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466_9 | WTT was the first professional sports experience for Jerry Buss (eventual owner of the NBA's Los Angeles Lakers and the NHL's Los Angeles Kings), and for Bob Kraft (eventual owner of the NFL's New England Patriots and MLS's New England Revolution). |
466_10 | All-star games and MVPs |
466_11 | WTT also held annual All-Star games for the seasons from 1975 to 1978. Marty Riessen (Cleveland) and Greer Stevens (Boston) won Most Valuable Players (MVP) honors for the inaugural all-star gala won by the East, 28–21, at the Inglewood Forum in Los Angeles. In 1976 the West All-Stars, led by Chris Evert and Betty Stöve, capped an incredible comeback when they defeated Billie Jean King and Evonne Goolagong in a super tiebreaker, 5–4, giving the West a stunning 28–27 overtime victory at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum. After trailing at one stage by 24–17, the West, led by Stove and Dianne Fromholtz, won the final set plus two games in overtime to draw the West All-Stars even at 27. Tom Okker (San Francisco) and Dianne Fromholtz (Los Angeles) won MVP honors that year. In the 1977 All Star Game held at the San Diego Sports Arena, Björn Borg (Cleveland-Pittsburgh) and Betty Stove (Seattle-Portland) captured MVP awards as the East bested the West, 23–18. WTT held its final All-Star |
466_12 | event in Las Vegas in 1978. |
466_13 | Ending
The first league ended play in 1978.
Second league
1981–1991
League play resumed in 1981 as TeamTennis, with four California teams, expanding to eight teams in 1982. In 2005, the league had twelve teams.
In 1984, Billie Jean King became Commissioner and major owner of the league, following her retirement from tournament tennis competition.
In 1985 a recreational league for non-professionals was added, which was co-branded with the professional league.
1992–1999
In 1992, the name of the league was changed back to World TeamTennis.
Minnesota Penguins, 1993
Idaho Sneakers, 1994–1997
New Jersey Stars, 1987–1995 (relocated and became the Delaware Smash)
Phoenix Smash, 1992–1994
2000–present
In 2000 the current logo was adopted. In February 2001, Billie Jean King retired as Commissioner and Ilana Kloss became the new commissioner. |
466_14 | In 2005 and 2006 the league consisted of 12 teams and in 2007 the Hartford FoxForce ceased operations. Prior to the 2008 season, the Houston Wranglers ceased operations and the Washington Kastles joined the league. In the 2009 season, 10 teams competed: Boston, NY Buzz, NY Sportime, Philadelphia, Washington DC, Kansas City, Newport Beach, Sacramento, Springfield, and St. Louis. Sacramento won the year-end Championship six times.
Before the start of the 2011 season the New York Buzz and the New York Sportimes merged into one New York team, the Sportimes. During the 2011 season the Washington Kastles completed a perfect 16–0 schedule, winning their second championship in three seasons. |
466_15 | In 2012, the Washington Kastles completed their second consecutive perfect season, going 16–0 for the second season in a row to become the first professional sports franchise to go two complete seasons without a loss. Their 32-match winning streak is one shy of the major professional sports record of 33 consecutive wins set by the 1971–72 Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association. They began the next season with 2 wins making their streak 34 games, setting the new record. |
466_16 | In 2013, World TeamTennis was renamed Mylan World TeamTennis after Mylan, a generics and specialty pharmaceuticals company, signed a three-year deal as the title sponsor. The Kansas City Explorers relocated to Irving, Texas, and became the Texas Wild. On November 21, 2013, the Orange County Breakers were sold, relocated to Austin, Texas and renamed the Austin Aces. On January 16, 2014, the New York Sportimes were sold, relocated to San Diego and renamed the San Diego Aviators. On February 4, 2014, the Sacramento Capitals were relocated to Las Vegas and renamed the Las Vegas Neon. On March 5, 2014 the Las Vegas Neon franchise was terminated, leaving the league with seven teams.
On February 23, 2015, WTT announced that a new ownership group had taken control of the Texas Wild and moved the team to Citrus Heights, California, renaming it the California Dream. |
466_17 | On January 13, 2016, WTT announced that the California Dream franchise had been terminated. On February 17, 2016, the Boston Lobsters had ceased operations and had been replaced with a new franchise called the New York Empire.
In March 2017, Billie Jean King announced the sale of her majority share in WTT to venture capitalist Mark Ein, the founder and owner of the Washington Kastles, and Fred Luddy, the founder of ServiceNow and owner of the San Diego Aviators.
In January 2019, Carlos Silva became the CEO and ushered in new deals with CBS and ESPN creating the largest-ever audience for WTT on July 21, 2019, on a CBS broadcast.
In March 2019, the league announced its expansion to eight teams for the 2019 season, with the creation of the Orlando Storm and the Vegas Rollers. |
466_18 | On October 23, 2019, the league announced it would be awarding a record $5 million in prize money, including an additional $1 million for the postseason, during its 45th season and would be expanding again, adding two new franchises in 2020.
In February 2020, the league announced its expansion to nine teams for the 2020 season with the Chicago Smash.
In June 2020, WTT announced it would be the first major professional tennis league to resume operations since the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19. The league committed to play the entirety of its 45th season at The Greenbrier in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia from July 12 through August 2.
In March 2021, Carlos Silva stepped down as CEO.
The current COO is Allen Hardison. The 2021 season is November 13-28 at the Indian Wells Tennis Garden.
Current teams
Finals
References:
Historical results
Current WTT teams are shown in bold, non-championship teams are shown in italics.
By team
By city
See also |
466_19 | U.S. intercollegiate team tennis champions
References
Inline citations
General references
Greg Hoffman, The Art of World Team Tennis, San Francisco Book Company, 1977
World TeamTennis, Official Website
Brief History of World TeamTennis. From the WTT site.
WTT Logos
More WTT Logos
External links
WTT Player Rosters
1973 establishments in New York (state)
Tennis leagues in the United States
Exhibition tennis tournaments
Tennis organizations
Sports leagues established in 1973
Sports leagues in the United States
Professional sports leagues in the United States
Forms of tennis |
467_0 | Siemowit IV (Ziemowit IV), also known as Siemowit IV the Younger (pl: Siemowit IV Młodszy; ca. 1353/1356 – 21 January 1426), was a Polish prince member of the House of Piast from the Masovian branch, from 1373/74 Duke of Rawa, and after the division of the paternal inheritance between him and his brother in 1381, ruler over Rawa, Płock, Sochaczew, Gostynin, Płońsk and Wizna, since 1386 hereditary Polish vassal, since 1388 ruler over Belz, during 1382–1401 he lost Wizna and during 1384–1399 and 1407–1411 he lost Zawkrze, during 1384–1399 he lost Płońsk, taken by the Teutonic Order.
