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The sudden shotgun merger of the two factions in the Liberal Party led to Evans getting the official approval of the unified party for the 1923 election. However, the Conservatives decided to fight and this deprived him of their votes. Hopkin Morris decided to fight again as an unofficial Liberal and won with a 5,078 vote majority. Hopkin Morris was lucky to survive the 1924 election, a disaster for the Liberals, by being returned unopposed. The first Labour Party candidate stood against Rhys Hopkin Morris at the 1931 general election and polled 24% of the vote in a straight fight against Morris, who had a 13,752 (52.0%) majority.
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In 1932, Morris left Parliament temporarily (he was later to return as MP for Carmarthen) when he was appointed as a Metropolitan Police magistrate. The byelection on 22 September 1932 saw the first three-way fight between the parties, but was won by Owen Evans for the Liberals. Like many of the Liberal MPs he had been a barrister. Evans died shortly before the 1945 general election, but the seat was easily held by his successor Roderic Bowen. Unusually the Labour vote actually fell in percentage terms compared with the previous election despite the Labour landslide in the country at large. Labour challenge (1950–1972) Labour established itself as the main challenger to the Liberals at the 1950 general election in a three-way contest, and the Conservatives opted out of the contest thereafter until 1964. This was partly a move to keep the seat from going Labour. Plaid Cymru first fought the seat in 1959 and kept their deposit (just, with 12.8% of the vote).
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With a four-way contest involving the Conservatives and Plaid Cymru at the 1964 general election, and a national swing to Labour, Roderic Bowen suffered a precipitate decline in his share of the vote to only 38.4%; he was re-elected with a majority of 2,219 (7.4%) over Labour. After the death of the Speaker in 1965, Bowen accepted the offer to become a Deputy Speaker, which prevented him from speaking on behalf of his constituency. For the 1966 election, Labour selected Elystan Morgan who had been a member of Plaid Cymru until 1964; with a further national swing and Morgan making a credible bid for the Welsh-speaking vote, Labour won the seat by 523 votes. 1974 onwards In boundary changes in 1983, the constituency was merged with a northern area of Pembrokeshire and also took a Welsh version of its name, becoming known as Ceredigion and Pembroke North.
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Ceredigion was recreated for the 1997 election as it reverted to its former borders, having lost the part of North Pembrokeshire in boundary changes. Mark Williams, first elected in 2005, was the first non-Welsh speaking Member of Parliament elected to represent the constituency since Bowen Rowlands (MP from 1886 until 1892, who declared at a meeting in Aberystwyth when adopted as candidate that he could not speak Welsh). At the 2010 general election, he received a massive increase in his vote, polling over 50% of the votes cast and raising his majority from 219 to 8,324 over the Plaid Cymru candidate, Penri James.
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In 2015, Williams suffered a decline of over 14% in his vote share, in common with other Liberal Democrat incumbents across the UK. However, after a campaign which made national headlines due to prior controversial comments by both the Plaid Cymru and Labour candidates, Plaid Cymru were unable to capitalise as their vote share went down slightly. The Conservative vote also declined, while UKIP, Labour and the Greens all improved on their 2010 performance. Williams retained the seat to become the only Liberal Democrat MP in Wales, and one of only eight across the UK.
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In 2017, Williams lost his seat to Ben Lake by 104 votes (0.2%). Labour moved from fifth to third in the seat and were roughly 3,000 votes behind Williams and Lake, their best result in Ceredigion since 1997, and the Tories fell to fourth but increased their vote by more than 3,000. The 29.2% won by Plaid Cymru in 2017 was the lowest winning vote share of the election and the only seat won with less than 30% of the vote. At the 2019 General Election Lake substantially increased both his majority and vote share, with the Liberal Democrats falling to third place. Members of Parliament MPs 1541–1640 MPs after 1640 Short Parliament 1640: James Lewis Long Parliament 1640–1644: Walter Lloyd (Royalist) – disabled to sit, 5 February 1644 1646–1648: Sir Richard Pryse, 1st Baronet – excluded in Pride's Purge, December 1648 Cardiganshire was unrepresented in the Barebones Parliament First Protectorate Parliament 1654–1655: Col. James Philipps 1654–1655: Rev. Jenkin Lloyd
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Second Protectorate Parliament 1656: Col. James Philipps 1656–1658: Col. John Clark 1656–1658: James Lewis Third Protectorate Parliament 1659: Col. James Philipps Elections Elections in the 19th century Elections in the 1830s Elections in the 1840s Elections in the 1850s Elections in the 1860s Elections in the 1870s Elections in the 1880s Elections in the 1890s Rowlands is appointed Recorder of Swansea, requiring a by-election. Elections in the 20th century Elections in the 1900s Elections in the 1910s Elections in the 1920s Elections in the 1930s Elections in the 1940s Elections in the 1950s Elections in the 1960s Elections in the 1970s For 1983, 1987 and 1992; see Ceredigion and Pembroke North Elections in the 1990s Elections in the 21st century Elections in the 2000s Elections in the 2010s Of the 52 rejected ballots: 41 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for. 11 voted for more than one candidate.
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Of the 117 rejected ballots: 87 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for. 30 voted for more than one candidate. See also Ceredigion (Senedd constituency) 1854 Cardiganshire by-election 1921 Cardiganshire by-election 1932 Cardiganshire by-election 2000 Ceredigion by-election List of Parliamentary constituencies in Dyfed List of Parliamentary constituencies in Wales Notes References Sources External links nomis Constituency Profile for Ceredigion – presenting data from the ONS annual population survey and other official statistics. Politics Resources (Election results from 1922 onwards) Electoral Calculus (Election results from 1955 onwards) 2017 Election House Of Commons Library 2017 Election report A Vision Of Britain Through Time (Constituency elector numbers) Parliamentary constituencies in Mid Wales Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1536 Politics of Ceredigion Elections in Ceredigion
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List of people from Leeds is a list of notable people from the City of Leeds in West Yorkshire, England. This list includes people from the historic settlement, and the wider metropolitan borough, and thus may include people from Horsforth, Morley, Pudsey, Otley and Wetherby and other areas of the city. This list is arranged alphabetically by surname: A
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Arthur Louis Aaron VC DFM - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1943 Carl Ablett - former Rugby League footballer who played for the Leeds Rhinos Les "Juicy" Adams - rugby league footballer who played for Leeds, Huddersfield and Castleford. Nicola Adams OBE - first female boxer to win an Olympic gold medal Kathryn Apanowicz - former EastEnders actress, and partner of the late Richard Whiteley (Born in Bradford, raised in Horsforth, Leeds) Joseph Aspdin - inventor of Portland cement H. H. Asquith - 1st Earl of Oxford & Asquith, KG, PC, KC, Liberal Prime Minister of the UK from 1908 to 1916 Alfred Atkinson VC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1900 Alfred Austin DL - poet laureate
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B Ryan Bailey - rugby league player who plays for Leeds Rhinos and has represented Great Britain and England Corinne Bailey Rae - singer Christopher Paul Baker (1955), award-winning travel writer, photographer, and adventure motorcyclist, spent his early years in Woodlesford, outside Leeds Mark Ballard - Green politician Julian Barratt - actor and musician best known for his character Howard Moon in the cult comedy series The Mighty Boosh David Batty - former Leeds United Midfielder, now living in Filey Adam Baynes - parliamentary army officer during the English Civil War and MP for Leeds during the Commonwealth; as such the first MP for the city Richard Beck - rugby union player for Leeds Carnegie Alan Bennett - performer (notably in Beyond the Fringe), playwright (e.g. The Madness of George III, Talking Heads) and scriptwriter (including The Madness of King George) Ivy Benson - bandleader
