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516_27 | Christmas shops, trailer parks and the Jungle Adventures Nature Animal Park which boasts of having "Swampy" the world's largest alligator. |
516_28 | Before crossing the St. Johns River, SR 50 runs along the northern border of the Tosohatchee State Reserve. The westbound bridge over the river was built in 1967, while the eastbound bridge was built in 1971. After crossing the third bridge along the river, it enters Brevard County and the name changes from East Colonial Drive to Cheney Highway. From here it runs along the southern border of the Saint Johns National Wildlife Refuge, which terminates at the interchange with Interstate 95 at Exit 215. SR 50 officially enters Titusville after passing by the entrance to The Great Outdoors Golf and Recreational Vehicle Resort, west of the I-95 interchange. Immediately the road is lined with hotels gas stations and restaurants as it curves to the northeast to intersect State Road 405, which serves as a half-loop around Titusville to Kennedy Space Center. From here the road curves east again, and stays straight throughout most of the rest of the segment, with the exception of an area known |
516_29 | as The Meadows between Hood Avenue and Moon Road. After the Florida East Coast Railroad crossing, NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building is visible just before the east end of SR 50 at US Route 1. |
516_30 | History
Before the 1945 renumbering, the route that became SR 50 had the following numbers:
SR 15 from Weeki Wachee to Brooksville
SR 34 from Brooksville to Rolling Acres
SR 51 from Brooksville to Tildenville
SR 210 from east of Ridge Manor to east of Mabel
SR 22 from east of Mabel to Tildenville
SR 2 from Mascotte to Groveland
SR 208 from Tildenville south 1/4 mile
SR 434 from south of Tildenville to Minorville
SR 22 from Minorville to Indian River City
SR 51 from Minorville to Orlando
SR 322 from near Gotha to Orlando |
516_31 | SR 50 was defined in the 1945 renumbering as:
From Weekiwachee Springs on SR 55 Northeasterly via Wiscon and Spring Hill to a junction with SR 45 in Brooksville and East along SR 45 to intersection with Main St. then South on Main St. to a point near the South City Limits of Brooksville. Then East and Southeasterly via Rital to Richloam thence Northeasterly via Riverland - Tarrytown and Mable[sic] to a junction with SR 33 in Mascotte and along SR 33 to intersection with SR 459 at Groveland. Thence in an Easterly direction via Minneola - Oakland - Minorville and Orlovista[sic] to a junction with SR 500 in Orlando and North along SR 500 to Colonial Drive then East along Colonial Drive and Easterly via Bithlo - Ft. Christmas to junction with SR 5 at Indian River City in Brevard County.
Also from intersection of SR 50 and Massachusetts St. in Mascotte North along Massachusetts St. to intersection with SR 33. |
516_32 | Since then, the following changes have been made:
SR 50 was extended west from its west end to Bayport, on the Gulf of Mexico. Later it was given back to Hernando County (now CR 550).
A new alignment for SR 50 was built east of Brooksville, removing the section on Main Street (which may have become SR 581) and a part east of Main Street.
Later, SR 50 was realigned around Brooksville, and the old road through downtown became SR 50A.
Near the Withlacoochee River a higher four-lane bridge was built on a short realigned section. The old road, which only exists on the east side of the river is now called Paul N. Steckle Lane, and can be found behind a Hernando County Firehouse.
Three dirt roads inside Withlacoochee State Forest were once part of SR 50. They include Richloam-Clay Sink Road, Riverland Road, and Ham Road.
The spur in Mascotte is no longer state-maintained. |
516_33 | A whole new alignment was built from east of Groveland to south of Tildenville, via Clermont. The old road became, in order from west to east, SR 565A (now CR 565A), SR 561A (now CR 561), SR 561 (now partly abandoned and partly maintained by Clermont), an unknown number (now CR Old 50), and SR 438 (now CR 438). The short north–south connector at Tildenville became an extension of SR 545 (now CR 545).
A whole new alignment was built from Minorville to west of downtown Orlando. The old road became an extension of SR 526 (now CR 526), and the concurrency with SR 500/SR 600 was removed.
Several minor realignments were built in 1948 (at least the eastern two) at SR 436 and west of and at Bithlo. The old roads are now Old Cheney Highway. |
516_34 | Plans
State Road 50 from U.S. 27 in Clermont through the turnpike to Pine Hills Road is being widened from four lanes to six-lanes, a divided highway with improvements to the on and off ramps of the Florida Turnpike. The construction project for six-laning from SR 436 to Dean Road has been completed, and next phase from Dean Road to Avalon Park Blvd was started in early 2014. Improvements include the new overpass at the State Road 436 Semoran Blvd intersection which has access ramps to Semoran Blvd either southbound to the Orlando International Airport or northbound. This overpass was completed in 2010.
Major intersections
Related routes
State Road 50A
State Road 50A (SR 50A) is a former segment of SR 50 that runs primarily along West and East Jefferson Street, entirely in the city of Brooksville in the State of Florida. Like its parent route, it is signed east–west. |
516_35 | The road begins at the intersection of SR 50 (Cortez Boulevard, including the realigned section) and CR 485 (Cobb Road). The realigned section of SR 50 serves as Truck Route 50 as well as part of Truck US 98, while CR 485 also serves as Truck US 98. At Ponce de Leon Boulevard (US 98/SR 700), it becomes concurrent with US 98, until its eastern terminus with SR 50 and Jasmine Drive. Shortly after this new concurrence, it makes a right along North Mildred Avenue, for eastbound traffic only, and both merge with US 41. Between North Mildred Avenue and May Avenue, eastbound SR 50A, US 41, and US 98 are concurrent along Broad Street, while westbound SR 50A, US 41, and US 98 are concurrent along East Jefferson Avenue, then West Jefferson Avenue. US 41 reunites with Broad Street at North Mildred Avenue. This one-way configuration for Broad Street and Jefferson Street has been in effect since November 1993, according to the Florida Department of Transportation. While both segments go up and |
516_36 | down steep hills in the heart of the city, the Broad Street (eastbound) section runs over an old railroad bridge built in 1936. |
516_37 | Turning south along East Jefferson Street near Roger's Christmas House, SR 50A & US 98 go down an easier hill where it curves to the left before the intersection with Martin Luther King Jr. Boulevard (formerly Summit Street/CR 581A), then zips past the northern terminus of CR 581 (Emerson Road), finally reuniting with SR 50, which US 98 becomes concurrent with until breaking away in Ridge Manor more than east.
County Road 550
County Road 550 is a former segment and coastal spur of SR 50. It runs from the Gulf of Mexico in Bayport to US 19 in Weeki Wachee, where it becomes SR 50. Like its parent route, it is signed east–west, and is named Cortez Boulevard. |
516_38 | County Road 550 begins at Bayport Park heading east, then later curves to the northeast until it approaches a seafood restaurant on the southwest corner of an intersection with CR 495, only to turn back east again over the tidal swamps of the coast, which are owned by the Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge. Curving southeast, the road passes by a fishing encampment and another restaurant before intersecting with CR 597 north of Weeki Wachee Gardens. From there, a sparse residential area can be found, but after more woods, a semi-commercial area turns up. The road finally curves to the east before approaching preserved land near Weeki Wachee Springs and terminates at the intersection of US 19 and SR 50.
County Road Old 50 |
516_39 | County Road Old 50 is another former segment of SR 50. Like its parent route, it is signed east–west. Though other county roads were also part of State Road 50, the only portion signed as CR Old 50 is between Minneola and the Lake-Orange County Line. The segment east of CR 455 is part of the Green Mountain Scenic Byway.
