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266_11 | In 2017, the world premier of Fassbinder, Faust and the Animists was shown at Hebbel am Ufer (HAU) Berlin and opened the ImPulsTanz Festival in Vienna the same year. In the piece „Laub slaves away at Fassbinder’s cult film Beware of a Holy Whore with his sensational 17-strong ensemble on an empty white video-wall stage. But also at Goethe’s Faust, at animism – that is the idea that nature is ensouled – at the Madison dance so popular in the 1950s and 60s. The result is a virtuosic and impressive interconnection of film, theatre, dance, literature, comic, manga, yoga and an excessive display of costumes.“
With his latest work Rolling Laub continued the disposition of intertwining film and theater on stage and conceived a play that was entirely composed out of over 200 film excerpts staged in a roughly two-hour piece. Im 2019, it premiered at Hebbel am Ufer (HAU) Berlin and toured ImPulsTanz Festival in Vienna the same year. |
266_12 | Michael Laub is founder and artistic director of the artist in residency programme The Umbrellas of Phnom Penh (TUOPP). From 2017-18 TUOPP was a unique structure in Phnom Penh that accommodated residencies for international artists and local creatives from different fields of practice including visual artists, video/film makers, dancers, choreographers, sound artists and designers.
In addition to his stage-work, Laub has held several guest professorships (at the University of Giessen, the Free University Berlin, the Norwegian Theatre Academy), as well as a residency at HfG Karlsruhe in 2011. In 2020 he held the Valeska Gert Guestprofessorship at Free University Berlin’s MA Dance Sciences for a second time after teaching there in 2006/07.
Works |
266_13 | Maniac Productions
1975Maniac Productions, Narren Teater, Stockholm
1976Enfantillage, Fylkingen Center for Intermedia, StockholmParalysed Infancy in Repetitive Structure, De Appel, Amsterdam
Avant Tehran, De Appel, Amsterdam
1977Mouse in Repetitive Structure, Avant Tehran Mickery Theatre, AmsterdamLily is going to have a baby, Fylkingen Center for Intermedia, StockholmInfection/Love Tape I, Video Festival, Fylkingen, Stockholm
1978Tragico Intervallo, Kunstakademie, DüsseldorfTragico Intervallo II, Arteferia Post Avant-Garde Theater Festival, BolognaManiac Productions II, Mickery, AmsterdamI closed the window and I went out for dinner, Folkwang Museum, Essen/Galerie Neu, AachenHotel Life (a 12-hour live video exhibition in 12 hotel rooms), Museumzicht Hotel, AmsterdamUntitled Video Performance, International Performance Festival, Beursschouwburg, Brussels |
266_14 | 1979 Dinner Somewhere and then Back to my room RTBF Television, Kolnischer Kunstverein, Cologne/Theatre Populaire de Wallonie, LiegChap Tapes I, Internationaal Cultureel Centrum, Antwerp
1980Chap Tapes II, Mickery, Amsterdam |
266_15 | Remote Control Productions
1981Snapping, Computing and PerformingKulturhuset, Stockholm
1982White OutModerna Museet, Stockholm
1984Return of SensationXXXII Biennale di Venezia Kulturhuset, StockholmInternational Theatre Festival, Copenhagen, June 1985
1987PressureKulturhuset, Stockholm
1989Rewind SongModerna Museet, Stockholm, February6th Bergen International Theatre Festival, Norway
1991Fast Forward/ Bad Air und so...Dansens Hus, Stockholm, FebruaryTheater am Turm, Frankfurt, FebruaryBergen International Theatre, AprilTouch Time Festival, Mickery, Amsterdam, MayKaaitheater, Brussels, JuneWiener Festwochen, Vienna, June
1992Jack's Travelogue/La Prison des FemmesBlack Box Theatre, Oslo, MayTeatro Central, Seville Expo '92, JuneDansens Hus, Stockholm, AugustTheater am Turm, Frankfurt, OctoberKaaitheater/Theatre 140, Brussels, November |
266_16 | 1994RoughKulturhuset, Stockholm, JanuaryTeatergarasjen, Bergen, JanuarySpringdance, Utrecht, AprilTheater am Turm, Frankfurt, AprilSzene, Salzburg, JulyInternationales Sommer Theater Festival, Hamburg, JulyTheatre 140/ Charleroi Danse, Brussels, NovemberNordisk Scenekunst Festival, Arhus, AprilEuropaisches Festival Schlossfestspiele, Schwerin, JuneLudwigsburg Schlossfestspiele, JulyHebbel Theater, Berlin, August
1994-'96Daniel and the DancersFrascati, Amsterdam, October, 1994Monty, Antwerpen, January, 1995Lantaren, Rotterdam, January, 1995Schouwburg, Tilburg, January, 1995Dansens Hus, Stockholm, February, 1995Theater am Turm, Frankfurt, February, 1996Hebbel Theater, Berlin, March 1996Kanon Hallen, Copenhagen, March 1996
1995-'96Solo with Charlotte EngelkesSpielart, Munich, October 1995Theater am Turm, Frankfurt, February 1996Hebbel Theater, Berlin, May 1996Szene, Salzburg, July 1996Monty, Antwerp, October 1996Schouwburg, Tilburg, October 1996Kulturhuset Arhus, November 1996 |
266_17 | 1997-'98Planet LuluKulturhus Arhus, March 1997Springdance, Utrecht, April 1997Theater am Turm, Frankfurt, May 1997Hebbel Theater, Berlin, May 1997Szene, Salzburg, July 1997Zürcher Theater Spektakel, Zurich, September 1997Kampnagel, Hamburg, September 1997Grand Theater, Groningen, September 1997De Brakke Grond, Amsterdam, October 1997Schouwburg, Tilburg, October 1997Pusterviksteatern, Gotheborg, October 1998Dansens Hus, Stockholm, October 1998
1998-'99FrankulaGrand Theatre, Groningen, August 1998TANZtheaterInternational, Hanover, September 1998Frascati, Amsterdam, September 1998Schouwburg, Tilburg, February 1999Hebbel Theater, February/March 1999Szene, Salzburg, July 1999
1999-2000Out of SortsDe Brakke Grond, Amsterdam, April 1999Grand Theatre, Groningen, April 1999Szene, Salzburg, July 1999Expo, Hanover, September 1999Schouwburg, Tilburg, October 1999Mousonturm, Frankfurt, February 2000 |
266_18 | 2000-'03Pigg in HellTanz im August, Berlin, 2000Podewil, Berlin, 2001Mousonturm, Frankfurt, 2001off limits Festival, Dortmund, 2001Rotterdamse Schouwburg, 2001euro-scene, Leipzig, 2001Tramway, Glasgow, 2002Impulstanz, Vienna, 2002Tanzwerkstatt, Munich, 2002Zürcher Theater Spektakel, Zurich, 2002Four Days in Motion, 6th International Theater Festival, Prague, 2002cutting edge, Staatstheater Darmstadt, 2003
2001-'02Total Masala Slammer/Heartbreak No. 5Tanz im August, Hebbel-Theater, Berlin, 2001Archa Theater, Prague, 2001Zürcher Theater Spektakel, Zurich, 2001Rotterdamse Schouwburg, 2001Szene, Salzburg, 2002Impulstanz, Vienna, 2002Melbourne Festival, 2002
2002Portraits 360 SekDeutsches Schauspielhaus(German) Hamburg, 2002 |
266_19 | 2003The H.C. Andersen Project- Tales and CostumesZürcher Theater Spektakel, Zurich, 2003Hebbel Theater, Berlin, 2003Rotterdamse Schouwburg, 2003Exodus Festival, Cankargev Dom, Ljubljana, 2004Dance, Munich, 2004Mousonturm, Frankfurt, 2005Rencontre Choreographique de Seine St. Denis, 2005
2004-'05The Biography Remix with Marina AbramovićRomaeuropa, Rome, 2004Festival d'Avignon, 2005
2004AloneZürcher Theater Spektakel, Zurich
2004-'09Portrait Series: Alone/Gregoire Deutsches Schauspielhaus(German) Hamburg, 2004De Internationale Keuze van de Rotterdamse Schouwburg, Rotterdam, 2004Tanz im August, Internationales Tanzfest Berlin, 2005Tanzquartier, Vienna, 2005Mousonturm, Frankfurt, 2006Rencontre Choreographique de Seine St. Denis, 2006Festival d'Otono, Madrid, 2007Sommer Szene, Salzburg, 8–9 July 2009 |
266_20 | 2007–presentPortrait Series Berlin. Professional and Non-Professional Dancers/Marching Series (work in progress)Tanz im August, Internationales Tanzfest Berlin, 2007Zürcher Theater Spektakel, Zurich, 2007Rotterdamse Schouwburg, 2007
2008Bruce and MoreHeli Meklin & Michael Laub Moving in November Festival, Kiasma Museum, Helsinki, November
2010Death, Dance and Some TalkSophiensaele, Berlin, 23–27 February
Portrait Series Istanbul: Aspiring Actresses, and Actresses.Garajistanbul, 28–30 April, 6 –8 MayKulturhauptstadt Europas RUHR.Favoriten, Essen, 26–28 November
Portrait Series RotterdamLantern/Venster (Schouwburg Internationale Keuze Festival), 15–19 September
2011Portrait Series/Burgportäts Burgtheater, Vienna
2012Portrait Series BattambangPhare Ponleu Selpak, Battambang, Cambodia.