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Richard Bentley - classical scholar, critic, and theologian of the 17th century; served as Master of Trinity College, Cambridge Robert Blackburn OBE, FRAeS - aviation pioneer Olivia Blake - MP for Sheffield Hallam Andy Bolton - power-lifter, current super-heavyweight deadlift and squat world record holder Barbara Taylor Bradford OBE - novelist Jack Brett - professional motorcycle racer Frances Brody - author of Kate Shackelton mysteries. Melanie Brown - "Mel B" from the Spice Girls Rampage Brown - British professional wrestler Alistair Brownlee MBE - triathlon world champion and Olympic gold medalist Jonathan Brownlee - triathlon world champion and Olympic bronze medalist Beryl Burton OBE - record-breaking cyclist William Boynton Butler VC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1917
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C Laurence Calvert VC, MM - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1918 Danny Care - Harlequins and England rugby union scrum-half Sean Carr - singer; husband of Yevhenia Carr (daughter of Ukrainian politician Yulia Tymoshenko) Phil Carrick - cricketer who captained Yorkshire Thomas Chippendale - furniture maker, from Farnley, Otley Dave Clark - Sky Sports presenter Howard Clark - Walker Cup and Ryder Cup golfer Chris Clarkson - rugby league footballer who plays for the Leeds Rhinos Jon Clay - Olympic bronze medalist Brian Close - cricketer who captained Yorkshire, youngest man ever to play Test cricket for England Sean Conlon - singer best known as a member of boy band Five Christian Cooke - actor John Craven OBE - presenter of John Craven's Newsround (now known as Newsround) Paul Crowther - philosopher, university lecturer and author Barry Cryer - comedian
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D Ellen Wordsworth Darwin (1856-1903), academic and Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge Brian Deane - former Leeds United centre forward (retired) Lizzie Deignan - (née Armitstead; born 18 December 1988); professional world champion track and road racing cyclist. Silver medalist at the 2012 Summer Olympics road race. Emmanuel Dieseruvwe - footballer who plays for Salford City David Doherty - rugby union player Jeremy Dyson - writer and member of The League of Gentlemen E E. R. Eddison CB, CMG - fantasy writer, The Worm Ouroboros Andrew Edge (b. David Andrew Edge) - drummer for the Thompson Twins, Uropa Lula, Savage Progress, singer with Yoyo, and currently working in Austria with Drumsing Tom Elliott - footballer, currently playing for Salford City
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F Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron - general and parliamentary commander-in-chief during the English Civil War Gaynor Faye - known for her characters in Coronation Street and Fat Friends and winning the first series of Dancing on Ice Arthur Foxton Ferguson - baritone, lecturer, and German translator, founded the Folk-Song Quartet John Fieldhouse, Baron Fieldhouse - Royal Navy officer who commanded five submarines and a frigate before being given responsibility for Operation Corporate, the mission to recover the Falkland Islands Helen Fielding - novelist and screenwriter, best known as the creator of the fictional character Bridget Jones Caleb Folan - former footballer who played for Leeds United, Rushden and Diamonds and Hull City, amongst others Isabella Ford - socialist and feminist from Headingley James Frain - actor Leigh Francis, aka Avid Merrion - creator of the TV show Bo' Selecta! and Keith Lemon
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G Barney Gibson - Yorkshire cricketer; in April 2011 he became the youngest cricketer to play first-class cricket in England, making his debut aged 15 years and 27 days Angela Griffin - actress in Coronation Street, Emmerdale and Waterloo Road John Atkinson Grimshaw - Victorian-era artist Geoff Gunney MBE - rugby league player for Hunslet and represented Great Britain. 579 appearances for Hunslet. H
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Erling Haaland - footballer who represents Norway & plays for Borussia Dortmund Ryan Hall - rugby league footballer who plays for the Leeds Rhinos and has represented England Willis Hall - playwright and radio and television writer, including Billy Liar and Worzel Gummidge with Leeds-born collaborator Keith Waterhouse Ellery Hanley MBE - rugby league player, represented Great Britain and won the Rugby League Golden Boot John Harrison - prominent woollen cloth merchant; mayor of Leeds during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Tony Harrison - poet David Harvey - football goalkeeper played for Leeds United and Scotland; Scotland's most successful post-war goalkeeper Chris Haskett – guitarist who has worked with Rollins Band, David Bowie and Tool, that lived at 52 Harold Mount between 1982 and 1987. Charlie Heaton - actor and musician born in Leeds, known for Stranger Things Kevin Hector - footballer, former player for Derby County
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Oliver Hindle - singer-songwriter and music producer best known for his solo project Superpowerless Frazer Hines - actor in Emmerdale and Doctor Who David Philip Hirsch VC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1917 Damien Hirst - artist, entrepreneur and art collector (Born in Bristol, raised in Leeds) Matthew Hoggard MBE - cricketer for Yorkshire and England General J N R (Nick) Houghton KCB, CBE - former Chief of the Defence Staff Richard Hoggart FRSL (24 September 1918 – 10 April 2014) was a British academic whose career covered the fields of sociology, English literature and cultural studies, with emphasis on British popular culture. Thomas Houseago - artist and sculptor Jonny Howson - footballer who played for Leeds United and England under-21, currently for Middlesbrough in the EFL Championship Paul Hunter - snooker player, died October 2006 from cancer Hasib Hussain, Islamic terrorist who murdered 13 people during the 7 July 2005 London bombings
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Sir Leonard Hutton Kt - cricketer, appointed as England's first professional cricket captain in 1952
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I Ray Illingworth CBE - England and Yorkshire cricket captain William H. Illingworth - Wild West pioneer photographer Michael Ivey - First-class cricketer J Michael Jackson - writer and journalist, particularly on beer and whisky Carl Johanneson - Super-Featherweight boxer and ranked number 2 in Europe in his weight class Charles Jones - cricketer and field hockey player Jamie Jones-Buchanan - rugby league footballer who plays for the Leeds Rhinos, and has represented both England and Great Britain
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K Gerald Kaufman - Labour politician James Keinhorst - rugby league player who represents Leeds Rhinos and Germany Geoffrey Studdert Kennedy MC - Anglican priest, soldier, and poet, who became known as 'Woodbine Willie' during the First World War for giving Woodbine cigarettes along with spiritual aid to injured and dying soldiers Mohammad Sidique Khan, Islamic terrorist who led the 7 July 2005 London bombings Ian King - cricketer Patric Knowles - film actor who was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame L
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Jon Lancaster - racing driver Benjamin Henry Latrobe - neoclassical architect, best known for his design of the United States Capitol Samuel Ledgard - bus pioneer Aaron Lennon - footballer, started at Leeds United, now playing for Kayserispor in Turkey Matthew Lewis - actor, best known for his role as Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter film series Gabby Logan - TV sports presenter; daughter of Terry Yorath, former Leeds Utd footballer and Wales Manager Sir Charles Lupton - Lord Mayor of Leeds 1915, co-founder of a law firm that became Dibb Lupton Alsop, (shortened to DLA), precursor to global law firm DLA Piper, with a prime office in Leeds Lupton family - prominent land-owning family of woollen cloth merchants and manufacturers in Georgian and Victorian Leeds through to the mid 20th century.