References
External links
Florida 50 (SouthEastRoads.com)
050
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Econlockhatchee River |
517_0 | The treatment of human lice is the removal of head lice parasites from human hair. It has been debated and studied for centuries. However, the number of cases of human louse infestations (or pediculosis) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually. There is no product or method that assures 100% destruction of the eggs and hatched lice after a single treatment. However, there are a number of treatment modalities that can be employed with varying degrees of success. These methods include chemical treatments, natural products, combs, shaving, hot air, and silicone-based lotions. |
517_1 | Treatment is recommended only after a clear diagnosis since all treatments have potential side effects. Louse eggs hatch 6–9 days after oviposition. Therefore, a common recommendation is to repeat treatment with a pediculicide at least once after 10 days, when all lice have hatched. Between the two treatments (Days 2–9) the person will still be infested with lice that hatch from eggs not killed by the anti-louse product. Between the treatments, it is advised to wet the hair and comb daily with a louse-comb to remove the hatching lice. If no living lice are found, the treatment was successful, even if nits (eggs) are visible on the hair. If living lice are still present, the treatment is repeated using an anti-louse product with a different active ingredient. This is kept in the hair for 2 hours and then rinsed out, with the head and hair cleaned before sleep. Prophylactic treatment with pediculicides is not recommended. |
517_2 | Medications
Insecticides used for the treatment of head lice include lindane, malathion, carbaryl, pyrethrum, piperonyl butoxide, permethrin, phenothrin, bioallethrin, and spinosad.
Many of the pediculicides in the market are either not fully effective or are ineffective when they are used according to the instructions. Pediculicides may rapidly lose their efficacy because of the development of resistance. Resistance of head lice to insecticides such as lindane, malathion, phenothrin and permethrin has been reported.
A 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis found that the mean frequency of pyrethroid resistance of lice was 77% globally, and even 100% in several countries (Australia, England, Israel, and Turkey). It concluded that treatment with current insecticides may not be effective and is likely the cause of increased levels of infestations. |
517_3 | Ivermectin by mouth has been shown to reduce levels of louse infestation. Ivermectin is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for pediculosis.
Agents approved by the FDA for treatment of pediculosis include abametapir, topical ivermectin lotion, lindane, malathion, permethrin, and piperonyl butoxide with pyrethrins.
Heated air
A standard home blow dryer will kill 96.7% of eggs with proper technique. To be effective, the blow dryer must be used repeatedly (every 1 to 7 days since eggs hatch in 7 to 10 days) until the natural life cycle of the lice is over (about 4 weeks).
A number of commercial head lice treatment companies across the country offer a heated air treatment. |
517_4 | Combing
A special fine-toothed comb that can pick out lice is used. For a treatment with louse comb alone, it is recommended to comb the hair for an hour to an hour and a half (depending the length and type of the hair) daily or every second day for 14 days. Wetting the hair especially with water and shampoo or conditioner will facilitate the combing and the removal of lice, eggs and nits.
Electronic louse combs use a small electrical charge to kill lice. The metal teeth of the comb have alternating positively and negatively charged tines, which are powered by a small battery. When the comb is used on dry hair, lice make contact with multiple tines of the fine-toothed comb, thereby closing the circuit and receiving an electrical charge. A non-peer-reviewed letter has been published in a dermatology journal claiming effectiveness based on personal experience (total of 6 uses).
Procedures |
517_5 | Shaving the head or cutting the hair extremely short can be used to control lice infestation. Short hair, baldness, or a shaven scalp are generally seen as a preventive measure against louse infestation. This will also eliminate – particularly if maintained for the length of the parasites' reproductive cycle – louse infestation.
Infestation with lice is not a serious disease and the medical symptoms are normally minimal. In any case, health providers and parents should try not to create emotional problems for children during examination and treatment.
Shaving of the area above and behind the ears and the upper part of the neck while leaving the crown of the head with hair is commonly used to prevent lice among tribes in Africa, Asia, and America (in America – Mohawk style).
School treatment |
517_6 | Schools in the United States, Canada, and Australia commonly exclude infested students, and prevent return of those students until all lice, eggs, and nits are removed. This is the basis of the "no-nit policy". Data from a primarily American study during 1998–1999 found that no-nit policies were present at 82% of the schools attended by children suspected of louse infestation. A separate 1998 survey revealed that 60% of American school nurses felt that "forced absenteeism of any child who has any nits in their hair is a good idea."
A number of health researchers and organizations object to the no-nit policy. Opponents to the no-nit policy mention that visible nits may only be empty egg casings which pose no concern as transmission can only occur via live lice or eggs. This has led to the perception that the no-nit policy serves only to ease the workload of school nurses and punish the parents of infested children. |
517_7 | Proponents of the no-nit policy counter that only a consistently nit-free child can be reliably shown to be infestation-free. That is, the presence of nits serves as an indirect proxy for infestation status. Proponents argue that such a proxy is necessary because lice screening is prone to false negative conclusions (i.e., failure to find lice present on actively infested children). For example, a 1998 Israeli study found that 76% of live lice infestations were missed by visual inspection (as verified by subsequent combing methods). Although lice cannot fly or jump, they are fast and agile in their native environment (i.e., clinging to hairs near the warmth of the scalp), and will try to avoid the light used during inspection. Louse colonies are also sparse (often fewer than 10 lice), which can contribute to difficulty in finding live specimens. Further, lice populations consist predominantly of immature nymphs, which are even smaller and harder to detect than adult lice. |
517_8 | Alternative medicine
Tea tree oil has been promoted as a treatment for head lice; however, evidence of its effectiveness is weak. A 2012 review of head lice treatment recommended against the use of tea tree oil for children because it could cause skin irritation or allergic reactions, because of contraindications, and because of a lack of knowledge about the oil's safety and effectiveness. Other home remedies such as putting vinegar, isopropyl alcohol, olive oil, mayonnaise, or melted butter in the hair have been partially disproven, The use of plastic bags may be dangerous. Similarly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports that swimming has no effect on treating lice, and can in fact harm the treatment by commercial products. Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, common alcohol) is toxic to arthropods including lice and an external application of it is harmless to humans. |
517_9 | Gasoline or kerosene
The use of kerosene or gasoline for prevention or treatment of lice is dangerous due to the inherent fire hazard. Since 1989, there have been at least nine cases of children being severely burned during such attempts. These cases apparently occurred because, contrary to popular belief, it is the fumes of the gasoline, rather than the liquid itself, that are flammable. These fumes can ignite due to the presence of even a small spark or open flame - such as those caused by electrical appliances, cigarette lighters, or pilot lights in stoves and water heaters. The use of gasoline to treat lice also carries a high risk of dermatitis (i.e. irritation of the scalp).
Before gasoline (Petrol) was used as fuel, it was sold in small bottles as a treatment against lice and their eggs. At that time, the word Petrol was a trade name.
References
Further reading |
517_10 | External links
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Division of Parasitic Diseases
MedicineNet.com: Head Lice Infestation (Pediculosis)
National Pediculosis Association
Lice
Medical treatments |
518_0 | Wesley Louden Borland (born February 7, 1975) is an American rock musician. He is best known as the current guitarist and backing vocalist of the rap metal band Limp Bizkit, the lead vocalist and guitarist of the alternative and industrial rock band Black Light Burns, and the co-founder of experimental metal band Big Dumb Face.
