl)amino)methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-di(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(((Nxe2x80x2-(3-dimethylaminophenyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4,5-di((n-propyl)aminomethyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-(3-(imidazol-1-yl)propyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-methylpropyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-hydroxyamino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-diethylaminoethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)l-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the subgroup of compounds described above, another preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is halo or alkyl, and each R14 is independently hydrogen, alkyl or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where: R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; and R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, and xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6) where each R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; and R8 is a straight or branched alkylene chain. Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-((4-(carboxymethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((5-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-((4-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(thiomorpholin-4-yl)methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(morpholin-4-yl)methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(1-(oxo)thiomorpholin-4-yl)methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-((4-(((2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)methyl)carbonyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-(morpholin-4-yl)methyl-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(1,1,4-tri(oxo)thiomorpholin-4-yl)methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-(thiomorpholin-4-yl)methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-((imidazol-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-methyl-4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-methyl-5-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((4H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((imidazol-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((tetrazol-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((tetrazol-2-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((4-(2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((4-oxomorpholin-4-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-((2-aminoimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. Of this subgroup of compounds described above, another preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is halo or alkyl, and each R14 is independently xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 where: p is 0 to 2; R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; and R15 is alkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 where: R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen or alkyl; and each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain. Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-((methylthio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(((methoxycarbonylmethyl)thio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(((methoxycarbonylmethyl)sulfinyl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-((methylsulfinyl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(((carboxymethyl)thio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-((methylsulfonyl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)thio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-(((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)sulfinyl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((methylthio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-(((methoxycarbonylmethyl)thio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-(((2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)thio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((methylsulfonyl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((methylsulfinyl)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the subgroup of compounds described above, another preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is halo or alkyl, and each R14 is independently formyl, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6 where R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen or alkyl; R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; and R10 and R11 are independently hydrogen or alkyl. Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-5-carboxythiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-(hydroxymethyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide. Of the subgroup of compounds described above, another preferred class of compounds are those compounds wherein: R3 is a radical of formula (i): xe2x80x83where: r is 1 or 2; R13 is alkyl, halo or xe2x80x94OR5 (where R5 is alkyl), and each R14 is independently hydrogen, halo, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8-[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6) where: R5 and R6 are independently hydrogen or alkyl; R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene chain; R10 and R11 are independently hydrogen, alkyl or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5 where R8 is a straight or branched alkylene chain and R5 is hydrogen or alkyl; and R15 is alkyl or xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; and each R16 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6). Of this class of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-dimethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)ammonio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((((2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2,Nxe2x80x2-dimethyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-hydroxypropyl)ammonio)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(hydroxyethoxy)ethyl)amino)methyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-bromothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-4-((1-methylethyl)sulfonyl)thiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((4-(methylamino)sulfonyl-3-methylthiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-methoxythiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide. Of the compounds of formula (I) described above, another preferred group of compounds are those compounds of formula (I) wherein: A is xe2x80x94CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; m is 1 to 3; n is 1 to 4; D is xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94 or xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94; E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(H)xe2x80x94; (where the nitrogen atom is bonded to the aromatic ring containing the R4 substituent); each R1 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5; R2 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OC(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5; xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where p is 0 to 2), or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5; R3 is a radical of formula (ii): where v is 1 to 4; R13 is hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94OR6, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2) or heterocyclylalkyl (where the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, aralkyl, nitro and cyano); and each R14 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, formyl, acetyl, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(R)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10; each R4 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, cyano, nitro, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; R5 and R6 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; each R7 is independently hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 is independently a straight or branched alkylene or alkylidene chain; each R9 is independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R10 and R11 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5 xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6); R12 is a side chain of an xcex1-amino acid; R15 is alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, amino, monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, aminocarbonyl, monoalkylaminocarbonyl, and dialkylaminocarbonyl; and each R16 is independently alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or both R16""s together with the nitrogen to which they are attached (and wherein the R9 substituent is not present) form an aromatic N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and xe2x80x94(R8)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6); and each R17 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6. Of this group of compounds, preferred compounds are selected from the group consisting of: N-phenyl-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(pyridin-3-yl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(3-methylphenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chloro-2-methylphenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[((benzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[((3-methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-methoxybenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methylbenzamide; N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]benzamide; N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-methoxybenzamide; N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-phenyl-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methylbenzamide; N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide; N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-(dimethylamino)benzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)benzamide; N-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-(amino)methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-hydroxybenzamide; N-phenyl-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4,5-dimethoxybenzamide; N-phenyl-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4,5-dihydroxybenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-fluorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-chlorobenzamide; N-phenyl-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxybenzamide; N-phenyl-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxybenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-fluorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxybenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-6-fluorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxybenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)methoxybenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4,5-dihydroxybenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4,5-dimethoxybenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]benzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-aminobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-methyl-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methylbenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methyl-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-fluoro-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-hydroxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4,5-difluorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3-(dimethylamino)propylamino-5-fluorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-5-fluorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-4-((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)amino)-5-fluorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-6-methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-(dimethylamino)methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-6-(dimethylamino)methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-6-(4-(carboxymethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chloro-6-((methoxycarbonyl)methylthio)methylbenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-chloro-5-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(ethoxycarbonyl)methylamino)benzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)amino)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-chloro-5-(Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(ethoxycarbonyl)methylamino)benzamide; N-phenyl-2-[((3-chlorobenzo[b]thien-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-5-hydroxy-4-((1,1-dimethylethyl)carbonyl)oxybenzamide; and Nxe2x80x2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-((3-methylbenzo[b]thien-2yl)methyl)amino-5-benzamide. Of the compounds disclosed above, the following compounds are the most preferred compounds of the invention: N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(morpholin-4-yl)-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x3-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)ureido)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-oxazolin-2-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(methylsulfonyl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-(2-hydroxy-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propoxy)-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-aminoimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(chloromethyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((methylamino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-imino-5(S)-methyltetrahydrooxazol-3-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide, N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((dimethylamino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-methylimidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-methylimidazolin-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-5-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(methylamino)imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-(imidazolin-2-yl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((Nxe2x80x2-methyl-Nxe2x80x2-(pyridin-4-yl)amino)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide; and N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-2-[((4-((2-(ethylamino)imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-3-chlorothiophen-2-yl)carbonyl)amino]-3-methoxy-5-chlorobenzamide. It is understood that in the following description, combinations of substituents and/or variables on the depicted formulae are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds. For purposes of illustration only and unless otherwise indicated, the following Reaction Schemes are directed to the preparation of the compounds of the invention as set forth above in the Summary of the Invention as compounds of formula (I). In particular, for purposes of illustration only and unless otherwise indicated, the compounds prepared in the following Reaction Schemes are compounds of formula (I) wherein D is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen is bonded to the phenyl ring having the R1 and R2 substituents), and E is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94 (where the nitrogen is bonded at the 2-position of the pyridinyl (if A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94) or to the phenyl (if A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94) having the R4 substituent) and R3 is a radical of the formula (i): where each R13 and each R14 are as described in each following Reaction Scheme. It is understood that the other compounds of the invention may be prepared by similar methods as described herein. Compounds of formula (Ia) are compounds of the invention wherein R13 is chloro and the R14 substituent is in the 4-position of the thienyl radical. These compounds are prepared as described below in Reaction Scheme 1 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94, each R1a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; R2a is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R19 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R19, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0 to 2), or xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where p is 0 to 2); each R4 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, halo, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6; each R5 and R6 is as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); R5a is hydrogen; R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; each R8 and R9 are as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); each R10 and R11 is independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, formyl, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R15 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, R8xe2x80x94C(O)NH2, xe2x80x94C(S)NH2, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)H, xe2x80x94R8N(R5)xe2x80x94C(O)R15, xe2x80x94C(O)Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(N(R5)R6)xe2x95x90C(R18)R10, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo and xe2x80x94OR5), heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); or R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17), xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6); R14a is cyano, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94N⊕xe2x80x94(R9)(R16)2, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)R5, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8-[CH(OH)]txe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR15; or R14a is heterocyclyl wherein the heterocyclic ring is optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6; where each R15 and R16 are as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that neither can be or contain haloalkyl; R17 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and X is chloro or bromo: Compounds of formula (A), formula (C), and formula (H) are commercially available, for example, from Aldrich Co. Compounds of formula (F) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods described herein. In general, compounds of formula (Ia) are prepared by first reacting a compound of formula (A) in an aprotic solvent, for example, methylene chloride, at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C., preferably at 0xc2x0 C., with a halogenating agent, for example, oxalyl chloride. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for about 8 to 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours, to produce a compound of formula (B), which is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard techniques (such as removal of solvents). The compound of formula (B) in an aprotic solvent, for example, methylene chloride, at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C., preferably at 0xc2x0 C., is then treated with a compound of formula (C) in the presence of a base, for example, triethylamine. The reaction mixture is then stirred for about 20 to 30 minutes, preferably for about 20 minutes, at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C., preferably at 0xc2x0 C., then warmed to ambient temperature, and stirred for about 1 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The compound of formula (D) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as evaporation of solvents, extraction and concentration. The compound of formula (D) is then reduced by treatment with a reducing agent, such as tin(II) chloride under standard reducing conditions to produce a compound of formula (E), which is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard techniques. The compound of formula (E) in an aprotic solvent, for example, methylene chloride, at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C. , preferably at 0C, is then treated with a compound of formula (F) in the presence of a base, for example, pyridine. The compound of formula (G) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration and trituration with water. The compound of formula (G) in an aprotic solvent, such as DMF, at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C. , preferably at 0xc2x0 C., is then treated with a compound of formula (H). The reaction mixture is stirred for about 20 minutes to an hour, preferably for about 30 minutes, and then allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After stirring for about 6 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 7 hours, the compound of formula (Ia) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as filtration and purification by flash chromatography. The compound of formula (H) may be present as an acid salt, wherein the corresponding free base is formed in situ by the addition of a base to the reaction mixture, or is treated with a base prior to the reaction with the compounds of formula (G) to form the free base. Any unprotected amino substituent must be protected prior to Step 4 to avoid acylation. Any carboxy substituent must also be esterified prior to Step 1. The resulting compounds may be deprotected when needed by appropriate methods known to those skilled in the art to afford compounds having an unsubstituted amino or carboxy substituent thereon. Compounds of the invention where D is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94 (where p is 2) may be prepared by methods disclosed above by reacting a compound of formula (E) with the sulfonyl chloride of the substituted thiophene or benzothiophene radical. Compounds of the invention where E is xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94 (where p is 2), can be formed by reacting a substituted benzene sulfonyl chloride with a compound of formula (C) and then proceeding with Steps 3-5 above. Compounds of formula (E) where R5a is hydrogen may be reacted with an appropriate alkylating agent prior to Step 4 to produce compounds where R5a is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl. Compounds of the invention where R13 is xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where p is 0) may be prepared from the corresponding halo as described herein. Compounds where R13 is heterocyclylalkyl may be made from substitution from the corresponding haloalkyl. Compounds of formula (G) may be reacted with tertiary amines of the formula N(R9)(R16)2 where R9 and R16 are as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) by methods similar to those described above to prepare compounds of the invention wherein R14a is xe2x80x94N⊕(R9)(R16)2. Any unoxidized sulfur and nitrogen may be oxidized after the final step in Reaction Scheme 1 by methods known to those skilled in the art to produce the desired oxidized substituents. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a contains a xe2x80x94N(H)R10 group may be reacted with a heterocyclic compound having a reactive halogen to form compounds where R14a contains a xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 group wherein R11 is heterocyclyl. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a contains a secondary amino substituent may be reacted with an aldehyde in an aprotic solvent, such as acetonitrile, in the presence of a reducing agent such as sodium cyanoborohydride to form compounds wherein the amino substituent is further substituted by an alkyl or aralkyl group. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 is hydrogen and R11 is xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5 (where R5 is hydrogen and R8 is ethyl or propyl optionally substituted by alkyl or alkoxyalkyl) can be reacted with cyanogen bromide to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form optionally substituted 2-iminooxazolidin-3-yl or optionally substituted tetrahydro-2-amino-1,3-oxazinyl. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R11 is hydrogen and R10 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl can be reacted with a cyano halide under basic conditions to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94CN, which can then be reacted with an azide in the presence of tributyl tin chloride in an aprotic solvent to form a compound of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R11 is tetrazolyl attached to the nitrogen through a carbon atom in the heterocyclic ring. Compounds of formula (G) may be treated with an oxidizing agent to form the corresponding N-oxide when A is xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94, and then treated with compounds of formula (H) to form other compounds of the invention where the pyridinyl ring is oxidized. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 is hydrogen and R11 is xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where R8 is ethyl or propyl and at least one R5 or R6 is hydrogen may be further treated with an ortho ester under mild acidic conditions to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen form an optionally substituted imidazolinyl. Other compounds of the invention may be similarly made. Such compounds wherein the imidazolinyl is substituted with an appropriate haloalkyl may be further treated with a compound of formula (H) in an aprotic solvent to form compounds wherein the imidazolinyl is substituted by the corresponding R14a group. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen form a 2-aminoimidazolyl in a protic solvent of the formula R5xe2x80x94OH may be further treated with a halogenating agent, such as N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS) in the presence of a strong acid to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 form a 2-iminoimidazolidinyl substituted at the 4xe2x80x94 and 5-position with xe2x80x94OR5. Other compounds of the invention may be similarly made. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 is hydrogen and R11 is xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where either R5 or R6 is hydrogen may be further treated with phosphoryl chloride in the presence of a base, followed by treatment with a compound of the formula R5xe2x80x94OH to form compounds of the invention where R14a is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94P(O)(OR5)2. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen form 2-methylthioimidazolinyl may be further treated with N(R5)Hxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5 or with NH2xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen form a imidazolinyl substituted at the 2-position with xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5 or with xe2x95x90NR17 where R17 is xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, respectively. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen form a N-heterocyclic substituted with formyl may be treated under standard reducing conditions to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen form a N-heterocyclic substituted with hydroxymethyl. Other compounds of the invention may be similarly made. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 is alkyl and R11 is oxazolin-2-yl may be treated with compounds of the formula R5xe2x80x94C(O)OH to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 is alkyl and R11 is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15 where R5 hydrogen and R5 is xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)R5 where R8 is ethyl. Other compounds of formula (Ia) may be prepared according to the methods described herein according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Compounds of formula (Ib) are compounds of the invention and are prepared as follows in Reaction Scheme 2 wherein A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94, each R1a is as defined in Reaction Scheme 1 above; R2a is as defined in Reaction Scheme 1 above; R5 is as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); R5a is hydrogen; each R4 and R13 is as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I), R14 is as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and X is chloro or bromo: Compounds of formula (E) are prepared above in Reaction Scheme 1. Compounds of formula (J) are commercially available, e.g., from Lancaster, or may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art from compounds of formula (J) where X is xe2x80x94OCH3 (and where R13 or R14 do not contain a hydrolyzable group such as an ester), which is hydrolyzed to the acid and then converted to the acid chloride to form a compound of formula (J). In addition, compounds of formula (J) may be prepared according to methods disclosed herein. In general, compounds of formula (Ib) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (E) with a compound of formula (J) in the presence of a base, preferably pyridine, at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C., preferably at 0xc2x0 C. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature and then stirred for about 8 to 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The compound of formula (Ib) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as filtration and recrystallization. Compounds of formula (Ib) where R14 is hydrogen, halo, formyl, acetyl, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R5 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94N(R5)R6, or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6; and R1a, R2a or R13 is alkyl, may be treated under standard halogenating conditions to form compounds where R1a, R2a or R13 is haloalkyl. The resulting compounds may then be treated with HN(R10)R11 or HN(R5)R6 to form compounds where R1a, R2a or R13 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 or xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6. Compounds of formula (Ib) where R14 is cyano may be treated with methanol or ethanol to form the corresponding imidate, which can then be treated with a compound of formula NH2xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where at least one R5 or R6 is hydrogen to form compounds of the invention where R14 is heterocyclyl containing at least two nitrogen atoms. Alternatively, the imidate so formed can be treated with a compound of formula N(H)(R5)R6 to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(NH)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 which can be further treated under conditions similar to those described herein to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where R17 is as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I). Compounds of formula (Ib) where one or more R1a""s is hydroxy and R2 is hydrogen may be further treated with a compound of formula R5xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94X where X is chloro or bromo to produce compounds of the invention where one or more R1a""s is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5. Compounds of formula (Ib) where R14 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where at least one R10 or R11 is hydrogen can be treated with the appropriate Xxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15 where X is bromo or chloro and R15 is as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94N(R10)(R11) where R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl and R11 is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15. During this process, other substituents of compounds of formula (Ib) which contain a reactive hydroxy, amino or carboxy group may also be acylated. Compounds of formula (Ic) are compounds of the invention. They are prepared from compounds of formula (Ib) where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94, R14b is xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94R7 where R7 is hydrogen or alkyl as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 3 wherein each R1a, R2a, R4 R5, R5a and R14a are as defined above in Reaction Scheme 1, and R13 is as defined above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I), and X is bromo and chloro: Compounds of formula (Ib) are prepared herein. Compounds of formula (H) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art or by methods disclosed herein. In general, compounds of formula (Ic) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (Ib) in an organic solvent, such as benzene, with an halogenating agent under conditions to form the halide radical (such as irradiation). The compound of formula (K) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard techniques, such as concentration and trituration with solvent. The compound of formula (K) in an aprotic solvent, such as methylene chloride, is treated with a compound of formula (H). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 8 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 18 hours. The compound of formula (Ic) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction, concentration and purification by HPLC. Compounds of the invention where R13 is haloalkyl may be prepared by halogenating the corresponding alkyl substituent according to methods known to those skilled in the art. The compounds so formed can then be treated with the appropriate HN(R5)R6 group under conditions similar to those described above for preparing compounds of formula (Ic) to produce compounds of the invention where R13 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R5)R6. For better yield in the above Reaction Scheme, it is recommended that R1a, R2a, R4, and R13 do not contain an alkyl group, since this alkyl will also be halogenated and will subsequently react with compound of formula (H) during the reaction. Compounds of formula (K) where X is bromo may be treated under standard substitution conditions to form compounds of formula (Ic) where R14a is hydroxy. These compounds may be further oxidized under standard oxidizing conditions to form compounds of the invention where R14 is formyl, which can further oxidized to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(O)OR5. Compounds of formula (Id) are compounds of the invention where R13 is chloro. They are prepared from compounds of formula (M) which are compounds of either formula (G) or (K) as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 4 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90N-, each R1a, R2a, each R4, R5, R5a and R7 are as defined above in Reaction Scheme 1; R14c is xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94CN or xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 (where R10 and R11 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a a N-heterocyclic ring containing zero to three additional hetero atoms, where the N-heterocylic ring is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, oxo, nitro, cyano, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CN, xe2x95x90N(R17a), xe2x80x94OR5b, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5b, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5b, xe2x80x94N(R5b)R6b, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5b)R6b, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5b)R6b, xe2x80x94N(R5b)xe2x80x94N(R5b)R6bxe2x80x94C(O)R5b, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)tR5b (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94(Rxe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5b (where t is 1 to 6), and heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5b, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5b, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6b, and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5b)R6b) where R5b and R6b are alkyl, aryl or aralkyl and R17a is as defined for R17 in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except R17a can not be hydrogen; and where each R8, R9 and R15 are as defined above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and Y is a metal cation: Compounds of formula (N) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. In general, the compounds of formula (Id) are prepared by reacting a compound of formula (M) in an aprotic solvent with a compound of formula (N). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 8 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The compound of formula (Id) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction, concentration of product, and flash chromatography. Alternatively, a compound of formula HR14c in an aprotic solvent, such as DMF, is treated with a strong base, such as sodium hydride, at ambient temperature to form the corresponding salt. The compound of formula (M) in an aprotic solvent, such as DMF, is then added to the reaction mixture containing the salt. The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 10 to 20 hours, preferably for about 18 hours. The compound of formula (Id) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction, concentration and flash chromatography. In general, this reaction scheme is used for those amines, alcohols and mercapto compounds of formula HR14c which are not reactive enough to be used in Reaction Schemes 1 or 2 above. The salt can be formed in situ or can be isolated. Compounds of formula (Ia) where R14c is cyano may be further treated with hydroxylamine under basic conditions in a protic solvent to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10 where R17 is xe2x80x94OH. Compounds of formula (If) are compounds of the invention wherein a R14 substituent is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R7 is hydrogen or alkyl, R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5 (where R5 is not hydrogen), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5 (where R5 is not hydrogen), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R5 can not be hydrogen), and heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R5 can not be hydrogen), and R11 is xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94R15a where R15a is alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94Rxe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5b, xe2x80x94R8R5b, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5b, xe2x80x94N(R5b)R6B and xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5b)R6b where each R5b and R6b is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl), or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, OR5b, R8xe2x80x94OR5b, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5b, xe2x80x94N(R5b)R6b or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5b)R6b where each R5b or R6b is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl). They are prepared from compounds of formula (M) as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 5 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R2a, R4, R5 and R5a are as described above in Reaction Scheme 1; R10 and R15a are as described above; and X is chloro or bromo: Compounds of formula (O) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The compound of formula (Ie) is a compound of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 and is prepared herein. In general, compounds of formula (If) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Ie) in the presence of base, such as pyridine, at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C., preferably at 0xc2x0 C., with a compound of formula (O). The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to ambient temperature and then stirred for about 8 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The compound of formula (If) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as removal of solvents in vacuo and purification by flash chromatography. This reaction scheme can also be used with compounds of the formula Xxe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 to make compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11. Compounds of formula (Ig) are compounds of the invention wherein a R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R7 is hydrogen or alkyl, R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94OR5 (where R5 is not hydrogen), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, cycloalkyl (optionally substituted as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R5 can not be hydrogen), and heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R5 can not be hydrogen); and R11 is either xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15b or xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15b where each R5 is hydrogen and each R5b is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6). They are prepared as described below in Reaction Scheme 6 wherein A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R2a, R4, R5, and R5a are as described above in Reaction Scheme 1; and R15b is as described above; and Z is either oxygen or sulfur: Compounds of formula (P) are commercially available, or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. The compounds of formula (Ie) are compounds of formula (Ia) where R14a is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 and are prepared by methods disclosed herein. In general, compounds of formula (Ig) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Ie) in an aprotic solvent, such as dioxane, with a compound of formula (P). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 8 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The compound of formula (Ig) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration of product and purification by flash chromatography. Alternatively, to produce compounds of formula (Ig) where R15b is hydrogen, compounds of formula (Ie) may be reacted with potassium isocyanate (Kxe2x80x94Nxe2x95x90Cxe2x95x90O). Alternatively, compounds of formula (Ie) may be reacted first with phosgene or equivalent, followed by reacting the resulting product with a disubstituted amine or a cyclic amine to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 is as described above for the compounds of formula (Ig) and R11 is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15 where R5 and R15 are independently alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, or R5 and R15 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a N-heterocyclic ring as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I). Compounds of formula (Ig) where R15b is hydrogen can be further reacted with a halocetaldehyde dialkylacetal in the presence of a protic solvent, preferably an alkanol, to form compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R7 is hydrogen or alkyl, and R10 is as described above for the Reaction Scheme and R11 is an oxazol-2-yl substituent. Compounds of formula (Ih) and (Ij) are compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R7 is hydrogen or alkyl, R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and R11 is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15 where R15 is xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or heterocyclylalkyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6 (where R5 and R6 are as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I))). These compounds are prepared as described below where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R2a, R4, R5, R5a are as described above in Reaction Scheme 1; and R7 and R8 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and R15c is xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, haloalkyl, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 or xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R6 (where R5 and R6 are as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I))), for example, 4-methylpiperidine; and each X is independently bromo or chloro: Compounds of formula (Q) and formula (R) are commercially available or may be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art. In general, the compounds of formula (Ij) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (Ie) in an aprotic solvent, such as methylene chloride, in the presence of a base, such as diisopropylethylamine, at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. and about 10xc2x0 C., preferably at about 0xc2x0 C., with a compound of formula (Q). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirred for about 4 to about 10 hours, preferably for about 7 hours. A compound of formula (R) is then added to the reaction mixture and the resulting reaction mixture is stirred about 10 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The compound of formula (Ij) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration and purification by HPLC. Alternatively, the compound of formula (Q) could be phosgene (Clxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94Cl). Under these circumstances, the final product would have the R15c substituent directly attached to the carbonyl in the compound of formula (Ij). Alternatively, the compound of formula (Q) could also be Xxe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94X to produce compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 is as described above for compounds of formula (Ij) and R11 is xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94R15 where R15 is as described above for R15. Compounds of formula (Ik) are compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 where each R5 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I), where R6 and R7 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I), R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and R17 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl. They are prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 8 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R2a, R4, R5 and R5a are as described above in Reaction Scheme 1; R6 and R7 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; R17 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and X is bromo or chloro, or X can also be other leaving groups such as alkylthio (methylthio) or pyrazolyl: Compounds of formula (S) are commercially available, or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. In general, compounds of formula (Ik) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Ie) in an aprotic solvent, such as DMF, in the presence of a base, such as triethylamine, with a compound of formula (S). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature to about 50xc2x0 C., preferably at about 45xc2x0 C., for about 2 to about 4 hours, preferably for about 3 hours. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and acidified, preferably with trifluoroacetic acid. The compound of formula (Ik) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as purification by HPLC. Compounds of formula (Im) are compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)xe2x80x94C(NR17)xe2x80x94R10 where R7 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) and each R10 and R17 are independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl. They are prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 9 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R2a, R4, each R5 and R5a are as described above in Reaction Scheme 1; R7 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); R10 and R17 are each independently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; and R20 is alkyl: Compounds of formula (T) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, or by methods described herein. Compounds of formula (Ie) are prepared herein. In general, compounds of formula (Im) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Ie) in a protic solvent, such as methanol, with a compound of formula (T). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 8 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The compound of formula (Im) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration and purification by HPLC. Compounds of formula (In) are compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R7 is hydrogen or alkyl, R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl and R11 is xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15 or xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15; and compounds of formula (Io) are compounds of the invention where R14 is xe2x80x94C(R7)Hxe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R7 is hydrogen or alkyl and R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl, and R11 is heterocyclyl (optionally substituted by alkyl or oxo). They are prepared as illustrated below where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R2a, R4, each R5 and R5a are as described above in Reaction Scheme 1; R7 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); R10 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or aralkyl; Z is oxygen or sulfur; n is 2 or 3; and X is bromo or chloro: Compounds of formula (U) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Compounds of formula (Ie) are prepared herein. In general, compounds of formula (Io) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (Ie) in an aprotic solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at temperatures of about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C., preferably at about 0xc2x0 C., with an excess molar amount of a compound of formula (U). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 4 to 10 hours, preferably for about 7 hours to form a compound of formula (In). The reaction mixture is cooled to a temperature of about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. to about 10xc2x0 C., preferably to about 0xc2x0 C., and a mild base, preferably triethylamine, is added to the reaction mixture. The resulting reaction mixture is then warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for about 20 to 30 hours, preferably for about 24 hours. The compound of formula (Io) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration of volatiles and purification by flash chromatography. Other compounds of formula (U) may be used to produce compounds of formula (Io) wherein the heterocyclyl ring so formed is substituted by alkyl or by oxo. For example, if the nitrogen of the isocyanate is substituted by a branched alkyl with the terminal halo atom being 2 to 3 carbons away from the nitrogen, the compound so formed would have an alkyl substituent off the heterocyclic ring in the compound of formula (Io). Also, if the nitrogen is substituted by xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R17 where R17 is a haloalkyl (where the halo is on the terminal carbon of the haloalkyl group), one would end up with a heterocyclic ring with an oxo substituent next to the nitrogen atom of the heterocyclic. Compounds of formula (Z) are intermediates in the preparation of the compounds of the invention and are prepared as illustrated below where R5a is alkyl, R7 is hydrogen or alkyl, R13a is hydrogen, halo, xe2x80x94OR5 (where R5 is alkyl, aryl or aralkyl); and R14a is as described above in Reaction Scheme 1; and each X is bromo or chloro: Compounds of formula (V) and formula (H) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art or methods disclosed herein. In general, compounds of formula (Z) are prepared by first reacting a compound of formula (V) in an aprotic solvent, such as carbon tetrachloride, with a halogenating agent, such as sulfuryl chloride, in the presence of a catalytic agent, such as benzoyl peroxide. The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for about 12 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 17 hours, then cooled to ambient temperature. The compound of formula (W) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration of volatiles and purification by flash chromatography. The compound of formula (W) in an aprotic solvent, such as methylene chloride, is then treated with a compound of formula (H). The resulting reaction mixture is then stirred at ambient temperature for about 10 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The compound of formula (X) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration of the product and purification by flash chromatography. The compound of formula (X) in a protic solvent, such as ethanol, is then hydrolyzed under basic hydrolysis conditions (for example, by the addition of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide) at ambient temperature. The compound of formula (Y) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration of volatiles, dissolution of product in water, acidification of the aqueous solution with a strong acid and filtration. The compound of formula (Y) is then converted to a compound of formula (Z) by standard techniques. Alternatively, the compound of formula (Y) can be isolated as the metal salt and then converted as is to a compound of formula (Z) by standard techniques. Compounds of formula (Z) may be then be reacted with compounds of formula (E) to prepare compounds of the invention as described above in Reaction Scheme 1. Compounds of formula (Iq) are compounds of the invention wherein R2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R8 is as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) and R10 and R11 are as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that neither can be xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15 or xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15. They are prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 12 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R4 and R14 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that none can be hydroxy, amino, carboxy or contain a nucleophilic amine; and R5 and R8 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and R2b is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 are as defined above; and R13 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R13 can not be haloalkyl where the alkyl is substituted by only one halogen atom or R13 can not contain a nucleophilic nitrogen, and each X is bromo or chloro: Compounds of formula (AA) and (CC) are commercially available. Compounds of formula (Ip) are prepared by methods disclosed herein. In general, compounds of formula (Iq) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Ip) in an aprotic solvent, such as DMF, in the presence of a base, such as cesium carbonate, with a compound of formula (M). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 to about 20 hours to make the compound of formula (BB). A compound of formula (CC) is added to 10 the reaction mixture and the resulting reaction mixture is heated to temperatures of between about 60xc2x0 C. and 70xc2x0 C., preferably to about 65xc2x0 C. The reaction mixture is maintained at that temperature for about 10 to about 14 hours, preferably for about 12 hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled to ambient temperature and the compound of formula (Iq) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as filtration and purification by HPLC. When the compound of formula (CC) is a non-reactive amine, the anion of the amine may be prepared prior to reacting with the compound of formula (BB) to form the compound of formula (Iq). Such non-reactive amines include, but are not limited to, imidazole, tetrazole, and pyrazole. Compounds of formula (Ir) are compounds of the invention wherein R2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94OR9, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R5 where each R5, R9 and R8 are as defined above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and R10 and R11 are as defined above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I). They are prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 13 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R4 and R14 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that none can be hydroxy, amino, carboxy or contain a nucleophilic amine; and R5 and R8 are as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I), and R13 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R13 can not be haloalkyl where the alkyl is substituted by only one halogen atom or R13 can not contain a nucleophilic nitrogen, and R2c is xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94R5, xe2x80x94(R8xe2x80x94O)txe2x80x94R5 (where t is 1 to 6), xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R9 where each R5, R8, R9, R10 and R11 are as defined above; and X is chloro or bromo: Compounds of formula (DD) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Compounds of formula (Ip) are prepared herein. In general, compounds of formula (Ir) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Ip) in an aprotic solvent, such as DMF, in the presence of a strong base, such as sodium hydride, at ambient temperature with a compound of formula (DD). The reaction mixture is stirred for about 1 hour to about 4 hours, preferably for about 3 hours, and then cooled to temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. and 10xc2x0 C., preferably to 0xc2x0 C. The reaction mixture is then acidified with a mild acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid. The compound of formula (Ir) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as purification by HPLC. Alternatively, compounds of formula (Ir) may be prepared by treating a compound of formula (Ip) in an aprotic solvent, such as DMF, in the presence of a strong base, such as cesium carbonate, at ambient temperature with a compound of formula (DD). The reaction mixture is then heated to between about 50xc2x0 C. and about 65xc2x0 C., preferably to about 60xc2x0 C. and stirred at that temperature for about 10 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 16 hours. The reaction mixture is then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and filtered. The resulting filtrate is then acidified by a mild acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid, and the compound of formula (Ir) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as purification by HPLC. Compounds of formula (Is) are compounds of the invention wherein R2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 are as defined above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that neither can be xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15 or xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15. They are prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 14 compounds of formula (I) except that none can be hydroxy, amino, carboxy or contain a nucleophilic amine; and R5 and R8 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and R2b is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11 where R10 and R11 are as defined above; and R13 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R13 can not be haloalkyl where the alkyl is substituted by only one halogen atom or R13 can not contain a nucleophilic nitrogen; and each X is bromo or chloro: Compounds of formula (EE) and (CC) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Compounds of formula (Ip) are prepared herein. In general, compounds of formula (Is) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (Ip) in an aprotic solvent, such as DMF, with a compound of formula (EE) in the presence of strong base, such as cesium carbonate. The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 3 days. The compound of formula (FF) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques such as filtration and concentration. The compound of formula (FF) in an aprotic solvent, preferably DMF, is then treated with salt of a compound of formula (CC). The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 16 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 18 hours. The compound of formula (Is) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration of volatiles and purification by HPLC. Compounds of formula (It) are compounds of the invention wherein R2 is xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94CH(OH)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94OR5 where R5 and R8 are as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I). They are prepared as illustrated in the following Reaction Scheme 15 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a, R4 and R14 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that none can be hydroxy, amino, carboxy or contain a nucleophilic amine; and R5, and R8 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and R13 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R13 can not be haloalkyl where the alkyl is substituted by only one halogen atom or R13 can not contain a nucleophilic nitrogen; and each X is bromo or chloro: Compounds of formula (FF) are prepared herein. Compounds of formula (HH) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. In general, compounds of formula (It) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (FF) in an aprotic solvent, such as methylene chloride, with an excess amount of a compound of formula (HH) in the presence of an oxidant, such as dichlorodicyanobenzoquinone. The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for about 24 to about 48 hours, preferably for about 48 hours. The reaction is then quenched with the addition of a mild base, such as aqueous sodium bicarbonate. The compound of formula (It) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction, concentration of volatiles and purification by flash chromatography. Compounds of formula (Iv) are compounds of the invention wherein the R2 substituent is in the 4-position and is xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R9, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where R5, R6, R8, R9 and R12 are as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) and R10 and R11 are as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that neither can be xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R15 or xe2x80x94C(S)xe2x80x94N(R5)R15 when R2 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11). They are prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 16 wherein R1a is halo; and R4 and R14 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that neither can contain a nucleophilic amine; and R5 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and R13 is as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R13 can not be haloalkyl where the alkyl is substituted by only one halogen atom or R13 can not contain a nucleophilic nitrogen; and R2d is xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R9, xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R5)R6, xe2x80x94Sxe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94C(O)OR51 or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where R5, R6, R8, R9, R10, R11 and R12 are as defined above for R2): Compounds of formula (II) are commercially available, or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. Compounds of formula (Iu) may be prepared according to methods disclosed herein. In general, compounds of formula (Iv) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Iu) with a compound of formula (II) in the presence of a base. The reaction mixture is heated to temperatures of between about 80xc2x0 C. and about 105xc2x0 C., preferably at about 85xc2x0 C., for about 10 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 15 hours. The compound of formula (Iv) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration and purification by HPLC. Compounds of formula (Ip) are compounds of the invention wherein R2 is hydroxy. These compounds are prepared as illustrated below where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; and R1, R4, R5, R13, R14, m and n are as defined above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I): Compounds of formula (Iw) are compounds of the invention which are prepared by the methods disclosed herein. In general, compounds of formula (Ip) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Iw) in an aprotic solvent, such as methylene chloride, with boron tribromide at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture is stirred for about 10 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 18 hours. The compound of formula (Ip) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as extraction and concentration. During this reaction, if any of the other substituents, such as R1, R4, etc., contain an ester group or a lower alkyl ether group, the ester group will also be hydrolyzed to the corresponding acid and the ether group will be hydrolyzed to the corresponding alcohol. Compounds of formula (Eb) are compounds of formula (E) wherein R1a is in the 5-position and is halo. These compounds, which are intermediates in the preparation of the compounds of the invention, may be prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 18 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R2, R4, and R5 are as described above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and R5a is hydrogen, and X is chloro or bromo: Compounds of formula (Ea) are prepared by methods disclosed herein. In general, compounds of formula (Eb) are prepared by treating a compound of Ea in an organic solvent, such as benzene, with a halogenating agent. The reaction mixture is heated to temperatures of about 45xc2x0 C. to about 55xc2x0 C., preferably to about 50xc2x0 C. to about 55xc2x0 C. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the compound of formula (Eb) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration, extraction and recrystallization. Compounds of formula (Db) are compounds of formula (D) where the R1a substituent is in the 5-position and is chloro and R2 is in the 3-position and is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where R5, R9, R10, R11 and R12 are as defined in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I) except that R10 and R11 can not be xe2x80x94S(O)2xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94R15, xe2x80x94C(O)N(R5)R15 or xe2x80x94C(S)N(R5)R15 when R2 is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11). These compounds, which are intermediates in the preparation of the compounds of the invention, are prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 19 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R4 and R5 are as described in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I); and R2e is xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94R8xe2x80x94N(R10)R11, or xe2x80x94N(R5)xe2x80x94CH(R12)xe2x80x94C(O)OR5 (where R5, R8, R10, R11, and R12 are as defined above for R2): Compounds of formula (Da) are prepared by methods described herein. Compound of formula (JJ) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. In general, compounds of formula (Db) are prepared by treating a compound of formula (Da) in a polar aprotic solvent, such as DMSO, with a compound of formula (JJ) in the presence of a base, such as diisopropylethylamine. The reaction mixture is heated to temperatures of between about 100xc2x0 C. to about 120xc2x0 C., preferably to about 110xc2x0 C. to about 120xc2x0 C. and maintained at that temperature for about 3 to about 5 hours, preferably for about 4 hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled to ambient temperature and the compound of formula (Db) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques such as extraction, concentration and purification by flash chromatography. Compounds of formula (Ec) are compounds of formula (E) where R5a is hydrogen. These compounds, which are intermediates in the preparation of the compounds of the invention, may be prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 20 where A is xe2x95x90CHxe2x80x94 or xe2x95x90Nxe2x80x94; R1a is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, halo, cyano, xe2x80x94OR5, xe2x80x94S(O)pxe2x80x94R9 (where p is 0 to 2), xe2x80x94C(O)OR5, xe2x80x94C(O)xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 and xe2x80x94N(R5)R6 (where each R5 and R6 can not be hydrogen and R9 is alkyl, aryl, or aralkyl); and R2a is as defined above in Reaction Scheme 1, and R4 and R5 are as defined above in the Summary of the Invention for compounds of formula (I): Compounds of formula (KK) and formula (C) and phosgene are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art. In general, compounds of formula (Ec) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (KK) with phosgene in an aprotic solvent, such as dioxane. The reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature to about 70xc2x0 C., preferably at about 65xc2x0 C., for about 8 to about 12 hours, preferably for about 10 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled to ambient temperature and the compound of formula (LL) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as filtration and evaporation of solvents. The compound of formula (LL) in a polar aprotic solvent, such as dioxane, is treated with a compound of formula (C). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for about 10 to about 20 hours, preferably for about 15 hours. The reaction mixture is allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the compound of formula (Ec) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as filtration and concentration. Compounds of formula (F) are intermediates used to prepare compounds of the invention and may be prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 21 wherein each R5 is alkyl, R7 is hydrogen or alkyl; and M is a metal cation and X is bromo or chloro: Compounds of formula (MM) are commercially available or may be prepared according to methods disclosed herein or by standard methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In general, compounds of formula (F) are prepared by first treating a compound of formula (MM) in a similar manner as that described herein for the preparation of compounds of formula (W) to prepare a compound of formula (NN). The compound of formula (NN) in a mild acidic aqueous solution is then treated with a compound of formula (SS). The reaction mixture is heated to reflux for about 20 hours to about 30 hours, preferably for about 24 hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled to ambient temperature and the compound of formula (OO) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as concentration and extraction. The compound of formula (OO) is then hydrolyzed under standard basic conditions to produce the compound of formula (PP). The compound of formula (PP) may be isolated as the metal salt and may be used as such in the next step. The compound of formula (PP) is then converted to the acid halide by treatment with the appropriate agent, such as thionyl chloride or thionyl bromide. The resulting compound of formula (F) is isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques. The compound of formula (RR) is an intermediate in the preparation of compounds of the invention and is prepared as illustrated below in Reaction Scheme 22: The compound of formula (QQ) is commercially available. In general, the compound of formula (RR) is prepared by treating the compound of formula (QQ) in the presence of a mild acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid, with nitric acid. The reaction mixture is stirred at temperatures of between about xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. and 10xc2x0 C., preferably at about 0xc2x0 C., for about 30 minutes to an hour, preferably for about 1 hour. The reaction mixture is warmed to ambient temperature and stirred for about 2 to about 4 hours, preferably for about 3 hours. The compound of formula (RR) is then isolated from the reaction mixture by standard isolation techniques, such as precipitation and filtration. All compounds of the invention as prepared above which exist in free base or acid form may be converted to their pharmaceutically acceptable salts by treatment with the appropriate inorganic or organic base or acid. Salts of the compounds prepared above may be converted to their free base or acid form by standard techniques.