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M Owney Madden - Prohibition-era gangster Paul Madeley - footballer with 711 appearances for Leeds United 1964–80 in every position except goalkeeper Albert Mallinson (1870-1946), composer and organist Alexandra Mardell (born 1993), actress Henry Rowland Marsden - Liberal Mayor of Leeds 1873-1875 Samuel Marsden (1764–1838) - The "Flogging Parson", magistrate of Parramatta, New South Wales; missionary to New Zealand Tim Marshall - Foreign Affairs Editor for Sky News, who has reported in a number of war zones Phil May - caricaturist Nell McAndrew - model; has appeared in Playboy magazine and was a contestant on I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out of Here! Malcolm McDowell - actor; played the wizard in Just Visiting, starred in A Clockwork Orange, Caligula, and has appeared in Star Trek films Sir Ian McGeechan OBE - former rugby union player and coach; represented Scotland and the British and Irish Lions; currently chief executive of Leeds Carnegie
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Danny McGuire - rugby league player for Leeds Rhinos Michael McIlorum - rugby League footballer Edward McKenna VC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1863 Frederick McNess VC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1916 Scott McNiven - footballer who plays for Farsley Celtic Paul McShane - rugby league footballer who plays for the Leeds Rhinos Samuel Meekosha VC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1915 Kay Mellor OBE - writer of TV drama including Band of Gold Nigel Melville - rugby union player for Otley, Wakefield and Wasps; England Captain in 1980s (retired) Michael Middleton - father of Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge; grandfather of Prince George of Cambridge Trevor Midgley - Beau (folk singer/songwriter) Isaac Milner - 18th-century mathematician, abolitionist, inventor, and the President of Queens' College, Cambridge and Lucasian Professor of Mathematics James Milner - footballer currently playing for Liverpool FC Joseph Milner FRS - 18th-century evangelical divine
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Nick Mohammed - actor, comedian, writer of including a number of hit sitcoms (e.g. Intelligence, Ted Lasso) James Roderick "Jim" Moir - comedian better known as Vic Reeves Angela Morley - composer (formerly known as Wally Stott) Adam Moran - Competitive Eater currently ranked #11 in Major League Eating's rankingsBryan Mosley OBE - actor, 'Alf Roberts' in Coronation StreetAlbert Mountain VC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1918 Chris Moyles - Radio X DJ Berkeley Moynihan, 1st Baron Moynihan KCB, - British Major-General of the First World War; surgeon Simon Musk - professional wrestler, goes by the name El Ligero
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N Philip Naviasky - artist Richard Naylor - retired footballer, currently coaching the Leeds United Academy Adelaide Neilson (real name Elizabeth Ann Brown) - Victorian actress O Richard Oastler - 19th-century reformer Jonathan Robert Ogden - 19th-century composer Michael O'Grady - former footballer who played for Leeds United and England between 1962 and 1969 Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds KG - 17th-century Whig statesman; a signatory of the Invitation to William Lucy Osburn - 19th-century nurse Peter O'Toole - acclaimed stage and screen actor
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P Joseph Arthur Padway - American Socialist politician, Wisconsin State Senate Jeremy Paxman - TV presenter Jamie Peacock MBE - rugby league player, former Leeds Rhinos and Great Britain captain Billy Pearce - Comedian (Stand-up and Pantomime) John Pearson VC, MSM - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1858 Bob Peck (1945–1999) - stage, film, TV and voiceover actor; attended Leeds Modern School, graduated from Leeds College of Art; acted for the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre; starred in more than 20 TV dramas; known for Edge of Darkness, Jurassic ParkDavid Pennett - former cricketer Adam Perry - drummer for the Bloodhound Gang Caryl Phillips - author, playwright Kalvin Phillips - footballer, currently playing for Leeds United Gordon Pirie - middle-distance runner, silver medal winner in 5,000 metres, 1956 Olympics
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Joseph Priestley FRS - 18th-century enlightenment theologian, dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher, chemist, educator, and political theorist who published over 150 works
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Q Bertha Quinn - suffragette, socialist, Labour councillor 1929–1943, recipient of Papal Bene Merenti Medal 1946
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R Harry Ramsden - founder of Harry Ramsden's Fish and Chips chain Arthur Ransome - journalist and children's author (most notably Swallows and Amazons) Francis Rattenbury - architect who designed several well-known Canadian buildings Paul Reaney - footballer who played for Leeds United and England between 1962 and 1978; born in Fulham but grew up in Leeds Mike Redway - Singer, songwriter, record producer, musician Micah Richards - Former England footballer, now acting as a TV pundit. He played for Manchester City for 10 years coming through the youth ranks. He has won the Premiership, FA Cup and Carling Cup trophies. He attended Wetherby High School, Leeds but was born in Birmingham (when his mother was visiting relatives) Jason Robinson OBE - rugby league player for Hunslet, Wigan and Great Britain; switched codes and played in 2003 World Cup for England; has since captained England Rugby Union
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Peter Robinson - crime novelist best known for his novels set in Yorkshire featuring Inspector Alan Banks Stella Rotenberg poet and Shoah victim Katie Rushworth - Television gardener on ITV's Love Your Garden Paul & Barry Ryan - pop singing duo; Barry had a solo career after Paul withdrew to songwriting Sue Ryder CMG, OBE - British peeress who worked with Special Operations Executive in the Second World War and afterwards led many charitable organizations, notably the Sue Ryder charity
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S
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Sir Titus Salt, 1st Baronet - businessman and philanthropist, founder of Saltaire Lloyd Sam - footballer, currently playing for New York Red Bulls George Sanders - VC, MC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1916 and the Military Cross in 1918 Jimmy Savile OBE - disgraced former DJ and presenter, Jim'll Fix It and Top of the Pops Garry Schofield OBE - rugby league player, represented Great Britain and won the Rugby League Golden Boot Anne Shaw (Mason) - potter and ceramic sculptor, founded Haworth Pottery Jack Shepherd - actor, starred as TV cop Wycliffe Paul Shepherd - ex Leeds United player Mick Shoebottom - Nicknamed "Shoey", was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s and 1970s for Great Britain, England, Yorkshire and Leeds RL John Simm - Life on Mars and Doctor WhoEmile Sinclair - semi-professional footballer
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John Smeaton FRS - civil engineer and physicist responsible for the design of bridges, canals, harbours and lighthouses throughout England Alan Smith - former Leeds United striker now retired Lee Smith -former London Wasps rugby union player, now playing for rugby league side Wakefield Trinity Wildcats Philip Stone - actor, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom, The Shining and A Clockwork OrangeMarilyn Stowe - divorce lawyer and TV relationship expert Billy Sutcliffe - cricketer who captained Yorkshire Charles Stross - science fiction author
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T Tom Taiwo - footballer Barry Tebb (born 1942) - poet, novelist, editor, publisher and mental health campaigner Joshua Tetley (1778–1859) - founder of the Tetley's Brewery in Leeds Charles Thackrah - pioneering surgeon in occupational medicine, a founder member of the Leeds School of Medicine; died of tuberculosis in 1833, at the age of 38 Charles Thackray - pioneer of medical devices and instruments that led to modern hip replacement surgery Emma-Jean Thackray - jazz trumpeter, dj, singer, composer and producer Jake Thackray - folk singer Jamie Thackray - rugby league player formerly of Leeds Rhinos Ralph Thoresby (1658–1724) - first historian of Leeds Sally Timms - singer with the band The Mekons Mike Tindall MBE - England and Gloucester rugby union outside centre, from Otley Christopher Tolkien (1924–2020) - born in Leeds, the third son of the author J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973), and the editor of much of his father's posthumously published work.
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Jane Tomlinson CBE - raised £1.75m for cancer charities through endurance sports events after diagnosis of terminal breast cancer; died 3 September 2007 Liz Truss MP - current United Kingdom Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs, grew up in Leeds and attended Roundhay School.
