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248_11	When the clay dirt of the Missouri Breaks becomes wet, it first becomes slick then it becomes sticky and clumps up around any surface that comes in contact with it. The sticky nature of the mud is because the clay has a high bentonite content. The Missouri Breaks are notorious for this sticky "gumbo mud".
248_12	Travelers to Rocky Point in wet weather encountered this mud. It was exhausting to travel through. Charley Siringo, the famous stock detective, rode horseback to Rocky Point on his favorite mare, intending to cross the Missouri River, on his way from Lewistown to Landusky in the Little Rocky Mountains. After Siringo had started into the Missouri Breaks (which he refers to as the "Bad Lands"), he encountered the "sticky mud" of the Missouri Breaks: ... the sticky mud of the 'Bad Lands' was something fearful. It would stick to the mare's feet till the poor animal could hardly gallop. I had seen many kinds of sticky mud in my life, but nothing to equal this." When Siringo dismounted,"I found I couldn't get my foot in the stirrup, owing to the mud that was stuck fast to it. Here my early cowboy training in the art of fancy swearing came in play, as it seemed to relieve my mind, while the mud was being scraped off my foot with a knife." When he finally got to Rocky Point, Siringo's mare
248_13	was exhausted."My mare had only traveled 30 miles, but she had carried about 75 pounds of mud across the 'Bad Lands', hence she was almost played out on arriving at Rocky Point. I had often heard of the 'Bad lands' and wanted to visit them, but now that desire had vanished."
248_14	Settlement in Montana Territory In the Missouri Breaks a ferry and a place to cross stock over the Missouri River were rare, and a community grew up at Rocky Point. Rocky Point became a meeting place and center of trade for miners, woodhawks, trappers, buffalo hunters, whiskey traders, ranchers and cowboys. Rocky Point served legitimate local businessmen and ranchers, but also became a place where thieves and outlaws lived. In 1880, C.A. Broadwater, Helena merchant and entrepreneur, moved his warehouse upriver from Carroll landing to the vicinity of Rocky Point. He erected buildings and named the settlement "Wilder" after Amherst H. Wilder, his business associate from St. Paul, Minnesota. Broadwater received shipments being forwarded to Fort Maginnis. He requested military aid, and a detachment of 19 men was sent to Wilder in order to guard government freight until it was shipped to Fort Maginnis.
248_15	In 1885, Rocky Point had grown to one store, one hotel, one feed stable, two saloons, a blacksmith shop and the ferry run by Jimmy Taylor. The store was run by R.A. Richie, and a warehouse was run by M.F. Marsh, who also ran his bar and hotel. Teddy Blue Abbott, a cowboy who later became a ranch owner and who wrote a book about his life, had these observations about Rocky Point in the 1880s:"There were a few stores at Rocky Point, and a saloon run by a man named Marsh, and three white women. One was Mrs. Marsh, a very nice lady who kept the eating house. She had a daughter. And there was also a woman they called Big Ox, who was one of those haybags that used to follow the buffalo camps. They had the damnedest names, those big old fat buffalo women. ... We was in a wilderness and we had to make the best of it. As for Big Ox, I have heard men say that when a man is starving he would eat crumbs and worse than crumbs."
248_16	Refuge and gathering place for outlaws and rustlers in the early 1880s In the 1870s Rocky Point lay in the heart of the Missouri Breaks, where extensive badlands run along the Missouri River for hundreds of miles. This area lay on the margins of several territorial counties and was thus remote from any county seat. The appearance of a county sheriff or his deputy in the Breaks was a rare event, and the presence of law enforcement was nonexistent. Persons in trouble with the law gathered at Rocky Point because it provided a refuge that was remote from interference by law officers. If the sheriff of one county showed up, the outlaws could saddle up and swim their mounts across the Missouri, and be in another county beyond the sheriff's jurisdiction and thus beyond the risk of arrest. The outlaws resided in the river bottoms and masqueraded as buffalo hunters, Indian traders or wood hawks. Rocky Point in the 1870s and 1880s was well known to be a tough town.
248_17	Extending out from the Missouri Breaks, both to the north and south, were the vast grasslands of the eastern Montana prairies. In the early 1880s the buffalo on these ranges were hunted to near extinction, and were replaced by large herds of cattle, most trailed up from Texas. Large ranches developed, based on a deeded "homeplace" located along water courses, but with the grazing cattle on adjacent broad stretches of public lands, referred to as "open range". These ranches kept large herds of horses. This environment provided an opportunity for thieves residing in the breaks—they rustled stock from herds on the plains on one side of the Missouri River, drove them into remote reaches of the breaks, changed their brands, and then drove the stock to the other side of the river, to reach communities where the stock could be sold. Rustling horses was most common because horses could be driven much faster than cattle.
248_18	Rocky Point was associated with this system of rustling because stolen stock could be crossed from one side of the river to the other at the Rocky Point Ford. The thieves would range south as far as Wyoming, and north as far as Canada. As the incidents of horse stealing became more and more common in the area, the consensus of the surrounding ranching community was that "there were rustlers' rendezvous at the mouth of the Musselshell, at Rocky Point and at Wolf Point [in Montana Territory]". Vigilantes visit in 1884 In 1884 Granville Stuart, an early pioneer and rancher (operator-owner of the large DHS ranch located south of the Breaks near Fort Maginnis), organized a strike force that went into the Breaks, seeking out and summarily hanging (or shooting it out with) suspected rustlers. Estimates of rustler casualties ran from a low of 13 to a high of 35, but probably were closer to 18 or 20.
248_19	Rocky Point was visited by the vigilantes in 1884."At the time the vigilante committee started for the mouth of the Musselshell, another party left for the vicinity of Rocky Point where two notorious horse thieves, known as Red Mike and Brocky Gallagher, were making their headquarters. They had stolen about thirty head of horses from Smith river, changed the brands and were holding them in the bad lands ... When the vigilantes arrived at Rocky Point the men were not there but had crossed over to the north side of the river. The party followed after, and captured them and recovered some of the horses. Both men pled guilty to horse stealing and told their captors that there were six head of the stolen horses at Dutch Louie's ranch on Crooked Creek. Both Red Mike and Brocky Gallagher were hanged by the vigilantes. As a result of the vigilantes' attentions, rustling declined in the breaks.
248_20	Acquisition of the alternative name of Wilder, Montana, and continuation into the 20th century The end of the Missouri River steamboat era came with the completion across Montana of the Northern Pacific Railroad line in 1883, followed by the construction into Montana of the Great Northern Railroad line in 1887. Rocky Point was still a crossing point on the Missouri, but it was not located between any major towns and only attracted limited traffic. In 1886 a post office was created in the Rocky Point area and given the name of Wilder, which name originated with C. A. Broadwater (see above). The Wilder post office operated from 1886 to 1939. Robert A. Richie became the first postmaster. In 1888 Welter S. Collins was postmaster. In 1889 Philander D. Freese was postmaster at Wilder. Fredrick J. Bourdon then became postmaster, and in 1895 A. L. Monroe took the job. Three months later James Tyler became the postmaster.
248_21	After the creation of the post office, the general community at the crossing point on the Missouri was still known as Rocky Point, but the post office was known as Wilder, and sometimes the community was also referred to as Wilder. As long as the ferry functioned, Rocky Point remained a local gathering place. It became a polling place for elections. During the election of 1878 there was a polling place at Rocky Point. In 1886 there were 53 votes in the election and the judges were Richie, the postmaster, Tyler, a store owner and ferry operator, and Pike Landusky, a miner and bar owner and generally colorful character. In 1888, Marsh's saloon at the Rocky Point ford burned down and he rented a building from E. C. Bartlett. R.A. Richie moved away to Glasgow, where he died of typhoid fever.
