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ibl-khanacademy-transcripts

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Common Fuel Types and Uses	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_N6BfGeC1dY	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=_N6BfGeC1dY&ei=n1WUZdaOHay0p-oP7c64-AQ&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=206E7BAFF5C0886BE2A860677722D75B6C819F99.789171543E6FAB17013C2260324C7DA40A348700&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.110 --> 00:00:02.680 - [Narrator] Not all fossil fuels are the same. 00:00:02.680 --> 00:00:05.470 And this is because different kinds of organic material 00:00:05.470 --> 00:00:07.790 were heated and compressed in different ways 00:00:07.790 --> 00:00:10.610 creating different kinds of fossil fuels. 00:00:10.610 --> 00:00:13.620 One of these kinds of fossil fuels is petroleum. 00:00:13.620 --> 00:00:15.010 The word petroleum comes 00:00:15.010 --> 00:00:17.430 from the Latin word for rock, petra, 00:00:17.430 --> 00:00:20.020 and the Latin word for oil, oleum. 00:00:20.020 --> 00:00:23.150 This makes sense because it's an oily substance that's found 00:00:23.150 --> 00:00:25.230 in reservoirs trapped in rock. 00:00:25.230 --> 00:00:28.500 Humans have been using oil for a very long time. 00:00:28.500 --> 00:00:30.570 Early civilizations found it bubbling up 00:00:30.570 --> 00:00:32.670 from the ground at natural wells. 00:00:32.670 --> 00:00:33.930 The oil they saw coming straight 00:00:33.930 --> 00:00:37.650 out of the earth is called crude oil or crude petroleum 00:00:37.650 --> 00:00:41.070 which means that it is unrefined and unprocessed. 00:00:41.070 --> 00:00:43.340 Crude oil was probably one of the ingredients 00:00:43.340 --> 00:00:46.030 in Greek fire, which was a flame throwing weapon 00:00:46.030 --> 00:00:48.410 that the Byzantines would fling at their enemies. 00:00:48.410 --> 00:00:51.360 Today, we refine crude oil into many products 00:00:51.360 --> 00:00:53.970 like gasoline and diesel for vehicles, 00:00:53.970 --> 00:00:57.610 kerosene for heating, and asphalt for road construction. 00:00:57.610 --> 00:01:00.763 It's also used to make plastics and synthetic fabrics. 00:01:01.740 --> 00:01:04.130 Another type of fossil fuel is coal 00:01:04.130 --> 00:01:06.580 which we mostly burn to make electricity, 00:01:06.580 --> 00:01:09.880 but it can also be used for heating and cooking. 00:01:09.880 --> 00:01:12.840 It's a solid, shiny black flammable rock 00:01:12.840 --> 00:01:15.270 which is mostly formed from the carbon remains 00:01:15.270 --> 00:01:18.070 of fossilized plants like moss. 00:01:18.070 --> 00:01:21.010 Over thousands of years, plant material transforms 00:01:21.010 --> 00:01:24.010 into a carbon-rich compound called peat, 00:01:24.010 --> 00:01:26.820 and then with some pressure, it becomes soft coal 00:01:26.820 --> 00:01:28.680 which is called lignite. 00:01:28.680 --> 00:01:32.580 And then with more pressure, it becomes bituminous coal. 00:01:32.580 --> 00:01:36.500 And then finally it becomes a hard coal called anthracite. 00:01:36.500 --> 00:01:38.800 The longer the plant remains are put under pressure, 00:01:38.800 --> 00:01:41.210 the more energy dense it becomes. 00:01:41.210 --> 00:01:44.450 So if you burned anthracite, you would get a lot more energy 00:01:44.450 --> 00:01:46.240 than if you burned peat. 00:01:46.240 --> 00:01:49.740 Burning coal releases carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, 00:01:49.740 --> 00:01:53.270 nitrogen oxides, and other gases into the air 00:01:53.270 --> 00:01:56.880 so coal is one of the dirtiest fossil fuels. 00:01:56.880 --> 00:01:59.930 The cleanest burning fossil fuel is natural gas 00:01:59.930 --> 00:02:02.760 meaning that it emits the least amount of carbon dioxide 00:02:02.760 --> 00:02:04.540 or other air plumes. 00:02:04.540 --> 00:02:06.300 This is not the same type of gas 00:02:06.300 --> 00:02:08.070 as we put into our vehicles. 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:09.890 That type comes from petroleum. 00:02:09.890 --> 00:02:12.090 Instead, natural gas is mostly used 00:02:12.090 --> 00:02:14.680 for generating electricity, heating homes, 00:02:14.680 --> 00:02:16.550 and cooking food. 00:02:16.550 --> 00:02:19.170 Your oven, furnace, water heater, dryer, 00:02:19.170 --> 00:02:22.090 or grill all might run on natural gas. 00:02:22.090 --> 00:02:25.570 Natural gas is a naturally occurring mixture of gases 00:02:25.570 --> 00:02:28.520 and it's mostly made up of methane, ethane, 00:02:28.520 --> 00:02:30.720 propane, and butane. 00:02:30.720 --> 00:02:33.470 The gas is colorless and odorless 00:02:33.470 --> 00:02:36.170 so natural gas companies often add a rotten egg smell 00:02:36.170 --> 00:02:39.470 to the fuel to make leaks easier to detect. 00:02:39.470 --> 00:02:42.460 But even though we can't see or smell natural gas, 00:02:42.460 --> 00:02:46.270 humans have been detecting it and using it for centuries. 00:02:46.270 --> 00:02:49.100 There's evidence that more than 2,000 years ago, 00:02:49.100 --> 00:02:51.480 people in China created bamboo pipelines 00:02:51.480 --> 00:02:53.880 to transport the gas so that they could use it 00:02:53.880 --> 00:02:57.150 to boil salt water and separate out the salt. 00:02:57.150 --> 00:02:59.150 And today we still use pipelines 00:02:59.150 --> 00:03:00.960 to transport gas across land, 00:03:00.960 --> 00:03:03.313 although they're no longer made out of bamboo. 00:03:04.390 --> 00:03:06.400 Another kind of non-renewable resource 00:03:06.400 --> 00:03:08.450 is nuclear fuel. 00:03:08.450 --> 00:03:11.750 Nuclear power plants don't burn fossil fuels, 00:03:11.750 --> 00:03:14.010 instead they split uranium 00:03:14.010 --> 00:03:16.700 through something called nuclear fission. 00:03:16.700 --> 00:03:19.050 Just one kilogram of uranium 00:03:19.050 --> 00:03:23.010 can produce 24 million kilowatt hours of energy. 00:03:23.010 --> 00:03:25.210 Compare that with one kilogram of coal 00:03:25.210 --> 00:03:28.580 which can produce eight kilowatt hours of energy. 00:03:28.580 --> 00:03:32.640 In other words, nuclear fission produces a lot of energy. 00:03:32.640 --> 00:03:34.770 It also produces a lot of heat 00:03:34.770 --> 00:03:36.783 which we mostly use to make electricity. 00:03:37.750 --> 00:03:41.170 Also, nuclear energy is known as a clean energy 00:03:41.170 --> 00:03:43.300 because the only greenhouse gas emission 00:03:43.300 --> 00:03:45.680 is water vapor which tends to cycle 00:03:45.680 --> 00:03:46.900 out of the atmosphere faster 00:03:46.900 --> 00:03:49.120 than other greenhouse gases. 00:03:49.120 --> 00:03:51.280 But the downside is the spent fuel 00:03:51.280 --> 00:03:53.740 is a dangerous radioactive waste 00:03:53.740 --> 00:03:57.623 and recycling the nuclear waste is dangerous and expensive. 00:03:59.270 --> 00:04:02.760 Petroleum, coal, natural gas and nuclear fuel 00:04:02.760 --> 00:04:06.250 make up 85% of the world's energy consumption. 00:04:06.250 --> 00:04:08.840 But as our populations and our energy needs grow, 00:04:08.840 --> 00:04:10.810 it's becoming more important to integrate 00:04:10.810 --> 00:04:13.410 renewable resources, the sources that could be restored 00:04:13.410 --> 00:04:16.450 by natural processes, into our energy mix. 00:04:16.450 --> 00:04:18.030 Here's something to think about. 00:04:18.030 --> 00:04:21.030 What's something that you do in your day that uses energy? 00:04:21.030 --> 00:04:23.390 Does that energy come from fossil fuels? 00:04:23.390 --> 00:04:25.950 And if so, which one? 00:04:25.950 --> 00:04:27.960 Understanding how you get your energy 00:04:27.960 --> 00:04:30.920 is part of understanding what powers your community, 00:04:30.920 --> 00:04:33.253 your country, and the world.
Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Resources	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2lQFo69_hc	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=G2lQFo69_hc&ei=n1WUZYelGobImLAPieqH2Aw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=88FF80021986F0352DB6A004118562BB0D3C3817.C679D3C2D54A64190A783B25AA9F6DA501C3219C&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.190 --> 00:00:03.900 - [Instructor] Today, let's talk about energy resources. 00:00:03.900 --> 00:00:06.140 You've probably already done something today 00:00:06.140 --> 00:00:08.160 that used energy resources, 00:00:08.160 --> 00:00:10.500 even beginning from the moment you woke up. 00:00:10.500 --> 00:00:12.330 For me, the beginning of my day 00:00:12.330 --> 00:00:14.600 always starts with making tea. 00:00:14.600 --> 00:00:17.430 I use energy in every step of this process. 00:00:17.430 --> 00:00:20.010 My car uses oil when I drive to the grocery store 00:00:20.010 --> 00:00:21.150 to get the tea, 00:00:21.150 --> 00:00:24.410 my stove uses natural gas when I boil the water, 00:00:24.410 --> 00:00:27.410 and my water heater uses coal-sourced electricity 00:00:27.410 --> 00:00:30.020 when I wash my mug in hot water afterwards. 00:00:30.020 --> 00:00:33.060 We use energy constantly in our daily lives. 00:00:33.060 --> 00:00:35.120 Since the first law of thermodynamics 00:00:35.120 --> 00:00:38.570 states that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, 00:00:38.570 --> 00:00:42.560 where does it all come from and will we have enough? 00:00:42.560 --> 00:00:44.750 When we talk about energy resources, 00:00:44.750 --> 00:00:46.960 we could split it up into two groups: 00:00:46.960 --> 00:00:50.930 renewable energy and nonrenewable energy. 00:00:50.930 --> 00:00:53.440 I can always remember what renewable resources are 00:00:53.440 --> 00:00:55.940 because the prefix re means again 00:00:55.940 --> 00:00:59.240 and the root new refers the origin of the energy source, 00:00:59.240 --> 00:01:01.090 so renewable energy sources 00:01:01.090 --> 00:01:03.480 are the sources that we can use again and again 00:01:03.480 --> 00:01:06.640 and are quickly restored by natural processes. 00:01:06.640 --> 00:01:10.270 Renewable fuel sources include sunlight, wind, 00:01:10.270 --> 00:01:13.150 moving water, biomass from fast-growing plants, 00:01:13.150 --> 00:01:15.880 and geothermal heat from the earth. 00:01:15.880 --> 00:01:19.220 The lifespan of renewable resources looks like a circle. 00:01:19.220 --> 00:01:21.460 We can use them and then we can use them again 00:01:21.460 --> 00:01:23.320 without worrying about them running out. 00:01:23.320 --> 00:01:25.900 Nonrenewable energy sources on the other hand, 00:01:25.900 --> 00:01:28.260 are sources that exist in a fixed amount 00:01:28.260 --> 00:01:30.120 and cannot be easily replaced. 00:01:30.120 --> 00:01:33.430 These energy sources must be extracted from the earth, 00:01:33.430 --> 00:01:38.140 and they include things like nuclear fuel and fossil fuels, 00:01:38.140 --> 00:01:42.240 which are things like coal, oil, and natural gas. 00:01:42.240 --> 00:01:45.130 Fossil fuels were formed in the geologic past 00:01:45.130 --> 00:01:47.510 from the remains of ancient organisms. 00:01:47.510 --> 00:01:50.580 Plants and animals that died millions of years ago 00:01:50.580 --> 00:01:54.410 became buried in the soil, partially decomposed, 00:01:54.410 --> 00:01:57.153 and were exposed to a lot of heat and pressure. 00:01:58.380 --> 00:02:01.030 This heat and pressure chemically rearranged 00:02:01.030 --> 00:02:03.150 the energy contained within their bodies 00:02:03.150 --> 00:02:05.670 into the fossil fuels we use today. 00:02:05.670 --> 00:02:09.620 Because they take so long to form, we have a finite amount 00:02:09.620 --> 00:02:12.710 of nonrenewable resources in the earth right now. 00:02:12.710 --> 00:02:16.010 The lifespan for fossil fuels is a broken loop, 00:02:16.010 --> 00:02:17.880 a one-way ticket. 00:02:17.880 --> 00:02:20.380 First, the fossil fuel is found, 00:02:20.380 --> 00:02:22.980 then it has to be extracted. 00:02:22.980 --> 00:02:24.390 Extracting fossil fuels 00:02:24.390 --> 00:02:26.650 can involve destructive mining processes 00:02:26.650 --> 00:02:29.190 that can pollute surrounding habitats. 00:02:29.190 --> 00:02:32.760 It then has to be transported to wherever it will be used. 00:02:32.760 --> 00:02:35.940 And using fossil fuels means burning them, 00:02:35.940 --> 00:02:37.720 which releases greenhouse gases 00:02:37.720 --> 00:02:40.270 and other pollutants into the atmosphere. 00:02:40.270 --> 00:02:41.880 Also, it can take energy 00:02:41.880 --> 00:02:44.310 to refine and process some types of fossil fuel 00:02:44.310 --> 00:02:45.910 so that they're more helpful to us, 00:02:45.910 --> 00:02:48.410 like turning crude oil into petroleum gas, 00:02:48.410 --> 00:02:50.070 diesel, and jet fuel, 00:02:50.070 --> 00:02:53.080 and burning the fossil fuels transforms that energy 00:02:53.080 --> 00:02:57.343 into a less organized form of energy like heat and ash.
Comparing rates example	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C7bBZa52h-4	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=C7bBZa52h-4&ei=n1WUZdPRIvu5mLAPrJybsAg&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=07416888404B94578AA2E2AFCDB19A061714A65C.EF813CF6745F6113627ED577B4F77BC72B2939B9&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.420 --> 00:00:01.920 - [Instructor] We're told that a conservationist 00:00:01.920 --> 00:00:04.080 has the hypothesis that when squirrels 00:00:04.080 --> 00:00:05.820 are more crowded together, 00:00:05.820 --> 00:00:08.610 they have higher rates of aggression. 00:00:08.610 --> 00:00:11.730 The table below shows the area of three parks 00:00:11.730 --> 00:00:14.280 and the number of squirrels in each, 00:00:14.280 --> 00:00:16.290 that's given right over here. 00:00:16.290 --> 00:00:20.580 Order the parks from least crowded to most crowded. 00:00:20.580 --> 00:00:22.170 Based on the crowdedness, 00:00:22.170 --> 00:00:24.990 in which park would the conservationist expect to see 00:00:24.990 --> 00:00:27.540 the highest rate of aggression? 00:00:27.540 --> 00:00:30.303 So pause this video and see if you can figure this out. 00:00:31.260 --> 00:00:34.590 All right, now let's work through this together. 00:00:34.590 --> 00:00:37.920 So we wanna order the parks from least crowded 00:00:37.920 --> 00:00:39.660 to most crowded. 00:00:39.660 --> 00:00:41.910 So how can we think about crowded? 00:00:41.910 --> 00:00:42.900 Well, we could think about it 00:00:42.900 --> 00:00:46.290 in terms of the number of squirrels. 00:00:46.290 --> 00:00:51.290 Squirrels per area, per hectare. 00:00:53.760 --> 00:00:56.490 And so something with a lot of squirrels per hectare 00:00:56.490 --> 00:00:57.540 would be more crowded, 00:00:57.540 --> 00:00:59.610 and something with fewer squirrels per hectare 00:00:59.610 --> 00:01:01.260 would be less crowded. 00:01:01.260 --> 00:01:02.820 You could also, if you wanted to, 00:01:02.820 --> 00:01:06.720 think about it in terms of hectares per squirrel, 00:01:06.720 --> 00:01:09.330 this would also be a legitimate way of tackling it. 00:01:09.330 --> 00:01:12.360 And of course, if you have more hectares per squirrel, 00:01:12.360 --> 00:01:13.727 that would be less crowded. 00:01:13.727 --> 00:01:14.640 It would be the other way around. 00:01:14.640 --> 00:01:16.920 While if you had fewer hectares per squirrel, 00:01:16.920 --> 00:01:19.050 it would be more crowded. 00:01:19.050 --> 00:01:20.460 But here, when we look at this, 00:01:20.460 --> 00:01:22.920 the numbers of squirrels are larger than the number 00:01:22.920 --> 00:01:25.770 of hectares in every scenario. 00:01:25.770 --> 00:01:28.020 So it might be a little bit easier to divide in this one. 00:01:28.020 --> 00:01:30.780 And this is also how my brain tends to think about it. 00:01:30.780 --> 00:01:33.870 So let's calculate the number of squirrels per hectare 00:01:33.870 --> 00:01:35.970 for each of these parks. 00:01:35.970 --> 00:01:39.120 So, first of all, let's think about park A, 00:01:39.120 --> 00:01:41.460 and I will do that over here. 00:01:41.460 --> 00:01:46.050 Park A, you have 54 squirrels. 00:01:46.050 --> 00:01:51.050 I'll write squ for short, per every eight hectares. 00:01:53.940 --> 00:01:56.100 And so this is going to be the same thing 00:01:56.100 --> 00:02:01.100 as 54 over eight squirrels per hectare. 00:02:02.610 --> 00:02:04.650 And we could try to estimate it, 00:02:04.650 --> 00:02:07.080 but it looks like they're all actually 00:02:07.080 --> 00:02:09.450 a little bit around seven 00:02:09.450 --> 00:02:10.950 if we divide the number of squirrels 00:02:10.950 --> 00:02:12.240 by the number of hectares, 00:02:12.240 --> 00:02:15.900 so we might have to get a little bit more precise. 00:02:15.900 --> 00:02:19.590 So let's see, eight goes into 54. I will do it over here. 00:02:19.590 --> 00:02:24.590 Eight goes into 54, it goes six times, 00:02:25.650 --> 00:02:27.900 six times eight is 48. 00:02:27.900 --> 00:02:30.870 And I subtract, I get a remainder of six. 00:02:30.870 --> 00:02:33.180 And then let me put a little decimal here. 00:02:33.180 --> 00:02:35.790 And then if I bring down that zero, 00:02:35.790 --> 00:02:39.420 eight goes into 60 seven times, 00:02:39.420 --> 00:02:41.403 seven times eight is 56. 00:02:42.318 --> 00:02:43.980 And I can keep going, 00:02:43.980 --> 00:02:45.690 but let me see if this is enough precision 00:02:45.690 --> 00:02:47.220 for me to compare. 00:02:47.220 --> 00:02:49.860 So park A is approximately, 00:02:49.860 --> 00:02:52.380 I'll make this little squiggle here for approximately, 00:02:52.380 --> 00:02:57.070 6.7 squirrels per hectare. 00:02:58.230 --> 00:03:01.110 Now let me do park B right over here. 00:03:01.110 --> 00:03:06.110 So for park B, we have 20 squirrels, squ for short, 00:03:06.330 --> 00:03:10.950 for every 2.7 hectares. 00:03:10.950 --> 00:03:12.960 Now, one thing we can do to help simplify this 00:03:12.960 --> 00:03:14.070 so we don't have to deal with decimals 00:03:14.070 --> 00:03:16.320 is let's multiply both the numerator 00:03:16.320 --> 00:03:18.210 and the denominator by 10. 00:03:18.210 --> 00:03:21.000 Notice that's just equivalent to multiplying by one. 00:03:21.000 --> 00:03:25.890 So this is equivalent to saying you have 200 squirrels 00:03:25.890 --> 00:03:30.810 for every 27 hectares, 00:03:30.810 --> 00:03:34.920 or you could view it as 200 over 27 squirrels per hectare. 00:03:34.920 --> 00:03:38.107 So let's take 27 into 200, 00:03:40.170 --> 00:03:44.670 and if I were to estimate it, let's see, 27 is close to 30. 00:03:44.670 --> 00:03:47.790 30 would go into 200 six times. 00:03:47.790 --> 00:03:48.780 Let me try that out. 00:03:48.780 --> 00:03:51.270 So it goes into 200 six times, 00:03:51.270 --> 00:03:56.070 six times seven is 42, six times two is 12, 00:03:56.070 --> 00:03:58.770 plus four is 16. 00:03:58.770 --> 00:04:00.510 And then if I subtract, 00:04:00.510 --> 00:04:03.480 I am going to actually get, it looks like 38. 00:04:03.480 --> 00:04:06.660 So maybe I can fit in one more 27 there. 00:04:06.660 --> 00:04:10.863 So let me do that seven. So seven times seven is 49. 00:04:12.300 --> 00:04:17.300 49, seven times two is 14 plus four is 18. 00:04:18.390 --> 00:04:20.970 Yep, that worked out nicely. 00:04:20.970 --> 00:04:25.830 If you subtract 189 from 200, you're going to get 11. 00:04:25.830 --> 00:04:28.680 And now let me bring down a zero. 00:04:28.680 --> 00:04:33.000 So how many times does 27 go into 110? 00:04:33.000 --> 00:04:36.090 Well, it looks like it goes three times, I think. 00:04:36.090 --> 00:04:40.260 Three times seven is 21, three times two is six, 00:04:40.260 --> 00:04:42.720 plus two is eight. 00:04:42.720 --> 00:04:45.810 And it looks like actually I could fit in one more. 00:04:45.810 --> 00:04:50.760 So let's see, it might go four times. So 110. 00:04:50.760 --> 00:04:55.500 So if they go four times, four times seven is 28, 00:04:55.500 --> 00:04:58.890 and then four times two is eight, plus two is 10. 00:04:58.890 --> 00:05:02.490 Yeah, it went four times, so get a remainder of two. 00:05:02.490 --> 00:05:05.760 So we could keep going, but this is approximately 7.4. 00:05:05.760 --> 00:05:10.760 So approximately 7.4 squirrels per hectare. 00:05:11.040 --> 00:05:15.570 So we already see that park B is more crowded than park A, 00:05:15.570 --> 00:05:18.180 but now let's check out park C. 00:05:18.180 --> 00:05:23.180 And so for park C, we have 51 squirrels 00:05:25.260 --> 00:05:30.260 for every 6.8 hectares, 6.8 hectares. 00:05:30.540 --> 00:05:32.160 So we could do the same idea. 00:05:32.160 --> 00:05:33.450 Let's multiply the numerator 00:05:33.450 --> 00:05:35.100 and the denominator by 10, 00:05:35.100 --> 00:05:38.910 which means that we have 510 squirrels 00:05:38.910 --> 00:05:43.740 for every 68 hectares. 00:05:43.740 --> 00:05:47.910 And so 68 will go into 510. 00:05:47.910 --> 00:05:50.490 I'm guessing I'm gonna have to have some decimals here. 00:05:50.490 --> 00:05:52.140 So it's close to 70. 00:05:52.140 --> 00:05:57.140 70 would go into 510 about seven times. 00:05:57.180 --> 00:05:58.770 Let me see how that works out. 00:05:58.770 --> 00:06:03.630 Seven times eight is 56, seven times six is 42, 00:06:03.630 --> 00:06:06.117 plus five is 47. 00:06:06.117 --> 00:06:08.460 And I think I did well there. 00:06:08.460 --> 00:06:12.150 So if I subtract here, I could do some regrouping, 00:06:12.150 --> 00:06:13.830 or I could try to do it in my head. 00:06:13.830 --> 00:06:16.170 To go from 476 to 500, 00:06:16.170 --> 00:06:18.960 I would have to add 24 plus another 10. 00:06:18.960 --> 00:06:23.910 So I'm gonna have 34 right over here, bring down a zero. 00:06:23.910 --> 00:06:27.547 And so if I'm thinking roughly 70 goes into 340, 00:06:29.520 --> 00:06:31.050 let's see, will it go? 00:06:31.050 --> 00:06:32.910 It might go five times actually. 00:06:32.910 --> 00:06:33.743 Let me try that out. 00:06:33.743 --> 00:06:37.710 If I say 7.5, five times eight is 40, 00:06:37.710 --> 00:06:39.840 and then five times six is 30 plus four, 00:06:39.840 --> 00:06:42.030 it went exactly five times. 00:06:42.030 --> 00:06:47.030 So that means in park C, we're at 7.5 squirrels per hectare. 00:06:47.880 --> 00:06:50.610 So what's the most crowded if I wanted to order it? 00:06:50.610 --> 00:06:53.700 Well, the most crowded is park C, 00:06:53.700 --> 00:06:55.740 the second crowded is park B, 00:06:55.740 --> 00:06:57.900 and the third most crowded is park A. 00:06:57.900 --> 00:06:59.340 And so based on crowdedness, 00:06:59.340 --> 00:07:01.830 in which park would I expect the highest rate of aggression? 00:07:01.830 --> 00:07:03.660 Well, park C, those squirrels are all, 00:07:03.660 --> 00:07:05.040 they're much closer to each other. 00:07:05.040 --> 00:07:06.780 They might be fighting over things, who knows? 00:07:06.780 --> 00:07:08.943 But there we go. We answered the question.