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V Hedley Verity - England cricketer, playing for Yorkshire he took all 10 Nottinghamshire wickets for 10 runs on 12 July 1932 Vesta Victoria - music hall star
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W Chev Walker - English Rugby Union player for Bath RFC, formerly a professional rugby league footballer for Leeds Rhinos and Great Britain Charles Ward VC - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1900 Mickey Walker (golfer) - former Solheim Cup captain Stevie Ward - rugby league footballer who plays for the Leeds Rhinos Josh Warrington - former IBF featherweight boxing champion from 2018 to January 2021 Keith Waterhouse CBE - author of Billy Liar Fanny Waterman DBE - international concert pianist; co-founder of the Leeds International Piano Competition Jordan Watson - kickboxer Frank Atha Westbury (1838–1901) – author of mystery adventure novels, children's stories and poetry in late 19th century Australia and New Zealand Noel Whelan - footballer who played for Leeds United, Coventry City and Middlesbrough F.C. Aidan White - footballer who played for Leeds United. Now plays for Heart of Midlothian Craig White - cricketer who captained Yorkshire
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Jack White VC (born Jacob Weiss) - recipient of the Victoria Cross in 1917 Marco Pierre White - celebrity chef and restaurateur Sir Denys Wilkinson - nuclear physicist John Grimshaw Wilkinson - visually impaired botanist Tom Wilkinson OBE - actor, Batman Begins, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and The Full Monty'' Geoffrey Wilson - cricketer who captained Yorkshire Ernie Wise OBE (real name Ernest Wiseman) - of the comedy duo Morecambe and Wise Frank Wormald CB - British army officer, served in the Second Boer War and First World War, earned the rank of Brigadier General, died leading troops on the Western Front Stevie Wright - The Easybeats frontman born in Leeds but migrated to Australia
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Z Alex Zane - TV presenter and DJ See also List of people from West Yorkshire Notes References People from the City of Leeds Leeds Lists of people by city in the United Kingdom People
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Phạm Thị Huệ (born 31 August 1973, in Cẩm Phả Town, Quảng Ninh Province) is a Vietnamese đàn bầu, đàn đáy, and đàn tỳ bà player, singer, composer and educator. She is the founder and owner of the Thăng Long Ca trù Theater in the Hanoi historic district and has become a leading exponent in the revival of ca trù singing throughout Vietnam. Early life and education Phạm Thị Huệ was born in Cẩm Phả Town, Quảng Ninh Province, into an artistic family. She is the daughter of Bui Thi Que (mother) and Doan Van Huu (father) a painter and photographer. She has four sisters including Vi Thi Le (born 1986), a television reporter in Bắc Kạn Province; Doan Hoang Khanh Linh (born 1990), a pianist; and Doan Linh Huong (born in 1996), a graduate of the Vietnam National Academy of Music (previously known as the Hanoi Conservatory of Music), and a đàn đáy and đàn tỳ bà performer.
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Huệ received her first musical training at the age of five from her father, a self-taught musician. She progressed rapidly in her studies and, at the age of six, was performing on the mandolin and singing at the Bai Chay Trade Union Guest House in Quảng Ninh Province. In 1981, at the age of eight, Huệ was admitted to Hanoi Music Academy where she studied đàn tỳ bà and in 1990, organized the "Trúc Xinh" (Pretty Bamboo) band with six of her classmates. A year later, she founded another ensemble named The White Tuberose Band. From 1992 to 1997, Huệ studied traditional scales and melodic construction with the Vietnamese musicologist Bui Trong Hien. From 1993 to 1996 Huệ studied cải lương (reformed theater) with the blind guitarist, Kim Sinh Sinh. From 1995 to 1996, she studied composition with the Vietnamese modernist composer, Tran Trong Hung.
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Career Following her graduation from the Hanoi Conservatory of Music, Huệ stayed on as a lecturer and instructor of the đàn tỳ bà in the traditional music department. In 1998 Huệ founded the Bac Ha band, while continuing a distinguished career as a traditional music soloist. In 2001, Huệ was selected to represent Vietnam in several cultural exchange programs, including a traditional music festival in Thailand and a cultural exchange program between the Malmö Academy of Music and the Vietnam National Academy of Music.
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In addition to her teaching responsibilities, Huệ continued her studies of Vietnamese traditional music including nhã nhạc (refined court music from the royal city of Huế) and chầu văn (a genre of mediumship trance song) under the guidance of Kim Sinh and most significantly, studies in the art of ca trù performance with masters Nguyễn Thị Chúc and Nguyễn Phú Đẹ. Hue progressed rapidly in her studies and, in June 2006, she was initiated into the ca trù guild following her dedication in the "Mở xiêm y" ceremony (a traditional rite announcing the true beginning of a young songstress's occupation).
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In August 2006, Huệ and her mentors established the Ca trù Thang Long Club in Hanoi. From 2006 to 2009, Huệ devoted most of her time to developing programs and curricula for the club and completing her Master's thesis, "The Đàn tỳ bà in Modern Vietnamese Society" (2007, unpublished) under Professor Trần Văn Khê. Following the completion of her Master's coursework, Huệ once again began participating in national and international arts and music festivals, including the first Cracking Bamboo Percussion Festival, performances in Australia and Korea, and being awarded the Gold Medal in October 2009 in Vietnam's National Festival of Ca trù, the same year that UNESCO added ca trù to the Urgent Safeguarding List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In 2011, Huệ released her first CD, Ca trù Singing House featuring Huệ on vocals accompanied by Master Nguyễn Phú Đẹ on the đàn đáy.
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In addition to her activities as a teacher, performer, and managing director of the Ca trù Thang Long Club, Huệ has written numerous articles including "Oral Transmission" (2005), "The Vietnamese Đàn tỳ bà and the Korean Bipa" (2005), "A Proposal for Teaching Traditional Vietnamese Musical Instruments in Schools" (2012), "Locating Traditional Musical Instruments and Theater Arts in Contemporary Society" (2012), and "Developing and Popularizing Traditional Musical Heritage for International Tourists" (2012).
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Ca trù Thang Long Club With the creation of the Ca trù Thang Long Club (located at 87 Ma May, Hoàn Kiếm, in Hanoi's historic district), Huệ was able to develop a platform dedicated to the preservation and presentation of ca trù in an authentic setting. In addition to offering performances three times a week, Huệ has recruited a number of young acolytes to continue the tradition of ca trù. Her work with the younger generation has earned her widespread recognition from her peers, including ethnomusicologist Bui Trong Hien, folk arts expert To Ngoc Thanh Thanh, Trần Văn Khê and UNESCO.
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Compositions "Ảo vọng" (Illusion) – for tỳ bà and string quartet (1996) "Đường về quê mẹ" (The way back to mother's homeland) – for tỳ bà and percussion (1997) "Thục nữ du xuân I" (Virtuous woman enjoys the spring I) – for tỳ bà and percussion (1997) "Kỷ niệm mùa thu" (Commemoration of Spring) – for tỳ bà and wind instruments (2002) – (premiered in Sweden) "Hạt nắng" (Drop of sunshine) – tỳ bà solo (2005) "Thục nữ du xuân II" (Virtuous woman enjoys the spring II) – đàn đáy and phách woodblocks (2007) "Khúc ca trù Thăng Long" (Thang Long festival song) – voice and traditional instrumental ensemble (2008) "Kiều khúc" (Pretty song) – đàn đáy and voice (2012) Hue has also composed many folk songs and written original music for use by her students. References 1973 births Living people Vietnamese composers 21st-century Vietnamese women singers People from Quảng Ninh Province
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Persian domes or Iranian domes have an ancient origin and a history extending to the modern era. The use of domes in ancient Mesopotamia was carried forward through a succession of empires in the Greater Iran region. An ancient tradition of royal audience tents representing the heavens was translated into monumental stone and brick domes due to the invention of the squinch, a reliable method of supporting the circular base of a heavy dome upon the walls of a square chamber. Domes were built as part of royal palaces, castles, caravansaries, and temples, among other structures.