248_22	In 1889 Montana became a state. At that time Rocky Point was in Chouteau County, but all of Chouteau County south of the Missouri River was traded off to Fergus County for $2,500, and Wilder became part of Fergus County. In 1900, Rocky Point still remained a river crossing with a ferry, an operating store and bar to serve the area. Tex Alford ran a saloon across the river. After 1900 homesteaders began to arrive in greater numbers on the eastern Montana prairie. In 1905 Margaret Frost was the postmaster at Wilder. In 1907 Elmer Turner took over the store at Rocky Point and the Wilder post office. He also bought the ferry at the Rocky Point crossing from Tyler. Turner homesteaded and lived at the ford until 1935, when the government purchased all the land in the Missouri valley for the Fort Peck Dam.
248_23	In 1918 the Wilder Post Office was moved from the area close to the ford, to Luella M. Belyea's homestead on top of the river hill. Mr. Elmer Turner maintained the ferry at Rocky Point/Wilder until the winter of 1929, when he used the lumber to roof a new log shop and in another building which still stands. Elma M. Webb took over the Wilder post office on November 4, 1920. The original handmade boxes, counter and shelves from the river were installed in her home, where she also ran a store. During Elma Webb's tenure from 1920 to 1935, the mail came from Roy on Monday and Friday of each week.
248_24	After the ferry was dismantled in 1929, Rocky Point ford ceased to function either as a ferry or a community, but the concept of community continued at the Wilder Post Office, though no longer at the site of the original ford. Local people continued to congregate at the Wilder Post Office and store in the home of Elma Webb. Wilder was in voting precinct #30 and was a polling place from its origin until 1942, when the last election was held at the Little Crooked School house with John Mauland, Edith McNulty and Ray McNulty as judges.
248_25	Upon the death of her husband, Elma Webb leased her place to Elna Brumfield Wright and turned the Wilder Post Office over to her on December 15, 1935. Elna put the store/post office charge of her brother-in-law, Stanley Wright, on June 4, 1936. Bertine Mathison leased the Webb place and became postmaster in 1937. Fire destroyed the building, and the Wilder Post Office was discontinued November 30, 1939, which also spelled the end of Wilder as a successor to Rocky Point. Consideration as a site for a highway bridge in 1931
248_26	In 1931 Rocky Point was considered as the site for a bridge over the Missouri River to connect a north–south highway which was projected to be built through the Missouri Breaks to connect Lewistown (south of the breaks) and Malta (north of the breaks). The positive features of Rocky Point bridge site were (1) a good foundation in the Bearpaw Shale at the site, and (2) the river channel was not prone to wander at this place. In addition, in comparison to other sites, Rocky Point had a lower estimated price for both the bridge and for the approach roads through the breaks. However, before the Montana legislature could take action, the 1930s depression caused all road building plans to be placed on hold. By the time interest in the highway project revived in the 1950s, Rocky Point was passed over in favor of another location upstream where the bridge was eventually built. Absorption into the Ft. Peck Dam project in 1935
248_27	In 1936 the land at the site of Rocky Point became the property of the U.S. government, when the Army Corps of Engineers condemned and bought up all the river bottom land that might possibly be affected by Fort Peck Dam, then being built. This ended all community activity at the site of the river ford at Rocky Point. All the families who had lived on the ranches and homesteads along the Missouri River moved away. The lands at the Rocky Point ford have remained in federal control since that time. They are now part of the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Several historic structures still exist down along the Missouri near the site of the Missouri River ford. They are in deteriorating condition.
248_28	Field trip Approach roads and site are on public lands in the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, operated by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The refuge is easily accessible on public roads. The coordinates and a "Google Earth" review, or utilization of a DeLorme atlas of maps will provide directions from U.S. Highway 191 to Rocky Point. Off the highway, roads are mostly all "dirt". They are inaccessible when wet. Although the description by Charles Siringo quoted above of the difficulties with sticky mud in the breaks is over a hundred years old, it is still applicable. The website for the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge has downloadable maps, and provides information on "Current Refuge Road Conditions" on the home page, specifically noting impassable places, but warns that their list may not be complete or up to date. References External links Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge Homestead Tracks Over Buffalo Tracks, p. 428, 429
248_29	Ghost towns in Montana History of Montana Montana Territory Geography of Fergus County, Montana National Register of Historic Places in Fergus County, Montana
249_0	Pentobarbital (previously known as pentobarbitone in Britain and Australia) is a short-acting barbiturate typically used as a sedative, a preanesthetic, and to control convulsions in emergencies. It can also be used for short-term treatment of insomnia but has been largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs. In high doses, pentobarbital causes death by respiratory arrest. It is used for veterinary euthanasia and is used by some U.S. states and the U.S. federal government for executions of convicted criminals. In some countries and states, it is also used for physician-assisted suicide. Pentobarbital was widely abused and sometimes known as "yellow jackets" due to the yellow capsule of the Nembutal brand. Pentobarbital in oral (pill) form is no longer commercially available. Uses
249_1	Medical Typical applications for pentobarbital are sedative, short term hypnotic, preanesthetic, insomnia treatment, and control of convulsions in emergencies. Abbott Pharmaceutical discontinued manufacture of their Nembutal brand of Pentobarbital capsules in 1999, largely replaced by the benzodiazepine family of drugs. Pentobarbital was also widely abused, known on the street as "yellow jackets". They were available as 30, 50, and 100-milligram capsules of yellow, white-orange, and yellow colors, respectively. It is also used as a veterinary anesthetic agent. Pentobarbital can reduce intracranial pressure in Reye's syndrome, treat traumatic brain injury and induce coma in cerebral ischemia patients. Pentobarbital-induced coma has been advocated in patients with acute liver failure refractory to mannitol.
249_2	Euthanasia Pentobarbital can cause death when used in high doses. It is used for euthanasia for humans as well as animals. It is taken alone, or in combination with complementary agents such as phenytoin, in commercial animal euthanasia injectable solutions. In the Netherlands, it is part of the standard protocol for physician-assisted suicide for self-administration by the patient. It is taken by mouth for physician-assisted death in the United States states of Oregon, Washington, Vermont, and California (as of January, 2016). The oral dosage of pentobarbital indicated for physician-assisted suicide in Oregon is typically 10 g of liquid. In Switzerland, sodium pentobarbital is administered intravenously by patient. When administered intravenously, patient falls into sleep within 30 seconds, and heart stops beating within 3 minutes.
249_3	Execution Pentobarbital has been used or considered as a substitute for other drugs previously used for capital punishment in the United States when those drugs are unavailable. Such use however is illegal under Danish law, and when this was discovered, after public outcry in Danish media, Lundbeck, the owner of the drug, stopped selling it to US states that impose the death penalty. US distributors of the drug are forbidden by the owner to sell it to any customers, such as state authorities, that practice or participate in executions of humans. Texas began using pentobarbital for executing death-row inmates by lethal injection on July 18, 2012. The use of pentobarbital has been considered by several states, including Ohio, Arizona, Idaho, and Washington; those states made the decision to switch following shortages of pancuronium bromide, a muscle paralytic previously used as one component in a three-drug cocktail.
249_4	In October 2013, Missouri changed its protocol to allow for compounded pentobarbital to be used in a lethal dose for executions. It was first used in November 2013. According to a December 2019 ProPublica article, by 2017 the Bureau of Prisons (BOP), in discussion with then Attorney General Jeff Sessions, had begun to search for suppliers of pentobarbital to be used in lethal injections. The BOP was aware that the use of pentobarbital as their "new drug choice" would be challenged in the courts because some lawyers had said that "pentobarbital would flood prisoners’ lungs with froth and foam, inflicting pain and terror akin to a death by drowning." BOP claimed that these concerns were unjustified and that their two expert witnesses asserted that the use of pentobarbital was "humane". On July 25, 2019, US Attorney General William Barr directed the federal government to resume capital punishment after 16 years. The drug of choice for these executions was pentobarbital.