He was the second son of Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia and his first wife Euphemia, daughter of Nicholas II of Opava. |
467_1 | Already during his father's lifetime, Siemowit IV received his own district, Rawa Mazowiecka (ca. 1373/74), and as a result of the partition of Masovia between him and his older brother Janusz I after the death of their father on 16 June 1381, Siemowit IV finally obtain the totality of his domains: Rawa, Płock, Sochaczew, Gostynin, Płońsk and Wizna. |
467_2 | Role in the Greater Polish Civil War
Siemowit IV was opposed to his older brother Janusz I's attempts to obtain the Polish crown. One year after the acquisition of his own domains, King Louis of Poland and Hungary died (10 September 1382), and with this emerged the opportunity to enact his claim to the crown, supported by the Greater Poland and Kujawy nobility (centered around the powerful Bartosz Wezenborg). However, the late King had made arrangements among the Lesser Poland nobility who guaranteed their support to his eldest daughter and heiress Mary and her husband Sigismund of Luxembourg. Without waiting for a favorable settlement, in January 1383, Siemowit IV marched to Greater Poland at the head of his troops, marked the beginning of the Greater Poland Civil War. |
467_3 | Unexpectedly, in Buda the Dowager Queen Elizabeth of Bosnia decided to change the decision of her husband and accepted the reign of her youngest daughter Jadwiga over Poland instead of Mary and Sigismund, who remained rulers of Hungary. This decision caused that several supporters of Siemowit IV to hope that he could marry the young Queen (despite the fact that she was already betrothed to William of Habsburg) and in this way, both factions could reconcile and in addition this union with the old Piast dynasty could further legitimize the Angevin rule. |
467_4 | The first step to implement this plan was the formal candidacy of Siemowit IV to the royal crown. To this end, in a meeting of nobles and gentry at Sieradz the Archbishop Bodzanta of Gniezno, one of his leading supporters, proposed Siemowit IV's candidacy to the throne. This proposal quickly gained widespread acceptance, and only thanks to the courageous intervention of the voivode of Kraków John of Tęczyn, who advised them to abstain from any decision until the arrival of Jadwiga, the idea was abandoned. The opposition of Lesser Poland to the candidacy of Siemowit IV was probably associated with the fear of the growing role of Greater Poland under an eventual rule of the Masovian Duke. Another argument against this was the emerging idea of the union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. |
467_5 | These events did not discourage Siemowit IV, who was determined to obtain the crown, even by force. Probably with the knowledge and consent of Archbishop Bodzanta, he attempted to abduct Jadwiga and marry her, in a desperate act to win the crown. When the Lesser Poland nobility knew of his intentions, they close the gates of Wawel to Bodzanta's men, among them was hidden Siemowit IV. They also warned Jadwiga, who remained at the court of her mother until was secured to travel. |
467_6 | Despite the defeat of his ambitious plans, Siemowit IV continued his efforts to obtain the Polish throne. For this purpose, after burning the property of his political opponents in Książ, he went back to Sieradz, where a part of the local nobility proclaimed him King of Poland. This time, however, the congress lacked of real authority, and for this reason, he delayed his expected coronation, trying to conquer the country by force. After a disastrous campaign and a failed siege to Kalisz (Siemowit IV was able to obtain only Kujawy), some of his supporters decided to sign an armistice on 29 September 1383.
The ceasefire enabled the Polish to add Hungarian troops to the country's forces under the personal command of Sigismund of Luxembourg. The combined attack of Hungarian-Polish forces caused that Siemowit IV avoided further fighting, especially after his brother Janusz opted for the recognition of Jadwiga as Queen. |
467_7 | The defeat of Siemowit IV reduced considerably the number of his supporters. Consequently, and after a final rejection in October 1384 from the powerful Lesser Poland nobility to a marriage with Jadwiga, the Masovian Duke adopted a different tactic: if it was impossible for him obtain the crown, he decided to win all the territory possible. |
467_8 | Reconciliation with opponents
Siewomit, after adding Łęczyca to his territory, decided to undertake peace negotiations with Jadwiga, which ended successfully on 12 December 1385 with the signing of a treaty, under which Siemowit IV returned all the lands taken by him in exchange for the sum of 10,000 silver marks, and most important, he relinquished all his claims to the Polish crown and paid homage to the Queen Jadwiga and her new husband and King, Jogaila, from which he received the Duchy of Belz as dowry of Princess Alexandra of Lithuania, Jogaila's sister, who married Siemowit IV as a gesture of reconciliation between both parties. |
467_9 | Siemowit IV's complete resignation of his claim to the Polish crown was his attendance to the ceremonies of baptism, marriage and coronation of Jadwiga and Jogaila in Kraków. After these ceremonies, he renewed his homage to the royal couple. He joined the royal entourage to Vilnius, where he participated in the process of Christianization of Lithuania. |
467_10 | Post civil war activity
Before the war, as an independent ruler he could effectively maneuver between the Polish, Lithuanians and the Teutonic Order; now, as a vassal was clearly seen as a representative of the Polish Kingdom. In addition, in order to finance his policies he needed money and several times he mortgaged some of his domains to the Teutonic Order, including Wizna (during 1382-1401), Płońsk (during 1384-1399) and Zawkrze (during 1384-1399 and 1407-1411). |
467_11 | In view of the growing friction between the Polish and Teutonic Order, Siemowit IV tried to obtain the greatest benefit for him and intervened as a mediator. Also, after the outbreak of the war of 1409–1410 between Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Order, the attitude of the Masovian Duke wasn't clear: in one side, he tried to contact King Sigismund of Hungary and by other side, he pressured his warring neighbors to maintain the peace. In view of the failure of his attempts to make a compromise, Siemowit IV finally sent his troops at the Battle of Grunwald, but his participation was only symbolic; in fact, was his son Siemovit V who fielded two banners of his own troops and fought alongside the 'Royal' Poles and Lithuanian troops. In order to maintain his friendly relations with the Teutonic Order, he provides them with refunds even during the campaign; in exchange, the Order returned Zawkrze to Siemowit IV, despite the fact that under the Peace of Thorn (1411) they aren't obliged to |
467_12 | do it. |
467_13 | Despite his official subordination to Poland, Siemowit IV tried to pursue an independent foreign policy. This was expressed in his frequent contacts with the Hungarian King Sigismund, who, wishing to drag a Polish vassal to his side gave the Masovian Duke the rich prebends from the Bishopric of Veszprém and other possessions across Hungary. |
467_14 | Siemowit IV's relations with Poland, although some temporary frictions caused by his too independent policy (he even minted his own coins) remained friendly, despite the fact that he didn't fulfill his duties as a vassal, and only sent troops to Poland occasionally when he was required to do. Another gesture of friendship with King Władysław II was noted when he used Siemowit IV's daughters into political marriages and the support given to his son Alexander in his Church career.
In domestic politics, Siemowit IV continued the economic restructuring which begun under the rule of his father. For this purpose, in addition to the existing statutes he implemented the Kulm law in several of his cities and promoted the colonization of the Masovian nobility to Belz. |
467_15 | Ill health and death
After 1420 Siemowit IV, due to his progressive blindness, gradually gave participation in the government to his adult sons. In 1425, the dispute about the election of his Chancellor Stanisław z Pawłowic as Bishop of Płock forced his sons Siemowit V and Casimir II into a humiliating surrender.
Siemowit IV died on 21 January 1426 at Gostynin and was buried in the Ducal crypt at Płock Cathedral.
Marriage and Issue
In 1387, Siemowit IV married Alexandra (d. 20 April 1434), a Lithuanian princess, daughter of Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, and his second wife, Uliana of Tver. They had thirteen children: |
467_16 | Siemowit V (1389 - 17 February 1442).
Hedwig (ca. 1392 - aft. 19 February 1439), married after 3 January 1410 to Janos Garai, Ban of Uzora and Obergespan of Temes and Pozsega.
Cymburgis (ca. 1394 - 28 September 1429), married on 25 January 1412 to Ernest I, Duke of Austria.
Euphemia (1395/97 - bef. 17 September 1447), married on 20 November 1412 to Bolesław I, Duke of Cieszyn.
Amelia (1397/98 - aft. 17 May 1434), married on 16 May 1413 to William II, Margrave of Meissen.
Alexander (1400 - 2 June 1444), a diplomat and Bishop of Trento, titular Bishop of Chur, titular Cardinal of Damascus, and Patriarch of Aquileia.
Casimir II (1401/03 - 15 September 1442).
Trojden II (1403/06 - 25 July 1427).
Władysław I (1406/09 - 11/12 December 1455).
Alexandra (1407/10 - ca. 1426).
Maria (1408/15–14 February 1454), married on 24 June 1432 to Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania.