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With the introduction of Islam in the 7th century, mosque and mausoleum architecture also adopted and developed these forms. Structural innovations included pointed domes, drums, conical roofs, double and triple shells, and the use of muqarnas and bulbous forms. Decorative brick patterning, interlaced ribs, painted plaster, and colorful tiled mosaics were used to decorate the exterior as well as the interior surfaces.
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Characteristics Persian domes from different historical eras can be distinguished by their transition tiers: the squinches, spandrels, or brackets that transition from the supporting structures to the circular base of a dome. Drums, after the Ilkanate era, tend to be very similar and have an average height of 30 to 35 meters from the ground. They are where windows are located. Inner shells are commonly semi-circular, semi-elliptical, pointed, or saucer shaped. The outer shell of a Persian dome reduces in thickness every 25 or 30 degrees from the base. Outer shells can be semi-circular, semi-elliptical, pointed, conical, or bulbous, and this outer shape is used to categorize them. Pointed domes can be sub-categorized as having shallow, medium, and sharp profiles, and bulbous domes as either shallow or sharp. Double domes use internal stiffeners with wooden struts between the shells, with the exception of those with conical outer shells.
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Pre-Islamic period Persian architecture likely inherited an architectural tradition of dome-building dating back to the earliest Mesopotamian domes. In Central Asia, mudbrick domes have been documented as far back as the late third millennium BC. Buildings with domes made of un-fired bricks have been found at fourth century BC sites at Balandy 2 and Koj Krylgan kala in Khorezm. Due to the scarcity of wood in many areas of the Iranian plateau, domes were an important part of vernacular architecture throughout Persian history.
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Achaemenid Empire Although they had palaces of brick and stone, the kings of Achaemenid Persia held audiences and festivals in domical tents derived from the nomadic traditions of central Asia. They were likely similar to the later tents of the Mongol Khans. Called "Heavens", these tents emphasized the cosmic significance of the divine ruler. They were adopted by Alexander the Great after his conquest of the empire, and the domed baldachin of Roman and Byzantine practice was presumably inspired by this association.
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Parthian Empire The remains of a large domed circular hall measuring 17 meters in diameter in the Parthian capital city of Nyssa has been dated to perhaps the first century AD. It "shows the existence of a monumental domical tradition in Central Asia that had hitherto been unknown and which seems to have preceded Roman Imperial monuments or at least to have grown independently from them." It likely had a wooden dome. The room "contained a portrait of Mithradates II and, along with other structures at the site, hosted some sort of cult activities connected to the memory of the kings of kings." The Sun Temple at Hatra appears to indicate a transition from columned halls with trabeated roofing to vaulted and domed construction in the first century AD, at least in Mesopotamia. The domed sanctuary hall of the temple was preceded by a barrel vaulted iwan, a combination that would be used by the subsequent Persian Sasanian Empire.
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A bulbous Parthian dome can be seen in the relief sculpture of the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome, its shape apparently due to the use of a light tent-like framework. An account of a Parthian domed palace hall from around 100 AD in the city of Babylon can be found in the Life of Apollonius of Tyana by Philostratus. The hall was used by the king for passing judgments and was decorated with a mosaic of blue stone to resemble the sky, with images of gods in gold. It may have been an audience tent; Philostratus described the ceiling as "constructed in the form of a dome like the heavens." Sasanian Empire
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Caravansaries used the domed bay from the Sasanian period to the Qajar dynasty. The Persian invention of the squinch, a series of concentric arches forming a half-cone over the corner of a room, enabled the transition from the walls of a square chamber to an octagonal base for a dome. Previous transitions to a dome from a square chamber existed but were makeshift in quality and only attempted on a small scale, not being reliable enough for large constructions. The squinch enabled domes to be widely used and they moved to the forefront of Persian architecture as a result.
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The ruins of the Palace of Ardashir and Ghal'eh Dokhtar in Fars Province, Iran, built by Ardashir I (224–240) of the Sasanian Empire, have the earliest known examples of squinches. The three domes of the Palace of Ardashir are 45 feet in diameter and vertically elliptical, each with a central opening or oculus to admit light. They were built with local stone and mortar and covered with plaster on the interior. At the center of the palace of Shahpur, at Bishapur, there is a vertically-elliptical dome that rests directly on the ground and is dated to 260. The large brick dome of the Sarvestan Palace, also in Fars but later in date, shows more elaborate decoration and four windows between the corner squinches. Also called "the Temple of Anahita", the building may have been a Fire temple. Instead of using a central oculus in each dome, as at the Palace of Ardashir and as shown in the bas relief found at Kuyunjik, lighting was provided by a number of hollow terracotta cylinders set into
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the domes at regular intervals.
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Multiple written accounts from Arabic, Byzantine, and Western medieval sources describe a palace domed structure over the throne of Chosroes decorated in blue and gold. The dome was covered with depictions of the sun, moon, stars, planets, the zodiac, astrapai, and kings, including Chosroes himself. According to Ado and others, the dome could produce rain, and could be rotated with a sound like thunder by means of ropes pulled by horses in a basement. The castle of Qasr-e Shirin had a domed chamber at the end of a long barrel-vaulted iwan. The late-Sasanian Tāq-i Kasrā in Ctesiphon may also have led to a domed throne room.
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Chahar-taqi, or "four vaults", were smaller Zoroastrian fire temple structures with four supports arranged in a square, connected by four arches, and covered by central ovoid domes. The Niasar Zoroastrian temple in Kashan and the chahar-taqi in Darreh Shahr are examples. They are numerous throughout the province of Pars, possibly starting from the early Sasanian empire, and are known to be part of the palatial architecture of Ardashir I. Such temples, square domed buildings with entrances at the axes, inspired the forms of early mosques after the Islamic conquest of the empire in the 7th century. These domes are the most numerous surviving type from the Sasanian period, with some having been converted into mosques. The later isolated dome chambers called the "kiosk mosque" type may have developed from this. Pre-Islamic domes in Persia are commonly semi-elliptical, with pointed domes and those with conical outer shells being the majority of the domes in the Islamic periods.
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Although the Sasanians did not create monumental tombs, the domed chahar-taqi may have served as memorials. A Soghdian painting fragment from the early eighth century found at Panjakent appears to depict a funerary dome (possibly a tent) and this, along with a few ossuaries of an architectural nature, indicates a possible tradition in central Asia of a funerary association with the domed form. The area of north-eastern Iran was, along with Egypt, one of two areas notable for early developments in Islamic domed mausoleums, which appear in the tenth century. Islamic period Early Islamic period
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The earliest known Islamic domes in Persia, such as the Great Mosque of Qom (878) and the tomb of Muhammed b. Musa (976), seem to have continued the rounded Sasanian form. Domed mausoleums contributed greatly to the development and spread of the dome in Persia early in the Islamic period. By the 10th century, domed tombs had been built for Abbasid caliphs and Shiite martyrs. Pilgrimage to these sites may have helped to spread the form.
