chunk_id
stringlengths 5
8
| chunk
stringlengths 1
1k
|
|---|---|
565_17 | Until 1996, when postal counties were abolished, Todmorden's official postal county was Lancashire.
Todmorden Town Council composition
{{Election summary|
'|party = Total |seats = 18 |gain =
|loss =
|net =
|votes = 9973 |votes % =
|seats % =
|plus/minus =
}}
|}
The turnout was 9973 and 154 ballots were rejected.
|}
Current composition
Twin towns
Todmorden's twin towns are:
Roncq, Nord, Hauts-de-France, France
Bramsche, Lower Saxony, Germany
Geography
Other villages and towns in the Upper Calder Valley include Hebden Bridge and Mytholmroyd. The territory of the civil parish of Todmorden also extends to cover Eastwood, Walsden, Cornholme, Mankinholes, Lumbutts, Robinwood, Lydgate, Portsmouth, Shade, Stansfield, Dobroyd, Ferney Lee, Gauxholme and Cross Stone. |
565_18 | Medieval Todmorden had consisted of the townships of Langfield and Stansfield in Yorkshire, and Todmorden/Walsden section of the greater township of Hundersfield in the Ancient Parish of Rochdale, Lancashire. The township of Todmorden and Walsden was created in 1801 by the union of the older villages of Todmorden and Walsden.
Economy |
565_19 | Heavy industry is now part of Todmorden's history, not its present. The industrial chimneys have largely gone and the remaining mills have mostly been converted for other purposes. The town's industrial base is much reduced (at one time Todmorden had the largest weaving shed in the world). There has been a great deal of regeneration activity and Todmorden is now increasingly a commuter town for people working in Manchester, Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield and smaller towns. Todmorden also services the local rural area and attracts visitors through its market (indoor and outdoor), various events, heritage and the local Pennine countryside. It has for centuries been considered the safest accessible route directly across the Pennines.
Nightlife
Pubs in the town centre include the Duke of York, the Wellington, the Royal George, the Golden Lion, and the White Hart (Wetherspoons).
Landmarks |
565_20 | Todmorden Town Hall, which was designed in the Neo-Classical style, dominates the centre of the town. The building straddles the Walsden Water, a tributary of the River Calder, and was situated in both Lancashire and Yorkshire until the administrative county boundary was moved on 1 January 1888. Designed by John Gibson of Westminster, this imposing building has a northern end which is semi-circular. One interesting external feature of the town hall is the pediment to the front elevation, which reflects the fact that it straddled the boundary as it depicts the main industries of the two counties. The fine carved stonework has two central female figures on a pedestal. The left-hand sculpture represents Lancashire (cotton spinning and weaving industries), and the right-hand one Yorkshire (wool manufacturing, engineering and agriculture). |
565_21 | Todmorden has the look of a Victorian mill town. Other notable buildings include Dobroyd Castle (completed in 1869), now used as a residential activity centre for schoolchildren; the Edwardian Hippodrome Theatre, and the Grade I listed Todmorden Unitarian Church (built 1865–1869). Dobroyd Castle, the town hall and the Unitarian church were all built at the behest of John Fielden and his sons and designed by John Gibson, who had been a member of Charles Barry's team at the Houses of Parliament. Pre-Victorian buildings include two 18th century pubs; Todmorden Old Hall, a Grade II* listed manor house (Elizabethan) in the centre of town, and St. Mary's Church which dates from 1476. |
565_22 | Todmorden is situated alongside the Pennine Way, Pennine Bridleway, Mary Towneley Loop and Calderdale Way and is popular for outdoor activities such as walking, fell running, mountain biking and bouldering. Its attractions include canals and locks, a park containing a sports centre, an outdoor skateboard park, tennis courts, a golf course, an aquarium/reptile house and a cricket ground. There are wooded areas around the town and cafés and restaurants.
The Hippodrome Theatre shows films as well as putting on live performances. The town has a small toy and model museum, a library and a tourist information centre, along with independent retailers. Annual events include a carnival, agricultural show, beer festival, music festival and the traditional Easter Pace Egg plays. |
565_23 | Centre Vale Park in Todmorden is the setting for several pieces of local art, including tree carvings by the sculptor John Adamson, and an iconic bandstand. The bandstand is unique in construction and is designed in an arc shape because this gives it better acoustics. It opened in 1914 but is set to be demolished. Also in the park are the reconstructed remains of Centre Vale Mansion, next to Todmorden War Memorial in the Garden of Remembrance, and nearby there is a sculpture of a dog. This was sculpted by local sculptor David Wynne in 2005, and was cast in steel at the local Todmorden foundry Weir Minerals. It was donated to the park by the sculptor and the foundry, but installation was delayed for several years due to the extensive flood alleviation works. In 2011, the dog was featured on an episode of Derren Brown's The Experiments. Brown spread a rumour that the dog was lucky; it then gained a reputation for bringing luck to anyone that touched it. During the First World War the |
565_24 | mansion was used as a military hospital. Centre Vale Park has hosted a parkrun since 9 March 2019. |
565_25 | The Stoodley Pike monument (built 1814 and rebuilt in 1854) stands atop the hill of the same name. It commemorates the defeat of Napoleon and the surrender of Paris. It is a prominent feature of Todmorden's moors, and is a landmark on the Pennine Way.