Anna (24 April 1411 - bef. 7 Feb 1435), married bef. 26 May 1427 to Michael Žygimantaitis, a Lithuanian prince. |
467_17 | Catherine (1413/16 - betw. 2 June 1479/5 July 1480), married bef. 21 August 1439 to Michael Žygimantaitis, a Lithuanian prince (widower of her sister). |
467_18 | Grandchildren of Alexandra and Siemowit IV included Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, Przemyslaus II, Duke of Cieszyn, Sophie of Pomerania, Duchess of Pomerania and Dorothy Garai, queen of Bosnia.
Prior to his marriage, Siemowit IV fathered an illegitimate son, Miklusz (also called Mikołaj; born before 1387), who was legitimated on 29 June 1417 by Emperor Sigismund. Nothing more is known about him.
References
1352 births
1426 deaths
Dukes of Masovia
People in the Battle of Grunwald |
468_0 | Occupational exposure banding, also known as hazard banding, is a process intended to quickly and accurately assign chemicals into specific categories (bands), each corresponding to a range of exposure concentrations designed to protect worker health. These bands are assigned based on a chemical’s toxicological potency and the adverse health effects associated with exposure to the chemical. The output of this process is an occupational exposure band (OEB). Occupational exposure banding has been used by the pharmaceutical sector and by some major chemical companies over the past several decades to establish exposure control limits or ranges for new or existing chemicals that do not have formal OELs. Furthermore, occupational exposure banding has become an important component of the Hierarchy of Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs). |
468_1 | The U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a process that could be used to apply occupational exposure banding to a broader spectrum of occupational settings. The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process utilizes available, but often limited, toxicological data to determine a potential range of chemical exposure levels that can be used as targets for exposure controls to reduce risk among workers. An OEB is not meant to replace an OEL, rather it serves as a starting point to inform risk management decisions. Therefore, the OEB process should not be applied to a chemical with an existing OEL.
Purpose |
468_2 | Occupational exposure limits (OELs) play a critical role in protecting workers from exposure to dangerous concentrations of hazardous material. In the absence of an OEL, determining the controls needed to protect workers from chemical exposures can be challenging. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Toxic Substances Control Act Chemical Substance Inventory as of 2014 contained over 85,000 chemicals that are commercially available, but a quantitative health-based OEL has been developed for only about 1,000 of these chemicals. Furthermore, the rate at which new chemicals are being introduced into commerce significantly outpaces OEL development, creating a need for guidance on thousands of chemicals that lack reliable exposure limits. |
468_3 | The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process has been created to provide a reliable approximation of a safe exposure level for potentially hazardous and unregulated chemicals in the workplace. Occupational exposure banding uses limited chemical toxicity data to group chemicals into one of five bands.
Occupational exposure bands:
Define a set range of exposures expected to protect worker health
Identify potential health effects and target organs with 9 toxicological endpoints
Provide critical information on chemical potency
Inform decisions on control methods, hazard communication, and medical surveillance
Identify areas where health effects data is lacking
Require less time and data than developing an OEL |
468_4 | Assignment process
The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process utilizes a three-tiered approach. Each tier of the process has different requirements for data sufficiency, which allows stakeholders to use the occupational exposure banding process in many different situations. Selection of the most appropriate tier for a specific banding situation depends on the quantity and quality of the available data and the training and expertise of the user. |
468_5 | The process places chemicals into one of five bands, designated A through E. Each band is associated with a specific range of exposure concentrations. Band E represents the lowest range of exposure concentrations, while Band A represents the highest range. Assignment of a chemical to a band is based on both the potency of the chemical and the severity of the health effect. Band A and band B include chemicals with reversible health effects or produce adverse effects at only high concentration levels. Band C, band D, or band E include chemicals with serious or irreversible effects and those that cause problems at low concentration ranges. The resulting airborne concentration target ranges are shown in the graphic: |
468_6 | Tier 1, the qualitative tier, produces an occupational exposure band (OEB) assignment based on qualitative data from the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS); it involves assigning the OEB based on criteria aligned with specific GHS hazard codes and categories. These hazard codes are typically pulled from GESTIS, ECHA Annex VI, or safety data sheets. The Tier 1 process can be performed by a health and safety generalist, and takes only minutes to complete with the NIOSH OEB e-tool. The e-tool is free to use and can be accessed through the NIOSH website. |
468_7 | Tier 2, the semi-quantitative tier, produces an OEB assignment based on quantitative and qualitative data from secondary sources; it involves assigning the OEB on the basis of key findings from prescribed literature sources, including use of data from specific types of studies. Tier 2 focuses on nine toxicological endpoints. The Tier 2 process can be performed by an occupational hygienist but requires some formal training. Tier 2 banding is also incorporated into the NIOSH OEB e-tool but can take hours instead of minutes to complete for a given chemical. However, the resulting band is considered more robust than a Tier 1 band due to the in-depth retrieval of published data. NIOSH recommends users complete at least the Tier 2 process to produce reliable OEBs. |
468_8 | Tier 3, the expert judgement tier, relies on expert judgement to produce a band based on primary and secondary data that is available to the user. This level of OEB would require the advanced knowledge and experience held by a toxicologist or veteran occupational hygienist. The Tier 3 process allows the professional to incorporate their own raw data in conjunction with the availability of data drawn from published literature. |
468_9 | Reliability
Since unveiling the occupational exposure banding technique in 2017, NIOSH has sought feedback from its users and has evaluated the reliability of this tool. There has been an overwhelming response of positive feedback. Users have described Tier 1 as a helpful screening tool, Tier 2 as a basic assessment for a new chemical on the worksite, and Tier 3 as a personalized in-depth analysis. During pilot testing, NIOSH evaluated the Tier 1 and Tier 2 protocols using chemicals with OELs and compared the banding results to OELs. For >90% of these chemicals, the resultant Tier 1 and Tier 2 bands were found to be equally or more stringent than the OELs. This demonstrates the confidence health & safety professionals can have in the OEB process when making risk management decisions for chemicals without OELs. |
468_10 | Limitations
Although occupational exposure banding holds a great deal of promise for the occupational hygiene profession, there are potential limitations that should be considered. As with any analysis, the outcome of the NIOSH occupational exposure banding process – the OEB – is dependent upon the quantity and the quality of data used and the expertise of the individual using the process. In order to maximize data quality, NIOSH has compiled a list of NIOSH-recommended sources which can provide data that can be used for banding. Furthermore, for some chemicals the amount of quality data may not be sufficient to derive an OEB. It is important to note that the lack of data does not indicate that the chemical is safe. Other risk management strategies, such as control banding, can then be applied.
Control banding versus exposure banding |
468_11 | The NIOSH occupational exposure banding process guides a user through the evaluation and selection of critical health hazard information to select an OEB from among five categories of severity. For OEBs, the process uses only hazard-based data (e.g., studies on human health effects or toxicology studies) to identify an overall level of hazard potential and associated airborne concentration range for chemicals with similar hazard profiles. While the output of this process can be used by informed occupational safety and health professionals to make risk management and exposure control decisions, the process does not supply such recommendations directly. |
468_12 | In contrast, control banding is a strategy that groups workplace risks into control categories or bands based on combinations of both hazard and exposure information. Control banding combines hazard banding with exposure risk management to directly link hazards to specific control measures. Various toolkit models for control banding have been developed in the UK, Germany, and the Netherlands. COSHH Essentials was the first widely adopted banding scheme. Other banding schemes are also available, such as Stoffenmanager, EMKG, and International Chemical Control Toolkit of the ILO. Evaluation of these and other control banding systems have yielded varying results. Occupational exposure banding has emerged as a helpful supplementary exposure assessment tool. |
468_13 | When conducting a workplace hazard assessment, occupational hygienists may find it useful to start with occupational exposure banding to identify potential hazards and exposure ranges, before moving on to control banding. Together, these tools will aid the health & safety professional in selecting the appropriate risk mitigation strategies.