He gained popularity when Limp Bizkit achieved mainstream success in the late 1990s and early 2000s. He formed Big Dumb Face with his brother Scott in 1998 and left Limp Bizkit in 2001 to start side projects including Eat the Day and The Damning Well. After rejoining Limp Bizkit in 2004, Borland founded Black Light Burns, with whom he has released three studio albums and a covers album. Limp Bizkit went on hiatus following the release of their album The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) (2005). However, the band's original lineup reunited in 2009 and recorded their fifth studio album, Gold Cobra (2011). In 2016, Borland released his solo album Crystal Machete. |
518_1 | Borland is known for his sonic experimentation and elaborate visual appearance, which has included face and body paint, masks and uniforms. He has drawn album covers and created artwork for many of his music projects as well as oil paintings. Borland was voted number 37 in Total Guitars Top 100 Guitarists of All Time. Borland formed the label Edison Sound, which releases his own music projects.
Early life
Borland's initial interest in music took the form of drumming, but this ended quickly due to his parents' disapproval of percussive instruments in the home. Borland then switched to taking guitar lessons from a member of his parents' Presbyterian church. However, Borland quickly found his own musical tastes and interests at odds with local music trends which, due to his proximity to Nashville, skewed heavily towards country music. He later recalled, "I would bring in something, and my teacher would go, 'I've never heard of The Damned. Don't you want to play some Merle Haggard?'" |
518_2 | When Borland's brother Scott took an interest in bass guitar, the two brothers began to play together. Borland found his interest in hip hop music piqued with the release of "Bring the Noise," a collaboration between heavy metal band Anthrax and hip hop group Public Enemy. |
518_3 | Borland then relocated to Jacksonville, Florida with his parents where, disillusioned with the local music scene, he began attending the Douglas Anderson School of the Arts. While there, he explored other artistic endeavors, such as sculpture and special effects. However, Borland continued his pursuit of music through guitar lessons, working with a guitar teacher that specialized in jazz music. According to Borland, "My first teacher had ingrained playing by ear so much that, when my jazz teacher gave me a sheet of music and an audio tape to go with it, I would learn via the tape instantly, but I couldn't make myself learn the sheet music." As his guitar skills continued to improve, Borland began to craft his own guitar parts and style. Eventually, finding himself forced into church attendance and feeling a lack of interest in religion, Borland's frustration and confinement pushed him to move out of his parents' house at the age of 18.
Career |
518_4 | Limp Bizkit and mainstream success (1994–2002)
Borland joined Limp Bizkit, a band formed by Fred Durst, Sam Rivers and John Otto. Limp Bizkit developed a cult following in the underground music scene, particularly at the Milk Bar, an underground punk club in downtown Jacksonville, Florida. The band attracted crowds by word of mouth and covering George Michael's "Faith" and Paula Abdul's "Straight Up"; the band also gave energetic live performances in which Borland appeared in bizarre costumes. Borland's theatrical rock style was the primary attraction for many concert attendees. After DJ Lethal joined the band as a turntablist, Borland left Limp Bizkit after a disagreement with Durst. However, Borland rejoined after the band signed with Mojo, a subsidiary of MCA Records. After a dispute with Mojo, Limp Bizkit signed with Flip, a subsidiary of Interscope Records, and recorded their debut, Three Dollar Bill, Yall, which featured an abrasive, angry sound. |
518_5 | Although the album was met with minimal response, touring consistently increased Limp Bizkit's success, and the third single from Three Dollar Bill, Yall, "Faith", became a radio hit, leading to a slot on Ozzfest, a tour organized by Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne. In 1998, Borland formed a side project, Big Dumb Face with his brother, influenced by Ween and Mr. Bungle. |
518_6 | Significant Other saw Limp Bizkit reaching a new level of commercial success. The album climbed to No. 1 on the Billboard 200, selling 643,874 copies in its first week of release. In 2000, Durst announced that the band's third studio album would be titled Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water. The press thought that Durst was joking about this title. The album title is intended to sound like a fictional band; the phrase "Chocolate Starfish" referred to Durst himself, as he had frequently been called an asshole. Borland contributed the other half of the album's title when the band was standing around at a truck stop, looking at bottles of flavored water, and Borland joked that the truck stop didn't have hot dog or meat-flavored water. It debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 1.05 million copies in its first week,<ref>Seymour, Craig (October 26, 2000). [https://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,85668,00.html High 'Rollin]. Entertainment Weekly. Accessed May 21, |
518_7 | 2008.</ref> and was the 18th best-selling album of the 2000s in the US. |
518_8 | In a 1999 Spin profile on Limp Bizkit, when asked "Where will you be ten years from now?", Borland responded, "Probably not in the band."
Departure from Limp Bizkit, side-projects, brief return to Limp Bizkit, and Black Light Burns formation (2002–2009)
In March 2001, Big Dumb Face released its debut album, Duke Lion Fights the Terror!!. Borland stated that the band's music is "really silly and idiotic and bizarre. [...] It's nothing but stupid [...] just all these retarded songs." In the fall of 2001, Borland left Limp Bizkit, citing creative differences with the band. When asked why Borland quit the band, Ross Robinson stated that he quit because "He doesn't sell out for money anymore". |
518_9 | Borland then formed the band Eat the Day, in which he and his brother Scott would both act as co-lead vocalists. After realizing this setup restricted their guitar-playing abilities, Eat The Day launched an open search for a new vocalist. Initially, the band released three full-length instrumental tracks for hopeful singers to download and record over. The tracks were dAdA, Beeblicowcarapis and Taste My Gun, but later they were only available as small samples. In a 2021 interview, Borland claimed that he went through at least 150 audition recordings. |
518_10 | In January 2003, Borland announced former Stalking Tom singer Adam Yas as the new vocalist for Eat The Day, but two months later he reported that the band "...decided to go public with our search one more time" while still staying in contact with the previously announced Yas. Around the same time, Bob Ezrin was brought in to produce their debut album. Shortly afterward, Borland had found three potential singers for the project, with one presumably being the previously announced Adam Yas. |
518_11 | Despite his claims that the three discovered vocalists were the best options available, producer Ezrin didn't believe in their abilities enough to allow Eat The Day to move forward with the production of their album, going as far as calling the singers "terrible". In order to improve the situation, Borland attempted to bring in Danny Lohner, which resulted in further clashes with Ezrin and ground the project to a halt. Eat The Day was eventually abandoned due to being unable to find a vocalist. The unfinished demos from Eat the Day were subsequently released in April 2020 by Borland. |
518_12 | After the failure of another project, The Damning Well, in 2003, Borland began writing a solo record with its members Danny Lohner and Josh Freese, with Josh Eustis and Jonathan Bates contributing. This record served as the precursor to Black Light Burns. In August 2004, Borland rejoined Limp Bizkit and recorded another album, The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) in 2005. Following the release of the band's Greatest Hitz album, the band went on hiatus after arguments broke out on MySpace between Borland and frontman Fred Durst, with Borland stating, "As of right now, none of my future plans include Limp Bizkit." In 2005, Borland formed Black Light Burns. Borland stated that this was now his main project, and anything else he did, including Limp Bizkit, was a side project. Borland toured with From First To Last roughly since early 2006. He announced planned for a fall 2006 tour that never went through due to Black Light Burns needing to find a new record label after Borland left Geffen |
518_13 | Records. Borland had discussed plans to write and perform on the next From First To Last album, but he left the band when Black Light Burns' busy schedule started to pick up, leaving no room to work with From First to Last. |
518_14 | Black Light Burns released its début album, Cruel Melody in the spring of 2007 to critical acclaim. It featured Borland on the vocals and guitars. Allmusic writer Greg Prato wrote, "For many, Borland was the only Limp Bizkit member who was taken seriously. As evidenced by Cruel Melody, he is now officially allowed to follow whichever musical path he so desires.". In 2008, Borland, along with Richard Fortus and Sugizo, supported Japanese metal band X Japan at their sold out reunion concerts at the Tokyo Dome.