Alienated	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y41Mj-fUN9U	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=Y41Mj-fUN9U&ei=n1WUZYnVH5afxN8PwvykiAQ&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=D51AF4936C7326EFCFD17BD03092986CE46FE961.3AC70D8061B56F5B504F426FB6F5E5C53C0125A0&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:01.770 - [David] Hey Wordsmiths. Just checking in. 00:00:01.770 --> 00:00:03.120 You doing okay? 00:00:03.120 --> 00:00:06.210 The word we're talking about today is alienated, 00:00:06.210 --> 00:00:08.520 ay-lee-en-ay-ted. 00:00:08.520 --> 00:00:11.520 It's an adjective and it means feeling excluded 00:00:11.520 --> 00:00:13.920 and apart from other people. 00:00:13.920 --> 00:00:15.060 Kind of a bummer word, 00:00:15.060 --> 00:00:17.370 but at the same time, a fascinating one. 00:00:17.370 --> 00:00:20.137 I can hear the question I imagine some of you are asking, 00:00:20.137 --> 00:00:22.170 "David, does this have anything to do 00:00:22.170 --> 00:00:25.770 with aliens like from outer space?" 00:00:25.770 --> 00:00:29.520 And the answer is, well, kind of. It's all the same word. 00:00:29.520 --> 00:00:32.550 Follow me Earthlings to the derivation station. 00:00:32.550 --> 00:00:35.190 Let's talk about this word's origins. 00:00:35.190 --> 00:00:37.855 Did it come from outer space? 00:00:37.855 --> 00:00:42.270 (mysterious alien-like music) 00:00:42.270 --> 00:00:44.070 No, it comes from Latin. 00:00:44.070 --> 00:00:47.880 Alios or al in Latin means different, other, 00:00:47.880 --> 00:00:50.580 or something that is alien is different, 00:00:50.580 --> 00:00:52.560 strange, new and foreign. 00:00:52.560 --> 00:00:55.500 An alien is someone from another country 00:00:55.500 --> 00:00:59.310 or in more modern language, a being from another planet. 00:00:59.310 --> 00:01:02.850 And then ate, A-T-E is a verb forming suffix. 00:01:02.850 --> 00:01:07.200 It turns nouns and adjectives into action words. 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:11.490 This robot is not active. I will activate it. 00:01:11.490 --> 00:01:14.040 Someone needs to assign a value to this artwork. 00:01:14.040 --> 00:01:19.040 I will evaluate it, right? A very powerful suffix. 00:01:19.350 --> 00:01:21.870 So let's put this knowledge to work. 00:01:21.870 --> 00:01:23.640 What are some words you can think of 00:01:23.640 --> 00:01:25.500 that contain that al root? 00:01:25.500 --> 00:01:26.850 That root that means other. 00:01:26.850 --> 00:01:30.960 Or A-T-E, ate, the verb forming suffix. 00:01:30.960 --> 00:01:34.924 Okay, here we go. People of earth. Ten second music break. 00:01:34.924 --> 00:01:38.424 (relaxing elevator music) 00:01:46.050 --> 00:01:48.510 Here are some words that I came up with. 00:01:48.510 --> 00:01:51.870 Altruism, which means caring about other people, 00:01:51.870 --> 00:01:54.150 doing work for the sake of others. 00:01:54.150 --> 00:01:59.130 An alias, a word that means an assumed name, another name, 00:02:00.300 --> 00:02:03.840 and captivate to capture someone's imagination 00:02:03.840 --> 00:02:07.410 or attention, to fascinate, to charm. 00:02:07.410 --> 00:02:09.150 When you feel alienated, 00:02:09.150 --> 00:02:11.790 you feel like a stranger in your own country. 00:02:11.790 --> 00:02:13.800 Like all the clocks are running backwards 00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:15.600 and the world is just wrong. 00:02:15.600 --> 00:02:18.420 I dunno why I'm trying to explain this to you, wordsmiths. 00:02:18.420 --> 00:02:19.740 Nobody understands the feeling 00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:22.410 of alienation better than the young. 00:02:22.410 --> 00:02:25.950 Alone in a crowd is the vibe, basically. 00:02:25.950 --> 00:02:29.400 Let's use alienated in some sentences, shall we? 00:02:29.400 --> 00:02:32.280 The intergalactic tourist felt alienated 00:02:32.280 --> 00:02:36.210 by the strange food stuffs of this curious new planet. 00:02:36.210 --> 00:02:38.460 Oh no, the alien feels homesick and sad 00:02:38.460 --> 00:02:40.290 when they try to eat pizza. 00:02:40.290 --> 00:02:42.000 They don't know how to do it. 00:02:42.000 --> 00:02:44.190 Here's one that hits a little bit closer to home. 00:02:44.190 --> 00:02:46.350 Noemi didn't get cast in the play 00:02:46.350 --> 00:02:49.920 and it left her feeling alienated from her friends who did. 00:02:49.920 --> 00:02:51.450 There they are in the background, 00:02:51.450 --> 00:02:53.430 all crowded around the cast list. 00:02:53.430 --> 00:02:55.710 An awful feeling, all your friends have something 00:02:55.710 --> 00:02:58.650 to do together after school and you can't be a part of it 00:02:58.650 --> 00:03:00.390 because you're not in the play. 00:03:00.390 --> 00:03:05.040 I, I certainly don't know what that's like, anyway. 00:03:05.040 --> 00:03:08.880 Another word for alienation is estrangement, 00:03:08.880 --> 00:03:11.520 the feeling of being made strange, 00:03:11.520 --> 00:03:13.803 being made to feel far away. 00:03:14.850 --> 00:03:17.610 May you never feel that feeling, wordsmiths. 00:03:17.610 --> 00:03:20.793 Or if you do, may you never feel it for long. 00:03:21.780 --> 00:03:24.153 You can learn anything. David out.
Exclude	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r4YN1wiV6kM	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=r4YN1wiV6kM&ei=n1WUZd-oGr-dxN8PhP2tsAs&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=4A95F3BB33BA3D45817A25374154020A6534D8FE.A6B7BC0DD7F1A9FF60F5416B5937F3D1B2DB276A&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:02.220 - [David] Hey, wordsmiths, I would never dare 00:00:02.220 --> 00:00:03.450 leave you feeling left out, 00:00:03.450 --> 00:00:05.472 so I wanna warn you that the word we're discussing 00:00:05.472 --> 00:00:09.873 in this video is exclude, ex-clude. 00:00:10.740 --> 00:00:13.350 It's a verb, it means to keep someone 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:16.860 or something out, to prevent access. 00:00:16.860 --> 00:00:18.990 It can have a bad connotation 00:00:18.990 --> 00:00:21.600 or feeling like keeping people from voting, 00:00:21.600 --> 00:00:23.670 excluding them from having a vote. 00:00:23.670 --> 00:00:25.800 And it can also have a neutral connotation 00:00:25.800 --> 00:00:27.960 or feeling, like excluding coffee 00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:29.610 from your diet or something. 00:00:29.610 --> 00:00:33.330 You'll also see it as exclusion, which is the noun form. 00:00:33.330 --> 00:00:36.720 But for now, let's talk about its derivation. 00:00:36.720 --> 00:00:40.320 Where does this word come from? We got ex, we got clude. 00:00:40.320 --> 00:00:41.370 What's going on here? 00:00:42.420 --> 00:00:46.140 So we have two pieces of Latin here. 00:00:46.140 --> 00:00:49.950 Ex means out as in extend or expel. 00:00:49.950 --> 00:00:53.760 Those two words mean to stretch out or to drive out. 00:00:53.760 --> 00:00:55.890 And then clude comes from the Latin claudere, 00:00:55.890 --> 00:00:57.600 which means to close. 00:00:57.600 --> 00:01:01.560 You sometimes see this root pop up as clus too. 00:01:01.560 --> 00:01:03.810 So when you are excluded from something, 00:01:03.810 --> 00:01:06.810 you've been closed out, a door has been shut, 00:01:06.810 --> 00:01:09.150 and you're on the wrong side of it. 00:01:09.150 --> 00:01:12.840 But for now, let's open the door to some similar words. 00:01:12.840 --> 00:01:14.460 I'll put on some music, all right? 00:01:14.460 --> 00:01:16.110 And you'll take that time to come up 00:01:16.110 --> 00:01:20.640 with a few words that also use clude or clus or ex. 00:01:20.640 --> 00:01:22.386 Ready? Let's go. 00:01:22.386 --> 00:01:25.053 (hip hop music) 00:01:33.930 --> 00:01:35.850 Here are some I thought up. 00:01:35.850 --> 00:01:38.280 Exclusive, which means special or limited, 00:01:38.280 --> 00:01:39.810 related to exclude, right? 00:01:39.810 --> 00:01:42.930 An exclusive club is very picky about who gets in. 00:01:42.930 --> 00:01:45.000 Some people are going to be excluded from 00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:47.100 or kept out of the club. 00:01:47.100 --> 00:01:51.060 Or an exclusive offer is limited time only, act now. 00:01:51.060 --> 00:01:56.010 To conclude, to end something, literally to close together, 00:01:56.010 --> 00:01:58.770 like drawing the curtains at a theater. 00:01:58.770 --> 00:02:02.640 Or secluded meaning out of the way or private 00:02:02.640 --> 00:02:06.720 from Latin parts sed, meaning apart and claudere, right? 00:02:06.720 --> 00:02:11.373 So literally to be closed off, apart from everything. 00:02:12.450 --> 00:02:15.750 Let's use exclude in some sentences. 00:02:15.750 --> 00:02:18.450 Wanda didn't mean to exclude Bonnie. 00:02:18.450 --> 00:02:19.980 She really did honestly forget 00:02:19.980 --> 00:02:21.960 to invite her to the clam bake. 00:02:21.960 --> 00:02:25.290 Look at Bonnie being so sad, dreaming of clams 00:02:25.290 --> 00:02:27.390 and potatoes and corn. 00:02:27.390 --> 00:02:29.340 Nobody's ever invited me to a clam bake, 00:02:29.340 --> 00:02:31.590 which is a New England beach party. 00:02:31.590 --> 00:02:34.290 They do what it sounds like, they bake clams. 00:02:34.290 --> 00:02:36.510 Okay, let's try it now in the noun form 00:02:36.510 --> 00:02:39.630 and continuing the theme, strangely enough, of corn. 00:02:39.630 --> 00:02:41.550 Nirmal loved corn on the cob 00:02:41.550 --> 00:02:44.700 to the exclusion of all other food. 00:02:44.700 --> 00:02:47.850 So that means he doesn't eat anything but corn. 00:02:47.850 --> 00:02:51.870 He excludes other foods, which is not great, my dudes. 00:02:51.870 --> 00:02:54.360 It's important to eat a balanced diet, wordsmiths, 00:02:54.360 --> 00:02:56.910 a good mix of leafy greens and proteins 00:02:56.910 --> 00:03:00.750 and the USDA recommended two to three new words a day. 00:03:00.750 --> 00:03:02.940 See, it's right here on the MyPlate graphic. 00:03:02.940 --> 00:03:04.950 I didn't just put that there. 00:03:04.950 --> 00:03:09.180 I kid, I kid obviously, but words are good for you. 00:03:09.180 --> 00:03:11.730 Okay, I'll see you in the next one. 00:03:11.730 --> 00:03:14.193 You can learn anything, David out.
Anxious	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpCZQMts7hs	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=UpCZQMts7hs&ei=n1WUZYWzGsG2hcIPsImloA4&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=34576F1F37B506F468173314B9007A8BC3CEA6F2.417BDC6828EAD6C21773A3DF3D4525EED695882E&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.330 --> 00:00:02.374 - [David] Oh boy. Oh geez, wordsmiths. 00:00:02.374 --> 00:00:05.610 I'm not feeling so hot about this word, I tell you what. 00:00:05.610 --> 00:00:10.200 The word is "anxious". Anxious. 00:00:10.200 --> 00:00:13.320 Or if you prefer anx-ious. 00:00:13.320 --> 00:00:16.560 It's an adjective that means very worried. 00:00:16.560 --> 00:00:19.803 You might see in its noun form, anxiety, 00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:24.090 which is the state of being very worried. 00:00:24.090 --> 00:00:26.490 If you trace this word back to its origins, 00:00:26.490 --> 00:00:30.060 you get the Latin word "anguere" which means 00:00:30.060 --> 00:00:32.310 to choke or to squeeze. 00:00:32.310 --> 00:00:35.400 When I feel anxious, sometimes my throat gets tight 00:00:35.400 --> 00:00:38.220 and my heart hammers in my chests and listen, wordsmith. 00:00:38.220 --> 00:00:39.180 It's a bad time. 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:43.680 And that o-u-s part, ous, is an adjective forming suffix. 00:00:43.680 --> 00:00:45.360 It means full of, right? 00:00:45.360 --> 00:00:47.490 So being anxious is being full 00:00:47.490 --> 00:00:50.460 of that choking, squeezed feeling. 00:00:50.460 --> 00:00:53.301 So a real fun one this time, huh? 00:00:53.301 --> 00:00:55.890 Let's all take a deep breath. 00:00:55.890 --> 00:00:58.440 Think of a calming centered place 00:00:58.440 --> 00:01:01.110 and come up with some related words, some similar words 00:01:01.110 --> 00:01:05.880 that sound like anguere or o-u-s, that end in o-u-s. 00:01:05.880 --> 00:01:10.880 I'll put on some calming music. 10 seconds, here we go. 00:01:11.087 --> 00:01:13.754 (calming music) 00:01:22.800 --> 00:01:27.000 Here are three that I came up with. We've got anguish. 00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:29.010 It shares the same root as anxious. 00:01:29.010 --> 00:01:30.090 That anguere word 00:01:30.090 --> 00:01:34.500 and it means misery, torment, very deep unhappiness 00:01:34.500 --> 00:01:37.290 as if you were being choked or squeezed. 00:01:37.290 --> 00:01:38.790 Agony. Ugh. 00:01:38.790 --> 00:01:40.980 Okay, next word. Anger. 00:01:40.980 --> 00:01:42.150 This is an interesting one, 00:01:42.150 --> 00:01:44.250 'cause anger looks a lot like anguere, 00:01:44.250 --> 00:01:49.250 but actually traces back to old Viking languages, not Latin. 00:01:49.290 --> 00:01:51.840 But it comes from an even older shared root, 00:01:51.840 --> 00:01:55.380 a common ancestor of Latin and the Viking languages. 00:01:55.380 --> 00:01:59.340 So it has the same meaning of squeezed or painful, 00:01:59.340 --> 00:02:03.420 and from there we get anger, hostility, feeling constricted 00:02:03.420 --> 00:02:06.720 and squeezed, and finally furious. 00:02:06.720 --> 00:02:10.920 Using that o-u-s ending, it means full of fury, 00:02:10.920 --> 00:02:12.393 full of anger. 00:02:14.220 --> 00:02:17.100 I promise I'm having a very normal day, wordsmiths. 00:02:17.100 --> 00:02:18.810 There's just something about this derivation 00:02:18.810 --> 00:02:21.570 that puts me on edge. 00:02:21.570 --> 00:02:24.870 Okay, let's use anxious in a sentence or two. 00:02:24.870 --> 00:02:26.910 At first, Bettina felt anxious 00:02:26.910 --> 00:02:28.950 about hiking Needleteeth Gorge, 00:02:28.950 --> 00:02:31.080 but felt reassured when she remembered 00:02:31.080 --> 00:02:34.375 that her Aunt Isabella was a trained wilderness guide. 00:02:34.375 --> 00:02:36.960 Needleteeth Gorge does not sound like a fun 00:02:36.960 --> 00:02:39.390 or safe place to go for a hike. 00:02:39.390 --> 00:02:42.240 To me, Bettina's worries are understandable. 00:02:42.240 --> 00:02:44.850 Let's try another one using the noun form 00:02:44.850 --> 00:02:47.218 of the word anxiety. 00:02:47.218 --> 00:02:49.260 "Based on what you told me, 00:02:49.260 --> 00:02:52.620 it seems like potatoes are the cause of your anxiety," 00:02:52.620 --> 00:02:53.853 Dr. Gomez said. 00:02:54.780 --> 00:02:56.040 Sometimes it helps to talk 00:02:56.040 --> 00:03:00.030 to someone about your feelings, potato related or no. 00:03:00.030 --> 00:03:01.643 Deep breaths, wordsmiths. 00:03:01.643 --> 00:03:05.250 You can do this, you can conquer your anxiety 00:03:05.250 --> 00:03:07.383 and you can learn anything. 00:03:08.640 --> 00:03:09.473 David out.
Recognition	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zdkeZ_UDXY	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=6zdkeZ_UDXY&ei=n1WUZc6VIN24p-oP7Jyr2AY&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=3FC30EBBF1885668C3FEF5E552725E481E2E5307.5D93FBD33B662E15D13550C2B1648CCB8BAD13A7&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.270 --> 00:00:02.130 - [David] I see you wordsmiths. 00:00:02.130 --> 00:00:04.650 Which is good because the word I'm talking about 00:00:04.650 --> 00:00:07.140 in this video is "recognition". 00:00:07.140 --> 00:00:11.370 Re-cog-ni-tion. It's a noun. 00:00:11.370 --> 00:00:14.580 It means the act of acknowledging, being aware 00:00:14.580 --> 00:00:16.350 of or noticing something. 00:00:16.350 --> 00:00:18.540 Follow me over to The Etymology Zone, trademark, 00:00:18.540 --> 00:00:21.240 where I am going to break this word down. 00:00:21.240 --> 00:00:24.660 This word comes from Latin, "re" means back, again, 00:00:24.660 --> 00:00:26.677 or against, as in review. 00:00:26.677 --> 00:00:30.150 "Cognoscere" means to know, to be familiar with, 00:00:30.150 --> 00:00:33.570 and i-o-n is a noun forming suffix. 00:00:33.570 --> 00:00:35.470 It's what makes this word into a noun. 00:00:36.570 --> 00:00:40.290 So what we're looking at here is a word that means the act 00:00:40.290 --> 00:00:43.293 of knowing something again, right? 00:00:43.293 --> 00:00:48.293 So this is the noun form of knowing something again. 00:00:48.450 --> 00:00:51.300 You recognize a person when you've met them before, 00:00:51.300 --> 00:00:54.360 you recognize a song because you've already heard it. 00:00:54.360 --> 00:00:59.010 So let's come up with some words that use these word parts. 00:00:59.010 --> 00:01:03.480 Re-cogno, that i-o-n ending, if you want. 00:01:03.480 --> 00:01:05.190 I'll give you 10 seconds to come up 00:01:05.190 --> 00:01:07.440 with some words to knock some together. 00:01:07.440 --> 00:01:09.183 Okay, here we go. 00:01:09.183 --> 00:01:11.766 (upbeat music) 00:01:20.532 --> 00:01:22.200 Here are some that I came up with. 00:01:22.200 --> 00:01:25.018 Incognito, which means disguised, right? 00:01:25.018 --> 00:01:29.160 Incognito means literally not knowable. 00:01:29.160 --> 00:01:31.650 If I'm going incognito, maybe I'm wearing a fake nose. 00:01:31.650 --> 00:01:34.110 A fake mustache, right? 00:01:34.110 --> 00:01:36.810 Reconnaissance. This word comes from French. 00:01:36.810 --> 00:01:39.870 It basically means spying. It's a military term. 00:01:39.870 --> 00:01:42.660 You're surveying, you're getting to know a territory 00:01:42.660 --> 00:01:46.740 before you decide how or whether to commit troops there. 00:01:46.740 --> 00:01:48.510 Same etymology as recognized, 00:01:48.510 --> 00:01:51.960 but it took a different language path to get to English. 00:01:51.960 --> 00:01:54.810 And the verb to ignore, to choose 00:01:54.810 --> 00:01:57.420 to not know about something, to not pay attention to it. 00:01:57.420 --> 00:02:01.440 Same negating prefix as incognito, right? 00:02:01.440 --> 00:02:03.720 The in or the ih part here means not 00:02:03.720 --> 00:02:07.560 and the gnore, the g-n-o-r-e part means knowing. 00:02:07.560 --> 00:02:10.080 So not knowing, ignore. 00:02:10.080 --> 00:02:12.450 So you might ignore the spy 00:02:12.450 --> 00:02:15.930 who is incognito performing reconnaissance. 00:02:15.930 --> 00:02:19.590 All right, let's use recognition in some sentences. 00:02:19.590 --> 00:02:21.270 Even at a distance, Sherman 00:02:21.270 --> 00:02:23.820 recognized the familiar three-step gait 00:02:23.820 --> 00:02:25.890 of his old friend Pizzabot. 00:02:25.890 --> 00:02:30.150 Right, he could tell, he could identify it from a distance. 00:02:30.150 --> 00:02:32.130 You can also use recognition to mean 00:02:32.130 --> 00:02:34.380 that someone is being appreciated for something 00:02:34.380 --> 00:02:35.730 that they've done. 00:02:35.730 --> 00:02:39.000 In recognition of her service to the city's garden club, 00:02:39.000 --> 00:02:42.160 Christina got a ceremonial key to the city. 00:02:42.160 --> 00:02:44.647 So here it is not that someone is literally saying, 00:02:44.647 --> 00:02:46.620 "Hey, is that Christina? I know her." 00:02:46.620 --> 00:02:50.010 It's more like the city is acknowledging 00:02:50.010 --> 00:02:52.170 and appreciating her work. 00:02:52.170 --> 00:02:54.840 It's the effort that she's put in that they're officially 00:02:54.840 --> 00:02:59.370 noticing by giving her a giant unwieldy novelty key. 00:02:59.370 --> 00:03:01.890 You too can hold the giant novelty key 00:03:01.890 --> 00:03:03.210 to knowledge, wordsmiths, 00:03:03.210 --> 00:03:05.493 if you hold fast to this truth. 00:03:06.510 --> 00:03:09.363 You can learn anything. David, out.