See also
References
External links
The NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding Process: Guidance for the Evaluation of Chemical Hazards Current Intelligence Bulletin
The NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding Topic Page
The NIOSH Occupational Exposure Banding e-Tool
Occupational Exposure Banding – A Conversation with Lauralynn Taylor McKernan, ScD CIH
The NIOSH Control Banding Topic Page
Hands-on Activity Demonstration: Identifying Occupational Exposure Bands
Occupational Exposure Control Banding Pharmaceuticals
Control Recommendations by Esco Pharma based on OEB Classification |
468_14 | Occupational safety and health
Chemical safety
Risk management
Industrial hygiene
Hazard analysis
Occupational hazards |
469_0 | Christoph Westphal, M.D., Ph.D., is a biomedical entrepreneur.
Background and training
Westphal graduated from Columbia College of Columbia University, summa cum laude, in 1990 and finished the MD–PhD program at Harvard University in six years.
Career
He worked at McKinsey & Company for two years after getting his degrees.
From 2000 to 2005 he was a partner at Polaris Venture Partners, a venture capital firm.
VC and Serial Entrepreneur
In 2001, he worked with Robert Langer to found Mimeon based on work by Langer on glycoengineering; the company changed its name to Momenta Pharmaceuticals the next year and went public in 2004. Westphal was the founding CEO. Momenta brought to market the first generic, low-molecular-weight heparin. |
469_1 | To expand the portfolio of treatments for autoimmune disorders, Johnson & Johnson acquired Momenta Pharmaceuticals for $6.5 billion in an all-cash deal in 2020, after nipocalimab, a treatment developed by Momenta received a rare paediatric disease designation from the US Food and Drug Administration.
In 2002 he co-founded Alnylam Pharmaceuticals as CEO, which was built to discover and develop drugs and reagents based on RNA interference based on work done by scientists Phillip Sharp, Paul Schimmel, David Bartel, and Thomas Tuschl; John Maraganore was hired as CEO in 2002. The company held its IPO in 2004, one of the few biotech companies able to do so in a down market. As of 2016 Alnylam remained the dominant company in the RNAi field. |
469_2 | In 2003 he co-founded Acceleron Pharma as CEO with scientists Jasbir Seehra, Tom Maniatis, Mark Ptashne, Wylie Vale, and scientific advisor Joan Massague, and John Knopf. The company was founded to discover and develop drugs based on the scientific discoveries of the scientific founders in the field of growth factors and transforming growth factors in the fields of metabolic disorders like obesity, diabetes, osteoporosis, and muscle-wasting conditions. The company went public in September 2013. |
469_3 | In 2004, he co-founded Sirtris Pharmaceuticals as CEO with Harvard biologist David Sinclair, serial entrepreneur Andrew Perlman, Richard Aldrich, Richard Pops, and Paul Schimmel. The company focused on resveratrol formulations and derivatives as activators of the SIRT1 enzyme. The company's initial product was called SRT501, and was a formulation of reservatrol. Westphal and Sinclair aggressively marketed investment in the company as an anti-aging opportunity, which was controversial but effective; Westphal raised $100 million in 2006. In 2005 Westphal recruited Michelle Dipp to join the team at Sirtris; she would work with him in several subsequent ventures.
In 2006, Westphal worked with Aldrich and Roger Tung to found and get seed funding for Concert Pharmaceuticals based on Tung's ideas about using deuterium to make deuterated drugs. Westphal was not involved in the company by the time it went public in 2014. |
469_4 | Sirtris went public in 2007 and was subsequently purchased and made a subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline in 2008 for $720 million. GSK paid $22.50/share, when Sirtris's stock was trading at $12/share, down 45% from its highest price of the previous year. Westphal was made CEO of the subsidiary and appointed Senior Vice President of GSK's Center of Excellence for External Drug Discovery (CEEDD) unit. Sirtris' science and claims were controversial; studies published in 2009 and early 2010 by scientists from Amgen and Pfizer cast doubt on whether SIRT1 was directly activated by resveratrol and showed that the apparent activity was actually due to a fluorescent reagent used in the experiments, and were widely discussed. |
469_5 | In 2008, Westphal worked with Dipp, Aldrich, and Alexey Margolin to found Alnara Pharmaceuticals, which was created to develop ways to formulate biopharmaceuticals so they could be taken by mouth, instead of by injection. Margolin had been CEO of Altus Therapeutics, which had been developing liprotamase, which it had licensed from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation, but ran out of money. Alnara acquired the license and focused its resources on further developing liprotamase; Eli Lilly and Company acquired Alnara in July 2010 on the promise of that data acquired by Alnara. Lilly submitted a new drug application to the FDA in 2011, which the FDA rejected, finding no clear benefit over existing products and requiring an additional clinical trial. Lilly took a $122.6 million write-down on the value of the asset, and then sold it to Anthera Pharmaceuticals in 2014.
In February 2010, Westphal formed a new venture fund called Longwood Fund, together with Aldrich and Dipp. |
469_6 | In April 2010, Westphal stepped down as CEO of Sirtris and as Senior VP of GSK's CEEDD and Dipp took over those roles; Westphal took over leadership of GSK's venture unit, SR One.
In August 2010, a nonprofit called the Healthy Lifespan Institute, which had been formed the year before by Westphal and Dipp, began selling SRT501 as a dietary supplement online; when this become public GSK required Westphal and Dipp, who were still GSK employees, to resign from the nonprofit.
GSK/Sirtris terminated development of SRT501 in late 2010. In 2013 GSK shut down Sirtris and its development candidates were absorbed into GSK, where research and development continued. |
469_7 | Also in August 2010, the Longwood team co-founded VeraStem by providing seed funding and office space in its own offices, with Westphal serving as CEO and chairman of the board; Verastem aimed to isolate cancer stem cells and then discover drugs that would selectively kill them. He brought the company public in 2012 and stepped down as CEO in 2013, as the company was getting ready to start a clinical trial of its lead product, a drug intended to treat mesothelioma.