The present invention relates to the measurement and analysis of bioelectro-magnetic activity in electrically active organs. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of transforming the measurements into a corresponding current distribution map estimating the original sources and combining current distribution maps of two or more states of organ activity into difference maps that reveal regions of the organ in which activity differs for the different states. The ion currents of electrically active organs such as the brain and heart can generate magnetic fields that can be measured outside the surface of the body. Further, the corresponding electrical potentials in the organs themselves, when conducted through the body, can be measured on the skin, using surface electrodes or in the interior of the body by means of invasive depth electrodes. The process of computing the biological source current or currents giving rise to the observed magnetic and electrical measurements is generally referred to as xe2x80x9cthe bioelectromagnetic inverse problemxe2x80x9d. The importance of having a biomagnetic or bioelectric inverse solution is that it can be used to correlate electrophysiological function with a particular coordinate within the body. This, in turn, can be used to associate normal function and dysfunction with specific anatomic structures. It can be shown that, in three dimensions, there can be no unique bioelectromagnetic inverse solution without applying constraints to the solution, such as assuming the number and configuration of possible sources. Notwithstanding this, it is possible to calculate useful estimates or approximations of the distribution and intensity of source activity from electrophysiological measurements. In the present art, Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) and Electroencephalographic (EEG) signals may be examined for waveform morphology in independent channels, characterized, for example, by their frequency and amplitude. In addition, MEG and/or EEG measurements, recorded from a plurality of sites, are often represented as topographic distributions of either spontaneous or evoked signals in the form of signal intensity maps about the head. Such topographic maps are also commonly presented for MEG/EEG in distinct frequency bands. It is also known to average MEG and EEG signals synchronously with a stimulus presented to the subject or to a voluntary motor movement from the subject. Signal averaging can improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the brain activity underlying a particular sensory or motor event. The resulting averaged signal is conventionally known as the event-related potential (ERP) or the event-related field (ERF). The averaged evoked response is most useful for improving the SNR or activity in the primary cerebral cortex, in which the time delay between stimulus and response has low variability. However, the evoked response relating to higher cognitive functions, which involve associative cerebral cortex, can be more variable in time delay and duration relative to the driving stimulus. Thus, signal averaging is less useful for evaluating higher cognitive functions. The application of signal averaging to EEG and MEG brain signals is predicated upon the notion that the underlying neural events are identical with each and every stimulus event. Common sense and personal experience dictate that this is not necessarily the case for higher levels of brain functioning. The delay between external events and related thought processes is known to vary greatly. Brain activity associated with critical higher mental processes, such as the production and understanding of language, are therefore not adequately represented by the averaged evoked response. Another known representation of the MEG and EEG signals is the Equivalent Current Dipole (ECD). The ECD can be computed by fitting a simplified model of a current dipole (or multiple dipoles), each characterized by a location, current vector, and magnitude, to the MEG and/or EEG measurements at some selected instant of time, usually in the least squares sense. In the Minimum Norm Current Distribution method, a more complex, often under-determined model is fitted to the measurements at some instant of time by a least squares method. Both the ECD and Minimum Norm methods can yield erroneous results (e.g., inaccurate localization and magnitude of cortical generators) when noise is present in the EEG or MEG signal. When the Minimum Norm solution is underdetermined (and it almost always is), the non-uniqueness of the inverse problem implies that the result is only one of many possible source configurations that can explain the measurements. Thus, only spontaneous EEG or MEG signals having high signal-to-noise ratio and a source characterized by few parameters, such as epileptic spikes and abnormal high-amplitude xe2x80x9cslow wavesxe2x80x9d (a sign of closed-head injury) can be localized accurately by these two methods. Normal (non-pathological) events within the brain are of much lower amplitude; when possible, signal averaging is conventionally used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of such events. Much of the above-mentioned prior art is described in SQUID-Based Measuring Techniques by Manfried Hoke in THE ART OF MEASUREMENT METROLOGY IN FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED PHYSICS, edited by B. Kramer (1988). The activity of electrically active organs, such as the brain, may also be monitored and imaged using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and fictional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Neither of these imaging modalities are direct measures of the electrochemical events that comprise neural activity. Instead, they detect local changes in metabolism, metabolic products or blood flow within the brain. These changes are consequent to the energy requirements of the electrochemical events. Although electrochemical events can occur in less than one millisecond, corresponding local changes in metabolism and blood flow are much slower, having time constants of several seconds. Hence, PET and fMRI lack the time resolution of EEG and MEG, as they are indirect measures of brain activity. Lead Field Synthesis (LFS) departs from previous methods for analyzing bioelectromagnetic measurements. LFS is disclosed by S. E. Robinson and W. C. Black in U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,896 (Robinson et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,269,325 (Robinson et al.) entitled xe2x80x9cAnalysis of Biological Signals using Data from Arrays of Sensorsxe2x80x9d. Instead of localizing brain activity, LFS increases the spatial selectivity of an array of MEG sensors by summing the weighted observations. The weights are selected to impart higher spatial selectivity to a specified coordinate in the head. The sum of products of the measured signal and these weights results in a xe2x80x9cvirtual sensorxe2x80x9d that estimates electrical activity as a function of time at the selected location. It is also known that the bioelectromagnetic inverse solution can be improved by constraining the location of source currents to the cortex of the brain, since it is the electrical currents flowing between the dendrites and cell bodies of the neurons that are the primary contributors to the measured magnetic fields and electrical potentials. Furthermore, the source current is known to flow in a direction approximately normal to each point on the cortical surface which provides an additional constraint for the inverse solution. The coordinates and vectors describing the cortical surface can be extracted from anatomical images of the brain. These images can be obtained, for example, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scanning of the head. While certain advances have been made in this art, there is still much room for improvement. For example, heretofore, the prior art approach has been unable to localize brain activity in a manner which can adequately represent spontaneous (unaveraged) activity (e.g., brain activity), particularly that of normal higher cognitive functions. Specifically, certain prior art approaches (e.g., the ECD and Minimum Norm methods discussed above) rely on xe2x80x9cmodel-fittingxe2x80x9d techniques generally involving the following steps: (i) the signals are initially observed at some instant or time sample; (ii) a parametric model is used to predict a forward solution for the measurements; and (iii) the parameters of the model are adjusted so as to simultaneously minimize the differences between measured and predicted signals at each of the sensorsxe2x80x94usually in the least-squares sense. As an example, a single ECD may be described using five free parameters for magnetic measurementsxe2x80x94three for position, one describing the tangential dipole-moment vector (radial currents are xe2x80x9csilentxe2x80x9d in magnetic measurement) and one describing the dipole-moment magnitude. Further, for ECD representation to be operable, a relatively high signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio is needed. However, for certain organs such as the brain, the spontaneous signals generated by small functional regions do not provide an adequate SNR ratio (in the case of the brain, this is due to the fact that brain functions are also being carried out in areas which are not of interest). Accordingly, it is necessary to use signal averaging techniques to improve the SNR ratio. For signal averaging techniques to be useful, it is necessary that the regions of interest in, for example, the brain are in precise synchrony with external events resulting in poor vision of associative areas. Accordingly, practical imaging of high brain function from MEG and EEG signals has heretofore been at least difficult (if not possible) to achieve. In the Minimum Norm solutions, there are many times more free parameters. When there are more parameters than sensors (measurements) the problem becomes underdetermined. Certain other prior art approaches (e.g., the LFS method discussed above) rely generally involve the following steps (i) the signals are initially observed; (ii) observed signals are weighted by some coefficient; and (iii) derivation of an additional signal which is an estimate of activity (e.g., brain activity). This approach has limited value in evaluating higher cognitive functions due to the rapid fluctuations (liability) of the activity of certain organs (e.g., the brain). It would be desirable to have a system and method for measuring, estimating and displaying root mean square (RMS) current density maps which obviates or mitigates the above-mentioned limitations of the prior art. It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel apparatus and method for measuring, estimating, and displaying RMS current density maps of brain activity which obviates or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art methods for calculating estimates of the distribution and intensity of source activity from electrophysiological measurements. The system and method of the present invention, referred to herein as Synthetic Aperture Magnetometery (SAM) methodology, permits tomographic imaging of brain activity and represents a radical departure from the previously described prior art methods for analysing MEG and/or EEG data. In contrast to the conventional methods (e.g., ECD, minimum norm and LFS taught in Robinson et al. patents), SAM converts the measured data from, for example when brain activity is being evaluated, an MEG and/or EEG sensor array over a segment of time (rather than at a single instant), into an estimate of the RMS source current density at any designated location in the head. The present invention also provides, in the example of evaluating brain activity, a method for displaying the brain activity that differs between two or more states of brain activity. This latter process is referred to herein as Differential Current Density Mapping (CDM). In applying DCDM, individual SAM images are derived from MEG and/or EEG data which has been partitioned into discrete time segments. The time segments correspond to at least two mental states under examination. The SAM image derived for each mental state are then combined using DCDM to display the locations and intensities of the brain that differ between the at least two mental states, Since the common mode brain activity is attenuated by the subtraction process, the locations and interactions of the brain activity that differ between any two brain states is readily identified. Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of performing synthetic aperture magnetometery on the signals from a target organ using an array of biomagnetic sensors positioned in a predetermined manner around the target organ (e.g., the brain), each sensor in the array having a position vector and an orientation vector relative to a common coordinate system encompassing the target organ (e.g., the brain), the method comprising the steps of: (i) simultaneously measuring EM signals from each sensor positioned in the array for a selected time interval; (ii) computing a covariance matrix of the measured EM signals over a user-selected time sub-interval within the selected time interval; (iii) selecting a set of coordinates for a region of interest to be imaged and a distance between voxels to form a grid of voxels; (iv) computing a forward solution for a current element at each of the voxels for each of the sensors in the array sensors; (v) computing an RMS current density estimate for each voxel from the covariance matrix and the forward solution for that voxel; and (vi) displaying the voxels estimating RMS current density as a first image. This method is typical of SAM. Thus, in the present method, as will be illustrated below, when reference is made to positioning of biomagnetic sensors in a predetermined manner around a target organ, those of skill in the art will appreciate that this means that the sensors are placed in the vicinity of the target organ, usually external to the surface of the body. As is known in the art, the sensitivity of biomagnetic sensors declines rapidly with distance (inverse cube law for simple magnetometers, inverse 4th power for first-order gradiometers, etc.). Also, the fine (i.e., xe2x80x9chigher-orderxe2x80x9d) spatial features of the biomagnetic field, necessary for distinguishing different sources, also decline with distance. This means that the biomagnetic sensors must be placed as close to the body as is practically feasible. Ideally, biomagetic sensors of a number sufficient to obtain as many different xe2x80x9cperspectivexe2x80x9d measurements as is possible are placed around or in the vicinity of the target organ. Further, the common coordinate system encompassing the target organ is related to the position vector and orientation vector of each sensor in the array. The magnetic field of the target organ (e.g., the brain, as well as other organs), is a vector quantity. The features of such a field convey information as to the location and intensity of each of the cortical generators (sources). The field should be sampled, spatially, at small enough intervals, surrounding as much of the target organ as possible, to convey information needed for localization and imaging. As used throughout this specification, the term xe2x80x9cEM signalsxe2x80x9d is intended to mean the signals generated from ion currents in electrically active organs. Generally, these signals will be bioelectric signals, biomagnetic signals or a combination of these. Thus, if the electrically active organ is a brain the EM signals can be magnetoencephalogram (MEG) signals, electroencephalogram (BEG) signals or a combination of these. Alternatively, if the electrically active organ is a heart the EM signals can be electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, magnetocardiogram (MCG) signals or a combination of these. Further alternatively, if the electrically active organ is an eye, the EMG signals can be electrooculogram (EOG) signals, magnetooculogram (MOG) signals or a combination of these. Persons of skill in the art will recognize that the precise nomenclature of the EM signals useful in the present method will depend on the particular target organ. Further, as used throughout this specification, the term xe2x80x9cforward solutionxe2x80x9d is intended to mean a computation of the magnetic field or electrical potential response of a mathematically modelled sensor or electrode to a mathematically modeled current distribution within a mathematically modeled conducting volume. As will be understood by those of skill in the art, closed mathematical solutions exist for a unique forward solution of signal from source. By contrast, there is no closed and unique mathematical solution for the bioelectromagnetic inverse. Hence, all inverse solutions rely upon forward solutions. More information on forward solutions may be found in Basic Mathematical and Electro magnetic Concepts of the Biomagnetic Inverse Problem by J. Sarvas (Phys. Med. Biol. 32:11-22 (1987)). Preferably, the method includes repeating Steps (ii) through (vi) over a second time sub-interval within the selected time interval, to produce a second RMS current density image and, the additional step of subtracting the second RMS current density image, voxel by voxel, from the first image to form a third RMS current density image representing the difference source activity in the brain between the first and second time windows. This preferred embodiment is typical of DCDM.

Typically, access to what is commonly referred to as "the internet" requires a data channel between a user terminal and an access provider. The access provider serves as a gateway for exchange of data between the user terminal and the various nodes which together comprise the internet. Many types of connections between the customer and an access provider are now available, each characterized by varying levels of convenience, expense and transmission efficiency. Currently, most residential users access the internet with a conventional modem that operates at speeds up to 28.8 kilobits per second (Kbps). Such users access an internet service provider or an online service provider by establishing a circuit-switch connection through the public switched telephone network (PSTN). Point-to-point protocol (PPP) sessions to the internet access point are maintained during the duration of the circuit switch connection. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) lines are increasingly being used to access the internet with a much faster transmission speed than provided by conventional 28.8 Kbps modems. In the future, ADSL modems and cable modems are likely to offer alternative means for accessing the internet. Primarily due to the increased use of mobile terminals, such as "laptop" or portable computers, there is an increasing demand for access to the internet from areas in which no wire terminal is accessible to the user. Some cellular systems attempt to meet this need by providing wireless internet access. For example, CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) is a packet data mode for analog cellular systems which provides data transmission suitable for access to the internet. Other wireless networks, such as GSM, are also becoming available which support communication through the internet. While providing greater convenience in terms of user mobility, conventional wireless networks are limited in significant respects. For example, they generally are expensive relative to communication over standard telephone lines. Moreover, they are characterized by a relatively low data transmission rate (typically between 9.6 and 19.2 Kbps). Further, even yet-to-be implemented systems are relatively inefficient with respect to usage. For example, GSM will require 200 Khz spacings on both uplink and downlink, thus permitting only twenty-five frequency channels in a 10 MHz system. In summary, among the above-described conventional methods for accessing the internet, communication by modem over the PSTN is relatively inexpensive, but lacks the high speed offered by ISDN lines or the convenience of wireless cellular networks. ISDN lines provide greater efficiency through faster transmission rates, but are more expensive than a standard telephone connection and, again, less convenient to use than wireless cellular systems. While more convenient, wireless communication is limited in terms of both cost and transmission speed. In view of the foregoing, there is a need to provide a system and method for accessing the internet which provides the speed of ISDN based systems and the convenient accessibility afforded by wireless systems while preserving spectral efficiency.

Memory devices used in computers or other electronics devices may be non-volatile memory or volatile memory. The main difference between non-volatile memory and volatile memory is that non-volatile memory may continue to store data without requiring a persistent power supply. As a result, non-volatile memory devices have developed into a popular type of memory for a wide range of electronic applications. For instance, non-volatile memory devices, including flash memory devices, are commonly incorporated into solid-state storage devices, such as solid-state drives (SSDs).

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to shaft couplings. More particularly, the invention relates to a free-floating coupling for joining rotatable shafts which tolerates shaft misalignment. 2. Description of the Prior Art Rotatable shafts are typically used in motor powered mechanical devices such as pumps and the like. These devices cooperate with a motor via a rotatable shaft which, when rotated along a fixed axis, rotates other machine parts. Because these shafts can only reach limited lengths, they are often connected to one another to form a longer, continuous rotatable shaft. Attempts have been made in the art to compensate for misalignment in rotatable shafts, however rotational vibrations in such shafts and couplings eventually result in an angular distortion and misalignment between the shafts. Shaft axes inevitably exert a lateral force which causes bearing to wear out. This leads to improper shaft rotation. Various attempts have been made to compensate for misalignment between rotatable shafts. U.S. Pat. No. 268,807 discloses a coupling for shafts which includes a pair of end units with openings for the shafts and which are held onto the shafts via set screws. The end units have links that connect to a central unit via spherical ends on the links and transmits motion thereby. The pins may be spherical but they do not directly connect the end units with the central disk, rather they are connected via intermediate linkages. U.S. Pat. No. 4,591,350 discloses a compensator coupling which includes an intermediate sleeve with resilient bushings for engaging shaft ends. A shaft presses against a spherical ring, and compression springs are required. U.S. Pat. No. 1,862,355 discloses a flexible coupling which includes a bar that carries spherical engagement pins. A bar is bent at right angles to form ends which carry spherical arrangement pins. U.S. Pat. No. 1,188,113 shows a three disk arrangement where the disks are attached by bolts surrounded by springs. U.S. Pat. No. 2,181,888 shows a three disk arrangement where the disks are indirectly connected via links. U.S. Pat. No. 1,482,097 shows a flexible coupling whose end members are linked by a support disk via straight pins. U.S. Pat. No. 3,304,743 shows a coupling having hubs which are connected via an intermediate plate. Ball connectors are intended to pivot and slide in the bore, and a shaft is required. U.S. Pat. No. 1,365,957 shows a spring coupling. U.S. Pat. No. 1,814,836 shows a shaft coupling with tapered coupling pins. Each of the foregoing designs are ineffective for tolerating shaft misalignment. It would be desirable to provide a free-floating coupling device for joining rotatable shafts which tolerates vibration induced shaft misalignment. The coupling device of the present invention solves this problem. Such a coupling allows for flexibility at the joining point while tolerating misalignment in the rotatable shafts.

A known type of tobacco shredding apparatus comprises a rotary carrier for one or more knives which cut tobacco shreds for use in making cigarettes from the leading face of a continuous cake of compacted tobacco. The cake is formed and its contents compacted by a feeding device comprising upper and lower feed conveyors which define a gradually narrowing path extending from a source of threshed tobacco lamina to a comminuting station where the leading face of the cake is squeezed between upper and lower pressure applying elements and moves into the range of the orbiting knives. Conventionally an automatic feeding system is used to provide the source of tobacco leaves, comprising an upwardly-extending hopper into which the tobacco lamina are dumped. A reciprocally-movable end wall in the hopper opposite to the upstream throat of the conveyors is provided to assist in propelling the tobacco lamina into the throat. Such apparatus is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,090,521. The tobacco lamina are compressed somewhat by the gravitational force of the head of lamina in the hopper so as to increase the throughput of the shredding apparatus over what otherwise would be the case. The latter procedure suffers from a number of drawbacks. The tobacco lamina enter the apparatus through a vertically-extending hopper and tend to assume a horizontal orientation. The rear wall movement required to move the lamina into the throat causes the tobacco to move towards a vertical orientation for movement between the compaction conveyors to the cutter. This effect results in the necessity to apply considerable pressure on the cake of tobacco at the cutter to prevent whole tobacco lamina from being pulled out uncut. The application of this pressure adversely affects the filling power of the tobacco. The filling power of cut tobacco is its ability to fill a cigarette tube. The greater the filling power, the harder is the cigarette for the same quantity of tobacco. For the economic production of cigarettes, it is desirable for the filling power to be as high as possible. In the prior art procedure noted above, the tobacco tends not to be evenly distributed across the width of the compaction conveyors and, in particular, the tobacco at the sides tends to be less compact than in the middle. This phenomenon requires the exertion of even greater pressure on the tobacco cake at the cutters in excess of that required in the middle, so that tobacco lamina pull-out at the sides does not occur, thereby further adversely affecting the filling power of the tobacco. The problem that is solved by the present invention is how to provide the same throughput to tobacco through the tobacco shredding apparatus while at the same time decreasing the pressure requirement at the cutter and thereby improving the filling power of the cut tobacco.

The problem of amplifying optical signals for long distance transmission was successfully addressed by the development of Erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs). An EDFA consists of a length of silica fiber with the core doped with ionized atoms (Er3+) of the rare earth element Erbium. The fiber is pumped with a laser at a wavelength of 980 nm or 1480 nm. The doped, pumped fiber is optically coupled with the transmission fiber so that the input signal is combined with the pump signal in the doped fiber. An isolator is generally needed at the input and/or output to prevent reflections that would convert the amplifier into a laser. Early EDFAs could provide 30 to 40 dB of gain in the C-band extending between 1530 to 1565 nm with noise figures of less than 5 dB. Recently, EDFAs have been developed that can provide similar performance in the L-band (1565 to 1625 nm) as well as in the C-band. There is great interest in developing a broad or wide band amplifier that can amplify optical signals spanning the C- and L-bands and shorter wavelengths in the so-called “S-band” or “short-band”. Although poorly defined at present, the S-band is considered to cover wavelengths between about 1425 nm and about 1525 nm. Unfortunately, the gain in the S-band typically observed in EDFAs is limited by several factors, including incomplete inversion of the active erbium ions and by amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) or lasing from the high gain peak near 1530 nm. Unfortunately, at present no efficient mechanism exists for suppressing ASE at 1530 nm and longer wavelengths in an EDFA. The prior art offers various types of waveguides and fibers in which an EDFA can be produced. Most waveguides are designed to prevent injected light from coupling out via mechanisms such as evanescent wave out-coupling (tunneling), scattering, bending losses and leaky-mode losses. A general study of these mechanisms can be found in the literature such as L. G. Cohen et al., “Radiating Leaky-Mode Losses in Single-Mode Lightguides with Depressed-Index Claddings”, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, Vol. QE-18, No. 10, October 1982, pp. 1467-72. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,892,615 and 6,118,575 teach the use of W-profile fibers similar to those described by L. G. Cohen, or QC fibers to suppress unwanted frequencies and thus achieve higher output power in a cladding pumped laser. Such fibers naturally leak light at long wavelengths, as discussed above, and are more sensitive to bending than other fibers. In producing an EDFA for the S-band the relatively high losses and low gains over the S-band render the selection of fiber and fiber profile even more difficult. In fact, the problems are so severe that the prior art teaches interposition of external filters between EDFA sections to produce an S-band EDFA. For example, Ishikawa et al. disclose a method of fabricating an S-band EDFA by cascading five stages of silica-based EDFA and four ASE suppressing filters in Ishikawa et al., “Novel 1500 nm-Band EDFA with discrete Raman Amplifier”, ECOC-2001, Post Deadline Paper. In Ishikawa et al.'s experimental setup, the length of each EDA is 4.5 meters. The absorption of each suppressing filter at 1.53 μm is about 30 dB and the insertion losses of each suppressing filter at 1.48 μm and 0.98 μm are about 2 dB and 1 dB respectively. The pumping configuration is bi-directional, using a 0.98 μm wavelength to keep a high inversion of more than D≧0.7 (D, relative inversion). The forward and backward pumping powers are the same and the total pumping power is 480 mW. Ishikawa et al. show a maximum gain of 25 dB at 1518.7 nm with 9 dB gain tilt. This method is relatively complicated and not cost-effective, as it requires five EDFAs, four ASE suppressing filters and high pump power. Also, each of the ASE suppressing filters used in Ishikawa et al.'s method introduces an additional insertion loss of 1-2 dB. The total additional insertion loss is thus about 4-8 dB. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,049,417 Srivastava et al. teach a wide band optical amplifier which employs a split-band architecture. This amplifier splits an optical signal into several independent sub-bands that then pass in parallel through separate branches of the optical amplifier. Each branch may be optimized for the sub-band that traverses it. In one embodiment Srivastava et al. teach to equip one of the branches with a number of S-band EDFAs and a number of gain equalization filters (GEFs) interposed between the S-band EDFAs to obtain amplification in the S-band. The other sub-bands in this embodiment have EDFAs for amplifying the C- and L-bands respectively. Unfortunately, the S-band branch of this wide band amplifier suffers from similar disadvantages as discussed above in conjunction with Ishikawa. In view of the above, it would be an advance in the art to provide a wide band amplifier that amplifies optical signals spanning the S-, C- and L-bands and exhibits high efficiency in the S-band. Specifically, it would be an advance to provide such wide band amplifier that amplifies optical signals in the S-band without requiring many filters and takes full advantage of a minimum number of pump sources.