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The earliest surviving example in Islamic architecture, the Qubbat-al Sulaibiya, was an octagonal structure with a central dome on a drum built around 892 in Samarra on the Tigris. Free-standing domed pavilions are known from Shiraz and Bukhara in the tenth century. The Samanid Mausoleum in Transoxiana dates to no later than 943 and is the first to have squinches create a regular octagon as a base for the dome, which then became the standard practice. The Arab-Ata Mausoleum, also in Transoxiana, may be dated to 977–78 and uses muqarnas between the squinches for a more unified transition to the dome. Cylindrical or polygonal plan tower tombs with conical roofs over domes also exist beginning in the 11th century. The earliest example is the Gonbad-e Qabus tower tomb, 57 meters high and spanning 9.7 meters, which was built in 1007. Seljuq dynasty
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The Seljuq Turks built tower tombs, called "Turkish Triangles", as well as cube mausoleums covered with a variety of dome forms. Seljuk domes included conical, semi-circular, and pointed shapes in one or two shells. Shallow semi-circular domes are mainly found from the Seljuk era. The double-shell domes were either discontinuous or continuous. The continuous double-shell domes separated from one another at an angle of 22.5 degrees from their base, such as the dome of the Friday mosque in Ardestan, whereas the discontinuous domes remained completely separate, such as those of the tower tombs of Kharrqan. This pair of brick tower tombs from the 11th century in Kharraqan, Iran, are the earliest known masonry double shell domes. The domes may have been modeled on earlier wooden double shell domes, such as that of the Dome of the Rock. It is also possible, because the upper portions of both of the outer shells are missing, that some portion of the outer domes may have been wooden. These
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brick mausoleum domes were built without the use of centering, a technique developed in Persia.
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The Seljuq Empire introduced the domed enclosure in front of the mosque's mihrab, which would become popular in Persian congregational mosques, although domed rooms may have also been used earlier in small neighborhood mosques. The domed enclosure of the Jameh Mosque of Isfahan, built in 1086-7 by Nizam al-Mulk, was the largest masonry dome in the Islamic world at that time, had eight ribs, and introduced a new form of corner squinch with two quarter domes supporting a short barrel vault. In 1088 Tāj-al-Molk, a rival of Nizam al-Mulk, built another dome at the opposite end of the same mosque with interlacing ribs forming five-pointed stars and pentagons. This is considered the landmark Seljuk dome, and may have inspired subsequent patterning and the domes of the Il-Khanate period. The use of tile and of plain or painted plaster to decorate dome interiors, rather than brick, increased under the Seljuks. One of the largest Seljuq domes, built over the site of a Sassanian Fire Temple,
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was that of the Jameh Mosque of Qazvin with a span of 15.2 meters. The largest Seljuq domed chamber was the Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar, which had a large double shell, intersecting ribs over plain squinches, and an exterior elaborately decorated at the zone of transition with arches and stucco work. The tomb of Sultan Sanjar, who reigned from 1117 to 1157, was damaged in the sack of Merv in 1221 by Tolui Khan.
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The Ilkhanate After the disruptive effects of several Mongol invasions, Persian architecture again flourished in the Ilkhanate and Timurid periods. Characteristic of these domes are the use of high drums and several types of discontinuous double-shells, and the development of triple-shells and internal stiffeners occurred at this time. Beginning in the Ilkanate, Persian domes achieved their final configuration of structural supports, zone of transition, drum, and shells, and subsequent evolution was restricted to variations in form and shell geometry. The construction of tomb towers decreased.
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The two major domes of the IlKhanate period are the no-longer-existing mausoleum of Ghazan in Tabriz and the Mausoleum of Öljaitü in Soltaniyeh, the latter having been built to rival the former. Öljaitü was the first sovereign of Persia to declare himself of the Shia sect of Islam and built the mausoleum, with the largest Persian dome, to house the bodies of Ali and Hussein as a pilgrimage site. This did not occur and it became his own mausoleum instead. The dome measures 50 meters high and almost 25 meters in diameter and has the best surviving tile and stucco work from this period. The thin, double-shelled dome was reinforced by arches between the layers. The dome has been proposed as an influence on the design of that of Florence Cathedral, built a century later. The mausoleum is the only remaining important building to survive from Öljaitü's capital city.
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Tower tombs of this period, such as the tomb of Abdas-Samad Esfahani in Natanz, sometimes have muqarnas domes, although they are usually plaster shells that hide the underlying structures. The tall proportions of the Jameh Mosque of Varamin resulted primarily from the increased height of the zone of transition, with the addition of a sixteen-sided section above the main zone of muqarnas squinches. The 7.5 meter wide double dome of Soltan Bakht Agha Mausoleum (1351–1352) is the earliest known example in which the two shells of the dome have significantly different profiles, which spread rapidly throughout the region. The inner and outer shells had radial stiffeners and struts between them. An early example of a dome chamber almost completely covered with decorative tilework is that of the Jame Mosque of Yazd (1364), as well as several of the mausoleums of Shah-i-Zinda in Samarkand. The development of taller drums also continued into the Timurid period.
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Timurid dynasty At the Timurid capital of Samarkand, nobles and rulers in the 14th and 15th centuries began building tombs with double-shelled domes containing cylindrical masonry drums between the shells. In the Gur-e Amir, built by Timur around 1404, a timber framework on the inner dome supports the outer, bulbous dome. Radial tie-bars at the base of the bulbous dome provide additional structural support. Timber reinforcement rings and rings of stone linked by iron cramps were also used to compensate for the structural problems introduced by using such drums. Radial sections of brick walls with wooden struts were used between the shells of discontinuous double domes to provide structural stability as late at the 14th century. The large dome of Bibi-Khanym Mosque in Samarkand was damaged by an earthquake during Timur's lifetime.
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An account by ambassador Ruy González de Clavijo describes a huge square Timurid pavilion tent with a dome at the top that resembled a castle from a distance due to its size. It measured one hundred paces on a side and was assembled from tall wooden masts stayed by ropes, with silk curtains between them. The tent had four archways and was surrounded by a lower attached portico or gallery on all four sides.
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A miniature painted at Samarkand shows that bulbous cupolas were used to cover small wooden pavilions in Persia by the beginning of the fifteenth century. They gradually gained in popularity. The large, bulbous, fluted domes on tall drums that are characteristic of 15th century Timurid architecture were the culmination of the Central Asian and Iranian tradition of tall domes with glazed tile coverings in blue and other colors. The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, situated in southern Kazakhstan was never finished, but has the largest existing brick dome in Central Asia, measuring 18.2 m in diameter. The dome exterior is covered with hexagonal green glazed tiles with gold patterns.
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Mausoleums were rarely built as free-standing structures after the 14th century, being instead often attached to madrasas in pairs. Domes of these madrasas, such as those of the madrasa of Gawhar Shad (1417–1433) and the madrasa at Ḵargerd (1436–1443), had dramatically innovative interiors. They used intersecting arches to support an inner dome narrower than the floor below, a change that may have originated with the 14th century use of small lantern domes over transverse vaulting. The madrasa of Gawhar Shad is also the first triple-shell dome. The middle dome may have been added as reinforcement. Triple-shelled domes are rare outside of the Timurid era. The dome of the Amir Chakhmaq mosque (1437) has a semi-circular inner shell and an advanced system of stiffeners and wooden struts supporting a shallow pointed outer shell. Notably, the dome has a circular drum with two tiers. Another double shell dome from the early Seljuq period at the shrine complex of Bayazid Bastami was changed
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in the Timurid period by the addition of a third conical shell over the existing two domed shells.