In April 2011, Westphal left SR One to focus on Longwood; news reports said that Dipp would soon leave GSK in order to focus on Longwood as well. |
469_8 | In 2011, Westphal, Dipp. and Aldrich co-founded OvaScience with Jonathan Tilly and Sinclair, based on scientific work done by Tilly concerning mammalian oogonial stem cells and work on mitochondria by Sinclair. Tilly's work was controversial, with some groups unable to replicate it. The company's claims about its services were controversial from their first announcements. The company's A financing round was $6 million and it raised a $37 million B round in early 2012; Longwood participated in both rounds. OvaScience held its public offering in 2012, and part of its pitch to investors was that its services would probably not be regulated by the FDA so it would probably be able to start generating significant revenue in the US by the end of 2013, but in 2013 the FDA ruled that it would need to file an investigational new drug application before it could start marketing the service; OvaScience's shares fell 40% in response. By September 2016 OvaScience had raised and spent around |
469_9 | $228 million. In early December its shares were trading at around $3; in mid-December 2016 the company's shares fell around 50% when it announced layoffs and the departure of its CEO and chief operating officer in the face of sales continuing to fall below expectations. |
469_10 | In 2014, he co-founded Flex Pharma with Jennifer Cermak (from Sirtris) based on work by scientific co-founders Roderick MacKinnon of Rockefeller University and Bruce Bean of Harvard Medical School. MacKinnon and Bean invented a dietary supplement for treating and preventing muscle cramps in athletes that contained ginger extract, cinnamon extract and capsicum, and tested it in clinical trials. In 2014 the company described itself as a developer of drugs for neuromuscular disorders, pursuing treatments muscle cramping across a range of conditions including multiple sclerosis, ALS, and cramping in athletes, based on MacKinnon's Nobel Prize winning work on ion channels, and raised a $40 million Series A round. The company had a $86 million initial public offering in 2015 and revealed the dietary supplement product and its intent to go to market as a dietary supplement company at that time. The similarities with Sirtris' emphasis on reservatrol were noted at the time. In 2016, Flex |
469_11 | Pharma released the consumer product "HotShot" as a dietary supplement for endurance athletes. In October 2016 the company released data from a clinical trial of its lead drug candidate for nocturnal leg cramps FLX-787, in which FLX-787 failed to meet the primary endpoints. In June 2017 Westphal stepped down as CEO. In June 2018 the company halted clinical development of the drug candidate due to tolerability issues, cut its workforce, and said it was considering its strategy. In July 2018 MacKinnon resigned from the board of directors. |
469_12 | Board positions
Westphal serves on the Board of Fellows of Harvard Medical School, the Board of Overseers of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the board of Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), and he is a member of the Boston Commercial Club. Westphal is a minority owner of the Boston Celtics. |
469_13 | Honors
2002 – Listed as one of the Top Innovators Under 35 in the annual MIT Technology Review
2006 – Ernst & Young’s New England Entrepreneur of the Year award in the Biopharmaceutical category
2007 – Mass High Tech All Star Award
2008 – Outstanding Individual of the Year Award at the annual Laguna Biotech CEO Meeting
2008 – Corporate Leader Award of Distinction from the American Federation for Aging Research (AFAR)
2008 – Recognition in the Pharmaceutical Executive “45 Under 45,”
2008 – Recognition in the PharmaVOICE 100, a list of the 100 most inspiring people in the life-sciences industry
2009 – Stevie Award for Executive of the Year from The 2009 American Business Awards
2009 – E-3 Public Company Science & Technology Company Executive Award at the annual Emerald Investment Forum
2010 – Named one of Fortune's Fortune Visionaries
References |
469_14 | American chief executives
Living people
Harvard Medical School alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Columbia College (New York) alumni |
470_0 | Hex is a British television programme developed by Shine TV and aired on the Sky One satellite channel. The story is set in a remote English boarding school with a mysterious past. Series one explores the supernatural relationship between a Fallen Angel named Azazeal and a student called Cassie who is also a witch. In the second series the story centres on 500-year-old anointed one Ella Dee, and Azazeal's son Malachi. Both series of the show are available on Region 2 DVD, with the first series released on Region 1 DVD in June 2007.
The show was cancelled in April 2006 after the end of the second series.
Synopsis
From its outset, Hex appears to be the story of Cassie Hughes, an attractive but withdrawn young woman who enrolls at the school but can't quite seem to fit into the social milieu. The second series shifts the focus from the departing Cassie Hughes (Christina Cole) to a new heroine, Ella Dee (Laura Pyper). |
470_1 | Series 1
Hex is set at a remote English school, Medenham Hall, which occupies the former manor house and grounds of the McBain estate. It was the site of an 18th-century witchcraft scandal in which the female members of the line, the Medenham Witches, were tried and executed. Cassie, who raised herself in a single-parent household caring for her mentally unstable mother, has latent telekinetic, pyrokinetic and clairvoyant abilities that are awakened when she touches an antique vase that had been used in Voodoo rituals by the Medenham Witches. Her roommate, Thelma (who harbors an ill-concealed crush on Cassie), discovers that Cassie is a descendant of the Medenham Witches. Cassie has startling visions and dreams that she strives to interpret, and also struggles with controlling her growing telekinetic and pyrokinetic powers, which she is only able to summon in times of stress. |
470_2 | Cassie is stalked by a "dangerous looking" stranger who calls himself Azazeal. Initially glimpsed fleetingly, he becomes increasingly bold, even entering into the student's rooms later in the series without warning or permission. Azazeal is revealed to be the leader of the biblical Nephilim, fallen angels, and he claims to be in love with Cassie. He has had previous relationships with schoolmistress Jo Watkins and Cassie's own mother, which may have contributed to her mental illness. |
470_3 | Frustrated by his inability to convince Cassie that his claims are sincere, Azazeal kills Thelma before Cassie's eyes as a sacrifice to increase his power and prove that he is truly who he says he is. This act has two unintentional consequences: his power over Cassie is initially weakened by the shock, and Thelma thereafter continues to share Cassie's room as a ghost that only Cassie, Azazeal and other ghosts can see. Thelma never forgives Azazeal for her own death, and is a strong voice against him to Cassie, who has grown to have feelings for him. Thelma is unable to touch the living, but she can touch other ghosts and presumably manipulate inanimate objects (including clothing, artifacts, books, doors, window sashes, and vending machines) and eat, which she does constantly (since ghosts cannot gain weight). Thelma works behind the scenes to spy on Azazeal and gather evidence from places where Cassie cannot enter. Cassie, while horrified by some of Azazeal's behaviour, ultimately |
470_4 | finds herself drawn into his power. Azazeal possesses Cassie, and while under his power, she gives herself to him and they conceive a child. |
470_5 | Thelma learns from Peggy, the ghost of a woman who died in the 1918 influenza pandemic, that the gestation of Azazeal's child is weakening the veil between worlds, allowing more ghosts to appear to the living. If the child is born, the veil will be torn, allowing the rest of the Nephilim to enter our world. If the pregnancy is terminated, the veil will heal, preventing the Nephilim from returning and leaving Azazeal the only one of his kind in our world. But there is a side effect: ghosts will also vanish from this world. |
470_6 | Cassie, after much convincing from Thelma decides that her fetus must be aborted, although it is growing at an alarming rate. A week after conception, the doctors believe she is nearing the end of her second trimester. Thelma assists Cassie, without telling her that success means that she may never see Cassie again. Azazeal tries to interfere and save his son, but Cassie goes through with the abortion...or so she thinks. When Thelma realizes that Cassie can still see her, Thelma knows that something has not gone right. Cassie discovers weeks later that the doctor who performed her procedure has been influenced by Azazeal, and that the baby is alive and in Azazeal's care. |
470_7 | Series 2
Thelma discovers that Azazeal is raising the child, who is walking already, in an abandoned nearby church. She and Cassie decide that they must somehow get the child, whom Azazeal has named "Malachi", but are clueless as to how to accomplish this. Azazeal becomes aware that they are watching him and tries to convince Cassie that he only wants her to join them so that they can be a "real family". Cassie, still partially under his spell, is obviously attracted by the prospect but retains enough of herself to know that this is something she should not want. |
470_8 | While Cassie and Thelma strategize, new characters are introduced at the school while old ones depart. Troy, convinced that Cassie's child is his, left the school at the end of the first series. Jo Watkins, having "really let herself go," is seldom seen at school as she has become Azazeal's live-in nurse and nanny. The school gains a new chaplain, Jez Heriot, who doesn't "wear the uniform" except when conducting services and also teaches Ethics. When Jo effectively disappears, David Tyrel asks Jez to take her classes as well. The students don't initially realize that he is a priest, and Roxanne is quite taken with him, so much so that she can't help but seduce him even after the truth is known. A new student arrives at Medenham: Ella Dee. Her wardrobe instantly wins her points with the boys, evokes jealousy in the girls, and makes the faculty uncomfortable. Thelma is mildly attracted until she realizes that Ella can see her. There are other anomalies: Ella's tuition is paid by a |
470_9 | corporation and her family background is unknown. She also seems to know entirely too much about Cassie... and Azazeal. |
470_10 | It is quickly revealed that Ella is definitely not what she seems. She is 445 years old and the daughter of John Dee. Ella is also a witch and has been hunting Azazeal for centuries. So far, she has been very successful in preventing Azazeal from begetting a son by a mortal witch. This time, however, Ella was too late. Her mission: kill Malachi.