Diabetes refers to a disease process derived from multiple causative factors and characterized by elevated levels of plasma glucose, or hyperglycemia in the fasting state or after administration of glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test. Persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycemia is associated with increased and premature morbidity and mortality. Often abnormal glucose homeostasis is associated both directly and indirectly with alterations of the lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein metabolism and other metabolic and hemodynamic disease. Therefore patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus are at especially increased risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications, including coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Therefore, therapeutical control of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism and hypertension are critically important in the clinical management and treatment of diabetes mellitus. There are two generally recognized forms of diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), patients produce little or no insulin, the hormone which regulates glucose utilization. In type 2 diabetes, or noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), patients often have plasma insulin levels that are the same or even elevated compared to nondiabetic subjects; however, these patients have developed a resistance to the insulin stimulating effect on glucose and lipid metabolism in the main insulin-sensitive tissues, which are muscle, liver and adipose tissues, and the plasma insulin levels, while elevated, are insufficient to overcome the pronounced insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is not primarily due to a diminished number of insulin receptors but to a post-insulin receptor binding defect that is not yet understood. This resistance to insulin responsiveness results in insufficient insulin activation of glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in muscle and inadequate insulin repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production and secretion in the liver. The available treatments for type 2 diabetes, which have not changed substantially in many years, have recognized limitations. While physical exercise and reductions in dietary intake of calories will dramatically improve the diabetic condition, compliance with this treatment is very poor because of well-entrenched sedentary lifestyles and excess food consumption, especially of foods containing high amounts of saturated fat. Increasing the plasma level of insulin by administration of sulfonylureas (e.g. tolbutamide and glipizide) or meglitinide, which stimulate the pancreatic β-cells to secrete more insulin, and/or by injection of insulin when sulfonylureas or meglitinide become ineffective, can result in insulin concentrations high enough to stimulate the very insulin-resistant tissues. However, dangerously low levels of plasma glucose can result from administration of insulin or insulin secretagogues (sulfonylureas or meglitinide), and an increased level of insulin resistance due to the even higher plasma insulin levels can occur. The biguanides increase insulin sensitivity resulting in some correction of hyperglycemia. However, the two biguanides, phenformin and metformin, can induce lactic acidosis and nausea/diarrhea. Metformin has fewer side effects than phenformin and is often prescribed for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. The glitazones (i.e. 5-benzylthiazolidine-2,4-diones) are a more recently described class of compounds with potential for ameliorating many symptoms of type 2 diabetes. These agents substantially increase insulin sensitivity in muscle, liver and adipose tissue in several animal models of type 2 diabetes resulting in partial or complete correction of the elevated plasma levels of glucose without occurrence of hypoglycemia. The glitazones that are currently marketed are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR), primarily the PPAR-gamma subtype. PPAR-gamma agonism is generally believed to be responsible for the improved insulin sensititization that is observed with the glitazones. Newer PPAR agonists that are being tested for treatment of Type II diabetes are agonists of the alpha, gamma or delta subtype, or a combination of these, and in many cases are chemically different from the glitazones (i.e., they are not thiazolidinediones). Serious side effects (e.g. liver toxicity) have occurred with some of the glitazones, such as troglitazone. Additional methods of treating the disease are still under investigation. New biochemical approaches that have been recently introduced or are still under development include treatment with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. acarbose) and protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) inhibitors. Compounds that are inhibitors of the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (“DP-IV” or “DPP-IV”) enzyme are also under investigation as drugs that may be useful in the treatment of diabetes, and particularly type 2 diabetes. See for example WO 97/40832, WO 98/19998, U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,560, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 6: 1163-1166 (1996); and Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 6: 2745-2748 (1996). The usefulness of DP-IV inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is based on the fact that DP-IV in vivo readily inactivates glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP). GLP-1 and GIP are incretins and are produced when food is consumed. The incretins stimulate production of insulin. Inhibition of DP-IV leads to decreased inactivation of the incretins, and this in turn results in increased effectiveness of the incretins in stimulating production of insulin by the pancreas. DP-IV inhibition therefore results in an increased level of serum insulin. Advantageously, since the incretins are produced by the body only when food is consumed, DP-IV inhibition is not expected to increase the level of insulin at inappropriate times, such as between meals, which can lead to excessively low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Inhibition of DP-IV is therefore expected to increase insulin without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, which is a dangerous side effect associated with the use of insulin secretagogues. DP-IV inhibitors also have other therapeutic utilities, as discussed herein. DP-IV inhibitors have not been studied extensively to date, especially for utilities other than diabetes. New compounds are needed so that improved DP-IV inhibitors can be found for the treatment of diabetes and potentially other diseases and conditions. The therapeutic potential of DP-IV inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is discussed by D. J. Drucker in Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs, 12: 87-100 (2003) and by K. Augustyns, et al., in Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents, 13: 499-510 (2003).

The invention relates to a single-channel magnetic head having a head face which extends in a first direction in which a magnetic record carrier is relatively movable with respect to the magnetic head, and in a second direction transverse to the first direction, and having a structure of layers which, viewed in the first direction, are situated one on top of the other and extend substantially in the second direction and a third direction transverse to the first and the second direction. This structure is provided with a magnetoresistive measuring element having an effective width extending in the second direction, a first magnetic element and a second magnetic element viewed; in the first direction, said magnetic elements are situated in an at least partially overlapping relationship, at least the first magnetic element of said elements extends as far as the head face and both magnetic elements are electrically conducting. The measuring element are arranged electrically in series between the two magnetic elements for passing a measuring current through the measuring element substantially in the third direction, and each magnetic element has an electric connection face. A magnetic head of this type is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,493,467. The known magnetic head has a spin-valve magnetoresistive sensor which is incorporated in a magnetic yoke. Two yoke parts of the yoke are electrically interconnected at a head face of the magnetic head by means of an electrically conducting gap layer, while one of the yoke parts is provided with an interruption which is electrically and magnetically bridged by the sensor. Each yoke part is provided in an area spaced apart from the head face with electrically conducting layers oriented transversely to the yoke parts, which layers terminate in connection faces situated beside the yoke parts. The sensor has an effective portion within which changes of magnetization are detected during scanning. Although a relatively narrow read channel can be realized with the known magnetic head, this head does not have an optimal stability, which is due to the yoke configuration used. This is particularly the case with a small yoke width because then there is a clear risk that the yoke parts are split up into magnetic domains so that instabilities and Barkhausen noise occur.

There have heretofore been known apparatus which generate singing voices by synthesizing voices of lyrics while varying a pitch in accordance with a melody. Patent Literature 1, for example, discloses a technique for updating or controlling a singing position in lyrics, indicated by lyrics data, in response to receipt of performance data (pitch data). Namely, Patent Literature 1 discloses a technique in which a melody performance is executed by a user operating an operation section, such as a keyboard, and the lyrics are caused to progress in synchronism with a progression of the melody performance. Further, in the field of electronic musical instruments, controllers of various shapes have been under development, and it has been known to provide a grip section projecting from the body of a keyboard musical instrument and provide, on the grip section, a desired operation section and an appropriate detection section for detecting a manual operation performed on the operation section (see, for example, Patent Literature 2 and Patent Literature 3). Further, Patent Literature 4, for example, discloses a technique in which a plurality of lyrics are displayed on a display device, a desired portion of the lyrics is selected through an operation of an operation section, and the selected portion is output as a singing voice of a designated pitch. Patent Literature 4 also discloses a construction in which a user designates a syllable of the lyrics displayed on a touch panel, and then, once the user performs key depression successively three times on a keyboard, the designated syllable is audibly generated or sounded with a pitch designated on the keyboard.

In the printing arts, and in particular in the printed label art for labeling and decorating objects, there exists a continual demand for labels and decorations which not only appeal to consumers, but also bear ever increasing amounts of information. For example, labels for identification of health care and pharmaceutical products are often required by governmental regulations to describe in painstaking detail their compositions and ingredients. As new food and drug laws are passed, regulations require the inclusion of increasing amounts of label information. As another example, labels for identification of agricultural and industrial products are similarly required by governmental regulations to describe their compositions and ingredients by way of, e.g., “material safety data sheets” and the like. One label that has gained wide popularity is a so-called “roll-fed” label. A roll-fed label commonly utilizes a continuous label substrate or ply comprising paper, or a clear or opaque film such as polypropylene, or a combination of paper and film. In such an individual label, in its final state, the label ply is usually rectangular, as defined by a desired label width associated with a widthwise dimension and a desired label length associated with a lengthwise dimension (transverse to the widthwise dimension). The label ply has opposing first and second ends, along with front and back surfaces. Desired graphics are typically printed on the front surface of the label ply, and may also be printed on the back surface. In application of the roll-fed label to an object to be labeled, e.g., a cylindrical container, a widthwise portion of the back surface of the label ply at the first end thereof is adhered to the container by means of an adhesive material at point of application from labeling equipment. The ply, having been adhesively secured to the container at the first end, is then placed in circular fashion around the container and adhesively secured at the second end of the ply. The length of the ply is usually chosen to approximate a circumference of the container, to minimize excessive overlap of the opposing ends of the label substrate applied to the container. The application of the label to the container may be carried out by any suitable roll-fed label applicator such as those available from, e.g., Krones A.G. of Regensburg, Germany, and B&H Labeling Systems of Ceres, Calif., U.S.A. Roll-fed labels of the type described herein are manufactured for application by customers using conventional roll-fed labeling equipment or machines. They are produced without any adhesive material on the back surface of the label ply; and as such they are provided to customers in roll form as a web. Typically, at point of application, a web of labels in roll form is introduced to a customer's label application machine which cuts the web into individual labels and applies them to objects to be labeled (e.g., containers). Any adhesive material used to apply the labels to the objects is supplied by the label application machine at the point of application and is generally applied to adhere the leading and trailing edge portions of the labels. Therefore, there exists a need for a resealable label for roll-fed label application equipment or machines, that does not require significant changes to label ply materials or other labeling components. There also exists a need for a resealable label that satisfactorily functions when applied to a container such as a conventional aerosol spray can, subsequently with a cap, even when the cap abuts or covers a portion of the label.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for writing data to an optical disc, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for writing data to a rewritable ultra-speed disc using an optimum pulse based on information regarding Absolute Time In Pre-groove (ATIP) and write speed of the disc. 2. Description of Related Art In general, rewritable ultra-speed discs are largely categorized into 24× discs and 32× discs. When writing data to a rewritable ultra-speed disc, laser write power must be adjusted in consideration of the recording sensitivity of a disc layer and a change in the recording sensitivity caused by a change in a laser wavelength. Setting or readjustment of write power to write data to a disc is referred to as Optimum Power Control (OPC). An optical disc drive first determines a write strategy to set OPC for an optical disc. In particular, data is written to a rewritable ultra-speed disc using a write strategy for the same Absolute Time In Pre-groove (ATIP). In general, data is generally written to a disc whose optimum write power is not set based on either a default write strategy determined at a write speed of 24× or 32×, or a write strategy made based on ATIP for another disc manufactured by a manufacturer of the disc. However, in general, when a 24× disc and a 32× disc have the same ATIP or their lead-in areas have the same ATIP, data is indiscriminately written to these discs. That is, conventionally, data is recorded on a disc without determining whether the write speed of the disc is 24× or 32×, and thus, the data may be recorded according to a write strategy that does not match the write speed. Further, the data is written to the disc at a write speed determined by the write strategy rather than its write speed, thereby lowering the quality of the data recorded.

In lithography techniques, for example, a resist film composed of a resist material is formed on a substrate, and the resist film is subjected to selective exposure of radial rays such as light or electron beam through a mask having a predetermined pattern, followed by development, thereby forming a resist pattern having a predetermined shape on the resist film. A resist material in which the exposed portions become soluble in a developing solution is called a positive-type, and a resist material in which the exposed portions become insoluble in a developing solution is called a negative-type. In recent years, in the production of semiconductor elements and liquid crystal display elements, advances in lithography techniques have lead to rapid progress in the field of pattern miniaturization. Typically, these miniaturization techniques involve shortening the wavelength (increasing the energy) of the exposure light source. Conventionally, ultraviolet radiation typified by g-line and i-line radiation has been used, but nowadays KrF excimer lasers and ArF excimer lasers are starting to be introduced in mass production. Furthermore, research is also being conducted into lithography techniques that use an exposure light source having a wavelength shorter (energy higher) than these excimer lasers, such as electron beam, extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV), and X ray. Resist materials for use with these types of exposure light sources require lithography properties such as a high resolution capable of reproducing patterns of minute dimensions, and a high level of sensitivity to these types of exposure light sources. Conventionally, as a resist material that satisfies these conditions, a chemically amplified composition is used, which includes an acid-generator component that generates acid upon exposure and a base material component that exhibits a changed solubility in a developing solution under the action of acid. As the base component used in a chemically amplified resist composition, a resin (base resin) is generally used. For example, in the case of forming a positive-tone resist pattern by an alkali developing process using an alkali developing solution as the developing solution, a chemically amplified resist which contains an acid generator and a resin composition that exhibits increased solubility in an alkali developing solution by the action of acid is generally used. If the resist film formed using the resist composition is selectively exposed during formation of a resist pattern, then within the exposed portions, acid is generated from the acid-generator component, and the action of this acid causes an increase in the solubility of the resin component in an alkali developing solution, making the exposed portions soluble in the alkali developing solution. Thus, by conducting alkali developing, the unexposed portions remain to form a positive resist pattern. As the resin component, a resin that exhibits increased polarity by the action of acid is generally used. When the polarity increases, the solubility of the resin in an alkali developing solution is increased, whereas the solubility of the resin in an organic solvent decreases. Therefore, when such a base resin is applied to a solvent developing process using a developing solution containing an organic solvent (organic developing solution) instead of an alkali developing process, the solubility of the exposed portions in an organic developing solution is decreased. As a result, in the solvent developing process, the unexposed portions of the resist film are dissolved and removed by the organic developing solution, and a negative resist pattern in which the exposed portions are remaining is formed. Such a solvent developing process for forming a negative-tone resist composition is sometimes referred to as “negative-tone developing process” (for example, see Patent Document 1). Currently, resins that contain structural units derived from (meth)acrylate esters within the main chain (acrylic resins) are now widely used as base resins for resist compositions that use ArF excimer laser lithography, as they exhibit excellent transparency in the vicinity of 193 nm (for example, see Patent Document 2). Here, the term “(meth)acrylate ester” is a generic term that includes either or both of the acrylate ester having a hydrogen atom bonded to the α-position and the methacrylate ester having a methyl group bonded to the α-position. The term “(meth)acrylate” is a generic term that includes either or both of the acrylate having a hydrogen atom bonded to the α-position and the methacrylate having a methyl group bonded to the α-position. The term “(meth)acrylic acid” is a generic term that includes either or both of acrylic acid having a hydrogen atom bonded to the α-position and methacrylic acid having a methyl group bonded to the α-position. The base resin contains a plurality of structural units for improving lithography properties and the like. For example, in the case of a positive-type resist, a base resin containing a structural unit having an acid decomposable group that is dissociated by the action of acid generated from the acid-generator component (e.g., a group that contains an acid dissociable group), a structural unit having a polar group such as a hydroxy group, a structural unit having a lactone-ring structure (—O—C(O)—), and the like is typically used. In recent years, instead of a structural unit containing a lactone-ring structure, a structural unit containing a sultone ring (—O—SO2—) has been used. These structural units enhance the adhesion to a substrate, and contribute to suppressing pattern collapse, thereby attracting attention (see for example, Patent Document 3).

Protein function is dependent on its three-dimensional structure. When a protein is synthesized in a mammalian cell, it first appears essentially as a linear polypeptide chain. The immature chain then folds under appropriate cellular conditions (pH, ionic strength, etc.). Most globular proteins exhibit complicated three-dimensional folding described as secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures. Sometimes the protein folding occurs with the help of protein folding catalysts called molecular chaperones, which are proteins themselves. Out of thousands of possible three dimensional shapes, an average mature protein assumes only one conformation, which is often referred to as the native structure of the protein. This conformation of the protein molecule is rather fragile. Any alteration in the protein's native structure may lead to loss of the protein's biological activity, a phenomenon called denaturation. Since the native structure is maintained mostly by weak forces (hydrogen bonding, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions), proteins can easily be denatured by small changes in their environment. Thus protein denaturation occurs in their purification, storage, use, and transport. A given protein sample may therefore contain appreciable amounts of denatured, inactive protein besides the active, functional form. Extensive unfolding sometimes causes precipitation of the protein from solution. Denaturation is defined as a major change from the original native state without alteration of the molecule's primary structure, i.e., without cleavage of any of the primary chemical bonds that link one amino acid to another. Treatment of proteins with strong acids or bases, high concentrations of inorganic salts or organic solvents (e.g., alcohol, chloroform, or guanidine hydrochloride), heat, mechanical shearing, or irradiation, all produce denaturation to a variable degree. Loss of three-dimensional structure usually produces a loss of biological activity. A denatured enzyme is often without catalytic function. With the growth of the biotechnology industry and the increased production of recombinant proteins, interest in the mechanisms by which a protein adopts its native structure has increased dramatically. A number of therapeutic proteins are currently being produced by recombinant DNA technology, by incorporating a copy of the human gene encoding a particular protein into a rapidly dividing host cell such as a bacterium. The genes are then transcribed into mRNA and translated into protein by the host cell. Recombinant proteins overexpressed in Escherichia coli are often accumulated as insoluble particles called inclusion bodies. Since proteins in inclusion bodies are usually inactive, they must be solubilized by a denaturing agent and refolded to recover their native steric structures having biological activities. In bioprocesses it is important to obtain a high refolding efficiency and high throughput at high protein concentrations. Various methods for renaturing denatured proteins in solution have been disclosed. Renaturation of the denatured proteins is accomplished with varying success, and occasionally with a return of biological function, by exposing the denatured protein to a solution that approximates normal physiological conditions. Renaturation of proteins using cyclodextrins in a detergent-free liquid medium has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,728,804. A high pressure-based method for the refolding of denatured proteins in solution was provided in U.S. Pat. No. 6,489,450. Renaturation (refolding) processes can involve dispersing the protein inclusion bodies in a buffer in the presence of “refolding aids,” which can interact with the protein to enhance its renaturation. J. L. Cleland et al., Biotechnology, 10, 1013 (1992), reported that polyethylene glycol enhances refolding yields. Various sugars and detergents have also been employed in refolding. G. Zardeneta et al., J. Biol. Chem., 267, 5811 (1992); L. H. Nguyen et al., Protein Expression Purif., 4, 425 (1993). Recently, D. Rozema et al., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 117, 2373 (1995), reported that sequential complexation of denatured carbonic anhydrase B with a quaternary amine detergent, CTAB, followed by addition of beta-cyclodextrin to the complex, caused reactivation of the enzyme. None of these methods have been used to refold proteins inside cells, either in vitro or in vivo. A continuing need exists for methods and compositions for renaturation of denatured proteins. It is particularly important to discover non-toxic compounds and methods that aid renaturation of proteins in an aqueous solution. Such protein folding aids and methods should be inexpensive, non-toxic, and easily administered to the denatured protein sample.

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a glucose and fructose polymer and the method for preparing it using a Lactococcus lactis strain. The exopolysaccharides are natural glucose and fructose polymers. These polymers can be found in several plants and microorganisms and are useful as emulsifiers, thickener and surfactants in the food and medicaments industries. 2. Description of the State of the Art Fructosans naturally occur in two general forms differentiated by the type of binding between molecules of fructose:inulin, as found in plants, is formed from a column of fructose molecules bound by beta,2-1 links. Levans, formed as microbial products, have a column of fructose molecules bound by beta,2-6 links. The fructosans from plants are smaller (around 100 residues) whilst microbial levans contain more than 3 million residues (Pontis et al., 1985, Biochemistry of Storage Carbohydrates in Green Plants. In: Dey and Dixon (eds). Ch. 5, p. 205. New York, Academic Press). Microbial Levans are produced with sucrose-based substrates having a variety of microorganisms: Acetobacters (Loewenberg, et al., 1957. Can. J. Microbiol., Vol. 3, p. 643), Achromobacter sp. (Lindberg, G., 1957. Nature. Vol. 180, p. 1141), Aerobacter aerogenes (Srinivasan, et al., 1958. Science. Vol. 127, p. 143), Phytobacterium vitrosum (Belval, et al., 1947. 1948. Compt. Rend. Vol. 224, p. 847 and Vol. 226, p. 1859), Xanthomonas pruni (Cooper, et al., 1935. Biochem. J. Vol. 29, p. 2267), Bacillus subtilis (Dedonder, R., 1966. Meth. Enzymol. Vol. 8, p. 500 and Tanka, et al., 1979. J. Biochem., Vol. 85, p. 287), Bacillus polymyxa (Hestrin et al., 1943. Biochem. J., Vol. 3, p. 450), Aerobacter levanicum (Hestrin, et al., Ibid.), Streptococcus sp. (Corrigen et al., 1979. Infect. Immun., Vol. 26, p. 387), Pseudomonas sp. (Fuchs, A., 1956. Nature. Vol. 178, p. 92) and Corynebacterium laevaniformans (Dias et al., 1962. Antonie Van Leewenhoeck, Vol. 28, p. 63). There are some reports of levan being produced at very low levels and having low purity to be used industrially. Other biological polymers such as xantan and dextran gum have been extensively used in the food industry as stabilisers in emulsions and froth in ice-cream, in salad-dressing, etc. (Sharma, S. C., January 1981. J. Food Tech., p. 59). Extracellular polysaccharides produced by microorganisms offer a variety of uses and potentially low costs. Small quantities of levan are generally produced by sucrose fermentation using Actinomyces viscosus or Aerobacter levanicum strains. Bacillus polymixa generally produces hetero-polysaccharides having different forms of polymers. Genetically modified E. coli strains have been used for producing levan (Gay, P. et al., 1983. J. Bacteriol. Vol. 153, p. 1424). Furthermore, other aerobic fermentation methods have also been used for producing levan (Jeanes, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,673,828; Gaffor, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,879,545; Ayerbe, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,399,221). The drawback of such processes is that they produce low product yield and problems related to contamination, thereby industrial processes leading to greater productivity are required.

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a wrapping machine for packaging or bundling articles, typically in a thermo-shrinkable film. 2. Prior Art Machines for moving an article or groups of articles through the plane of a continuous film, wrapping the article or articles with the film, sealing the film into a tube, severing the tube and resealing the film, and then shrinking the tube about the article or articles, are exemplified by U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,191,356; 3,357,151; 3,488,912; 3,490,194; 3,552,091; 3,830,036; and 3,869,844. Basically, such machines provide a generally horizontal conveyor for articles and extend a film vertically across the path from supply rolls above and below. An article or group of articles is moved through the plane of the film, which is fed or pulled from the supply rolls so the article or articles to be packaged or wrapped move over a portion of the film fed from below while another portion of the film is drawn from above, over the front and top of the article or group of articles. A moving bar pulls the film from above down behind the article or articles and clamps the film portions from above and below together behind the article or articles to form a tube. The clamped film is sealed across the width of the film along two spaced lines and is severed between the lines. This results in a sealed tube about the article or articles, which is separate from the remaining film, of which the upper and lower portions are sealed into a single web for the next article or group of articles to intercept. The article or articles and tubular wrapping are then moved through a heated environment to shrink the tube. Many of the machines shown in the prior art or in existence are both expensive and complex. Also, where a variety of product sizes and shapes are to be packaged, a particular machine configuration may be inefficient for some of the sizes or shapes. In addition, with small and lightweight articles, typical conveying approaches are often inadequate to assure movement past the plane of the wrapping film. In particular, with tall articles, known techniques apply excess tension to the film as it is wrapped behind the article, or excess film is used to avoid the tension. Such tension may tip the article or articles, or tear the film. Excess film is of course wasteful and undesirable in the finished package.

In commercial transactions, fairness needs to be guaranteed in any acceptable model. This is difficult in an electronic world because receiving the goods from a merchant and getting the payment in exchange cannot occur simultaneously in a distributed system; any protocol used in a network is asynchronous by nature. This leads to a number of attacks, which have been well researched, and generally conclude that a trusted third party is required to achieve fairness. Simple fair exchange protocols need an active trusted third party (trusted third party) which gets involved in every message exchange. More sophisticated types of protocols are referred to as optimistic protocols, in which a trusted third party is not involved unless there is a dispute, which occurs infrequently. In the above optimistic protocols, a buyer exchanges his signature instead of virtual money. After the exchange, the merchant can use the signature to get money from a bank. As a result of the trusted third party only being occasionally involved, that is, when there is a dispute, optimistic protocols are more efficient. However, note that such optimistic protocols do not protect the buyer's privacy. In order to solve this problem, there is described the use of e-coins for payment instead of a buyer's signature, where e-coins comprise an untraceable fair payment protocol with an off-line trusted third party. The protocol uses an untraceable offline e-coin and a new primitive referred to as a restrictive confirmation signature scheme (RCSS), in which a signature is confirmed by a designated confirmer, and can be verified only by some specified verifiers. However, a dishonest merchant may collude with a conspirator to obtain the digital money without delivering the goods to a buyer, essentially taking advantage of the lack of a link between the RCSS-signed order agreement and the buyer's e-coins. To this end, the merchant can send his conspirator's RCSS-signed order agreement and the buyer's pseudo-e-coins in the dispute stage, whereby the trusted third party sends the e-goods to the conspirator, and the real e-coins to the merchant, but nothing to the buyer. Although there is a proposed solution to the above collusion attack, that improved solution as well as the original solution suffer from a new type of attack, referred to herein as an unconscious double-spending (UDS) attack. More particularly, by exploiting the fact that e-coins can be duplicated unlimited times but are allowed to be spent only once, an unconscious double-spending attack can make an innocent buyer unconsciously spend the same money twice.

1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to machine elements, supports and electrical motor structures generally and in particular to a gear motor with either a plastic or a resin box and an integral supporting bracket. 2. Discussion of the Prior Art In a known deployment apparatus on a school bus with a swinging safety device, a metallic gear box is attached to a separate, generally L-shaped, metallic bracket with multiple nuts and bolts. The gear box and the attached bracket are secured inside the deployment apparatus from which the safety device extends when a gear motor is activated by the driver. Different devices may be used for mounting the safety device to the deployment apparatus on the school bus. For example, inside the deployment apparatus, one L-shaped bracket attached to a known gear box includes open-ended slots. However, these slots allow the L-shaped bracket carrying the gear box to disengage from inside the deployment apparatus if the mounting nuts and bolts are jarred loose. See FIG. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,662 issued to Burch on Jul. 21, 1992. In FIG. 1, a typical school bus 10 has front lights 12 and a front bumper 14. Flashing safety stop lights 16 are lit when the school bus 10 is stopped to take on or discharge passengers through a front door (not shown). A rear door (also not shown) is used only in the event of an emergency. When the school bus 10 is stopped for passengers entering and exiting, a guard arm 15 is extended from a first deployment apparatus 20 mounted on the front bumper 14 and a stop sign 18 is extended from a second similar deployment apparatus 20 mounted on a side wall 19 of the school bus 10. The guard arm 15 is shown in phantom lines in a normally retracted position resting on the first deployment apparatus 20 mounted on the front bumper 14. When activated by the driver, the guard arm 15 is extended by swinging outwardly approximately 90° to the deployed position shown in solid lines in FIG. 1. In FIG. 2, the stop sign 18 is shown in a normally retracted position resting on the second deployment apparatus 20 mounted on the side wall 19. Lights 22 on the stop sign 18 are also illuminated when the stop sign 18 is extended by swinging outwardly at approximately 90° angle to the deployed position shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 3, there is shown a prior art device covered by U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,250 which was issued to Reavell et al. on Apr. 11, 1995. In this prior art device, a vertical connector 24 has top and bottom flanges 25 pivotally secured inside respective top and bottom sides 26 of the second deployment apparatus 20 via pivot pins 30. In addition to the sides 26, the second deployment apparatus 20 has an inside wall 29 and an outside cover 31. The apparatus 20 encloses a friction clutch (not shown) to be described below for moving the vertical connector 24. This stop sign 18 is pivoted to the deployed state of FIG. 3 from the retracted state of FIG. 2 by a link 32 under the cover 31 of the apparatus 20. In FIG. 4, there is another prior art device covered by U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,662 which was issued to Burch on Jul. 21, 1992. The top side 26 has mounted thereto a friction clutch 36 for the stop sign (not shown) which is secured to the vertical connector 24 by bolts 27. A steel torsion spring 50 surrounds the friction clutch 36 and controls the torque of the clutch 36. The top and bottom flanges 25 of the vertical connector 24 are pivotally secured outside the respective top and bottom sides 26 of the deployment apparatus by the pivot pins 30. A nut 34 and a washer 48 secure the upper pivot pin 30 into position. This upper pivot pin 30 extends downwardly through the friction clutch 36, an L-shaped bracket 38 and a gear box 40. Nuts 42 and bolts 44 attach the gear box 40 to the L-shaped bracket 38. A motor 46 drives the gears (not shown) inside the box 40 when activated through two electric wires 49 by the driver of the school bus. FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of the prior art structure shown in FIG. 4. From top to bottom in FIG. 5, there is illustrated the pivot pin 30, the nut 34, the washer 48, the top flange 25, the friction clutch 36, the ring 50, the L-shaped bracket 38, the bolts 44, the nuts 42, the gear box 40, the motor 46 and the electric wire 49. The operation of the prior art device shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 may be described as follows. When the motor 46 in FIG. 5 is energized through the electric wire 49 by the driver, the gears (not shown) inside the box 40 are turned to rotate an output shaft 53 engaged with the friction clutch 36 which turns the pivot pin 30 together with the nut 34, the washer 48 and the top flange 25. Referring now to FIG. 4, the top flange 25 is formed integrally with the vertical connector 24 and the bottom flange 25. So, when the top flange 25 rotates out of its retracted position, the vertical connector 24 rotates also and carries with it the bolts 27 to which are secured the stop sign 18 seen in FIGS. 1–3. Thus, the stop sign 18 is extended. Returning to FIG. 4, when the driver actuates a switch (not shown) that reverses the current to the two electric wires 49, the motor 46 returns the stop sign, the vertical connector 24, the top flange 25 and the friction clutch 36 to their retracted positions. Referring to FIG. 5, the L-shaped bracket 38 is shown with two open-ended slots 52. Bolts 54, nuts 56 and washers 58 extend through the two slots 52 to secure the L-shaped bracket 30 to the inside wall 29 of the second deployment apparatus 20, best seen in FIG. 3. As one may imagine from viewing FIG. 5, constant vibration and jarring may loosen the nuts 56 and cause the L-shaped bracket 38 to slide down due to slippage of the bolts 54 along the open-ended slots 52, so that the pivot pin 30 disengages from the friction clutch 36. Likewise, constant vibration and jarring may loosen the nuts 42 and cause the L-shaped bracket 38 to separate due to unfastening of the bolts 44, so that the gear box 40 disengages from the L-shaped bracket 38. These problems in the prior art could not be solved by the gear boxes disclosed in U.S. Design Pat. No. D451,072 issued on Nov. 27, 2001, and U.S. Utility Pat. Ser. No. 6,465,915 issued on Oct. 15, 2002, both owned by the assignee of the present invention, without making some structural modifications to the gear boxes. Thus, it remains a problem in the prior art to keep a gear box and an L-shaped bracket secured together and attached to a wall inside a deployment apparatus for extending a safety device from a school bus.