In August 2008, at the ETP Conference, it was announced that Borland joined Marilyn Manson as a guitarist. In the winter of 2008, Borland helped in the recording of The Color of Violence's 2009 album Youthanize as a bassist. |
518_15 | Limp Bizkit reunion (2009)
In 2009, the original lineup of Limp Bizkit reunited and began touring, which resulted in a second Black Light Burns record being put on the backburner. Borland left Manson's employ in May of the same year, claiming his reasons for leaving included rejoining his old band and having creative differences with Manson, citing "It's the Marilyn Manson show over there."
Limp Bizkit recorded a new album, which Borland named Gold Cobra. Released on June 28, 2011. It received mixed reviews, with multiple reviewers praising Borland's guitar playing. It peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard 200.
Borland also designed the album artwork for Fear and the Nervous System's 2011 eponymous debut album. |
518_16 | Borland has also gone onto a remixing career with his distribution of alternative versions of songs by metal bands. Most recently, The Word Alive has had their song "The Hounds of Anubis" remixed by Borland. He also played guitar in the soundtrack of Resident Evil: Afterlife by Tomandandy.
In 2012, Black Light Burns began performing after their brief hiatus and released their second studio album The Moment You Realize You're Going to Fall and a concept "album", Lotus Island, in January 2013. In the same year, during the Black Light Burns tour, Borland stated that he would never do a solo project. "If I would do a solo project I would put my name on the record. But that will never happen."
Borland collaborated with Riot Games to develop Hybrid Worlds, the theme song for the League of Legends Season 3 World Championships. Borland performed live for the event on October 4, 2013, along with The Crystal Method, Tina Guo, and Black Light Burns alumni Danny Lohner and Joe Letz. |
518_17 | Solo album, Big Dumb Face reunion, demos, and Still Sucks (2016–present)
On May 3, 2016, Borland released an instrumental solo album named Crystal Machete on his personal record label (Edison Sound), which saw him stepping outside his comfort zone by featuring no distorted guitars or vocals. The album was released to positive reviews, with Drowned in Sound calling the album a "a beautiful, sprawling post-rock mini epic". In 2016 he disbanded Black Light Burns. |
518_18 | In winter 2016 Limp Bizkit embarked on a co-headlining UK tour with Korn, including dates at Wembley Arena with support from Madball. As of October 2017, the status of the new Limp Bizkit album Stampede of the Disco Elephants is unknown, with Borland telling NME that he has completed all of his parts for "28 or 29 songs" and is waiting for Fred to choose what songs he wants to complete before he can mix and master it. He also blamed his time in Limp Bizkit for difficulty in getting jobs with other acts such as Nine Inch Nails and Marilyn Manson in the past, stating that the other bands didn't want to be associated with his previous band. |
518_19 | In June 2017 he posted on social media that Big Dumb Face will be returning that year, eventually confirming that the new album, Where Is Duke Lion? He's Dead... would be released on October 31 via Edison Sound, with a full scale physical release to follow on November 17. Explaining why he revived Big Dumb Face after 16 years, he said that he wanted to make something "really heavy" in contrast to the post-rock of Crystal Machete, and that he was currently "into making things that [he] said [he'd] never do again", such as the solo record, or reviving Black Light Burns to release a new album in June 2018. He did, however, say that he would not tour with Big Dumb Face as he has prior touring commitments with Limp Bizkit and his ex-wife's band, Queen Kwong. In February 2018 Borland teased images of him working in the studio with Travis Barker on an "as yet untitled project". He also played guitar on five tracks from Jonathan Davis's debut solo album Black Labyrinth, which was recorded |
518_20 | between 2007 and 2018. |
518_21 | In April 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Borland began publicly releasing previously unheard material from Eat the Day and Goatslayer, an experimental project he had with brother Scott since the two were teenagers. Borland claimed that the latter project had 23 albums worth of material, the first of which, The Feather Serpent, was released on April 25. On December 5 Borland announced that he finished recording and mixing his second solo album The Astral Hand, which was released three days later.Wes Borland's (Limp Bizkit) New Solo Album, The Astral Hand, is Quite Good MetalSucks. December 10, 2020. Retrieved December 10, 2020
On December 11, 2021, the third album by Big Dumb Face, Christmas in the Cave of Dagoth, was released.
Career timeline |
518_22 | Personal life
In April 1998, Wes married his long-time girlfriend Heather McMillan. The couple divorced in 2001. His second marriage was to Anna Carlise in March 2009. They divorced in 2013. In October 2016, he married Carré Callaway, lead singer of Queen Kwong. The couple resided together in Detroit. Callaway filed for divorce in 2019.
Callaway and Borland were passionate about rescuing abandoned cats around the Detroit area, and together starred in a DIY Network renovation show, which followed their relocation to Detroit and subsequent renovation of a large house.
Borland says "growing up as a minister's son in a Christian family who were conservative with that kind of stuff had an effect on me". Borland says he's an atheist, but although he does not believe in heaven, he hopes he is wrong.
Equipment |
518_23 | Borland used Ibanez seven-string guitars exclusively from 1997 until 1999. However, he stated that he played a 6-string guitar on the entire Three Dollar Bill, Y'all record. Shortly after embarking on a tour with Korn, Ibanez contacted Borland and gave him a number of seven-string Universe guitars, essentially for free, which he continued to use extensively. During the touring in support of Significant Other, Borland used two custom Ibanez RG seven-strings with the electronic setup of an Ibanez AX7521 (two volume knobs and two tone knobs rather than one volume and one tone). Nothing is certain about the type of pickups that he used, however, he did use EMG pickups at one point, stating in an interview with GuitarCenter that he was moving from "passive to active pickups". Borland also endorsed the rare Ibanez RG7 CST guitar, which is made from superior/high-quality materials and is also equipped with an L.R. Baggs designed piezo system on a locking tremolo. He is currently one of two |
518_24 | American owners of one. Additionally, Borland used a vintage Ibanez Musician MC150PW, which was modified to be fitted with 4-strings, which he used on songs such as "Nookie", "Full Nelson", and "The One". This guitar can be seen in the music video for "Nookie." Ibanez then made him a custom baritone 4-string AX that would be used to replace the Musician. This was eventually replaced by a custom-made Master Guitars "Cremona" 4-string, which he uses to this day. |
518_25 | During the recording for Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water, Borland switched to 6-string guitars. The entire album was recorded using a Master Guitars Cremona semi-hollow body guitar, which is visible in the video for My Generation. However, Borland did not tour with this guitar and instead used Paul Reed Smith guitars, one of which is a Standard 24 in a Platinum Metallic finish, a Custom 24 in a Black Slate finish, and a 4-string baritone. After the tour, they were not seen again. A Facebook photo posted by Fred Durst in 2012 shows Borland playing the Cremona again for studio purposes. |
518_26 | In 2005, Yamaha approached Borland about a new signature guitar, which was almost 100% designed by Borland. The model CV820WB was released that same year. A semi-hollow body guitar with a large body and new Yamaha high-output split field humbuckers, made exclusively for that guitar, it also came with the Yamaha Quick Change finger-clamp locking tremolo system, which rids the user of having to cut the ball ends off of the strings, which is very unusual for a locking tremolo. This was Borland's main guitar for the recording of Black Light Burns' Cruel Melody and the touring behind it, as well as most of the touring Limp Bizkit did before the recording of Gold Cobra. Despite its innovative characteristics, it was not a popular guitar, and was discontinued in mid-2011, when Borland switched to Jackson Guitars. |
518_27 | Borland was endorsed by Jackson shortly before the release of Gold Cobra, and owns several Rhoads guitars, which he uses on Limp Bizkit shows. In addition he plays various Warriors and King Vs, one of which is a left-handed black King V with white bevels that was converted by Borland into a right-handed guitar. All of these instruments are equipped with a Floyd Rose and a single Seymour Duncan Invader pickup in the bridge position. He does not currently have a signature model with Jackson. Additionally, Borland also uses a Fender Bass VI, tuned to one octave below E standard tuning. He uses this on "The Story" on The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1), and again on "90.2.10", "Walking Away", and "Back Porch" on the Gold Cobra record.