Advantage	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TdD_tNeTEZ0	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=TdD_tNeTEZ0&ei=n1WUZd-jIJ6ip-oPiIu62A0&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=0767E4E56D93EE5CAFB7BDF5A3AB17F868174C3E.7F7281E8AEB8BAE929C7F551A5081C5FF25E14FD&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.150 --> 00:00:01.890 - [David] I have the high ground, wordsmiths 00:00:01.890 --> 00:00:04.410 because we're talking about the word "advantage" 00:00:04.410 --> 00:00:07.530 in this video, ad-van-tage. 00:00:07.530 --> 00:00:08.820 A noun. 00:00:08.820 --> 00:00:12.450 It means a better position, something that helps. 00:00:12.450 --> 00:00:13.830 If we're running a foot race 00:00:13.830 --> 00:00:16.050 and I get a three minute headstart over you, 00:00:16.050 --> 00:00:17.730 that's a definite advantage. 00:00:17.730 --> 00:00:19.950 I got to start before you did. 00:00:19.950 --> 00:00:21.750 And indeed, that's what the derivation 00:00:21.750 --> 00:00:23.887 of this word gives us. 00:00:23.887 --> 00:00:26.400 "Avantage" can literally be translated 00:00:26.400 --> 00:00:29.220 from French as beforeness. 00:00:29.220 --> 00:00:32.220 So "Avant" means before in French, 00:00:32.220 --> 00:00:34.260 both before in time and in before in space. 00:00:34.260 --> 00:00:37.350 So it can mean both earlier and front of. 00:00:37.350 --> 00:00:41.220 Ag, in English pronounced ig, right, this a-g-e 00:00:41.220 --> 00:00:45.402 is a noun forming suffix that also comes from French. 00:00:45.402 --> 00:00:46.410 It works like this. 00:00:46.410 --> 00:00:48.390 You pack stuff into a package, 00:00:48.390 --> 00:00:50.640 you store things in storage. 00:00:50.640 --> 00:00:54.141 Leaky things are prone to leakage. You get the picture. 00:00:54.141 --> 00:00:57.960 So thinking about avant or advant, 00:00:57.960 --> 00:00:59.310 right, with the "d" in there, 00:00:59.310 --> 00:01:02.610 and a-g-e as a noun forming suffix, 00:01:02.610 --> 00:01:05.013 what similar words can you think of? 00:01:05.940 --> 00:01:09.321 I'll give you 10 seconds. Here we go, music break. 00:01:09.321 --> 00:01:11.904 (upbeat music) 00:01:20.100 --> 00:01:23.400 Here are three that I came up with. Disadvantage, right? 00:01:23.400 --> 00:01:25.050 The opposite of advantage. 00:01:25.050 --> 00:01:27.240 This is when something is making things harder for you, 00:01:27.240 --> 00:01:28.950 like your opponent in a foot race, 00:01:28.950 --> 00:01:32.010 getting a three minute headstart, for example. 00:01:32.010 --> 00:01:33.510 Advance is a verb. 00:01:33.510 --> 00:01:37.440 It means to go forward or to go onward or up. 00:01:37.440 --> 00:01:39.720 And vantage, this noun is usually part 00:01:39.720 --> 00:01:42.150 of the phrase "vantage point". 00:01:42.150 --> 00:01:45.030 It means a good spot, to view things from. 00:01:45.030 --> 00:01:48.270 The top of a hill is a great vantage point from which 00:01:48.270 --> 00:01:51.540 to watch a fireworks display, for example. 00:01:51.540 --> 00:01:54.303 All right, let's use advantage in a few sentences. 00:01:55.320 --> 00:01:58.800 Elias P Beanpole, the tallest boy in 6th grade 00:01:58.800 --> 00:02:02.040 had a distinct advantage on the basketball court. 00:02:02.040 --> 00:02:04.800 He was like 20 feet tall. He could dunk from half court. 00:02:04.800 --> 00:02:08.910 That was his advantage. That's his superior position, right? 00:02:08.910 --> 00:02:11.130 But he did keep bonking his head on the ceiling, 00:02:11.130 --> 00:02:13.800 which I would say is a distinct disadvantage 00:02:13.800 --> 00:02:15.067 to being that tall. 00:02:15.067 --> 00:02:18.060 "Listen, just because my mom runs a candy shop doesn't 00:02:18.060 --> 00:02:20.880 mean you could take advantage of our friendship." 00:02:20.880 --> 00:02:22.830 To take advantage of an opportunity is 00:02:22.830 --> 00:02:24.900 to get some benefit from it, 00:02:24.900 --> 00:02:26.580 but not always in a fair way. 00:02:26.580 --> 00:02:28.050 To take advantage of a friendship 00:02:28.050 --> 00:02:29.017 is to say something like, 00:02:29.017 --> 00:02:31.620 "Hey, your mom has that candy shop. 00:02:31.620 --> 00:02:34.440 How do you feel about hooking up your friend David 00:02:34.440 --> 00:02:36.210 with some free candy, hmm?" 00:02:36.210 --> 00:02:37.320 You do that enough times 00:02:37.320 --> 00:02:38.520 and you're probably going 00:02:38.520 --> 00:02:41.373 to exhaust your friend and your friendship. 00:02:42.330 --> 00:02:45.030 Taking advantage doesn't have to have a negative connotation 00:02:45.030 --> 00:02:48.000 or feeling, though, you could take advantage of a windy day 00:02:48.000 --> 00:02:50.970 and fly a kite or take advantage of a rainy day 00:02:50.970 --> 00:02:53.070 and play a board game, that kind of thing. 00:02:53.906 --> 00:02:58.350 I hope you take advantage of these videos, dear wordsmiths, 00:02:58.350 --> 00:03:00.843 and realize that you can learn anything. 00:03:01.800 --> 00:03:02.633 David out.
Strategic	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UF65aetSs8	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=6UF65aetSs8&ei=n1WUZYWoGsuJp-oP_oO6IA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=391D13EEC10BFD0A8DE5A1BCBC977776A201880E.1CA29B151447C0C6C871847476B4CB3A4A8FD5E0&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:03.203 - [Narrator] I love it when a plan comes together, 00:00:03.203 --> 00:00:04.470 wordsmiths, because the word I'm featuring 00:00:04.470 --> 00:00:06.477 in this video is strategic. 00:00:08.675 --> 00:00:09.508 Strategic. 00:00:10.380 --> 00:00:13.110 It's an adjective and it means related to a plan. 00:00:13.110 --> 00:00:16.080 It's the adjective form of strategy, which is a way 00:00:16.080 --> 00:00:19.290 of thinking about making effective and successful plans 00:00:19.290 --> 00:00:20.730 or the plan itself. 00:00:20.730 --> 00:00:22.650 Strategic comes from Greek, 00:00:22.650 --> 00:00:24.900 the word strategos means general, 00:00:24.900 --> 00:00:27.270 as in the commander of an army. 00:00:27.270 --> 00:00:29.670 Being strategic means you're thinking like a general 00:00:29.670 --> 00:00:32.550 commanding troops, like you're trying to play five games 00:00:32.550 --> 00:00:34.620 of chess at once. 00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:38.730 The ic part, the I-C part is an adjective forming suffix, 00:00:38.730 --> 00:00:42.360 so it turns nouns into modifiers, into adjectives. 00:00:42.360 --> 00:00:45.423 So strategic means like a general. 00:00:46.800 --> 00:00:49.380 What do you see from these word parts? 00:00:49.380 --> 00:00:52.620 What do you see in strateg and ic? 00:00:52.620 --> 00:00:55.650 I'll give you 10 seconds to come up with similar words. 00:00:55.650 --> 00:00:57.513 Throw in a little music, here we go. 00:00:58.574 --> 00:01:01.157 (upbeat music) 00:01:08.250 --> 00:01:09.390 Here's what I came up with. 00:01:09.390 --> 00:01:12.030 There's stratagem, which is like a trick 00:01:12.030 --> 00:01:14.280 or a cutting little plan that you pull off. 00:01:14.280 --> 00:01:16.920 In other words, a maneuver. 00:01:16.920 --> 00:01:20.280 Cosmic, which means it has to do with outer space, right? 00:01:20.280 --> 00:01:23.400 It's the the word cosmos plus ic, 00:01:23.400 --> 00:01:25.710 the adjective forming suffix. 00:01:25.710 --> 00:01:27.690 Cosmos is outer space. 00:01:27.690 --> 00:01:31.500 Strategize, which is the verb form of strategic or strategy. 00:01:31.500 --> 00:01:34.563 It means to make plans, to come up with a strategy. 00:01:35.802 --> 00:01:37.740 Okay, troops, follow me over to the next screen 00:01:37.740 --> 00:01:42.360 where we'll use strategic in a few sentences, hoo-ah. 00:01:42.360 --> 00:01:45.000 If you're strategic with your chocolate chip placement, 00:01:45.000 --> 00:01:47.670 you can use cookies to spell words. 00:01:47.670 --> 00:01:50.460 This one appears to say Khan. 00:01:50.460 --> 00:01:52.740 If you're clever about it, if you've thought 00:01:52.740 --> 00:01:56.460 through the plan and its implications, if you're strategic, 00:01:56.460 --> 00:02:00.150 you can create cookie mischief, which is probably one 00:02:00.150 --> 00:02:02.820 of the 10 best kinds of mischief. 00:02:02.820 --> 00:02:06.123 Okay, let's try it as a noun now as strategy. 00:02:07.080 --> 00:02:10.560 After three straight days of failure, the scientists decided 00:02:10.560 --> 00:02:13.080 to attempt a new strategy. 00:02:13.080 --> 00:02:15.210 What was that strategy? I don't know. 00:02:15.210 --> 00:02:16.740 I didn't read the lab notes 00:02:16.740 --> 00:02:18.720 and it kind of appears as if those lab notes have 00:02:18.720 --> 00:02:22.920 gone into the trash. But here's what I do know. 00:02:22.920 --> 00:02:26.077 You can learn anything, wordsmiths, David out.
Effective	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIHVc8Y0I3s	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=NIHVc8Y0I3s&ei=n1WUZfewIOSOvdIP9OOBEA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=DF4B46CB99CD316D2160CE8DAB3573F2E885E7AE.A9954063B95FC91260074DD78BFADA400F013EAC&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.870 --> 00:00:02.580 - [David] This one's gonna work like a charm, 00:00:02.580 --> 00:00:04.530 wordsmiths, because the word we're featuring 00:00:04.530 --> 00:00:07.245 in this video is effective. 00:00:07.245 --> 00:00:11.280 Effective, it's an adjective meaning successful, 00:00:11.280 --> 00:00:12.690 good at something. 00:00:12.690 --> 00:00:16.170 The etymology, the derivation of this word helps explain it, 00:00:16.170 --> 00:00:17.003 I think. 00:00:17.003 --> 00:00:18.660 Three Latin parts. 00:00:18.660 --> 00:00:23.660 First one, "ef" is a modified form of ex, meaning out. 00:00:24.540 --> 00:00:27.750 The second one, "fect," or fact, 00:00:27.750 --> 00:00:32.280 comes from a Latin verb that means to make, right? 00:00:32.280 --> 00:00:35.280 And just those two on their own give us effect, right? 00:00:35.280 --> 00:00:38.790 An effect is an outcome, a thing that you made happen, 00:00:38.790 --> 00:00:41.250 what comes out of a process. 00:00:41.250 --> 00:00:43.789 I hit a watermelon with a baseball bat. 00:00:43.789 --> 00:00:44.622 (melon splatting) 00:00:44.622 --> 00:00:47.040 That's a sound effect, right? 00:00:47.040 --> 00:00:50.010 Oh, okay, and finally, I-V-E, "ive," 00:00:50.010 --> 00:00:52.560 an adjective forming suffix. 00:00:52.560 --> 00:00:54.990 It has a meaning of tending to. 00:00:54.990 --> 00:00:57.090 Something that is effective tends to, 00:00:57.090 --> 00:00:59.970 or has the quality of making things happen, 00:00:59.970 --> 00:01:03.420 of making outcomes easily, powerfully. 00:01:03.420 --> 00:01:06.720 All right, let's look for similar related words. 00:01:06.720 --> 00:01:08.760 Think of some words that have that E-F-F, 00:01:08.760 --> 00:01:12.420 that eff beginning, or fect or fact in them, 00:01:12.420 --> 00:01:14.733 or end in I-V-E, end in ive. 00:01:16.050 --> 00:01:18.330 I'll put on some music. 10 seconds. 00:01:18.330 --> 00:01:19.534 Here we go. 00:01:19.534 --> 00:01:22.117 (upbeat music) 00:01:30.270 --> 00:01:32.430 So here are three that I came up with. 00:01:32.430 --> 00:01:36.150 Effusive, this is an adjective meaning pouring out, 00:01:36.150 --> 00:01:40.200 like you might shower someone with effusive praise. 00:01:40.200 --> 00:01:42.210 It has that eff prefix, right? 00:01:42.210 --> 00:01:45.540 The modified form of ex, meaning out. 00:01:45.540 --> 00:01:49.410 Then confection, this word means candy or sweets, 00:01:49.410 --> 00:01:50.940 though it literally means a thing 00:01:50.940 --> 00:01:52.650 that is made together, right? 00:01:52.650 --> 00:01:57.650 Confection, a mixed thing, a combination of sweets. 00:01:57.690 --> 00:02:00.390 And a third related word is factory, 00:02:00.390 --> 00:02:02.640 a place where things are made, 00:02:02.640 --> 00:02:06.390 a shoe factory, a chocolate factory, a car factory. 00:02:06.390 --> 00:02:10.470 That ory ending, O-R-Y, is a noun-forming suffix 00:02:10.470 --> 00:02:15.470 that means a place for, like laboratory or observatory. 00:02:15.750 --> 00:02:18.840 Let's use the word effective in a sentence or two. 00:02:18.840 --> 00:02:22.290 Marisa realized how effective her marketing campaign 00:02:22.290 --> 00:02:25.980 had been when she saw the line stretching around the block. 00:02:25.980 --> 00:02:29.010 It worked extremely well, the marketing campaign did, 00:02:29.010 --> 00:02:31.380 and now everyone wants to buy her donuts. 00:02:31.380 --> 00:02:34.473 Donuts, the universal food. Let me show you another one. 00:02:35.400 --> 00:02:36.960 The article that Devon wrote 00:02:36.960 --> 00:02:40.680 about IckyCorp's scummy labor practices was so effective 00:02:40.680 --> 00:02:42.483 that it put them out of business. 00:02:43.530 --> 00:02:45.090 Nobody wanted to work with them anymore, 00:02:45.090 --> 00:02:48.120 these weird business blobs 00:02:48.120 --> 00:02:50.223 that leave a trail of goo. 00:02:51.300 --> 00:02:53.220 I wonder what they made at IckyCorp. 00:02:53.220 --> 00:02:55.773 Actually, no, no, I do not wanna know. 00:02:57.240 --> 00:02:58.680 But here's what I do wanna know. 00:02:58.680 --> 00:03:03.513 I want you to know that you can learn anything. David out.
Interwoven	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nv5eDkkca9A	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=nv5eDkkca9A&ei=n1WUZbKbH4vXxwL92KCAAw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=8B95F816D2F85D14933FF7EF540CB63D92787D77.79769D2EC68548426ACC1F08E7EAD56C71D64EC7&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.930 --> 00:00:03.240 - [David] I've got a twisted tale to tell you 00:00:03.240 --> 00:00:05.610 in this video, Wordsmiths, because the word I want 00:00:05.610 --> 00:00:09.133 to talk about is interwoven, interwoven. 00:00:11.520 --> 00:00:15.990 It's an adjective and it means twisted or joined together 00:00:15.990 --> 00:00:19.800 and it has a literal meaning like two fibers woven 00:00:19.800 --> 00:00:22.650 into the same carpet, but it also has a figurative one, 00:00:22.650 --> 00:00:25.320 like the strands of two families joining together 00:00:25.320 --> 00:00:26.920 when their children get married. 00:00:27.780 --> 00:00:30.930 Let's talk about the word parts here. 00:00:30.930 --> 00:00:35.073 We've got inter, which means between or among, 00:00:36.000 --> 00:00:37.770 and interaction, right? 00:00:37.770 --> 00:00:40.320 Is action between two or more things, 00:00:40.320 --> 00:00:42.750 and intercom is a device that allows you 00:00:42.750 --> 00:00:46.140 to communicate within a building or similar, 00:00:46.140 --> 00:00:49.200 and woven is the past tense form of to weave. 00:00:49.200 --> 00:00:52.740 Weaving is when you make fabric out of threads by inter, 00:00:52.740 --> 00:00:57.330 huh, inter, interlacing them on a machine called the loom. 00:00:57.330 --> 00:00:59.460 I was just in a fabric workshop, here's a picture I took 00:00:59.460 --> 00:01:01.050 of a loom from the other day. 00:01:01.050 --> 00:01:04.200 The threads are under tension and you plate them together 00:01:04.200 --> 00:01:07.920 and if you do that enough times, you have a piece of fabric. 00:01:07.920 --> 00:01:11.490 A weave in the noun form is a hair extension 00:01:11.490 --> 00:01:15.390 or it can be the pattern that you make by weaving something. 00:01:15.390 --> 00:01:18.900 Let's weave these word parts into other words. 00:01:18.900 --> 00:01:21.120 Leaving weave aside for now, what are some words 00:01:21.120 --> 00:01:24.750 that you can think of that use the prefix inter? 00:01:24.750 --> 00:01:28.440 I'll put on some music, meet me back here in 10 seconds. 00:01:28.440 --> 00:01:31.693 All right, let's do it. (upbeat music) 00:01:40.470 --> 00:01:42.750 Here are three that I came up with. 00:01:42.750 --> 00:01:46.260 Interrelated, an adjective that means two things are related 00:01:46.260 --> 00:01:47.160 to one another, right? 00:01:47.160 --> 00:01:49.410 There's a connection between them. 00:01:49.410 --> 00:01:53.190 An intersection, a crossroads where two roads cut 00:01:53.190 --> 00:01:55.650 into each other, that's what sect means, 00:01:55.650 --> 00:01:59.910 it's from secare, to cut, so intersection. 00:01:59.910 --> 00:02:02.040 Intercept, which is a verb that means 00:02:02.040 --> 00:02:04.290 to catch something on its way to somewhere else. 00:02:04.290 --> 00:02:06.990 You can intercept a ball and snatch it out of the air 00:02:06.990 --> 00:02:09.930 while it's passing between two places 00:02:09.930 --> 00:02:13.440 or a spy can intercept a secret message. 00:02:13.440 --> 00:02:15.150 Oh no, that spy has made a way 00:02:15.150 --> 00:02:17.700 with that top secret communique. 00:02:17.700 --> 00:02:19.770 Oh no, he's disappeared. 00:02:19.770 --> 00:02:22.740 Let's use interwoven in a few sentences. 00:02:22.740 --> 00:02:24.213 Here's a literal use. 00:02:25.200 --> 00:02:28.440 In this pattern, blue threads are interwoven 00:02:28.440 --> 00:02:30.060 with pink, right? 00:02:30.060 --> 00:02:30.960 If you do this enough times, 00:02:30.960 --> 00:02:33.390 you can sort of see where plaid comes from. 00:02:33.390 --> 00:02:36.480 The strands are literally woven together, 00:02:36.480 --> 00:02:40.260 but here's a figurative use of the word. 00:02:40.260 --> 00:02:43.590 The food traditions of Italy and India are interwoven 00:02:43.590 --> 00:02:47.250 in my dad's signature dish, pizza curry. 00:02:47.250 --> 00:02:48.810 In this case, it's traditions 00:02:48.810 --> 00:02:50.250 that have been twisted together 00:02:50.250 --> 00:02:53.070 rather than literal strands of thread. 00:02:53.070 --> 00:02:55.620 Curry pizza is a real thing, by the way, 00:02:55.620 --> 00:02:58.590 if you've never had it and it's incredible. 00:02:58.590 --> 00:03:01.440 Dip a piece of cheese pizza into saag paneer 00:03:01.440 --> 00:03:02.820 and thank me later. 00:03:02.820 --> 00:03:04.890 Listen, Wordsmiths, I'm just here to help 00:03:04.890 --> 00:03:08.370 in matters food related and in matters word related, 00:03:08.370 --> 00:03:12.123 and you're just here because you can learn anything. 00:03:12.960 --> 00:03:13.793 David, out.
Heritage	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9ttbflLOXGM	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=9ttbflLOXGM&ei=n1WUZcKWGsD6vdIPtt2SkAs&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=66FFA484A362B1A08C532615B3A9F1561AA0216F.9F6BEE7DB4DE1893BB67489E10A16A93B839C7D6&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.750 --> 00:00:03.360 - [David] It's time to explore our roots, wordsmiths, 00:00:03.360 --> 00:00:04.950 our backgrounds, where we came from. 00:00:04.950 --> 00:00:07.440 Because the word I'm bringing you in this video 00:00:07.440 --> 00:00:09.732 is "heritage". 00:00:09.732 --> 00:00:12.150 Mind you, we're always exploring our roots 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:13.560 when it comes to vocabulary. 00:00:13.560 --> 00:00:15.210 Huh? All right. 00:00:15.210 --> 00:00:18.240 Her-i-tage, it's a noun. 00:00:18.240 --> 00:00:19.530 It means a birthright. 00:00:19.530 --> 00:00:22.200 Traditions or goods granted to you by relatives 00:00:22.200 --> 00:00:23.670 or cultural ancestors. 00:00:23.670 --> 00:00:26.670 For example, I have Lithuanian heritage. 00:00:26.670 --> 00:00:29.790 Here's a map of the Baltic Sea. There's Lithuania. 00:00:29.790 --> 00:00:31.440 Some of my ancestors came from there. 00:00:31.440 --> 00:00:33.780 This country in Eastern Europe. 00:00:33.780 --> 00:00:36.270 That's part of my heritage. 00:00:36.270 --> 00:00:39.150 Let's talk about the derivation of this word. 00:00:39.150 --> 00:00:40.920 It comes from French. 00:00:40.920 --> 00:00:42.270 Many words in English do, 00:00:42.270 --> 00:00:45.630 because about 900 years ago, the French invaded England 00:00:45.630 --> 00:00:48.030 and took their language along for the ride. 00:00:48.030 --> 00:00:50.940 So heritage is itself of French origin. 00:00:50.940 --> 00:00:53.580 But we can break that down further into "heriter" 00:00:53.580 --> 00:00:55.729 which is a verb that means to inherit, 00:00:55.729 --> 00:00:57.972 to receive something from a relative 00:00:57.972 --> 00:01:01.410 and a-g-e which is a noun forming suffix. 00:01:01.410 --> 00:01:03.330 It's pronounced aj in French, in English, 00:01:03.330 --> 00:01:05.550 it's pronounced ij, right? 00:01:05.550 --> 00:01:09.600 Like an ij you scratch. It can turn verbs into nouns. 00:01:09.600 --> 00:01:11.010 For example, turning the verb 00:01:11.010 --> 00:01:13.770 to marry into the noun, marriage. 00:01:13.770 --> 00:01:16.213 So inherit plus a-g-e 00:01:16.213 --> 00:01:19.373 equals the thing you inherit, right? 00:01:19.373 --> 00:01:24.330 Herit-age, heritage. So we've got these two word parts. 00:01:24.330 --> 00:01:28.080 Can you think of words that sound similar to herit 00:01:28.080 --> 00:01:32.700 and a-g-e and ij that use those word parts? 00:01:32.700 --> 00:01:34.890 I'll give you 10 seconds to come up with a few. 00:01:34.890 --> 00:01:38.007 Doesn't have to be a lot. Okay, commence the music. 00:01:38.007 --> 00:01:40.924 (soft funky music) 00:01:48.540 --> 00:01:50.460 Here are some that I came up with. 00:01:50.460 --> 00:01:53.160 Inheritance, which is the property you inherit 00:01:53.160 --> 00:01:54.547 when someone dies. 00:01:54.547 --> 00:01:57.322 "Ance" is another noun forming suffix. 00:01:57.322 --> 00:01:59.430 Wreckage is a noun. 00:01:59.430 --> 00:02:02.190 It's what's left after something has been wrecked, right? 00:02:02.190 --> 00:02:04.170 The remnants of something that's been destroyed. 00:02:04.170 --> 00:02:07.200 We took the verb to wreck to destroy 00:02:07.200 --> 00:02:11.343 and added a-g-e to make it a noun, to make it wreckage. 00:02:12.750 --> 00:02:17.730 An heirloom. Herit and heir, h-e-i-r are related words. 00:02:17.730 --> 00:02:20.310 And an heirloom is a treasured piece of inheritance 00:02:20.310 --> 00:02:22.824 that passes down through a family. 00:02:22.824 --> 00:02:26.670 Let's use the word heritage in a sentence or two. 00:02:26.670 --> 00:02:29.400 Adewale's family heritage was writing. 00:02:29.400 --> 00:02:31.020 His mother is a screenwriter 00:02:31.020 --> 00:02:33.270 and his grandfather was a playwright. 00:02:33.270 --> 00:02:35.523 It's a family tradition for him, you see, 00:02:36.690 --> 00:02:39.450 there's Adewale, there's his mom 00:02:39.450 --> 00:02:40.743 and there's her dad. 00:02:41.580 --> 00:02:43.140 This is also a typewriter, 00:02:43.140 --> 00:02:46.080 for those of you too young to know what a typewriter is. 00:02:46.080 --> 00:02:47.580 It's the machine that goes clicky, clicky, 00:02:47.580 --> 00:02:48.810 click clicky, ding ding, ding. 00:02:48.810 --> 00:02:50.175 You make the words. 00:02:50.175 --> 00:02:53.130 I feel like that's self-explanatory. 00:02:53.130 --> 00:02:56.730 So that's being used for an individual or a family, right? 00:02:56.730 --> 00:02:58.950 A family context, Adewale's family. 00:02:58.950 --> 00:03:02.673 But let's use it in a wider national context. 00:03:03.750 --> 00:03:05.790 Many foods that we think of 00:03:05.790 --> 00:03:08.400 as uniquely American originated elsewhere. 00:03:08.400 --> 00:03:11.553 But we can claim Cajun chef Paul Prudhomme's turducken. 00:03:12.517 --> 00:03:14.880 A chicken stuffed inside a duck, stuffed inside a Turkey 00:03:14.880 --> 00:03:17.670 as part of our cultural heritage. 00:03:17.670 --> 00:03:20.100 Here I have drawn a handy cutaway diagram. 00:03:20.100 --> 00:03:23.550 You see in here in the middle, that's the chicken. 00:03:23.550 --> 00:03:26.370 This purple layer here represents the duck. 00:03:26.370 --> 00:03:29.610 And of course, this outer layer, the mantle of the earth 00:03:29.610 --> 00:03:32.040 represents the Turkey. 00:03:32.040 --> 00:03:35.122 And this represents a hungry individual who wishes 00:03:35.122 --> 00:03:36.603 to eat the turducken. 00:03:38.550 --> 00:03:40.470 But more to the point, what I'm trying to say is 00:03:40.470 --> 00:03:42.720 that the turducken represents something 00:03:42.720 --> 00:03:45.090 that is unique to America. 00:03:45.090 --> 00:03:48.450 It is part of the United States cultural 00:03:48.450 --> 00:03:50.490 and culinary heritage. 00:03:50.490 --> 00:03:52.920 It's part of our food heritage. 00:03:52.920 --> 00:03:56.040 Now, I have never had the buck wild pleasure 00:03:56.040 --> 00:03:59.940 of eating a turducken but I hear it is delicious. 00:03:59.940 --> 00:04:03.630 So support your local mad scientist chef, wordsmiths, 00:04:03.630 --> 00:04:05.700 and I'll catch you next time. 00:04:05.700 --> 00:04:07.953 You can learn anything. David, out.