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The Uzbek architecture of the region around Transoxiana maintained the Timurid style of dome-building. Where dome chambers were surrounded by axial iwans and corner rooms on an octagonal plan, as at the Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa shrine (ca. 1598), they provided the model for Indian mausoleums such as Humayun's Tomb in Delhi or the Taj Mahal. Some of the earliest surviving domed markets, called tīmcās, can be found in Shaybanid-era Bukhara. Safavid dynasty The domes of the Safavid dynasty (1501–1732) are characterized by a distinctive bulbous profile and are considered to be the last generation of Persian domes. They are generally thinner than earlier domes and are decorated with a variety of colored glazed tiles and complex vegetal patterns. The dome of the Blue Mosque in Tabriz (1465) had its interior covered with "dark-blue hexagonal tiles with stenciled gilding". The palace of Ālī Qāpū includes small domed rooms decorated with artificial vegetation.
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The removal of thousands of Armenian Christians to the Isfahan suburb city of New Julfa by Shah Abbas resulted in the "unusual sight of Ṣafawid-style domes topped by a cross" in that city.
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The dome of Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque in Isfahan (1603–1618), perhaps "the quintessential Persian dome chamber", blends the square room with the zone of transition and uses plain squinches like those of the earlier Seljuq period. On the exterior, multiple levels of glazed arabesque are blended with an unglazed brick background. The domes of the Shah Mosque (later renamed the Imam Mosque) and the Mādar-e Šāh madrasa have a similar exterior pattern against a background of light blue glazed tile. The bulbous dome of the Shah Mosque was built from 1611 to 1638 and is a discontinuous double-shell 33 meters wide and 52 meters high. The oldest example of the Safavid onion dome is over the octagonal mausoleum of Khwaja Rabi (1617–1622). Safavid domes were influential on those of other Islamic styles, such as the Mughal architecture of India.
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Qajar dynasty In the Qajar period (1779–1924), the movement to modern architecture meant less innovation in dome construction. Domes were built over madrasas, such as the 1848 Imam madrasa, or Sultani school, of Kashan, but they have relatively simple appearances and do not use tiled mosaics. The covered markets or bazaars (tīmcās) at Qom and Kashan feature a central dome with smaller domes on either side and elaborate muqarnas. An exaggerated style of onion dome on a short drum, as can be seen at the Shah Cheragh (1852–1853), first appeared in the Qajar period. Domes have remained important in modern mausoleums, such as the tombs of Ḥāfeẓ, Saʿdī, Reza Shah, and Ruhollah Khomeini in the twentieth century. Domed cisterns and icehouses remain common sights in the countryside. References Bibliography Domes Domes
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Solid-state NMR (ssNMR) spectroscopy is a technique for characterizing atomic level structure in solid materials e.g. powders, single crystals and amorphous samples and tissues using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The anisotropic part of many spin interactions are present in solid-state NMR, unlike in solution-state NMR where rapid tumbling motion averages out many of the spin interactions. As a result, solid-state NMR spectra are characterised by larger linewidths than in solution state NMR, which can be utilized to give quantitative information on the molecular structure, conformation and dynamics of the material. Solid-state NMR is often combined with magic angle spinning to remove anisotropic interactions and improve the resolution as well as the sensitivity of the technique.
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Nuclear spin interactions The resonance frequency of a nuclear spin depends on the strength of the magnetic field at the nucleus, which can be modified by isotropic (e.g. chemical shift, isotropic J-coupling) and anisotropic interactions (e.g. chemical shift anisotropy, dipolar interactions. In a classical liquid-state NMR experiment, molecular tumbling coming from Brownian motion averages anisotropic interactions to zero and they are therefore not reflected in the NMR spectrum. However, in media with no or little mobility (e.g. crystalline powders, glasses, large membrane vesicles, molecular aggregates), anisotropic local fields or interactions have substantial influence on the behaviour of nuclear spins, which results in the line broadening of the NMR spectra. Chemical shielding
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Chemical shielding is a local property of each nuclear site in a molecule or compound, and is proportional to the applied external magnetic field. The external magnetic field induces currents of the electrons in molecular orbitals. These induced currents create local magnetic fields that lead to characteristic changes in resonance frequency. These changes can be predicted from molecular structure using empirical rules or quantum-chemical calculations. In general, the chemical shielding is anisotropic because of the anisotropic distribution of molecular orbitals around the nuclear sites. Under sufficiently fast magic angle spinning, or under the effect of molecular tumbling in solution-state NMR, the anisotropic dependence of the chemical shielding is time-averaged to zero, leaving only the isotropic chemical shift. Dipolar coupling
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Nuclear spins exhibit a magnetic dipole moment, which generates a magnetic field that interacts with the dipole moments of other nuclei (dipolar coupling). The magnitude of the interaction is dependent on the gyromagnetic ratio of the spin species, the internuclear distance r, and the orientation, with respect to the external magnetic field B, of the vector connecting the two nuclear spins (see figure). The maximum dipolar coupling is given by the dipolar coupling constant d, , where γ1 and γ2 are the gyromagnetic ratios of the nuclei, is the reduced Planck's constant, and is the vacuum permeability. In a strong magnetic field, the dipolar coupling depends on the angle θ between the internuclear vector and the external magnetic field B (figure) according to .
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D becomes zero for . Consequently, two nuclei with a dipolar coupling vector at an angle of θm = 54.7° to a strong external magnetic field have zero dipolar coupling. θm is called the magic angle. Magic angle spinning is typically used to remove dipolar couplings weaker than the spinning rate.
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Quadrupolar interaction
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Nuclei with a spin quantum number >1/2 have a non-spherical charge distribution and an associated electric quadrupole moment tensor. The nuclear electric quadrupole moment couples with surrounding electric field gradients. The nuclear quadrupole coupling is one of the largest interactions in NMR spectroscopy, often comparable in size to the Zeeman coupling. When the nuclear quadrupole coupling is not negligible relative to the Zeeman coupling, higher order corrections are needed to describe the NMR spectrum correctly. In such cases, the first-order correction to the NMR transition frequency leads to a strong anisotropic line broadening of the NMR spectrum. However, all symmetric transitions, between and levels are unaffected by the first-order frequency contribution. The second-order frequency contribution depends on the P4 Legendre polynomial, which has zero points at 30.6° and 70.1°. These anisotropic broadenings can be removed using DOR (DOuble angle Rotation) where you spin at
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two angles at the same time, or DAS (Double Angle Spinning) where you switch quickly between the two angles. Both techniques were developed in the late 1980s, and require specialized hardware (probe). Multiple quantum magic angle spinning (MQMAS) NMR was developed in 1995 and has become a routine method for obtaining high resolution solid-state NMR spectra of quadrupolar nuclei. A similar method to MQMAS is satellite transition magic angle spinning (STMAS) NMR developed in 2000.
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J-coupling The J-coupling or indirect nuclear spin-spin coupling (sometimes also called "scalar" coupling despite the fact that J is a tensor quantity) describes the interaction of nuclear spins through chemical bonds. J-couplings are not always resolved in solids owing to the typically large linewdiths observed in solid state NMR. Other interactions Paramagnetic substances are subject to the Knight shift. Solid-state NMR line shapes Powder pattern A powder pattern arise in powdered samples where crystallites are randomly orientated relative to the magnetic field so that all molecular orientations are present. In presence of a chemical shift anisotropy interaction, each orientation with respect to the magnetic field gives a different resonance frequency. If enough crystallites are present, all the different contributions overlap continuously and lead to a smooth spectrum.