2014Galaxy Khmer / Portrait Series Battambang16-18 January HAU Hebbel am Ufer, Berlin23-24 January
BIT Teatergarasjen, Bergen
2016Asturito EndoruwaitoHAU Hebbel am Ufer, Berlin |
266_21 | Dance Portraits - CambodiaImPulsTanz Festival ViennaWeltmuseum Wien
2017Fassbinder, Faust and the AnimistsHAU Hebbel am Ufer BerlinImPulsTanz Festival Vienna
2019RollingHAU Hebbel am Ufer BerlinImPulsTanz Festival Vienna |
266_22 | References
External links
Website of Michael Laub's Remote Control Productions (http://www.michael-laub.com)
Video of Total Masala Slammer/Heartbreak No. 5 (http://www.impulstanz.com/gallery/videos/rmf9/
Vimeo Page http://vimeo.com/michaellaub
1953 births
Living people
Belgian choreographers
Belgian theatre directors |
267_0 | Harry Lloyd Hopkins (August 17, 1890 – January 29, 1946) was an American statesman, public administrator, and presidential advisor. A trusted deputy to President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Hopkins directed New Deal relief programs before serving as the 8th United States Secretary of Commerce from 1938 to 1940 and as Roosevelt's chief foreign policy advisor and liaison to Allied leaders during World War II. During his career, Hopkins supervised the New York Temporary Emergency Relief Administration, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civil Works Administration, and the Works Progress Administration, which he built into the largest employer in the United States. He later oversaw the $50 billion Lend-Lease program of military aid to the Allies and, as Roosevelt's personal envoy, played a pivotal role in shaping the alliance between the United States and the United Kingdom. |
267_1 | Born in Iowa, Hopkins settled in New York City after he graduated from Grinnell College. He accepted a position in New York City's Bureau of Child Welfare and worked for various social work and public health organizations. He was elected president of the National Association of Social Workers in 1923. In 1931, New York Temporary Emergency Relief Administration chairman Jesse I. Straus hired Hopkins as the agency's executive director. His successful leadership of the program earned the attention of then-New York Governor Roosevelt, who brought Hopkins into his federal administration after he won the 1932 presidential election. Hopkins enjoyed close relationships with President Roosevelt and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, and was considered a potential successor to the president until the late 1930s, when his health began to decline due to a long-running battle with stomach cancer. |
267_2 | As Roosevelt's closest confidante, Hopkins assumed a leading foreign policy role after the outset of World War II. From 1940 until 1943, Hopkins lived in the White House and assisted the president in the management of American foreign policy, particularly toward the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union. He traveled frequently to the United Kingdom, whose prime minister, Winston Churchill, recalled Hopkins in his memoirs as a "natural leader of men" with "a flaming soul." Hopkins attended the major conferences of the Allied powers, including the Cairo Conference (November 1943), the Tehran Conference (November–December 1943), the Casablanca Conference (January 1943), and the Yalta Conference (February 1945). His health continued to decline, and he died in 1946 at the age of 55. |
267_3 | Early life
Hopkins was born at 512 Tenth Street in Sioux City, Iowa, the fourth child of four sons and one daughter of David Aldona and Anna (née Pickett) Hopkins. His father, born in Bangor, Maine, ran a harness shop (after an erratic career as a salesman, prospector, storekeeper, and bowling-alley operator), but his real passion was bowling, and he eventually returned to it as a business. Anna Hopkins, born in Hamilton, Ontario, had moved at an early age to Vermillion, South Dakota, where she married David. She was deeply religious and active in the affairs of the Methodist church. Shortly after Harry was born, the family moved successively to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Kearney and Hastings, Nebraska. They spent two years in Chicago and finally settled in Grinnell, Iowa. |
267_4 | Hopkins attended Grinnell College and soon after his graduation in 1912 took a job with Christodora House, a social settlement house in New York City's Lower East Side ghetto. In the spring of 1913, he accepted a position from John A. Kingsbury of the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor (AICP) as a "friendly visitor" and superintendent of the Employment Bureau within the AICP's Department of Family Welfare. During the 1915 recession, Hopkins and the AICP's William Matthews, with $5,000 from Elizabeth Milbank Anderson's Milbank Memorial Fund, organized the Bronx Park Employment program, which was one of the first public employment programs in the US.
Social and public health work
In 1915, New York City Mayor John Purroy Mitchel appointed Hopkins executive secretary of the Bureau of Child Welfare which administered pensions to mothers with dependent children. |
267_5 | Hopkins at first opposed America's entrance into World War I, but, when war was declared in 1917, he supported it enthusiastically. He was rejected for the draft because of a bad eye. Hopkins moved to New Orleans where he worked for the American Red Cross as director of Civilian Relief, Gulf Division. Eventually, the Gulf Division of the Red Cross merged with the Southwestern Division and Hopkins, headquartered now in Atlanta, was appointed general manager in 1921. Hopkins helped draft a charter for the American Association of Social Workers (AASW) and was elected its president in 1923. |
267_6 | In 1922, Hopkins returned to New York City, where the AICP was involved with the Milbank Memorial Fund and the State Charities Aid Association in running three health demonstrations in New York State. Hopkins became manager of the Bellevue-Yorkville health project and assistant director of the AICP. In mid-1924 he became executive director of the New York Tuberculosis Association. During his tenure, the agency grew enormously and absorbed the New York Heart Association. |
267_7 | In 1931, New York Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt named R. H. Macy's department store president Jesse Straus as president of the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA). Straus named Hopkins, then unknown to Roosevelt, as TERA's executive director. His efficient administration of the initial $20 million outlay to the agency gained Roosevelt's attention, and in 1932, he promoted Hopkins to the presidency of the agency. Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt began a long friendship, which strengthened his role in relief programs. |
267_8 | New Deal
In March 1933, Roosevelt summoned Hopkins to Washington as federal relief administrator. Convinced that paid work was psychologically more valuable than cash handouts, Hopkins sought to continue and expand New York State's work relief programs, the Temporary Emergency Relief Administration. He supervised the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the Civil Works Administration (CWA), and the Works Progress Administration (WPA). Over 90% of the people employed by the Hopkins programs were unemployed or on relief. He feuded with Harold Ickes, who ran a rival program, the Public Works Administration, which also created jobs but did not require applicants to be unemployed or on relief. |
267_9 | FERA, the largest program from 1933 to 1935, involved giving money to localities to operate work relief projects to employ those on direct relief. CWA was similar but did not require workers to be on relief to receive a government-sponsored job. In less than four months, the CWA hired four million people, and during its five months of operation, the CWA built and repaired 200 swimming pools, 3,700 playgrounds, 40,000 schools, of road, and 12 million feet of sewer pipe. |
267_10 | The WPA, which followed the CWA, employed 8.5 million people in its seven-year history, working on 1.4 million projects, including the building or repair of 103 golf courses, 1,000 airports, 2,500 hospitals, 2,500 sports stadiums, 3,900 schools, 8,192 parks, 12,800 playgrounds, 124,031 bridges, 125,110 public buildings, and of highways and roads. The WPA operated on its own on selected projects in co-operation with local and state governments, but always with its own staff and budget. Hopkins started programs for youth (National Youth Administration) and for artists and writers (Federal One Programs). Hopkins and Eleanor Roosevelt worked together to publicize and defend New Deal relief programs. He was concerned with rural areas but increasingly focused on cities in the Great Depression. |
267_11 | Before Hopkins began to decline from his struggle with stomach cancer in the late 1930s, Roosevelt appeared to be training him as a possible successor. With the advent of World War II in Europe, however, Roosevelt ran again in 1940 and won an unprecedented third term.