249_5	Metabolism Pentobarbital undergoes first-pass metabolism in the liver and possibly the intestines. Drug interactions Administration of ethanol, benzodiazepines, opioids, antihistamines, other sedative-hypnotics, and other central nervous system depressants will cause possible additive effects. Chemistry Pentobarbital is synthesized by methods analogous to that of amobarbital, the only difference being that the alkylation of α-ethylmalonic ester is carried out with 2-bromopentane in place of 1-bromo-3-methylbutane to give pentobarbital. Society and culture Names Pentobarbital is the INN, AAN, BAN, and USAN while pentobarbitone is a former AAN and BAN.
249_6	One brand name for this drug is Nembutal, coined by John S. Lundy, who started using it in 1930, from the structural formula of the sodium salt—Na (sodium) + ethyl + methyl + butyl + al (common suffix for barbiturates). Nembutal is trademarked and manufactured by the Danish pharmaceutical company Lundbeck (now produced by Akorn Pharmaceuticals) and is the only injectable form of pentobarbital approved for sale in the United States. Abbott discontinued their Nembutal brand of Pentobarbital capsules in 1999, largely replaced by the Benzodiazepine family of drugs. Abbott's Nembutal, known on the streets as "yellow jackets", was widely abused. It was available in 50 and 100 Mg strength yellow capsules. Pentobarbital can occur as a free acid, but is usually formulated as the sodium salt, pentobarbital sodium. The free acid is only slightly soluble in water and in ethanol. See also Animal euthanasia List of veterinary drugs References External links
249_7	AMPA receptor antagonists Barbiturates GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Glycine receptor agonists Hypnotics Kainate receptor antagonists Lethal injection components Nicotinic antagonists Sedatives
250_0	Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes. The 80 elements with one or more stable isotopes comprise a total of 252 nuclides that have not been known to decay using current equipment (see list at the end of this article). Of these elements, 26 have only one stable isotope; they are thus termed monoisotopic. The rest have more than one stable isotope. Tin has ten stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes known for an element. Definition of stability, and naturally occurring nuclides
250_1	Most naturally occurring nuclides are stable (about 252; see list at the end of this article), and about 34 more (total of 286) are known to be radioactive with sufficiently long half-lives (also known) to occur primordially. If the half-life of a nuclide is comparable to, or greater than, the Earth's age (4.5 billion years), a significant amount will have survived since the formation of the Solar System, and then is said to be primordial. It will then contribute in that way to the natural isotopic composition of a chemical element. Primordially present radioisotopes are easily detected with half-lives as short as 700 million years (e.g., 235U). This is the present limit of detection, as shorter-lived nuclides have not yet been detected undisputedly in nature except when recently produced, such as decay products or cosmic ray spallation.
250_2	Many naturally occurring radioisotopes (another 53 or so, for a total of about 339) exhibit still shorter half-lives than 700 million years, but they are made freshly, as daughter products of decay processes of primordial nuclides (for example, radium from uranium) or from ongoing energetic reactions, such as cosmogenic nuclides produced by present bombardment of Earth by cosmic rays (for example, 14C made from nitrogen).
250_3	Some isotopes that are classed as stable (i.e. no radioactivity has been observed for them) are predicted to have extremely long half-lives (sometimes as high as 1018 years or more). If the predicted half-life falls into an experimentally accessible range, such isotopes have a chance to move from the list of stable nuclides to the radioactive category, once their activity is observed. For example, 209Bi and 180W were formerly classed as stable, but were found to be alpha-active in 2003. However, such nuclides do not change their status as primordial when they are found to be radioactive.
250_4	Most stable isotopes on Earth are believed to have been formed in processes of nucleosynthesis, either in the Big Bang, or in generations of stars that preceded the formation of the solar system. However, some stable isotopes also show abundance variations in the earth as a result of decay from long-lived radioactive nuclides. These decay-products are termed radiogenic isotopes, in order to distinguish them from the much larger group of 'non-radiogenic' isotopes. Isotopes per element
250_5	Of the known chemical elements, 80 elements have at least one stable nuclide. These comprise the first 82 elements from hydrogen to lead, with the two exceptions, technetium (element 43) and promethium (element 61), that do not have any stable nuclides. As of December 2016, there were a total of 252 known "stable" nuclides. In this definition, "stable" means a nuclide that has never been observed to decay against the natural background. Thus, these elements have half lives too long to be measured by any means, direct or indirect. Stable isotopes: 1 element (tin) has 10 stable isotopes 5 elements have 7 stable isotopes apiece 7 elements have 6 stable isotopes apiece 11 elements have 5 stable isotopes apiece 9 elements have 4 stable isotopes apiece 5 elements have 3 stable isotopes apiece 16 elements have 2 stable isotopes apiece 26 elements have 1 single stable isotope.
250_6	These last 26 are thus called monoisotopic elements. The mean number of stable isotopes for elements which have at least one stable isotope is 252/80 = 3.15. Physical magic numbers and odd and even proton and neutron count Stability of isotopes is affected by the ratio of protons to neutrons, and also by presence of certain magic numbers of neutrons or protons which represent closed and filled quantum shells. These quantum shells correspond to a set of energy levels within the shell model of the nucleus; filled shells, such as the filled shell of 50 protons for tin, confers unusual stability on the nuclide. As in the case of tin, a magic number for Z, the atomic number, tends to increase the number of stable isotopes for the element.
250_7	Just as in the case of electrons, which have the lowest energy state when they occur in pairs in a given orbital, nucleons (both protons and neutrons) exhibit a lower energy state when their number is even, rather than odd. This stability tends to prevent beta decay (in two steps) of many even–even nuclides into another even–even nuclide of the same mass number but lower energy (and of course with two more protons and two fewer neutrons), because decay proceeding one step at a time would have to pass through an odd–odd nuclide of higher energy. Such nuclei thus instead undergo double beta decay (or are theorized to do so) with half-lives several orders of magnitude larger than the age of the universe. This makes for a larger number of stable even-even nuclides, which account for 151 of the 252 total. Stable even–even nuclides number as many as three isobars for some mass numbers, and up to seven isotopes for some atomic numbers.
250_8	Conversely, of the 252 known stable nuclides, only five have both an odd number of protons and odd number of neutrons: hydrogen-2 (deuterium), lithium-6, boron-10, nitrogen-14, and tantalum-180m. Also, only four naturally occurring, radioactive odd–odd nuclides have a half-life over a billion years: potassium-40, vanadium-50, lanthanum-138, and lutetium-176. Odd–odd primordial nuclides are rare because most odd–odd nuclei are unstable with respect to beta decay, because the decay products are even–even, and are therefore more strongly bound, due to nuclear pairing effects. Yet another effect of the instability of an odd number of either type of nucleons is that odd-numbered elements tend to have fewer stable isotopes. Of the 26 monoisotopic elements (those with only a single stable isotope), all but one have an odd atomic number, and all but one has an even number of neutrons—the single exception to both rules being beryllium.
250_9	The end of the stable elements in the periodic table occurs after lead, largely due to the fact that nuclei with 128 neutrons are extraordinarily unstable and almost immediately shed alpha particles. This also contributes to the very short half-lives of astatine, radon, and francium relative to heavier elements. This may also be seen to a much lesser extent with 84 neutrons, which exhibits as a certain number of isotopes in the lanthanide series which exhibit alpha decay.