Other guitars Borland has been seen with before are a 1976 Fender Starcaster a stock ESP LTD V-401DX (used on the Limp Bizkit reunion tour for playing songs on Results May Vary) and Mayones Regius Pro 6, Legend and Setius GTM 6 Baritone guitars. |
518_28 | Borland tunes his guitars to C# standard tuning (C# F# B E G# C#) and to Drop B tuning (B F# B E G# C#). He also tunes his 4-string baritone guitars to a variant of this tuning with a low F# string, which is a bass string (F# F# B E). During the late 1990s when Borland played 7-string guitars, he played them like one would play a 6-string guitar by tuning the highest string to C# as well, while maintaining standard C# tuning all the way to the seventh string. This technique was later used by Stephen Carpenter of Deftones so he could play the songs he originally recorded on a six-string without losing the feel of a seven-string, as Limp Bizkit and the Deftones had toured together in the mid 1990s. |
518_29 | Borland uses Ernie Ball .011-.052 gauge nickel-wound strings, where the G string is wound. For Limp Bizkit's first three albums, Borland used Mesa-Boogie Dual and Triple Rectifier amps. In 2000, Borland would use the Mesa Boogie heads in conjunction with a Diezel VH4. In the mid 2000s, on the recording of Cruel Melody and The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1), Borland's main amp was the Diezel VH4. Starting with the 2008 recording of The Moment You Realize You're Going to Fall Borland played mainly Orange Amps (specifically the Thunderverb 100 models) since touring in support of Cruel Melody began and has continued to use them since then, also on Gold Cobra. Currently, Borland plays EVH Amps and cabinets for his heavier tones. The mainstay of Borland's amp setup has been a Roland JC-120 combo amplifier to generate his particularly exceptional clean tones.
Style |
518_30 | Borland's guitar playing is experimental and nontraditional, and he is noted for his creative use of six and seven-string guitars. Three Dollar Bill, Yall features him playing without a guitar pick, performing with two hands, one playing melodic notes, and the other playing chord progressions. The song "Stuck" uses a sustain pedal in the first bar, and muted riffs in the second bar. His guitar playing has made use of octave shapes, and choppy, eighth-note rhythms, sometimes accompanied by muting his strings with his left hand, creating a percussive sound. Borland has also made use of unevenly accented syncopated sixteenth notes to create a disorienting effect, and hypnotic, droning licks. Borland uses a locking vibrato system quite extensively to "dive bomb" notes in the middle of guitar parts, as heard in songs like Limp Bizkit's "Hot Dog" and "Get a Life". He said that he got the idea to dive notes down an octave then have them come back up from trombone players. |
518_31 | Borland's playing is still identifiable in Black Light Burns, but by his own admission, he strives to go for a cleaner type of sound in Black Light Burns, where the heaviness comes from his bass playing, instead of in Limp Bizkit where he seeks a more metal-oriented sound. He plays keyboards and textures more overtly as tools to layer Black Light Burns' sound where in Limp Bizkit the layers are considered by the full band more.
Borland writes songs by forming them in rough outlines and filling in the details later. According to Borland, "I'm good at creating ideas while using a guitar in a new way, but it takes me a long time. I can't just come up with stuff fast and rip it up. I think about constructing songs, and even riffs, in the same way as a painting, putting on a little bit at a time. They're sketchy at first, and then I know what I want, and I fit notes into places." |
518_32 | Borland is also known for performing in costumes and body paint during concerts, appearing in bunny and kung fu suits, and painted as a skeleton and what he describes as a "burnt match". Describing the character, he stated, "I go onstage wearing almost nothing. I have underwear and my boots on, and I paint my whole head black—from the neck up—and I have the black contacts. All you can see is these glowing teeth." Borland's black contacts were customized for him by a company noted for making contacts for the science fiction TV series Babylon 5.
Discography
Limp Bizkit
Three Dollar Bill, Y'all (1997)
Significant Other (1999)
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water (2000)
The Unquestionable Truth (Part 1) (2005)
Gold Cobra (2011)
Still Sucks (2021)
Big Dumb Face
Duke Lion Fights the Terror!! (2001)
Where Is Duke Lion? He's Dead... (2017)
Christmas in the Cave of Dagoth (2021) |
518_33 | Black Light Burns
Cruel Melody (2007)
Cover Your Heart and the Anvil Pants Odyssey (2008)
The Moment You Realize You're Going to Fall (2012)
Lotus Island (2013)
Eat the Day
The Demos (2020) (recorded in 2002)
The Addendum (2020) (recorded in 2002)
Goatslayer
The Feather Serpent (2020) (recorded in 1993) |
518_34 | Solo
Crystal Machete (2016)
Matadors and Daughters (EP) (2018)
The Astral Hand (2020)
Other appearances
The Damning Well – Underworld (2003)
The Crystal Method – Legion of Boom (2004)
From First to Last – Heroine (2006)
Drop Dead, Gorgeous – Worse Than a Fairy Tale (2007)
Filter – Anthems for the Damned (2008)
The Color of Violence – Youthanize (2009)
Combichrist – Scarred (EP) (2010)
Combichrist – Making Monsters (2010)
tomandandy – Resident Evil : Afterlife 3D (Music From The Motion Picture) (2010)
tomandandy – Resident Evil: Retribution (Music From The Motion Picture) (2012)
Tech N9ne – Therapy (2013)
Queen Kwong – The Strange Fruit (2014)
Tina Guo – Cello Metal (2015)
Sukekiyo – VITIUM (2015)
DREAD – In Dub (2017)
Queen Kwong – Love Me to Death (2018)
Jonathan Davis – Black Labyrinth'' (2018)
Filmography
References
External links |
518_35 | Living people
American rock guitarists
American male guitarists
Seven-string guitarists
Limp Bizkit members
Marilyn Manson (band) members
Musicians from Jacksonville, Florida
American industrial musicians
Masked musicians
Guitarists from Florida
Combichrist members
From First to Last members
The Damning Well members
Black Light Burns members
Jonathan Davis and the SFA members
American atheists
1975 births |
519_0 | The is an or (painted narrative handscroll) from the Kamakura period of Japanese history (1185–1333). It depicts the , a 10th century novel that narrates the misadventures of a young girl mistreated by her stepmother and her romance with a high-ranking soldier. The work is classified as Important Cultural Property and is preserved at the Tokyo National Museum, but four fragments became detached during the 19th century. |
519_1 | Background
Originating in Japan in the sixth or seventh century through trade with the Chinese Empire, the art of the spread widely among the aristocracy in the Heian period. An consists of one or more long scrolls of paper narrating a story through texts and paintings. The reader discovers the story by progressively unrolling the scroll with one hand while rewinding it with the other hand, from right to left (according to the then horizontal writing direction of Japanese script), so that only a portion of text or image of about is visible. The narrative assumes a series of scenes, the rhythm, composition and transitions of which are entirely the artist's sensitivity and technique. The themes of the stories were very varied: illustrations of novels, historical chronicles, religious texts, biographies of famous people, humorous or fantastic anecdotes, etc. |
519_2 | Illustrations of novels, stories or newspapers were appreciated by the ladies of the court during the Heian period. They included famous such as the and the . During the Kamakura period, interest in the refined culture of the aristocrats of the Heian period continued, with the production of on the life at the court, such as the , the , the and the . |
519_3 | Description