World War II
On May 10, 1940, after a long night and day spent discussing the German invasion of the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg that had ended the so-called "Phoney War," Roosevelt urged a tired Hopkins to stay for dinner and then the night in a second-floor White House bedroom. Hopkins would live out of the bedroom for the next three-and-a-half years. |
267_12 | On December 7, 1941, at 1:40 pm, Hopkins was in the Oval Study, in the White House, having lunch with President Roosevelt, when Roosevelt received the first report that Pearl Harbor had been attacked via phone from Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox. Initially, Hopkins was skeptical of the news until Chief of Naval Operations Adm. Harold Rainsford Stark called a few minutes later to confirm Pearl Harbor had in fact been attacked. |
267_13 | During the war years, Hopkins acted as Roosevelt's chief emissary to British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. In January 1941, Roosevelt dispatched Hopkins to assess Britain's determination and situation. Churchill escorted the important visitor all over the United Kingdom. Before he returned, at a small dinner party in the North British Hotel, Glasgow, Hopkins rose to propose a toast: "I suppose you wish to know what I am going to say to President Roosevelt on my return. Well I am going to quote to you one verse from the Book of Ruth ... 'Whither thou goest, I will go and where thou lodgest I will lodge, thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God.'" Hopkins became the administrator of the Lend-Lease program, under which the United States gave to Britain and Soviet Union, China, and other Allied nations food, oil, and materiel including warships, warplanes and weaponry. Repayment was primarily in the form of Allied military action against the enemy, as well as leases on army |
267_14 | and naval bases in Allied territory used by American forces. |
267_15 | Hopkins had a major voice in policy for the vast $50 billion Lend-Lease program, especially regarding supplies, first for Britain and then, upon the German invasion, the Soviets. He went to Moscow in July 1941 to make personal contact with Joseph Stalin. Hopkins recommended and Roosevelt accepted the inclusion of the Soviets in Lend Lease. Hopkins made Lend Lease decisions in terms of Roosevelt's broad foreign policy goals. He accompanied Churchill to the Atlantic Conference. Hopkins promoted an aggressive war against Germany and successfully urged Roosevelt to use the Navy to protect convoys headed for Britain before the US had entered the war in December 1941. Roosevelt brought him along as advisor to his meetings with Churchill and Stalin at Cairo, Tehran, Casablanca in 1942-43, and Yalta in 1945. He was a firm supporter of China, which received Lend-Lease aid for its military and air force. Hopkins wielded more diplomatic power than the entire State Department. Hopkins helped |
267_16 | identify and sponsor numerous potential leaders, including Dwight D. Eisenhower. He continued to live in the White House and saw the President more often than any other advisor. |
267_17 | In mid-1943, Hopkins faced a barrage of criticism from Republicans and the press that he had abused his position for personal profit. One Representative asserted that British media tycoon Lord Beaverbrook had given Hopkins's wife, Louise, $500,000 worth of emeralds, which Louise denied. Newspapers ran stories detailing sumptuous dinners that Hopkins attended while he was making public calls for sacrifice. Hopkins briefly considered suing the Chicago Tribune for libel after a story that compared him to Grigory Rasputin, the famous courtier of Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, but he was dissuaded by Roosevelt.
Although Hopkins's health was steadily declining, Roosevelt sent him on additional trips to Europe in 1945. Hopkins attended the Yalta Conference in February 1945. He tried to resign after Roosevelt died, but President Harry S. Truman sent Hopkins on one more mission to Moscow. |
267_18 | Hopkins had three sons who served in the armed forces during the war: Robert, David and Stephen. Stephen was killed in action while he was serving in the Marine Corps. |
267_19 | Relations with Soviet Union |
267_20 | Hopkins was the top American official assigned to dealing with Soviet officials during World War II. He liaised with Soviet officials from the middle ranks to the very highest, including Stalin. Anastas Mikoyan was Hopkins' counterpart with responsibility for Lend-Lease. He often explained Roosevelt's plans to Stalin and other top Soviet officials to enlist Soviet support for American objectives, an endeavor that met with limited success. A particularly striking example of bad faith was Moscow's refusal to allow American naval experts to see the German experimental U-boat station at Gdynia captured on March 28, 1945 and thus to help the protection of the very convoys that carried Lend-Lease aid. In turn, Hopkins passed on Stalin's stated goals and needs to Roosevelt. As the top American decision maker in Lend-Lease, he gave priority to supplying the Soviet Union, despite repeated objections from Republicans. As Soviet soldiers were bearing the brunt of the war, Hopkins felt that |
267_21 | American aid to the Soviets would hasten the war's conclusion. |
267_22 | Hopkins continued to be a target of attacks even after his death. George Racey Jordan testified to the House Un-American Activities Committee in December 1949 that Hopkins passed nuclear secrets to the Soviets. Historians do not cite Jordan as credible since at the time Jordan claimed to have met with Hopkins in Washington regarding uranium shipments, Hopkins was in intensive care at the Mayo Clinic in Minnesota. In 1963, the FBI concluded that Jordan "either lied for publicity and profit or was delusional."
Many US lend-lease records, including the correspondence of Hopkins and Edward Stettinius and the minutes of the Soviet protocol committee, were only declassified in the 1970s, long after opinions about Soviet espionage had hardened into dogma. These files are now open, and they confirm the veracity of nearly all of Jordan's claims, except for his allegation that Hopkin's actions were illegal. |
267_23 | It is likely that any Soviets who spoke to Hopkins would have been routinely required to report the contact to the NKVD, the Soviet national security agency. Eduard Mark (1998) says that some Soviets, such as spymaster Iskhak Akhmerov, thought that Hopkins was pro-Soviet, but others thought that he was not. Verne W. Newton, the author of FDR and the Holocaust, said that no writer discussing Hopkins has identified any secrets disclosed or any decision in which he distorted American priorities to help communism. As Mark demonstrated, Hopkins was not pro-Soviet in his recommendations to Roosevelt; he was anti-German and pro-American. Any "secrets" disclosed were authorized. Mark says that at the time, any actions were taken specifically to help the American war effort and to prevent the Soviets from making a deal with Hitler. |
267_24 | It is currently considered likely that Laurence Duggan was the titular agent "19." Hopkins may simply have been naïve in his estimation of Soviet intentions. The historian Robert Conquest wrote that "Hopkins seems just to have accepted an absurdly fallacious stereotype of Soviet motivation, without making any attempt whatever to think, or to study the readily available evidence, or to seek the judgement of the knowledgeable. He conducted policy vis-a-vis Stalin with mere dogmatic confidence in his own (and his circle's) unshakeable sentiments." |
267_25 | Personal life
In 1913, Hopkins married Ethel Gross (1886–1976), a Hungarian-Jewish immigrant active in New York City's Progressive movement. They had three sons: David, Robert, and Stephen, (they had lost an infant daughter to whooping cough) and though Gross divorced Hopkins in 1930 shortly before Hopkins became a public figure, the two kept up an intimate correspondence until 1945. In 1931, Hopkins married Barbara Duncan, who died of cancer six years later. They had one daughter, Diana (1932-2020). In 1942, Hopkins married Louise Gill Macy (1906–1963) in the Yellow Oval Room at the White House. Macy was a divorced, gregarious former editor for Harper's Bazaar. The two continued to live at the White House at Roosevelt's request, though Louise eventually demanded a home of their own. Hopkins ended his long White House stay on December 21, 1943, moving with his wife to a Georgetown townhouse. |
267_26 | Cancer and death
In mid-1939, Hopkins was told that he had stomach cancer, and doctors performed an extensive operation that removed 75% of his stomach. What remained of Hopkins's stomach struggled to digest proteins and fat, and a few months after the operation, doctors stated that he had only four weeks to live. At this point, Roosevelt brought in experts, who transfused Hopkins with blood plasma that halted his deterioration. When the "Phony War" phase of World War II ended in May 1940, the situation galvanised Hopkins; as Doris Kearns Goodwin wrote, "the curative impact of Hopkins' increasingly crucial role in the war effort was to postpone the sentence of death the doctors had given him for five more years". |
267_27 | Though his death has been attributed to his stomach cancer, some historians have suggested that it was the cumulative malnutrition related to his post-cancer digestive problems. Another claim is that Hopkins died from liver failure due to hepatitis or cirrhosis, but Robert Sherwood authoritatively reported that Hopkins' postmortem examination showed the cause of death was hemosiderosis due to hepatic iron accumulation from his many blood transfusions and iron supplements.