The invention relates chiefly to a chamber with an air humidification device. The preservation of various products as well as the proper working of an apparatus requires a degree of hydometry to be maintained. Maintaining the desired hydrometry may make it necessary either to reduce the quantity of water vapor present in the air by cooling or desiccation or, as in the present invention, to humidify air. In the device according to the present invention, evaporation is favored by maximizing the exchange surfaces and effecting a trickling of water in the chamber to be humidified. The device according to the present invention can be applied to any closed chamber, notably to chambers for the preservation of products, as well as to dwellings. The invention can be applied particularly to refrigerated chambers. Among refrigerated chambers, chambers designed to keep bottled wine, for example, require a very high rate of humidity. This high rate of humidity enables, in particular, the wine to be isolated from external influences by causing the cork to swell up. Chambers of this type, marketed as "wine cellars", keep a constant temperature in the vicinity of 12.degree. enabling the wine to age well. In the device according to the invention, water is advantageously placed in a vessel at the bottom of the chamber. This device enables evaporation and facilitates the levelling of the tank. In closed, refrigerated chambers, water tends to get condensed, in forming frost on the evaporator and/or expander. During defrosting, for example by the use of a heating resistor, the frost goes into liquid phase. The device according to the present invention has guiding means enabling the water to trickle and thus promoting its evaporation. Advantageously, the guiding device has projecting portions and regions with negative inclination favoring evaporation through an increase in the exchange surface, through the formation of cascades and/or the modification of the flow. Thus, in a refrigerated chamber, the dehydration, caused by the presence of the cold element consisting of the expander, is compensated for. A main object of the invention is a chamber such as the one described in claims 1 to 10.

Presently, data recording systems exist that can record graphic, text and image data onto identification documents, such as driver's licenses, military identification cards, and school identification cards. For example, systems exist that manufacture driver's licenses which include a printed image of the driver, text data, a bar code, a fingerprint image, and a magnetic stripe. These improved identification cards can carry more information and are more difficult to forge than conventional identification cards which typically only include a photographic image, a standard graphic image and a block of text data. Although these improved identification cards have many advantages over the conventional identification cards, the manufacture of these improved identification cards has proven to be more complex than the manufacture of traditional identification cards. In particular, the implementation of an inspection and quality control system for regulating the quality of each recorded data format is more time consuming and expensive than the inspection of the traditional identification card. The systems presently employed for inspecting these improved identification cards are relatively unsophisticated. Typically, the inspection is manually performed with operators that inspect each card, or select ones of the cards, to detect smudges, missing pictures and other gross errors that are readily detectable by manual inspection. These unsophisticated prior art systems are relatively cumbersome, ineffective and expensive to operate. Moreover, the manual inspection operation only detects printing or recording errors, and fails to detect typographical errors and other misprints. Therefore, a barcode that is printed without smudges will pass inspection even if the recorded data is incorrect or meaningless. Additionally, the acuity of these manual inspection systems is fairly poor, for example, these manual inspection systems are ill equipped to detect subtle changes in the recording process, such as a lightening of the recorded text, or a slight tilt of a printed image. Therefore, these manual inspection systems are unable to detect conditions that indicate future failures in the system, such as running out of ink or loose printing heads. Similarly, manual inspection is poorly suited for detecting errors, like blurring or smudges, in complex images, such as two-dimensional barcodes or finger print images. Also troublesome is the inability to detect non-uniformity between identification cards manufactured at different manufacturing stations. Because the uniformity of the recorded data is effected by the age and type of printer that records the image onto the card, there can be a wide range of darkness levels for the images recorded by different manufacturing stations. Although these different darkness levels can be quite pronounced when cards are compared side-by-side, subtle differences are difficult for a human inspector to detect. This lack of uniformity makes it more difficult to detect forgeries and, therefore, reduces the security provided by the identification card. A further problem with the present systems for inspecting identification cards arises with the incorporation of security features such as holographic overlays. These holographic overlays are highly reflective of light and, therefore, can obscure the text, image or graphic data beneath the overlay and make manual inspection difficult. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide an improved unitary system for manufacturing and inspecting identification cards having data recorded in different formats. Another object of the invention is to provide systems and methods for recording and inspecting data records each having different data recorded thereon. A further object is to provide a system for recording data that reduces the labor costs associated with quality control and inspection. Another object of the present invention is to provide a system for recording data that increases the uniformity of printed data between identification cards. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide systems and methods that can inspect the data recorded onto an identification card having a holographic overlay. Still another object of the present invention is to provide systems and methods for manufacturing identification cards that detect changes in the recording process and operation of the system. These and other objects of the present invention will be made apparent by the following description of the invention.

Data communication networks are being developed which enable the flow of information to ever greater numbers of users at ever higher transmission rates. However, data transmitted at high rates in multi-pair data communication cables have an increased susceptibility to crosstalk, which often adversely affects the processing of the transmitted data. The problem of crosstalk in information networks increases as the frequency of the transmitted signals increases. In the case of local area network (LAN) systems employing electrically distinct twisted wire pairs, crosstalk occurs when signal energy inadvertently "crosses" from one signal pair to another. The point at which the signal crosses or couples from one set of wires to another may be 1) within the connector or internal circuitry of the transmitting station, referred to as "near-end"crosstalk, 2) within the connector or internal circuitry of the receiving station, referred to as "far-end crosstalk", or 3) within the interconnecting cable. Near-end crosstalk ("NEXT") is especially troublesome in the case of telecommunication connectors of the type specified in sub-part F of FCC part 68.500, commonly referred to as modular connectors. The EIA/TIA of ANSI has promulgated electrical specifications for nearend crosstalk isolation in network connectors to ensure that the connectors themselves do not compromise the overall performance of the unshielded twisted pair interconnect hardware typically used in LAN systems. The EIA/TIA Category 5 electrical specifications specify the minimum near-end crosstalk isolation for connectors used in 100 ohm unshielded twisted pair Ethernet type interconnects at speeds of up to 100 MHz. While it is desirable to use modular connectors for data transmission for reasons of economy, convenience and standardization, such connectors generally comprise a plurality of electrical contacts and conductors that extend parallel and closely spaced to each other thereby creating the possibility of excessive near-end crosstalk at high frequencies. In addition, as the size of electronic components has become reduced with advances in semiconductor technology, it has become increasingly necessary to increase the number of modular connector ports which can be mounted within a given area.

There are many alternate names commonly used for a weed trimmer device, including but not limited to: weed trimmer, brush cutter, string trimmer, string trimmer machine, trimmer device, weed trimmer machine, weed-whacker, rotary cutting device and strimmer machine. The string trimmer device is coupled with a power source which supplies rotary power for spinning a head section or trimmer head. The trimmer device is traditionally configured to allow the user to place the trimmer head near the ground. The trimmer head is configured to hold trimmer line or cutting blades for the purpose of impacting and cutting vegetation. As is known in the art, some head sections (trimmer heads) for rotary cutting devices employ pivotally mounted blades that extend outwardly from the head section such that, when the head section is rotated, the blades are also rotated to cut vegetation or other items as necessary. Other head sections employ strips of line which also extend outwardly from the head section such that, when the head section is rotated, the strips of monofilament line are forced in an outward radial direction to cut vegetation. Blades and monofilament line are the two most common types of cutting elements used with weed trimmer machines. The trimmer line is capable of cutting grass and lighter vegetation. Blades are needed for vegetation with larger stalks and for cutting tree saplings. Blades are not the best choice for trimming lawn grasses or for conducting typical trimming tasks around decorative borders used at many residential homes. A monofilament line is a better choice for those situations. However, there are occasions when the residential user could benefit from having a heavier duty blade available for cutting denser and larger vegetation. As such, a trimmer head which can accommodate both blades and trimmer line is beneficial, preferably a trimmer head that can utilize either cutting blades or trimmer line without the need for changing the head section. One of the drawbacks from prior attempts to combine trimmer line and cutting blades into a single trimmer head is that the line holding mechanisms and blade holding mechanisms which secure the cutting elements to the trimmer head require space within the trimmer head. Because of this space requirement, the two types of mechanisms tend to interfere with the movement of the actual cutting element held by the adjacent mechanism. Prior to this invention, a trimmer head configured with both pivotally mounted blades and pivoting line holders has not been available. Most significantly, the blade and line heads available prior to this invention did not allow both types of cutting elements to be utilized at the same time where both types of cutting elements could each pivot more than 90 degrees in one direction prior to striking a portion of the trimmer head or the adjacent mechanism holding the adjacent cutting element. There are many alternate names commonly used for the monofilament line used for cutting vegetation including but not limited to: trimmer line, weed trimmer line, grass trimmer line, monofilament line, string trimmer line, strimmer line, cutting line, line, line strips, strips, flails, and weed whacker line. Monofilament line is sold in many different cross-sectional shapes and is made from many different types of nylon plastic. Some of the nylon plastics are more easily deformed than others and some materials have lower melting points than others. There are also many alternate names commonly used for the pivoting line holders including but not limited to: posts, pivoting line holders, pivoting posts, pivot posts, line holding mechanisms and pivoting line holding mechanisms. All of these terms may be used interchangeably. These terms are used with line holders that are designed to pivot about a vertical axis. Some of these terms, however, are also used with line holders that are not designed to pivot.

The present invention relates to a rotary control valve which is ideally suited for use in, but is not limited to, a power steering system for an automobile, truck, airplane or other vehicle. A conventional control valve for a power steering system comprises a tubular sleeve and a cylindrical rotor which is disposed in the sleeve for relative sliding rotation. The conjugate surfaces of the sleeve and rotor are formed with grooves which control flow of hydraulic fluid between ports. The ports are connected to a pressurized hydraulic fluid source, a reservoir and the opposite ends of a power piston respectively in such a manner that rotation of a steering wheel and thereby the rotor relative to the sleeve and vehicle direction control members such as wheels from a neutral position causes one end of the power piston to be connected to the pressure source and the other end of the power piston to be connected to the reservoir. This creates a net force on the power piston in a direction such as to assist the steering effort. However, a conventional control valve having right cylndrical components must be manufactured using machining. Although the main bodies of the sleeve and rotor may be formed in molds, the grooves must be machined and the bodies machined to remove flash created by two piece molds.

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a communication standard when a high speed communication is carried out between computers by using a serial bus. In recent years, examples increase in which a communication apparatus carrying out the USB communication (hereinafter, to be referred to as a USB communication apparatus) is installed in a mobile apparatus such as a digital camera or PDA (personal Digital Assistant). Such a mobile apparatus receives the supply of power from a battery. For this reason, a demand for a smaller power consumption amount is high in the USB communication apparatus installed in the mobile apparatus. By the way, in a USB2.0 standard that is mainstream at present, there is a UTMI+(USB2.0 Transceiver Macrocell Interface) standard. The UTMI+ standard is prepared for the purpose of unifying the interfaces of a physical layer (PHY) in the USB communication apparatus based on the USB2.0 standard. However, the UTMI+ standard does not define a technique of reducing the power consumption amount. Because the power consumption amount in a circuit for the physical layer is large, the USB communication apparatus installed in the mobile device is requested to reduce the power consumption amount. Patent Literature 1 (JP 2006-135397A) discloses a data transfer control apparatus that can save the power of the physical layer circuit. The data transfer control apparatus in Patent Literature 1 will be described below with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 3B. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration example of a data transfer control apparatus in Patent Literature 1. The data transfer control apparatus is provided with a transceiver 110, a transfer controller 170 and a data buffer (FIFO) 100. The transceiver 110 transmits or receives a USB packet by using a differential signal line (of lines DP and DM). The transceiver 110 is provided with a logic circuit 120 as a part of a logical layer circuit of the USB, and an analog front-end circuit 130 as a physical layer circuit. The logic circuit 120 executes processes of generating and removing EOP (End Of Packet), SYNC (SYNChronization) and a line state of a differential signal (J, K, SE0 and so on). The analog front-end circuit 130 includes a transmitting circuit 140 and a receiving circuit 150. The transmitting circuit 140 transmits a packet through the USB bus. Specifically, the transmitting circuit 140 drives the differential signal line of the USB bus by using a current source 142 to be described later and consequently transmits the packet. The receiving circuit 150 receives a packet transferred through the USB bus. Specifically, in the USB bus, the line state of the differential signal line is detected, thereby receiving the packet (serial data). The transfer controller 170 controls the data transfer through the USB bus. The transfer controller 170 is provided with an SIE (Serial Interface Engine) 180 and a buffer controller 190. The SIE 180 executes a packet process, a transaction process, a suspend resume control process and the like. The SIE 180 is provided with a packet analyzing circuit 182, a transaction controller 184 and a packet generating circuit 186. The packet analyzing circuit 182 analyzes the packet received through the USB bus by the receiving circuit 150. The transaction controller 184 executes the transaction process and instructs a transmission of the packet configuring a transaction. The packet generating circuit 186 generates a packet instructed by the transaction controller 184 and outputs it such that the generated packet is transmitted from the transmitting circuit. The buffer controller 190 executes a region reserving process of a data buffer 100 and an accessing process to the data buffer 100. The data buffer 100 temporarily stores data transferred through the USB. Next, FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the transmitting circuit 140 in the data transfer control apparatus in Patent Literature 1. The transmitting circuit 140 is provided with a current source 142, a transmission driver 144 and a transmission control circuit 146. The current source 142 (constant current source) is placed between a power supply voltage VDD and a first node N1. The transmission driver 144 includes transistors TE1, TE2 and TE3 as shown in FIG. 2. Also, the signal line DP is connected to a termination resistor RP1 on a device side and a termination resistor RP2 on a host side. The signal line DMA is connected to a termination resistor RM1 on the device side and a termination resistor RM2 on the host side. Outputs of the transmission driver 144 are connected to the termination resistors RP1 and RM1. Similarly, outputs of the transmission driver on the host side are connected to the termination resistors RP2 and RM2. The transmission control circuit 146 generates transmission control signals GC1, GC2 and GC3 and outputs to the transmission driver 144. FIG. 3A shows timing charts in the transmission control signals GC1, GC2 and GC3 generated by the transmission control circuit 146. In the above-mentioned configuration, when the transmission control circuit 146 activates the transmission control signal GC1, so as to turn on the transistor TE1. Then, a current from the current source 142 is supplied through the transistor TE1 to the signal line DP. On the other hand, when the transmission control circuit 146 activates the transmission control signal GC2 so as to turn on the transistor TE2. The current from the current source 142 is supplied through the transistor TE2 to the signal line DM. In a packet transmission period, the transmission control circuit 146 controls the transmission control signals GC1 and GC2 in this way and generates the line state of the differential signal line of the USB bus. Also, in a period except the packet transmission period, the transmission control circuit 146 activates the transmission control signal GC3 so as to turn on the transistor TE3. Thus, the current from the current source 142 is supplied through the transistor TE3 to the ground GND. In this way, since the current continues to be supplied from the current source 142 to the ground GND even in the period except the packet transmission period, the voltage of the node N1 is made stable. However, since the current continues to be supplied even in the period except the packet transmission period, the power consumption amount of the transmitting circuit 140 becomes great. For this reason, in the transmission control circuit 146 in Patent Literature 1, the output timing of the transmission control signal is changed. FIG. 3B shows timing charts in the transmission control signals GC1, GC2 and GC3 generated by the transmission control circuit 146. As shown in FIG. 3B, the transmission control circuit 146 activates the transmission control signal GC3 at a timing C2 prior to a timing C1 at which the packet is transmitted onto the USB bus. By the above-mentioned configuration, the appropriate packet transmission is possible in the packet transmission period by using the current source 142, and a useless current can be prevented from being supplied to the ground GND in the period except the packet transmission period. Also, a length of a transmission waiting period TS between the timings C1 and C2 is set to a length enough to stabilize the current of the current source 142 and the voltage of the node N1. Consequently, as soon as the packet transmission is started, the stable current can be supplied from the current source 142 to the signal lines DP and DM.

A wide variety of communications alternatives are currently available to telecommunications subscribers. For example, facsimile transmission of printed matter is available through what is commonly referred to as a stand-alone facsimile machine. Alternatively, facsimile-modem communication systems are currently available for personal computer subscribers which combine the operation of a facsimile machine with the word processor of a computer to transmit documents held on computer disk. Modern communication over telephone lines in combination with a personal computer is also known in the art where file transfers can be accomplished from one computer to another. Also, simultaneous voice and modem data transmitted over the same telephone line has been accomplished in several ways. There is a need, however, for a communications system which combines a wide variety of communication functions into an integrated hardware-software product such that the subscriber can conveniently choose a mode of communication from a single user interface.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to novel thienopyridine derivatives of general formula I: ##STR1## as described further below. The derivatives are useful as cardiovascular agents such as cardiotonic agents or renal vasodilating agents. 2. Description of the Prior Art Any drug that affects the heart or blood vessels, directly or indirectly, is a cardiovascular drug, although the term generally connotes only those drugs which are used for their cardiovascular actions. Many such drugs exist. Nearly every autonomic drug has clinically applicable cardiovascular actions. Sympathomimetics may be used to elevate blood pressure, stimulate the heart, slow the heart reflexly, etc., depending on the particular agents and the clinical conditions. Adrenergic blocking drugs may be used in vasopastic conditions, in the diagnosis and management of pheochromocytoma, and rarely in malignant and toxemic hypertensive crises. Cholinomimetic drugs may be used as vasodilators, and under unusual conditions as cardiodecelerators in atrial tachycardia, although their usual action is to speed the heart reflexly. Atropine and other antimuscarinic drugs may be used to block the cardiac vagus nerve in Adams-Stokes syndrome and certain other bradycardias. The ganglionic blocking agents may be used to lower the blood pressure and increase the peripheral blood flow. Most of the antihypertensive agents can be considered autonomic drugs. Among the antihypertensive agents are compounds which are within the kidney to produce renal vasodilation. Selective renal vasodilation may result in increased renal perfusion with concommitant improved renal efficiency and reduction in elevated blood pressure. Guyton, T. G., et al., Circ. Res. 35, 159 (1974). Renal vasodilators can be identified by the procedure of Goldberg, L. I., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 163, 188 (1968). Compounds that stimulate myocardial contractility may be useful in the treatment of heart failure. Bristol, J. A., et al., Med. Res. Rev. 3, 259 (1983). Such compounds are called cardiotonics or positive inotropic agents. Cardiotonics increase the strength of contraction of the heart muscle and increase cardiac tone. The improved coronary blood supply which comes in the wake of a compensated circulation improves the nutrition and strength of the heart. Slowing of the cardiac rate occurs only when the rate was originally rapid due to the failure. When the failure is abolished, there is no longer any need for the compensatory tachycardia, and consequently the heart rate slows to normal. The most widely known cardiotonics are digitalis and its allied cardiac glycosides. Positive inotropic agents can be identified by an in vivo evaluation of cardiac force, dP/dt maximum, heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure after administration of the drug. Alousi, A. A., et al., J. Circ. Res. 45, 666 (1979).

Visualization display units are used to visualize large format images of up to several dozen square meters in size. These visualization display units are often placed in very large areas such as, for example, stadiums, airport halls or conference halls, for the benefit of persons who are in these areas. Currently, display images are visualized on a visualization display unit having N columns and M lines of visualization screens (each screen having Y columns and X lines) from source images formed by a matrix of YO columns and XO lines. A conventional method includes the following steps: (a) each source image XO YO is divided into MN equal sub-matrix windows. If the ratios XO/M and/or YO/N are not whole numbers, the matrix window corresponding to the last column and/or the last line of the visualization display unit will be smaller than the other matrix windows. In other words, the visualization of the source image will be partial. PA1 (b) The lines and the columns of each matrix window are interpolated by repeating each column N times and each line M times. PA1 (c) Each of the interpolated matrix windows are delivered to the corresponding screen of the visualization display unit. PA1 (a) The Y1 columns and the X1 lines of each image window are sub-sampled to produce an intermediate image matrix of Y2 columns and X2 lines (X2 Y2 image elements) in accordance with a column coefficient of sub-sampling K.sub.C =Y2/Y1 and a line coefficient of sub-sampling K.sub.L =X2/X1. K.sub.C and K.sub.L are each, independently, one of the values 1, 1/2, 1/3, etc. Each line and each column of the intermediate image respectively replace one or more lines or columns of the image window, and each of the elements of the intermediate image are calculated as the arithmetic mean or the weighted mean of the corresponding image elements of the image window which is being replaced. PA1 (b) The formed intermediate images are stored at the rate C, in printing/reading memories. PA1 (c) The stored intermediate images are read in the same order as they were stored and at a rate C' equal to or different from the rate C. PA1 (d) The columns Y2 and lines X2 of each intermediate image are over-sampled to produce an output image having a matrix of Y3 columns and X3 lines. The over-sampling is performed in accordance with a coefficient of over-sampling of columns E.sub.C =Y3/Y2 and with a coefficient of over-sampling of lines E.sub.L =X3/X2, where E.sub.C and E.sub.L are each any value greater than or equal to 1. Each element of the output image X3 Y3 is calculated as a weighted mean on the basis of the corresponding neighboring elements of the columns or of the lines of the intermediate image being over-sampled. Each output image of X3 Y3 elements are registered into a matrix of X4 Y4 elements, where Y3 is less or equal to Y4 and X3 is less or equal to X4. PA1 (a) a sub-sampling unit receiving data, in a digital form, from the image windows X1 Y1 at a rate C, the sub-sampling unit including: PA1 (b) a transmission control unit for receiving the formed intermediate images X2 Y2 and for delivering them one after another to the two printing/reading memories, each memory receiving an image X2 Y2; PA1 (c) two printing/reading memories constructed by a memory segmented into two zones, the first being used for printing and the second being used for reading, the roles of the two zones being interchanged when the printing of each image is terminated; PA1 (d) a transmission commutator unit for reading, at a rate C', different or equal to C, the memories one after another in the same order as the transmission control unit at the over-sampling unit; and PA1 (e) an over-sampling unit receiving, at a rate C', intermediate images X2 Y2 one after another, the over-sampling unit comprising: If M is greater than N, or if N is greater than M, the display image produced will respectively be elongated or broadened with respect to the source image. In order for the display image to completely occupy the visualization surface which has MX lines and NY columns, these lines and columns must respectively be multiples of XO and YO. There are several limits and disadvantages of the abovedescribed conventional method. Enlargement of the source image, either in width or in height, must be presented as a whole number, because the interpolation coefficients of the lines and the columns ar whole numbers (repetition), and the display images produced are hazy, especially in case of very large enlargements (strobe effect). There are methods of image processing that can avoid haziness of the produced image by using complicated interpolation functions. These methods are valid only for processing static images or weak resolution images, and cannot be applied on visualization display units having a matrix of screens.

The present invention generally relates to methods and systems for managing call event data for calls between callers and agents accomplished though carriers. Methods and systems are also included for data associated with managing broadcast campaigns. Aggregation of customer activities and sales data is a multi-billion dollar industry. Tracking customer marketing data is important to allow companies to serve their customers more efficiently and provide more focused services. Examples of marketing data that may be collected relating to customers include, among others, the geographic distribution of customers, the demographic data of customers most likely to buy products and services, and the effectiveness of advertising campaigns. Other types of data that represent significant value for companies, also referred to herein as agents, include individual customer data such as a customer's identity, individual customer demographic information, the number and frequency of previous customer calls, and other past customer activity. Companies can more effectively target their marketing and sales campaigns upon assessing the effectiveness of current and past advertising campaigns. For example, if a company determines that certain geographic regions or certain customer demographics have a much higher customer response rate to mail-out advertising campaigns, the company may more effectively target the more responsive customers when armed with such aggregated customer information. Traditional methods of assessing responsiveness to advertising campaigns include labor-intensive efforts such as customer service representatives inquiring as to how customers heard about the company or agent, either through survey cards or verbal interrogation. Conventional methods of collecting and storing customer data and information such as customer identity, number and frequency of calls, prior customer purchases, and other relevant customer history is often collected manually by customer service representatives who input such information into a database. By requiring such data to be inputted manually, the collection of customer data is susceptible to the types of errors associated with manual entry of data and furthermore, such manual entry of data is inefficient and time-consuming. Another problem present in the customer service and marketing industries is evaluating the effectiveness of telephone marketing campaigns. Customer service representatives often call customers or potential customers from the agent work site from a company-provided list of customer phone numbers. Direct calls to customers are often tracked when calls are made from the company site (i.e. either automatically or by manual input by a customer service representative). Sometimes, customer service representatives will print out lists of customer phone numbers to call when off-site or outside of regular business hours. One problem inherent in calling customers when agents are off-site is that calls to customers are not tracked as they would have be if the customer service representative were on-site. Thus, improved methods for tracking agent calls to customers are needed, including methods of tracking relevant marketing data associated with such agent-to-customer calls. Another problem faced by marketers is the time lag and inefficiency inherent in conventional methods of viewing and updating customer data when receiving a call from a customer. Conventional methods involve determining the identity of a customer, which is often accomplished through verbal interrogation, and then, manually searching a database of previously-collected customer data. Then, a customer service representative usually manually updates the customer information in the database. Again, such methods are time-consuming and inefficient. The advent of do-not-call (DNC) lists poses additional problems for marketing companies. Marketers now must verify that a customer is not on a do-not-call list before initiating a call to a customer. Conventional methods for determining whether a customer is on a do-not-call list are accomplished by manually checking a do-not-call list or database. Updating do-not-call lists and databases is also usually accomplished manually. Such manual methods of checking and updating do-not-call lists are inefficient and time-consuming. Additionally, improved methods of reducing lead time in establishing contact with prospective customers are also needed. For example, customers often indicate an interest in products or services through e-mails or via web-based submissions. Reducing the lead time in contacting these customers increases the likelihood of a completed sale while a customer is still interested in the products and services. Waiting too long to establish contact with a customer increases the likelihood that the customer will lose interest or move on to another source for acquiring the products and services. Thus, conventional methods of collecting and managing call event data suffer from one or more disadvantages. Other disadvantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art with the benefit of this disclosure.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a display control apparatus and display control method which can display an image in each of a plurality of areas within the same display screen. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in a display control apparatus capable of displaying an image in each of a plurality of areas within the same display screen, an operation is improved for selecting an image to be displayed in each area. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-091430, for example, discloses a technique of providing two image display areas in order to compare two images and two thumbnail image display areas for selecting one of the two images, thereby comparing these images and selecting one of them. However, in the above-mentioned technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-091430, even if images in the same file are displayed in a plurality of areas within the same display screen, the user may not be able to identify as such. As a result, an erroneous process which is not intended by the user may be executed for this image.

Polyorganosiloxane as a kind of silicone means a polymer having a siloxane bond substituted with organic groups as a main chain. For example, it is prepared by polymerization with an aromatic diol such as bisphenol A and a carbonate precursor such as phosgene, which is colorless, odorless, resistant to oxidation, and stable at room temperature, and hypoallergenic insulators. It is used in electronics, vehicles, machines, medicine, cosmetics, lubricants, adhesives, gaskets, artificial aids for plastic surgery, and the like. As a conventional technology, KR Patent publication No. 2002-0016922 (published on Mar. 6, 2002) discloses a polyorganosiloxane that is useful for a material of a hydrogel contact lens, a terminal of which is capped with trimethylsilyl. In addition, the polyorganosiloxane has superior impact strength, dimensional stability, heat-resistance, transparency, and the like, and is applied to a variety of fields such as claddings of electrical and electronic equipment, vehicle components, materials for construction, optical components, and the like. Recent research into such a copolycarbonate resin has mainly been performed with respect to introducing a monomer having a different structure to a main chain of polycarbonate by polymerizing two or more aromatic diols having different structures, which may be applied to a wider variety of fields, to obtain desired properties. Particularly, research to introduce a polysiloxane structure to a main chain of polycarbonate is also being performed. However, most technologies have a high production unit cost, transparency and the like is reduced when chemical resistance or impact strength, particularly, low-temperature impact strength, increases, and impact strength and the like are reduced when transparency is improved. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,677 uses eugenol-polydimethylsiloxane to improve low-temperature impact strength, and JP Patent No. 3,195,848 suggests allylphenol-polydimethylsiloxane. However, such polydimethylsiloxanes have been used to improve low-temperature impact strength while maintaining transparency, but satisfactory transparency has not been provided. Accordingly, research to improve low-temperature impact strength while maintaining transparency of a copolycarbonate resin as much as possible has been underway.