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Fitting of the pattern in a static ssNMR experiment gives information about the shielding tensor, which are often described by the isotropic chemical shift , the chemical shift anisotropy parameter , and the asymmetry parameter . Dipolar pattern The dipolar powder pattern (also Pake pattern) has a very characteristic shape that arises when two nuclear spins are coupled together within a crystallite. The splitting between the maxima (the "horns") of the pattern is equal to the dipolar coupling constant .: where γ1 and γ2 are the gyromagnetic ratios of the dipolar-coupled nuclei, is the internuclear distance, is the reduced Planck's constant, and is the vacuum permeability. Essential solid-state techniques Magic angle spinning
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Magic angle spinning (MAS) is a technique routinely used in solid-state NMR to produce narrower NMR and more intense NMR lines. This is achieved by rotating the sample at the magic angle θm (ca. 54.74°, where cos2θm=1/3) with respect to the direction of the magnetic field, which has the effect to cancel, at least partially, anisotropic nuclear interactions such as dipolar, chemical shift anisotropy, and quadrupolar interactions. To achieve the completely averaging of these interactions, the sample needs to be spun at a rate that is at least higher than the greater that the largest anisotropy.
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Spinning a powder sample at a slower rate than the largest component of the chemical shift anisotropy results in an incomplete averaging of the interaction, and produces a set of spinning sidebands in addition to the isotropic line, centred at the isotropic chemical shift. Spinning sidebands are sharp lines separated from the isotropic frequency by a multiple of the spinning rate. Although spinning sidebands can be used to measure anisotropic interactions, they are often undesirable and removed by spinning the sample faster or by recording the data points synchronously with the rotor period. Cross-polarisation
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Cross-polarization (CP) if a fundamental RF pulse sequence and a building-block in many solid-state NMR. It is typically used to enhance the signal of a dilute nuclei with a low gyromagnetic ratio (e.g. , ) by magnetization transfer from an abundant nuclei with a high gyromagnetic ratio (e.g. ), or as a spectral editing method to get through space information (e.g. directed → CP in protein spectroscopy). To establish magnetization transfer, RF pulses ("contact pulses") are simultaneously applied on both frequency channels to produce fields whose strength fulfil the Hartmann–Hahn condition: where are the gyromagnetic ratios, is the spinning rate, and is an integer. In practice, the pulse power, as well as the length of the contact pulse are experimentally optimised. The power of one contact pulse is typically ramped to achieve a more broadband and efficient magnetisation transfer.
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Decoupling Spin interactions can be removed (decoupled) to increase the resolution of NMR spectra during the detection, or to extend the lifetime of the nuclear magnetization. Heteronuclear decoupling is achieved by radio-frequency irradiation on at the frequency of the nucleus to be decoupled, which is often 1H. The irradiation can be continuous (continuous wave decoupling), or a series of pulses that extend the performance and the bandwidth of the decoupling (TPPM, SPINAL-64, SWf-TPPM) Homonuclear decoupling is achieved with multiple-pulse sequences (WAHUHA, MREV-8, BR-24, BLEW-12, FSLG), or continuous wave modulation (DUMBO, eDUMBO). Dipolar interactions can also be removed with magic angle spinning. Ultra fast MAS (from 60 kHz up to above 111 kHz) is an efficient way to average all dipolar interactions, including 1H-1H homonuclear dipolar interactions, which extends the resolution of 1H spectra and enables the usage of pulse sequences used in solution state NMR.
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Advanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy Rotational Echo DOuble Resonance (REDOR) Rotational Echo DOuble Resonance (REDOR) experiment, are a type of heteronuclear dipolar recoupling experiment which enable one to re-introduce heteronuclear dipolar couplings averaged by MAS. The reintroduction of such dipolar coupling reduce the intensity of the NMR signal intensity compared to a reference spectrum where no dephasing pulse is used. REDOR can be used to measure heteronuclear distances, and are the basis of NMR crystallographic studies. Ultra Fast MAS for 1H NMR
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The strong 1H-1H homonuclear dipolar interactions associated with broad NMR lines and short T2 relaxation time effectively relegate proton for bimolecular NMR. Recent developments of faster MAS, and reduction of dipolar interactions by deuteration have made proton ssNMR as versatile as in solution. This includes spectral dispersion in multi-dimensional experiments as well as structurally valuable restraints and parameters important for studying material dynamics. Ultra-fast NMR and the associated sharpening of the NMR lines enables NMR pulse sequences to capitalize on proton-detection to improve the sensitivity of the experiments compared to the direct detection of a spin-1/2 system (X). Such enhancement factor is given by: where are the gyromagnetic ratios, represent the NMR line widths, and represent the quality factor of the probe resonances. MAS-Dynamic Nuclear Polarisation (MAS-DNP)
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Magic angle spinning Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (MAS-DNP) is a technique that increases the sensitivity of NMR experiments by several orders of magnitude. It involves the transfer of the very high electron polarisation from unpaired electrons to nearby nuclei. This is achieved at cryogenic temperatures by the means of a continuous microwave irradiation coming from a klystron or a Gyrotron, with a frequency close to the corresponding electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) frequency. The development in the MAS-DNP instrumentation, as well as the improvement of polarising agents (TOTAPOL, AMUPOL, TEKPOL, etc.) to achieve a more efficient transfer of polarisation has dramatically reduced experiments times which enabled the observation of surfaces, insensitive isotopes, and multidimensional experiments on low natural abundance nuclei, and diluted species. Applications
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Biology Solid-state NMR is used to study insoluble proteins and proteins very sensitive to their environment such as membrane proteins and amyloid fibrils, the latter two related to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy complements solution-state NMR spectroscopy and beam diffraction methods (e.g. X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy). Despite often requiring isotopic enrichment, ssNMR has the advantage that little sample preparation is required and can be used on fully hydrated samples, or native, non-crystalline tissues. Solid-state NMR structure elucidation of proteins has traditionally been based on secondary chemical shifts and spatial contacts between heteronuclei. Solid-state NMR has been successfully used to study biomaterials such as bone, hair, silk, wood, as well as viruses, plants, cells, biopsies, and even live animals.
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Materials science Solid-state NMR spectroscopy serves as an analysis tool in organic and inorganic chemistry, where it is used to characterize chemical composition, supramolecular structure, local motions, kinetics, and thermodynamics, with the special ability to assign the observed behavior to specific sites in a molecule. Solid-state NMR has been successfully used to study metal organic frameworks (MOFS), batteries, surfaces of nanoporous materials, polymers. Art conservation NMR can also be applied to art conservation. Different salts and moisture levels can be detected through the use of solid state NMR. However, sampling sizes retrieved from works of art in order to run through these large conducting magnets typically exceed levels deemed acceptable. Unilateral NMR techniques use portable magnets that are applied to the object of interest, bypassing the need for sampling. References Suggested readings for beginners General NMR
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Solid-state NMR Levitt, Malcolm H., Spin Dynamics: Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom, 2001. (NMR basics, including solids) Duer, Melinda J., Introduction to Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy, Blackwell, Oxford, 2004. (Some detailed examples of ssNMR spectroscopy) Schmidt-Rohr, K. and Spiess, H.-W., Multidimensional Solid-State NMR and Polymers, Academic Press, San Diego, 1994. External links SSNMRBLOG Solid-State NMR Literature Blog by Prof. Rob Schurko's Solid-State NMR group at the University of Windsor Nuclear magnetic resonance Scientific techniques
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Françoise Bigot (; born Bordeaux, 30 January 1703; died Neuchâtel, Switzerland, 12 January 1778) was a French government official. He served as the Financial Commissary on Île Royale (nowadays Cape Breton Island). commissary general of the ill-fated Duc d'Anville expedition and finally as the Intendant of New France. He was the last official ever to hold the latter position, losing it on the occasion of the conquest of 1760. He was subsequently accused of corruption and put on trial in France, and upon conviction was thrown into the Bastille for eleven months. Upon his release, Bigot was further sentenced to lifelong banishment. However, shortly after the judgement was made, Bigot escaped to Switzerland where he would live until his dying day.