Hopkins died in New York City on January 29, 1946, at the age of 55. His body was cremated and his ashes interred in his former college town at the Hazelwood Cemetery in Grinnell, Iowa. There is a house on the Grinnell College campus named after him.
References
West, Diana. "American Betrayal" =(2014)
Further reading |
267_28 | Adams, Henry Hitch. Harry Hopkins: A Biography (1977)
Bremer, William W. "Along the 'American Way': The New Deal's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed," Journal of American History Vol. 62, No. 3 (Dec., 1975), pp. 636–652 in JSTOR
Hopkins, June. "The road not taken: Harry Hopkins and New Deal Work Relief." Presidential Studies Quarterly 29, 2(306-316). online edition |
267_29 | Howard, Donald S. The WPA and Federal Relief Policy (1943) online edition
Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl. "Harry Hopkins and Soviet Espionage" Intelligence & National Security (Nov 2014) 29#6 pp 864–879.
Kurzman, Paul A. Harry Hopkins and the New Deal, R. E. Burdick Publishers (1974)
Meacham, Jon. Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship Random House (2003).
McJimsey, George. "Hopkins, Harry Lloyd" in American National Biography Online (2000)
McJimsey George T. Harry Hopkins: Ally of the Poor and Defender of Democracy (1987), biography.
Meriam, Lewis. Relief and Social Security. The Brookings Institution. (1946). Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs; 900 pages online edition
Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize; published in England as The White House Papers Of Harry L. Hopkins Vol. I (1948) to Jan 1942; online vol 1 to Jan 1942 |
267_30 | Singleton, Jeff. The American Dole: Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression (2000) online edition
Smith, Jason Scott. Building New Deal Liberalism: The Political Economy of Public Works, 1933-1956 (2005)
Smith, Jean Edward. FDR, Random House (2007) scholarly biography
Williams, Edward Ainsworth. Federal Aid for Relief (1939) online edition
"Harry Lloyd Hopkins". Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement 4: 1946-1950. American Council of Learned Societies, 1974.
World War II
Allen, R.G.D. "Mutual Aid between the U.S. and the British Empire, 1941–5", in Journal of the Royal Statistical Society no. 109 #3, 1946. pp 243–77 in JSTOR detailed statistical data on Lend Lease
Clarke, Sir Richard. Anglo-American Economic Collaboration in War and Peace, 1942-1949. (1982), British perspective
Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (2nd ed. 1995) standard scholarly survey online |
267_31 | Dawson, Raymond H. The Decision to Aid Russia, 1941: Foreign Policy and Domestic Politics (1959)
Dobson, Alan P. U.S. Wartime Aid to Britain, 1940-1946 London, 1986. |
267_32 | Herring Jr. George C. Aid to Russia, 1941-1946: Strategy, Diplomacy, the Origins of the Cold War (1973) online edition
Kimball, Warren F. The Most Unsordid Act: Lend-Lease, 1939-1941 (1969).
Kimball, Warren F. "Franklin D. Roosevelt and World War II," Presidential Studies Quarterly Vol. 34#1 (2004) pp 83+.
Louis, William Roger. Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941-1945. 1977.
MacManus, James. Sleep in Peace Tonight, (Thomas Dunne Books, New York 2014), , A novel about Hopkins in London in 1941
O'Sullivan, Christopher. Harry Hopkins: FDR's Envoy to Churchill and Stalin. (Rowman and Littlefield 2014)
Reynolds, David. The Creation of the Anglo-American Alliance 1937-1941: A Study on Competitive Cooperation (1981)
Roll, David. The Hopkins Touch: Harry Hopkins and the Forging of the Alliance to Defeat Hitler (2012) excerpt and text search and author webcast presentation |
267_33 | Sherwood, Robert E. Roosevelt and Hopkins (1948), memoir by senior FDR aide; Pulitzer Prize. online complete edition
Tuttle, Dwight William. Harry L. Hopkins and Anglo-American-Soviet Relations, 1941-1945 (1983)
Woods, Randall Bennett. A Changing of the Guard: Anglo-American Relations, 1941-1946 (1990) |
267_34 | External links
Svetlana Chervonnaya, "Hopkins, Harry Lloyd (1890-1946)," Documents Talk: A Non-Definitive History, www.documentstalk.com/
Harry Hopkins Index at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
United States Secretaries of Commerce
+
People of the New Deal arts projects
Works Progress Administration administrators
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration cabinet members
20th-century American politicians
1890 births
1946 deaths
Deaths from stomach cancer
Deaths from cancer in New York (state)
Politicians from Sioux City, Iowa
American diplomats
Grinnell College alumni
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
New York (state) Democrats
People in public health
People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)
Civilian recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States) |
268_0 | This article lists the discography of the late American Blues and Soul bassist, Donald "Duck" Dunn. Dunn was an influential bassist notable for his recordings in the 1960s in the house band for Stax Records, Booker T. & the M.G.'s and thereafter as a session bassist.