Ella instantly takes charge of both Cassie and Thelma, and formulates a plan to kidnap Malachi and sacrifice him in the school chapel. They are successful in grabbing the child, but Azazeal follows them and a series of alternately foolish and selfish decisions leads the girls inexorably to tragedy. With Azazeal present, Cassie loses her resolve and throws her body between Ella and Malachi. She dies instantly when Ella can't stop her killing blow, and Azazeal regains Malachi and retreats. |
470_11 | Ella tries to devise a new strategy while Thelma tries to deal with her deep sense of loss, but Ella loses her edge as she feels herself falling for Leon. Azazeal appeals to Thelma's own selfish desires and convinces her to steal and give him the Stone of Belial, one of Ella's objects of power, in exchange for a last meeting with Cassie. Jez is revealed to be Ramiel, another of the Nephilim and Azazeal's "right-hand entity". With the Stone in their possession, Azazeal and Ramiel conspire to drive Ella insane by forcing her to relive the 17th century witch trial in which she was found guilty and nearly executed. Azazeal uses the Stone of Belial on Thelma, who travels back to Ella's witch trial and rescues her from execution in the past. Ramiel's scheming and manipulation leads to Ella's commitment in an insane asylum, where a triumphant Azazeal seemingly abandons her. |
470_12 | Ella rapidly ages as she is stripped of her powers, but after Leon is brought in on her secret and is granted the power to see Thelma, he helps to revive her using the Volta. A friend of Leon's who helped him get Ella out of the hospital (where she was cared for by Azazeal's lover Perie the Faerie) is tortured by Azazeal and the now teenaged Malachi, who kills him out of pity.
Azazeal is asked to leave by "higher powers" and enlists Malachi at Medenham Hall. He and Ella say their goodbyes; with Malachi born, Ella has no desire to kill him, and Azazeal leaves the Stone of Belial in Malachi's possession. Ella kills Jez and makes it look like suicide, precipitated by the revelation that he was having an affair with a student, which deeply affects Roxanne, who felt responsible because she had seduced him. |
470_13 | Ella and Malachi romance one another magically and otherwise, and their respective mentors, the Archangel Raphael and the demon Mephistopheles, both use psychological tactics to get them to do as they wish. Ella and Malachi eventually have sex, as the evil side had wanted, and by fulfilling Ella's true desire (to be normal), she is made a slave to Malachi – his succubus. |
470_14 | Malachi kills a lesbian girl named Maya so that her ghost can consort with Thelma and give him leverage. Ella's enslavement to Malachi is ended by Thelma, who invaded her dreams and invoked her greatest fear: fire. Leon attempts to kill Malachi, but is betrayed by Thelma (in hopes of keeping her and Maya together in the living world) and saved by Ella after Malachi sends a fallen Archangel, Sariel, to attack him. Mephistopheles betrays the cause of evil by helping Ella save Leon, who he feels did not need to die, and is subsequently punished and has his eyes removed. Raphael falls from grace by trying to rape Ella, who announces at this point that she no longer works for Raphael's master, God, and is a freelance agent at last. |
470_15 | Ella loses all her feelings for Malachi, who quickly moves on to romancing Alex and other girls in the school. He eventually seduces the entire student body, creating an army of succubi and incubi that makes him too powerful for Ella to kill. The only students who are not converted are Roxanne (who becomes a "pure soul" in her quest for forgiveness from God for seducing Jez and causing his apparent suicide), Tom (who is secretly gay, in love with Leon, and impossible to convert because Malachi cannot make Leon love him back), Thelma (because after Ella later kills Maya, he has no hold over her), and Ella herself, who had already been freed from Malachi's spell. |
470_16 | Ella digs up Maya's corpse and beheads it, which destroys Maya's lingering presence on Earth. Leon tries to kill Alex but cannot go through with it, leaving him feeling inferior to Ella. Jo Watkins, Cassie's former teacher and Azazeal's former lover, returns as Malachi's new emissary from the "higher powers" and restores her position as headmistress by framing David Tyrel for embezzlement of school funds. Malachi cannot convert Tom, so he fakes the "mark of Malachi" on his neck and ensures that Leon will see it. Fooled by the false mark, Leon kills Tom, but by doing so, he achieves his greatest desire (not being inferior to Ella) and becomes an incubus of Malachi's. |
470_17 | Leon almost kills Ella with knowledge gained from the Book of Orokiah, but Thelma helps to save her. He is locked in a cage and sedated, at which point Thelma saves him from Malachi by invoking his greatest fear (having his penis amputated). Returned to normal, he still ends his relationship with Ella and leaves the school. Roxanne is given the ability to see ghosts, and Thelma pretends to be an angel to get her to steal the Stone of Belial back from Malachi. Ella uses the Stone to travel back in time and attempts to kill Malachi while he is still a baby (at the end of Series 1), but she is attacked by Perie the Faerie and receives a mortal wound to the chest. Ella returns to Medenham Hall where she confesses her love for Leon as she lies dying under the watchful eyes of Thelma. |
470_18 | Rejected by Hell, Mephistopheles convinces Leon to return, where he saves Ella by cauterizing her wound. Malachi sacrifices the pure-of-heart Roxanne to "enrage God" by killing one of "His creatures." The school is set ablaze and Thelma, Ella, and Leon escape from it to a field somewhere. As Malachi has started the "End of Days," described by Mephistopheles as the final battle between good and evil, the series ends with blood pouring from a rock bearing the mark of Azazeal, similar to Malachi's.
Cast
The Hex cast consists mainly of students and teachers of Medenham Hall in addition with several recurring supernatural characters.
Series 1 |
470_19 | Cassandra "Cassie" Hughes (Christina Cole) is a descendant of the Medanham Witches and becomes tempted by Azazeal.
Thelma Bates (Jemima Rooper) is the ghost of Cassie's best friend and is in love with her.
Azazeal (Michael Fassbender) is a Fallen Angel and leader of the Nephelim. He seduces Cassie in order to have a son.
Leon Taylor (Jamie Davis) is a fellow student. He becomes the love interest of Ella and gets pulled into the world of supernatural by Thelma in order to save Ella's life.
Roxanne Davenport (Amber Sainsbury) is first portrayed as manipulative and cold leader of the school's elite, but later becomes devoted to God in order to make peace with her actions.
Jo Watkins (Anna Wilson-Jones) is a teacher at Medanham Hall. She falls under the thrall of Azazeal and becomes his mistress.
David Tyrel (Colin Salmon) is the Headmaster of Medanham Hall and regularly interacts with the student body. He is also aware of the school grounds' gruesome past. |
470_20 | Troy (Joseph Morgan) is the roommate and friend of Leon. He dates Cassie, but later leaves Medanham Hall.
Gemma (Zoe Tapper) is a friend of Leon, Roxanne and Troy. |
470_21 | Also appearing in Series One is Geraldine James as Cassie's mother, Lilith Hughes. Recurring cast included Jessica Oyelowo as Rachel McBain, Holly Lumsden as Esther McBain and Katy Carmichael as Peggy.
Directed by Brian Grant
Series 2
Following the departure of some regulars from the first series (notably Christina Cole and Michael Fassbender), the second saw the introduction of several new characters.
Ella Dee (Laura Pyper) is a witch who has been trying stop Azazeal from having a child for centuries. She develops feelings towards Leon.
Malachi (Joseph Beattie) is the son of Cassie and Azazeal. After his quick growth during the first episodes of Series Two, he enrolls to Medanham Hall in order to seduce its student body.
Tom Wright (Samuel Collings) is Leon's new roommate after Troy leaves Medenham Hall at the end of Series One. He is secretly gay and in love with Leon. |
470_22 | Recurring cast for Series Two included Stephen Wight as Felix, Jemima Abey as Alex, Sam Troughton as Jez Heriot/Ramiel, Ronan Vibert as Mephistopheles, Katrine De Candole as Perie the Faerie, Laura Donnelly as Maya Robertson, Leon Ford as Max Rosen, Grant Parsons as Dr. Surtees and Anatole Taubman as Raphael.