Esteem	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boB0GiMrS_Q	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=boB0GiMrS_Q&ei=n1WUZcD_Gq6Ap-oP6tuLMA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=E744C48A177791BF5EB0812ED767E659C1763AC0.C323E167B186DFBCE00104D552EAAC583F4942C6&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.270 --> 00:00:01.590 - Hey there, wordsmiths. 00:00:01.590 --> 00:00:04.890 I must tell you, I feel quite good about this word. 00:00:04.890 --> 00:00:06.340 Esteem. 00:00:06.340 --> 00:00:08.430 Esteem. 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:10.380 It's a noun. It means respect. 00:00:10.380 --> 00:00:12.300 You can hold someone in high esteem, 00:00:12.300 --> 00:00:14.580 which means you have a lot of respect for them, 00:00:14.580 --> 00:00:18.357 or you can have high self-esteem, respect for yourself. 00:00:18.357 --> 00:00:20.610 This word comes from the French estimer, 00:00:20.610 --> 00:00:22.590 which means to appraise 00:00:22.590 --> 00:00:25.052 and to guess at the value of something. 00:00:25.052 --> 00:00:27.990 This was indeed the original meaning 00:00:27.990 --> 00:00:31.151 of esteem was worth or value. 00:00:31.151 --> 00:00:33.219 Let's come up with some similar words. 00:00:33.219 --> 00:00:34.851 What words can you think of 00:00:34.851 --> 00:00:38.040 that can contain a similar root to esteem? 00:00:38.040 --> 00:00:41.550 I'm thinking about that E-S-T especially. 00:00:41.550 --> 00:00:42.930 I'll give you 10 seconds. 00:00:42.930 --> 00:00:44.461 Okay, here we go. 00:00:44.461 --> 00:00:47.044 (upbeat music) 00:00:55.170 --> 00:00:56.850 Okay, here's what I came up with. 00:00:56.850 --> 00:01:00.510 There's estimate, which means to make a rough guess, 00:01:00.510 --> 00:01:03.960 like estimating how many jelly beans are in a jar, right? 00:01:03.960 --> 00:01:06.720 Tying it back to the root when you're estimating something, 00:01:06.720 --> 00:01:09.510 you're guessing at its value or its worth, 00:01:09.510 --> 00:01:12.231 or how many jelly beans there are. 00:01:12.231 --> 00:01:14.460 Esteemed, which is another way of saying 00:01:14.460 --> 00:01:17.160 the famous or the well-respected. 00:01:17.160 --> 00:01:19.050 That's how I talk about my work friends sometimes. 00:01:19.050 --> 00:01:21.480 I'll be like, oh yeah, my esteemed colleague, Heather, 00:01:21.480 --> 00:01:23.246 She rules. Hi, Heather. 00:01:23.246 --> 00:01:26.585 Inestimable, which means something so precious 00:01:26.585 --> 00:01:30.660 that it can't even be given a value, like a diamond, 00:01:30.660 --> 00:01:33.540 the size of a small dog, or my belief in you. 00:01:33.540 --> 00:01:36.390 Let's use esteem in a sentence or two. 00:01:36.390 --> 00:01:39.600 Juanita held her mother's sculptures in high esteem, 00:01:39.600 --> 00:01:42.840 though the art world never seemed to get them. 00:01:42.840 --> 00:01:44.310 She respects them a lot. 00:01:44.310 --> 00:01:46.200 That's what that conventional expression means, 00:01:46.200 --> 00:01:47.880 to hold something in high esteem 00:01:47.880 --> 00:01:50.280 is you really, really like it, 00:01:50.280 --> 00:01:51.360 and that doesn't have to be things. 00:01:51.360 --> 00:01:52.410 That can also be people. 00:01:52.410 --> 00:01:54.990 You can hold a person in high esteem. 00:01:54.990 --> 00:01:55.950 Let's do another one. 00:01:55.950 --> 00:01:58.050 Brolus the Troll saw a therapist 00:01:58.050 --> 00:02:01.139 to talk through his feelings of low self-esteem. 00:02:01.139 --> 00:02:02.490 Good job, Brolus. 00:02:02.490 --> 00:02:04.680 It's never too late to take care of yourself. 00:02:04.680 --> 00:02:05.513 In this house, 00:02:05.513 --> 00:02:08.180 we support trolls that take care of themselves. 00:02:08.180 --> 00:02:11.366 Wordsmiths. I hope you know the value that you possess. 00:02:11.366 --> 00:02:12.900 It is inestimable. 00:02:12.900 --> 00:02:14.937 It is beyond number. 00:02:14.937 --> 00:02:17.280 Remember that when you're feeling low. 00:02:17.280 --> 00:02:18.480 I believe in you, 00:02:18.480 --> 00:02:21.303 and I also believe that you can learn anything. 00:02:22.230 --> 00:02:23.063 David out.
Perceive	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NiaCGBX9Zig	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=NiaCGBX9Zig&ei=n1WUZaOMIPDpxN8Pk8a3UA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=168BE810B6AC0C8EC220845CA7A292133F472228.225DF631DF633122BCC61073C3FD697D41612669&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.300 --> 00:00:03.060 - [David] Open your minds, wordsmiths. 00:00:03.060 --> 00:00:05.670 We're talking about the word perceive. 00:00:05.670 --> 00:00:08.310 Ah, it's one of those E before I words, 00:00:08.310 --> 00:00:10.290 some of the hardest to spell in English. 00:00:10.290 --> 00:00:12.423 Perceive is a verb. 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:15.510 This verb means to notice something. 00:00:15.510 --> 00:00:18.930 You might also know it from its noun form, perception. 00:00:18.930 --> 00:00:19.763 Perception. 00:00:20.670 --> 00:00:22.740 It's a non-specific way of saying 00:00:22.740 --> 00:00:25.110 that your senses are picking something up. 00:00:25.110 --> 00:00:30.030 You can perceive sights, smells, tastes, sounds, feelings. 00:00:30.030 --> 00:00:33.360 Perception, perceiving, covers all of that. 00:00:33.360 --> 00:00:36.120 So this comes from Latin. All of it does. 00:00:36.120 --> 00:00:38.580 Because of the E before I thing in the verb form, 00:00:38.580 --> 00:00:41.100 I think it's a little easier to break it down as a noun, 00:00:41.100 --> 00:00:43.710 so let's look at perception. 00:00:43.710 --> 00:00:48.543 So per is a prefix that means completely or through. 00:00:49.440 --> 00:00:51.900 The cept part comes from capita, 00:00:51.900 --> 00:00:54.720 which you might also see as capt, C-A-P-T. 00:00:54.720 --> 00:00:57.180 It means to grasp, to grab. 00:00:57.180 --> 00:01:00.390 And ion is a noun-forming suffix, right, 00:01:00.390 --> 00:01:03.630 an ending that turns other words into nouns. 00:01:03.630 --> 00:01:08.040 So perception is when you grasp something completely, 00:01:08.040 --> 00:01:09.513 when you understand it. 00:01:10.500 --> 00:01:13.140 Let's take 10 seconds and come up with some similar words 00:01:13.140 --> 00:01:18.140 that contain these elements, per and capt and ion. 00:01:18.330 --> 00:01:20.810 Three, two, one. Let's jam. 00:01:20.810 --> 00:01:24.143 (cheerful upbeat music) 00:01:34.240 --> 00:01:36.330 Okay, here's some I came up with. 00:01:36.330 --> 00:01:39.210 Pervasive, an adjective meaning everywhere. 00:01:39.210 --> 00:01:41.850 Per means through and vadere means to go. 00:01:41.850 --> 00:01:44.820 Compare the word invade, right, to go in. 00:01:44.820 --> 00:01:46.710 So something that's pervasive 00:01:46.710 --> 00:01:49.680 has completely gone through a community. 00:01:49.680 --> 00:01:54.300 Pervasive influence, pervasive illness, pervasive trends. 00:01:54.300 --> 00:01:58.140 Capture, a verb meaning to grab, to take by force. 00:01:58.140 --> 00:02:01.530 This is probably as close a direct English translation 00:02:01.530 --> 00:02:03.723 as you can get of the Latin verb capere. 00:02:04.620 --> 00:02:07.800 Reception, a noun meaning getting something, 00:02:07.800 --> 00:02:09.090 receiving a thing. 00:02:09.090 --> 00:02:11.520 You might have bad reception in the dining room 00:02:11.520 --> 00:02:13.200 because the Wi-Fi is weak there. 00:02:13.200 --> 00:02:15.720 Or reception can mean a formal event 00:02:15.720 --> 00:02:17.340 like a wedding reception. 00:02:17.340 --> 00:02:19.740 The thing you are receiving is partygoers. 00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:22.560 You are welcoming them to celebrate with you. 00:02:22.560 --> 00:02:26.400 Let's use perception and perceive in a couple of sentences. 00:02:26.400 --> 00:02:28.890 Thanks to his keen powers of perception, 00:02:28.890 --> 00:02:30.960 Walter saw that the bridge was about to collapse 00:02:30.960 --> 00:02:32.850 and kept everyone away. 00:02:32.850 --> 00:02:34.830 He saw it. He noticed it, right? 00:02:34.830 --> 00:02:36.157 He looked at the bridge and he was like, 00:02:36.157 --> 00:02:40.020 "That structural beam exhibits signs of metal fatigue." 00:02:40.020 --> 00:02:43.170 Good eye, Walter. Thanks for saving lives. 00:02:43.170 --> 00:02:44.340 Let's do another one. 00:02:44.340 --> 00:02:47.820 Using her psychic powers, Jade perceived Vivek 00:02:47.820 --> 00:02:49.590 before he entered the room. 00:02:49.590 --> 00:02:53.250 Right, she's sensing him with, in this case, 00:02:53.250 --> 00:02:55.200 her psychic powers. 00:02:55.200 --> 00:02:57.210 And, of course, another term for psychic powers 00:02:57.210 --> 00:02:59.790 is extrasensory perception. 00:02:59.790 --> 00:03:02.790 Hmm? What we used to call the sixth sense. 00:03:02.790 --> 00:03:04.860 That's right, I'm putting more content in the outro. 00:03:04.860 --> 00:03:05.880 Try to stop me. 00:03:05.880 --> 00:03:08.940 Oh right, I forgot. I cannot be stopped. 00:03:08.940 --> 00:03:13.593 But you can't either because you can learn anything. 00:03:14.520 --> 00:03:15.353 David out.
Collective	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08ezdqrSSIg	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=08ezdqrSSIg&ei=n1WUZemVIbfCp-oPkMmV2Aw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=97B15A170409A3232C72942DE1FA7E418E51D858.07F7159396EA47A0D68F9162D64E93335F91E2B0&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.360 --> 00:00:02.910 - [David] It's time to come together, wordsmiths. 00:00:02.910 --> 00:00:06.398 The word we'll go through in this video is "collective." 00:00:06.398 --> 00:00:09.573 Collective, it's an adjective. 00:00:10.770 --> 00:00:14.220 It means, something done together by everyone in a group, 00:00:14.220 --> 00:00:16.590 like, "We made a collective decision 00:00:16.590 --> 00:00:18.330 that sea slugs should be our mascot." 00:00:18.330 --> 00:00:20.640 We did it together, right? 00:00:20.640 --> 00:00:23.250 This word comes from Latin roots, 00:00:23.250 --> 00:00:25.230 the co- part means with, or together, 00:00:25.230 --> 00:00:27.510 like cohabitate, to live together, 00:00:27.510 --> 00:00:30.060 or cooperate, to work together. 00:00:30.060 --> 00:00:33.150 You might also see it as con, or com. 00:00:33.150 --> 00:00:35.340 The -lect part comes from legere, 00:00:35.340 --> 00:00:38.580 which is Latin for "to pick," or "to gather." 00:00:38.580 --> 00:00:42.030 It's also Latin for "to read," but that's another story. 00:00:42.030 --> 00:00:43.380 So gathered together, 00:00:43.380 --> 00:00:45.840 that's what it means to collect something, right? 00:00:45.840 --> 00:00:47.820 Collect, gather together. 00:00:47.820 --> 00:00:50.400 And this last part, I-V-E, -ive, 00:00:50.400 --> 00:00:52.558 that's what makes it an adjective, a describing word, 00:00:52.558 --> 00:00:55.260 it means tending to. 00:00:55.260 --> 00:00:57.660 So, therefore, something that's collective 00:00:57.660 --> 00:01:00.000 tends to stick together, right? 00:01:00.000 --> 00:01:04.170 Gathers things together, does things as a group. 00:01:04.170 --> 00:01:05.850 So using these three elements, 00:01:05.850 --> 00:01:08.370 what other similar words can you come up with? 00:01:08.370 --> 00:01:13.370 Co-, or con-, lect, or -ive. 00:01:13.830 --> 00:01:15.150 I'll put on some music. 00:01:15.150 --> 00:01:17.583 Meet me back here in 10 seconds. 00:01:18.607 --> 00:01:21.440 (energetic music) 00:01:29.220 --> 00:01:31.200 Okay. Here's what I came up with. 00:01:31.200 --> 00:01:34.290 Using CON, I have conduct, to guide, 00:01:34.290 --> 00:01:37.110 like a train conductor, or an orchestra conductor. 00:01:37.110 --> 00:01:38.550 Con, together, 00:01:38.550 --> 00:01:39.930 duct, to lead. 00:01:39.930 --> 00:01:42.060 You're leading an orchestra together. 00:01:42.060 --> 00:01:45.270 You're keeping everyone on the train together. 00:01:45.270 --> 00:01:48.390 Using LECT, I got elect, right? 00:01:48.390 --> 00:01:50.880 To vote for someone, to pick them. 00:01:50.880 --> 00:01:54.030 Using -ive, I got impressive, 00:01:54.030 --> 00:01:55.860 an adjective that describes something 00:01:55.860 --> 00:01:58.140 as worthy or memorable, 00:01:58.140 --> 00:02:01.350 something that might impress us, right? 00:02:01.350 --> 00:02:04.263 Let's use collective in a sentence. 00:02:05.947 --> 00:02:08.640 "Because its members loved arguing, 00:02:08.640 --> 00:02:12.300 the Debate Club struggled to make collective decisions." 00:02:12.300 --> 00:02:14.730 Right? They couldn't even decide what to order for dinner 00:02:14.730 --> 00:02:15.630 as a group. 00:02:15.630 --> 00:02:17.580 Little takeout menu in the center. 00:02:17.580 --> 00:02:19.620 You can also use collective as a noun, 00:02:19.620 --> 00:02:21.360 although that's a little bit less common, 00:02:21.360 --> 00:02:23.340 it's another way to say group. 00:02:23.340 --> 00:02:25.920 Think of like, a farmer's collective, 00:02:25.920 --> 00:02:28.980 or a yarn collective, right? 00:02:28.980 --> 00:02:30.570 It's a group of people that have come together 00:02:30.570 --> 00:02:32.250 to accomplish something. 00:02:32.250 --> 00:02:33.990 Together, we fly, wordsmiths. 00:02:33.990 --> 00:02:36.540 What we do, we do collectively. 00:02:36.540 --> 00:02:37.860 And together, 00:02:37.860 --> 00:02:39.453 I think we can learn anything. 00:02:40.320 --> 00:02:41.153 David, out.
Incident	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qrp76qvtUhM	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=Qrp76qvtUhM&ei=n1WUZcWgIMLDmLAPneut-Ao&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=495862E502F9B504B5D5D4785E172627D2D72832.9CB760789943A86D17EF8ACF54B672380EB3BF5C&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:01.080 - Hey, wordsmiths. 00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:04.170 Let me introduce you to a spectacular new word. 00:00:04.170 --> 00:00:05.640 It's, oh. 00:00:05.640 --> 00:00:08.700 Oh dear. There's been an incident. 00:00:08.700 --> 00:00:10.710 This manatee has taken several bites 00:00:10.710 --> 00:00:12.990 out of the word spectacular. (sighs) 00:00:12.990 --> 00:00:14.850 Well, fine. 00:00:14.850 --> 00:00:16.980 We are nothing if not flexible here at Khan Academy. 00:00:16.980 --> 00:00:20.580 So let us instead pivot to the word incident itself. 00:00:20.580 --> 00:00:21.663 Incident. 00:00:22.560 --> 00:00:24.060 It's a noun. 00:00:24.060 --> 00:00:25.740 And it means an unforeseen 00:00:25.740 --> 00:00:27.600 and usually bad thing that happens, 00:00:27.600 --> 00:00:29.880 like a manatee taking several bites 00:00:29.880 --> 00:00:31.650 out of my vocabulary word. 00:00:31.650 --> 00:00:32.550 Thanks pal. 00:00:32.550 --> 00:00:34.170 Sorry to be the bearer of bad news, 00:00:34.170 --> 00:00:36.240 but hey, at least I can be the bearer 00:00:36.240 --> 00:00:38.043 of good word origins, huh? 00:00:38.043 --> 00:00:39.150 Huh? Come on. 00:00:39.150 --> 00:00:41.100 Incident comes from the Latin incidere, 00:00:41.100 --> 00:00:43.380 which means to fall upon or to happen. 00:00:43.380 --> 00:00:45.090 And we can break that into two parts, 00:00:45.090 --> 00:00:49.380 in, which means in or on, and cidere, which means to fall. 00:00:49.380 --> 00:00:54.030 So an incident is an event that fell upon you or happened. 00:00:54.030 --> 00:00:56.100 Now, normally this is the part of the video where I ask you 00:00:56.100 --> 00:00:57.780 to come up with some similar sounding words 00:00:57.780 --> 00:00:59.040 and we will get to that, 00:00:59.040 --> 00:01:01.290 but I wanted to head off some confusion. 00:01:01.290 --> 00:01:04.020 Cidere different from caedere, 00:01:04.020 --> 00:01:05.160 which means to kill, 00:01:05.160 --> 00:01:08.820 and shows up in words like homicide or pesticide, right? 00:01:08.820 --> 00:01:10.170 To killing a person 00:01:10.170 --> 00:01:12.390 or killing pests or killing a bug. 00:01:12.390 --> 00:01:13.350 Different words. 00:01:13.350 --> 00:01:17.700 So when we look for words that share a root with incident, 00:01:17.700 --> 00:01:19.860 they'll typically be pronounced cid 00:01:19.860 --> 00:01:21.510 instead of cide. 00:01:21.510 --> 00:01:23.040 Anyway, let's do the thing. 00:01:23.040 --> 00:01:24.990 You've got 10 seconds to come up with words 00:01:24.990 --> 00:01:28.410 that use the prefix in, or the root cid. 00:01:28.410 --> 00:01:31.783 I'll put on some music. (groovy music) 00:01:41.280 --> 00:01:43.173 Here are some words I came up with. 00:01:44.310 --> 00:01:48.330 Accident, a chance happening, an unexpected mistake. 00:01:48.330 --> 00:01:49.560 Coincidence, right? 00:01:49.560 --> 00:01:51.510 Which is when two or more things happen at once 00:01:51.510 --> 00:01:53.010 without having been planned, 00:01:53.010 --> 00:01:56.280 coincident, things happening together, 00:01:56.280 --> 00:01:57.690 and inspect, 00:01:57.690 --> 00:01:59.940 which is to look at something carefully. 00:01:59.940 --> 00:02:01.863 Looking in. 00:02:03.060 --> 00:02:05.070 Let's use incident in a sentence, 00:02:05.070 --> 00:02:08.673 because I think that'll get across its bad news connotation. 00:02:09.540 --> 00:02:14.540 Sadly, the incident in the library destroyed all the books. 00:02:14.640 --> 00:02:16.560 It was a bummer to lose all those books. 00:02:16.560 --> 00:02:18.600 An unfortunate thing happened. 00:02:18.600 --> 00:02:21.540 Incident can also sometimes be a euphemism. 00:02:21.540 --> 00:02:23.640 A way of saying something ugly happened 00:02:23.640 --> 00:02:25.170 without having to name it. 00:02:25.170 --> 00:02:28.140 Note that I'm saying the incident and not the fire, 00:02:28.140 --> 00:02:31.560 or the horrific cotton candy machine malfunction. 00:02:31.560 --> 00:02:33.150 This would, as it happens, 00:02:33.150 --> 00:02:35.430 also be really bad for all the books. 00:02:35.430 --> 00:02:37.980 Ah, okay wordsmiths. I have to go. 00:02:37.980 --> 00:02:42.330 There's been an incident. (thunder roaring) 00:02:42.330 --> 00:02:46.020 I think the manatee is back and it's still hungry. 00:02:46.020 --> 00:02:47.640 I'll catch you all next time, huh? 00:02:47.640 --> 00:02:49.353 You can learn anything, David out.