with the Mar-Keys
Mar-Keys (Great Memphis Sound, 1966)
The Mar-Keys/Booker T & The MGs (Back to Back, 1967) |
268_1 | with Booker T & the MGs
Booker T & The MGs (Soul Dressing, 1965)
Booker T & The MGs (In the Christmas Spirit, 1966)
Booker T & The MGs (And Now... Booker T & The MGs, 1966)
Booker T & The MGs (Hip Hug-Her, 1967)
Booker T & The MGs (Uptight, 1968)
Booker T & The MGs (Best of Booker T & The MGs, 1968)
Booker T & The MGs (Doin' Our Thing, 1968)
Booker T & The MGs (Soul Limbo, 1968)
Booker T & The MGs (The Booker T. Set, 1969)
Booker T & The MGs (Mclemore Avenue, 1970)
Booker T & The MGs (Melting Pot, 1971)
MGs (The MGs, 1973)
Booker T & The MGs (Best of Booker T & The MGs, 1986)
Booker T & The MGs (Hip Hug-Her, 1992)
Booker T & The MGs (And Now... Booker T & The MGs, 1992)
Booker T & The MGs (Doin' Our Thing, 1992)
Booker T & The MGs (The Very Best of Booker T & The MGs, 1994)
Booker T & The MGs (That's the Way It Should Be, 1994)
Booker T & The MGs (Time Is Tight, 1998)
Booker T & The MGs (Soul Men, 2003) |
268_2 | with Rance Allen
Rance Allen (A Soulful Experience, 1975)
Rance Allen (The Best of The Rance Allen Group, 1988)
Rance Allen (Up Above My Head, 1995)
Rance Allen (Let the Music Get Down in Your Soul, 1997)
Rance Allen (The Soulful Truth of The Rance Allen Group, 2001)
Rance Allen (Stax Profiles, 2005)
with Duane Allman
Duane Allman (Anthology vol. 2, 1974)
with Joan Baez
Joan Baez (Gulf Winds, 1976)
Joan Baez (Blowin' Away, 1977)
Joan Baez (Complete A&M Recordings, 2003)
with William Bell
William Bell (Soul of a Bell, 1967)
William Bell (William Bell, 1974)
William Bell (Little Something Extra, 1992)
William Bell (Bound to Happen, 1997)
William Bell (Soul of a Bell, 2002) |
268_3 | with The Blues Brothers
Blues Brothers (Briefcase Full of Blues, 1978)
Blues Brothers (The Blues Brothers, 1980)
Blues Brothers (Made In America, 1981)
Blues Brothers (Best of the Blues Brothers, 1982)
Blues Brothers (Dancin' wid da Blues Brothers, 1985)
Blues Brothers (Everybody Needs Blues Brothers, 1986)
Blues Brothers (Live in Montreaux, 1987)
Blues Brothers (Red White and Blues, 1988)
Blues Brothers (The Definitive Collection, 1992)
Blues Brothers (Blues Brothers & Friends: Live from Chicago's House of Blues, 1997)
Blues Brothers (Blues Brothers 2000, 1999)
Blues Brothers (The Blues Brothers Complete, 2000)
with Shirley Brown
Shirley Brown (Woman to Woman, 1974)
Shirley Brown (Shirley Brown, 1977)
with Roy Buchanan
Roy Buchanan (Loading Zone, 1977)
Roy Buchanan (Sweet Dreams: The Anthology, 1992)
Roy Buchanan (Guitar on Fire, 1993)
with Jimmy Buffett
Jimmy Buffett (Hot Water, 1988)
with Ray Charles
Ray Charles (Genius & Soul: The 50th Anniversary Collection, 1997) |
268_4 | with Keith Christmas
Keith Christmas (Stories from the Human Zoo, 1976)
with Eric Clapton
Eric Clapton (Money and Cigarettes, 1983)
Eric Clapton (Behind the Sun, 1985)
Eric Clapton (Crossroads, 1988)
Eric Clapton (Clapton Chronicles: Best of 1981-1999, 1999)
Eric Clapton (Money & Cigarettes, 2000)
Eric Clapton (Best Of Eric Clapton [Import Bonus Tracks], 2000)
Eric Clapton (Unplugged/Clapton Chronicles, 2001)
with Doug Clifford
Doug Clifford (Cosmo, 1972)
with Rita Coolidge
Rita Coolidge (Rita Coolidge, 1971)
with Don Covay
Don Covay (Mercy, Mercy/Seesaw, 2000)
with Crosby Stills Nash & Young
Crosby Stills Nash & Young (Looking Forward, 1999)
with Steve Cropper
Steve Cropper (Playing my Thang, 1980)
with Delaney & Bonnie
Delaney & Bonnie (Home, 1969)
with Bob Dylan
Bob Dylan (Shot of Love, 1981)
Bob Dylan (Bob Dylan 30th Anniversary Concert, 1993)
with Jesse Ed Davis
Jesse Ed Davis (Ululu, 1972)
with Willie Dixon
Willie Dixon (The Chess Box, 1990) |
268_5 | with Tinsley Ellis
Tinsley Ellis (Fire It Up, 1997)
with The Emotions
The Emotions (Sunshine, 1978)
The Emotions (So I Can Love You, 1970)
with Yvonne Elliman
Yvonne Elliman (Best Of Yvonne Elliman, 1997)
with Eddie Floyd
Eddie Floyd (Knock on Wood, 1967)
Eddie Floyd (Rare Stamps, 1969)
Eddie Floyd (Soul Street, 1974)
with Peter Frampton
Peter Frampton (Where I Should Be, 1979)
with John Fogerty
John Fogerty (Blue Moon Swamp, 1997)
John Fogerty (Blue Moon Swamp, 2004)
with Carol Grimes
Carol Grimes (Carol Grimes, 1976)
with Isaac Hayes
Isaac Hayes (Presenting Isaac Hayes, 1967)
with Ronnie Hawkins
Ronnie Hawkins (The Hawk, 1971)
with Ruby Johnson
Ruby Johnson (I'll Run Your Heart Away, 1993) |
268_6 | with Albert King
Albert King (Born Under a Bad Sign, 1967)
Albert King (Years Gone By, 1969)
Albert King (King of the Blues Guitar, 1969)
Albert King (Blues for Elvis - King Does the King's Things, 1970)
Albert King (Lovejoy, 1971)
Albert King (The Pinch or The Blues Don't Change, 1977)
Albert King (Best of Albert King Vol 1, 1986)
Albert King (The Best of Albert King, Vol 1, 1991)
Albert King (The Ultimate Collection, 1993)
Albert King (The Blues Don't Change, 1996)
Albert King (The Very Best of Albert King, 1999)
Albert King (Born Under a Bad Sign, 2002)
with Freddie King
Freddie King (Getting Ready, 1971)
Freddie King (Texas Cannonball, 1972)
Freddy King (Hide Away: The Best of Freddy King)
Freddie King (Getting Ready, 1996)
Freddie King (Ultimate Collection, 2001)
Freddie King (Texas Cannonball, 2002)
with Richie Havens
Richie Havens (End of the Beginning, 1976)
Richie Havens (Dreaming As One: The A&M Years, 2004) |
268_7 | with Levon Helm
Levon Helm (Levon Helm & The RCO All Stars, 1977)
Levon Helm (Levon Helm & The RCO All-Stars, 1996)
with Herbie Mann
Herbie Mann (Push Push, 1971)
with Chris Hillman
Chris Hillman (Slippin' Away, 1976)
with Jerry Lee Lewis
Jerry Lee Lewis (All Killer, No Filler: The Anthology, 1993)
Jerry Lee Lewis (Mercury Smashes... and Rockin' Sessions, 2000)
Jerry Lee Lewis (Southern Roots: Boogie Woogie Country Man, 2004)
with The Manhattan Transfer
The Manhattan Transfer (Pastiche, 1976)
The Manhattan Transfer (Pastiche, 1978)
The Manhattan Transfer (Pastiche, 1994)
with Mel & Tim
Mel & Tim (Starting All Over Again, 1972)
with Stevie Nicks
Stevie Nicks (Bella Donna, 1981)
Stevie Nicks (Timespace: The Best of Stevie Nicks, 1991)
Stevie Nicks (Enchanted: The Works of Stevie Nicks, 1998)
with Don Nix
Don Nix (Living by the Days, 1971) |
268_8 | with Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers
Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers (Damn the Torpedoes, 1979)
Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers (Hard Promises, 1981)
Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers (Playback, 1995)
Tom Petty & The Heartbreakers (Anthology: Through the Years, 2000)
with Wilson Pickett
Wilson Pickett (In the Midnight Hour, 1965)
Wilson Pickett (The Exciting Wilson Pickett, 1966)
Wilson Pickett (Wilson Pickett's Greatest Hits, 1985)
Wilson Pickett (A Man and a Half: The Best of Wilson Pickett, 1992)
Wilson Pickett (In the Midnight Hour, 1993)
with David Porter
David Porter (Victim of the Joke?: An Opera, 1971)
David Porter (Victim of the Joke?, 1995)
with Elvis Presley
Elvis Presley (Raised On Rock/For Ol' Times Sake, 1973)
with John Prine
John Prine (Common Sense, 1975)
John Prine (Prime Prine, 1976)
John Prine (Great Days: The John Prine Anthology, 1993) |
268_9 | with Otis Redding
Otis Redding (Pain In My Heart, 1964)
Otis Redding (The Great Otis Redding Sings Soul Ballads, 1965)
Otis Redding (Otis Blue/Otis Redding Sings Soul, 1966)
Otis Redding (The Soul Album, 1966)
Otis Redding (Live in Europe, 1967)
Otis Redding & Carla Thomas (King & Queen, 1967)
Otis Redding (Dock of the Bay, 1968)
Otis Redding (The Immortal Otis Redding, 1968)
Otis Redding (Love Man, 1969)
Otis Redding (Tell the Truth, 1970)
Otis Redding (Otis! The Definitive Otis Redding, 1993)
Otis Redding (Otis Redding Sings Soul, 1993)
Otis Redding (Dreams to Remember: The Otis Redding Anthology, 1998)
with Bruce Roberts
Bruce Roberts (Bruce Roberts, 1978)
with Leon Russell
Leon Russell (Will o' The Wisp, 1975)
Leon Russell (Best Of Leon Russell, 1976)
Leon Russell (Retrospective, 1997)
with Mitch Ryder
Mitch Ryder (The Detroit Memphis Experiment, 1969)
with Sam & Dave
Sam & Dave (Back at 'Cha!, 1976)