Mobile phones are designed to operate in multiple radiofrequency bands to be compatible with existing telecommunication standards (e.g., GSM, 3G, WCDMA, LTE or 4G). These standards may vary from country to country. FIG. 1 shows the bands used by the 3G and LTE standards. The bands in white are those of the 3G standard, i.e., 824-960 MHz, 1710-1990 MHz, and 2110-2170 MHz. The shaded bands are those added by the LTE standard, i.e., 698-824 MHz, 1427-1496 MHz, and 2300-2690 MHz. At these frequencies, especially in the 824-960 MHz band, the antennas have a relatively narrow useful bandwidth. The useful bandwidth is about 80 MHz, which causes difficulties in the design of broadband antennas. FIG. 2A schematically shows a physical structure of an antenna that can cover all bands of the 3G standard. The antenna, called IFA (Inverted-F Antenna), is in the form of an “F” with two legs. One leg G forms the ground terminal and the other leg F forms the antenna's feed terminal. The two arms, which are of different lengths, are tuned on two conveniently chosen frequencies. Frequency f1 is for the longer arm and frequency f2 for the shorter arm. FIG. 2B is a graph illustrating an exemplary graph of the reflection coefficient S11 of an IFA antenna as a function of frequency. The matching of the antenna is a maximum when the coefficient S11 is a minimum. It is considered that the matching of the antenna is sufficient when S11<−6 dB. The frequency f1 is selected at the center of the 824-960 MHz band. The coefficient S11 exhibits a dip around this frequency, and remains below −6 dB over the major part of the band. The first harmonic 2f1 of frequency f1 happens to be at the beginning of the 1710-1990 MHz band, where the coefficient S11 has a new dip. The frequency f2 is selected so that the dip started at frequency 2f1 is maintained below −6 dB up to the end of the 2110-2170 MHz band. To cover the missing bands in FIG. 1, one could consider adding properly sized arms to the IFA antenna of FIG. 2A. It turns out, however, that multiple-arm IFA antennas only operate properly if the gaps between the fundamental resonant frequencies are sufficiently large. As a result, IFA antennas do not have more than two arms. Another possibility is to use a parasitic grounded element to replace the second arm. To cover all the bands, it has been proposed to use a tuning circuit that can modify the matching of an antenna to make it work over a larger number of frequency bands. This approach has the disadvantage of not changing the narrow-band nature of the antenna. A wider frequency band can thus be addressed, but all frequencies of the band may not be covered simultaneously. In addition, the LTE standard provides, for increasing throughput, the ability to aggregate multiple paths that can be located anywhere in the standard bands. If the antenna tuning circuit technique were used in this situation, there would be a high likelihood that two aggregated paths be located in two bands not simultaneously covered by a same setting. As a result, one or more aggregated paths would be unusable. Note that the low, 698-960 MHz band is particularly difficult to cover with a single antenna, since, as shown in FIG. 25, the antenna covers at most a band of about 80 MHz in this section. An IFA antenna could be provided, whose frequencies 2f1 and f2 are in the 698-960 MHz band, but the fundamental frequency f1, then on the order of 360 MHz, would require an oversized antenna arm and pose problems for integration into a mobile phone. The article [Multi-Feed RF Front-Ends and Cellular Antennas For Next Generation Smartphones, Pekka Ikonen, Juha Ella Edgar Schmidhammer, Pasi Tikka, Prasadh Ramachandran, Petteri Annamaa], available on the website of Pulse Electronics, proposes an antenna circuit offering access to all standard bands through three separate feeds. Such an antenna circuit uses three independent RF processing paths, and specifically designed electronic circuits.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the art of electronic packaging, and more specifically to components useful for mounting and/or testing semiconductor chips and related electronic components. The present invention also relates to semiconductor chip assemblies and electronic devices incorporating such components. 2. Description of the Related Art Modern electronic devices utilize semiconductor components, commonly referred to as xe2x80x9cintegrated circuitsxe2x80x9d which incorporate numerous electronic elements. These chips are mounted on substrates that physically support the chips and electrically interconnect each chip with other elements of the circuit. The substrate may be part of a discrete chip package, such as a single chip module or a multi-chip module, or may be a circuit board. The chip module or circuit board is typically incorporated into a large circuit. An interconnection between the chip and the chip module is commonly referred to as a xe2x80x9cfirst levelxe2x80x9d assembly or chip interconnection. An interconnection between the chip module and a printed circuit board or card is commonly referred to as a xe2x80x9csecond levelxe2x80x9d interconnection. In xe2x80x9cchip on boardxe2x80x9d packaging, the chip is mounted directly on the printed circuit board. This type of interconnection has been referred to as a xe2x80x9c1xc2xd levelxe2x80x9d interconnection. One relatively common packaging scheme is called a xe2x80x9chybrid circuitxe2x80x9d. A hybrid circuit typically contains a semiconductor chip that has been mounted and electrically interconnected to a circuit that has been formed on a thin layer of a rigid ceramic material. The method used to electrically interconnected the chip to the circuit is generally any of the methods that are known for use in first level bonding, such as wire bonding, tab bonding and flip chip bonding. In some cases it is desirable to mount and electrically interconnect the hybrid circuit to a printed circuit board. Solder is typically used to form the interconnection. It is difficult, however, to rework a hybrid circuit that has been soldered to a printed circuit board. In order to rework the assembly, the hybrid circuit must be removed from the printed circuit board. When the hybrid circuit is separated from the printed circuit board, part of the solder mass is removed from the contacts on the hybrid circuit. Non-uniform partial solder masses remain on the hybrid circuit contacts, the printed circuit board or both. When the hybrid circuit is resoldered to the printed circuit board, the non-uniform partial solder masses can cause short circuits and alignment problems. Another problem associated with the assembly process is testing. In a typical assembly process, each hybrid circuit is tested before it is soldered to a printed circuit board. Testing involves clamping the hybrid circuit to a socket to engage the solder balls of the hybrid circuit with the test contacts of the test assembly. When the solder balls are engaged with the test contacts, the solder tends to creep and to deform, especially if the hybrid circuit is equipped with high-lead solder. The testing process, like the rework process, can lead to short circuit and alignment problems. To overcome these problems, it is desirable to use solid core solder balls to interconnect the ceramic substrate to a printed circuit board. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,303,393, which issued on Feb. 7, 1967, Hymes et al. disclose a semiconductor chip assembly with flip-chip connections, which incorporates copper core solder balls. One solid core solder ball is provided between each contact on the chip and each contact pad on the substrate. Although these connections work well for small devices, with larger devices, the rigid connections provided by the solid core solder balls tend to crack at the soldered junctions between the balls and the opposing surfaces. Warpage or distortion of the chip or substrate, furthermore, make it difficult to engage all of the solid core solder balls between the chip and substrate simultaneously, or to engage all of the solid core solder balls between the chip and a test fixture. Although it is desirable to use solid core solder balls to interconnect a hybrid circuit to a printed circuit board, such an interconnection would be subject to similar problems. The electrical power that is dissipated when a microelectronic device is in operation tends to heat up that device. When the device is no longer in operation, it tends to cool down. Over a period of time, the device tends to undergo a number of heating up and cooling down cycles as the device is repeatedly turned on and off. These cycles, which cause an associated expansion and contraction of the device, are commonly referred to as xe2x80x9cthermal cyclingxe2x80x9d. A device in which a hybrid circuit is bonded to a printed circuit board using solid core solder balls would be subject to substantial strain, caused by thermal cycling, during operation of the device. Electrical power dissipated within the hybrid circuit during operation would tend to heat up the hybrid circuit and, to a lesser extent, the printed circuit board. The temperature of the hybrid circuit, therefore, and, to a lesser extent, the printed circuit board would rise each time the device is turned on and fall each time the device is turned off. Since the hybrid circuit and the printed circuit board are normally constructed from different materials having different coefficients of thermal expansion, the hybrid circuit and printed circuit board would normally expand and contract by different amounts. This is commonly referred to as a xe2x80x9cthermal mismatchxe2x80x9d. The thermal mismatch causes the electrical contacts on the hybrid circuit to move relative to the electrical contact pads on the printed circuit board as the temperature of the hybrid circuit and printed circuit board change. The relative movement would deform the electrical interconnections between the hybrid circuit and the printed circuit board and place them under mechanical stress. Since these stresses would be applied repeatedly with repeated operation of the device, they would cause breakage of the electrical interconnections. Thermal cycling stresses may occur even where the hybrid circuit and printed circuit board are formed from like materials having similar coefficients of thermal expansion. This is because the temperature of the hybrid circuit may increase more rapidly than the temperature of the printed circuit board when power is first applied to the hybrid circuit. Unfortunately, solid core solder balls are neither flexible nor strong enough to withstand the strain generated by differential rates of thermal expansion. Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,148,265; 5,148,266; 5,518,964; 5,659,952; 5,929,517; 5,679,977; 5,685,885; 5,848,467; 5,852,326; 5,950,304; 6,133,627; 5,801,441; 6,104,087; 5,798,286; 5,830,782; 5,959,354; 5,913,109; 6,080,603; and 5,688,716; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/271,688, filed on Mar. 18, 1999, the specifications of which are incorporated by reference herein, provide substantial solutions to the problems of thermal stresses and component testing. Nonetheless, still further improvement is desirable. One aspect of the present invention provides a flexible chip carrier. The flexible chip carrier of this aspect of the present invention includes a rigid interposer having first and second surfaces. The rigid interposer is preferably adapted to mount and electrically connect a semiconductor chip onto the first surface of the rigid interposer. An interconnection between the rigid interposer and a semiconductor chip is a xe2x80x9cfirst levelxe2x80x9d interconnection. The rigid interposer may be adapted to interconnect a semiconductor chip using any of the known methods of creating xe2x80x9cfirst levelxe2x80x9d interconnections. Some conventional xe2x80x9cfirst levelxe2x80x9d interconnection methods include wire bonding, tape-automated bonding and flip-chip bonding. The second surface contains a plurality of contacts disposed in a pattern. The area encompassed by the contacts is defined as a xe2x80x9ccontact pattern areaxe2x80x9d. The rigid interposer is preferably a thin, sheet-like layer material. The rigid interposer may be composed of any rigid dielectric material. Preferred rigid dielectric materials include ceramic materials, such as alumina, beryllia, silicon carbide, aluminum nitride, forsterite, mullite, and glass-ceramics; composite materials, such as polyester/fiberglass, polyimide/fiberglass, and epoxy/fiberglass; and silicon. More preferred rigid dielectric materials are the ceramic materials listed above. The preferred ceramic material is alumina. On preferred embodiments, the rigid interposer contains an electrical circuit. Although the coefficient of thermal expansion, hereinafter xe2x80x9cCTExe2x80x9d, of the rigid interposer is generally greater than the CTE of a semiconductor chip and generally less than the CTE of an epoxy-polyimide printed circuit board, the CTE of the rigid interposer may be roughly equal to the CTE of the semiconductor chip. This is because other sub-components of the present invention, specifically the flexible interposer and/or the optional compliant layer can compensation for the CTE mismatch between chip and the rigid interposer and the CTE mismatch between the rigid interposer and the flexible interposer. The flexible chip carrier also includes a flexible interposer that overlies the second surface of the rigid interposer. The flexible interposer has a top surface that faces toward the second surface of the rigid interposer, and a bottom surface that does not. The flexible interposer preferably is a thin, flexible sheet of a polymeric material such as polyimide, a fluoropolymer, a thermoplastic polymer or an elastomer. In preferred embodiments, the flexible interposer contains an electrical circuit. The flexible interposer may have one or more apertures, extending from the top surface of the flexible interposer to the bottom surface. A plurality of electrically conductive terminals is disposed on the flexible interposer in a pattern on at least one surface selected from the group consisting of the top surface and the bottom surface. In preferred embodiments, either all of the terminals disposed on the top surface or all of the terminals are disposed on the bottom surface of the flexible interposer. At least some of the terminals, and preferably most or all of the terminals, are disposed within the area of the flexible interposer overlying the contact pattern area on the rigid interposer. Generally, each terminal is associated with one contact on the rigid interposer. The flexible chip carrier also includes a plurality of electrically conductive leads connecting at least some of the contacts on the rigid interposer with at least some of the terminals on the flexible interposer. Each lead has a contact end connected to the associated contact on the rigid interposer and a terminal end connected to the associated terminal on the flexible interposer. The leads and the flexible interposer are constructed and arranged so that the contacts ends of the leads are moveable relative to the terminals at least to the extent required to compensate for differential thermal expansion between the components. The interconnection between the contacts on the rigid interposer and the terminals on the flexible interposer is a second xe2x80x9cfirst levelxe2x80x9d interconnection. The leads are preferably flexible so that the terminals are moveable with respect to the contacts to accommodate movement caused by differential thermal expansion. The flexible interposer is flexible to facilitate movement of the contact ends of the leads relative to the terminals and thus to contribute to the ability of the chip carrier to withstand thermal cycling. Each flexible lead may extend through an aperture in the flexible interposer. The flexible leads may be formed integrally with the terminals on the flexible interposer, or else may be separately formed fine wires. Preferably, the leads are curved to provide increased flexibility. The leads may be generally S-shaped. Each lead may be formed from a ribbon of conductive materials having oppositely-directed major surfaces, the ribbon being curved in directions normal to its major surfaces to form a curved configuration of the lead In a preferred embodiment, the lead is S-shaped. Some preferred arrangements of leads connecting the contacts to the terminals include a xe2x80x9cfan-inxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cfan-outxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cfan-in/fan-outxe2x80x9d, and area array. In a xe2x80x9cfan-inxe2x80x9d arrangement, the contacts on the rigid interposer are typically disposed on the periphery of the rigid interposer. The terminals are generally disposed inside the region that overlies the region bounded by the contacts on the rigid interposer. The leads connecting the terminals to the associated contacts fan inwardly. In a xe2x80x9cfan-outxe2x80x9d arrangement, the contacts on the rigid interposer are again generally disposed on the periphery of the rigid interposer, and the terminals on the flexible interposer are generally disposed in a region that is outside the region that overlies the region bounded by the contacts. The leads connecting the terminals to the associated contacts fan outwardly. In a xe2x80x9cfan-in/fan-outxe2x80x9d arrangement, some terminals on the flexible interposer are disposed inside the region bounded by the contacts and some are disposed outside the region. Some leads, therefore, fan-in and some fan-out. The rigid interposer contacts typically are disposed in single rows and columns on the second surface and the leads are interdigitated. By the term xe2x80x9cinterdigitatedxe2x80x9d, it is meant that that fan-in and fan-out leads are interspersed with one another. The preferred interdigitated fan-in/fan-out arrangement is where each lead that is adjacent to a fan-in lead is a fan-out lead and each lead that is adjacent to a fan-out lead is a fan-in lead. In an xe2x80x9carea arrayxe2x80x9d arrangement, the contacts on the rigid interposer may be disposed on the periphery of the rigid interposer or may be disposed in a so called area array, i.e., a grid like pattern covering all or a substantial portion of the bottom surface of the rigid interposer. For the leads to be in an area array arrangement, however, the terminals on the flexible interposer must be disposed in area array. The flexible chip carrier further includes a plurality of joining units. In certain preferred embodiments, each joining unit includes a solid core which is preferably spherical. Each joining unit is disposed on the bottom surface of the flexible interposer, is electrically interconnected to one terminal, and extends downwardly from such terminal. If any terminals are disposed on the bottom surface of the flexible interposer, one of said joining units is preferably disposed directly on each of such terminals. The solid cores are preferably electrically conductive. Preferably, the solid cores are made from copper or nickel. The flexible chip carrier also includes a unit bonding material. The unit bonding material extends between the terminal and the solid core. Preferably, the unit bonding material is standard lead/tin solder and is provided as a part of the joining unit, as a coating extending over the solid core. The unit bonding material may be used to bond the flexible chip carrier to a printed circuit board or another support substrate. The flexible chip carrier may also include a compliant layer covering the flexible leads in whole or in part. The compliant layer comprises a dielectric material having a low modulus of elasticity, such as an elastomeric material. Preferred elastomeric materials include silicones, flexiblized epoxies, and thermoplastics. Silicone elastomers are particularly preferred. The dielectric material may be provided in the form of a layer, with holes in the layer aligned with the terminals on the flexible interposer. In preferred embodiments, the compliant layer is formed in at least a two-step process. The first step involves dispensing a controlled amount of a thixotropic or non-slumping silicone elastomer on a portion, but not all, of the bottom surface of the rigid interposer and/or a portion, but not all, of the first surface of the flexible interposer, to create a compliant spacer. The compliant spacer controls the separation between the rigid interposer and the flexible interposer. The second step involves dispensing a second silicone elastomer over the thixotropic or non-slumping silicone elastomer. Compliant spacers and their use in microelectronic assemblies is more fully described in commonly assigned, U.S. Pat. No. 5,659,952, the specification of which is hereby incorporated by reference. One aspect of the present invention provides a semiconductor chip assembly. The semiconductor chip assembly of the present invention includes the flexible chip carrier described above and at least one semiconductor chip that has been connected to the first surface of the rigid interposer of the flexible chip carrier. The semiconductor chip assembly of the present invention may contain a plurality of semiconductor chips. If the semiconductor chip assembly contains a plurality of chips, each chip is mounted on and electrically interconnected to the rigid interposer of the flexible chip carrier. Such assemblies may be referred to as multichip modules. Such a multichip module may, for example, comprise a monolithic microwave integrated circuit and a high frequency digital integrated circuit on one rigid interposer that is part of a flexible chip carrier. If both of these high frequency elements are on one rigid interposer, the high frequency elements of the circuit can be isolated from the lower frequency elements. In another embodiment, an integrated circuit in the form of a central processing unit, sometimes referred to as a xe2x80x9ccpuxe2x80x9d, and one or more memory chips may be mounted on a rigid interposer of the present flexible chip carrier to form a semiconductor chip assembly of the present invention. Such an assembly would also be a multichip module. Preferred methods of connecting the one or more semiconductor chips to the flexible chip carrier include wirebonding, flip chip bonding and tab bonding, with wire bonding and flip chip bonding being more preferred. If the semiconductor chip is to be wire bonded, the rigid interposer should have as plurality of electrically conductive pads disposed in a ring-like pattern. The chip is secured to the first surface of the rigid interposer at the center of the ring-like pattern, so that the contact pads on the rigid interposer surround the chip. The chip is mounted on the first surface of the rigid interposer. The chip is mounted on the rigid interposer in a face-up disposition, with the back surface of the chip confronting the first surface of the rigid interposer, and with the front surface of the chip facing upwardly, away from the rigid interposer so that the electrical contacts on the front surface of the chip are exposed. Fine wires are connected between the electrical contacts on the front surface of the chip and the contact pads on the first surface of the rigid interposer. These wires extend outwardly from the chip to the surrounding contact pads on the first surface of the rigid interposer. If the semiconductor chip is to be connected to the rigid interposer using flip chip technology, the electrical contacts on the front surface of the chip are provided with bumps of solder. The first surface of the rigid interposer should include a plurality of contact pads arranged in an array corresponding to the array of electrical contacts on the chip. The chip, with the solder bumps, is inverted so that its front surface faces towards the first surface of the rigid interposer, with each electrical contact and solder bump on the chip being positioned on the appropriate contact pad on the first surface of the rigid interposer. The assembly is then heated so as to liquefy the solder and, upon resolidification of the solder, bond each contact on the chip to the confronting contact pad on the first surface of the rigid interposer. The semiconductor chip assembly of the present invention has at least two xe2x80x9cfirst levelxe2x80x9d interconnections in the flexible chip carrier. The first xe2x80x9cfirst levelxe2x80x9d interconnection is the interconnection between the semiconductor chip and the rigid interposer and second xe2x80x9cfirst levelxe2x80x9d interconnection is the interconnection between the rigid interposer and the flexible interposer. Another aspect of the present invention provides a test assembly for semiconductor chips. Current semiconductor chip manufacturing techniques do not result in 100% yields, some chips, therefore, will be defective. Often, the defect can not be detected until the chip is operated under power in a test fixture or in an actual assembly. A single bad chip can make a larger assembly, which may include other chips or other valuable components, worthless, or can require painstaking procedures to extricate the bad chip from the assembly. The chips and the mounting components used in a semiconductor chip assembly should, therefore, permit testing of the chips and replacement of the chips before the chips are fused to a substrate. Semiconductor chips can be tested in the test assembly of the present invention. The test assembly of this aspect of the present invention includes the flexible chip carrier as described above. The test assembly further includes a sheet socket assembly or connector. Preferred sheet socket assemblies and connectors are those described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,615,824; U.S. Pat. No. 5,632,631; U.S. Pat. No. 5,802,699; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,086,386, the specifications of which are incorporated by reference herein. In preferred embodiments, the sheet socket component or connector includes a planar or sheet like dielectric body having first and second major surfaces and also having a plurality of holes open to the first major surface. The second major surface faces toward the first surface of the rigid interposer of the flexible chip carrier. The holes are disposed in an array corresponding to an array of bumped leads on a semiconductor chip or microelectronic device which is to be tested. The sheet socket assembly further includes an array of resilient contacts secured to the first major surface of the dielectric body in registration with the holes so that each such resilient contact extends over one hole. Each resilient contact is adapted such that it can resiliently engage a bumped lead that has been inserted into the associated hole. The sheet socket assembly also includes a plurality of socket terminals electrically connected to these resilient contacts. Typically, the socket terminals are disposed on the second major surface of the dielectric body in an array corresponding to the array of contact pads on the first surface of the rigid interposer. The socket terminals are electrically connected to the associated resilient contacts. Preferably, each socket terminal is electrically connected to an associated resilient contact by an electrically conductive via, such as a blind via or a through hole via. The sheet socket assembly is mounted and electrically interconnected to the flexible chip carrier by bonding the socket terminals to the associated contact pad on the rigid interposer. Another aspect of the present invention provides a semiconductor chip assembly comprising the test assembly described above and a semiconductor chip having solder bumps which have engaged and are in physical and electrical contact with the resilient contacts of the test assembly. In preferred embodiments of the semiconductor chip assembly of this aspect of present invention, the semiconductor chip is soldered to the test assembly. If the semiconductor chip assembly of this aspect of the invention contains more than one chip, the assembly can be described as a multichip module assembly. Each chip of the multichip module can be individually plugged into the test socket assembly of the present invention and the system can be tested. If the system works properly, each of the chips can be soldered in permanently. In the alternative, a module containing at least two chips can be plugged into the test socket assembly and tested. If the system works properly, each of the chips can be soldered in permanently. The semiconductor chip assembly of the present invention may be incorporated into a larger assembly to form an electronic device. Another aspect of the present invention, therefore, provides an electronic device. The electronic device includes the semiconductor chip assembly described above and a support substrate having pads. The pads are electrically conductive contact pads and are preferably disposed in a pattern corresponding to the pattern of solid core joining units, wherein each pad is associated with a solid core joining unit. The semiconductor chip assembly is positioned on the support substrate such that the bottom surface of the flexible interposer faces toward the support substrate and, preferably, such that the solid core joining units on the bottom surface of the flexible interposer are aligned with the pads on the support substrate. Generally, each solid core joining unit is physically and electrically interconnected to an associated pad on the support substrate. The flexible chip carrier of the present invention may be incorporated into a larger assembly to form an electronic component. Another aspect of the present invention, therefore, provides an electronic component. The electronic component of the present aspect of the invention includes the flexible chip carrier described above and a support substrate having pads. The pads are electrically conductive contacts pads and are preferably disposed in a pattern corresponding to the pattern of solid core joining units, wherein each pad is associated with a solid core joining unit. The flexible chip carrier is positioned on the support substrate such that the bottom surface of the flexible interposer faces toward the support substrate and, preferably, such that the solid core joining units on the bottom surface of the flexible interposer are aligned with the pads on the support substrate. Generally, each solid core joining unit is physically and electrically interconnected to an associated pad on the support substrate. A semiconductor chip may be bonded to the electronic component to form an electronic device. Preferred bonding methods include wire bonding, flip chip bonding and tab bonding with wire bonding and flip chip bonding being particularly preferred. Another aspect of the present invention provides a flexible chip carrier or connection component that includes a first, or rigid, interposer, a second, or flexible, interposer, a plurality of conductive structures and a plurality of planar leads. The first interposer has first and second surfaces that are oppositely facing, and the second interposer has top and bottom surfaces that are oppositely facing. The second surface of the first interposer is disposed over the top surface of the second interposer. It should be noted that terms such as xe2x80x9ctopxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cbottomxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cverticalxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9chorizontalxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cfrontxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cbackxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9crearxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9coverxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cunderxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cbelowxe2x80x9d and the like as used in this present disclosure should be understood as referring to an arbitrary frame of reference, rather than to the ordinary gravitational frame of reference. Thus, the upward vertical direction of a component or assembly may extend upwardly, downwardly or horizontally in the normal gravitational frame of reference. In preferred embodiments the second surface also faces toward the top surface. The conductive structures of this aspect of the flexible chip carrier are exposed at the first surface of the first interposer. In certain preferred embodiments, the conductive structures include parts (1) that positions within the first interposer but are accessible via the first surface of the first interposer or (2) that are partially embedded in the first interposer and are extended above the first surface of the first interposer. In other preferred embodiments, such parts are disposed on the first surface of the first interposer. The conductive structures also preferably extend through both the first and second interposers. The planar leads of this aspect of the flexible chip carrier are exposed at the bottom surface of the second interposer. In certain preferred embodiments, the planar leads are positioned within the first interposer but are electrically accessible via the first surface of the first interposer. In other preferred embodiments, the planar leads are partially embedded in the first interposer and are extended below the bottom surface of the second interposer. In yet other preferred embodiments, the planar leads are disposed on the bottom surface of the second interposer. Each planar lead is electrically connected to at least one of the conductive structures. Each planar lead may include a terminal end that is electrically connected to one of the conductive structures and a tip end that is offset from such terminal end. In alternative embodiments, additional interposers may also be disposed between the first and second interposers of this aspect of the present invention so that the electrically conductive paths between the conductive structures and the planar leads may be routed or redistributed as desired. In preferred embodiments, the flexible chip carrier may further include joining units such as solder balls. Each of the joining units is electrically connected to one of the tip ends. Another aspect of the present invention provides a connection component that is similar to the above-described flexible chip carrier except the planar leads are not present and the joining units are directly connected to the conductive structures. Additional interposers may also be disposed between the first and second interposers of this aspect of the present invention so that the electrically conductive paths between the conductive structures and the joining units may be routed or redistributed as desired. Another aspect of the present invention provides a microelectronic component comprising a connection component of the present invention and a microelectronic element having a front surface and a plurality of contacts exposed at the front surface. The microelectronic element is disposed over the connection component, and each of the contacts is electrically connected to one of the conductive structures. The microelectronic element may be, for example, a semiconductor chip, a packaged semiconductor chip, a semiconductor wafer or a multi-chip module. In one preferred embodiment of the microelectronic component of the present invention, the front surface of a first microelectronic element faces the first surface of the first interposer, and contacts exposed on such front surface are flip chip bonded to the conductive structures. Further processing of this microelectronic component may yield a microelectronic component having one or more microelectronic elements. For example, a second microelectronic element having second contacts may be attached to the rear or back side of the first microelectronic element and such second contacts, which face away from the first microelectronic element, may be electrically connected to additional conductive structures by wirebonds to form a microelectronic component having stacked microelectronic elements. In another preferred embodiment of the microelectronic component of the present invention, the contacts are wire bonded to the conductive structures. In preferred embodiments, the first surface of the first interposer includes a central region and a peripheral region surrounding the central region. The microelectronic element is disposed over the central region such that the front surface of the microelectronic element faces away from the first surface of the first interposer. Wirebonds are used to electrically connect the contacts to the conductive structures. The microelectronic component of this embodiment may also include one or more additional microelectronic elements that are stacked or otherwise connected to the first microelectronic element. In preferred embodiments of the microelectronic component of the present invention, the CTE of the first interposer and the CTE of the microelectronic element are substantially similar. Another aspect of the present invention provides an electronic device comprising the microelectronic component of the present invention and a support substrate having a plurality of electrically conductive contact pads. In preferred embodiments, the support substrate is a printed circuit board having contact pads that are disposed in a pattern corresponding to the pattern of the joining units. The microelectronic component is positioned such that the bottom surface of the second interposer faces the printed circuit board, and each joining unit of the microelectronic component is electrically connected to one of contact pads of the support substrate. Preferably, at least one of the joining units is disposed or positioned below the microelectronic element of the microelectronic component. Another aspect of the present invention provides a method of making a microelectronic component. Such method has the following steps that may be performed preferably, but not necessarily, in the order presented below to make the microelectronic component. A first interposer having first and second surfaces that are oppositely facing and a second interposer having top and bottom surfaces that are oppositely facing are provided. This second interposer is more flexible than the first interposer. The top surface of the second interposer is positioned or disposed below the second surface of the first interposer. In preferred embodiments, the top surface of the second interposer faces the second surface of the first interposer. A layer of a metal is provided on the bottom surface of the second interposer and is circuitized so that a plurality of planar leads are formed. In preferred embodiments, each planar lead has a tip end and a terminal end. A plurality of openings are formed. These openings extend through both the first and second interposers and expose the terminal ends of the planar leads. An electrically conductive material is disposed in such openings. A microelectronic element such as a semiconductor chip having a front surface and a plurality of contacts exposed at its front surface is disposed over the first surface of the first interposer, and each contact is electrically connected to one of the terminal ends by the electrically conductive material. Another aspect of the present invention provides another method of making a microelectronic component. In this method, a microelectronic element is disposed over the first surface of the first interposer of one of the connection components of the present invention such that the front surface of the microelectronic element faces away from the first surface. Each of the contacts exposed at the front surface of the microelectronic element is electrically connected to one of the conductive structures exposed at the first surface. In preferred embodiments, the contacts are electrically connected to the conductive structures by wirebonds. The objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the detailed description of the preferred embodiments set forth below, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

In the field of home, office and/or consumer-oriented robotics, mobile robots that perform household functions such as vacuum cleaning have been widely adopted, and examples of robots that perform floor washing, patrolling, lawn cutting and other such tasks may be found. Mobile robots contain many components, some of which may wear out or require service before other components. Generally, when one component fails the robot may be greatly hindered or fail as a whole. A user may be required to send the whole robot to a repair service for servicing, which may then require disassembling significant portions of the robot, or if the repair cost exceeds the value of the robot, the robot may be discarded. Alternatively, the user may need to purchase an entirely new robot.

In percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedures, a guiding catheter is advanced until the distal tip of the guiding catheter is seated in the ostium of a desired coronary artery. A guidewire, positioned within an inner lumen of a dilatation catheter, is first advanced out of the distal end of the guiding catheter into the patient's coronary artery until the distal end of the guidewire crosses a lesion to be dilated. Then the dilatation catheter having an inflatable balloon on the distal portion thereof is advanced into the patient's coronary anatomy, over the previously introduced guidewire, until the balloon of the dilatation catheter is properly positioned across the lesion. Once properly positioned, the dilatation balloon is inflated with fluid one or more times to a predetermined size at relatively high pressures (e.g. greater than 8 atmospheres) so that the stenosis is compressed against the arterial wall and the wall expanded to open up the passageway. Generally, the inflated diameter of the balloon is approximately the same diameter as the native diameter of the body lumen being dilated so as to complete the dilatation but not overexpand the artery wall. Substantial, uncontrolled expansion of the balloon against the vessel wall can cause trauma to the vessel wall. After the balloon is finally deflated, blood flow resumes through the dilated artery and the dilatation catheter can be removed therefrom. In such angioplasty procedures, there may be restenosis of the artery, i.e. reformation of the arterial blockage, which necessitates either another angioplasty procedure, or some other method of repairing or strengthening the dilated area. To reduce the restenosis rate and to strengthen the dilated area, physicians frequently implant a stent inside the artery at the site of the lesion. Stents may also be used to repair vessels having an intimal flap or dissection or to generally strengthen a weakened section of a vessel. Stents are usually delivered to a desired location within a coronary artery in a contracted condition on a balloon of a catheter which is similar in many respects to a balloon angioplasty catheter, and expanded to a larger diameter by expansion of the balloon. The balloon is deflated to remove the catheter and the stent left in place within the artery at the site of the dilated lesion. Stent covers on an inner or an outer surface of the stent have been used in, for example, the treatment of pseudo-aneurysms and perforated arteries, and to prevent prolapse of plaque. Similarly, vascular grafts comprising cylindrical tubes made from tissue or synthetic materials such as polyester, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, and DACRON may be implanted in vessels to strengthen or repair the vessel, or used in an anastomosis procedure to connect vessels segments together. In the design of catheter shafts, strength, stiffness and flexibility of various sections of the catheter shaft are specifically tailored to provide the desired catheter performance. However, one difficulty has been optimizing the often competing characteristics of strength and flexibility of the catheter shaft. Accordingly, it would be a significant advance to provide a catheter having a catheter shaft with an improved combination of characteristics such as strength, flexibility and ease of manufacture. This invention satisfies these and other needs.

All software developers, in whatever language and platform, and whatever methodology, realize that there is some software that they don't want to write and that already exists. Developers that write their own software conventionally will use published artifacts as building blocks in writing code within a larger project, so as to avoid re-writing software that already exists. For any given task, there may be multiple artifacts that already exist that can possibly do what the programmer/developer needs to do. However, locating an appropriate existing artifact for a particular project can be difficult. A software artifact that is appropriate for one project may not be particularly appropriate for the same use in another project. Further, there may be multiple artifacts that are appropriate for a particular project but to a varying degree. Determining which of many artifacts are most appropriate can be challenging.

The present disclosure relates to voltage controlled oscillators, and in particular, to a multimode voltage controlled oscillator. Many electronic systems require some kind of signal to control timing of the circuits and functions of the system. One common circuit for generating a timing signal is a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). VCOs typically receive an input voltage and produce a periodic signal having a frequency determined by the input voltage. One common VCO architecture uses differential cross coupled NMOS transistors with drains connected across a voltage controlled inductor/capacitor (LC) tank circuit. Such circuits are known to operate at very high frequencies with large voltage swings, but they can consume a great deal of power. Another common VCO architecture uses cross coupled CMOS devices (PMOS and NMOS transistors) across an LC tank. CMOS VCOs consume less power, but may have more phase noise and a lower voltage swing than NMOS VCOs. A multimode VCO may switch between an NMOS mode and CMOS mode. However, the performance of such an architecture may suffer if large capacitances in the circuit interfere with the capacitance of the LC tank, for example. Additionally, voltage swings in NMOS mode should not be impacted by circuitry that is only used in CMOS mode. Further, switching circuits to reconfigure the VCO between modes may degrade performance by reducing tuning range or degrading phase noise, for example. Embodiments described herein disclose a multimode VCO that may overcome these and other challenges.

The invention concerns an apparatus for rotating and moving an ingot mold table in a vacuum melting and casting unit. On the one hand, the mold table can be linearly moved into a pouring position or a resting position and, on the other hand, it can be rotated around its vertical axis. Each of the molds, which are disposed on the table, can thus be positioned in front of the pouring nose of a crucible and all motors to drive the rotating and moving apparatus are provided outside the vacuum chamber. Vacuum melting and casting units are known where the mold table can be rotated and moved exclusively by separate devices (Leybold prospectus 31-200.01 and 31.220.1/2). In these publications, the molds stand on a mold table, also referred to as a rotary table, that is usually rotatably supported in a movable mold chamber. The rotary table is driven by a motor attached on the outside at the bottom of the mold chamber. The mold chamber itself is moved by sets of wheels provided on the outside of the chamber with at least one set of wheels being driven. Also, other rotating and moving apparatus have been designed where the mold table is moved inside a stationary mold chamber by means of a chain hoist or a roller system, for example. All these known vacuum melting and casting units inclusive of the conventional rotating and moving devices for mold tables have the disadvantage of being very large. This means that (1) their manufacture involves a great amount of labor and cost, and (2) due to the large chamber volumes, their method of operation is slow and hence not economical.