250_10	Nuclear isomers, including a "stable" one The count of 252 known stable nuclides includes tantalum-180m, since even though its decay and instability is automatically implied by its notation of "metastable", this has still not yet been observed. All "stable" isotopes (stable by observation, not theory) are the ground states of nuclei, with the exception of tantalum-180m, which is a nuclear isomer or excited state. The ground state of this particular nucleus, tantalum-180, is radioactive with a comparatively short half-life of 8 hours; in contrast, the decay of the excited nuclear isomer is extremely strongly forbidden by spin-parity selection rules. It has been reported experimentally by direct observation that the half-life of 180mTa to gamma decay must be more than 1015 years. Other possible modes of 180mTa decay (beta decay, electron capture and alpha decay) have also never been observed. Still-unobserved decay
250_11	It is expected that some continual improvement of experimental sensitivity will allow discovery of very mild radioactivity (instability) of some isotopes that are considered to be stable today. For an example of a recent discovery, it was not until 2003 that bismuth-209 (the only primordial isotope of bismuth) was shown to be very mildly radioactive, confirming theoretical predictions from nuclear physics that bismuth-209 would decay very slowly by alpha emission. Isotopes that are theoretically believed to be unstable but have not been observed to decay are termed as observationally stable. Currently there are 162 theoretically unstable isotopes, 45 of which have been observed in detail with no sign of decay, the lightest in any case being 36Ar. Summary table for numbers of each class of nuclides
250_12	This is a summary table from List of nuclides. Note that numbers are not exact and may change slightly in the future, as nuclides are observed to be radioactive, or new half-lives are determined to some precision. List of stable nuclides Abbreviations for predicted unobserved decay: A for alpha decay, B for beta decay, 2B for double beta decay, E for electron capture, 2E for double electron capture, IT for isomeric transition, SF for spontaneous fission, * for the nuclides whose half-lives have lower bound.
250_13	^ Tantalum-180m is a "metastable isotope" meaning that it is an excited nuclear isomer of tantalum-180. See isotopes of tantalum. However, the half-life of this nuclear isomer is so long that it has never been observed to decay, and it thus occurs as an "observationally nonradioactive" primordial nuclide, as a minor isotope of tantalum. This is the only case of a nuclear isomer which has a half-life so long that it has never been observed to decay. It is thus included in this list. ^^ Bismuth-209 had long been believed to be stable, due to its unusually long half-life of 2.01 · 1019 years, which is more than a billion (1000 million) times the age of the universe. See also Isotope geochemistry List of elements by stability of isotopes List of nuclides (989 nuclides in order of stability, all with half-lives > one hour) Mononuclidic element Periodic table Primordial nuclide Radionuclide Stable isotope ratio Table of nuclides References Book references
250_14	External links The LIVEChart of Nuclides - IAEA AlphaDelta: Stable Isotope fractionation calculator National Isotope Development Center Reference information on isotopes, and coordination and management of isotope production, availability, and distribution Isotope Development & Production for Research and Applications (IDPRA) U.S. Department of Energy program for isotope production and production research and development Isosciences Use and development of stable isotope labels in synthetic and biological molecules Stable de:Isotop#Stabile Isotope sv:Stabil isotop
251_0	Lorine Livingston Pruette (November 3, 1896 – December 20, 1976) was an American feminist, psychologist, and writer. Early life Lorine Pruette was born in Millersburg, Tennessee, to college-educated parents. Her mother and her maternal grandmother were among the first generation of college-educated women in the United States. Pruette's mother's dreams of a career in writing were never fulfilled; she placed enormous pressure on Pruette to fulfill the life she always wanted. Pruette was exceedingly bright, but regarded herself as a social outcast throughout her childhood and adolescence and did not date in high school. In college, she joined a sorority, acted in plays, edited the college newspaper, and played the violin in the orchestra. Pruette graduated in 1918 from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga with a Bachelor of Science in chemistry and went on to Worcester College in Massachusetts (now, Worcester State University), where she began her master's degree.
251_1	Political views and career Mary Trigg, in her dissertation entitled Four American Feminists, 1910–1940: Inez Haynes Irwin, Mary Ritter Beard, Doris Stevens, and Lorine Pruette, explains that unlike many other twentieth century feminists, Pruette did not limit her vision to women's suffrage but worked toward a broad agenda of "reshaping marriage, the family, and society." Throughout her career, Pruette addressed issues such as "the need for married women to achieve fulfilling lives in both public and private spheres, the weakness of men and the strength of women, [and] the importance of the parent-child relationship". Pruette held strong anti-men views, which were products of a childhood overshadowed by her mother's oppression and unhappiness; Pruette wrote that by the age of nine she firmly believed that "all the evils of the world came from these intolerable males".
251_2	Pruette was initially determined not to wed or bear children. However, her strong anti-men viewpoint changed during her graduate work under psychologist G. Stanley Hall, whom she greatly admired, and also coursework that exposed her to the work of Havelock Ellis, Sigmund Freud, and Carl Jung. She married a fellow graduate student, Douglas Henry Fryer, and moved with him to New York, where "he became an instructor in the Columbia University psychology department and she enrolled in the PhD program, receiving her degree in 1924". Pruette and Fryer's union did not last, and shortly after their divorce she had a two-year marriage to John Woodbridge Herring. Pruette cites both of her marriages in her book, Why Women Fail, and states that men do not like to see women outperforming them in academia or in the career field, and hints that this may be a key reason both of her marriages did not succeed.
251_3	Pruette lived through both world wars and associated feminism with pacifism; she believed women could make the world a more peaceful place. When Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed his New Deal cabinet, Pruette suggested he "instead inaugurate 'a real New Deal,' a cabinet made up of women, whose 'broader social viewpoint' and concept of social justice could help steer the world away from militarism". Pruette was firm in her feminist beliefs and spent much of her time traveling, lecturing, and writing about her views on feminism, yet the bulk of her work remains unpublished. She found work in various vocations such as editing, writing for newspapers or professional journals, she also taught sociology and psychology at several universities, and was a research and consulting psychologist for several institutions.
251_4	Later years Despite the setbacks and difficulties of old age, Pruette continued to work as long as she could, and to address the social problem of aging. But despite being mentally sound, Pruette's agnostic beliefs caused her some spiritual grief as she contemplated what was to become of her soul after her death, and within her last few years of life she is recorded as waking up in a feverish sweat numerous times yelling out, "Immortality is what I want!". She died on December 20, 1976, less than seven weeks after her 80th birthday.
251_5	Feminist legacy Lorine Pruette was childless by choice but in her later years she regretted that she had no one to "carry on her 'bit of protoplasm'". Because Pruette lived through the transition from a homosocial to heterosocial society, aided in and witnessed many of the triumphs of feminism, she regarded the modern day woman as taking her rights for granted and being ignorant to the struggles of the women who came before her. Pruette dismisses the idea of a modern feminist, saying "there is no reason why she should think of herself as a feminist; she inherited feminism". Nearing the end of her life, Lorine Pruette urged women not to unquestioningly accept the social stigmas of the current society and to remember to use each other's help and support to press for change. References
251_6	Sources "Pruette, Lorine, B. 1896. Papers, 1915–1974: A Finding Aid." OASIS Online Archival Search Information System; Office for Information Systems; Harvard University Library. Web. February 6, 2012. <https://web.archive.org/web/20100718115805/http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/~sch00863>. Showalter, Elaine. "These Modern Women: Autobiographical Essays from the Twenties." Google Books. Web. February 2, 2012. <https://books.google.com/books?id=ckHwIV8edTYC>. Trigg, Mary Kathleen. Four American Feminists, 1910–1940: Inez Haynes Irwin, Mary Ritter Beard, Doris Stevens, and Lorine Pruette. Ann Arbor: UMI Dissertation Information Service, 1989. Print. External links American psychologists American women psychologists American feminists 1896 births 1977 deaths University of Tennessee at Chattanooga alumni People from Rutherford County, Tennessee 20th-century psychologists 20th-century American women 20th-century American people Worcester State University alumni
252_0	C2orf74, also known as LOC339804, is a protein encoding gene located on the short arm of chromosome 2 near position 15 (2p15). Isoform 1 of the gene is 19,713 base pairs long. C2orf74 has orthologs in 135 different species, including primarily placental mammals and some marsupials. The protein encoded by the C2orf74 gene has two isoforms, the longest of which (isoform 1) is 187 amino acids in length. This protein is linked to the development of autoimmune disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis and diseases affecting the colon Gene C2orf74 is a gene located on the plus strand at 2p15 in humans. It is 19,713 base pairs in length beginning at 61,145,116 and ending at 61,164,828 and includes 8 exons. Other genes within its neighborhood include KIAA841, LOC105374759, LOC105374758, LOC339803, AHSA2P, USP34, and SNORA70B. Transcripts
252_1	Transcript variants C2orf74 has 6 validated mRNA products created via alternative splicing that give rise to two different isoforms. An extended version of Isoform 1 has also been sequenced utilizing a 5' in frame start codon, though this protein product is not formally acknowledged as a separate isoform by NCBI. The above table is a compilation of the transcript variants of C2orf74 acknowledged on the C2orf74 gene page of NCBI.