Sam & Dave (The Very Best Of Same & Dave, 1995) |
268_10 | with Leo Sayer
Leo Sayer (Here, 1979)
Leo Sayer (Here, 2003)
with Boz Scaggs
Boz Scaggs (My Time: The Anthology 1969–1997, 1997)
with Mavis Staples
Mavis Staples (Mavis Staples, 1969)
Mavis Staples (Only for the Lonely, 1970)
with The Staples Singers
The Staples Singers (Soul Folk in Action, 1968)
The Staple Singers (This Time Around, 1981)
with Rod Stewart
Rod Stewart (Atlantic Crossing, 1975)
Rod Stewart (A Night on the Town, 1976)
with The Soul Children
The Soul Children (Soul Children/Best Of Two Worlds, 1995)
The Soul Children (Genesis/Friction, 1999)
with Billy Swan
Billy Swan (You're OK, I'm OK, 1978)
with Tavares
Tavares (Best of Tavares, 1996)
with Johnnie Taylor
Johnnie Taylor (Who's Making Love, 1968)
Johnnie Taylor (The Johnnie Taylor Philosophy Continues, 1969)
Johnnie Taylor (Who's Making Love, 1991)
Johnnie Taylor (Lifetime, 2000) |
268_11 | with Carla Thomas
Carla Thomas (Hidden Gems, 1991)
Carla Thomas (Gee Whiz: The Best Of Carla Thomas, 1994)
Carla Thomas (Love Means Carla Thomas/Memphis Queen, 1997)
with Mickey Thomas
Mickey Thomas (As Long As You Love Me, 1976)
Mickey Thomas (As long as you love me, 1977)
with Rufus Thomas
Rufus Thomas (Can't Get Away From This Dog, 1992)
with Muddy Waters
Muddy Waters (Fathers and Sons, 1969)
Muddy Waters (Muddy & The Wolf, 1974)
Muddy Waters (Chess Box, 1990)
Muddy Waters (Goodbye Newport Blues, 1995)
with Tony Joe White
Tony Joe White (Lake Placid Blues, 1995)
with Bill Withers
Bill Withers (Just as I Am, 1971)
Bill Withers (The Best Of Bill Withers, 1994)
Bill Withers (Lean on Me: The Best of Bill Withers, 2000)
with Neil Young
Neil Young (Silver & Gold, 2000)
Neil Young (Road Rock Vol 1: Friends & Relatives, 2000)
Neil Young (Are You Passionate?, 2002) |
268_12 | Various artist compilations
Guitar Showdown at the Dusk 'Til Dawn Blues Festival, 1966
Various Artists (Monterrey International Pop Festival, 1967)
Various Artists (Soul Christmas, 1968)
Various Artists (Atlantic Blues, 1986)
Soundtrack (The Great Outdoors, 1988)
Soundtrack (Roadhouse, 1989)
Legends Of Guitar (Electric Blues Vol.1, 1990)
Various Artists (Atlantic Rhythm & Blues 1947-1974, 1991)
Various Artists (Blues Masters Vol 1: Urban Blues, 1992)
Various Artists (Stax/Volt Review, Vol 3: Live In Europe - Hit The Road Stax, 1992)
Blues Masters Sampler (1993)
Various Artists (The Complete Stax-Volt Soul Singles Vol 2: 1968-1971, 1993)
The Original Soul Christmas (1994)
Various Artists (Texas Music, Vol 1: Postwar Blues Combos, 1994)
Various Artists (Blues Masters Vol 1-5, 1995)
Various Artists (Jingle Bell Jam: Jazz Christmas Classics, 1995)
Various Artists (Original Soul Christmas, 1995)
Various Artists (Mean Old World: The Blues from 1940 to 1994, 1996) |
268_13 | Soundtrack (Vampires, 1998)
Soundtrack (Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: A Musical Journey, 2003)
Various Artists (Soul Comes Home: Celebration of Stax Records, 2004) |
268_14 | References
Dunn, Donald |
269_0 | {{hatnote|1=Not to be confused with a stationary point where {{math|1=f(x) = 0}}, or with fixed-point arithmetic, a form of limited-precision arithmetic in computing.}}
In mathematics, a fixed point (sometimes shortened to fixpoint, also known as an invariant point) of a function is an element that is mapped to itself by the function. That is, is a fixed point of a function if belongs to both the domain and the codomain of , and .
For example, if is defined on the real numbers by
then 2 is a fixed point of , because .
Not all functions have fixed points: for example, , has no fixed points, since is never equal to for any real number. In graphical terms, a fixed point means the point is on the line , or in other words the graph of has a point in common with that line. |
269_1 | Points that come back to the same value after a finite number of iterations of the function are called periodic points. A fixed point is a periodic point with period equal to one. In projective geometry, a fixed point of a projectivity has been called a double point.G. B. Halsted (1906) Synthetic Projective Geometry, page 27
In Galois theory, the set of the fixed points of a set of field automorphisms is a field called the fixed field of the set of automorphisms.
Attracting fixed points
An attracting fixed point of a function f is a fixed point x0 of f such that for any value of x in the domain that is close enough to x0, the iterated function sequence
converges to x0. An expression of prerequisites and proof of the existence of such a solution is given by the Banach fixed-point theorem. |
269_2 | The natural cosine function ("natural" means in radians, not degrees or other units) has exactly one fixed point, which is attracting. In this case, "close enough" is not a stringent criterion at all—to demonstrate this, start with any real number and repeatedly press the cos key on a calculator (checking first that the calculator is in "radians" mode). It eventually converges to the Dottie number (about 0.739085133), which is a fixed point. That is where the graph of the cosine function intersects the line .
Not all fixed points are attracting. For example, x = 0 is a fixed point of the function f(x) = 2x, but iteration of this function for any value other than zero rapidly diverges. However, if the function f is continuously differentiable in an open neighbourhood of a fixed point x0, and , attraction is guaranteed.
Attracting fixed points are a special case of a wider mathematical concept of attractors. |
269_3 | An attracting fixed point is said to be a stable fixed point if it is also Lyapunov stable.
A fixed point is said to be a neutrally stable fixed point if it is Lyapunov stable but not attracting. The center of a linear homogeneous differential equation of the second order is an example of a neutrally stable fixed point.
Multiple attracting points can be collected in an attracting fixed set.
Applications
In many fields, equilibria or stability are fundamental concepts that can be described in terms of fixed points. Some examples follow.
In economics, a Nash equilibrium of a game is a fixed point of the game's best response correspondence. John Nash exploited the Kakutani fixed-point theorem for his seminal paper that won him the Nobel prize in economics. |
269_4 | In physics, more precisely in the theory of phase transitions, linearisation near an unstable fixed point has led to Wilson's Nobel prize-winning work inventing the renormalization group, and to the mathematical explanation of the term "critical phenomenon."
Programming language compilers use fixed point computations for program analysis, for example in data-flow analysis, which is often required for code optimization. They are also the core concept used by the generic program analysis method abstract interpretation.
In type theory, the fixed-point combinator allows definition of recursive functions in the untyped lambda calculus.
The vector of PageRank values of all web pages is the fixed point of a linear transformation derived from the World Wide Web's link structure.
The stationary distribution of a Markov chain is the fixed point of the one step transition probability function. |
269_5 | Logician Saul Kripke makes use of fixed points in his influential theory of truth. He shows how one can generate a partially defined truth predicate (one that remains undefined for problematic sentences like "This sentence is not true"), by recursively defining "truth" starting from the segment of a language that contains no occurrences of the word, and continuing until the process ceases to yield any newly well-defined sentences. (This takes a countable infinity of steps.) That is, for a language L, let L′ (read "L-prime") be the language generated by adding to L, for each sentence S in L, the sentence "S is true." A fixed point is reached when L′ is L; at this point sentences like "This sentence is not true" remain undefined, so, according to Kripke, the theory is suitable for a natural language that contains its own truth predicate.