Media
Todmorden has been used as a location for the 1980s BBC TV police drama Juliet Bravo, Territorial Army series All Quiet on the Preston Front, parts of The League of Gentlemen, BBC TV miniseries Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, the BBC1 series Life on Mars, a town in the book Spooks Blood and a film adaptation of the novel My Summer of Love. The BBC One crime drama series Happy Valley, written by Sally Wainwright (who grew up in nearby Sowerby Bridge), is filmed in and around the town, amongst other locations. In the 1980s the town was used for two consecutive episodes of BBC fashion series The Clothes Show. |
565_26 | Todmorden featured in the ITV paranormal show "Strange But True" which in their pilot episode from May 1993 investigated the UFO claims in the Todmorden area. The programme included a closed surgery in which Harold Shipman worked for a number of years, as well as the town hall (haunted by a grey lady), and Oddfellows Hall (known as Baxter's bar), which is haunted by a builder who died in the construction of the building in 1811.
Before May 2009, the links to Lancashire and the North West were also seen in the media with Todmorden receiving an analogue TV signal from BBC North West. The local television transmitter relayed BBC One and BBC Two to the Todmorden area, however ITV and Channel 4 was different and has always been relayed from Emley Moor (via Cornholme) which broadcasts ITV Yorkshire. Since 2009 the majority of services were relayed via Cornholme although some parts of Walsden retained their television signal from the North West. |
565_27 | In February 2010, Todmorden featured in the BBC Radio 4 programme "Costing the Earth: The New Diggers". Members of a guerrilla gardening group spoke about reclaiming unused land for growing vegetables, how this helps the local community and how it can be a driver for change.
In November 2011, Todmorden featured in the Channel 4 programme The Secret of Luck, in which Derren Brown sought to convince the town that the dog statue in Centre Vale Park brought good luck.
In September 2010 Todmorden received a visit from Prince Charles (his second visit to the town) who came to support Mary Clear's Incredible Edible Todmorden project. This featured on BBC Yorkshire.
Todmorden's local newspaper is the Todmorden News owned by Johnston Press, now merged (since October 2015) with the Hebden Bridge Times from the neighbouring town by the same publisher.Singletrack Magazine, a national mountain biking magazine, is based in Todmorden. |
565_28 | Sport
Cricket
Todmorden Cricket Club has existed since 1837 and currently play at Centre Vale in the town. They are the only Yorkshire team in the Lancashire League.
Notable people
Science and engineering
John Mitchell Nuttall (1890–1958) was a Todmorden-born physicist remembered for the Geiger–Nuttall law.
John Ramsbottom (engineer) (1814–1897) was a mechanical and railway engineer and inventor from the town.
Nobel Prize winners
Todmorden has two Nobel Prize winners: Prof. Sir John Cockcroft (Physics) and Prof. Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson (Chemistry). Despite 24 years' difference in their birth dates, both attended Todmorden Grammar School (now Todmorden High School with the prior grammar school building now home to Ferney Lee Primary School) and both had the same science master, Luke Sutcliffe. |
565_29 | Politics and law
John Fielden (1784–1849), land and factory owner in Todmorden and scion of the town's Fielden family, was a Member of Parliament and national leader of the Ten Hours Campaign for factory reform.
Samuel Fielden (1847–1922), socialist, anarchist and labour activist who was one of the eight convicted in the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago. He was sentenced to death along with six other defendants, but after writing to the Illinois Governor asking for clemency his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment in November 1887. He spent six years in prison before being pardoned, along with two other co-defendants, in 1893. He died in Colorado in 1922 and is buried in La Veta (Pioneer) Cemetery, Huerfano County, Colorado alongside his wife and two children.
Wilfred Judson, a justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, was born in and spent his early youth in Todmorden.
Rebecca Taylor, Liberal Democrat MEP for Yorkshire and the Humber from 8 March 2012 to 2 July 2014. |
565_30 | Arts and culture
Travel writer Geoff Crowther (1944 - 2021) was an early and long-time editor of BIT Travel Guides, London from 1972 to 1980. The BIT Travel Guides were some of the first guidebooks to cover the overland Hippie trail from Europe to Asia and Australia Crowther went on to be a prolific author for Lonely Planet (1977–1995) and played a key role in the early days of the company. He wrote the first editions of Africa on a Shoestring, South America on a Shoestring and contributed to the first edition of the India on a Shoestring.Carole Cadwalladr, "Journey's end for the guidebook gurus?", The Observer Travel, 7 October 2007. In 2016, the British Library in their 2016 exhibition 'Maps & the 20th Century' showcased Crowther's hand drawn travel maps and his research journals for the first edition of South America on a Shoestring. He died in Northern New South Wales, Australia on 13 April 2021. |
565_31 | Fred Lawless, Liverpool born theatre playwright has a house in Todmorden; he was also a writer for the BBC 1 TV series EastEnders, as well as several other TV and radio programmes.