The illustrates the , a famous novel of the 10th century, in which a young girl, a daughter of a (Middle Counselor), runs away from home to escape abuse from her stepmother. She falls in love with a minor captain and becomes engaged to him. Her stepmother, however, compels the minor captain to marry her own daughter instead. She also prevents the girl from serving at the palace or marrying a watchman. When the girl discovers the truth, she escapes to the Sumiyoshi Grand Shrine. Later, the minor captain, who has since been promoted to major captain, is taken to the shrine by a mystical dream with the help of . He and the girl get married and live happily ever after, while the stepmother ends her life in poverty and disgrace. The novel dates from the 10th century in the Heian period, but the original is known only by a 12th century copy. |
519_4 | Style and composition
The was created in the painting style. Although it belongs to the genre of the illustrations of novels of the court (), it presents a pictorial style relatively different from other works on this theme such as the . Indeed, the scroll depicts the story as a long painting in which several scenes follow one another without clear transition and without any textual interruption, an approach rarely used for . |
519_5 | That depiction aims to reflect the evolution of time, so that some characters appear several times in the same scene to illustrate successive phases of the story. Moreover, to represent the interior scenes, the painter did not use the classical technique of , consisting of removing the roof to show the parts of a building from an elevated a point of view; on the contrary, the scroll adopts a lower point of view and introduces interiors through openings such as windows, doors or sliding panels. The therefore testifies to the evolution of the paintings of the court during the Kamakura period, the painters willingly deviating from the old conventions exhibited especially in the (the oldest preserved of the court). |
519_6 | Provenance
The oldest preserved illustrating the dates from the end of 13th century or the beginning of the 14th century, although earlier illustrations have existed in the past. That is nowadays in the form of a paper scroll composed of a single long painting, without text. Four fragments were detached at an unknown date but subsequent to 1848 and reassembled in the form of a (vertical scroll)
The Tokyo National Museum has the horizontal scroll and one of the fragments. Another fragment is held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (since 2015); the rest belong to individuals. There is also a single fragment of the original text, but with only three lines.
Other versions
The Seikadō Bunko Art Museum has a 14th century illustrating the and consisting of two scrolls decorated with paintings and calligraphy.
The Kyoto National Museum has a three scroll version of the Edo period.
See also
List of National Treasures of Japan (paintings)
National Treasure (Japan) |
519_7 | References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
The Tale of Sumiyoshi (Sumiyoshi monogatari) – image and description of the fragment held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Emakimono
Important Cultural Properties of Japan
Paintings in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Paintings in the collection of the Tokyo National Museum |
520_0 | Giovanni Gentile (; 30 May 1875 – 15 April 1944) was an Italian neo-Hegelian idealist philosopher, educator, and fascist politician. The self-styled "philosopher of Fascism", he was influential in providing an intellectual foundation for Italian Fascism, and ghostwrote part of The Doctrine of Fascism (1932) with Benito Mussolini. He was involved in the resurgence of Hegelian idealism in Italian philosophy and also devised his own system of thought, which he called "actual idealism" or "actualism", which has been described as "the subjective extreme of the idealist tradition".
Biography |
520_1 | Early life and career
Giovanni Gentile was born in Castelvetrano, Italy. He was inspired by Risorgimento-era Italian intellectuals such as Mazzini, Rosmini, Gioberti, and Spaventa from whom he borrowed the idea of autoctisi, "self-construction", but also strongly influenced and mentored by the German idealist and materialist schools of thought – namely Karl Marx, Hegel, and Fichte, with whom he shared the ideal of creating a Wissenschaftslehre (Epistemology), a theory for a structure of knowledge that makes no assumptions. Friedrich Nietzsche, too, influenced him, as seen in an analogy between Nietzsche's Übermensch and Gentile's Uomo Fascista. In religion he presented himself as a Catholic (of sorts), and emphasised actual idealism's Christian heritage; Antonio G. Pesce insists that 'there is in fact no doubt that Gentile was a Catholic', but he occasionally identified himself as an atheist, albeit one who was still culturally a Catholic. |
520_2 | He won a fierce competition to become one of four exceptional students of the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, where he enrolled in the Faculty of Humanities.
In 1898 he graduated in Letters and Philosophy with a dissertation titled Rosmini e Gioberti, that he realized
under the supervision of Donato Jaja, a disciple of Bertrando Spaventa.
During his academic career, Gentile served in a number of positions, including as:
Professor of the History of Philosophy at the University of Palermo (27 March 1910);
Professor of Theoretical Philosophy at the University of Pisa (9 August 1914);
Professor of the History of Philosophy at the University of Rome (11 November 1917), and later as Professor of Theoretical Philosophy (1926);
Commissioner of the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa (1928–32), and later as its Director (1932–43); and
Vice President of Bocconi University in Milan (1934–44). |
520_3 | Involvement with Fascism
In 1922, Gentile was named Minister of Public Education for the government of Benito Mussolini. In this capacity he instituted the "Riforma Gentile" – a reformation of the secondary school system that had a long-lasting impact on Italian education. His philosophical works included The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (1916) and Logic as Theory of Knowledge (1917), with which he defined actual idealism, a unified metaphysical system reinforcing his sentiments that philosophy isolated from life, and life isolated from philosophy, are but two identical modes of backward cultural bankruptcy. For Gentile, this theory indicated how philosophy could directly influence, mould, and penetrate life; or, how philosophy could govern life. |
520_4 | In 1925, Gentile headed two constitutional reform commissions that helped establish the corporate state of Fascism. He would go on to serve as president of the Fascist state's Grand Council of Public Education (1926–28), and even gained membership on the powerful Fascist Grand Council (1925–29). |
520_5 | Gentile's philosophical system – the foundation of all Fascist philosophy – viewed thought as all-embracing: no-one could actually leave his or her sphere of thought, nor exceed his or her thought. Reality was unthinkable, except in relation to the activity by means of which it becomes thinkable, positing that as a unity — held in the active subject and the discrete abstract phenomena that reality comprehends – wherein each phenomenon, when truly realised, was centered within that unity; therefore, it was innately spiritual, transcendent, and immanent, to all possible things in contact with the unity. Gentile used that philosophic frame to systematize every item of interest that now was subject to the rule of absolute self-identification – thus rendering as correct every consequence of the hypothesis. The resultant philosophy can be interpreted as an idealist foundation for Legal Naturalism. |
520_6 | Giovanni Gentile was described by Mussolini, and by himself, as "the philosopher of Fascism"; moreover, he was the ghostwriter of the first part of the essay The Doctrine of Fascism (1932), attributed to Mussolini. It was first published in 1932, in the Italian Encyclopedia, wherein he described the traits characteristic of Italian Fascism at the time: compulsory state corporatism, Philosopher Kings, the abolition of the parliamentary system, and autarky. He also wrote the Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals which was signed by a number of writers and intellectuals, including Luigi Pirandello, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and Giuseppe Ungaretti.