252_2	Proteins There are two known isoforms of the C2orf74 encoded protein. Isoform 1 is derived from transcript variant 1, and is 187 amino acids in length. There is a putative N-terminal extension of this isoform that utilizes a 5' start codon and adds 7 amino acids to the start of isoform 1, bringing the length of the protein up to 194 amino acids. Isoform 2 is derived from any one of transcript variants 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. It is created using an alternative promoter, features a different 5'UTR, and a shorter N-terminal end that excludes the first 3 exons that comprise the N-terminal end of exon 1. The result is a shorter protein 115 amino acids in length that lacks a highly conserved transmembrane domain featured at the N-terminal end of isoform 1.
252_3	The above figure depicts a conceptual translation of isoform 1 of C2orf74 made using SixFrame. Exon boundaries are depicted in blue font. The 5'UTR of this protein is shown to have an upstream in frame stop codon (red), and an upstream in frame start codon (green). The putative N-terminal extension is depicted in light gray. The N-terminal transmembrane domain is highlighted in lavender. Regions conserved among orthologs are highlighted in cyan, while regions prone to deletion are highlighted in gray. Phosphorylation sites are highlighted in red with the phosphorylated amino acid underlined. Significant SNPs are highlighted in pink with a key pictured to the right detailing the type of change and reason for inclusion. Polyadenylation signals in the 3'UTR are highlighted in orange.
252_4	Isoform 1 Isoform 1 of the C2orf74 protein has a calculated molecular weight of approximately 21 kDa, and a pI of 5.74. It does not display any unique amino acid composition, cysteine spacing, number of multiplets, or periodicity. This protein isoform has a putative 7 aa N-terminal extension It contains a 21 aa transmembrane region at position 7. Domains The transmembrane region begins 7 amino acids from the N-terminal end of the protein, and ends at the 29th amino acid in humans. This region has been identified by NCBI, as well as being supported by biochemical analysis. The biochemical qualities characterizing this region as a transmembrane region include a neutral charge cluster and a high-scoring hydrophobic segment, as well as alpha-helical secondary structure. This region is also highly conserved among all orthologs, indicating it as a region of functional significance.
252_5	The region downstream of the transmembrane region is considered a domain of unknown function (DUF) within pfam 15484. Approximately 52% of this portion of the protein is considered to be disordered, making confidence in prediction of domain function difficult. However, the C-terminal end is highly conserved among all orthologs. Structure C2orf74 isoform 1 is shown to be dominated primarily by helical secondary structure, with only short regions being predicted to include beta sheet conformations. Predictions of tertiary structure tend to showcase a globular DUF, at the end of a helical transmembrane domain. Structural predictions of isoform 2 which includes only the DUF also appear to be strictly globular in conformation.
252_6	subcellular localization The presence of a transmembrane domain indicates that Isoform 1 of the C2orf74 product is found within a membranous cellular structure. Analysis of likely subcellular localization among orthologs indicates the C2orf74 product is most likely found in the nuclear membrane, mitochondria, or endoplasmic reticulum. Immunocytochemical imaging shows C2orf74 to be localized to the centromere, while immunohistochemical imaging shows it to be centralized in the cytosol. Gene level regulation Promoter C2orf74 has 3 possible promoters that produce complete protein isoforms. Isoform 1 could be made by either GXP_6040264 or GXP_2056207, though GXP_6040264 shows the most promise, as it has a higher number of CAGE tags (249) than GXP_2056207 (133), and is conserved among several orhologs. Isoform 2 is made by the promoter GXP_649849.
252_7	GXP_6040264 contains over 300 transcription factor binding sites, with a fork head domain factor (V$FKHD), a bromodomain and phd domain transcription factor (V$BPTF), and a sex/testes determining and related HMG box factor (V$SORY) being the most conserved regions among mammals. Expression C2orf74 is expressed at minimal levels in several cell types. Due to the low levels of expression, meaningful trends in localization are difficult to discern. In situ hybridization of C2orf74 and some RNA sequencing assays indicate potential for localization in the cerebellum. Microarray data from NCBI GEO indicates lower levels of C2orf74 expression in individuals with colorectal tumors such as adenomas or cancerous colorectal tumors when compared to normal mucosa or tumors of non-colorectal origin such as carcinomas. Transcript level regulation
252_8	The 5' region of transcript variant 1 is 232 bp in length and features an upstream in frame stop codon as well as an upstream in frame start codon. When expressed, this start codon would add a 7 aa N-terminal extension to transcript variant 1. Analysis of potential 3D structure of the 5'UTR of isoform 1 shows the presence of 2 hairpin structuresThe 5' UTR of transcript variants 2 through 6 differs from that of transcript variant 1. However, the 5' UTR differs a great degree between orthologs, indicating that it may not be a region of great importance in terms of transcriptional regulation.