Topological fixed point property
A topological space is said to have the fixed point property (FPP) if for any continuous function |
269_6 | there exists such that .
The FPP is a topological invariant, i.e. is preserved by any homeomorphism. The FPP is also preserved by any retraction.
According to the Brouwer fixed-point theorem, every compact and convex subset of a Euclidean space has the FPP. Compactness alone does not imply the FPP and convexity is not even a topological property so it makes sense to ask how to topologically characterize the FPP. In 1932 Borsuk asked whether compactness together with contractibility could be a necessary and sufficient condition for the FPP to hold. The problem was open for 20 years until the conjecture was disproved by Kinoshita who found an example of a compact contractible space without the FPP. |
269_7 | Generalization to partial orders: prefixpoint and postfixpoint
The notion and terminology is generalized to a partial order. Let ≤ be a partial order over a set X and let f: X → X be a function over X. Then a prefixpoint (also spelled pre-fixpoint) of f is any p such that p ≤ f(p). Analogously, a postfixpoint (or post-fixpoint''') of f is any p such that f(p) ≤ p''. One way to express the Knaster–Tarski theorem is to say that a monotone function on a complete lattice has a least fixpoint that coincides with its least postfixpoint (and similarly its greatest fixpoint coincides with its greatest prefixpoint). Prefixpoints and postfixpoints have applications in theoretical computer science.
See also
Fixed-point combinator
Fixed-point subgroup
Fixed-point subring
Fixed-point theorems
Eigenvector
Equilibrium
Fixed points of a Möbius transformation
Invariant (mathematics)
Idempotence
Infinite compositions of analytic functions
Cycles and fixed points of permutations
Notes |
269_8 | External links
An Elegant Solution for Drawing a Fixed Point
Game theory |
270_0 | In geometry, an antiparallelogram is a type of self-crossing quadrilateral. Like a parallelogram, an antiparallelogram has two opposite pairs of equal-length sides, but these pairs of sides are not in general parallel. Instead, sides in the longer pair cross each other as in a scissors mechanism. Antiparallelograms are also called contraparallelograms or crossed parallelograms.
Antiparallelograms occur as the vertex figures of certain nonconvex uniform polyhedra. In the theory of four-bar linkages, the linkages with the form of an antiparallelogram are also called butterfly linkages or bow-tie linkages, and are used in the design of non-circular gears. In celestial mechanics, they occur in certain families of solutions to the 4-body problem.
Every antiparallelogram has an axis of symmetry, with all four vertices on a circle. It can be formed from an isosceles trapezoid by adding the two diagonals and removing two parallel sides. The signed area of every antiparallelogram is zero. |
270_1 | Geometric properties
An antiparallelogram is a special case of a crossed quadrilateral, with two pairs of equal-length edges. In general, crossed quadrilaterals can have unequal edges. A special form of the antiparallelogram is a crossed rectangle, in which two opposite edges are parallel. Every antiparallelogram is a cyclic quadrilateral, meaning that its four vertices all lie on a single circle. |
270_2 | Every antiparallelogram has an axis of symmetry through its crossing point. Because of this symmetry, it has two pairs of equal angles and two pairs of equal sides. The four midpoints of its sides lie on a line perpendicular to the axis of symmetry; that is, for this kind of quadrilateral, the Varignon parallelogram is a degenerate quadrilateral of area zero, consisting of four collinear points. The convex hull of an antiparallelogram is an isosceles trapezoid, and every antiparallelogram may be formed from an isosceles trapezoid (or its special cases, the rectangles and squares) by replacing two parallel sides by the two diagonals of the trapezoid. |
270_3 | Because an antiparallelogram forms two congruent triangular regions of the plane, but loops around those two regions in opposite directions, its signed area is the difference between the regions' areas and is therefore zero. The polygon's unsigned area (the total area it surrounds) is the sum, rather than the difference, of these areas. For an antiparallelogram with two parallel diagonals of lengths and , separated by height , this sum is . It follows from applying the triangle inequality to these two triangular regions that the crossing pair of edges in an antiparallelogram must always be longer than the two uncrossed edges.
Applications
In polyhedra |
270_4 | Several nonconvex uniform polyhedra, including the tetrahemihexahedron, cubohemioctahedron, octahemioctahedron, small rhombihexahedron, small icosihemidodecahedron, and small dodecahemidodecahedron, have antiparallelograms as their vertex figures, the cross-sections formed by slicing the polyhedron by a plane that passes near a vertex, perpendicularly to the axis between the vertex and the center.
One form of a non-uniform but flexible polyhedron, the Bricard octahedron, can be constructed as a bipyramid over an antiparallelogram. |
270_5 | Four-bar linkages
The antiparallelogram has been used as a form of four-bar linkage, in which four rigid beams of fixed length (the four sides of the antiparallelogram) may rotate with respect to each other at joints placed at the four vertices of the antiparallelogram. In this context it is also called a butterfly or bow-tie linkage. As a linkage, it has a point of instability in which it can be converted into a parallelogram and vice versa, but either of these linkages can be braced to prevent this instability. |
270_6 | For both the parallelogram and antiparallelogram linkages, if one of the long (crossed) edges of the linkage is fixed as a base, the free joints move on equal circles, but in a parallelogram they move in the same direction with equal velocities while in the antiparallelogram they move in opposite directions with unequal velocities. As James Watt discovered, if an antiparallelogram has its long side fixed in this way, the midpoint of the unfixed long edge will trace out a lemniscate or figure eight curve. For the antiparallelogram formed by the sides and diagonals of a square, it is the lemniscate of Bernoulli. |
270_7 | The antiparallelogram with its long side fixed is a variant of Watt's linkage. An antiparallelogram is an important feature in the design of Hart's inversor, a linkage that (like the Peaucellier–Lipkin linkage) can convert rotary motion to straight-line motion. An antiparallelogram-shaped linkage can also be used to connect the two axles of a four-wheeled vehicle, decreasing the turning radius of the vehicle relative to a suspension that only allows one axle to turn. A pair of nested antiparallelograms was used in a linkage defined by Alfred Kempe as part of Kempe's Universality Theorem stating that any algebraic curve may be traced out by the joints of a suitably defined linkage. Kempe called the nested-antiparallelogram linkage a "multiplicator", as it could be used to multiply an angle by an integer. Used in the other direction, to divide angles, it can be used for angle trisection (although not as a straightedge and compass construction). Kempe's original constructions using this |
270_8 | linkage overlooked the parallelogram-antiparallelogram instability, but bracing the linkages fixes his proof of the universality theorem. |
270_9 | Gear design |
270_10 | Suppose that one of the short (uncrossed) edges of an antiparallelogram linkage is fixed in place, and the remaining linkage moves freely. By the symmetry of antiparallelograms, each of the two line segments from an endpoint of the fixed edge to the crossing point is congruent to a reflected line segment from the crossing point to the moving short segment, from which it follows that the two segments from the fixed edge have the same total length as a single long edge. Because the moving crossing point maintains constant total distance to the two endpoints of the fixed segment, it traces out an ellipse that has the fixed edge's endpoints as its foci. Symmetrically, the other moving short edge of the antiparallelogram has as its endpoints the foci of another moving ellipse, formed from the first one by reflection across a tangent line through the crossing point. This construction of ellipses from the motion of an antiparallelogram can be used in the design of elliptical gears that |
270_11 | convert uniform rotation into non-uniform rotation or vice versa. |
270_12 | Celestial mechanics
In the -body problem, the study of the motions of point masses under Newton's law of universal gravitation, an important role is played by central configurations, solutions to the n-body problem in which all of the bodies rotate around some central point as if they were rigidly connected to each other. For instance, for three bodies, there are five solutions of this type, given by the five Lagrangian points. For four bodies, with two pairs of the bodies having equal masses (but with the ratio between the masses of the two pairs varying continuously), numerical evidence indicates that there exists a continuous family of central configurations, related to each other by the motion of an antiparallelogram linkage.