Enforce	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=htns7S4ILYE	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=htns7S4ILYE&ei=n1WUZabIIvWsmLAPhYuekA4&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=870486AD3D70918BBAD24B915E7E8186B0901E73.3E9C26D8A495BADD8CB6EA86BC8E879FB09CB73B&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.300 --> 00:00:02.100 - [Instructor] Hey, how do you do wordsmiths? 00:00:02.100 --> 00:00:05.164 This video is about the word enforce. 00:00:05.164 --> 00:00:07.590 Enforce, it's a verb. 00:00:07.590 --> 00:00:11.820 It means to make sure that a rule or law is followed. 00:00:11.820 --> 00:00:15.240 You might usually hear it in the context of enforcing a law. 00:00:15.240 --> 00:00:16.560 Right? If I drive too fast, 00:00:16.560 --> 00:00:19.110 local authorities can enforce the speed limit 00:00:19.110 --> 00:00:22.050 by issuing me a speeding ticket. 00:00:22.050 --> 00:00:24.990 Now, the word origin here is kind of a violent one, 00:00:24.990 --> 00:00:27.270 this word comes from the old French, enforcier, 00:00:27.270 --> 00:00:30.120 which means to use force on someone or something. 00:00:30.120 --> 00:00:33.393 So, EN means in, or on. 00:00:34.230 --> 00:00:36.030 When it's EN, 99% of the time, 00:00:36.030 --> 00:00:37.890 that means it has a French origin, 00:00:37.890 --> 00:00:41.970 and sometimes it'll appear as EM too. 00:00:41.970 --> 00:00:44.490 Force means strength or power, 00:00:44.490 --> 00:00:46.590 it ultimately comes from a Latin word, fortis, 00:00:46.590 --> 00:00:47.910 which just means strength. 00:00:47.910 --> 00:00:52.830 So when you enforce, you're using your strength on someone. 00:00:52.830 --> 00:00:54.090 Let's take 10 seconds 00:00:54.090 --> 00:00:56.220 to come up with some more English words 00:00:56.220 --> 00:00:59.670 that contain N, or M, and force. 00:00:59.670 --> 00:01:01.140 I'll put on some music, 00:01:01.140 --> 00:01:03.540 and I'll meet you back here in 10 seconds. 00:01:03.540 --> 00:01:04.551 All right, let's do it. 00:01:04.551 --> 00:01:07.384 (energetic music) 00:01:15.750 --> 00:01:17.940 Right, here's three I came up with. 00:01:17.940 --> 00:01:21.150 Reinforce, which means to strengthen something, right, 00:01:21.150 --> 00:01:23.193 to put more force in it. 00:01:24.150 --> 00:01:26.580 Encode, which means to make information secret, 00:01:26.580 --> 00:01:28.800 or to give computerized instructions. 00:01:28.800 --> 00:01:31.320 A spy might carry an encoded letter, 00:01:31.320 --> 00:01:33.510 or I might convert a video file 00:01:33.510 --> 00:01:35.040 from one file type to another 00:01:35.040 --> 00:01:36.990 using an encoder program. 00:01:36.990 --> 00:01:40.530 Right? I'm putting it in, or into, code. 00:01:40.530 --> 00:01:44.400 And embolden, which means to give someone confidence, right? 00:01:44.400 --> 00:01:47.640 Literally, to put boldness in them. 00:01:47.640 --> 00:01:49.170 And I know it's EM there, 00:01:49.170 --> 00:01:52.950 but M means the same thing as N. 00:01:52.950 --> 00:01:54.900 Let us use the force, as it were, 00:01:54.900 --> 00:01:56.527 and make some sentences. 00:01:56.527 --> 00:01:59.670 "The admiral enforced the law on his enemies, 00:01:59.670 --> 00:02:02.250 but he ignored the law for his friends." 00:02:02.250 --> 00:02:03.180 So the admiral made sure 00:02:03.180 --> 00:02:05.730 that his enemies had to follow the law, but not his friends. 00:02:05.730 --> 00:02:08.100 There he is signing a little decree. 00:02:08.100 --> 00:02:11.100 The noun form of enforce is enforcement, 00:02:11.100 --> 00:02:14.377 which you're most likely to read or hear in the phrase 00:02:14.377 --> 00:02:15.420 "law enforcement," 00:02:15.420 --> 00:02:17.970 which is to say the police, sheriff's department, 00:02:17.970 --> 00:02:19.770 Department of Justice, right? 00:02:19.770 --> 00:02:23.940 Law enforcement is empowered to enforce the law. 00:02:23.940 --> 00:02:26.407 They represent the power of the state to say things like, 00:02:26.407 --> 00:02:28.680 "Hey, it's against the law to hurt people." 00:02:28.680 --> 00:02:30.180 And if someone hurts people, 00:02:30.180 --> 00:02:33.030 the law has the power to stop them, right? 00:02:33.030 --> 00:02:36.330 That's what it means to have enforcement powers. 00:02:36.330 --> 00:02:38.283 Okay, you can learn anything. 00:02:39.510 --> 00:02:40.343 David, out.
Impose	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZc71QSgd2Y	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=yZc71QSgd2Y&ei=n1WUZZvPHcOdp-oP4YO3aA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=2F106C92DFE932B7D833A145E648B20FDB222569.8377B0441AA7BE83B0A477399E664F39D9326EAC&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.570 --> 00:00:01.860 - [Narrator] Hey there, wordsmiths. 00:00:01.860 --> 00:00:06.000 This video is about the word impose, impose. 00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:09.930 It's a verb and it means to force something onto others. 00:00:09.930 --> 00:00:12.900 Kind of like how I impose my taste in music 00:00:12.900 --> 00:00:14.400 on you in these videos. 00:00:14.400 --> 00:00:17.130 You didn't ask for this, I just put it onto you, 00:00:17.130 --> 00:00:21.420 which is indeed what this word literally means in Latin/ 00:00:21.420 --> 00:00:25.830 Comes from two parts, im or in, which can mean in or on, 00:00:25.830 --> 00:00:28.020 and ponere, which means to put. 00:00:28.020 --> 00:00:30.120 So let me impose my taste on you 00:00:30.120 --> 00:00:32.220 by giving you a ten second music break 00:00:32.220 --> 00:00:34.350 during which time I would like for you to list out 00:00:34.350 --> 00:00:38.400 as many words that contain im or pose as you can. 00:00:38.400 --> 00:00:39.993 Ready? Let's do it to it. 00:00:41.078 --> 00:00:43.661 (upbeat music) 00:00:50.500 --> 00:00:53.160 All right, here is some I came up with earlier. 00:00:53.160 --> 00:00:55.230 Position, where you put something, 00:00:55.230 --> 00:00:56.910 where it's located. 00:00:56.910 --> 00:00:59.460 Impression, an impact, a dent, 00:00:59.460 --> 00:01:01.020 when you make a big impression, 00:01:01.020 --> 00:01:03.030 you're literally saying you pressed 00:01:03.030 --> 00:01:05.580 into something, like a big impression in the sand 00:01:05.580 --> 00:01:06.960 or the snow. 00:01:06.960 --> 00:01:10.410 Figuratively, it's an idea that occurs to you as easily 00:01:10.410 --> 00:01:12.183 as making a dent in sand. 00:01:13.020 --> 00:01:14.520 Oppose, right? 00:01:14.520 --> 00:01:17.400 This word means to be against something, 00:01:17.400 --> 00:01:20.490 to put yourself against it. 00:01:20.490 --> 00:01:22.320 Anyway, impose, it means 00:01:22.320 --> 00:01:25.230 to put something on someone, but it's not used literally. 00:01:25.230 --> 00:01:28.980 You wouldn't say, "I imposed a bucket on Steve's head. 00:01:28.980 --> 00:01:30.150 Sorry Steve." 00:01:30.150 --> 00:01:31.177 'Cause you wouldn't do that. 00:01:31.177 --> 00:01:33.840 "So I guess I'm not sorry Steve, 'cause that didn't happen." 00:01:33.840 --> 00:01:37.380 It is a figurative meaning, a non-literal meaning. 00:01:37.380 --> 00:01:39.810 Do you think the new principle will impose 00:01:39.810 --> 00:01:41.430 a ban on junk food? 00:01:41.430 --> 00:01:44.040 It's more like you're putting in a new rule. 00:01:44.040 --> 00:01:46.950 Another meaning of imposing is being impolite. 00:01:46.950 --> 00:01:49.560 It's a common expression to say, "I don't want 00:01:49.560 --> 00:01:51.300 to impose," right? 00:01:51.300 --> 00:01:53.190 I don't wanna be an inconvenience. 00:01:53.190 --> 00:01:57.240 I don't wanna waste your time, put myself in your way. 00:01:57.240 --> 00:02:01.290 You see, "I don't want to impose, but could you look 00:02:01.290 --> 00:02:03.333 after my giant spider this weekend? 00:02:04.320 --> 00:02:08.100 You don't even need to walk her, come on, she's so sweet. 00:02:08.100 --> 00:02:09.810 Her name is Benjamin." 00:02:09.810 --> 00:02:12.300 Another form that this word can take if we wanna make it 00:02:12.300 --> 00:02:14.673 a noun, is imposition. 00:02:15.510 --> 00:02:17.460 It's a big imposition for me to look 00:02:17.460 --> 00:02:19.740 after this man eating spider. 00:02:19.740 --> 00:02:21.780 Wordsmiths, I would never ask you to watch 00:02:21.780 --> 00:02:24.450 my giant spider, man-eating or otherwise, 00:02:24.450 --> 00:02:27.210 but I would impose on you by asking that you be 00:02:27.210 --> 00:02:30.453 so kind as to watch the next vocabulary video I make. 00:02:31.290 --> 00:02:33.813 You can learn anything, David out.
Resistance	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-K5y3QrSqM	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=H-K5y3QrSqM&ei=n1WUZfTAH525p-oPwa-NwAw&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=580583DF845FFA2E18DA8D00DD70AA3087B6F68E.74774242813DFA986052E506302217A61DC23D5B&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.180 --> 00:00:01.470 - [Instructor] What's up, wordsmiths? 00:00:01.470 --> 00:00:04.040 This video is about the word resistance. 00:00:04.906 --> 00:00:05.823 Resistance. 00:00:07.800 --> 00:00:08.643 It's a noun. 00:00:09.510 --> 00:00:11.370 It means opposition, 00:00:11.370 --> 00:00:15.213 an effort to stop or fight something or someone. 00:00:16.080 --> 00:00:18.210 We could say the developers wanted to turn 00:00:18.210 --> 00:00:19.950 the community garden into a parking lot, 00:00:19.950 --> 00:00:21.960 but they were stopped by stiff resistance 00:00:21.960 --> 00:00:22.890 from the neighborhood. 00:00:22.890 --> 00:00:23.970 No, don't. 00:00:23.970 --> 00:00:25.710 Yay for gardens, right? 00:00:25.710 --> 00:00:27.990 The community tried hard to stop the developers. 00:00:27.990 --> 00:00:29.883 They resisted the plan. 00:00:30.780 --> 00:00:31.980 Derivation time. 00:00:31.980 --> 00:00:35.460 This word ultimately comes from Latin word parts, 00:00:35.460 --> 00:00:40.230 so re meaning back again or against, 00:00:40.230 --> 00:00:43.563 and sistere, meaning to stand firm, to stay put. 00:00:44.460 --> 00:00:45.840 So to resist something, 00:00:45.840 --> 00:00:47.580 to express your resistance 00:00:47.580 --> 00:00:52.380 is to stand firm against it consistently again and again. 00:00:52.380 --> 00:00:55.440 Take the next 10 seconds to think of some English words 00:00:55.440 --> 00:01:00.440 that contain either of those elements, either re or sist. 00:01:00.570 --> 00:01:03.120 Ready? Let's go. 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:05.787 (upbeat music) 00:01:13.290 --> 00:01:15.210 Here are some that I thought of. 00:01:15.210 --> 00:01:17.220 Persist, which means to continue 00:01:17.220 --> 00:01:19.140 through a difficult situation. 00:01:19.140 --> 00:01:21.120 Per means through, right? 00:01:21.120 --> 00:01:25.290 You stick with it. You stay put through difficulty. 00:01:25.290 --> 00:01:27.840 Renew, which is to start something again, 00:01:27.840 --> 00:01:29.400 or make something new again, 00:01:29.400 --> 00:01:32.220 like renewing a checkout from the library, 00:01:32.220 --> 00:01:35.640 or insist, which is to make a forceful demand, 00:01:35.640 --> 00:01:38.340 to stand firm about something, right? 00:01:38.340 --> 00:01:41.730 I insist on my right to a glazed donut. 00:01:41.730 --> 00:01:44.670 Let's use resistance in a couple of sentences. 00:01:44.670 --> 00:01:48.060 Professor Insidious could not poison Ms. Excellent, 00:01:48.060 --> 00:01:51.900 because of her legendary resistance to toxins. 00:01:51.900 --> 00:01:54.630 That's a superhero I just made up. 00:01:54.630 --> 00:01:56.580 That's her thing. She can't be poisoned. 00:01:56.580 --> 00:01:59.160 She's highly resistant to poisons. 00:01:59.160 --> 00:02:00.480 Ooh, that's a good one. 00:02:00.480 --> 00:02:03.180 Let's use the adjective form, resistant. 00:02:03.180 --> 00:02:06.450 Put on an A-N-T ending there. 00:02:06.450 --> 00:02:08.730 When they offered to fly me across the country, 00:02:08.730 --> 00:02:11.070 I was resistant at first. 00:02:11.070 --> 00:02:13.440 That's our adjective form. I was resistant. 00:02:13.440 --> 00:02:16.170 I didn't wanna do it. I opposed it. 00:02:16.170 --> 00:02:18.690 I exhibited resistance. 00:02:18.690 --> 00:02:20.490 I hope that you do not exhibit resistance 00:02:20.490 --> 00:02:21.990 to learning, dear Wordsmiths, 00:02:21.990 --> 00:02:25.471 because I remain confident that you can learn anything. 00:02:25.471 --> 00:02:26.963 David Allen.
Contentious	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FqkqTp2IC3I	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=FqkqTp2IC3I&ei=n1WUZfu8G_7XxN8PyKCVsAk&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=DCC556598A9F92FC1DC0735514F5A3672DD7589D.1CFB930C55366C131F13153E96372FC5934C788B&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.450 --> 00:00:02.430 - I've got a bone to pick with you, wordsmiths, 00:00:02.430 --> 00:00:05.436 because this video is about the word contentious. 00:00:05.436 --> 00:00:06.436 Contentious. 00:00:07.470 --> 00:00:08.690 It's an adjective 00:00:08.690 --> 00:00:11.460 and it means involving arguing. 00:00:11.460 --> 00:00:15.540 Quarrelsome, we had a contentious debate over whether bears 00:00:15.540 --> 00:00:17.910 were scarier than snakes. 00:00:17.910 --> 00:00:21.930 Kind of looks like a pig, but pigs can also be scary. 00:00:21.930 --> 00:00:22.763 I don't know. 00:00:22.763 --> 00:00:25.200 This word comes to us from Latin, contentious, 00:00:25.200 --> 00:00:27.870 and it's a combination of two parts. 00:00:27.870 --> 00:00:30.000 Con, which means together or with 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:33.750 and tendere which means to stretch, to contend 00:00:33.750 --> 00:00:35.820 for something in English is to fight for it 00:00:35.820 --> 00:00:39.000 with someone else, you're stretching your relationship 00:00:39.000 --> 00:00:40.800 with someone like a tug of war 00:00:40.800 --> 00:00:42.930 where you're both pulling on the end of a rope. 00:00:42.930 --> 00:00:45.424 So something that's contentious is, for lack 00:00:45.424 --> 00:00:49.050 of a better word, fighty, argumentative. 00:00:49.050 --> 00:00:52.860 Keeping those elements con and tend in mind. 00:00:52.860 --> 00:00:55.770 Try to come up with a couple of similar words in English 00:00:55.770 --> 00:00:57.690 that contain those parts. 00:00:57.690 --> 00:00:59.340 I'll give you 10 seconds. 00:00:59.340 --> 00:01:00.600 All right? 00:01:00.600 --> 00:01:02.938 Take me home country road. 00:01:02.938 --> 00:01:05.605 (upbeat music) 00:01:13.230 --> 00:01:14.880 Here were some of mine. 00:01:14.880 --> 00:01:15.713 Tension, 00:01:15.713 --> 00:01:18.060 which is when something is stretched tight, 00:01:18.060 --> 00:01:20.940 like a rubber band or a spring, or it can also be a kind 00:01:20.940 --> 00:01:24.330 of unspoken conflict between people. 00:01:24.330 --> 00:01:28.320 Container, a box, an enclosure of some kind. 00:01:28.320 --> 00:01:32.190 Con tainer means held together 00:01:32.190 --> 00:01:35.670 and extend, which means to stretch out, 00:01:35.670 --> 00:01:38.430 to extend the hand of friendship. 00:01:38.430 --> 00:01:39.869 Let's try it in a sentence. 00:01:39.869 --> 00:01:42.510 Over a series of contentious meetings, 00:01:42.510 --> 00:01:46.620 team cake finally agreed to a compromise with team pie. 00:01:46.620 --> 00:01:48.900 It must have been a bitter conflict. 00:01:48.900 --> 00:01:51.480 Well, I guess a sweet conflict actually. 00:01:51.480 --> 00:01:54.030 Another one, when we play Monopoly, 00:01:54.030 --> 00:01:56.760 it's always a contentious issue as to who gets 00:01:56.760 --> 00:01:58.230 to be the thimble. 00:01:58.230 --> 00:02:00.270 That's a weird thing to argue over, in my opinion. 00:02:00.270 --> 00:02:01.103 I love a thimble. 00:02:01.103 --> 00:02:02.550 Sure, but the Scotty dog 00:02:02.550 --> 00:02:05.190 and the top hat are right there. 00:02:05.190 --> 00:02:06.480 Do not pass go. 00:02:06.480 --> 00:02:08.670 Do not collect 200 vocabulary words. 00:02:08.670 --> 00:02:10.530 We gotta hash this argument out first. 00:02:10.530 --> 00:02:14.760 You contentious, wordsmiths you, you can learn anything. 00:02:14.760 --> 00:02:15.593 David out.
Rebellion	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSfHSvFc5vs	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=KSfHSvFc5vs&ei=n1WUZeC8H-PDmLAP4vOH6Ao&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=5EFA9A371EC12D7D8F0BC44B61D134C56C4E01A1.EC5DD572CCB328DA1B23A5D9D539BB48346F3F50&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.510 --> 00:00:03.000 - [Presenter] Sound the drums of war, wordsmiths, 00:00:03.000 --> 00:00:06.570 because today I teach you about rebellion. 00:00:06.570 --> 00:00:08.163 Man, I'm a great influence. 00:00:09.060 --> 00:00:10.890 Rebellion. 00:00:10.890 --> 00:00:11.723 It's a noun. 00:00:11.723 --> 00:00:14.940 It means war or pushback against a government 00:00:14.940 --> 00:00:16.440 or an authority, right? 00:00:16.440 --> 00:00:18.270 The American Revolutionary War 00:00:18.270 --> 00:00:21.090 began as a rebellion against the British Crown. 00:00:21.090 --> 00:00:23.310 Now, this word has Latin origins. 00:00:23.310 --> 00:00:27.210 The root bel comes from the Latin bellum, meaning war, 00:00:27.210 --> 00:00:30.960 and the prefix re means again, against, or back. 00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:32.310 So rebels stand up 00:00:32.310 --> 00:00:35.340 and maybe go to war against something, right? 00:00:35.340 --> 00:00:36.810 They're seeking change. 00:00:36.810 --> 00:00:39.180 So two countries going to war with each other 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:40.230 is not a rebellion, 00:00:40.230 --> 00:00:42.450 but in uprising within a country, 00:00:42.450 --> 00:00:46.020 protesting a tyrannical ruler, that's a rebellion. 00:00:46.020 --> 00:00:47.760 So re and bel, 00:00:47.760 --> 00:00:50.610 those are our word parts I wanna focus on today. 00:00:50.610 --> 00:00:53.070 I'm gonna put on some music for about 10 seconds, 00:00:53.070 --> 00:00:56.370 and while I do that, come up with as many words as you can 00:00:56.370 --> 00:00:59.280 that contain those elements. 00:00:59.280 --> 00:01:01.297 Okay Let's go. 00:01:01.297 --> 00:01:03.880 (upbeat music) 00:01:12.840 --> 00:01:16.230 Okay, here are three that I came up with. Remake. 00:01:16.230 --> 00:01:17.520 Like there's an old movie 00:01:17.520 --> 00:01:19.560 and you're making a new version of it, right? 00:01:19.560 --> 00:01:22.410 You're making it again. Remake. 00:01:22.410 --> 00:01:23.280 Belligerent. 00:01:23.280 --> 00:01:27.600 One of my favorite adjectives. It means hostile or warlike. 00:01:27.600 --> 00:01:30.240 A belligerent person starts a lot of arguments, 00:01:30.240 --> 00:01:31.620 a lot of fights. 00:01:31.620 --> 00:01:33.270 And this last one, rebel, right? 00:01:33.270 --> 00:01:34.830 Also contained within rebellion. 00:01:34.830 --> 00:01:37.200 This word can be a noun or a verb. 00:01:37.200 --> 00:01:38.310 I wanted to flag it 00:01:38.310 --> 00:01:40.290 because pronunciations are different 00:01:40.290 --> 00:01:41.880 depending on how you use it. 00:01:41.880 --> 00:01:43.650 When it's a person, they're a rebel. 00:01:43.650 --> 00:01:47.910 But the thing that a rebel does is rebel, fights back. 00:01:47.910 --> 00:01:51.483 The emphasis changes from the first syllable to the second. 00:01:53.010 --> 00:01:55.200 First syllable. Second syllable. 00:01:55.200 --> 00:01:56.760 The nouns verbed. 00:01:56.760 --> 00:02:00.330 The rebels rebelled in their rebellion. 00:02:00.330 --> 00:02:02.490 Let's use rebellion in a sentence or two. 00:02:02.490 --> 00:02:04.080 To the mind of a dictator, 00:02:04.080 --> 00:02:06.840 something as innocent as a sidewalk chalk drawing 00:02:06.840 --> 00:02:09.450 could be seen as an act of rebellion. 00:02:09.450 --> 00:02:12.030 So it's seen as an act of war 00:02:12.030 --> 00:02:14.790 or of open resistance to the dictator. 00:02:14.790 --> 00:02:15.780 Look at a mouth open. 00:02:15.780 --> 00:02:17.970 He looks so scandalized by little house. 00:02:17.970 --> 00:02:21.780 Marta rebelled quietly. She pulled doors marked push. 00:02:21.780 --> 00:02:23.730 She rode her bike through the drive-through. 00:02:23.730 --> 00:02:26.010 She microwaved fish in the office. 00:02:26.010 --> 00:02:27.030 I feel like I'm contributing 00:02:27.030 --> 00:02:30.510 to kind of an anti-fish narrative here, and that's unfair. 00:02:30.510 --> 00:02:33.840 I microwave fish in the Khan Academy lunchroom, whatever. 00:02:33.840 --> 00:02:35.580 I'm not too proud to admit it. 00:02:35.580 --> 00:02:37.350 Does that make me a hero? 00:02:37.350 --> 00:02:38.820 Maybe. 00:02:38.820 --> 00:02:41.403 Does it make me a rebel? Oh, you betcha. 00:02:42.480 --> 00:02:45.030 Now, if you excuse me, your boy's got a serving 00:02:45.030 --> 00:02:46.710 of tuna casserole in the refrigerator, 00:02:46.710 --> 00:02:49.861 and I can't eat it cold, if you know what I mean. 00:02:49.861 --> 00:02:53.257 So you can learn anything. Dig it out. 00:02:54.892 --> 00:02:58.464 (microwave door opens) 00:02:58.464 --> 00:03:00.916 (microwave beeps) 00:03:00.916 --> 00:03:04.780 (microwave door opens) (presenter laughs)
Eliminate	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3mwVQbV9GQ	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=O3mwVQbV9GQ&ei=n1WUZY64IO_dmLAPmNOc0AE&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=38FA24E32EE29926C6ECE2DB413B14516F241954.8EAE4C85C3D0AF2AB67A3D82356D8EB8374130F9&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.210 --> 00:00:01.650 - [David] What's up, wordsmiths? 00:00:01.650 --> 00:00:04.971 This video is about the word eliminate. 00:00:04.971 --> 00:00:06.963 Eliminate. 00:00:07.800 --> 00:00:08.633 It's a verb. 00:00:08.633 --> 00:00:11.313 It means to remove or get rid of something. 00:00:12.150 --> 00:00:14.580 The word comes to us from Latin, 00:00:14.580 --> 00:00:17.550 and it's a combination of two parts, ex, 00:00:17.550 --> 00:00:20.550 which means out or away, think exit, 00:00:20.550 --> 00:00:25.550 and limin, which means edge or threshold, think limit. 00:00:25.800 --> 00:00:27.960 You're pushing something over the threshold 00:00:27.960 --> 00:00:29.159 and out the door. 00:00:29.159 --> 00:00:29.992 (instructor mimicking door slamming) 00:00:29.992 --> 00:00:30.825 There he goes. 00:00:30.825 --> 00:00:32.493 You'll notice it's not exliminate. 00:00:33.390 --> 00:00:36.813 Sometimes ex gets shortened down to just e, 00:00:37.860 --> 00:00:41.400 as it does here or in words like eject or emit. 00:00:41.400 --> 00:00:45.270 For now, just know that sometimes, ex becomes e, 00:00:45.270 --> 00:00:46.770 as in eliminate. 00:00:46.770 --> 00:00:48.420 Thinking of those elements, 00:00:48.420 --> 00:00:52.650 ex or lim, try to come up with a couple of similar words 00:00:52.650 --> 00:00:54.750 in English that contain those parts. 00:00:54.750 --> 00:00:57.180 I'll give you 10 seconds, all right? 00:00:57.180 --> 00:00:59.152 Take it away, music break. 00:00:59.152 --> 00:01:01.652 (light music) 00:01:10.050 --> 00:01:11.253 Here are some of mine: 00:01:12.150 --> 00:01:14.460 exit, like the opposite of an entrance, 00:01:14.460 --> 00:01:16.260 a place you go out of, 00:01:16.260 --> 00:01:19.710 limit, like the edge or the end of something, 00:01:19.710 --> 00:01:21.810 and subliminal, this is a fun one. 00:01:21.810 --> 00:01:24.870 It means below the threshold of awareness. 00:01:24.870 --> 00:01:27.450 You might have heard of subliminal messaging, 00:01:27.450 --> 00:01:29.700 like how I've been subtly flashing the words 00:01:29.700 --> 00:01:33.420 eat more mangoes onscreen for the last five seconds. 00:01:33.420 --> 00:01:36.270 I haven't been paid by any mango growers or anything. 00:01:36.270 --> 00:01:37.950 I just think they're tasty fruits. 00:01:37.950 --> 00:01:41.550 But to eliminate something is to get rid of it. 00:01:41.550 --> 00:01:42.393 For good. 00:01:43.260 --> 00:01:44.820 Let's try it in a sentence. 00:01:44.820 --> 00:01:47.340 And you can see how it comes across. 00:01:47.340 --> 00:01:51.997 It usually has a kind of dire connotation, kinda scary. 00:01:51.997 --> 00:01:55.020 "Our new directive of public order will eliminate 00:01:55.020 --> 00:01:57.150 those troublemakers for good," 00:01:57.150 --> 00:02:00.060 sneered the Minister of Peace. 00:02:00.060 --> 00:02:01.350 Right, creepy, ew. 00:02:01.350 --> 00:02:03.330 I didn't even need to do the voice. 00:02:03.330 --> 00:02:05.580 Getting rid of troublemakers for good 00:02:05.580 --> 00:02:07.560 sounds pretty frightening. 00:02:07.560 --> 00:02:08.763 Not gonna lie. 00:02:09.900 --> 00:02:11.790 A less creepy example, you might see it 00:02:11.790 --> 00:02:14.347 in an advertising context, like, 00:02:14.347 --> 00:02:18.780 "This fabulous product eliminates 99% of household odors!" 00:02:18.780 --> 00:02:21.210 Fabulous little product in its spray can. 00:02:21.210 --> 00:02:23.490 It removes the odors. 00:02:23.490 --> 00:02:24.330 It takes them away. 00:02:24.330 --> 00:02:26.280 It puts them beyond the threshold, 00:02:26.280 --> 00:02:28.230 the limit of your awareness. 00:02:28.230 --> 00:02:31.860 I hope that this video has eliminated any confusion 00:02:31.860 --> 00:02:34.710 about the meaning of the word eliminate. 00:02:34.710 --> 00:02:37.050 All right, I'm exiting now. 00:02:37.050 --> 00:02:39.270 Catch you in the next one. 00:02:39.270 --> 00:02:41.403 You can learn anything, David out.