252_9	The 3' UTR is conserved among all human transcript variants, though it does not show significant conservation among mammalian species. It is 301 bp in length, and contains two polyadenylation signals at 981 bp and 1071 bp respectively. It also contains two partially conserved mi-RNA binding sites at 73 bp (has-mir-241) and 270 bp (has-miR-23), though neither of the mi-RNAs predicted to bind appear to be present in the human transcriptome. The human 3'UTR is found to be rich in stem-loop structures Protein level regulation C2orf74 is predicted to have 4 CK2 phosphorylation sites, as well as 3 PKC phosphorylation sites. The presence of CK2 and PKC phosphorylation sites are common among many orthologs. Myristoylation sites are also common among c2orf74 orthologs, though they are less conserved. Significance of Phosphorylation sites
252_10	CK2 Caesin Kinase 2 is a protein kinase that is serine/threonine specific and plays a significant role in cell signaling pathways related to cell cycling, regulation, and development. Association with C2orf74 may implicate it as a member of an intracellular phosphorylation chain governing cell development, and explain its association with conditions such as cancer and autoimmunity. PKC Protein kinase C is a family of protein kinases that are serine and threonine specific and play a role in regulating a broad range of cellular functions, particularly those involving phosphorylation cascades. As with CK2, C2orf74's association with PKC may implicate it as a signaling molecule involved in a phosphorylation cascade. This may provide context as to the nature of C2orf74's relationship to autoimmune disease and cancer. Homology
252_11	Orthologs C2orf74 first appeared in mammals and is found in animals as distantly related to humans as marsupials. The table below highlights 20 selected orthologs from various mammalian clades arranged by date of divergence from the human lineage. Red tiles indicate high similarity to the human sequence and blue tiles indicate low similarity. In general, the samples follow the pattern in which more recent evolutionary diversion results in more similar genotypes. Notable exceptions, however, include the galago, mouse, and manatee. Rate of Evolution The figures below show in more detail the evolutionary history of C2orf74. To the right is a comparison of the divergence rate of C2orf74 compared to that of cytochrome C and fibrinogen alpha. Given that fibrinogen alpha in this figure serves as a standard example of a rapidly changing protein, one can see that C2orf74 is evolving quite quickly. Protein interactions
252_12	Transcription factors There are three types of transcription factor that have been predicted to bind to C2orf74. These transcription factors are POT1, SMAGP, and SRPK1. POT1 POT1 is a telomere end binding protein. It is as of yet unclear how this relates to predicted function of C2orf74 given previous research and predictions of subcellular localization. SMAGP SMAGP is a small transmembrane and glycocylated protein. Association with SMAGP makes sense given the subcellular localization of both structures to the nuclear membrane. Its possible that association with SMAGP may aid C2orf74 as a protein complex associated with intracellular signaling pathways. SRPK1 SRPK1 is a protein kinase localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm. Association with SRPK1 also makes sense for C2orf74 given the subcellular localization of both proteins and implication in phosphorylative processes. Clinical significance Disease association
252_13	Bowel disease Several studies have been able to link differential C2orf74 functionality to bowel disease. Two separate studies have identified C2orf74 as a potential susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease. Furthermore, various studies reported in NCBI GEO show differential expression of C2orf74 in benign and cancerous colorectal tumor tissues. Autoimmune disease Aside from Crohn's disease, C2orf74 has also been found to be a susceptibility locus for ankylosing spondylitis, and generally for other nondescript autoimmune conditions. The SNP believed to play a role in C2orf74's relationship to ankylosing spondylitis is found within the coding region of the gene, and is denoted in the conceptual translation found in the Protein section above. Mutations (SNPs of interest) At 36aa there is a missense SNP that may be either a Tyrosine (Tyr, Y) or an Aspartate (Asp, D). This is caused by a SNP is associated with ankylosing spondylitis can be found at 319 bp on transcript variant 1
252_14	References Genealogy Proteins
253_0	Richard Treat (or Trott) (15841669) was an early settler in New England and a patentee of the Royal Charter of Connecticut, 1662. Biography Early life and ancestors He was baptized on August 28, 1584, at Pitminster, county of Somerset, England, the son of Robert and Honoria Trott, and died on April 27, 1669, at Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut. He was an early New England settler who emigrated from Pitminster, England, to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637. Marriage and family He was married on April 27, 1615, at Pitminster, Somerset County, England, to Alice Gaylord (born May 10, 1594, at Pitminster, Somerset County, England, she died at Wethersfield, Hartford County, Connecticut). She was the daughter of Hugh Gaylord and Joanna.
253_1	Richard and Alice were the parents of 11 children. Their son, Robert Treat (1624–1710), served as governor of Connecticut from 1683 to 1698. Their daughter, Joanna, was the wife of Lieut. John Hollister. Their daughter, Susanna, was the wife of Robert Webster, the son of John Webster (governor). Their daughter, Honor, married John Deming, an early Puritan settler and original patentee of the Royal Charter of Connecticut. Their daughter, Sarah, married Matthew Camfield (1604 - 1673) circa 1643 at New Haven Colony, an early Puritan settler of New Haven Colony and a founder of Newark, New Jersey in 1666.
253_2	Career He was one of the first settlers of Wethersfield, Connecticut in 1637 and was an extensive landowner in the town (over 900 acres). He represented Wethersfield in the first general court in 1637. He was appointed in 1642 by the general court, in connection with Gov. George Wyllys, Messrs. Haines, Hopkins, Whiting, and others, to superintend building a ship, and to collect a revenue for that object. In the list of Freeman (Colonial) of Wethersfield for 1659, only three besides Richard Treat, Sr., are styled Mr., and he bore that title as early as 1642, and perhaps earlier. Mr. Treat must have been a man of high social standing and of much influence in the town of Wethersfield, and in the colony of Connecticut. He was chosen a juror, June 15, 1643 and grand juror, on September 15 of the same year.
253_3	In April, 1644, he was chosen deputy, and was annually elected for fourteen years, up to 1657-8. From 1658 to 1665, he was elected assistant magistrate of the colony eight times, and was named in the royal charter of Charles II as one of the original patentees of the Charter of the Colony of Connecticut. On Oct. 25,1644, he and Mr. Wells were the committee and the revenue collectors of the Fenwick tax a fund for the support of students in the college at Cambridge. In 1654, he was chosen on a committee to lay out lands granted by the town and in 1660, he was elected a townsman, an office answering to the present selectmen Descendants Richard Treat's descendants number in the thousands today. Some of his notable descendants include:
253_4	George Herbert Walker Bush, 41st President of the United States George Walker Bush, 43rd President of the United States Samuel Colt, inventor and industrialist. Robert Treat Paine, a signer of the Declaration of Independence Dr. John Franklin Gray, the first practitioner of Homeopathy in the United States. Gerald Warner Brace, writer, educator, sailor and boat builder. Gideon Welles, Secretary of the Navy, 1861–1869. William Edwards Deming statistician, professor, author, lecturer, and consultant Treat Williams, Actor/Pilot C. Loring Brace, anthropologist Henry Ford II, president, chairman of the board and CEO of Ford Motor Company. John B. Hollister, Representative from Ohio Stephen Crane, author (The Red Badge of Courage) Thomas Edison, inventor John Pierpont Morgan, financier Charles H. Treat, Treasurer of the United States from 1905–1909 Charles W. Woodworth, entomologist Samuel Hubbel Treat, Jr., federal judge
253_5	John Hunt Morgan, Confederate general and cavalry officer in the American Civil War Samuel Treat, federal judge Roger Treat, sportswriter and author Treat Baldwin Johnson, chemist Tennessee Williams, playwright John Hay Whitney U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom, publisher of the New York Herald Tribune. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney businessman, film producer, writer, and government official Robert Treat, (February 23, 1624 – July 12, 1710) was an American colonial leader, militia officer and governor of the Connecticut Colony between 1683 and 1698.
253_6	Notes
253_7	References Case, L. W. The Hollister family of America: Lieut. John Hollister, of Wethersfield, Conn., and his descendants Publisher Fergus printing company, 1886 Deming, Judson Keith. Genealogy of the descendants of John Deming of Wethersfield, Connecticut: with historical notes University of Wisconsin - Madison: Publisher Press of Mathis-Mets Co., 1904 Raymond, Marcius D. Sketch of Rev. Blackleach Burritt and related Stratford families : a paper read before the Fairfield County Historical Society, at Bridgeport, Conn., Friday evening, Feb. 19, 1892. Bridgeport : Fairfield County Historical Society 1892. Treat, John Harvey. Title The Treat family: a genealogy of Trott, Tratt, and Treat for fifteen generations, and four hundred and fifty years in England and America, containing more than fifteen hundred families in America Publisher The Salem press publishing & printing company, 1893. William Treat Obituary Obituary
253_8	Canfield, Frederick A. A History of Thomas Canfield and of Matthew Camfield, With a Genealogy of their Descendants in New Jersey. Dover, N.J.: 1897. Reprinted Bibliolife.