References
External links
Types of quadrilaterals |
271_0 | The Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC) is a public-private-partnership focusing on elucidating the functions and disease relevance of all proteins encoded by the human genome, with an emphasis on those that are relatively understudied. The SGC places all its research output into the public domain without restriction and does not file for patents and continues to promote open science. Two recent publications revisit the case for open science. |
271_1 | Founded in 2003, and modelled after the Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database (dbSNP) Consortium, the SGC is a charitable company whose Members comprise organizations that contribute over $5,4M Euros to the SGC over a five-year period. The Board has one representative from each Member and an independent Chair, who serves one 5-year term. The current Chair is Anke Müller-Fahrnow (Germany), and previous Chairs have been Michael Morgan (U.K.), Wayne Hendrickson (U.S.A.), Markus Gruetter (Switzerland) and Tetsuyuki Maruyama (Japan). The founding and current CEO is Aled Edwards (Canada). The founding Members of the SGC Company were the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Genome Canada, the Ontario Research Fund, GlaxoSmithKline and Wellcome Trust. The current (March 2021) Members comprise AbbVie, Bayer Pharma AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, the Eshelman Institute for Innovation, Genentech, Genome Canada, Janssen, Merck KGaA, Pfizer, Takeda, and Wellcome Trust. |
271_2 | SGC research activities take place in a coordinated network of university-affiliated laboratories – at Goethe University Frankfurt, Karolinska Institutet, McGill University, and the Universities of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Toronto. The research activities are supported both by funds from the SGC Company as well as by grants secured by the scientists affiliated with the SGC programs. At each university, the scientific teams are led by a Chief Scientist, who are Stefan Knapp (Goethe University Frankfurt), Michael Sundstrom (Karolinska Institutet), Ted Fon (McGill University), Tim Willson (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), and Cheryl Arrowsmith (University of Toronto). The SGC currently comprises ~200 scientists.
Notable achievements |
271_3 | Chemical biology of human proteins |
271_4 | Structural biology of human proteins – The SGC has so far contributed over 2000 protein structures of human proteins of potential relevance for drug discovery into the public domain since 2003. Structures that constitute complexes with synthetic small molecules is aided by a partnership with the Diamond synchrotron in Oxfordshire. The chemical probe program prioritizes (members of) protein families that are relatively understudied, or which may be currently relevant to human biology and drug discovery. These families include epigenetic signaling, solute transport, protein proteostasis, and protein phosphorylation. The protein family approach is supported by publicly available bioinformatics tools (ChromoHub, UbiHub), family-based protein production and biochemistry, crystallography and structure determination, biophysics, and cell biology (for example target engagement assays). The SGC has (so far) contributed ~120 chemical probes into the public domain over the past decade, and |
271_5 | >25,000 samples of these probes have been distributed to the scientific community. The chemical probes conform to the now community-standard quality criteria created by the SGC and its collaborative network. |
271_6 | Epigenetic chemical probes that have generated clinical interest in their targets include PFI-1 and JQ1 for the BET family, UNC0642 for G9a/GLP, UNC1999 for EZH2/H1, LLY-283 and GSK591 for PRMT5, and OICR-9429 for WDR5. The WDR5 chemical probe was optimized (by a company external to the SGC) for clinical amenability and is the subject of investment from Celgene.
Kinases have seen 50 drugs approved by the FDA for treatment of cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis. A review from two and a half years ago, a recent preprint, and peer-reviewed publication highlight low coverage of kinases both by peer-reviewed publications and 3D structures. In the last 4 years laboratories in Frankfurt, North Carolina and Oxford have developed chemical matter to help biologists study underrepresented kinases. In collaboration with pharmaceutical companies and academia, 15 chemical probes, and version 1.0 of 187 chemogenomic inhibitors (aka KCGS) for 215 kinases have been co-developed. |
271_7 | Integral membrane proteins are permanently attached to the cell membrane. The family includes the solute carrier (SLC) proteins. The SLCs are largely unexplored therapeutically ~30% are considered ‘orphaned’ because their substrate specificity and biological function are unknown. In 2019 a public-private partnership comprising 13 partners, including the SGC, formed the The RESOLUTE Consortium with funding from the IMI. RESOLUTE’s goal is to encourage research on SLCs .
The Target Enabling Package (TEP) is a collection reagents and knowledge on a protein target aimed to catalyze biochemical and chemical exploration, and characterization of proteins with genetic linkage to key disease areas. The SGC has opened target nominations to the public. |
271_8 | The Unrestricted Leveraging of Targets for Research Advancement and Drug Discovery (ULTRA-DD) program, funded by the European Commission’s Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI), aims to identify and validate under-explored targets in auto-immune and inflammatory disease models. Patient-derived cell lines are screened against chemical modulators (including chemical probes and chemogenomic compounds) with the intention of obtaining phenotypic read-outs in a disease relevant context.
The Enabling and Unlocking biology in the Open (EUbOPEN) program, funded by the IMI, aims to assemble a chemogenomic library for ~1,000 proteins, discover ~100 high-quality, chemical probes, establish infrastructure to characterize these compounds, disseminate robust protocols for primary patient cell-based assays, while establishing the infrastructure to seed a global effort on addressing the entire druggable genome. |
271_9 | Non-human proteins
The Structure-guided Drug Discovery Coalition (SDDC) comprises the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), the Midwest Center for Structural Genomics, the Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases (CSGID), and drug discovery teams from academia and industry has resulted in 7 early drug leads for tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and cryptosporidiosis. The SDDC receives funding from participating academic initiatives and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Eshelman Institute for Innovation, launched Rapidly Emerging Antiviral Drug Development Initiative (READDI™) and Viral Interruption to Medicines Initiative (VIMI™). REDDI™ is modelled after the non-profit drug research and development Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi). READDI™ and VIMI™ are non-profit, open science initiatives that focus on developing therapeutics for all pandemic-capable viruses. |
271_10 | Open Science
Open science is a key operating principle. A Trust Agreement is signed before reagents are shared with researchers. These reagents include cDNA clones (Addgene), chemical probes, and 3D structures. Tools to promote open science include open lab notebooks. The latter platform is being used to share research on (for example) Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Chordoma. |
271_11 | Open Drug Discovery |
271_12 | The for-profit spin-off companies M4K Pharma (Medicines for Kids), M4ND Pharma (Medicines for Neurological Diseases) and M4ID Pharma (Medicines for Infectious Diseases) do not file patents and practise open science. The M4 companies are wholly owned by a Canadian charity Agora Open Science Trust whose mandate is to share scientific knowledge and ensure affordable access to all medicines. M4K Pharma has the most advanced open drug discovery program and is supported with funding from the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, The Brain Tumour Charity, Charles River Laboratories and Reaction Biology, and with contributions from scientists at the Universities of McGill, North Carolina, Oxford, Pennsylvania, and Toronto and in the Sant Joan de Déu hospital, the University Health Network hospitals, the Hospital for Sick Children, and The Institute for Cancer Research. M4K Pharma is developing a selective inhibitor of ALK2 for DIPG, a uniformly fatal pediatric brain tumour. |
271_13 | History
The Concept
In 2000, a group of companies and Wellcome conceptualized forming a Structural Genomics Consortium to focus on determining the three-dimensional structures of human proteins. The consortium must place all structural information and supporting reagents into the public domain without restriction. This effort was designed to complement other structural genomics programs in the world. |
271_14 | Phase I (2004-2007) |
271_15 | The SGC scientific program was launched, with activities at the Universities of Oxford and Toronto, and with a mandate to contribute >350 human protein structures into the public domain. To be counted toward these goals, the proteins had to derive from a pre-defined list and the protein structures were required to meet pre-defined quality criteria. The quality of protein structures was and continues to be adjudicated by a committee of independent academic scientists. Michael Morgan was the Chair of the SGC Board, and the scientific activities were led by Cheryl Arrowsmith (Toronto) and Michael Sundstrom (Oxford). In mid 2005, VINNOVA, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation and the Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF) established the Swedish research node of the SGC. Experimental activities started at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, led by Pär Nordlund and Johan Weigelt. Together, the three SGC laboratories contributed 392 human protein structures into the public domain. A |
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