Defiant	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq64MQBtIGc	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=Vq64MQBtIGc&ei=n1WUZffsGYn6vdIP67GowAE&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=091E478934CD99B58E355E95722D28120330E423.CC00BE7B6934B4848B184D68FC2CE20355412C77&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.140 --> 00:00:02.730 - [David] To arms, wordsmiths! 00:00:02.730 --> 00:00:05.970 This video is about the word defiant. 00:00:05.970 --> 00:00:07.893 De-fi-ant. 00:00:08.820 --> 00:00:10.170 It's an adjective. 00:00:10.170 --> 00:00:13.050 This word means openly disobeying rules, 00:00:13.050 --> 00:00:15.570 pushing back against authority. 00:00:15.570 --> 00:00:18.480 This word comes to us from French and ultimately Latin, 00:00:18.480 --> 00:00:22.470 a late Latin verb, disfidare, which means 00:00:22.470 --> 00:00:25.200 to renounce, to go back on one's faith. 00:00:25.200 --> 00:00:30.120 Fidus is Latin for faith or trust and dis means not or away. 00:00:30.120 --> 00:00:32.430 So with that in mind, what are some English words 00:00:32.430 --> 00:00:35.280 that you can think of that contain those elements? 00:00:35.280 --> 00:00:37.170 Dis or fid? 00:00:37.170 --> 00:00:39.180 You're probably wondering about dis and de, 00:00:39.180 --> 00:00:40.650 those are different sounds. 00:00:40.650 --> 00:00:42.390 They mean the exact same thing in Latin, 00:00:42.390 --> 00:00:44.430 they both mean not or away. 00:00:44.430 --> 00:00:45.960 I'll give you 10 seconds to think, 00:00:45.960 --> 00:00:48.240 and then show you what I came up with. 00:00:48.240 --> 00:00:49.201 Here we go. 00:00:49.201 --> 00:00:54.201 (instructor snaps fingers) (futuristic upbeat music) 00:01:02.700 --> 00:01:03.930 Here's some of mine. 00:01:03.930 --> 00:01:05.130 Dislike, right? 00:01:05.130 --> 00:01:06.960 Not liking something. 00:01:06.960 --> 00:01:10.470 Fidelity, which is like faithfulness or loyalty, 00:01:10.470 --> 00:01:13.950 and confidence, which is like saying you trust yourself. 00:01:13.950 --> 00:01:15.600 You have faith in yourself. 00:01:15.600 --> 00:01:17.130 Let's use it in a sentence or two. 00:01:17.130 --> 00:01:19.740 In fact, let me show you a couple of forms of this word 00:01:19.740 --> 00:01:23.430 'cause you can use it as a verb, as defy or defies 00:01:23.430 --> 00:01:28.200 as in Luella defied her father and snuck out at night. 00:01:28.200 --> 00:01:30.000 And then when we turn it back into an adjective 00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:33.216 by adding that A-N-T ending, we get defiant again. 00:01:33.216 --> 00:01:35.190 Plumeria Goodheart was defiant. 00:01:35.190 --> 00:01:37.830 She would never give in to Lady Mordigaunt. 00:01:37.830 --> 00:01:40.080 Little hobbit-y woman over her, brimming with goodness, 00:01:40.080 --> 00:01:42.967 big evil sorceress over here, crackling with lightning. 00:01:42.967 --> 00:01:43.837 "Feel my wrath!" 00:01:43.837 --> 00:01:45.780 "I'll never join you," et cetera, et cetera. 00:01:45.780 --> 00:01:46.680 You get the picture. 00:01:46.680 --> 00:01:51.540 To be defiant is to be bold, audacious, rebellious, unruly. 00:01:51.540 --> 00:01:56.540 A defiant person openly flouts rules and fights authority. 00:01:56.880 --> 00:02:01.290 So when you wanna turn that adjective defiant into a noun, 00:02:01.290 --> 00:02:04.230 you turn the A-N-T into A-N-C-E. 00:02:04.230 --> 00:02:06.810 Defiant becomes defiance. 00:02:06.810 --> 00:02:09.390 That's how you talk about it as a noun. 00:02:09.390 --> 00:02:10.890 Let me use it in a sentence. 00:02:10.890 --> 00:02:14.280 The rebels showed their defiance through performances 00:02:14.280 --> 00:02:16.260 of forbidden dance. 00:02:16.260 --> 00:02:18.240 The most forbidden dance of all is the dance 00:02:18.240 --> 00:02:20.250 of neurons blazing through your mind 00:02:20.250 --> 00:02:21.510 as they make new connections. 00:02:21.510 --> 00:02:23.640 Sparks flying in the deepness of your mind 00:02:23.640 --> 00:02:25.890 as your brain becomes a bright shimmering beacon 00:02:25.890 --> 00:02:26.940 of knowledge. 00:02:26.940 --> 00:02:30.390 The rumba of rumination, the bachata of brilliance, 00:02:30.390 --> 00:02:33.570 the lambada of learning. 00:02:33.570 --> 00:02:36.813 You can learn anything, David out.
Invalid	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XWYe2AVlyg0	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=XWYe2AVlyg0&ei=n1WUZdW2I9LgxN8PqeqkiA0&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=5E228FB3D59AA12E982028E875D7234AC52429B2.6440D8C0209B29D98C74AAF1FE58901E2BF14834&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.930 --> 00:00:02.550 - [David] Hello, Wordsmiths. 00:00:02.550 --> 00:00:05.670 The word we're featuring in this video is invalid. 00:00:05.670 --> 00:00:07.230 That's right, it's not true. 00:00:07.230 --> 00:00:10.950 Or rather, that's what it means, invalid. 00:00:10.950 --> 00:00:14.550 Incorrect, false, not accepted. 00:00:14.550 --> 00:00:16.290 It's an adjective. 00:00:16.290 --> 00:00:20.280 It comes from Latin where the prefix in means not, 00:00:20.280 --> 00:00:23.250 and the word validus means strong. 00:00:23.250 --> 00:00:26.520 So it literally means not strong or weak. 00:00:26.520 --> 00:00:28.920 A weak argument, a weak law, 00:00:28.920 --> 00:00:30.960 someone's argument might be invalid 00:00:30.960 --> 00:00:34.050 because it was based on faulty evidence. 00:00:34.050 --> 00:00:35.730 When you look at invalid, 00:00:35.730 --> 00:00:38.430 can you recognize any other English words, 00:00:38.430 --> 00:00:41.133 anything with in or vow in it? 00:00:42.210 --> 00:00:45.120 Take 10 seconds of this music break to come up 00:00:45.120 --> 00:00:47.070 with some possibilities. 00:00:47.070 --> 00:00:48.037 Here we go. 00:00:48.037 --> 00:00:50.620 (upbeat music) 00:00:59.460 --> 00:01:03.120 Validate, right to prove that something's right or true. 00:01:03.120 --> 00:01:05.070 I validate your parking. 00:01:05.070 --> 00:01:07.200 I validate your feelings. 00:01:07.200 --> 00:01:09.100 Get you with the big validation stamp. 00:01:10.110 --> 00:01:13.770 Value, meaning something that has worth, right? 00:01:13.770 --> 00:01:15.840 Strength in worth. 00:01:15.840 --> 00:01:19.350 And inability, which is when you cannot do something. 00:01:19.350 --> 00:01:21.480 There's ability, right, when it can do a thing. 00:01:21.480 --> 00:01:25.410 And inability, which is its opposite. 00:01:25.410 --> 00:01:29.100 Let's spend some time talking about that in prefix, 00:01:29.100 --> 00:01:31.830 honestly, because it can get confusing. 00:01:31.830 --> 00:01:34.590 There are two different prefixes in English, 00:01:34.590 --> 00:01:36.720 both coming from Latin that are spelled 00:01:36.720 --> 00:01:38.460 and pronounced the same way. 00:01:38.460 --> 00:01:42.690 Both in, I-N, that have different meanings. 00:01:42.690 --> 00:01:47.310 In, or sometimes I'm, I-M, means not. 00:01:47.310 --> 00:01:50.220 Exactly like the native English, un. 00:01:50.220 --> 00:01:52.953 Like unlikeable, unlovely. 00:01:53.970 --> 00:01:58.860 Think invalid, impolite, infrequent, right. 00:01:58.860 --> 00:02:02.070 Not correct, not polite, not frequent. 00:02:02.070 --> 00:02:06.243 And then there's in, I-N, that means inside. 00:02:07.200 --> 00:02:09.753 This also sometimes appears as E-N, en, 00:02:11.400 --> 00:02:13.620 like insight looking inward 00:02:13.620 --> 00:02:17.040 or insert, which is to put something into something else. 00:02:17.040 --> 00:02:21.930 Or with the E-N, you can have it as enlist or enrich. 00:02:21.930 --> 00:02:26.220 But today in this video, we're talking about the in 00:02:26.220 --> 00:02:28.080 that means un. 00:02:28.080 --> 00:02:30.240 The in that means not. 00:02:30.240 --> 00:02:33.330 We'll return to this topic for sure in other videos. 00:02:33.330 --> 00:02:36.720 Now let's use invalid in a sentence. 00:02:36.720 --> 00:02:37.920 I can't log in. 00:02:37.920 --> 00:02:41.070 It says my password is invalid. 00:02:41.070 --> 00:02:42.090 Makes you furious. 00:02:42.090 --> 00:02:44.640 When something's invalid, it doesn't work. 00:02:44.640 --> 00:02:45.473 It isn't correct. 00:02:45.473 --> 00:02:48.360 When it's valid, it's proper and appropriate. 00:02:48.360 --> 00:02:51.510 But when it's invalid, it won't be accepted. 00:02:51.510 --> 00:02:52.890 It's no good. 00:02:52.890 --> 00:02:54.510 You know what is good though? 00:02:54.510 --> 00:02:57.090 You, you're good. 00:02:57.090 --> 00:02:59.580 I believe in you and the vocabulary journey 00:02:59.580 --> 00:03:01.440 that we are on together. 00:03:01.440 --> 00:03:03.993 You can learn anything, David, out.
Policy	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKgf5xh3Vfg	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=DKgf5xh3Vfg&ei=n1WUZYOrIMK7vdIPja-mkAQ&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=85CE19471B124ADB90E45206EAB4F94EA9AA3F02.74CCF7A7765D6976FBAD2B00D7AE735418988048&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.080 --> 00:00:02.640 - [Instructor] Hello, wordsmiths. 00:00:02.640 --> 00:00:06.195 The word we're featuring in this video is policy, 00:00:06.195 --> 00:00:10.489 which means an official rule or set of rules. 00:00:10.489 --> 00:00:12.297 Policy. 00:00:12.297 --> 00:00:13.383 It's a noun. 00:00:14.400 --> 00:00:16.620 It comes from the Greek word polis, 00:00:16.620 --> 00:00:18.930 which means city. 00:00:18.930 --> 00:00:21.723 As a root, has to do with cities and government. 00:00:22.650 --> 00:00:25.500 I live in Washington, DC so when I think of this root, 00:00:25.500 --> 00:00:28.290 I think of the capitol building itself, 00:00:28.290 --> 00:00:30.600 a government building in the middle of the city, 00:00:30.600 --> 00:00:34.490 where rules or policies are created. 00:00:34.490 --> 00:00:37.500 Can you think of words that sound similar to policy 00:00:37.500 --> 00:00:39.543 that might have that same root, polis? 00:00:39.543 --> 00:00:43.230 Bear in mind that sometimes we drop the S in polis 00:00:43.230 --> 00:00:44.580 when making new words. 00:00:44.580 --> 00:00:47.490 I'll give you 10 seconds to list some out. 00:00:47.490 --> 00:00:49.097 Cue the music wall. 00:00:49.097 --> 00:00:51.597 (light music) 00:01:00.248 --> 00:01:04.350 Here are three related words I thought of. 00:01:04.350 --> 00:01:07.950 Police, the people who enforce the law, 00:01:07.950 --> 00:01:11.400 politics, or how people make decisions together 00:01:11.400 --> 00:01:16.400 in a society and metropolis, a huge city. 00:01:17.370 --> 00:01:19.920 So you can see how all of those words are related 00:01:19.920 --> 00:01:22.230 to governments or cities. 00:01:22.230 --> 00:01:25.803 Let's use policy in a sentence so you can get a sense of it. 00:01:26.670 --> 00:01:28.500 It's a state policy in Florida 00:01:28.500 --> 00:01:31.920 that if you encounter a manatee in the wild, 00:01:31.920 --> 00:01:34.080 you have to give her $10. 00:01:34.080 --> 00:01:36.960 The connotation, the feeling of policy is 00:01:36.960 --> 00:01:38.370 that it's an official rule. 00:01:38.370 --> 00:01:39.810 So something that a business 00:01:39.810 --> 00:01:41.640 or a government might come up with. 00:01:41.640 --> 00:01:45.330 A restaurant might have a strict policy against bringing in 00:01:45.330 --> 00:01:47.460 some other restaurant's food. 00:01:47.460 --> 00:01:51.270 Our policy: no outside food or drink. 00:01:51.270 --> 00:01:52.920 Oh no, this manatee went into a restaurant 00:01:52.920 --> 00:01:55.350 with food from another establishment. 00:01:55.350 --> 00:01:59.430 The D stands for Dugong, which is another kind of sea cow. 00:01:59.430 --> 00:02:01.290 That's all the time we've got for this one. 00:02:01.290 --> 00:02:03.390 Tip your server, support your local manatee, 00:02:03.390 --> 00:02:05.730 and you can learn anything. 00:02:05.730 --> 00:02:06.563 David out.
Align	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7hRMwFVTrtc	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=7hRMwFVTrtc&ei=n1WUZZSrHeGdp-oPrsGD6Ak&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=20397BB09D5863734DEEFE03D452BA873FC18F6E.9D7ADAF29972E52419C10BA364BEF1AF242E3471&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.090 --> 00:00:01.260 - [David] Hey, there, Wordsmiths. 00:00:01.260 --> 00:00:04.187 This video is about the word align, align. 00:00:05.460 --> 00:00:06.900 This word has two definitions. 00:00:06.900 --> 00:00:11.900 The first is to support, ally or associate with someone. 00:00:11.910 --> 00:00:13.140 And the second definition 00:00:13.140 --> 00:00:14.820 is to put things in a straight line. 00:00:14.820 --> 00:00:17.010 That's its literal definition. 00:00:17.010 --> 00:00:20.010 It comes from the Latin lin, which means line. 00:00:20.010 --> 00:00:23.640 It's a very useful little word and it is a verb. 00:00:23.640 --> 00:00:26.310 Now, I'm gonna throw y'all a ten second music break 00:00:26.310 --> 00:00:27.510 and in that time, 00:00:27.510 --> 00:00:31.525 see how many words you can come up with that use lin. 00:00:31.525 --> 00:00:34.191 Please, Mr. Music, won't you play? 00:00:34.191 --> 00:00:37.358 (bright upbeat music) 00:00:45.000 --> 00:00:46.890 Here are some words I came up with earlier, 00:00:46.890 --> 00:00:48.240 cooking show style. 00:00:48.240 --> 00:00:50.400 Linear, which means in a straight line, 00:00:50.400 --> 00:00:53.310 to delineate, which means to describe in detail 00:00:53.310 --> 00:00:54.660 or draw out borders 00:00:54.660 --> 00:00:57.480 and perhaps, obviously, the word line itself. 00:00:57.480 --> 00:00:59.190 But let's dive into align 00:00:59.190 --> 00:01:00.570 because if you're anything like me, 00:01:00.570 --> 00:01:03.633 you're wondering about that G, why isn't it align? 00:01:04.560 --> 00:01:06.270 I will spare you the lecture 00:01:06.270 --> 00:01:08.580 and say simply that it came from French. 00:01:08.580 --> 00:01:09.570 Don't worry about it. 00:01:09.570 --> 00:01:12.510 We just don't say it, in the same way we don't say the G 00:01:12.510 --> 00:01:16.680 in sign, or, at least, we don't say it as a /g/ sound. 00:01:16.680 --> 00:01:18.180 I find this stuff fascinating. 00:01:18.180 --> 00:01:20.430 I could basically keep talking about this forever, 00:01:20.430 --> 00:01:23.190 but I'm trying to keep these videos short and snackable. 00:01:23.190 --> 00:01:26.610 So let's use align in some sentences. 00:01:26.610 --> 00:01:28.200 You can use it literally, right? 00:01:28.200 --> 00:01:29.550 Like, all lined up. 00:01:29.550 --> 00:01:30.840 When the planet's aligned, 00:01:30.840 --> 00:01:32.790 are powers we're at their greatest, right? 00:01:32.790 --> 00:01:35.190 You can draw a straight line from Neptune 00:01:35.190 --> 00:01:38.760 straight through to the sun, straight enough. 00:01:38.760 --> 00:01:41.223 The planets aligned, 00:01:42.540 --> 00:01:45.900 but you can also use it figuratively, non literally 00:01:45.900 --> 00:01:47.685 to say that people agree. 00:01:47.685 --> 00:01:50.520 Jamelle and I aligned on the fact 00:01:50.520 --> 00:01:53.610 that the cereal milk is the best part of breakfast. 00:01:53.610 --> 00:01:56.550 Here we are, in fact, in agreement, 00:01:56.550 --> 00:01:59.310 in alignment, in fact, I'll write that down. 00:01:59.310 --> 00:02:00.900 So this is the noun form. 00:02:00.900 --> 00:02:05.900 We've added -ment to turn it into a noun, in alignment. 00:02:06.030 --> 00:02:07.980 And one last sentence. 00:02:07.980 --> 00:02:11.220 Supriya had to align with the other rebels. 00:02:11.220 --> 00:02:14.310 She had to get in line, they had to link up. 00:02:14.310 --> 00:02:17.340 So I hope you and I are all aligned on the meaning 00:02:17.340 --> 00:02:19.470 of this word, because I am out of time. 00:02:19.470 --> 00:02:22.140 Until the next one, you can learn anything. 00:02:22.140 --> 00:02:22.973 David, out.
Regulate	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hmn4DvB3djU	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=hmn4DvB3djU&ei=n1WUZa-kHPTDmLAPrcCsoAU&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=D5EFF6BC39F0CBC91265562861D3A111B30E66A3.ACA5B061C66461524A50625FD80B3333F431F4C3&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.210 --> 00:00:01.890 - [David] All right, wordsmiths, what's up? 00:00:01.890 --> 00:00:04.530 The word of the day today is regulate. 00:00:04.530 --> 00:00:07.923 It means to make rules that control something. 00:00:08.880 --> 00:00:10.680 I'll throw in a 10-second music break. 00:00:10.680 --> 00:00:15.000 Tell me if you can identify any other common English words 00:00:15.000 --> 00:00:17.220 that start with reg. 00:00:17.220 --> 00:00:19.882 All right, here we go, music break. 00:00:19.882 --> 00:00:28.444 (groovy music made by my wonderful colleague Walt) 00:00:30.150 --> 00:00:33.180 All right, so some related words are regular, 00:00:33.180 --> 00:00:34.620 regiment, regime. 00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:38.130 All of these words are related to control or order. 00:00:38.130 --> 00:00:40.440 Regulate comes from the Latin root reg, 00:00:40.440 --> 00:00:42.690 meaning straight like a ruler. 00:00:42.690 --> 00:00:46.140 Something that's regular follows a rule or a pattern. 00:00:46.140 --> 00:00:47.490 It's predictable. 00:00:47.490 --> 00:00:49.590 So something that is regulated 00:00:49.590 --> 00:00:51.450 has been controlled by a rule. 00:00:51.450 --> 00:00:53.310 That's what that ate part means. 00:00:53.310 --> 00:00:55.380 It's a word part that makes a verb, 00:00:55.380 --> 00:00:58.140 because regulate is a verb, it's an action word. 00:00:58.140 --> 00:01:00.420 So let's use regulate in some sentences. 00:01:00.420 --> 00:01:02.317 You can use it in a literal sense like 00:01:02.317 --> 00:01:06.030 "This valve regulates how much fuel goes into the engine." 00:01:06.030 --> 00:01:09.150 It is literally controlling the rate of fuel release. 00:01:09.150 --> 00:01:12.240 But you can also use regulate to refer to lawmaking. 00:01:12.240 --> 00:01:13.980 And I can use another word part 00:01:13.980 --> 00:01:16.470 to make this verb into a noun. 00:01:16.470 --> 00:01:18.300 Okay, so we've got the word regulate, 00:01:18.300 --> 00:01:20.710 and let me lop off the E on the end 00:01:21.960 --> 00:01:24.240 and add I-O-N. 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:27.240 And now it's a noun, regulation. 00:01:27.240 --> 00:01:29.737 Another word for a legal rule. 00:01:29.737 --> 00:01:32.070 "State regulations only allow you to catch 00:01:32.070 --> 00:01:33.030 three fish a week." 00:01:33.030 --> 00:01:35.700 So here's two fisherfolk, doot, doot. 00:01:35.700 --> 00:01:39.810 This woman has three fish, so she's fine. 00:01:39.810 --> 00:01:41.340 This man has four fish, 00:01:41.340 --> 00:01:44.910 so he's probably gonna get a fine from Fish and Wildlife 00:01:44.910 --> 00:01:47.130 because he didn't adhere to the regulations. 00:01:47.130 --> 00:01:50.520 Sorry pal, you've been canceled by the government. 00:01:50.520 --> 00:01:53.193 All right, you can learn anything, David out.