Final years and death |
520_7 | Gentile became a member of the Fascist Grand Council in 1925, and remained loyal to Mussolini even after the fall of the Fascist government in 1943. He supported Mussolini's establishment of the "Republic of Salò", a puppet state of Nazi Germany, despite having criticized its anti-Jewish laws, and accepted an appointment in its government. Gentile was the last president of the Royal Academy of Italy (1943–1944).
In 1944 a group of communist GAP partisans led by Bruno Fanciullacci assassinated Gentile as he returned from the prefecture in Florence. Gentile was buried in the church of Santa Croce in Florence. |
520_8 | Philosophy
Benedetto Croce wrote that Gentile "... holds the honor of having been the most rigorous neo-Hegelian in the entire history of Western philosophy and the dishonor of having been the official philosopher of Fascism in Italy." His philosophical basis for fascism was rooted in his understanding of ontology and epistemology, in which he found vindication for the rejection of individualism, and acceptance of collectivism, with the state as the ultimate location of authority and loyalty outside of which individuality had no meaning (and which in turn helped justify the totalitarian dimension of fascism). |
520_9 | The conceptual relationship between Gentile's actual idealism and his conception of fascism is not self-evident. The supposed relationship does not appear to be based on logical deducibility. That is, actual idealism does not entail a fascist ideology in any rigorous sense. Gentile enjoyed fruitful intellectual relations with Croce from 1899 – and particularly during their joint editorship of La Critica from 1903 to 1922 – but broke philosophically and politically from Croce in the early 1920s over Gentile's embrace of fascism. (Croce assesses their philosophical disagreement in Una discussione tra filosofi amici in Conversazioni Critiche, II.) |
520_10 | Ultimately, Gentile foresaw a social order wherein opposites of all kinds weren't to be considered as existing independently from each other; that 'publicness' and 'privateness' as broad interpretations were currently false as imposed by all former kinds of government, including capitalism and communism; and that only the reciprocal totalitarian state of Corporatism, a fascist state, could defeat these problems which are made from reifying as an external reality that which is in fact, to Gentile, only a reality in thinking. Whereas it was common in the philosophy of the time to see the conditional subject as abstract and the object as concrete, Gentile postulated (after Hegel) the opposite, that the subject is concrete and the object a mere abstraction (or rather, that what was conventionally dubbed "subject" is in fact only conditional object, and that the true subject is the act of being or essence of the object). |
520_11 | Gentile was, because of his actualist system, a notable philosophical presence across Europe during his time. At its base, Gentile's brand of idealism asserted the primacy of the "pure act" of thinking. This act is foundational to all human experience – it creates the phenomenal world – and involves a process of "reflective awareness" (in Italian, "l'atto del pensiero, pensiero pensante") that is constitutive of the Absolute and revealed in education. Gentile's emphasis on seeing Mind as the Absolute signaled his "revival of the idealist doctrine of the autonomy of the mind." It also connected his philosophical work to his vocation as a teacher. In actual idealism, then, pedagogy is transcendental and provides the process by which the Absolute is revealed. His idea of a transcending truth above positivism garnered particular attention by emphasizing that all modes of sensation only take the form of ideas within one's mind; in other words, they are mental constructs. To Gentile, for |
520_12 | example, even the correlation of the function and location of the physical brain with the functions of the physical body was merely a consistent creation of the mind, and not of the brain (itself a creation of the mind). Observations like this have led some commentators to view Gentile's philosophy as a kind of "absolute solipsism," expressing the idea "that only the spirit or mind is real". |
520_13 | Actual idealism also touches on ideas of concern to theology. An example of actual idealism in theology is the idea that although man may have invented the concept of God, it does not make God any less real in any possible sense, so long as God is not presupposed to exist as abstraction, and except in case qualities about what existence actually entails (i.e. being invented apart from the thinking that makes it) are presupposed. Benedetto Croce objected that Gentile's "pure act" is nothing other than Schopenhauer's will. |
520_14 | Therefore, Gentile proposed a form of what he called "absolute Immanentism" in which the divine was the present conception of reality in the totality of one's individual thinking as an evolving, growing and dynamic process. Many times accused of solipsism, Gentile maintained his philosophy to be a Humanism that sensed the possibility of nothing beyond what was colligate in perception; the self's human thinking, in order to communicate as immanence is to be human like oneself, made a cohesive empathy of the self-same, without an external division, and therefore not modeled as objects to one's own thinking. Whereas solipsism would feel trapped in realization of its solitude, actualism rejects such a privation and is an expression of the only freedom which is possible within objective contingencies, where the transcendental Self does not even exist as an object, and the dialectical co-substantiation of others necessary to understand the empirical self are felt as true others when found |
520_15 | to be the unrelativistic subjectivity of that whole self and essentially unified with the spirit of such higher self in actu, where others can be truly known, rather than thought as windowless monads. |
520_16 | Phases of his thought
A number of developments in Gentile's thought and career helped to define his philosophy, including:
the definition of Actual Idealism in his work Theory of the Pure Act (1903);
his support for the invasion of Libya (1911) and the entry of Italy into World War I (1915);
his dispute with Benedetto Croce over the historic inevitability of Fascism;
his role as minister of education (1922–24);
his belief that Fascism could be made subservient to his philosophical thought, along with his gathering of influence through the work of students like Armando Carlini (leader of the so-called "right Gentilians") and Ugo Spirito (who applied Gentile's philosophy to social problems and helped codify Fascist political theory); and
his work on the Enciclopedia Italiana (1925–43; first edition finished in 1936).
Gentile's definition of and vision for Fascism |
520_17 | Gentile considered Fascism the fulfillment of the Risorgimento ideals, particularly those represented by Giuseppe Mazzini and the Historical Right party.