1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to color selectors, and in particular to a simple but effective device for selecting the color (as well as the sheen and finish) of coatings and other characteristics of surfaces, such surfaces including exposed grout and other mortar used for holding tiles, bricks, mosaics and the like to a support surface, or of coverings such as stucco for use on support surfaces. 2. Description of Prior Art The color of grout for holding tile, brick, mosaics and the like (“the covering elements”) is important cosmetically, since the exposed grout is readily apparent and can cover small or large areas, depending on the area the covering elements cover, the size of covering elements and the space between the covering elements where the grout is exposed and visible. The simplest way is to pick a color from a group of colors which the person feels is appropriate, but this is haphazard, and could as often as not lead to mistakes. There are large number of colors of grout currently available, and one conventional way for selecting color is by means of printed brochures, which are typically referred to as color cards, upon which are glued small strips of colors representative of the grout colors available from a particular company. These strips tend to be small, often from 2 to 3 inches, and cannot be laid between the covering elements. Therefore, the user can only imagine how the color would appear since the user cannot place the color card along a reasonable length of the covering elements. Color cards are relatively inexpensive and can be given to prospective customers, but are of limited usefulness due to their small size, and the inability to insert them between covering elements to see how they will look in use. Color cards are provided under the corporate names Laticrete (headquartered in Bethany, Conn.) and Mapei (headquartered in Milan, Italy) and Custom Building Products (headquartered in Seal Beach, Calif.) among others. Another grout color selector according to the prior art are three sided plastic molded channels, which are essentially molded parallelepiped color plastic blocks having colors corresponding to different grout colors. The color blocks generally are arranged in an open box, and the user selects respective blocks, places the selected block between the covering elements, and determines whether the color of the block is appropriate. While the color blocks are more effective in use than color sheets, they do have serious limitations. For one, each set of blocks is fairly expensive—too expensive to give to each prospective customer. Each set, which may include 12-32 blocks, would cost at least several dollars per box. Typically, the grout suppliers have sets of blocks from one or more grout suppliers, but the ultimate purchaser rarely would be given a set of blocks due to the expense of a set of blocks. Another problem with the set of blocks as grout color selectors is that they are fairly short in length, and of fixed width. Being short in length means that they only indicate the appearance of the prospective grout color for a very limited area, leaving it to the user's or designer's imagination as to how the grout color would look for the full length of a pair of covering elements, or over a more extensive length of the prospective grout. A further problem with the grout blocks is that they do not show variations in texture that occur in grouts as used. Because of the cost, limited length, lack of texture variance found in grouts, blocks of material showing the various grout colors are of limited usefulness. Products for such color blocks are sold under the trademarks Tec® made by TEC of Arlington Heights, Ill., Auto-Color® made by Auto Color Co., Inc. of Marietta, Ga. and TexRite® made by Texas Cement Products, Inc. of Houston Tex. among others. There is a need for inexpensive, three-dimensional color, sheen and/or finish selectors for the characteristics of various surfaces of many types of materials, such as mortar of all types, painted surfaces, material for covering surfaces such as stucco, various types of aggregates and smooth, non-aggregate surfaces.

Iron-nickel-chromium alloys, as is known, are extensively used under diverse service conditions requiring any number of different metallurgical properties. Such materials offer various degrees of corrosion resistance, ductility, stress-rupture strength, etc. One of the more demanding in-service applications involves the petrochemical industry wherein natural gas liquid feedstocks used in olefin pyrolysis are experienced. This environment is causative of rather severe degradation in respect of alloys currently used for radiant section tubes of pyrolysis furnaces. In an article co-authored by D. E. Hendrix and M. W. Clark entitled "Contributing Factors To the Unusual Creep Growth Of Furnace Tubing In Ethylene Pyrolysis Service and presented at the Mar. 25-29, 1985 International Corrosion Form, the writers described how currently used alloys HK-40 (Nominally 25% Cr, 20% Ni, Bal. Fe) and HP-40+1% Nb (nominally 25% Cr, 35% Ni, 1% Nb Bal. Fe) undergo premature failure due to carburization attack which, in turn, leads to excessive axial creep growth in respect of the pyrolysis heater tubing formed from such alloys. (Carburization is a phenomenon by which the alloy structure is environmentally degraded from the surface inward. As a consequence, the load bearing capacity of an alloy is adversely impacted as reflected by impaired strength, particularly stress-rupture and creep, and reduced ductility. Initial attack is usually along the grain boundaries and this tends to accelerate failure). Apart from (i) carburization resistance and (ii) stress-rupture strength what is also desirable for ethylene pyrolysis tubing is an alloy which is (iii) highly oxidation resistant, (iv) both hot and (v) cold workable such that mill product forms can be readily produced without deleterious cracking, (vi) ductile, (vii) structurally stable, i.e., will resist forming detrimental quantities of undesirable phases such as sigma, and (viii) weldable. For an alloy to be highly carburization and creep resistant, for example, but not workable is self-defeating since an alloy in wrought form could not be produced. Conversely, to be workable without high resistance to carburizing attack would not be a panacea.

The present invention relates to a chair-mount adjustable keyboard supporting assembly, and more particularly to a chair-mount keyboard supporting assembly which allows three-dimensional positional and angular adjustment of a keyboard disposed thereon relative to a chair to which the assembly is mounted. A full set of computer basically includes a main frame, a monitor, and a keyboard. The main frame and the monitor usually have predetermined dimensions and volumes and therefore occupy a lot of room. Most commercially available office desks and/or computer desks have specific specifications and a desktop having a limited surface area. As an expediential method, an additional drawer type space is provided below the computer desk or general office desk for positioning the keyboard. Such drawer type space conveniently supplements insufficient surface area of the desktop. However, following drawbacks are found from the drawer type space for keyboard: 1. The drawer type space cannot be adjusted in its orientation, angle, and inclination and is therefore not necessarily comfortably suitable for every operators. PA0 2. Since the drawer type space is provided below the desktop, the keyboard positioned thereon is lower than the desktop and close to the monitor. The operator needs to shift his or her head up and down at a big angle when his or her view shifts between the monitor and the keyboard. The operator tends to become easily tired after a short operating time. On the other hand, none of the existing office chairs or chairs particularly designed for computer operators has been provided with any structure for holding a keyboard or other peripheral equipment. The chairs are of no use in terms of helping to eliminate the mess on the desktop.

Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a centrifugal blower, and in particular to a centrifugal blower with improved efficiency. Description of the Related Art Electronic devices tend to be thin and lightweight, and the thickness of a blower in an electronic device must be decreased. However, when the thickness of the blower is reduced, the height of the blades thereof is decreased, and the impelling power of the blower suffers. Given this situation, if the number of blades is increased to improve the impelling power, the wind resistance of the blades is increased. If the thickness of the blades is reduced, the structural strength of the blades is decreased, and the blades become difficult to manufacture by injection molding.

The invention relates to a compressed air maintenance device consisting of individual easily interchangeable modules, such as pressure regulators, oil atomizers, and condensate separators, whereby the individual modules may include transmitters for current operating status and/or predetermined limit values. This type of compressed air maintenance device has been described in DE 40 32 515 A1. Because of the varying placement of transmitter, it is difficult to monitor the operating status of individual modules. Consequently, operational breakdowns or required maintenance work are not easily detected, leading to the risk of necessary maintenance work not being completed. Because of the varying shapes of the individual modules, the overall appearance of this type of maintenance device is not particularly pleasant. Some countries require that openly arranged viewing windows be covered so as to prevent an environmental hazard in the event of damage to the device. In such cases, additional covers or casing components are required. To eliminate the aforementioned disadvantages, the object of the invention is to modify the type of compressed air maintenance device described earlier in such a way as to ensure that necessary maintenance work or operational breakdowns can be easily recognized.

Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range of devices, including digital televisions, digital direct broadcast systems, wireless broadcast systems, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, e-book readers, digital cameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming devices, video game consoles, cellular or satellite radio telephones, so-called “smart phones,” video teleconferencing devices, video streaming devices, and the like. Digital video devices implement video coding techniques, such as those described in the standards defined by MPEG-2, MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard presently under development, and extensions of such standards. The video devices may transmit, receive, encode, decode, and/or store digital video information more efficiently by implementing such video coding techniques. Techniques of the upcoming HEVC standard are described in document HCTVC-I1003, Bross et al., “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Text Specification Draft 7,” Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG16 WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, 9th Meeting: Geneva, Switzerland, Apr. 27, 2012 to May 7, 2012, which, as of Jul. 20, 2012, is downloadable from http://phenix.it-sudparis.eu/jct/doc_end_user/documents/9_Geneva/wg11/JCTVC-I1003-v10.zip. Video coding techniques include spatial (intra-picture) prediction and/or temporal (inter-picture) prediction to reduce or remove redundancy inherent in video sequences. For block-based video coding, a video slice (e.g., a video frame or a portion of a video frame) may be partitioned into video blocks, which may also be referred to as treeblocks, coding units (CUs) and/or coding nodes. Video blocks in an intra-coded (I) slice of a picture are encoded using spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture. Video blocks in an inter-coded (P or B) slice of a picture may use spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture or temporal prediction with respect to reference samples in other reference pictures. Pictures may be referred to as frames, and reference pictures may be referred to a reference frames. Spatial or temporal prediction results in a predictive block for a block to be coded. Residual data represents pixel differences between the original block to be coded and the predictive block. An inter-coded block is encoded according to a motion vector that points to a block of reference samples forming the predictive block, and the residual data indicating the difference between the coded block and the predictive block. An intra-coded block is encoded according to an intra-coding mode and the residual data. For further compression, the residual data may be transformed from the pixel domain to a transform domain, resulting in residual transform coefficients, which then may be quantized. The quantized transform coefficients, initially arranged in a two-dimensional array, may be scanned in order to produce a one-dimensional vector of transform coefficients, and entropy coding may be applied to achieve even more compression.

As a banknote handling apparatus for handling banknotes, various type ones have been conventionally known. For example, JP2002-203264A discloses a banknote depositing machine to be installed in a bank lobby and so on. In the banknote depositing machine disclosed in JP2002-203264A, when a plurality of banknotes of various denominations are deposited, banknotes having been put into a banknote inlet unit are fed, one by one, to a transport unit in a machine body, the banknotes are recognized by a recognition unit disposed at the transport unit, and, based on the recognition result, the banknotes are stored for each denomination into a plurality of storing units. In the banknote depositing machine disclosed in JP2002-203264A, a banknote having been recognized as a fit note by the recognition unit and a banknote having been recognized as an unfit note by the recognition unit are stored into the different storing units. In a banknote handling apparatus configured to perform a banknote depositing and dispensing process, there is a case in which, after a banknote has been stored into a storing unit in a machine body by a depositing process, the banknote having been stored into the storing unit is used as a banknote to be loaded into an ATM or as a banknote to be dispensed to a customer in a bank counter. At this time, when only a banknote whose serial number, which is unique information for specifying an individual banknote, is to be used as a banknote to be loaded into an ATM or as a banknote to be dispensed to a customer in a bank counter, the conventional banknote handling apparatus has a problem in that it cannot directly use the banknote stored in the storing unit, as a banknote to be loaded into an ATM or as a banknote to be dispensed to a customer in a bank counter. This is because, in the conventional banknote handling apparatus, a banknote whose serial number has been read out by the recognition unit and a banknote whose serial number has not been recognized by the recognition unit are stored in a mixed state in the storing unit.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to high-speed fire protection/suppression systems and, more particularly, to fast response fluid flow control nozzles incorporating a frangible element that is designed to be ruptured to release said material. 2. Description of the Background The ongoing development of increasingly hazardous (i.e. energetic or explosive) materials requires concurrent improvements in the safety systems associated with their handling and storage. High-speed fire protection/suppression systems represent one of the most important safety systems associated with those evolving materials. High-speed fire protection/suppression systems take a number of forms. Common forms include (1) fixed pipe pilot-actuated spraying/sprinkler systems incorporating poppet valve-based nozzle assemblies and (2) pressurized containers of fire extinguishing/suppressing material (e.g. water) in combination with some means of fire detection. As one might expect, both forms possess certain pros and cons. Pressurized containers have been historically used for the discharge of fire suppression agents in explosion suppression systems. Testing conducted by the Fire Research Laboratory at Tyndall Air Force Base has demonstrated that a pressurized container-based system, in this case a spherical container, can provide a significantly faster response time, in discharging a fire extinguishing/suppressing material to control various fire-related hazards, than a pilot-actuated spraying/sprinkler system. However, the limited, or finite, volume of fire extinguishing/suppressing material present in a pressurized container-based system, as opposed to the essentially unlimited supply available with a fixed pipe pilot-actuated spraying/sprinkler system, can be problematic. Additional deficiencies of pressurized container-based systems include (1) their typically bulky size/shape, (2) the significant cost and effort required to rearm/refill them, (3) their inability to be utilized/deployed in areas of limited size or accessibility, and (4) their initial purchase price. The fast response time of a pressurized container-based system is generally provided by a fluid flow control valve incorporating a frangible element (e.g. a disc) and some means for rupturing that element upon the detection of a fire. The present invention is not the first to address the issue of fast response fluid flow control devices for fire protection/suppression systems. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,738 to Chatrathi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,202 to Fellows et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,053 to Gillis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,031,701 to McLelland et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,006,780 to Zehr, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,834,463 to Allard et al. disclose a variety of means for releasing the flow of a fire extinguishing/suppressing material via the rupturing of a frangible element. U.S. Pat. No. 5,647,438 to Chatrathi et al. discloses an explosion suppressant dispersion nozzle for dispersing suppressant material from a pressurized suppressant storage vessel to a protected zone or room upon the rupturing of a frangible element by an actuator. U.S. Pat. No. 5,458,202 to Fellows et al. discloses a pressurized extinguishant release device with a penetrator affixed to a rolling diaphragm. The penetrator is positioned above a frangible membrane that encloses a pressurized extinguishant. Heating of a liquid filled sensor tube to a certain temperature will cause vapor pressure to push against the diaphragm, causing a shear pin to fail, and propel the penetrator into the membrane and thus allow the extinguishant to flow. U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,053 to Gillis et al. discloses an explosion protection system including a container with a discharge outlet adapted to contain an explosion suppressant under pressure, a frangible member covering the discharge outlet, an explosive charge disposed in the container adjacent to the frangible member and adapted to create explosive forces that rupture said member, and a somewhat compressible explosion suppressant retained under pressure. U.S. Pat. No. 5,031,701 to McLelland et al. discloses a suppressant delivery and release nozzle structure for an explosion protection system. The nozzle is a reducing elbow, concentric or eccentric mounting a rupture disc at its small end. A selectively actuatable detonator housed in the nozzle adjacent the disc permits substantially instantaneous opening of the disc upon command for release and delivery of suppressant to a zone to be protected from an explosion hazard. U.S. Pat. No. 4,006,780 to Zehr discloses a device for rupturing a pressurized cylinder containing a fire extinguishing product. When the temperature is high enough to melt a fusible link, a spring-loaded punch is forcibly propelled downwardly to rupture a frangible disc in the cylinder to allow the contents to be discharged. U.S. Pat. No. 3,834,463 to Allard et al. discloses a sensitive sprinkler that includes a rupture disc valve positioned to block fluid flow through the flow path. An explosive squib is mounted in the fluid flow path upstream of the rupture disc so that when exploded an expansive gas directs a pressure through said fluid to rupture the disc. A fire detector assembly electrically activates the squib substantially immediately upon detection of a fire. The ideal fire protection/suppression system would combine the fast response of a container-based system with the essentially unlimited extinguishing/suppressing material supply of a fixed pipe system. Unfortunately, due to the nature of fixed pipe fire protection/suppression systems, each of these prior art devices possesses certain limitations with respect to the specific needs addressed by the present invention. The Chatrathi et al., Gillis et al., McLelland et al., and Allard et al. patents incorporate the storage and use of an explosive device/detonator to rupture the frangible element. The use of any explosive device/detonator does provide the required activation speed of a system, however the type and size of the device being considered is essential as it may be exposed to highly energetic/explosive materials. Additionally, the Gillis et al. and Allard et al. patents operate in a manner that generates an omni-directional pressure wave that momentarily disrupts the outward flow of the fire suppressing material. With highly energetic/explosive materials, every fraction of a second counts and, therefore, any process that delays the outward flow of the fire suppressing material is one that must be eliminated. The Fellows et al. and Zehr patents disclose components used to rupture the frangible elements that are positioned within the flow pathway for the fire extinguishing/suppressing material. This configuration, in a best case scenario, results in a marginal occlusion of the orifice through which the fire extinguishing/suppressing material is meant to flow. In a worst case scenario, the orifice might become completely occluded. Therefore, there remains a need for a fast response fluid flow control valve/nozzle incorporating a frangible element that is designed to be ruptured to release fire suppressant material from an essentially unlimited supply. While the use of an explosive or energetic actuator may be required to provide the required speed of activation of a system, significant consideration should be given to reducing the potential hazard. The fluid flow control valve/nozzle should also be scalable to provide for use in a variety of applications, fabricated of materials that provide the durability/longevity required by the nature of its use, capable of being retrofitted to existing fire protection/suppression systems, and economical to manufacture in order to provide for widespread use.

The importance of smoke and fire detectors in homes has been recognized for many years, especially audible detectors that warn occupants of the danger of fire by emitting a loud warning signal upon detecting the presence of smoke or heat. While considerable attention has been paid to developing detection and warning devices that emit an audible warning signal, there appears to have been very little consideration given to warning devices especially adapted to the unique needs of the hearing impaired or deaf individuals. Likewise, little or no attention has been paid to the very sound sleeper who may not be easily awakened by even a loud warning signal. As early as 1894, devices were developed to awaken sound sleepers by more than just an audible signal. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 516,614 discloses an alarm that causes the bottom of the bed to pivot downward and thus awaken the sleeping occupant of the bed. An even earlier patent, U.S. Pat. No. 256,265 discloses an alarm device that awakens sleepers by, apparently releasing suspended devices onto the sleeper in response to an alarm clock ringing. In 1905, U.S. Pat. No. 804,653 taught still another type of alarm device to awaken a sound sleeper. This device was designed to attach to the arm of the sleeper and awaken the sleeper by shaking the sleeper's arm. A burglar alarm is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 1,046,533 that arouses a sleeping person upon the entry of an intruder by releasing a spray of water onto the sleeper when a door or window is opened, and U.S. Pat. No. 1,215,666 discloses an alarm device that awakens a sleeper by forcibly causing the body of the sleeper to raise to an upright sitting position. More recently, U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,260 presented a device that among other features awakens a sleeper on a water bed in cases of an emergency by means of vibrations generated by low frequency sound vibrations. While all of these devices are probably effective, and are certainly in some instance very humorous, they are not very practical for easy use by a significant number of people. What is needed is a simple, cost effective device that can be readily adapted for use on a large scale by those people who are hearing impaired or sound sleepers.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a structure of a semiconductor device using an SOI (Silicon-On-Insulator) substrate, and more particularly to a structure of a semiconductor device capable of suppressing occurrence of total dose effects. 2. Description of the Background Art FIG. 9 is a sectional view showing a structure of a conventional semiconductor device. An SOI substrate 104 has a structure in which a silicon substrate 101, a BOX (Buried Oxide) layer 102 having a thickness of the order of several tens to several hundreds nanometers and a silicon layer 103 having a thickness of the order of several tens to several hundreds nanometers are laminated in this order. An element isolation insulating film 105 made of a silicon oxide film having a thickness of the order of several tens to several hundreds nanometers is partially formed in an upper surface of the silicon layer 103. In FIG. 9, an NMOS transistor is formed in an element forming region defined by element isolation insulating films 105 positioned on the left and in the center, respectively. More particularly, a pair of source/drain regions 106 each being of n+ type (approximately 1xc3x971020 cmxe2x88x923) are formed in the silicon layer 103. A body region 107 of pxe2x88x92 type (approximately 1xc3x971018 cmxe2x88x923) is defined between the pair of source/drain regions 106. A gate structure 111 is formed on the body region 107. The gate structure 111 includes a gate insulating film 108 made of a silicon oxide film, a polysilicon layer 109 and a cobalt silicide layer 110 having a thickness of the order of several to several tens nanometers laminated in this order on the upper surface of the silicon layer 103. A sidewall 112 made of a silicon oxide film is formed on a side surface of the gate structure 111. A cobalt silicide layer 113 having a thickness of the order of several to several tens nanometers is formed on the source/drain regions 106 at an exposed part not covered by the gate structure 111 or the sidewall 112. Moreover, in FIG. 9, a PMOS transistor is formed in an element forming region defined by element isolation insulating films 105 positioned in the center and on the right, respectively. More particularly, a pair of source/drain regions 114 each being of p+ type (approximately 1xc3x971020 cmxe2x88x923) are formed in the silicon layer 103. A body region 115 of nxe2x88x92 type (approximately 1xc3x971018 cmxe2x88x923) is defined between the pair of source/drain regions 114. A gate structure 119 is formed on the body region 115. The gate structure 119 has a gate insulating film 116 made of a silicon oxide film, a polysilicon layer 117 and a cobalt silicide layer 118 having a thickness of the order of several to several tens nanometers laminated in this order on the upper surface of the silicon layer 103. A sidewall 120 made of a silicon oxide film is formed on a side surface of the gate structure 119. A cobalt silicide layer 121 having a thickness of the order of several to several tens nanometers is formed on the source/drain regions 114 at an exposed part not covered by the gate structure 119 or the sidewall 120. Further, an interlayer insulating film 122 made of a silicon oxide film having a thickness of the order of several hundreds nanometers is formed in such a manner as to cover element isolation insulating films 105, the NMOS transistor and the PMOS transistor. An aluminum wiring 124 is formed on the interlayer insulating film 122. The aluminum wiring 124 is connected to the cobalt silicide layer 113 or 121 through a tungsten plug 123 formed in the interlayer insulating film 122. FIGS. 10 and 11 are explanatory views of problems created in the conventional semiconductor device. More specifically, the drawings show the NMOS transistor in the structure shown in FIG. 9. In the case of using LSI in space and the like, an influence exerted by total dose effects needs to be taken into consideration. The total dose effects refer to a phenomenon in which a great amount of emission of radiation such as alpha rays or gamma rays affects the operational characteristics and reliability of a semiconductor device. Referring to FIG. 10, emission of radiation 130 to the semiconductor device generates a large number of hole-electron pairs along the locus of the radiation 130 by ionization it performs. Among the hole-electron pairs generated in the BOX layer 102, the electrons of high mobility are emitted to the outside of the BOX layer 102 by an electric field. However, the holes of low mobility accumulate within the BOX layer 102 in the vicinity of the interface with respect to the silicon layer 103. Referring to FIG. 11, accumulation of the holes within the BOX layer 102 in the vicinity of the interface with respect to the silicon layer 103 causes a problem in that a threshold voltage at the MOS transistor varies due to a positive electric field resulting from the accumulated holes. Further, there arises another problem in that a channel (back channel) is formed within the body region 107 in the vicinity of the interface with respect to the BOX layer 102 so that there flows a back channel current 140, resulting in an increase in power consumption. An object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device capable of suppressing occurrence of total dose effects. A first aspect of the present invention is directed to a semiconductor device comprising: an SOI substrate having a structure in which a supporting substrate, an insulation layer and a semiconductor layer are laminated in this order; a semiconductor element including a pair of source/drain regions formed in a main surface of the semiconductor layer, a body region defined between the pair of source/drain regions and a gate electrode formed on the main surface of the semiconductor layer with a gate insulating film interposed therebetween over the body region; and a voltage applying section applying a negative voltage which decreases with a lapse of time to the supporting substrate. In the semiconductor device of the first aspect of the present invention, even in the case that emission of radiation causes accumulation of holes within the insulation layer in the vicinity of the interface with respect to the semiconductor layer, it is possible to cancel out a positive electric field resulting from the accumulated holes by the negative voltage applied to the supporting substrate by the voltage applying section. This, as a result, makes it possible to obtain a semiconductor device capable of suppressing occurrence of the total dose effects. A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a semiconductor device comprising: an SOI substrate having a structure in which a supporting substrate, an insulation layer and a semiconductor layer are laminated in this order; a semiconductor element including a pair of source/drain regions formed in a main surface of the semiconductor layer, a body region defined between the pair of source/drain regions and a gate electrode formed on the main surface of the semiconductor layer with a gate insulating film interposed therebetween over the body region; and a voltage applying section applying a negative voltage which decreases with a lapse of time to the body region. In the semiconductor device of the second aspect of the present invention, even in the case that emission of radiation causes accumulation of holes within the insulation layer in the vicinity of the interface with respect to the semiconductor layer, it is possible to cancel out a positive electric field resulting from the accumulated holes by the negative voltage applied to the body region by the voltage applying section. This, as a result, makes it possible to obtain a semiconductor device capable of suppressing occurrence of the total dose effects. These and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

The present invention relates generally to animal leashes having locking mechanisms for preventing the unauthorized release or theft of the associated animal. The invention will be described with particular reference to pet dogs, but those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the present invention is equally applicable to securing any other type of animal such as horses, cats, and the like. People all over the world enjoy special relationships with their pets. It is very common for people to walk their dogs on a leash when performing errands or other activities. Unfortunately, during these activities, it is often necessary to tether the dog to a post or other permanent structure and leave the tethered dog unattended. This has lead to theft or unauthorized release of the dogs which is, obviously, highly undesirable. Thus, there has been found a need for a method and apparatus for securing a pet, such as a dog, in a convenient, safe, and effective manner. In accordance with the present invention, a method and apparatus for securing a pet are provided. The apparatus comprises an elongated leash having a proximal end and a distal end. The distal end of the leash includes a clasp connected thereto, and the clasp, itself, includes a locking mechanism (such as a key lock or a combination lock) therein that allows the clasp to open and close when unlocked and that prevents opening of the clasp when locked. The clasp is adapted for connection to a collar or a harness worn by the associated animal to be secured. When the clasp is connected to the collar or harness, enlargement of same for purposes of releasing the associated animal is prevented. Further, when the locking mechanism of the clasp is locked after the clasp has been connected to the collar or harness, unauthorized removal of the clasp from the collar or harness is prevented. The proximal end of the leash includes a handle that is preferably defined from conventional molded plastic or the like. A lock, such as a conventional padlock is fixedly secured to the handle. Thus, the proximal end of the leash, including the handle, is adapted for being wrapped around a post, tree, or other structure and the lock connected to the leash, itself so that a loop is formed around the structure. The lock prevents unauthorized removal of the loop. One advantage of the present invention resides in the provision of a new and improved method and apparatus for securing a pet. Another advantage of the present invention is that it is usable with a conventional choke collar. Still another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a safe, convenient, and effective method and apparatus for securing an unattended pet against theft or other unauthorized release. Yet another advantage of the present invention is that it is usable as a conventional, non-secure leash if desired without modification. Still other benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains upon reading and understanding the following specification.

The invention relates to a method for calibrating a digital/analog converter and to a digital/analog converter. With respect to the general background of D/A converters, reference is generally made to U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,346,901 B1, 4,712,091 and 5,293,166. With respect to the general background of D/A converters with online self-calibration, reference is made to the publication by D. W. J. Groeneveld, H. J. Schouwenaars, H. A. H. Termeer, C. A. A. Bastiaansen, “A Self-Calibration Technique for Monolithic High-Resolution D/A Converters”, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, volume 24, December 1989. A digital/analog converter, also called D/A converter for short in the text which follows, is designed for converting a digital input signal into an analog output signal. Although it is basically applicable to any digital/analog converter, the present invention and the problems on which it is based will be explained in the text which follows with reference to a monolithic integrated D/A converter designed for high speed applications, with a facility for online self-calibration. By online calibration is meant that the calibration can be performed during the operation of the D/A converter, that is to say virtually in the background without a current D/A conversion having to be interrupted. A monolithic integrated D/A converter typically has a multiplicity of converter cells arranged in a converter matrix or a so-called converter array. The individual converter cells are ideally identical in their configuration. A problem inherent in almost all monolithic integrated D/A converters consists in that typically mismatches exist between the individual converter cells which become noticeable as distortions in the spectrum of the analog output signal. The mismatches become evermore predominant with increasing integration, that is to say with increasing reduction of the size of the patterns located on the integrated circuit and can only be reduced at the cost of lesser integration and thus a larger chip area. Apart from higher costs for the D/A converter, it would also lead to a lower speed of the conversion and thus to a lower performance of the D/A converter. To implement very high-quality communication systems with digital signal processing such as are used, for example, in mobile radio and for broadband applications, D/A converters with a medium or high sampling rate and the best possible analog characteristics are used. The quality and accuracy of such high-speed D/A converters depend on a multiplicity of different factors, of which the so-called spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of the D/A converter represents a very decisive characteristic. FIG. 1 shows a typical output spectrum AS which exhibits distortions in the output spectrum caused by mismatches of the D/A converter cells. In FIG. 1, the wavy line A designates the quantization noise. Apart from the frequency Fin of the input signal, there are also harmonics 2Fin, 3Fin at multiples of the frequency Fin. These harmonics 2Fin, 3Fin limit the interference-free dynamic range SFDR of the D/A converter which leads to a lesser effective resolution overall. As can be seen from FIG. 1, the interference-free dynamic range SFDR designates the difference between the maximum amplitude of the frequency Fin of the input signal and the amplitude of harmonic frequency component 2Fin which has the greatest amplitude among the harmonics 2Fin, 3Fin. FIG. 2 will now be used to describe a calibration method, known, for example, from the IEEE publication described initially, which can be used for enlarging the interference-free dynamic range SFDR. The example in FIG. 2 shows the calibration principle by means of a 6-bit D/A converter B which thus exhibits 63 converter cells C largely of the same structure. For the calibration, the D/A converter B also has a redundant converter cell D (shown shaded in FIG. 2, cell 64) and a reference cell, not shown. The reference cell is used for the self-calibration in order to successively calibrate all converter cells of the D/A converter B. By using the redundant converter cell D, the self-calibration can be performed online, that is to say also during the operation of the D/A converter B. In the example in FIG. 2, a total of 64 calibration cycles K1-K64, of which only the first three K1-K3 and the last one K64 have been shown in FIG. 2, are provided for calibrating the converter cells C, D of the D/A converter B. Passing through all calibration cycles K1-K64 defines a so-called calibration loop E. Within the calibration loop E, all converter cells C, beginning with the first converter cell, are successively calibrated including the redundant converter cell D. The calibration method then typically jumps back to the first converter cell in order to recalibrate the converter cells in the next calibration loop E. The calibration of a respective converter cell C, D requires a calibration period T1-T64. This calibration period T1-T64 is predetermined for each converter cell C, D within the calibration loop and is thus constant. The calibration periods T1-T64 allocated to all converter cells C, D are thus equal. During the determination of the calibration period T1-T64, the following must be observed: on the one hand, the calibration period T1-T64 must not be too small since otherwise the value of a respective converter element C, D to be calibrated cannot be properly corrected. On the other hand, the calibration period T1-T64 must also be selected to be not too large since otherwise the storage element, in which the difference between the value of the converter cell to be calibrated and the value of the corresponding reference cell is stored, loses the stored difference value and thus the entire calibration process would become ineffective. For this reason, the calibration period T1-T64 must be selected to be within a certain range which takes into account the two above boundary conditions and is thus selected to be not too small and not too large. In this manner, it is possible to reduce a distortion in the output spectrum, caused by a mismatch of the converter cells within the converter array. However, this procedure has the disadvantage that, as a result, additional interfering frequencies are generated (see FIG. 1). It is found that, although the amplitudes of the harmonic frequencies 2Fin, 3Fin are reduced by the calibration, additional interfering frequencies are also generated at the calibration frequency Fcal and multiples thereof 2Fcal, 3Fcal due to the calibration. These additional interfering frequencies Fcal, 2Fcal, 3Fcal prevent a further overall improvement in the interference-free dynamic range SFDR.

This invention relates to a wheel hub arrangement, in particular for use in commercial vehicles. Wheel hub arrangements having wheel covers for covering various regions on a vehicle wheel or on the wheel hub of a vehicle are known from the prior art. They protect the internal regions of the wheel and/or of the wheel hub against the penetration of dirt and moisture and from damage resulting therefrom. To support the sealing action of the wheel cover, it is likewise a known practice from the prior art to arrange sealing rings, e.g. rubber seals, between the wheel hub and the wheel cover, said sealing rings improving the sealing effect of the wheel cover. However, the solutions known from the prior art have deficiencies since the seals known from the prior art often fail to achieve an adequate sealing effect particularly when liquid strikes the region between the wheel cover and the wheel hub at high speed. Thus, it has been found that water or other liquids can repeatedly get into the interior of the hub, particularly when driving at high speed in rain or, for example, when cleaning the wheels with a high-pressure cleaner while the commercial vehicle is stationary. It is the object of the present invention to improve the protective effect of a wheel cover in such a way that even liquids or dirt particles impinging at high speed can be kept away in an effective manner from the interior of the wheel hub.