Le Châtelier's principle	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2pP02GEZL4	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=B2pP02GEZL4&ei=n1WUZeyZH9LCp-oP7YuDWA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=24DB29D1BDA27369B5F00D4BB646ABFB7D66FD37.60F2D8E777AD715506B03D7A57A6EA975B87D382&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:01.176 --> 00:00:03.900 - [Instructor] Let's imagine a reaction 00:00:03.900 --> 00:00:05.400 that is in equilibrium. 00:00:05.400 --> 00:00:10.400 So A plus B, they can react to form C plus D, 00:00:10.530 --> 00:00:11.850 or you could go the other way around. 00:00:11.850 --> 00:00:15.390 C plus D could react to form A plus B. 00:00:15.390 --> 00:00:17.670 And we assume that they've all been hanging 00:00:17.670 --> 00:00:20.490 around long enough for this to be in equilibrium 00:00:20.490 --> 00:00:24.060 so that the reaction that goes from A plus B to C plus D, 00:00:24.060 --> 00:00:25.530 it's happening at the same rate 00:00:25.530 --> 00:00:29.790 as the reaction from C plus D to A plus B. 00:00:29.790 --> 00:00:31.800 Now what we're gonna do is imagine 00:00:31.800 --> 00:00:35.520 what would happen if we disturb this equilibrium, 00:00:35.520 --> 00:00:37.980 and let's say we disturb this equilibrium 00:00:37.980 --> 00:00:42.960 by taking some C and D out of, 00:00:42.960 --> 00:00:45.210 let's say this was a solution of some kind. 00:00:45.210 --> 00:00:50.190 So I just one time reduced the concentration of C and D. 00:00:50.190 --> 00:00:51.900 Well, that disturbance, first of all, 00:00:51.900 --> 00:00:54.300 is going to throw us out of equilibrium, 00:00:54.300 --> 00:00:57.000 because now the reaction that goes from C plus D 00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:00.060 to A plus B isn't going to be able to happen as often. 00:01:00.060 --> 00:01:01.740 'Cause I just took C and D out, 00:01:01.740 --> 00:01:04.080 they're not going to bump into each other enough 00:01:04.080 --> 00:01:07.470 to now form A and B at the same rate. 00:01:07.470 --> 00:01:09.870 So if you think about the net direction 00:01:09.870 --> 00:01:11.790 until we hit a new equilibrium, 00:01:11.790 --> 00:01:13.620 this is going to happen less. 00:01:13.620 --> 00:01:15.300 and this, initially, is going 00:01:15.300 --> 00:01:16.920 to be happening at the same amount. 00:01:16.920 --> 00:01:19.950 So you're going to have a net direction 00:01:19.950 --> 00:01:22.020 until we hit equilibrium again 00:01:22.020 --> 00:01:26.040 that goes from A plus B to C plus D. 00:01:26.040 --> 00:01:27.240 And then if you wait long enough, 00:01:27.240 --> 00:01:29.940 you're going to hit back at an equilibrium. 00:01:29.940 --> 00:01:31.830 Now, let's think about what just happened. 00:01:31.830 --> 00:01:35.400 We disturbed the equilibrium by taking C and D out. 00:01:35.400 --> 00:01:37.500 Until we hit our new equilibrium, 00:01:37.500 --> 00:01:41.010 we have more of the reaction going from A plus B 00:01:41.010 --> 00:01:43.500 to C plus D on a net basis. 00:01:43.500 --> 00:01:44.790 And so it's relieving it. 00:01:44.790 --> 00:01:48.540 It's relieving the fact that we took some C plus D out. 00:01:48.540 --> 00:01:51.840 And it's going to reestablish a new equilibrium. 00:01:51.840 --> 00:01:54.720 If we took A plus B out, or A and B out, 00:01:54.720 --> 00:01:57.420 or even just one of them, A or B out, 00:01:57.420 --> 00:01:59.430 then you would have the opposite happen. 00:01:59.430 --> 00:02:01.560 But either way, if you disturb it, 00:02:01.560 --> 00:02:04.350 the system shifts to relieve the disturbance 00:02:04.350 --> 00:02:06.570 and re-establish equilibrium. 00:02:06.570 --> 00:02:08.640 Now this principle, you might imagine, 00:02:08.640 --> 00:02:10.440 'cause it's been sitting here the whole time, 00:02:10.440 --> 00:02:14.490 is Le Chatelier's Principle that describes that. 00:02:14.490 --> 00:02:17.520 And it's not just by disturbing it by changing, 00:02:17.520 --> 00:02:21.180 say, concentrations of reactants or products. 00:02:21.180 --> 00:02:23.010 You could be changing other things. 00:02:23.010 --> 00:02:27.330 So for example, let's imagine the reversible reaction, 00:02:27.330 --> 00:02:31.350 let's say A plus B, and let's say these are all gases. 00:02:31.350 --> 00:02:34.650 So A plus B can react to form C, 00:02:34.650 --> 00:02:37.260 or C could react to, 00:02:37.260 --> 00:02:40.050 I guess you could imagine, break up into A plus B. 00:02:40.050 --> 00:02:42.513 And let's imagine that these are all gases. 00:02:43.470 --> 00:02:45.000 So let's assume that it's happening 00:02:45.000 --> 00:02:47.670 in a container of a certain size. 00:02:47.670 --> 00:02:50.580 And let's say that I were to shrink 00:02:50.580 --> 00:02:52.920 the volume of that container. 00:02:52.920 --> 00:02:56.160 What do you think is going to happen in that situation? 00:02:56.160 --> 00:02:59.880 Well, if I shrink the volume of that container, 00:02:59.880 --> 00:03:02.370 then you have a situation where A and B 00:03:02.370 --> 00:03:04.140 are going to bump into each other more. 00:03:04.140 --> 00:03:06.540 They're going to collide into each other more. 00:03:06.540 --> 00:03:11.540 And so you are going to have a net direction go in that one. 00:03:11.580 --> 00:03:16.580 You'll still have some C reacting to break up into A and B, 00:03:16.650 --> 00:03:19.230 but you're going to have more A and B reacting, 00:03:19.230 --> 00:03:21.810 bumping into each other, colliding each other to form C, 00:03:21.810 --> 00:03:24.240 until we hit a new equilibrium. 00:03:24.240 --> 00:03:26.880 And notice what is happening there. 00:03:26.880 --> 00:03:30.060 When A plus B reacts to form C, 00:03:30.060 --> 00:03:33.150 it decreases the number of particles in the container 00:03:33.150 --> 00:03:35.760 and it decreases the pressure. 00:03:35.760 --> 00:03:39.810 And so, eventually you're going to hit a new equilibrium. 00:03:39.810 --> 00:03:41.760 But when you disturb that equilibrium 00:03:41.760 --> 00:03:43.470 by changing the volume, 00:03:43.470 --> 00:03:46.740 the system shifted to relieve that disturbance. 00:03:46.740 --> 00:03:49.860 In that case, the disturbance was an increased pressure 00:03:49.860 --> 00:03:52.233 and it reestablished the equilibrium. 00:03:53.070 --> 00:03:55.110 Let's imagine another reaction. 00:03:55.110 --> 00:03:58.590 Let's imagine A plus B. 00:03:58.590 --> 00:04:00.840 And let's say this is an endothermic reaction. 00:04:00.840 --> 00:04:04.830 So I'm gonna treat energy really as a reactant here. 00:04:04.830 --> 00:04:07.324 Just to make it clear that this is an endothermic reaction 00:04:07.324 --> 00:04:10.470 that could form C plus D. 00:04:10.470 --> 00:04:13.710 Or you could have C plus D react 00:04:13.710 --> 00:04:15.750 to form A plus B plus energy. 00:04:15.750 --> 00:04:18.180 So the reaction that starts with C plus D 00:04:18.180 --> 00:04:20.370 and forms A plus B in energy, 00:04:20.370 --> 00:04:23.010 well, that's going to be exothermic. 00:04:23.010 --> 00:04:25.800 So let's imagine what would happen here, 00:04:25.800 --> 00:04:27.900 and let's imagine it's at equilibrium, 00:04:27.900 --> 00:04:30.180 but then we disturb that equilibrium. 00:04:30.180 --> 00:04:32.610 What happens if we disturb that equilibrium 00:04:32.610 --> 00:04:36.570 by adding more energy over here? 00:04:36.570 --> 00:04:38.837 Well, if I add more energy, 00:04:38.837 --> 00:04:40.410 it's going to be easier 00:04:40.410 --> 00:04:43.710 for this endothermic reaction to occur, 00:04:43.710 --> 00:04:46.110 and so it's going to disturb the equilibrium 00:04:46.110 --> 00:04:49.140 in that direction right over there. 00:04:49.140 --> 00:04:53.370 And so you're going to have that energy really get used up 00:04:53.370 --> 00:04:55.590 to form more C and D. 00:04:55.590 --> 00:04:57.570 You could imagine the other way. 00:04:57.570 --> 00:05:00.660 What happens if I were to take energy away? 00:05:00.660 --> 00:05:05.660 Well, you need energy for A and B to react to form C plus D. 00:05:05.700 --> 00:05:08.040 So if you were to take energy away, 00:05:08.040 --> 00:05:10.860 then the reaction that starts with A and B 00:05:10.860 --> 00:05:12.600 is going to happen less. 00:05:12.600 --> 00:05:15.180 And so you're gonna have a net direction 00:05:15.180 --> 00:05:19.110 with C plus D reacting to form A plus B 00:05:19.110 --> 00:05:21.540 until you hit a new equilibrium. 00:05:21.540 --> 00:05:23.430 But the important thing to realize here 00:05:23.430 --> 00:05:25.050 is in every situation, 00:05:25.050 --> 00:05:26.700 whether we're disturbing the equilibrium 00:05:26.700 --> 00:05:29.550 by changing concentration, by changing volume, 00:05:29.550 --> 00:05:31.380 and therefore changing pressure, 00:05:31.380 --> 00:05:33.750 or you're adding or taking away energy, 00:05:33.750 --> 00:05:36.300 which you could do in the form of changing the temperature, 00:05:36.300 --> 00:05:39.900 the system shifts to relieve that disturbance 00:05:39.900 --> 00:05:42.510 and re-establish a new equilibrium, 00:05:42.510 --> 00:05:45.303 which, once again, is Le Chatelier's Principle.
Reversible reactions and equilibrium	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i_LCF8gmcWQ	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=i_LCF8gmcWQ&ei=n1WUZYq_IoHSxN8Pg6KsuAY&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=B21B1AB456151AB8A1C9545AA27F44921AF5D5B0.E77CFDD8FA9EFEC9C31C17C047BA193DED5C3C60&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.630 --> 00:00:02.130 - [Instructor] Let's imagine a reaction 00:00:02.130 --> 00:00:06.270 where we start with the reactants A and B, 00:00:06.270 --> 00:00:11.270 and they react to form the products C and D. 00:00:12.660 --> 00:00:16.350 Now, it turns out that in certain situations, 00:00:16.350 --> 00:00:19.290 the reaction could go the other way. 00:00:19.290 --> 00:00:22.470 You could start with C + D, 00:00:22.470 --> 00:00:27.470 and those could react to end up with A + B. 00:00:27.660 --> 00:00:29.490 So when you have a reaction like this, 00:00:29.490 --> 00:00:31.230 that could go in either direction, 00:00:31.230 --> 00:00:33.870 we call that a reversible reaction. 00:00:33.870 --> 00:00:35.700 And that's why the title of this video, 00:00:35.700 --> 00:00:38.430 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium. 00:00:38.430 --> 00:00:42.390 And one way to say that it could go in either direction is 00:00:42.390 --> 00:00:46.620 to write it like this, A + B. 00:00:46.620 --> 00:00:48.720 And we use these half arrows. 00:00:48.720 --> 00:00:50.160 So it could go in that direction, 00:00:50.160 --> 00:00:53.340 or it could go in this direction. 00:00:53.340 --> 00:00:56.250 You could go to C + D. 00:00:56.250 --> 00:00:58.410 And what's going to happen is 00:00:58.410 --> 00:01:02.640 the reaction is going to go in both directions. 00:01:02.640 --> 00:01:06.600 So A + B is going to react to form C + D, 00:01:06.600 --> 00:01:11.600 and C + D is going to react to form A + B. 00:01:11.610 --> 00:01:12.690 And at some point, 00:01:12.690 --> 00:01:15.090 you're going to be hitting an equilibrium. 00:01:15.090 --> 00:01:17.820 That's the point at which the forward reaction is happening 00:01:17.820 --> 00:01:19.740 at the same rate as, 00:01:19.740 --> 00:01:22.530 I guess you could consider it to be the backward reaction, 00:01:22.530 --> 00:01:25.650 going from C + D to A + B. 00:01:25.650 --> 00:01:27.270 Now, once you're at equilibrium, 00:01:27.270 --> 00:01:29.460 it doesn't mean that the reactions stop. 00:01:29.460 --> 00:01:33.960 It just means that the rate of going from A + B to C + D is 00:01:33.960 --> 00:01:38.960 the same as the rate of going from C + D to A + B. 00:01:39.120 --> 00:01:41.640 This is a really important thing to realize. 00:01:41.640 --> 00:01:43.890 A common misconception is that people think, 00:01:43.890 --> 00:01:47.880 at equilibrium, somehow these reactions stop. 00:01:47.880 --> 00:01:49.320 That is not the case. 00:01:49.320 --> 00:01:52.050 It's just that the rate of the forward reaction 00:01:52.050 --> 00:01:56.460 and the backward reaction has now become the same rate. 00:01:56.460 --> 00:02:00.840 So even though you continue to have A + B forming C + D, 00:02:00.840 --> 00:02:04.800 you have the same rate at which C + D is now also going 00:02:04.800 --> 00:02:07.740 and forming A + B. 00:02:07.740 --> 00:02:11.520 Another misconception here is that the concentrations 00:02:11.520 --> 00:02:14.670 of A + B and C + D, once you're in equilibrium, 00:02:14.670 --> 00:02:16.410 they would've stabilized, 00:02:16.410 --> 00:02:20.460 but it's not necessarily that the concentrations are equal. 00:02:20.460 --> 00:02:22.080 The point at which we're in equilibrium, 00:02:22.080 --> 00:02:25.290 you might have a much lower concentration of C + D 00:02:25.290 --> 00:02:27.960 than A + B, or the other way around. 00:02:27.960 --> 00:02:31.200 What equilibrium is telling us is that at equilibrium, 00:02:31.200 --> 00:02:33.450 the forward rate of reaction is equal 00:02:33.450 --> 00:02:36.603 to the backward rate of reaction.
Catalysts	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TuPmpNfoX8	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=8TuPmpNfoX8&ei=n1WUZcz0GtqzvdIPsJ228A4&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=CD912EA9E1893282C6D1A74E5392D18F2121F864.B37CA20FA446F610A60BC2C38958DEDAF37A4713&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.180 --> 00:00:01.013 - [Instructor] In this video, 00:00:01.013 --> 00:00:04.050 we're gonna talk a little bit about catalysts. 00:00:04.050 --> 00:00:08.430 So let's first imagine that we have two reactants, 00:00:08.430 --> 00:00:09.930 and I'm going to simplify things 00:00:09.930 --> 00:00:12.210 with these overly simplified drawings. 00:00:12.210 --> 00:00:15.720 So let's say you have this reactant right over here, 00:00:15.720 --> 00:00:17.580 and I'm drawing it that way for a reason. 00:00:17.580 --> 00:00:20.370 And then let's say I have this reactant 00:00:20.370 --> 00:00:23.940 that looks something like this. 00:00:23.940 --> 00:00:26.340 And obviously if we're talking about a chemical reaction, 00:00:26.340 --> 00:00:28.260 we're not usually talking about just 00:00:28.260 --> 00:00:29.820 two different molecules. 00:00:29.820 --> 00:00:34.170 We're talking about many trillions of molecules 00:00:34.170 --> 00:00:37.020 that are oftentimes in some form of a solution. 00:00:37.020 --> 00:00:40.770 But here we're just giving an example of one of each types 00:00:40.770 --> 00:00:42.780 of the reactant molecules. 00:00:42.780 --> 00:00:47.010 So let's imagine that if they are able to 00:00:47.010 --> 00:00:50.190 run into each other with sufficient energy 00:00:50.190 --> 00:00:53.040 and with the right orientation, they're going 00:00:53.040 --> 00:00:55.200 to bond with each other. 00:00:55.200 --> 00:00:58.800 So these two reactants would react 00:00:58.800 --> 00:01:02.460 to form this product that looks like this. 00:01:02.460 --> 00:01:07.460 And obviously, as I mentioned, this is a oversimplification, 00:01:07.500 --> 00:01:10.530 but it gives you the general idea. 00:01:10.530 --> 00:01:15.530 So it might form a molecule that looks like that. 00:01:15.540 --> 00:01:19.230 Now, as we mentioned, it has to have the right energy 00:01:19.230 --> 00:01:21.420 and the right orientation. 00:01:21.420 --> 00:01:26.420 So we can think about this in terms of an energy diagram 00:01:26.527 --> 00:01:30.180 right over here, where in this axis, let's call this 00:01:30.180 --> 00:01:33.180 the progress, 00:01:33.180 --> 00:01:36.633 progress of reaction. 00:01:37.770 --> 00:01:41.673 And in this axis, let's just say energy. 00:01:43.470 --> 00:01:45.150 Energy. 00:01:45.150 --> 00:01:47.730 Now we have our reactants 00:01:47.730 --> 00:01:49.950 that are at a certain energy level when they are 00:01:49.950 --> 00:01:52.200 left to their own devices. 00:01:52.200 --> 00:01:56.910 But if they have enough energy added to the system, 00:01:56.910 --> 00:01:59.640 they are able to react. 00:01:59.640 --> 00:02:01.950 And then after they react, 00:02:01.950 --> 00:02:04.350 the product will have a certain energy. 00:02:04.350 --> 00:02:05.550 So this is a reaction where we've had 00:02:05.550 --> 00:02:07.680 to put energy into the reaction 00:02:07.680 --> 00:02:11.490 'cause the products have a higher energy than the reactants. 00:02:11.490 --> 00:02:13.110 So this is the prod. 00:02:13.110 --> 00:02:14.520 In this case, there's just one product, 00:02:14.520 --> 00:02:15.750 let's call it products. 00:02:15.750 --> 00:02:18.273 And let's call this reactants. 00:02:19.380 --> 00:02:21.330 Now this hump over here where we have 00:02:21.330 --> 00:02:23.640 to put even more energy than we end up 00:02:23.640 --> 00:02:26.280 with our products at the end, we call 00:02:26.280 --> 00:02:29.200 that the activation energy, the energy 00:02:29.200 --> 00:02:31.020 that you need in order 00:02:31.020 --> 00:02:34.320 to make this reaction happen from left to right. 00:02:34.320 --> 00:02:38.613 So this right over here is the activation energy. 00:02:39.870 --> 00:02:42.393 Activation energy. 00:02:43.230 --> 00:02:47.280 Now I said that this video was going to be about catalysts. 00:02:47.280 --> 00:02:49.380 What does a catalyst do? 00:02:49.380 --> 00:02:51.750 Well, a catalyst can lower 00:02:51.750 --> 00:02:55.290 the activation energy for a reaction. 00:02:55.290 --> 00:02:57.450 It's not a part of the reaction. 00:02:57.450 --> 00:02:59.070 You could view it as a bystander. 00:02:59.070 --> 00:03:01.590 It's something that's helping the reaction happen. 00:03:01.590 --> 00:03:04.110 It's not getting used up in the reaction, 00:03:04.110 --> 00:03:06.120 it's not getting produced in the reaction. 00:03:06.120 --> 00:03:08.340 It's just helping the reaction happen. 00:03:08.340 --> 00:03:11.730 And it would help it by lowering that activation energy. 00:03:11.730 --> 00:03:13.980 So if you have the presence of a catalyst, 00:03:13.980 --> 00:03:16.380 it might look something like this. 00:03:16.380 --> 00:03:17.880 So all of a sudden you need less energy 00:03:17.880 --> 00:03:20.790 to get over this hump and to form the products. 00:03:20.790 --> 00:03:24.120 Now what could a catalyst actually be that does that? 00:03:24.120 --> 00:03:26.220 Well, we could think about biological systems 00:03:26.220 --> 00:03:30.510 where a common catalyst is an enzyme or enzymes. 00:03:30.510 --> 00:03:33.210 And one way that they lower the activation energy, 00:03:33.210 --> 00:03:35.360 it could be providing a surface 00:03:35.360 --> 00:03:37.470 where the reactants can react. 00:03:37.470 --> 00:03:40.170 It could be to make it a little bit easier for them 00:03:40.170 --> 00:03:42.043 to get in the right orientation. 00:03:42.043 --> 00:03:46.365 So for example, imagine if you had a huge enzyme 00:03:46.365 --> 00:03:49.350 that looked something like this. 00:03:49.350 --> 00:03:53.550 And this once again is an over simplification. 00:03:53.550 --> 00:03:57.750 And it just happened to be that this part of the enzyme, 00:03:57.750 --> 00:04:01.560 it's able to bond to that first reactant. 00:04:01.560 --> 00:04:03.690 Lemme do that same color, 00:04:03.690 --> 00:04:05.250 to that first reactant 00:04:05.250 --> 00:04:09.570 and puts it into the right orientation where this other part 00:04:09.570 --> 00:04:12.630 of the enzyme can bond with that second reactant 00:04:12.630 --> 00:04:16.260 and puts it in the right orientation so that you don't need 00:04:16.260 --> 00:04:19.500 quite as much energy for them to be able 00:04:19.500 --> 00:04:21.180 to react with each other. 00:04:21.180 --> 00:04:23.550 And you might say, well, why do we even need these? 00:04:23.550 --> 00:04:25.230 Or why are enzymes even important? 00:04:25.230 --> 00:04:27.570 Remember, enzymes are type of catalyst. 00:04:27.570 --> 00:04:29.940 Well, it turns out that your body, 00:04:29.940 --> 00:04:33.930 or many biological systems need a lot of reactions to occur, 00:04:33.930 --> 00:04:35.370 but without a catalyst, 00:04:35.370 --> 00:04:38.820 and in this case, in a biological system without an enzyme, 00:04:38.820 --> 00:04:41.820 the temperature would have to be too high, where all sorts 00:04:41.820 --> 00:04:43.680 of other bad things will happen. 00:04:43.680 --> 00:04:46.980 But by having catalysts, in this case, an enzyme, 00:04:46.980 --> 00:04:49.740 it allows the reaction to proceed, in this case from left 00:04:49.740 --> 00:04:52.860 to right, without having the energy be so high 00:04:52.860 --> 00:04:55.620 that it's damaging to the system as a whole. 00:04:55.620 --> 00:04:57.840 So it's a label to have this reaction happen 00:04:57.840 --> 00:05:01.110 at a lower energy or in this biological system 00:05:01.110 --> 00:05:02.373 at a lower temperature.