Gentile sought to make his philosophy the basis for Fascism. However, with Gentile and with Fascism, the "problem of the party" existed by virtue of the fact that the Fascist "party", as such, arose organically rather than from a tract or pre-established socio-political doctrine. This complicated the matter for Gentile as it left no consensus to any way of thinking among Fascists, but ironically this aspect was to Gentile's view of how a state or party doctrine should live out its existence: with natural organic growth and dialectical opposition intact. The fact that Mussolini gave credence to Gentile's view points via Gentile's authorship helped with an official consideration, even though the "problem of the party" continued to exist for Mussolini as well. |
520_18 | Gentile placed himself within the Hegelian tradition, but also sought to distance himself from those views he considered erroneous. He criticized Hegel's dialectic (of Idea-Nature-Spirit), and instead proposed that everything is Spirit, with the dialectic residing in the pure act of thinking. Gentile believed Marx's conception of the dialectic to be the fundamental flaw of his application to system making. To the neo-Hegelian Gentile, Marx had made the dialectic into an external object, and therefore had abstracted it by making it part of a material process of historical development. The dialectic to Gentile could only be something of human precepts, something that is an active part of human thinking. It was, to Gentile, concrete subject and not abstract object. This Gentile expounded by how humans think in forms wherein one side of a dual opposite could not be thought of without its complement. |
520_19 | "Upward" wouldn't be known without "downward" and "heat" couldn't be known without "cold", while each are opposites they are co-dependent for either one's realization: these were creations that existed as dialectic only in human thinking and couldn't be confirmed outside of which, and especially could not be said to exist in a condition external to human thought like independent matter and a world outside of personal subjectivity or as an empirical reality when not conceived in unity and from the standpoint of the human mind. |
520_20 | To Gentile, Marx's externalizing of the dialectic was essentially a fetishistic mysticism. Though when viewed externally thus, it followed that Marx could then make claims to the effect of what state or condition the dialectic objectively existed in history, a posteriori of where any individual's opinion was while comporting oneself to the totalized whole of society. i.e. people themselves could by such a view be ideologically 'backwards' and left behind from the current state of the dialectic and not themselves be part of what is actively creating the dialectic as-it-is. |
520_21 | Gentile thought this was absurd, and that there was no 'positive' independently existing dialectical object. Rather, the dialectic was natural to the state, as-it-is. Meaning that the interests composing the state are composing the dialectic by their living organic process of holding oppositional views within that state, and unified therein. It being the mean condition of those interests as ever they exist. Even criminality is unified as a necessarily dialectic to be subsumed into the state and a creation and natural outlet of the dialectic of the positive state as ever it is. |
520_22 | This view (influenced by the Hegelian theory of the state) justified the corporative system, where in the individualized and particular interests of all divergent groups were to be personably incorporated into the state ("Stato etico") each to be considered a bureaucratic branch of the state itself and given official leverage. Gentile, rather than believing the private to be swallowed synthetically within the public as Marx would have it in his objective dialectic, believed that public and private were a priori identified with each other in an active and subjective dialectic: one could not be subsumed fully into the other as they already are beforehand the same. In such a manner each is the other after their own fashion and from their respective, relative, and reciprocal, position. Yet both constitute the state itself and neither are free from it, nothing ever being truly free from it, the state (as in Hegel) existing as an eternal condition and not an objective, abstract collection |
520_23 | of atomistic values and facts of the particulars about what is positively governing the people at any given time. |
520_24 | Works
On the Comedies of Antonfranceso Grazzi, "Il Lasca" (1896)
A Criticism of Historical Materialism (1897)
Rosmini and Gioberti (1898)
The philosophy of Marx (1899)
The Concept of History (1899)
The teaching of philosophy in high schools (1900)
The scientific concept of pedagogy (1900)
On the Life and Writings of B. Spaventa (1900)
Hegelian controversy (1902)
Secondary school unit and freedom of studies (1902)
Philosophy and empiricism (1902)
The Rebirth of Idealism (1903)
From Genovesi to Galluppi (1903)
Studies on the Roman Stoicism of the 1st century BC (1904)
High School Reforms (1905)
The son of G. B. Vico (1905)
The Reform of the Middle School (1906)
The various editions of T. Campanella 's De sensu rerum (1906)
Giordano Bruno in the History of Culture (1907)
The first process of heresy of T. Campanella (1907)
Vincenzo Gioberti in the first centenary of his birth (1907)
The Concept of the History of Philosophy (1908) |
520_25 | School and Philosophy (1908)
Modernism and the Relationship between Religion and Philosophy (1909) |
520_26 | Bernardino Telesio (1911)
The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (1912)
The Philosophical Library of Palermo (1912)
On Current Idealism: Memories and Confessions (1913)
The Problems of Schooling and Italian Thought (1913)
Reform of Hegelian Dialectics (1913)
Summary of Pedagogy as a Philosophical Science (1913)
"The wrongs and the rights of positivism" (1914)
"The Philosophy of War" (1914)
Pascuale Galluppi, a Jacobine? (1914)
Writings of life and ideas by V. Gioberti (1915)
Donato Jaja (1915)
The Bible of the Letters in Print by V. Gioberti (1915)
Vichian Studies (1915)
Pure experience and historical reality (1915)
For the Reform of Philosophical Insights (1916)
The concept of man in the Renaissance (1916)
"The Foundations of the Philosophy of Law" (1916)
General theory of the spirit as pure act (1916)
The origins of contemporary philosophy in Italy (1917)
System of logic as theory of knowledge (1917)
The historical character of Italian philosophy (1918) |
520_27 | Is there an Italian school? (1918)
Marxism of Benedict Croce (1918)
The sunset of Sicilian culture (1919)
Mazzini (1919)
The political realism of V. Gioberti (1919)
War and Faith (1919)
After the Victory (1920)
The post-war school problem (1920)
Reform of Education (1920)
Discourses of Religion (1920)
Giordano Bruno and the thought of the Renaissance (1920)
Art and Religion (1920)
Bertrando Spaventa (1920)
Defense of Philosophy (1920)
History of the Piedmontese culture of the 2nd half of the 16th century (1921)
Fragments of Aesthetics and Literature (1921)
Glimmers of the New Italy (1921)
Education and the secular school (1921)
Critical Essays (1921)
The philosophy of Dante (1921)
The modern concept of science and the university problem (1921)
G. Capponi and the Tuscan culture of the 20th century (1922)
Studies on the Renaissance (1923)
"Dante and Manzoni, an essay on Art and Religion" (1923)
"The Prophets of the Italian Risorgimento" (1923) |
520_28 | On the Logic of the Concrete (1924)
"Preliminaries in the Study of the Child" (1924)
School Reform (1924)
Fascism and Sicily (1924)
Fascism to the Government of the School (1924)
What is fascism (1925)
The New Middle School (1925)
Current Warnings (1926)
Fragments of History of Philosophy (1926)
Critical Essays (1926)
The Legacy of Vittorio Alfieri (1926)
Fascist Culture (1926)
The religious problem in Italy (1927)
Italian thought of the nineteenth century (1928)
Fascism and Culture (1928)
The Philosophy of Fascism (1928)
"The Great Council's Law" (1928)
Manzoni and Leopardi (1929)
Origins and Doctrine of Fascism (1929)
The philosophy of art (1931)
The Reform of the School in Italy (1932)
Introduction to Philosophy (1933)
The Woman and the Child (1934)
"Origins and Doctrine of Fascism" (1934)
Economics and Ethics (1934)
Leonardo da Vinci (Gentile was one of the contributors, 1935) |
520_29 | Collected works
Systematic works
I–II. Summary of pedagogy as a philosophical science (Vol. I: General pedagogy; vol. II: Teaching).
III. The general theory of the spirit as pure act.
IV. The foundations of the philosophy of law.
V–VI. The System of Logic as Theory of Knowledge (Vol. 2).
VII. Reform of education.
VIII. The philosophy of art.
IX. Genesis and structure of society.
Historical works |
520_30 | X. History of philosophy. From the origins to Plato.
XI. History of Italian philosophy (up to Lorenzo Valla).
XII. The Problems of Schooling and Italian Thinking.
XIII. Studies on Dante.
XIV The Italian thought of the Renaissance.
XV. Studies on the Renaissance.
XVI. Vichian Studies.
XVII. The legacy of Vittorio Alfieri.
XVIII–XIX. History of Italian philosophy from Genovesi to Galluppi (vol.2).
XXXXI. Albori of the new Italy (vol.2).
XXII. Vincenzo Cook. Studies and notes.
XXIII. Gino Capponi and Tuscan culture in the decimony of the century.
XXIV. Manzoni and Leopardi.
XXV. Rosmini and Gioberti.
XXVI. The prophets of the Italian Risorgimento.
XXVII. Reform of Hegelian Dialectics.
XXVIII. Marx's philosophy.
XXIX. Bertrando Spaventa.
XXX. The sunset of the Sicilian culture.
XXXI-XXXIV. The origins of contemporary philosophy in Italy. (Vol. I: Platonists, Vol II: Positivists, Vol III and IV: Neo-Kantians and Hegelians). |
520_31 | XXXV. Modernism and the relationship between religion and philosophy. |
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