253_9	1584 births 1669 deaths People of colonial Connecticut American city founders People from Somerset Kingdom of England emigrants to Massachusetts Bay Colony Magistrates of the Connecticut General Court (1636–1662) Deputies of the Connecticut General Court (1639–1662) People from Wethersfield, Connecticut
254_0	Old Norvicensians (ONs) are former pupils of Norwich School, an independent co-educational day school in Norwich, England. It was founded in 1096 as an episcopal school by the first Bishop of Norwich, Herbert de Losinga, and is one of the longest surviving schools in the United Kingdom. It was refounded by royal charter in 1547 by Edward VI. ONs may join the Old Norvicensian Club of former pupils. Predecessors include the Parrian Club, a dining society for former pupils of Samuel Parr's headship in the late 18th century, and the Valpeian Club, after Edward Valpy in the early 19th century. In 1866, the latter gave way to the Norwich School Club, which became the current association for former pupils at the beginning of the 20th century. Academia
254_1	Christopher Andrew, historian William Lawrence Balls FRS, botanist Reyner Banham, architectural historian Robert Blake, Baron Blake, historian and life peer Henry Bond, physician and Regius Professor of Physic, Cambridge University William Briggs, physician and oculist Edward Browne FRS, physician and president of the Royal College of Physicians Sir Edward Bullard FRS, geophysicist John Caius, founder of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge E. W. W. Carlier, histologist Professor Dr Tom Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, FRSA, FIBiol, evolutionary biologist Samuel Clarke FRS, philosopher Sydney Copeman FRS, medical scientist responsible for improvements in the smallpox vaccination William Dalrymple, surgeon noted for the successful tying the carotid artery Martin Davy FRS, Master of Caius College, Cambridge Joe Farman CBE, geophysicist, co-discover of the Antarctic ozone hole Sir William Jackson Hooker FRS, botanist and Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
254_2	Sir Owen Wansbrough-Jones, chemist and scientific adviser to government Mark A. Lemmon FRS, biochemist, biophysicist, and cancer biologist at Yale University John Lindley FRS, botanist, gardener and orchidologist Roger Long FRS, astronomer James MacKeith OBE, forensic psychiatrist who played a major part in the successful appeals of the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six John Quelch, professor at Harvard Business School Oliver Rackham OBE, botanist and an authority on the British countryside Edward Rigby, physician John Smith, astronomer Sir Richard V. Southwell FRS, aeronautical engineer and rector of Imperial College London Alfred Stephenson OBE, polar surveyor and explorer Benjamin Stillingfleet, botanist and writer Henry Wild, orientalist Henry Woodward FRS, geologist
254_3	Artists Several members of the Norwich School of painters were educated at Norwich School and taught by John Crome when he was drawing master. John Sell Cotman, leading member of the Norwich School of painters John Berney Crome, member of the Norwich School of painters, son of John Crome Edward Thomas Daniell, member of the Norwich School of painters Hugh Welch Diamond, photographer Frederick Sandys, Pre-Raphaelite painter Edward Seago, Post-Impressionist painter James Stark, member of the Norwich School of painters George Vincent, member of the Norwich School of painters Athletes Tom Adeyemi, footballer Emma Pooley, Olympic cyclist Clive Radley MBE, cricketer and former head coach of MCC Stuart Cowie, professional squash player Geoffrey Stevens, cricketer Freddie Steward, rugby union player
254_4	Business Steffan Aquarone, entrepreneur and film producer Peter Kindersley, chairman of the publishing company Dorling Kindersley (DK) and Bafta award winner Sir John Quinton, chairman of Barclays Bank and the first chairman of the FA Premier League Richard Twining FRS (1772–1857), tea merchant and chairman of the committee of by-laws at East India House Clergy
254_5	Thomas Ainger, clergyman Theophilus Brabourne, clergyman and writer Nicholas Clagett the Younger, controversialist John Clarke, Dean of Salisbury and mathematician John Cosin, Bishop of Durham Richard Charles Coxe, canon of Durham Richard Fletcher, Bishop of Worcester (1593–1594) and Bishop of London (1595–1596) Thomas Green, Bishop of Ely and Norwich, vice-chancellor of Cambridge University John Groome, clergyman Robert Hindes Groome, archdeacon of Suffolk Thomas Gumble, clergyman and biographer Henry Kett, clergyman and scholar Edward Maltby FRS, Bishop of Durham James Henry Monk, Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol and classical scholar James Martineau, Unitarian philosopher Charles Moss FRS, Bishop of St David's and Bishop of Bath and Wells Robert Moss, Dean of Ely Dudley Narborough, Bishop of Colchester John Perowne, Bishop of Worcester William Purcell, Archdeacon of Dorking John Gooch Robberds, Unitarian minister John Stoughton, Congregational minister
254_6	Thomas Tenison, Archbishop of Canterbury 1694 to 1715 Edward Walpole, Jesuit preacher Henry Walpole, Jesuit martyr, one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales Michael Walpole, Jesuit Cecil Wilfred Wilson, Bishop of Middleton
254_7	Law Sir Richard Aikens, Lord Justice of Appeal Sir Henry Bedingfield, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas Sir Edward Coke, Elizabethan and Jacobean jurist, judge, and politician Erasmus Earle, serjeant-at-law to Oliver Cromwell Sir Forrest Fulton, Conservative MP, Common Serjeant, and Recorder of London Sir Thomas Richardson, Speaker of the House of Commons, later Chief Justice of the Common Pleas and Chief Justice of the King's Bench Sir Edward Stracey, Counsel to the Chairman of the Lords Committees Lord Wilberforce, law lord Sir Ernest Wild, judge and Conservative MP Literature
254_8	Robert Baron, poet and playwright George Borrow, author John Brereton, chronicler Edward Forster FRS, writer Robert Greene, poet, novelist and critic of Shakespeare Henry Kett, educator and writer Henry William Massingham, journalist and editor of The Nation Thomas Monro, writer Richard K. Morgan, acclaimed author of science fiction and fantasy novels Thomas Starling Norgate, writer, journalist and newspaper editor Henry Reeve, journalist and translator of Alexis de Tocqueville's Democracy in America D. J. Taylor, critic, novelist and biographer Media Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong singer-songwriter and actor Simon Cook, actor and politician Becky Mantin, model and television presenter Paul Spurrier, actor Tim Westwood, BBC Radio 1 DJ 1994 to 2013 Military
254_9	Major Alexis Charles Doxat VC Sir Vincent Eyre, army officer in the East India Company Philip F. Fullard, First World War flying ace Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson Lt Col Derek Seagrim VC Major Hugh Seagrim GC Major General Greg Smith, Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff (Reserves and Cadets) Col John Manners Smith VC Lt Col Charles Stoddart, army officer and diplomat Sir Archdale Wilson, commander in the Siege of Delhi Politicians and civil servants
254_10	Michael Ashcroft, Baron Ashcroft, former Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party Sir Jacob Astley, 1st Baronet, High Sheriff of Norfolk and Conservative MP Sir James Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak Richard Harman, MP for Norwich in the Long Parliament John Ives FRS, antiquarian and officer of arms Christopher Layer, Jacobite conspirator Charles Marsh, MP and barrister Sir Robert Naunton, MP and Secretary of State Arthur Samuel, 1st Baron Mancroft, Conservative politician Sir Oliver St John, chief commissioner of Baluchistan Sir Graham Savage, educational administrator Miscellaneous Vernon William Blythe, stage name Vernon Castle, ballroom dancer Kit Downes, jazz pianist Peter le Neve Foster, secretary to the Royal Society of Arts Humphry Repton, landscape gardener George H. Widdows, architect of over 70 schools in Derbyshire William Wilkins FRS, Greek Revivalist architect of the National Gallery among others
254_11	Wrongly identified as alumni Matthew Parker, Archbishop of Canterbury 1559 to 1575 is incorrectly identified in Bayne's A Comprehensive History of Norwich (1869) as attending the school. The confusion may have arisen out of Parker's role as a benefactor of a number of scholarships at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge to the school and the city of Norwich. References {{Reflist Bibliography External links Norwich School website Norvicensians Norvice
255_0	Interstate 66 (I-66) is an Interstate Highway in the eastern United States. As indicated by its even route number, it runs in an east–west direction. Its western terminus is near Middletown, Virginia, at an interchange with I-81; its eastern terminus is in Washington, D.C., at an interchange with U.S. Route 29. Much of the route parallels U.S. Route 29 or Virginia State Route 55. Interstate 66 has no physical or historical connection to the famous U.S. Route 66 which was located in a different region of the United States. The E Street Expressway is a spur from Interstate 66 into the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Route description Virginia Interstate 81 to Dunn Loring \|- \|VA \|74.8 \|120.54 \|- \|DC \|1.6 \|2.57 \|- \|Total \|76.4 \|123.11 \|}
255_1	Interstate 66 begins at a directional-t interchange with Interstate 81 near Middletown, Virginia. It heads east as a four-lane freeway and meets U.S. Route 522/U.S. Route 340 at a diamond interchange with some cloverleaf elements. The two routes head south to Front Royal and north to Lake Frederick. I-66 continues east, paralleling Virginia Route 55 (John Marshall Highway) and meeting U.S. Route 17 at a partial interchange with no access from southbound U.S. 17 to westbound I-66. Route 55 also merges onto the freeway at this interchange, forming a three-way concurrency that ends near Marshall, with Route 55 leaving with U.S. Route 17 Business, and U.S. 17 leaving at the next exit.