Film location
Hex was filmed at Englefield House, a Tudor manor modified in the 18th and 19th centuries. Several external scenes in Series 2 were filmed in the city of St Albans (Hertfordshire), using locations such as the city centre, the Cathedral grounds and a small street adjacent to it.
Episodes
Series 1 (2004)
Series 2 (2005)
Reception
The show received generally positive reviews, and holds a Metacritic score of 66 out of 100.
Home release
The region 1 release is labeled as "Season 1" and contains 10 episodes, all of Series 1 plus the first four episodes of Series 2 in keeping with how BBC America had presented the show in US broadcasts. |
470_23 | Mill Creek Entertainment announced the complete series on DVD.
See also
List of ghost films
References
External links
BBC America - Hex
"Hex" and Azazeal page
2000s British drama television series
2000s British horror television series
2004 British television series debuts
2005 British television series endings
Angels in television
2000s British LGBT-related drama television series
British horror fiction television series
Demons in television
British fantasy television series
Television about magic
Sky UK original programming
British teen drama television series
Television series about ghosts
Television series by Endemol
Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Television series about witchcraft |
471_0 | Morley is a fictional brand of cigarettes that has appeared in various television shows, films, and video games that otherwise have no apparent connection to each other. The fictional brand packaging resembles the original packaging of the Marlboro cigarette brand. The name "Morley" is a play on "Marleys", a nickname for Marlboro cigarettes. Morleys appear at least as far back as 1960, in Alfred Hitchcock's film Psycho. There is also a Morley Lights version, in a gold and white package (similar to Marlboro Lights), marked "Lights".
The Morley packaging is sold to production companies by The Earl Hays Press, a century-old Hollywood prop packaging service. |
471_1 | Justification for use
The reason non-brand name products like Morley cigarettes are used in film and on television goes back to the early days of television in America. Then cigarette companies often sponsored entire TV shows, and advertised through product placement, but if no cigarette companies agreed to pay, producers instead used a non-brand product — no free advertising. This concept was later expanded to most TV shows, films, video games and other media.
Appearances
Morleys have appeared primarily in TV shows, and at times in movies, music videos, and other media, as both a prop and a plot element. |
471_2 | Film
200 Cigarettes (1999): In this comedy, Lucy, played by Courtney Love, presents a block of Morley cigarettes to Kevin, played by Paul Rudd.
Brooklyn Rules (2007): The three boys find a dead body in a convertible around the five-minute mark; one of the boys steals a pack of Morley off the dash of the vehicle.
Definitely, Maybe (2008): In 1992, Will Hayes, played by Ryan Reynolds, buys Morleys when he arrives in New York City for $3.20, and he complains that in Wisconsin they cost $2.60.
Epicenter (2000): At the beginning of the movie, the character Nick Constantine has a pack of Morleys in his briefcase.
Experiment in Terror (1962): A witness produces a pack while meeting with the FBI.
Freddy Got Fingered (2001): Gord, played by Tom Green, can be seen smoking a pack of Morleys in one scene.
Gun Shy (2000): In a meeting between the police, the character Charley has a box of Morley cigarettes in front of him on the conference table. |
471_3 | Heist (2015) Robert De Niro pulls a pack of "Morley Lights" out of pocket of dead man at the end of the film.
Hellraiser: Inferno Morley pack at night stand in bedroom hooker, to frame cop.
Honey Boy (2019): Shia LaBeouf's character is seen with a pack of Morleys on his night stand.
The House on Greenapple Road (1970): A character steals a pack of Morley cigarettes from a desk at the police station.
Ingrid Goes West (2017): A pack of Morley cigarettes is on a table during a party scene.
Joy Ride 2: Dead Ahead (2008): Rusty Nail, played by Mark Gibbon, buys Morley cigarettes in the opening scene in the shop, which he then smokes.
Let's Go to Prison (2006): Morley cigarettes are seen all throughout the movie, being traded by prisoners and guards.
Murderer's Row (1966): Matt Helm uses a dart in a cigarette to take down a guard. He leaves the now empty pack of Morley cigarettes on the guard, showing the warning about smoking possibly being dangerous to your health. |
471_4 | Murder in the First (1995): Defense Attorney James Stamphill appears smoking Morleys while lying down and speaking into a primitive tape recorder, dictating notes about the case. The pack of Morleys shown is an old-fashioned design (based on the 1930s setting of the movie), unlike the modern-looking packs of Morleys more frequently seen.
The New Republic (2011): David is sentenced to house arrest after being caught selling Morleys in a dystopian near-future New Angeles.
Platoon (1986): Morleys are smoked by American soldiers.
Prozac Nation (2001): The character played by Christina Ricci smokes Morley cigarettes in the film version of Elizabeth Wurtzel's autobiographical Prozac Nation. Ricci plays a young writer who occasionally uses the empty cigarette packs as scrap paper. |
471_5 | Psycho (1960): At the end of the film, psychiatrist Dr. Fred Richman, played by Simon Oakland, tells the story of what really happened and shakes a cigarette out of a pack of Morleys. This film was released June 16, 1960 and is currently the earliest known sighting of the Morley brand.
S. Darko (2009): The boy carries a Morley pack in his left sleeve.
Spy Game (2001): Robert Redford's character sets down a pack of Morleys on the desk of the CIA director
The Tenants (2005)
Thirteen (2003): When Melanie confronts Tracy about the numerous drugs she found in her room, a pack of Morleys can be seen in the pile she throws on the table.
The Traveler (2010): Deputy Jack Hawkins, played by John Cassini, takes a pack of Morley cigarettes from the counter prior to exiting the police station to have a smoke.
Transpecos (2016): Benjamin Davis (Johnny Simmons) and Lance Flores (Gabriel Luna) find a half-smoked cigarette and an open pack of Morleys while searching for the cartel members. |
471_6 | The Weight of Water (2000): Jean smokes Morley when telling about the first meeting with her husband.
The World's End (2013): Gary smokes Morleys throughout the film, best seen after the fight scene against the twins.
Under the Silver Lake (2018): Sam (Andrew Garfield), regularly smokes Morleys and a pack can be seen on three occasions.
The Stoned Age (1994): Hubbs (Bradford Tatum) buys a pack of Morley "Reds" from Crump (Daniel Collins).
The Trigger Effect (1996): Episode: Person in a bar (Garry) asking for a gas (Michael Rooker) A pack of cigarettes on a table.
Truth or Dare (2018): Woman buys a pack of Morleys in first scene of the film.
El Camino (2019): A pack of Morleys is seen in Todd's glove compartment when Jesse opens it and finds a gun. |
471_7 | Television
The X-Files (10 Set 1993): The Cigarette Smoking Man, played by William B. Davis, smokes this fictional brand, as does Agent Monica Reyes. The X-Files is probably the most well known use of Morley cigarettes. On the season seven episode "Brand X", Agents Mulder and Scully visit Morley Tobacco's headquarters after one of the employees is murdered; the company is described as a multibillion-dollar global corporation.
24 "Day 8: 9:00 p.m. – 10:00 p.m." (25 Jan 2010): Jack Bauer poses as a German buyer and smokes a Morley Light cigarette.
American Horror Story "Birth" (14 Dec 2011): Violet, played by Taissa Farmiga, is seen with a pack of Morley Lights at the kitchen table.
The Americans "Pilot" (30 Jan 2013): A background extra is smoking a Morley regular red pack cigarette.
Bagboy (2016): Packs of Morley can be seen on the shelves as Steve talks to Dog.
Becker "Santa on Ice" (13 Dec 1999): Becker smokes a Light Morley cigarette. |
471_8 | Bosch : Season 6 Episode 4, Elizabeth Clayton smokes from a pack while discussing her dead daughter's former boyfriend with Harry.