Carbon nanotubes (CNT) are promising materials for transparent conduction as a result of their exceptional electrical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. Ultra thin films based on CNT networks above the percolation limit have beneficial attributes such as stiffness and chemical stability that makes it superior to indium tin oxide (ITO) in certain applications. CNT nano-mesh films exhibit flexibility, allowing films to be deposited on pliable substrates prone to acute angles, bending, and deformation, without fracturing the coating. Modeling work has shown that CNT films may offer potential advantages such as, for example, tunable electronic properties through chemical treatment and enhanced carrier injection owing to the large surface area and field-enhanced effect at the nanotube tips and surfaces. It is also recognized that although ITO is an n-type conductor, such CNT films can be doped p-type and, as such, can have applications in, for instance, the anode or injecting hole into OLED devices, provided the films are smooth to within 1.5 nm RMS roughness. Although ITO films still lead CNT films in terms of sheet conductance and transparency, the above-mentioned advantages together with potential cost reductions have stimulated significant interest in exploiting carbon nanotube films as transparent conductive alternative to ITO. In order to live up to its expectations, CNT films should display high transparency coupled with low sheet resistance. The relationship between transparency and sheet resistance for thin conducting films is controlled by the ratio of dc conductivity and optical conductivity, σdc/σopt, such that high values of this ratio typically are most desirable. However, to date, viable CNT synthetic methods yield poly-dispersed mixtures of tubes of various chiralities, of which roughly one-third are metallic with the remainder being semiconducting. The low σdc/σopt performance metric of such films is largely related to the large fraction of semiconducting species. These semiconducting tubes, in turn, also give rise to the bundling of the tubes, which tends to increase the junction resistance of the film network. The typical value of σopt for CNT films depends on the density of the film. Just above the percolation limit, this value tends to close at 1.7×104 S/m at 550 nm, while the dc electrical conductivity to date is in the region of 5×105 S/m. However, industry specifications require better than 90% transmission and less than 90 ohms/square sheet resistance. To achieve these values, one can determine that the necessary dc conductivity be in excess of 7×105 S/m. Thus, it will be appreciated that there is a need in the art for improving the electronic quality of even the best CNT films so that the σdc/σopt ratio, in turn, is improved. This poly-dispersity stems from the unique structure of SWNTs, which also renders their properties highly sensitive to the nanotube diameter. Certain example embodiments of this invention relate to the deposition of nano-mesh CNT films on glass substrates and, in particular, the development of coatings with high σdc/σopt on thin, low iron or iron free soda lime glass and/or other substrates (e.g., other glass substrates such as other soda lime glass and borosilicate glass, plastics, polymers, silicon wafers, etc.). In addition, certain example embodiments of this invention relate to (1) finding viable avenues of how to improve the σdc/σopt a metric via stable chemical doping and/or alloying of CNT based films, and (2) developing a large area coating technique suitable for glass, as most work date has focused on flexible plastic substrates. Certain example embodiments also pertain to a model that relates the morphological properties of the film to the σdc/σopt. In certain example embodiments of this invention, a method of making a coated article comprising a substrate supporting a carbon nanotube (CNT) inclusive thin film is provided. A CNT-inclusive ink is provided. The ink is applied to the substrate to form an intermediate coating. A material is provided over the intermediate coating to improve adhesion to the substrate. A solution of PdCl2 is prepared. The intermediate coating is exposed to the solution of PdCl2 so that the Pd nucleates at junctions within the intermediate coating, thereby reducing porosity in the intermediate coating in forming the CNT-inclusive thin film. An overcoat or passivation layer is provided over the intermediate coating following the exposing. In certain example embodiments of this invention, a method of making a coated article comprising a substrate supporting a carbon nanotube (CNT) inclusive thin film is provided. A CNT-inclusive ink is provided, with the CNT-inclusive ink comprising double-wall nanotubes. The ink is applied to the substrate to form an intermediate coating using a slot die apparatus. The intermediate coating is dried or allowed to dry. An adhesion-promoting layer is provided over the intermediate coating to improve adhesion to the substrate. The intermediate coating is doped with a salt and/or super acid so as to chemically functionalize the intermediate coating. A solution of PdCl2 is provided. The intermediate coating is exposed to the solution of PdCl2 so that the Pd nucleates at junctions within the intermediate coating, thereby reducing porosity in the intermediate coating in forming the CNT-inclusive thin film. An overcoat or passivation layer is applied over the intermediate coating following the exposing. In certain example embodiments of this invention, a method of making a coated article comprising a substrate supporting a carbon nanotube (CNT) inclusive thin film is provided. A CNT-inclusive ink is provided, with the CNT-inclusive ink comprising double-wall nanotubes. The ink is applied to the substrate to form an intermediate coating using a slot die apparatus. The intermediate coating is dried or allowed to dry. An adhesion-promoting layer is provided over the intermediate coating to improve adhesion to the substrate. A solution of PdCl2 is provided. The intermediate coating is exposed to the solution of PdCl2 so that the Pd nucleates at junctions within the intermediate coating, thereby reducing porosity in the intermediate coating in forming the CNT-inclusive thin film. A silvering solution is provided. The intermediate coating is exposed to the silvering solution to short junctions in the intermediate coating in forming the CNT inclusive thin film. An overcoat or passivation layer is applied over the intermediate coating following the exposing. The features, aspects, advantages, and example embodiments described herein may be combined to realize yet further embodiments.

The present invention is generally related to the presentation of tree structures in a graphical user interface (GUI) and, more particularly, is related to systems and methods for managing interaction with a presentation of a tree structure in a GUI. Currently, a variety of systems and/or processes are used for inspecting manufacturing defects in printed circuit boards. Printed circuit boards typically include one or more electrical components (e.g., computer chips, capacitors, etc.) soldered to an integrated circuit (IC). For many years, the de facto process for production of printed circuit board assemblies included manual visual inspection (MVI) after soldering, followed by an electrical test, such as in-circuit testing (ICT), at the end of the assembly process to isolate any defects that occurred during manufacturing. Typically, a final functional test was run to verify that the printed circuit board operated properly before it was integrated into a final product. As the need for more complex printed circuit boards having more components increased, automated inspection systems became popular. Such inspection systems typically comprise a printed circuit board modeling system, an imaging system, and a control system. Typically, the modeling system is used to generate a computer model of a printed circuit board that is to be mass-produced. The imaging system comprises hardware and/or software for capturing an image of the manufactured printed circuit board. Currently, image systems employ a variety of imaging techniques (e.g., x-ray, optical, ultrasonic, thermal image, etc.). The control system typically receives a file containing a computer model of the particular printed circuit board from the modeling system. Based on the computer model, the control system may generate an inspection program to be implemented by the imaging system. The inspection program may be used to image a manufactured printed circuit board, which is based on the computer model generated by the modeling system. After the imaging system generates the images of the manufactured printed circuit board, the images may be compared to the computer model to inspect for a variety of manufacturing defects (e.g., open solder joints, shorts, missing components, misaligned components, insufficient solder joints, excess solder joints, reversed capacitors, solder balls, solder voids, etc). Control systems implemented in current PCB inspection systems typically employ a graphical user interface to assist in generating the inspection program for the imaging system and for interfacing with the PCB modeling system. The graphical user interface typically employs a display of a tree structure to aid in the inspection process. For example, the graphical user interface may include a display of the following hierarchical arrangement of objects: a root object corresponding to a family object that specifies a type of solder joint; one or more first-level objects corresponding to a package object that specifies a type of component in the printed circuit board; one or more second-level objects corresponding to an instance object that specifies a unique reference designator for a package; and one or more third-level objects corresponding to a pin object that specifies a unique pin number for a specific component. Such systems, however, are very problematic when a user desires to search for a particular object within the structure. Thus, there is a need in the industry for improved systems and methods for managing interaction with a presentation of a tree structure in a graphical user interface. The present invention provides systems and methods for managing interaction with a presentation of a tree structure in a graphical user interface. The present invention may be viewed as a method for managing interaction with a presentation of a tree structure in a graphical user interface. Briefly described, one such method comprises the steps of: displaying a tree structure on a first portion of a graphical user interface; receiving a search request for an object in the tree structure having a predefined value via a second portion of the graphical user interface; displaying a search result in a third portion of the graphical user interface, the search result comprising one or more locations that satisfy the search request; and in response to selection of one of the locations, modifying the tree structure to display the selected location of the object having the predefined value. The present invention may also be viewed as providing a system for managing interaction with a presentation of a tree structure in a graphical user interface. Briefly described, one such system comprises logic, a processing device configured to implement the logic, and a display device configured to support the graphical user interface. The logic is configured to: display a tree structure on a first portion of a graphical user interface; receive a search request for an object in the tree structure having a predefined value via a second portion of the graphical user interface; display a search result in a third portion of the graphical user interface, the search result comprising one or more locations that satisfy the search request; and modify, in response to selection of one of the locations, the tree structure to display the selected location of the object having the predefined value. The present invention may also be viewed as providing a computer program embodied on a computer-readable medium for managing interaction with a presentation of a tree structure in a graphical user interface. Briefly, described one such computer program comprises logic configured to: display a tree structure on a first portion of a graphical user interface; receive a search request for an object in the tree structure having a predefined value via a second portion of the graphical user interface; display a search result in a third portion of the graphical user interface, the search result comprising one or more locations that satisfy the search request; and modify, in response to selection of one of the locations, the tree structure to display the selected location of the object having the predefined value. Other systems, methods, features, and advantages of the present invention will be or become apparent to one with skill in the art upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description. It is intended that all such additional systems, methods, features, and advantages be included within this description, be within the scope of the present invention, and be protected by the accompanying claims.

A predominant and limiting problem in the development and use of physiologically active agents is the inability to administer them as effectively as is desired. In particular, there is often a limitation as to the routes of administration because of the following factors: (1) Some agents are inactivated in the gastrointestinal tract or they are absorbed poorly into the body from the tract. Also, undesirable side effects may result which prevent effective oral administration. (2) In every case where injection must be resorted to, there is a risk of needle injury, infection and other trauma (including the emotional trauma inevitably associated with injections). (3) Few agents are absorbed through the skin or mucous membranes in effective quantities and the rate of absorption is less than would be desirable for those that do. (4) A local concentration for a local effect is often desired but a larger svstemic dose must be given to achieve an effective concentration at the local area when the agent can only be injected or given orally (but not topically). This higher dose often causes undesirable side effects, since dosage-related side effects are very prevalent for many agents. Animal tissues comprise various membranes which are selectively permeable and which allow some substances to pass freely, while rejecting others or permitting only slight passage. Such membranes comprise the body coverings and externally communicating cavities, including the skin and mucous membranes of the body cavities, e.g. alimentary tract, respiratory tract, genitourinary tract, oral cavity, eyes, etc. (collectively defined herein as external membranes). They also include internal membranes such as the linings of the various organs and other internal body structures, e.g. peritoneum and pleura, and the membranes surrounding cellular and intracellular structures. It is desirable in overcoming the aforementioned problems in drug administration to increase the passage or penetration of agents across such membranes and further to enhance their intercellular and intracellular diffusion in order for them to reach their situs of activity more rapidly to achieve the desired response more quickly and often more effectively. It is exceptionally desirable to do this in a reversible manner, by which is meant penetration of the agents into tissue without adversely affecting or impairing the function or structure of the tissue. It is known that certain substances will penetrate tissue only after the tissue has been irreversibly damaged, which is certainly undesirable. Certain agents, such as surfactants, have been known previously for increasing penetration of various agents. However, again such penetration was effected only through irreversible damage of the tissue. It has been a major rule in medicine that the "vehicles" or "carriers" have relatively little effect on the penetration rate for a given agent and this rule generally still holds true. Thus, with conventional carriers for medicines, such as alcohol, carbowax, water, etc., few agents will adequately penetrate such formidable external membrane barriers as the intact skin or mucous membrane. It is to be expected that this would be true of all potential "vehicles" or materials combined with physiologically active agents. However, surprisingly, it has been discovered that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) has the unusual ability to greatly enhance the penetration of agents when they are applied to such membrane barriers along with dimethyl sulfoxide. The penetration of agents which previously have not penetrated these membranes to an effective degree may be enhanced sufficiently so that a useful result may be obtained. The penetration of agents which have been known to penetrate to a limited degree in conventional vehicles may be significantly enhanced. New and convenient routes of administration, often with a decrease in side effects of the agents, better localized concentration and a more sustained activity, may thereby be created for many agents. In my co-pending application Ser. No. 615,377, filed Feb. 13, 1967, is disclosed my related discovery that DMSO enhances the penetration of plant-active agents (pesticides, dyes, nutrients, hormones, herbicides and the like) into plant tissue in a highly unusual manner. Dimethyl sulfoxide is a water-white liquid at room temperature having a freezing point of approximately 18.5.degree. C. and a specific gravity of approximately 1.1. Dimethyl sulfoxide is a well known industrial solvent and it has been available in commercial quantities for at least a decade (from Crown Zellerbach Corporation, San Francisco, Calif.). DMSO was originally synthesized in 1866 and since that time it has been extensively investigated for possible industrial and biological utility and a considerable amount of literature has developed on its properties and uses. Over the last 25 years it has found widespread use as a solvent in industry and in the laboratory. DMSO has been investigated in the past for various biochemical uses, for example as a reaction solvent for preparing derivatives of various proteins and antibiotics, as an extraction solvent for various proteins, as an analytical solvent and as a solvent for various other laboratory uses. It has also been suggested as a solvent for certain pesticides (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,068,142). DMSO has been investigated as a preservative agent for in vitro storage of chilled or frozen tissue and it has also been determined to have a protective effect in experimental animals subjected to X-irradiation following injection of DMSO into such animals. In connection with topical application of the antifungal griseofulvin, DMSO has been listed along with various inert materials as "bland, high boiling fluids" to be used as carriers for the griseofulvin in applying it to the skin to control fungus growth in the skin (see British Pat. No. 810,377). DMSO has been employed as a solvent for preparation of certain injectable formulations, namely chloramphenicol and an anthelminic preparation (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,044,936 and 3,067,096). Despite the employment of DMSO as a solvent for these purposes and despite general experimentation with DMSO in the medical field, the unique ability of DMSO to alter membrane permeability and to thereby enhance penetration of physiologically active agents was neither suggested nor discovered. Although DMSO has been a well known and widely investigated solvent for many years, its unique ability to enhance penetration of external and internal membrane barriers as contemplated in the present invention has been totally unrecognized. My co-pending application Ser. No. 753,231 is directed to utilizing DMSO to enhance penetration of various categories of physiologically active agents, including antineoplastic agents, antigens, antihistaminic agents, neuropharmacologic agents, diagnostic dyes and radiopaque agents and nutrients. Many of these categories are unrelated to steroids but some, such as antineoplastic agents and antiinflammatory agents, comprehend the various steroids having the indicated physiological activity. The present application is directed specifically to physiologically active steroids inclusive of those steroids having activities falling within the categories of my co-pending application and those that do not.

A computer's processing unit executes an instruction stream from a program text of instructions. Each instruction specifies its successor; either the subsequent instruction, or, in the case of a branch or call, some other instruction. So a processor executes one instruction at a time (so-called pipelined and “out-of-order” processors violate this in their implementation, but preserve these semantics). A program generally compiles to a program text with a distinguished start instruction. In a C program, for example, the first instruction of the “main” method is the distinguished start instruction. The “processor context” that determines the sequence of instructions executed after this is often called a “thread of control,” or just a “thread.” Programs execute in an operating system process, which provides a virtual address space, which allows each process to behave as if it has sole access to all the memory of a “virtual” machine. The operating system process, in addition to the virtual address space, also provides various per-process operating resources, such as file descriptors, and one or more threads. Traditional programs are single-threaded: they execute in a process with only a single thread of control. A shared-memory multiprocessor has several processors sharing access to the same memory; a write by one processor may be observed by a subsequent read by another processor. Such a machine can be used by running several different programs, each in a process, on the different processors. In this mode, we do not really make use of the shared memory, since the processes each have separate address spaces. In another mode, however, a program may create several threads of control in the process in which it executes, and these threads may execute simultaneously on the multiple processors, and communicate through the shared memory. (Such a multi-threaded, or concurrent program may also execute on a uniprocessor, and in general a program may create more threads than there are available processors. One of the jobs of the operating system is to schedule execution of the runnable threads on the available processors. Thus a running thread may be interrupted at an arbitrary instruction to allow another thread to resume.) This simultaneous interleaved execution of instructions by the threads makes concurrent programming very difficult. As an analogy, imagine a deck of cards that have been separated such that all the red cards are in one pile and all the black cards are in a second pile. Each card represents an instruction and each pile represents a thread. Combine the piles together using a bridge technique of shuffling. The order of the red cards has not changed relative to each other nor has the order of the black cards but the cards have become interleaved. This is exactly what happens when threads execute concurrently. It should also be clear that there are a very large number of possible interleavings, each representing a possible execution. The program must work correctly for all such possible executions. When threads execute in a concurrent computing environment, mechanisms are required to manage how each thread interacts with system resources such shared memory. Software transactional memory (STM) is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing. A transaction in the context of transactional memory is a piece of code that executes a series of reads and writes to shared memory, and does so atomically, with the entire transaction executing as if it is the only thread of control executing in the system. If transaction Tx1 observes any write by transaction Tx2, then it observes all writes by Tx2. A data location in the context of transactional memory is the particular segment of shared memory being accessed, such as a single object, a cache line (such as in C++), a page, a single word, etc. One type of concurrency control lock mode in transactional memory systems is optimistic concurrency control, or optimistic locking. With optimistic concurrency control, the system attempts to make forward progress at the risk that a conflict will be detected later on. The transactional memory system performs automatic resolution of such conflicts, often by rolling back one of the conflicting transactions and re-executing it. Optimistic operations are relatively inexpensive when compared to pessimistic operations since they just read and do not involve writes to shared locations (i.e. taking a lock). As the name implies, the hope for optimistic operations is that there are few conflicts. If this turns out to be false, then there will be already wasted work, and the system must then proceed to throw it away and attempt to resolve the conflict. One serious issue that optimistic concurrency control does not explicitly address can occur in privatization scenarios. Privatization-related problems may occur when a program has concurrent threads executing transactions that access the same shared memory locations, and one of these transactions privatizes some shared memory location. Privatization occurs when a transaction performs operations that make a shared memory location accessible only to the transaction. For example, if the only reference to some object O is stored in some globally accessible queue Q, and transaction Tx1 being executed by thread T1 performs an operation that removes the reference to O from Q, and stores it into a local variable T1, then Tx1 has privatized O to T1. With some implementations of STM, privatization can cause unexpected results to occur. Some STM implementations have attempted to achieve high performance by combining optimistic reading with “in-place” writing, in transactional writes are performed directly to a memory location. When these techniques are used to implement a program that performs privatization, the following scenario is possible. Some global location G contains a unique pointer to a shared data structure. Two threads execute transactions that attempt to access this data structure concurrently. Thread T1 executes transaction Tx1, which will read G, and, if the pointer read is non-null, attempt to increment an integer in the data structure to which the pointer refers. Thread T2 executes transaction Tx2, which will copy G into a thread-local variable, and set G to null. Thread T2 then accesses the data structure via the thread-local pointer variable, believing that it has successfully “privatized” the data structure by setting G to null. However, with optimistic reads and in-place writes, one possible execution has Tx1 read G first, observing a non-NULL value. Now Tx2 executes in its entirety. Tx2 has written a location, G, that Tx1 has read, thus “dooming” Tx1 to abort, but this will not be discovered until Tx1 attempts to commit. So Tx1 continues executing, incrementing a field in the data structure. This increment will be undone when Tx1 fails to commit, but from the point of view of the non-transactional code executing after Tx2 in thread T2, both this write and the write that performs the “undo” operation are “inexplicable;” they occur for no reason, and may make the program run incorrectly. Another class of privatization-related problems involves “serialization anomalies.” As discussed previously, transactions simplify concurrent programming by providing the programmer the illusion that concurrent transactions execute in some serial order. In particular, if a read by transaction Tx2 observes a write by transaction Tx1, then Tx2 must be serialized after Tx1. A serialization anomaly occurs when transactions complete in an order different from their serialization order. When a program employs a privatization idiom, this can cause the non-transactional code executing in a thread after one of the transaction completes to observe “inexplicable” writes.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a body fat measuring apparatus, in particular, a body fat measuring apparatus capable of measuring visceral fat with high accuracy. 2. Description of the Background Art As a method for measuring visceral fat, in recent years, there has been known a method for capturing an abdominal cross-sectional image using an X-ray CT, an MRI and the like and determining an area of a fat region occupying the cross-sectional image. Further, as another method, there has been disclosed a method which places a pair of electric-current electrodes on a back portion and an umbilical portion of an abdominal portion, places a pair of detection voltage electrodes on both flank portions, determines a bioelectrical impedance of the abdominal portion from the detected voltage between the voltage electrodes during energization between the electric-current electrodes and determines visceral fat from the bioelectrical impedance (refer to, for example, Japanese Patent Laying-Open Nos. 2001-252257 and 2002-369806, and a literature “Development of Visceral-Fat Measuring Method by Abdominal Bioelectrical Impedance Method”, Study of Obesity, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2003). Further, as a bioelectrical-fat measuring method using a bioelectrical impedance analysis, there has been disclosed a method which places electric-current electrodes on four limbs, energizes between the electric-current electrodes, places a pair of voltage electrodes at arbitrary two points between the electric-current electrodes provided on the four limbs and determines the impedance between the arbitrary two points (refer to, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,667). Out of the aforementioned visceral-fat measuring methods, the method using an abdominal cross-sectional image taken through an X-ray CT or an MRI has a problem that it involves a large-size apparatus and therefore measurements of visceral fat can be performed only in medical institutions equipped with such facilities and can not be readily conducted everywhere. Further the visceral fat measuring methods disclosed in the aforementioned two publications and the aforementioned literature are predicated on the fact that visceral fat exists as a lump at the center of the abdominal portion, as a measurement principle. However, visceral fat is stuck on the mesenterium in an actual human body and is distributed to some degrees, rather than exists as a lump. Therefore, these methods have the problem of inaccuracy of measurements. Furthermore, although visceral fat can be measured through two-point measurements at parts with simple-shaped tissue like four limbs as described in the USP, the impedance of the abdominal portion is affected by the distribution of subcutaneous fat and internal fat, which makes it impossible to accurately measure visceral fat only thorough two-point measurement.

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to compositions which comprise procollagen and uses of same in promoting wound healing, treating fibrosis and promoting angiogenesis. The rapid response of the mammalian body to initiate the healing response to prevent life threatening bleeding and infection has evolved to ensure survival, often at the expense of efficient regeneration of the damaged tissue. The wound healing process entails different stages, some being sequential, while others concomitant. However, all stages are carefully orchestrated at the damaged tissue site to regenerate a tissue with normal functionality. The sequence of events involves clotting, inflammation, tissue deposition (migration and proliferation) and finally tissue remodeling. At the time of tissue injury, blood is released from damaged vessels leading to the formation of a fibrin fiber mesh with platelets entrapped within. The mesh functions as a scaffold for recruited cells to migrate towards and throughout. The activated platelets degranulate and release chemotactic agents including cytokines and growth factors such as transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), resulting in recruitment of fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Several days after injury the fibroblasts begin to replace the damaged tissue by depositing new collagen matrices. Collagen fibers gradually increase in thickness and align along the stress line of the wound. In normal scar formation, collagen fibers typically align in parallel to the epidermis. This newly formed granulation tissue is eventually organized and contracted into a more dense structure by myofibroblasts. Scars usually form as a result of the normal progression of the wound healing response and are composed of connective tissue deposited during the healing process. Most scars exhibit a certain degree of both abnormal organization (as seen in scars of the skin) and amounts of connective tissue (as seen in scars of the central nervous system). However, alterations in the normal tissue production cascade result in less than optimal wound healing with excessive deposit of scarring tissue resulting in keloid and hypertrophic scar formation, also termed fibrosis. Hypertrophic scars are characterized by excessive collagen deposition, altered collagen remodeling and contraction and differ from keloid scars in that they are defined within the boundaries of the wound site. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in these healing processes and has been reported to mediate the transition of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts. This fibroblast subtype is characterized by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and is involved in wound contraction. TGF-β1 induces collagen deposition by upregulation of both mRNA stability and expression of procollagen. In addition, it reduces collagen degradation rates by inhibiting the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) while inducing the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Aside from the MMP/TIPMP balance, the accessibility of a collagen molecule to such enzymatic activity is also a central factor in determining collagen degradation rates. This accessibility is primarily determined by the organizational state of the collagen (helical monomers versus monomers organized into fibrils) and the extent of crosslinking between collagen triple helices. Types I and III collagen are fibril-forming collagens, which constitute the bulk of the dermal extracellular matrix. Collagen is synthesized as a procollagen precursor, in which three collagen polypeptides coil into each other, forming the triple helix. These helices are subsequently linked together at the final step of collagen fibril biosynthesis. Type I procollagen consists of two alpha 1 collagen chains and a single alpha 2 chain. Type III is composed of three alpha 1 chains. In all of the fibrillar collagen molecules, the three polypeptide chains are constructed from a repeating Gly-X-Y triplet, where X and Y can be any amino acid but are frequently the imino acids proline and hydroxyproline. An important feature of fibril forming collagens is that they are synthesized as precursor procollagens containing globular N- and C-terminal extension propeptides. Each procollagen molecule assembles within the rough endoplasmic reticulum from its three constituent polypeptide chains. As the polypeptide chain is co-translationally translocated across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, hydroxylation of proline and lysine residues occurs within the Gly-X-Y repeat region. Once the polypeptide chain is fully translocated into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, the three pro-alpha chains associate via their C-propeptides to form a trimeric molecule allowing the Gly-X-Y repeat region to form a nucleation point at its C-terminal end, ensuring correct alignment of the chains. The Gly-X-Y region then folds in a C-to-N direction to form a triple helix. The C-propeptides, and to a lesser extent the N-propeptides, maintain procollagen solubility during its passage out of the cell [Bulleid et al., Biochem Soc Trans. 2000; 28(4):350-3]. Following or during secretion of procollagen molecules into the extracellular matrix, propeptides are typically cleaved by procollagen N- and C-proteinases, thereby triggering spontaneous self-assembly of collagen molecules into fibrils [Hulmes, 2002 J Struct Biol. 137(1-2):2-10]. Removal of the propeptides by procollagen N- and C-proteinases dramatically lowers the solubility of procollagen and is necessary to initiate the self-assembly of collagen into fibers at 37° C. Crucial to this assembly process are the short non triple-helical peptides called telopeptides which are the remnants of the N- and C-terminal propeptides following digestion with N/C proteinases. These peptides act to ensure correct covalent registration of the collagen molecules within the fibril structure via their crosslinkable aldehydes by lowering the critical concentration necessary for self-assembly (Bulleid et al., 2000, supra). To date, animal-derived collagen is the major source of collagen for medical applications. Animal-purified collagen is fully processed containing crosslinked telopeptides which render it highly insoluble. Solubilization of animal-purified collagen is typically effected using an extraction method which involves proteolytic removal of the telopeptide region with proteloytic enzymes such as trypsin, yielding atelocollagen which can be solubilized (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,934,852; 3,121,049; 3,131,130; 3,314,861; 3,530,037; 3,949,073; 4,233,360 and 4,488,911 for general methods for preparing purified soluble collagen). Atelocollagen undergoes fibrillogenesis under physiological conditions, to form fibers. Such fibers are relatively stable structures, resistant to proteolysis by MMPs. However, these fibers lack the molecular domains found in procollagen, essential to natural wound healing processes and to the natural formation of collagen structures. As mentioned, alterations in the normal tissue production cascade during the process of wound healing may lead to excessive deposition of scarring tissue resulting in fibrosis. U.S. Pat. No. 6,448,278 and references therein describe specific procollagen C-proteinase (PCP) inhibitors for the treatment of various medical conditions associated with unregulated production of collagen, including pathological fibrosis or scarring. Zhang Y et al., 1999, 13(1):51-4 teach direct stimulation of procollagen I (alpha 1) gene expression by administration of platelet-derived wound healing factor (PDWHF). Saggers, et al., [Wounds 13(2):66-71, 2001] reported that acid-soluble collagen isolated from rat tail tendons inhibits types I and III procollagen mRNA expression in human dermal fibroblasts grown on collagen-coated dishes. The anabolic steroid, oxandrolone, antagonized such collagen substrate inhibition of procollagen mRNA expression. These findings suggest that oxandrolone may directly enhance wound healing by increasing the expression of procollagen mRNA in fibroblasts associated with a collagen matrix analogous to the healing wound. U.S. Patent App. Nos. 20030199441 and 20050282737 teach medicaments for treating or preventing fibrotic diseases. They describe application of a (poly) peptide with antifibrotic activity, comprising at least one N-terminal procollagen (III) propeptide and a C-terminal procollagen (III) propeptide, or a fragment of the (poly) peptide.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device and a method of manufacturing the same and, particularly, to a wide viewing angle liquid crystal display device and a method of manufacturing the same. 2. Description of Related Art An in-plane switching (IPS) mode of a liquid crystal display device is a display technique that displays an image by applying an in-plane electric field to liquid crystal placed between substrates. The IPS mode provides better viewing angle characteristics than a twisted nematic (TN) mode, and it is expected to meet the demand for high quality pictures. An IPS mode liquid crystal display device generally has a structure in which a pixel electrode and a counter electrode are made of metal films and arranged opposite to each other on the same substrate. In the liquid crystal display device having such a structure, it is difficult to increase a pixel aperture ratio compared with the TN mode, thus having low light use efficiency. In order to improve the aperture ratio and the transmittance in the IPS mode liquid crystal display device, a fringe-field switching (FFS) mode has been proposed (e.g. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publications Nos. 2001-235763 and 2002-182230). The FFS mode of a liquid crystal display device is a display technique that displays an image by applying an oblique electric field (fringe electric field) to liquid crystal placed between substrates. Because a pixel electrode and a counter electrode are made of transparent conductive layers in the FFS mode liquid crystal display device, the aperture ratio and the transmittance are higher than those of the IPS mode. Further, because capacitance is formed between the transparent conductive layers in the FFS mode liquid crystal display device, there is no loss of transmittance due to a capacitance forming portion. In the FFS mode liquid crystal display device according to related art, liquid crystal is driven by a fringe electric field that is generated between the pixel electrode having a slit placed in an upper layer and the counter electrode placed in a lower layer with an insulating layer interposed therebetween. The pixel electrode is placed away from the source line in each pixel so as not to overlap the source line in order to reduce the capacitance between the source line and the pixel electrode. Specifically, the pixel electrode is placed at a certain distance from the source line. By reducing the capacitance between the source line and the pixel electrode, it is possible to prevent deterioration of display quality. In this structure, however, when a voltage is applied to the source line, an electric field is generated by the voltage, causing a change in the orientation of liquid crystal over a relatively wide range in the vicinity of the source line. Because the counter electrode is placed in a layer that is lower than the source line in the FFS mode liquid crystal display device according to related art, the electric field from the source line cannot be shielded. As a result, light leakage occurs in the vicinity of the source line. In order to block the leakage light in the vicinity of the source line, a black matrix to cover the source line and the vicinity of the source line is placed on the counter substrate side in the FFS mode liquid crystal display device according to related art. The black matrix is placed to overlap the source line and the relatively wide range in the vicinity of the source line. Thus, an invalid region (non-transmitting region) that does not contribute to display increases in the vicinity of the source line, causing a decrease in aperture ratio. In light of the foregoing, it is desirable to provide a wide viewing angle liquid crystal display device capable of improving an aperture ratio and a method of manufacturing the same.

1. Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to a trolling motor which includes a propeller, motor housing, and support column cleaning function. More specifically, it relates to a trolling motor which includes a motor control system which is capable of executing a predetermined sequence of events which will loosen or clear entangled weeds from the propeller, motor housing, and support column. 2. Background Trolling motors are waterproof electric motors, typically under two horsepower which are fitted with a propeller and used to control the movement and position of fishing boats. Operation of trolling motors in weed infested waters has long been recognized as a problem. Weeds become entangled on the support column, the motor housing and the propeller, thereby causing a dramatic reduction in performance, even to the point where propulsion of the boat becomes impossible. Typically when weed fouling occurs, the user first attempts to remove the weeds by manipulating the controls of the trolling motor. This might involve increasing the speed to full speed and steering the trolling motor in a different direction. When this method fails, the user must pull the trolling motor out of the water and remove the weeds by hand. This, however, is not a satisfactory situation since during the time the trolling motor is out of the water, the boat is free to drift, often times moving further into weed infested areas and making the situation worse. Furthermore, if the trolling motor is not equipped with an automatic shut-off which operates to disable the motor when it is out of the water, hand cleaning could present a potential safety problem. Over time, numerous techniques have been developed to deal with weed entanglement but none of these techniques has proven satisfactory for all operating environments. For example, devices have been developed which attach to the motor housing and support column which are intended to deflect weeds away from the propeller. Unfortunately, these devices create drag which hampers the effectiveness of the trolling motor even when not in weed infested areas, they provide no protection for the support column or motor housing, and they do not completely eliminate entanglement of the propeller. In fact, these devices themselves can collect weeds, thereby adding additional drag and making the trolling motor difficult, or impossible, to steer. A second approach has been to utilize specially designed propellers, commonly called weedless propellers. These propellers are shaped such that they reduce weed gathering and shed, rather than collect, weeds. However, the performance of these propellers, in regards to their ability to self clean, changes with propeller speed. Fouling of the propeller, support column, and motor housing is much more likely to occur at low speed operation than at high speed. Additionally, these propellers do not reduce weed fouling of the support column and motor housing, which causes further drag and reduces the effectiveness of the trolling motor. It has been recognized that momentarily reversing the direction of rotation of the motor can cause entangled weeds to disengage from the propeller. However, most trolling motors which utilize a foot pedal control do not provide any means for reversing the motor. Even with trolling motors which have a means for reversing rotation, the user must manually activate reversal of the motor, thereby disturbing the present speed setting, and thereafter must manually reset the motor to the previous forward speed. It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a reliable means for cleaning weeds from the propeller, support column, and motor housing of a trolling motor without adversely affecting the operation of the trolling motor. It is a further object of this invention to provide the trolling motor operator with a means for manually activating a cleaning cycle or periodically activating cleaning cycles without disturbing the preselected forward speed setting of the trolling motor. It is still a further object of this invention to provide detection of weed fouling of submerged elements of the trolling motor and to automatically activate a cleaning cycle when appropriate.

As semiconductor devices become more highly integrated, there is a decrease in area and wire width of individual semiconductors. The result is reduced substrate area available for capacitor formation. Conventionally, if the electrode area is decreased capacitance is also decreased. In a semiconductor memory device using a capacitor, e.g. a DRAM, it is necessary to keep capacitance above a predefined level to increase memory operation performance and to decrease power consumption. To satisfy these conflicting requirements, the capacitor electrode can be formed into a stack, a cylinder or a trench. A trench is a deep formation having a sidewall. Likewise, the capacitor bottom electrode can be formed into a complex dented shape or can be protruded at the surface. Protrusions at the surface of the bottom electrode are formed with hemispherical grain (HSG) using a crystalline boundary of polycrystalline silicon. In the HSG formation method, amorphous silicon is first deposited to form a capacitor bottom electrode and heat treatment is performed at low pressure. A polysilicon layer having HSG is then formed at the surface by controlling temperature and pressure. This type of HSG formation is achieved by heat treatment and deposition, which cause the migration of silicon atoms and result in decreased surface area of the polycrystalline silicon. U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,500 discloses a method of forming a germanium-doped amorphous silicon layer instead of a pure amorphous silicon layer during formation of a capacitor bottom electrode. According to that method, germanium atoms, under pressure, allow silicon atoms to move easily into a silicon germanium amorphous layer. Germanium also lowers the active energy required for polycrystallization, and as a result helps the HSG grow faster at the amorphous layer surface. However, HSG formation is difficult to control. If the HSG is excessively formed electrical shorts can occur between the capacitor bottom electrode and other conductive structures, including neighboring bottom electrodes. Excessive HSG formation can also cause a neck to form at the connection site between an HSG protrusion and a bottom electrode. When this occurs, the HSG protrusion is easily disjoined, generating particles and resulting in process failure. Because of these problems, the HSG formation method is infrequently used for highly integrated semiconductor memory devices.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system and in particular to a method and apparatus for generating cohorts. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for processing cohort data to generate receptivity scores. 2. Description of the Related Art A cohort is a group of members selected based upon a commonality of one or more attributes. For example, one attribute may be a level of education attained by employees. Thus, a cohort of employees in an office building may include members who have graduated from an institution of higher education. In addition, the cohort of employees may include one or more sub-cohorts that may be identified based upon additional attributes such as, for example, a type of degree attained, a number of years the employee took to graduate, or any other conceivable attribute. In this example, such a cohort may be used by an employer to correlate an employee's level of education with job performance, intelligence, and/or any number of variables. The effectiveness of cohort studies depends upon a number of different factors, such as the length of time that the members are observed, and the ability to identify and capture relevant data for collection. For example, the information that is needed or wanted to identify attributes of potential members of a cohort may be voluminous, dynamically changing, unavailable, difficult to collect, and/or unknown to the members of the cohort and/or the user selecting members of the cohort. Moreover, it may be difficult, time consuming, or impractical to access all the information necessary to accurately generate cohorts. Thus, unique cohorts may be sub-optimal because individuals lack the skill, time, knowledge, and/or expertise needed to gather cohort attribute information from available sources.

This invention relates to an electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets held in place by several segments. More specifically, the invention relates to a motor capable of producing high torque while only requiring a minimum amount of space. Synchronous electric motors having permanent-magnet rotors have existed for some time. Many of the rotors that have been used in such electric motors have magnets that are mounted at the periphery of the rotor surface. In these motors, the rotor typically is made of a magnetically conductive material such as iron or the like. The magnetic flux available to produce force in connection with the magnetic fields in the stator is proportional to the surface area of the magnets on the outer surface of the rotor. In these motors, great care must be taken to mount the magnets in precise relation to the axis of the rotor and so as to maintain a smooth outer surface. In operation, the flux lines from the magnets in these motors link across an air gap to the stator. The magnets are arranged so that adjoining rows of magnets have opposite magnetic poles facing outward. Thus, around the outside circumference of the rotor, the rows of magnets are arrayed north to south to north, and so on. Typically, the rows are also slightly skewed relative to the stator or the stator is slightly skewed relative to the rotor so as to minimize cogging that occurs as the magnets line up with the respective teeth of the stator. Since total magnetic flux for a magnet is proportional to its surface area, the total available torque for these types of motors is directly linked to the total available surface area of the outside of the rotor. Thus, this rotor arrangement is most useful where either the size of the motor (size of the diameter of the rotor) does not need to be small or the total available torque does not need to be large. There are some motors where the permanent magnets are not mounted at the outside periphery of the rotor. An example of such a motor is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,114, issued Sep. 29, 1987, to Amemiya et al. In these motors, the permanent magnets are secured between magnetically conductive wedges which are secured in fixed relation to the shaft of the rotor. The wedges in these motors sometimes consist of sets of laminated plates held in place by fastening bolts that extend through them parallel to the axis of rotation of the motor and attach to steel end plates which are securely fitted to the shaft. In these motors, the inner surfaces of the wedges and permanent magnets are radially spaced from the shaft the entire length of the magnetized rotor. In the aforementioned motors the diameter of the rotor must be sufficiently large to accommodate the air gap between the shaft and the magnets and wedges. This presents apparent problems in a lower available torque for a given diameter rotor and a larger overall size. In addition, the manner of mounting and the positioning of the magnets and wedges would appear to adversely affect the response time of the motor to rapid changes in the signal input (stiffness) along with providing relatively high inertia, eddy currents and diminished rotor efficiency. In control systems, it is often desirable to use small high torque devices to operate various mechanical systems. In the past, where high torque was required but space was limited, system designers often opted to use hydraulic systems because of the lack of electric motors with sufficiently high torque to size ratios. As a result, there has been a need for an electric motor with high torque that can be used in relatively small spaces. In applications such as robotics and the like, where response time is critical, there is additional need for electric motors that have high stiffness while not requiring a significant amount of space. In addition, such applications often require that the control system maintain a high energy efficiency. Accordingly, one object of this invention is to provide a small electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets which has high torque to size ratio. A related object of the invention is to provide an electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets which has high stiffness while requiring a minimum amount of space. Another related object of the invention is to provide an electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets which achieves high torque and stiffness while maintaining high efficiency. Another related object of the invention is to provide an electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets which achieves smoothness of operation at low speeds. A feature of the invention is an electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets secured by segments including non-circular openings near their centers. Another feature of the invention is an electric motor including several non-magnetic, non-conductive bars which extend through the non-circular openings of the segments to secure the segments in relation to the shaft. Another feature of the invention is an electric motor where the opening near the center of the segments is generally shaped like an elongated diamond. Another feature of the invention is an electric motor where the segments are in abutment with the shaft. Another feature of the invention is an electric motor where the shaft is constructed of non-magnetic material, such as stainless steel. Another feature of the invention is an electric motor where the securing bars are formed of high tensile strength fiberglass. Still another feature of this invention is a method for assembling an electric motor including a permanent-magnet rotor having embedded magnets. Another feature of this invention is a method for assembling an electric motor wherein the rotor shaft is force fit into the center of an assembly including the segments, magnets, bars and retainer rings so that rotor acts as a single beam in operation. Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the drawings, in which:

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a radiographic image capturing apparatus for compressing and securing an object to be examined of a subject between an image capturing base and a compression plate, then irradiating the object to be examined with radiation, and converting the radiation that has passed through the object to be examined into a radiographic image. 2. Description of the Related Art There have heretofore been developed biopsy apparatus for sampling tissue of a biopsy region (e.g., a lesion region in a subject's breast) contained within an object to be examined of the subject, and thoroughly examining the sampled tissue to perform a disease diagnosis. Such a biopsy apparatus is incorporated in a radiographic image capturing apparatus for capturing radiographic images of the object to be examined. The radiographic image capturing apparatus, with the biopsy apparatus incorporated therein, operates as follows. First, an object to be examined of a subject is compressed between an image capturing base and a compression plate, and the object is irradiated with radiation. Radiation that has passed through the object to be examined is converted into a radiographic image by a radiation detector, which is housed in the image capturing base. Based on the radiographic image, the position of a biopsy region in the object to be examined is calculated. Then, based on the calculated position of the biopsy region, a biopsy needle is passed through an opening provided in the compression plate in order to pierce the biopsy region, whereupon a tissue sample of the biopsy region is removed. The opening is relatively small, e.g., the opening is a rectangular opening having a size of 5 cm×5 cm, which is just large enough to allow the biopsy needle to pass therethrough in order to remove a tissue sample of the biopsy region, but also is small enough to allow the compression plate to reliably compress the object to be examined. A region of the object to be examined, which faces the opening, serves as an examinable region from which the tissue sample can be removed. A region of the radiation detector, which is irradiated with radiation that has passed through the examinable region, serves as a radiation detecting region (image capturing region), which converts the radiation into a radiographic image corresponding to the examinable region. Known forms of radiation detectors include a conventional radiation film for recording a radiographic image by exposure to radiation, and a stimulable phosphor panel for storing radiation energy representing the radiographic image in a phosphor, and thereafter reproducing the radiographic image as stimulated light by applying stimulating light to the phosphor. The radiation film, with the radiographic image recorded therein, is supplied to a developing device in order to develop the radiographic image. Alternatively, the stimulable phosphor panel is supplied to a reading device in order to read the radiographic image as a visible image. In recent years, direct-conversion-type radiation detectors have been developed for directly converting radiation into electric signals, or indirect-conversion-type radiation detectors, which comprise a scintillator for temporarily converting radiation into visible light together with solid-state detectors that convert the visible light into electric signals in order to read the detected radiation image information. Such radiation detectors are widely used as radiation detectors for use in radiographic image capturing apparatus, because they are capable of shortening the time period required after the radiographic image of a subject has been captured and until the captured radiographic image is confirmed by a doctor or radiological technician. Radiographic image capturing apparatus, which incorporate biopsy apparatus according to the related art, employ a CCD (Charge-Coupled Device) image sensor therein for reading an electric signal (electric charges), because the examinable region to be handled is very small, and the radiation detector that is used should be of a small size in order to match the examinable region. These radiographic image capturing apparatus are called SFDM (Small Field Digital Mammography) radiographic image capturing apparatus (mammographic image capturing apparatus). It is a general practice to capture an image of an object to be examined as a CC (CranioCaudal) view by irradiating the subject to be examined, who is in a seated position, with radiation emitted from a radiation source positioned above the subject. In such an image capturing mode, the examinable region and the radiation detecting region are set near a central position on the image capturing base close to the subject. Further, the object to be examined is placed over the central position on the image capturing base, and the object is compressed and secured from above by the compression plate. The radiation source has a central angle set on a vertical axis of the image capturing base, which passes through the central position. The object to be examined, the central position, and the central angle are fixed to or set on the vertical axis. To capture stereographic images as CC views, the radiation source is turned about a central position to assume predetermined angles (+θ1 and −θ1 in FIG. 4 of the accompanying drawings) from the central angle. When the radiation source is positioned at such angles, which are symmetrical with respect to the subject, the radiation source applies radiation to the object to the examined. When the radiation source is turned from the central angle (the aforementioned vertical axis), the radiation source possibly may come into contact with the head of the subject. In order to prevent the radiation source from contacting the head of the subject, the head of the subject needs to be spaced from the radiation source while stereographic images of the object to the examined are captured (see FIG. 5 of the accompanying drawings). During the stereographic image capturing process, therefore, and while tissue is being sampled from the object to be examined by a biopsy needle, the subject is required to keep her head uncomfortably tilted for a long period of time, e.g., from 30 minutes to 40 minutes. In recent years, radiographic image capturing apparatus have become available on the market, which employ a direct-conversion-type radiation detector or an indirect-conversion-type radiation detector, as described above. Radiation detectors for use in such radiographic image capturing apparatus have a relatively large radiation detecting region, having a size of 18 cm×24 cm or 24 cm×30 cm, for example. Such radiographic image capturing apparatus are referred to as FFDM (Full Field Digital Mammography) radiographic image capturing apparatus, having a large examinable region and a large radiation detecting region. However, since the region of an object to be examined, which corresponds to an opening defined in the compression plate, serves as an examinable region, the examinable region of the object to be examined by the FFDM radiographic image capturing apparatus still remains relatively small. Technologies concerning radiographic image capturing apparatus (mammographic image capturing apparatus) for capturing radiographic images of breasts, which define objects to be examined, are disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2007-125367 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,443,949. In Japanese Laid-Open Patent publication No. 2007-125367, it has been proposed to change relative positions of a radiation source and an image capturing base in a direction along the subject, depending on the size of the breast and the direction in which a radiographic image thereof is to be captured. In U.S. Pat. No. 7,443,949, a compression plate is proposed, which is movable in a direction along the subject. In the radiographic image capturing apparatus according to the related art, as described above, the object to be examined is compressed and secured at a central position on the image capturing base close to the subject, and the vertical axis of the image capturing base, which passes through the central position, is set as the central axis of the radiation source. Accordingly, the central position, the object to be examined, and the central angle are fixed to or set on the same vertical axis. Consequently, the subject is required to assume an uncomfortable attitude in order to avoid obstructing the radiation source, which is turned symmetrically (equally) to the left and right with respect to the subject. According to the technology disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2007-125367, when relative positions of the radiation source and the image capturing base are changed along the subject depending on the size of the breast and the direction in which the radiographic image thereof is captured, the object to be examined is off-center a given distance on the image capturing base from the central position in a direction along the subject. Further, the radiation source also is off-center a given distance from the vertical axis, in the same direction along the subject as the direction in which the object to be examined is off-center. Therefore, after the object to be examined and the radiation source have been off-center, the object to be examined and the central angle are made coaxial with each other. During the process of capturing stereographic images, the subject also is required to assume an uncomfortable attitude in order to avoid obstructing the radiation source, which is turned symmetrically (equally) to the left and right with respect to the subject. According to the technology disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,443,949, the compression plate is moved depending on the direction in which the object to be examined is imaged. However, there is nothing proposed in this technology concerning ways for allowing the subject to maintain a comfortable attitude, while radiographic images of an object to be examined are captured and tissue is sampled from a biopsy region in the object of examination.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an ultrasonic signal focusing method and apparatus for an ultrasonic imaging system, and more particularly, to an ultrasonic signal focusing method and apparatus for transmission-focusing and/or receipt-focusing of an ultrasonic signal emitted toward an object. 2. Description of the Related Art In general, an ultrasonic imaging system uses an ultrasonic wave to show the internal sectional structure of an object such as a human body. The ultrasonic imaging system includes an ultrasonic signal focusing device and a imaging device. The ultrasonic signal focusing device emits an ultrasonic signal to an object, and converts the ultrasonic signal reflected from a discontinuous surface of acoustic impedance of the object, into an electrical signal, The imaging device uses the electrical signal to show the internal structure of the object. In the ultrasonic imaging system, one of crucial factors required for functional improvement is an ultrasonic image resolution. It is steadily under development to improve the resolution. In case of the ultrasonic image, lateral resolution is worse than axial direction resolution. Focusing plays a major role of determining the lateral resolution. To improve the lateral resolution, the ultrasonic imaging system uses, as a probe, an array transducer comprised of a number of transducer elements, and performs transmission focusing and receipt focusing through an electrical signal processing. During performing receipt focusing, it is possible to use dynamic focusing in which the position of a focal point is successively moved from an position close to the array transducer to that far from it, considering the travelling speed of the ultrasonic wave. The dynamic focusing provides a better lateral resolution than the case where the focal point is fixed. A general transmission focusing will be described below with reference to FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, the x-axis is parallel with the ultrasonic transmission plane of an array transducer 10, and the z-axis is perpendicular to the ultrasonic transmission plane thereof. For clarity, a point where a scan line intersects the surface of a particular transducer element in the array transducer 10 is determined as the origin (0, 0), and the transducer element located at the origin is called a "transducer element 0." Here, the scan line connects the center of the ultrasonic transmission plane of the "transducer element 0" with a transmission focal point F in the case where a steering angle is .theta.. To make ultrasonic pulses emitted from all transducer elements reach the transmission focal point F at the same time, a transducer element farther from the origin should emit an ultrasonic pulse earlier than that closer to the origin do. For instance, a "transducer element 3" should transmit an ultrasonic pulse earlier by l3/v than the "transducer element 0" do. Here, "v" is the velocity of the ultrasonic pulse, "r" is the distance from the origin to the focal point F, and "l" is the distance difference between the distance r and the distance r+l from the ultrasonic transmission plane of the transducer element placed at the location which is not the origin to the focal point F. Thus, when the steering angle .theta. by which each of the scan lines indicated as solid lines rotated counterclockwise from the z-axis is used, a transmission delay time t.sub.d (x.sub.1) for a delay unit corresponding to a "transducer element 1" having a position x.sub.1 is obtained by the following equation (1). ##EQU1## It is not possible to assign a negative transmission delay time value to the delay units. Therefore, in reality, it is required that all transmission delay time values become positive number by adding a positive value to the transmission delay time values corresponding to all transducer elements. However, for convenience of explanation, it is assumed that it is possible to assign a negative transmission delay time value to the delay unit. Also, an instantaneous time when a "transducer element 0" transmits an ultrasonic pulse is defined as "0." Then, by replacing the r in the equation (1) by vt/2, transmission delay time or reception delay time corresponding to a transducer element having the center position x is expressed as the following equation (2). ##EQU2## Here, "t" is time taken when the ultrasonic pulse reciprocates from a transducer element to the focal point F. When a transmission delay time of the equation (2) is used for each electrical pulse generated in a pulse generator (not shown), the ultrasonic pulses transmitted toward the focal point F by the transducer elements form ripples as shown in FIG. 2. In FIG. 2, each ripple results from the fact that the transducer elements delay one pulse outgoing from the pulse generator by different transmission delay times and transmit the delayed result. During transmission focusing, all ultrasonic pulses reach the focal point F at the same time, and all the ultrasonic pulses having reached the focal point F have the same phase. Thus, an amplitude or intensity of the ultrasonic wave becomes maximized at the focal point F. However, the ultrasonic pulses do not reach the location A or B different from the focal point F at the same time and have a different phase from each other. As a result, the ultrasonic pulses offset each other destructively and the intensity of the ultrasonic wave in the location A or B becomes smaller compared to the focal point F. In this case, as it is distant further toward the lateral direction than the axial direction, the intensity of the ultrasonic pulse becomes much smaller. Resolution is determined as a combinational result of the transmission/reception focusing as described above. Since the focal point should be fixed during transmission focusing, the receipt focusing is ideal. Even in the case of the receipt focusing, the lateral resolution is best in the vicinity of the focal point and becomes comparatively poor in the different positions thereof.

As information-oriented society has developed in recent years, the amounts of information (amounts of data and amounts of signals) handled by information processing apparatuses such as personal computers (PCs) and servers have explosively increased. According to such increases in data amounts, the need to transfer more data at higher speeds in data transmission and reception performed between apparatuses has grown. However, deterioration in signals is generally caused by increase in the data transmission amounts and increase in data transmission speed. Accordingly, a technology of increasing the data transmission amounts and reducing the deterioration in signals is being desired. For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses a technology of reducing deterioration in signals by adjusting characteristic impedance of a connector mounting unit of a substrate to be connected with a connector applicable to a High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) (registered trademark) standard, according to change in thickness of the substrate, the connecter transmitting digital signals.

1. Technical Field The present invention relates generally to waterjet systems and, in particular, to abrasive waterjet systems having a magnetically retained mixing tube. 2. Description of the Related Art Conventional waterjet systems are used to process workpieces by pressurizing fluid and then delivering the pressurized fluid against a workpiece. Abrasive waterjet systems produce high-pressure abrasive fluid jets suitable for cutting through hard materials. High-pressure fluid can flow through a jewel orifice in a cutting head assembly to form a high-pressure fluid jet into which abrasive particles are entrained. This entrainment can take place within a chamber of the cutting head assembly. The high-pressure abrasive fluid jet passes through a mixing tube and is discharged from the mixing tube towards the workpiece. The axis of the mixing tube has to be aligned with the waterjet coming out of the jewel orifice such that the abrasive fluid jet is properly aligned within the mixing tube. Conventional cutting head assemblies include mechanical components (e.g., collets, bushings, wedging devices, or nut assemblies) for installation of the mixing tube. High torques may be applied to these mechanical components which may require manual operation and result in losing accurate positioning of the mixing tube tip. Also, tools may be needed to access and to operate the mechanical components. Collets are one type of mechanical component for retaining mixing tubes. If the cutting head assembly has a collet, a tapered surface must be precisely machined into the cutting head body to accommodate the collet, further increasing manufacturing costs. It may be difficult to remove the collet because the collet and the cutting head body may lock together, especially when the tapered surfaces of the cutting head body react significant forces (e.g., clamp-up forces). A hammer tapping process may therefore be needed to dislodge and to separate the collet from the cutting head body. When the fluid jet passes through the mixing tube at a high velocity, the mixing tube, even if made of a highly wear-resistant material, experiences appreciable wear along its interior cylindrical surface surrounding the fluid jet. Accordingly, mixing tubes have to be replaced periodically within a time as short as a half hour, or perhaps as long as 100 hours, depending upon the material forming the mixing tube, as well as other factors, such as the types of entrained abrasive, working pressures, flow rates, etc. Frequent replacement of worn mixing tubes often leads to problems attributable to the way the mixing tube is retained in the cutting head body, resulting in impaired performance of the system. Corrosion of the cutting head assembly may also impair performance. Components for retaining the mixing tube, for example, are often made of a material susceptible to corrosion, and have to be frequently replaced if exposed to corrosive materials for significant amounts of time. Replacing corroded components often causes damage to other components of the cutting head requiring replacement of non-corroded components. Water is one corrosive material that may lead to rusting of such components. Rust-resistant components, such as collets made entirely of stainless steel, are relatively expensive. Some cutting head assemblies use plastic type collets to lock the mixing tube and also to seal the mixing chamber. Other types of abrasive waterjet systems include a removable mixing tube incorporated into a cartridge assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 5,144,766 discloses inserting a mixing tube and a jewel orifice into a housing of a cartridge. To replace the mixing tube, the seal disengages a cartridge housing of the cartridge assembly and may therefore result in contamination of the seal and the cartridge housing. This contamination can lead to leakage during operation of the waterjet system.

1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to an electrochemical measuring method, and more particularly to an electrochemical measuring method and a sensor strip used therein. 2. Description of the Related Art Generally, measurement of an analyte using an electrochemical method has some limitations. In a reaction zone with finite volume, composition of the sample to be analyzed may have influence on precision of the measurement result. For example, in the measurement of the concentration of the analyte in blood, composition of the blood contributes a lot of influences. In particular, hematocrit, which represents a ratio of the red blood cells in the blood, is a major factor contributing to an incorrect measurement result. Normal hematocrit of a person usually ranges from 35% to 45%. However, hematocrit of some people may range between 20% and 60%. In an electrochemical bio-sensing process, different hematocrits may result in different effects. Taking a blood glucose measurement for example, a low hematocrit may lead to a high measurement result, and a high hematocrit may lead to a low measurement result. For the high hematocrit, the red blood cells may: (1) impede reaction between an enzyme and an electrochemical mediator; (2) result in lower chemical dissolution due to small amount of the blood plasma that dissolves the chemical reactant; and (3) slow down diffusion of the mediator. These factors may cause lower electric current produced during electrochemical reaction, thereby resulting in the measured glucose level being lower than the actual glucose level. The low hematocrit, on the other hand, leads to an opposite result. Moreover, impedance of the blood specimen is also influenced by the hematocrit, and thus having effect on measurement of voltage and/or current. Several methods have been proposed to alleviate adverse influence of hematocrit. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,890 discloses a sensor strip including a mesh layer to remove the red blood cells from the sample. However, this method results in higher cost, complexity of the sensor strip, and higher requirement of test time and sample volume. Another method employs an electrochemical method to measure electrochemical signals, such as construction of a hematocrit correction function of the sample by use of the measured resistance or current, so as to correct concentration of the analyte in the sample. One such electrochemical measuring method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,890,421. In this method, the sensor strip includes two metalized electrodes disposed in a sandwich configuration. The sensor strip has a reaction zone filled with a reagent including a mediator for enhancement of electron transfer and an enzyme. After introducing the blood to be analyzed into the reaction zone, a first voltage is applied to the reaction zone filled with the blood for 3 to 20 seconds, followed by applying a second voltage, which has an opposite polarity to the first voltage, to the reaction zone filled with the blood for 1 to 10 seconds. Then, the detected first and/or second sensing current resulting from application of the first and second voltages is used to calculate an initial concentration of the analyte in the blood and a hematocrit correction factor. The hematocrit correction factor is a specific value or a function used for correcting the measured value of the initial concentration. As an example, the estimated concentration of the analyte in the sample may be obtained by subtracting a background value from the measured value of the initial concentration, followed by multiplication with the hematocrit correction faction. In this method, since the two electrodes are influenced by the hematocrit and the concentration of the analyte during both applications of the first and second voltages, the generated first and second sensing currents are also influenced, thereby resulting in deviation of the estimated hematocrit. Then, the estimated concentration of the analyte also deviates and may lead to a wrong conclusion based on a report using these data. On the other hand, data processing used in this technique is complicated because determination of the hematocrit correction factor and calculation of the initial concentration of the analyte must be done prior to obtaining the corrected concentration value. Therefore, there is a need to develop a relatively simple method and a system that can remove interference of the hematocrit so as to achieve high precision of the measurement result.

As a method of synthesizing phosphonate esters along with the formation of a carbon-phosphorus bond, in general, the method in which the corresponding halide is substituted with triatkylphosphite has been known. However, with this method, different types of halide compounds are formed along with the reaction and a large volume of by-products are generated. In addition, halides newly generated through the reaction additionally react with the trialkylphophite, so that a disadvantage is that a large volume of sub-products is created. Therefore, the method of the prior art cannot be said to be an industrially advantageous method.

1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to a method of depositing thin films by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In particular, the invention relates to a method of depositing thin films whereby a thin film is deposited on a substrate surface using a plasma-enhanced CVD reaction in the production process of a semiconductor device. 2. Description of the Related Art Progress has been made in recent years in semiconductor processing by increasing the degree of integration of the circuit elements and by producing finer features in semiconductor devices. However, achieving finer circuit elements requires novel techniques, e.g., for embedding adequate films in fine holes (contact holes and via holes), for reducing the size of the step formed in circuit elements, and for preventing the breaking of wiring due to electro-migration or heating as a result of increased current density. New techniques have been developed for certain processes, e.g., for the deposition of blanket tungsten films (B-W films) by a CVD method and for the deposition of Al (aluminum) films by a sputtering method. When depositing B-W films and Al films, a Ti (titanium) film and a TiN (titanium nitride) film are deposited in the case of a contact hole, for example, between the conducting film and the underlying layer in order to ensure conductivity with the underlying layer, to ensure adhesion, and to prevent inter-diffusion (to ensure barrier properties). In the case of elements with wiring line widths ranging from 1.0 to 0.25 .mu.m, a sputtering method is used for depositing the Ti film and the TiN film. However, in the case of elements with wiring line widths ranging from 0.25 to 0.1 .mu.m, it is difficult to obtain satisfactory step coverage with a sputtering method. As a result, a plasma-enhanced CVD method whereby a thin film is deposited by a gas phase growth using a plasma-enhanced chemical reaction in the vicinity of the substrate surface has been used. To deposit a Ti film using the plasma-enhanced CVD method, a plasma is generated with hydrogen (H.sub.2) gas which has been introduced beforehand in a reactor, a reaction gas containing titanium tetrachloride (TiCl.sub.4) and H.sub.2 is then introduced into the reactor, the TiCl.sub.4 or a precursor produced by degradation of the TiCl.sub.4 is reduced by the active hydrogen ions and atoms generated by the plasma, and a Ti film is deposited on the substrate. Similarly, to deposit a TiN film using the plasma-enhanced CVD method, a plasma is generated with a gaseous mixture of nitrogen (N.sub.2) and hydrogen (H.sub.2), a reaction gas mixture of TiCl.sub.4, N.sub.2, and H.sub.2 is then introduced into the reactor, the TiCl.sub.4 or precursor is nitrided by the active nitrogen ions and atoms generated by the plasma, and a TiN film is deposited on the substrate. Titanium tetrachloride (TiCl.sub.4) is used as the reactive gas in the methods described above because the surface of the deposited film is smooth, and the step coverage is excellent. Typical apparatus used for depositing such thin films include either a parallel plate type plasma-enhanced CVD apparatus which uses a radio frequency (RF) of 13.56 MHz to generate the plasma (see, e.g., N. J. Lanno et al., J. Electrochem. Soc., 136 (1989), p.276) or an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) type plasma-enhanced CVD apparatus which produces a high density plasma (see, e.g., T. Akahori et al. J. Appl. Phys., 30 (1991), p.3558; and T. Miyamoto, Proceedings of the VLSI Multilevel Interconnection Conference, (1995), p.195). However, the conventional plasma-enhanced CVD techniques described above have certain drawbacks. For example, when a parallel plate type plasma-enhanced CVD apparatus having a frequency of 13.56 MHz is employed, chlorine (Cl) from the TiCl.sub.4 reaction gas remains in the deposited Ti film or TiN film. This residual chlorine corrodes the Al wiring film. In addition, a lot of undegraded TiCl.sub.4 remains in the plasma. The undegraded TiCl.sub.4 erodes the Si in the underlayer at the bottom of a contact hole. The erosion of the Si underlayer is a problem in that it decreases the surface smoothness of the Ti film or TiN film, and lowers the reliability of the circuit elements. When an ECR type plasma-enhanced CVD apparatus is used, a high density plasma is obtained. As a result, there is less undegraded TiCl.sub.4. Additionally, the amount of Cl in the Ti film or TiN film is lower. This is because some of the Cl from the TiCl.sub.4 reaction gas is removed by the active hydrogen ions and atoms which are produced in greater quantities. However, not enough of the Cl is removed. Moreover, the Ti film and TiN film step coverage properties are inadequate when using an ECR type plasma-enhanced CVD apparatus. Consequently, the barrier properties cannot be ensured satisfactorily, and the reliability of the elements is reduced. The aforementioned problems have been outlined by particular reference to contact holes, but the same can be said with other types of fine hole such as via holes. Via holes are formed in an SiO.sub.2 layer which is formed over a metal layer. In the case of a via hole, only a TiN film is deposited on the underlayer so that only the problems associated with TiN film deposition are of concern. It is an object of the present invention to solve the problems associated with conventional plasma-enhanced CVD processes mentioned above. In particular, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for depositing thin films, e.g., Ti films or TiN films, by plasma-enhanced CVD in which the amount of chlorine remaining in the Ti film or TiN film is low, the erosion of the underlayer is minimized, the surface of the deposited film is smooth, the step coverage properties are good, the production yield is increased, and the reliability of the elements is increased. As will be readily apparent from the description below, the present invention achieves these and other objects.