Electronegativity and bond type	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xv9igHCrnzQ	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=xv9igHCrnzQ&ei=n1WUZaH3H4mevdIPiZuGmAQ&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=43B0E5F13785D97C078656030AE26C4BE41E0DC0.E7D7DF16AE9A685562F694BEA2C144B45D3782F6&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:02.040 --> 00:00:03.420 - [Instructor] Electronegativity is probably 00:00:03.420 --> 00:00:05.280 the most important concept to understand 00:00:05.280 --> 00:00:06.660 in organic chemistry. 00:00:06.660 --> 00:00:08.670 We're gonna use a definition that Linus Pauling gives 00:00:08.670 --> 00:00:11.340 in his book, "The Nature of the Chemical Bond". 00:00:11.340 --> 00:00:14.310 So Linus Pauling says that electronegativity 00:00:14.310 --> 00:00:18.240 refers to the power of an atom in a molecule 00:00:18.240 --> 00:00:20.700 to attract electrons to itself. 00:00:20.700 --> 00:00:22.290 So if I look at a molecule, 00:00:22.290 --> 00:00:25.238 I'm going to compare two atoms in that molecule. 00:00:25.238 --> 00:00:28.200 I'm going to compare carbon to oxygen 00:00:28.200 --> 00:00:30.900 in terms of the electronegativity. 00:00:30.900 --> 00:00:33.060 And to do that, I need to look over here in the right 00:00:33.060 --> 00:00:34.500 at the organic periodic table, 00:00:34.500 --> 00:00:36.240 which shows the elements most commonly used 00:00:36.240 --> 00:00:38.340 in organic chemistry, and then in blue, 00:00:38.340 --> 00:00:41.220 it gives us the Pauling scale for electronegativity. 00:00:41.220 --> 00:00:43.230 So Linus Pauling actually calculated 00:00:43.230 --> 00:00:44.909 electronegativity values for the elements 00:00:44.909 --> 00:00:46.980 and put them into the table, 00:00:46.980 --> 00:00:49.560 and that allows us to compare different elements 00:00:49.560 --> 00:00:51.480 in terms of their electronegativities. 00:00:51.480 --> 00:00:53.228 For example, we are concerned with carbon, 00:00:53.228 --> 00:00:55.683 which has an electronegativity value of 2.5, 00:00:57.000 --> 00:00:58.787 and we're going to compare that to oxygen, 00:00:58.787 --> 00:01:02.760 which has an electronegativity value of 3.5. 00:01:02.760 --> 00:01:06.540 So oxygen is more electronegative than carbon. 00:01:06.540 --> 00:01:09.300 And the definition tells us 00:01:09.300 --> 00:01:11.280 that if oxygen is more electronegative, 00:01:11.280 --> 00:01:14.880 oxygen has a greater power to attract electrons to itself 00:01:14.880 --> 00:01:15.960 than carbon does. 00:01:15.960 --> 00:01:17.277 And so if you think about the electrons 00:01:17.277 --> 00:01:19.944 and the covalent bond between carbon and oxygen 00:01:19.944 --> 00:01:22.643 that are shared, they're shared unequally, 00:01:22.643 --> 00:01:24.601 because oxygen is more electronegative. 00:01:24.601 --> 00:01:27.480 Oxygen's going to pull those electrons in red 00:01:27.480 --> 00:01:28.950 closer to itself. 00:01:28.950 --> 00:01:31.440 And since electrons are negatively charged, 00:01:31.440 --> 00:01:34.156 the oxygen's gonna get a little bit more negative charge, 00:01:34.156 --> 00:01:35.332 and so it's going to have 00:01:35.332 --> 00:01:38.550 what we call a partial negative charge on it. 00:01:38.550 --> 00:01:39.690 So partial negative, 00:01:39.690 --> 00:01:43.590 partial sign is a lowercase Greek letter delta. 00:01:43.590 --> 00:01:45.990 And so the oxygen is partially negative. 00:01:45.990 --> 00:01:48.810 It's pulling the electrons in red closer to itself. 00:01:48.810 --> 00:01:52.020 Another way to show the movement of those electrons in red 00:01:52.020 --> 00:01:54.390 closer to the oxygen would be this funny arrow here. 00:01:54.390 --> 00:01:56.550 So the arrow points in the direction of the movement 00:01:56.550 --> 00:01:58.740 of the electrons in red. 00:01:58.740 --> 00:02:02.790 So carbon is losing some of those electrons in red. 00:02:02.790 --> 00:02:05.700 Carbon is losing a little bit of electron density. 00:02:05.700 --> 00:02:08.430 Carbon is losing a little bit of negative charge. 00:02:08.430 --> 00:02:09.840 So carbon used to be neutral, 00:02:09.840 --> 00:02:12.330 but since it's losing a little bit of negative charge, 00:02:12.330 --> 00:02:15.840 this carbon will end up being partially positive like that. 00:02:15.840 --> 00:02:17.850 So the carbon is partially positive, 00:02:17.850 --> 00:02:20.100 and the oxygen is partially negative. 00:02:20.100 --> 00:02:22.620 That's a polarized situation, right? 00:02:22.620 --> 00:02:24.148 You have a little bit of negative charge on one side, 00:02:24.148 --> 00:02:26.640 a little bit of positive charge on the other side. 00:02:26.640 --> 00:02:28.710 So it's still a covalent bond, 00:02:28.710 --> 00:02:30.282 but it's a polarized covalent bond 00:02:30.282 --> 00:02:32.696 due to the differences in electronegativities 00:02:32.696 --> 00:02:35.130 between those two atoms. 00:02:35.130 --> 00:02:37.169 Let's do a few more examples here 00:02:37.169 --> 00:02:39.830 where we show the differences in electronegativity. 00:02:39.830 --> 00:02:42.540 So if I were thinking about a molecule 00:02:42.540 --> 00:02:44.700 that has two carbons in it, 00:02:44.700 --> 00:02:48.600 and I'm thinking about what happens to the electrons in red, 00:02:48.600 --> 00:02:50.760 well, for this example, 00:02:50.760 --> 00:02:54.390 each carbon has the same value for electronegativity, right? 00:02:54.390 --> 00:02:56.700 So the carbon in the left has a value of 2.5. 00:02:56.700 --> 00:02:59.160 The carbon in the right has a value of 2.5. 00:02:59.160 --> 00:03:02.520 That's a difference in electronegativity of zero, 00:03:02.520 --> 00:03:05.460 which means that the electrons in red aren't gonna move 00:03:05.460 --> 00:03:07.350 towards one carbon or towards the other carbon. 00:03:07.350 --> 00:03:08.760 They're gonna stay in the middle, 00:03:08.760 --> 00:03:11.130 they're gonna be shared between those two atoms. 00:03:11.130 --> 00:03:12.840 So this is a covalent bond, 00:03:12.840 --> 00:03:15.300 and there's no polarity situation created here, 00:03:15.300 --> 00:03:17.610 since there's no difference in electronegativity. 00:03:17.610 --> 00:03:22.170 So we call this a nonpolar covalent bond, right? 00:03:22.170 --> 00:03:27.170 So this is a nonpolar covalent bond, like that. 00:03:27.720 --> 00:03:29.340 Let's do another example. 00:03:29.340 --> 00:03:31.340 Let's compare carbon to hydrogen. 00:03:31.340 --> 00:03:33.142 So if I had a molecule 00:03:33.142 --> 00:03:35.779 and I have a bond between carbon and hydrogen, 00:03:35.779 --> 00:03:39.630 and I want to know what happens to the electrons in red 00:03:39.630 --> 00:03:42.960 between the carbon and the hydrogen, we've seen that carbon 00:03:42.960 --> 00:03:44.860 has an electronegativity value of 2.5, 00:03:45.780 --> 00:03:49.087 and we go up here to hydrogen, which has a value of 2.1, 00:03:50.340 --> 00:03:51.833 and so that's difference of 0.4. 00:03:53.460 --> 00:03:55.109 So there is a difference in electronegativity 00:03:55.109 --> 00:03:58.050 between those two atoms, but it's a very small difference. 00:03:58.050 --> 00:04:00.270 and so most textbooks would consider the bond 00:04:00.270 --> 00:04:01.500 between carbon and hydrogen 00:04:01.500 --> 00:04:05.340 to still be a nonpolar covalent bond. 00:04:05.340 --> 00:04:06.173 All right, let's go ahead 00:04:06.173 --> 00:04:09.030 and put in the example we did above, right. 00:04:09.030 --> 00:04:11.010 where we compared the electronegativies 00:04:11.010 --> 00:04:13.770 of carbon and oxygen, like that. 00:04:13.770 --> 00:04:15.564 When we looked up the values, we saw that carbon 00:04:15.564 --> 00:04:18.780 had an electronegativity value of 2.5, 00:04:18.780 --> 00:04:22.470 and oxygen had a value of 3.5 for a difference of one. 00:04:22.470 --> 00:04:26.130 And that's enough to have a polar covalent bond, right? 00:04:26.130 --> 00:04:30.160 This is a polar covalent bond 00:04:31.380 --> 00:04:33.330 between the carbon and the oxygen. 00:04:33.330 --> 00:04:35.850 So when we think about the electrons in red, 00:04:35.850 --> 00:04:38.700 the electrons in red are pulled closer to the oxygen, 00:04:38.700 --> 00:04:41.670 giving the oxygen a partial negative charge, 00:04:41.670 --> 00:04:44.640 and since electron density is moving away from the carbon, 00:04:44.640 --> 00:04:47.133 the carbon gets a partial positive charge. 00:04:48.582 --> 00:04:50.452 And so we can see that if your difference 00:04:50.452 --> 00:04:53.040 in electronegativity is one, 00:04:53.040 --> 00:04:55.440 it's considered to be a polar covalent bond, 00:04:55.440 --> 00:04:58.530 and if your difference in electronegativity is 0.4, 00:04:58.530 --> 00:05:00.720 that's considered to be a nonpolar covalent bond. 00:05:00.720 --> 00:05:03.514 So somewhere in between there must be the difference 00:05:03.514 --> 00:05:07.860 between non-polar covalent bond and a polar covalent bond. 00:05:07.860 --> 00:05:11.730 And most textbooks will tell you approximately somewhere 00:05:11.730 --> 00:05:13.680 in the 0.5 range. 00:05:13.680 --> 00:05:15.210 So if the difference in electronegativity 00:05:15.210 --> 00:05:17.430 is greater than 0.5, you can go ahead and consider it 00:05:17.430 --> 00:05:19.620 to be mostly a polar covalent bond. 00:05:19.620 --> 00:05:22.770 If the difference in electronegativity is less than 0.5, 00:05:22.770 --> 00:05:25.800 we would consider that to be a nonpolar covalent bond. 00:05:25.800 --> 00:05:28.380 Now, I should point out that we're using the Pauling scale 00:05:28.380 --> 00:05:29.730 for electronegativity here, 00:05:29.730 --> 00:05:31.170 and there are several different scales 00:05:31.170 --> 00:05:32.220 for electronegativity. 00:05:32.220 --> 00:05:34.740 So these numbers are not absolute. 00:05:34.740 --> 00:05:36.371 These are more relative differences, 00:05:36.371 --> 00:05:39.630 and it's the relative difference in electronegativity 00:05:39.630 --> 00:05:41.970 that we care the most about. 00:05:41.970 --> 00:05:43.413 Let's do another example. 00:05:45.350 --> 00:05:47.880 Let's compare oxygen to hydrogen. 00:05:47.880 --> 00:05:51.120 So let's think about what happens to the electrons 00:05:51.120 --> 00:05:52.720 between oxygen and hydrogen. 00:05:52.720 --> 00:05:55.890 So the electrons in red here. 00:05:55.890 --> 00:05:57.150 All right, so we've already seen 00:05:57.150 --> 00:05:59.550 the electronegativity values for both of these atoms. 00:05:59.550 --> 00:06:04.550 Oxygen had a value of 3.5, and hydrogen had a value of 2.1. 00:06:05.670 --> 00:06:08.580 So that's an electronegativity difference of 1.4. 00:06:08.580 --> 00:06:11.520 So this is a polar covalent bond. 00:06:11.520 --> 00:06:13.703 Since oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, 00:06:13.703 --> 00:06:16.510 the electrons in red are going to move closer to the oxygen. 00:06:16.510 --> 00:06:19.830 so the oxygen's going to get a partial negative charge, 00:06:19.830 --> 00:06:22.740 and the hydrogen's gonna get a partial positive charge, 00:06:22.740 --> 00:06:23.573 like that.
London dispersion forces introduction	https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h-BiBeydkys	vtt	https://www.youtube.com/api/timedtext?v=h-BiBeydkys&ei=n1WUZanCI_Gkp-oP28aWMA&caps=asr&opi=112496729&xoaf=5&hl=en&ip=0.0.0.0&ipbits=0&expire=1704245263&sparams=ip%2Cipbits%2Cexpire%2Cv%2Cei%2Ccaps%2Copi%2Cxoaf&signature=8B74C7226EF7B676B946F8B0C23DB8B296D7FA8E.0E8464D62FF0F97C9953C9386413162585A8D468&key=yt8&lang=en&name=Default&fmt=vtt	en	WEBVTT Kind: captions Language: en 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.590 - [Instructor] What we're going to do in this video 00:00:01.590 --> 00:00:04.410 is start talking about forces that exist 00:00:04.410 --> 00:00:08.790 between even neutral atoms or neutral molecules. 00:00:08.790 --> 00:00:11.130 And the first of these intermolecular forces 00:00:11.130 --> 00:00:15.390 we will talk about are London dispersion forces. 00:00:15.390 --> 00:00:16.980 So it sounds very fancy, 00:00:16.980 --> 00:00:18.510 but it's actually a pretty interesting 00:00:18.510 --> 00:00:20.760 and almost intuitive phenomenon. 00:00:20.760 --> 00:00:22.860 So we are used to thinking about atoms 00:00:22.860 --> 00:00:24.450 and let's just say we have a neutral atom, 00:00:24.450 --> 00:00:26.940 so it has the same number of protons and electrons, 00:00:26.940 --> 00:00:29.340 and so that's all those are all the protons 00:00:29.340 --> 00:00:31.800 and the neutrons in the nucleus. 00:00:31.800 --> 00:00:34.620 And then it'll have a cloud of electrons. 00:00:34.620 --> 00:00:36.271 So I'm just imagining all these electrons 00:00:36.271 --> 00:00:37.339 kind of jumping around. 00:00:37.339 --> 00:00:39.900 That's how I'm going to represent it. 00:00:39.900 --> 00:00:41.370 And let's imagine, 00:00:41.370 --> 00:00:43.110 and this is definitely not drawn to scale, 00:00:43.110 --> 00:00:45.990 the nucleus would actually be much smaller if it was. 00:00:45.990 --> 00:00:48.658 But let's say that there is an adjacent atom right over here 00:00:48.658 --> 00:00:50.100 and it's also neutral. 00:00:50.100 --> 00:00:52.440 Maybe it's the same type of atom, it could be different, 00:00:52.440 --> 00:00:53.880 but we're gonna say it's neutral. 00:00:53.880 --> 00:00:57.000 And it also has an electron cloud. 00:00:57.000 --> 00:01:00.210 And so if these are both neutral in charge, 00:01:00.210 --> 00:01:02.700 how would they be attracted to each other? 00:01:02.700 --> 00:01:05.850 And that's what London dispersion forces actually explain. 00:01:05.850 --> 00:01:09.240 Because we have observed that even neutral atoms 00:01:09.240 --> 00:01:12.987 and neutral molecules can get attracted to each other. 00:01:12.987 --> 00:01:15.810 And the way to think about it is electrons 00:01:15.810 --> 00:01:18.870 are constantly jumping around probabilistically. 00:01:18.870 --> 00:01:21.480 They're in this probability density cloud 00:01:21.480 --> 00:01:24.240 where electron could be anywhere at any given moment, 00:01:24.240 --> 00:01:27.000 but they're not always going to be evenly distributed. 00:01:27.000 --> 00:01:30.810 You can imagine that there is a moment where that left atom 00:01:30.810 --> 00:01:32.910 might look like this, just for a moment 00:01:32.910 --> 00:01:35.250 where most of, or maybe slightly more 00:01:35.250 --> 00:01:37.800 of the electrons are spending time on the left side 00:01:38.682 --> 00:01:41.100 of the atom than on the right side. 00:01:41.100 --> 00:01:43.320 So maybe it looks something like that. 00:01:43.320 --> 00:01:45.300 And so for that brief moment, 00:01:45.300 --> 00:01:47.520 you have a partial negative charge. 00:01:47.520 --> 00:01:50.370 This is the Greek letter delta, lower case delta, 00:01:50.370 --> 00:01:53.310 which is used to denote partial charge. 00:01:53.310 --> 00:01:57.390 And on this side, you might have a partial positive charge. 00:01:57.390 --> 00:01:59.340 Because remember, when it was evenly distributed, 00:01:59.340 --> 00:02:00.771 the negative charge was offset 00:02:00.771 --> 00:02:03.120 by the positive charge of the nucleus. 00:02:03.120 --> 00:02:04.530 But here on the right side, 00:02:04.530 --> 00:02:05.850 because there's fewer electrons here, 00:02:05.850 --> 00:02:08.070 maybe you have a partial positive on the left side, 00:02:08.070 --> 00:02:09.510 you have where most of the electrons 00:02:09.510 --> 00:02:11.760 are in that moment, partial negative. 00:02:11.760 --> 00:02:16.440 Now what might this induce in the neighboring atom? 00:02:16.440 --> 00:02:17.273 Think about that. 00:02:17.273 --> 00:02:18.106 Pause the video. 00:02:18.106 --> 00:02:20.740 Think about what might happen in the neighboring atom then? 00:02:21.780 --> 00:02:24.930 Well, we know that like charges repel each other 00:02:24.930 --> 00:02:27.570 and opposite charges attract each other. 00:02:27.570 --> 00:02:30.210 So if we have a partial positive charge out here 00:02:30.210 --> 00:02:32.790 on the right side of this left atom, 00:02:32.790 --> 00:02:34.740 well then the negative electrons 00:02:34.740 --> 00:02:38.040 might be attracted to it in this right atom. 00:02:38.040 --> 00:02:40.230 So these electrons here might actually be pulled 00:02:40.230 --> 00:02:42.540 a little bit to the left. 00:02:42.540 --> 00:02:45.120 So they might be pulled a little bit to the left. 00:02:45.120 --> 00:02:50.120 And so that will induce what is called a dipole. 00:02:50.430 --> 00:02:52.830 So now you'll have a partial negative charge 00:02:52.830 --> 00:02:54.630 on the left side of this atom, 00:02:54.630 --> 00:02:58.500 and then a partial positive charge on the right side of it. 00:02:58.500 --> 00:03:01.520 And we already had a randomly occurring dipole 00:03:01.520 --> 00:03:04.230 on the left-hand side, but then that would've induced 00:03:04.230 --> 00:03:06.030 a dipole on the right-hand side. 00:03:06.030 --> 00:03:08.730 A dipole is just when you have the separation of charge 00:03:08.730 --> 00:03:11.100 where you have your positive negative charges 00:03:11.100 --> 00:03:14.340 at two different parts of a molecule or an atom 00:03:14.340 --> 00:03:16.410 or really, anything. 00:03:16.410 --> 00:03:18.450 But in this world, then all of a sudden, 00:03:18.450 --> 00:03:21.240 these two characters are going to be attracted 00:03:21.240 --> 00:03:23.100 to each other or the atoms 00:03:23.100 --> 00:03:24.810 are going to be attracted to each other. 00:03:24.810 --> 00:03:29.460 And this attraction that happens due to induced dipoles, 00:03:29.460 --> 00:03:34.460 that is exactly what London dispersion forces is all about. 00:03:34.500 --> 00:03:36.480 You can actually call London dispersion forces 00:03:36.480 --> 00:03:39.630 is induced dipole, induced dipole forces. 00:03:39.630 --> 00:03:41.430 They become attracted to each other 00:03:41.430 --> 00:03:44.340 because of what could start out as a temporary imbalance 00:03:44.340 --> 00:03:47.670 of electrons, but then it induces a dipole in the other atom 00:03:47.670 --> 00:03:50.430 or the other molecule, and then they get attracted. 00:03:50.430 --> 00:03:52.350 So the next question you might ask is, 00:03:52.350 --> 00:03:54.270 how strong can these forces get? 00:03:54.270 --> 00:03:59.270 And that's all about a notion of polarizability. 00:04:00.180 --> 00:04:04.020 How easy is it to polarize an atom or molecule? 00:04:04.020 --> 00:04:08.550 And generally speaking, the more electrons you have. 00:04:08.550 --> 00:04:13.550 So the larger the electron cloud, larger electron cloud, 00:04:13.890 --> 00:04:18.000 electron cloud, which is usually associated 00:04:18.000 --> 00:04:22.323 with molar mass, so usually, molar mass, 00:04:23.490 --> 00:04:26.460 then the higher polarizability you're gonna have, 00:04:26.460 --> 00:04:27.840 'cause you're just gonna have more electrons 00:04:27.840 --> 00:04:28.673 to play around with. 00:04:28.673 --> 00:04:31.890 If this was a helium atom, which has a relatively small 00:04:31.890 --> 00:04:34.230 electron cloud, you couldn't have 00:04:34.230 --> 00:04:36.030 a significant imbalance. 00:04:36.030 --> 00:04:39.480 At most, you might have two electrons on one side, 00:04:39.480 --> 00:04:41.640 which would cause some imbalance. 00:04:41.640 --> 00:04:44.730 But on the other hand, imagine a much larger atom 00:04:44.730 --> 00:04:46.770 or a much larger molecule, 00:04:46.770 --> 00:04:49.080 you could have much more significant imbalances. 00:04:49.080 --> 00:04:52.110 Three, four or five, 50 electrons. 00:04:52.110 --> 00:04:54.690 And that would create a stronger temporary dipole, 00:04:54.690 --> 00:04:58.170 which would then induce a stronger dipole in the neighbors. 00:04:58.170 --> 00:04:59.820 That could domino 00:04:59.820 --> 00:05:02.670 through the entire sample of that molecule. 00:05:02.670 --> 00:05:07.470 So for example, if you were to compare some noble gases 00:05:07.470 --> 00:05:10.650 to each other, and so we can look at the noble gases 00:05:10.650 --> 00:05:12.420 here on the right-hand side. 00:05:12.420 --> 00:05:15.450 If you were to compare the London dispersion forces 00:05:15.450 --> 00:05:18.660 between say, helium and argon, 00:05:18.660 --> 00:05:19.560 which one would you think 00:05:19.560 --> 00:05:21.810 would have higher London dispersion forces? 00:05:21.810 --> 00:05:23.610 A bunch of helium atoms next to each other, 00:05:23.610 --> 00:05:26.580 or a bunch of argon atoms next to each other? 00:05:26.580 --> 00:05:30.600 Well, the argon atoms have a larger electron cloud, 00:05:30.600 --> 00:05:34.230 so they have higher polarizability. 00:05:34.230 --> 00:05:37.860 And so you're going to have higher London dispersion forces. 00:05:37.860 --> 00:05:40.740 And you can actually see that in their boiling points. 00:05:40.740 --> 00:05:45.450 For example, the boiling point of helium 00:05:45.450 --> 00:05:47.790 is quite low. 00:05:47.790 --> 00:05:52.790 It is negative 268.9 degrees Celsius 00:05:53.070 --> 00:05:55.680 while the boiling point of argon, 00:05:55.680 --> 00:05:58.320 it's still at a low temperature by our standards, 00:05:58.320 --> 00:06:00.210 but it's a much higher temperature 00:06:00.210 --> 00:06:02.100 than the boiling point for helium. 00:06:02.100 --> 00:06:07.100 It's at negative 185.8 degrees Celsius. 00:06:07.980 --> 00:06:11.070 So one way to think about this, if you were at say, 00:06:11.070 --> 00:06:15.360 negative 270 degrees Celsius, 00:06:15.360 --> 00:06:19.260 you would find a sample of helium in a liquid state. 00:06:19.260 --> 00:06:21.060 But as you warm things up, 00:06:21.060 --> 00:06:26.060 as you get beyond negative 268.9 degrees Celsius, 00:06:26.220 --> 00:06:29.970 you're going to see that those London dispersion forces 00:06:29.970 --> 00:06:32.490 that are keeping those helium atoms together 00:06:32.490 --> 00:06:34.980 sliding past each other in a liquid state, 00:06:34.980 --> 00:06:37.260 they're going to be overcome 00:06:37.260 --> 00:06:40.680 by the energy due to the temperature. 00:06:40.680 --> 00:06:43.500 And so they're going to be able to break free of each other. 00:06:43.500 --> 00:06:46.470 And essentially, the helium is going to boil 00:06:46.470 --> 00:06:49.530 and you're going to enter into a gaseous state, the state 00:06:49.530 --> 00:06:51.930 that most of us are used to seeing helium in. 00:06:51.930 --> 00:06:56.010 But that doesn't happen for argon until a good bit warmer. 00:06:56.010 --> 00:06:57.600 Still cold by our standards. 00:06:57.600 --> 00:07:00.060 And that's because it takes more energy 00:07:00.060 --> 00:07:03.390 to overcome the London dispersion forces of argon 00:07:03.390 --> 00:07:08.390 because the argon atoms have larger electron clouds. 00:07:10.350 --> 00:07:13.800 So generally speaking, the larger the molecule, 00:07:13.800 --> 00:07:15.600 because it has a larger electron cloud, 00:07:15.600 --> 00:07:17.310 it'll have higher polarizability 00:07:17.310 --> 00:07:19.203 and higher London dispersion forces.

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