255_2	Expanding to 8 lanes and continuing to parallel Route 55, I-66 enters the towns of Haymarket and Gainesville, reaching interchanges with U.S. Routes 15 (James Madison Highway) and 29 (Lee Highway) in each town, respectively. The highway then heads to the south of the Manassas National Battlefield Park and to the north of the Bull Run Regional Park. The highway reaches another interchange with U.S. 29 and passes to the north of Centreville and meets Virginia Route 28 (Sully Road) at an interchange with cloverleaf and stack elements to it. 28 heads north to Dulles International Airport and south to Manassas.
255_3	The freeway then meets Virginia Route 286 (Fairfax County Parkway), U.S. Route 50 (Lee Jackson Memorial Highway), and Virginia Route 123 (Chain Bridge Road) at a series of interchanges providing access to D.C. suburbs. The Orange Line and Silver Line of the Washington Metro begin to operate in the median here, as the highway reaches a large interchange with the Capital Beltway (Interstate 495). I-66 has a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane from US 15 to the Capital Beltway. The left lane on eastbound I-66 is reserved for vehicles with two or more occupants (HOV-2 traffic) from 5:30 to 9:30 a.m. on weekdays, and the left lane on westbound I-66 is reserved for HOV-2 traffic from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m. on weekdays.
255_4	Dunn Loring to Theodore Roosevelt Bridge
255_5	The section of I-66 in Virginia east of the Capital Beltway is named the Custis Memorial Parkway, a toll road with variable tolls during peak hours. The road narrows to four lanes as it heads through affluent areas of Arlington. The parkway meets Virginia Route 7 (Leesburg Pike) at a full interchange. Virginia Route 267 (Dulles Toll Road) meets the parkway with an eastbound entrance and westbound exit. Continuing through neighborhoods, the route yet again meets U.S. 29 at an incomplete interchange and continues east into Arlington, meeting Virginia Route 120 (Glebe Road) and continuing to Arlington. It meets Spout Run Parkway and enters Rosslyn. The freeway turns southeast and runs in between U.S. Route 29 as it approaches the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, reaching another eastbound entrance and westbound exit as U.S. 29 continues north on the Key Bridge. It then has a complex interchange with George Washington Parkway and Virginia Route 110 (Richmond Highway), providing access to
255_6	Alexandria and the Pentagon, respectively. U.S. Route 50 (Arlington Boulevard) merges onto the highway with a westbound exit and eastbound entrance and the two traverse the bridge.
255_7	The "Custis Memorial Parkway" name commemorates the Custis family, several of whose members (including Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, George Washington Parke Custis, Eleanor (Nellie) Parke Custis Lewis and Mary Anna Randolph Custis Lee) played prominent roles in Northern Virginia's history. Because of its terminus in the Shenandoah Valley, some early planning documents refer to I-66 as the "Shenandoah Freeway", although the name did not enter common use.
255_8	Between the Capital Beltway and the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, the eastbound (inbound) roadway is a HOT road from 5:30 to 9:30 a.m., and the westbound (outbound) roadway is a HOT road from 3:00 to 7:00 p.m. E-ZPass is required for all vehicles except motorcycles, including Dulles Airport users. I-66 is free during those times for HOV-2 drivers (HOV-3 in 2022) with an E-ZPass Flex and for motorcycles. Other drivers must pay a toll which can be almost $50 at peak times. Outside of these hours, I-66 is free for all drivers to use. District of Columbia In Washington, D.C., the route quickly turns north, separating from US 50. The highway interchanges with the E Street Expressway spur before passing beneath Virginia Avenue in a short tunnel. After an indirect interchange with the Rock Creek Parkway (via 27th Street), the highway terminates at a pair of ramps leading to the Whitehurst Freeway (US 29) and L Street. E Street Expressway
255_9	The E Street Expressway is a spur of I-66 that begins at an interchange with the interstate just north of the Roosevelt Bridge. It proceeds east, has an interchange with Virginia Avenue NW, and terminates at 20th Street NW. From there, traffic continues along E Street NW to 17th Street NW near the White House, the Old Executive Office Building, and the Corcoran Gallery of Art. Westbound traffic from 17th Street takes a one-block segment of New York Avenue to the expressway entrance at 20th and E Streets NW. The expressway and the connecting portions of E Street and New York Avenue are part of the National Highway System. In 1963, the construction of the E Street Expressway caused the demolition of multiple buildings of the Old Naval Observatory. Exit list The entire route is in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C. All exits are unnumbered. History Virginia
255_10	I-66 was first proposed in 1956 shortly after Congress established the Highway Trust Fund as a highway to connect Strasburg, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley with Washington. During the planning stages, the Virginia Highway Department considered four possible locations for the highway inside the Beltway and in 1959 settled on one that followed the Fairfax Drive-Bluemont Drive corridor between the Beltway and Glebe Road (Virginia State Route 120); and then the Washington and Old Dominion (W&OD) corridor between Glebe Road and Rosslyn in Arlington. The route west of 123 was determined earlier. Two other routes through Arlington neighborhoods and one along Arlington Boulevard were rejected due to cost or opposition. I-66 was originally to connect to the Three Sisters Bridge, but as that bridge was cancelled, it was later designed to connect to the Potomac River Freeway via the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge.
255_11	On December 16, 1961, the first piece of I-66, an 8.6-mile-long section from US-29 at Gainesville to US-29 at Centreville was opened. A disconnected 3.3-mile-long section near Delaplane in Fauquier County opened next in May 1962.
255_12	In July 1962, the highway department bought the Rosslyn Spur of the W&OD for $900,000 and began clearing the way, such that by 1965 all that remained was dirt and the shattered foundations of 200 homes cleared for the highway. In February 1965, the state contracted to buy 30.5 miles of the W&OD from Herndon to Alexandria for $3.5 million and the C&O petitioned the ICC to let them abandon it. The purchase would eliminate the need to build a grade separation for I-66 and would provide 1.5 miles of right-of-way for the highway, saving the state millions. The abandonment proceedings took more than three years, as customers of the railway and transit advocates fought to keep the railroad open, and delayed work on the highway. During that time, on November 10, 1967, WMATA announced that it had come to an agreement with the Highway Department that would give them a 2-year option to buy a five-mile stretch of the right of way from Glebe Road to the Beltway, where I-66 was to be built, and run
255_13	mass transit on the median of it. The W&OD ran its last train during the summer of 1968 thus clearing the way for construction to begin in Arlington.

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