Breaking Bad: Morleys are smoked in the final season by several characters.
Beverly Hills, 90210 "The Back Story" (16 Sep 1992): Brenda Walsh returns from Paris with a smoking habit. The brand is revealed to be Morleys when they accidentally fall out of her purse, which also causes her parents find out about her new habit.
The Blacklist (season 6), “Robert Vesco” (29 Mar 2019): Agent Navabi's Mossad handler has a pack of Morleys in the debrief scene.
Bosch (2014) Seen in S6E4. A pack of Morleys laying on the dinner table.
Buffy the Vampire Slayer "School Hard" (29 Sep 1997): Spike, played by James Marsters, smokes Morley cigarettes.
Burn Notice: Lead character Michael Westen’s mother Madeline can be seen packing a carton of Morley cigarettes into her luggage in Season 4, Episode 11. |
471_9 | Californication: Hank, played by David Duchovny, often smokes Morley cigarettes and can be plainly seen in many episodes. This is an inside joke that harkens back to Duchovny's days on The X-Files in which the Cigarette Smoking Man usually chain-smoked this brand.
Cold Case Criminal Minds "North Mammon" (1 Nov 2006): DNA found on Morley cigarette butts leads the FBI team to suspect a soccer coach, who smokes Morleys, of stalking one of his star female players. The pack of cigarettes the coach holds is actually a Marlboro pack and not a fictional Morley pack.
CSI: NY "Boo" (31 Oct 2007): A smoked Morley cigarette is found in a voodoo doll at a crime sceneCurb Your Enthusiasm (10 Mar 2020): A pack of Morleys show up as Becky is cleaning her house with Larry.Decker "Band Together" (22 Jul 2016): A pack of Morleys is on the desk of the title character as he writes his email. |
471_10 | The Dick Van Dyke Show "Sally Is a Girl" (19 Dec 1961): Pickles brings Richie a box of Morley chocolate cigarettes.
ER "Beyond Repair" (10 Jan 2002): While searching his daughter Rachel's room, Dr. Mark Green, played by Anthony Edwards, discovers a pack of Morleys with a condom inside.
Everybody Hates Chris "Everybody Hates Playboy" (27 Apr 2006): A carton of Morleys is sold out of the back of a car.
Frasier "Morning Becomes Entertainment" (6 Apr 2000): Bebe pulls a pack of Morleys out of her purse and asks Frasier if he minds.
Friends "The One Where Rachel Smokes" (8 Apr 1999): Chandler can be seen holding a pack of these.
Heroes "One of Us, One of Them" (29 Sep 2008): Claire Bennet's biological mother, Meredith, tries to light a Morley in the Bennet home before Sandra Bennet asks her not to smoke in the house. |
471_11 | Jake 2.0: A terrorist disguises powerful explosives as a pack of Morley cigarettes and demonstrates its incredible power by exploding a piece of swamp in the Philippines.
Judging Amy "Can They Do That With Vegetables?" (5 Feb 2002): A teenage boy sues the Morley company for causing his emphysema.
Justified "Riverbrook" (23 Mar 2010): A group of prison escapees rob a convenience store. One discharges a shotgun in the store, blasting a rack of cartons of Morley cigarettes.
Killer Instinct "Game Over" (11 Nov 2005): Morley cigarettes appear in the desk of Lt. Matt Cavanaugh, played by Chi McBride.
Kingdom "Please Refrain from Crying" (12 Nov 2014): Lisa Prince, played by Kiele Sanchez, is seen holding a pack of Morley cigarettes outside a roadside dinner where she and Ryan Wheeler, played by Matt Lauria, stop at after visiting his parents.
Lost "LA X" (2 Feb 2010): In the Flash Sideways, Rose Nadler is seen on the plane clutching a magazine with an ad for Morley cigarettes. |
471_12 | The L Word Malcolm in the Middle Season 2 Episode 21 “Malcom vs. Reese” - Reese accuses Malcolm of placing Morley’s in the laundry to frame him.
Mannix "All Around the Money Tree" (22 Feb 1969): Joe Mannix opens a suitcase to discover a couple packs of Morleys—in white packs.
Mannix "Falling Star" (6 Jan 1968): A scene opens with a white pack of Morley cigarettes prominently displayed on an end table. Just as Joe Mannix is about to take a cigarette out of the pack, he is interrupted by a knock at the door. Before opening the door, Mannix drops the pack of Morleys and a lighter on the end table where the pack of cigarettes is given a final close-up shot.
Medium The Middle "The Map" (11 Jan 2012): Frances brings Aunt Edie a carton of Morley cigarettes.
Millennium "The Time Is Now" (15 May 1998): Peter Watts discovers a Morley stub in the mysterious Millennium Group's basement as a nod to the Cigarette Smoking Man from The X-Files. Chris Carter created both series. |
471_13 | Mission: Impossible Naked City "Tombstone for a Derelict" (5 Apr 1961): Four young men led by Baldwin Larne, played by Robert Redford, surround a derelict on a lonely street. Larne offers him a cigarette, and, as the derelict turns to get a light from one of Larne's companions, Larne stabs the derelict in the back, dead, and tosses the cigarette pack on the body. Detective Flint, played by Paul Burke, and company arrive on the scene of the crime to investigate, and the pack of cigarettes is shown close up to be the Morley brand, a clue. This early Morley cigarettes black-and-white appearances shows a cigarette pack with an Etruscan horse image as the brand icon, and the first and last letters of "Morley" in lower case, and the letters in between in upper case.
Nash Bridges "Power Play" (16 Apr 1999): Morleys appear on a desk in a criminal's house.
NCIS (TV series) s11e15 Bulletproof (25 Feb 2015): Smoked by Fay Gussman (Challen Cates) outside of Camper. |
471_14 | New Amsterdam "Love Hurts" (14 Apr 2008): A suspect in an interrogation room is about to light a Morley. John Amsterdam takes it from him and says, "No smoking."
Orange Is the New Black "Tall Men with Feelings" (11 Jul 2013): Pornstache pulls a Morleys from his pocket and tries to light the butt.
The Outer LimitsPerry Mason Prison Break "Bolshoi Booze" (11 Nov 2006): T-Bag picks up a pack of Morleys from a bag in Geary's apartment.
Pushing Daisies "Bad Habits" (15 Oct 2008): A carton of Morleys can be seen in the cabinet full of contraband in Sister Maria Christina's room.
Reaper "The Devil and Sam Oliver" (26 May 2009): Mary Pat, the greeter at the Work Bench, holds up a pack of Morleys before she steps outside to have a smoke next to the LP gas tanks.
Saving Grace "It's a Fierce, White-Hot, Mighty Love" (4 Aug 2008): the main character, Grace, is given a Morley by a suspect as she's investigating him.
Shameless features Morleys on several occasions |
471_15 | Seinfeld "The Invitations" (16 May 1996): George Costanza smokes a Morley in an attempt to appear off-putting to his fiancée, Susan Ross, in hopes that she will call off their upcoming wedding.
Sordid Lives: The Series "Pills, Poison and Penises" (6 Aug 208): Morley brand cigarettes are advertised on a sign at the convenience store where Vera works.
Space: Above and Beyond "Ray Butts" (22 Oct 1995): The main character, Ray Butts, has a pack of Morleys at the beginning of the episode.
Special Unit 2 "The Grain" (3 Oct 2001): A housewife, under the influence of the Sandman, robs a convenience store, demanding all the cash and a pack of Morleys.
The Strain "The Third Rail" (21 Sep 2014): Mariela Martinez throws down an empty pack of Morley Lights. Later, Zach Goodweather finds Morleys (in green-and-white packaging) on the floor of a looted grocery store, and picks up two packs for Mariela. |
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