Todmorden actress Claire Benedict has appeared in UK TV shows Waking The Dead, Prime Suspect, Unforgiven, Holby City, Casualty, Doctors, Grange Hill, The Bill and the Lenny Henry Show. She featured in the films Felicia's Journey, Sea Sick and Mersinias, and has had numerous theatre roles, including work for the National Theatre and Royal Shakespeare Company. On BBC radio she is the voice of Precious Ramotswe in The No.1 Ladies Detective Agency.
Todmorden-born actor Dicken Ashworth appeared in Coronation Street and Brookside.
Antony Booth, actor, father of Cherie Blair and father-in-law of former Prime Minister Tony Blair, resided in Todmorden. |
565_32 | Manchester-born Becky Simpson is an actress. As a 10-year-old child she starred as Spoonface Steinberg in the BBC production by that name written by writer Lee Hall, famous for writing Billy Elliot. Becky is married to Wes Paul notable Rock and Roll lead singer with the Wes Paul Band; they are tenants of the Grade-I-listed lodge inside the gates of Todmorden Unitarian Church and are both members of the local management committee.
The Bayes family of artists were prominent in the 19th and 20th centuries. They were: Alfred Bayes (1832–1909), painter; Walter Bayes (1869–1856), painter; Gilbert Bayes (1872–1952), sculptor; and Jessie Bayes (1876–1970), painter (some of her work can be see at Lumbutts Methodist Church, Lumbutts, Todmorden).
William Holt (1897–1977) was a writer, painter, political activist, journalist and traveller. William was often seen riding his white horse Trigger around Todmorden and other local areas. |
565_33 | Keyboardist Keith Emerson (1944-2016), founder member of UK prog-rock groups The Nice and Emerson, Lake & Palmer, was born in the town while the family was evacuated from the south coast.
John Helliwell, another Todmorden-born musician, was saxophonist in the band Supertramp.
Dale Hibbert, original bass player with The Smiths, author of "Boy Interrupted".
Geoff Love (1917–1991), the big band leader, was born in Todmorden.
John Kettley (born 1952), the former BBC weatherman, grew up in Todmorden.
Tim Benjamin (born 1975), the composer, lives in Todmorden, and the world premiere of his opera Emily was given at the town's Hippodrome Theatre in 2013.
Sport
England Test cricketers Peter Lever (born 1940) and Derek Shackleton (1924–2007) were originally from Todmorden. |
565_34 | Other
Harold Shipman, the General Practitioner who is believed to have killed over 200 patients in the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, claimed at least one of his victims while working as a doctor at the Abraham Ormerod Medical Centre between March 1974 and September 1975. His first known victim, 70-year-old Eva Lyons, lived at Keswick Close in the town. Shipman had initially been charged with 15 murders committed around Hyde, Greater Manchester, between 1995 and 1998 when he went on trial in late 1999, but Lyons was only identified as a victim of Shipman when the inquiry into his crimes was completed in July 2002 by Dame Janet Smith. Shipman was found guilty on 31 January 2000 and hanged himself at HM Wakefield Prison on 13 January 2004.
See also
Listed buildings in Todmorden (inner area)
Listed buildings in Todmorden (outer areas)
References
Notes
Bibliography |
565_35 | Further reading
Birch, R. A Way of Life, E.J.Morton Publishers, 1972.
Birch, R. Todmorden Album 4, The Woodlands Press, 2006.
Cass, E. The Pace-Egg Plays of the Calder Valley, London: FLS Books, 2004.
Heywood, M., Heywood, F. and Jennings, B. A History of Todmorden, Smith Settle Ltd, 1996.
Holden, J. A Short History of Todmorden, Manchester University Press, 1912.
Jennings, B. Pennine Valley: History of Upper Calderdale Dalesman Publishing Co Ltd, 1992.
Law, B. The Fieldens of Todmorden: A Nineteenth Century Business Dynasty, Littleborough: George Kelsall, I995.
MacDonald, M. The World From Rough Stones, Random House, 1975. (A novel set during the building of the Summit Tunnel).
Malcolm, F., and Heywood, F. Cloth Caps and Cricket Crazy, Upper Calder Valley Publications, 2004.
Paull, J., "Incredible Edible Todmorden: Eating the Street", Farming Matters, 2011, 27(3):28–29
Wilkinson, R. Todmorden Buses: A Century of Service'', Nostalgia Road Publications, 2006 |
565_36 | Paull, J., Please pick me': How Incredible Edible Todmorden is repurposing the commons for open source food and agricultural biodiversity. Case Study 10 in "Diversifying food and diets: Using agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition and health" |
565_37 | External links
Todmorden Town Council
Todmorden
Civil parishes in West Yorkshire
Geography of Calderdale
Market towns in West Yorkshire
Towns in West Yorkshire
Wards of Calderdale |
566_0 | Gerold (died 1 September 799) was an Alamannian nobleman who served the Frankish King, Charlemagne, as Margrave of the Avarian March and Prefect of Bavaria in what is now South-Eastern Germany. Gerold played a significant role in the integration of Bavaria into the Frankish Kingdom during Carolingian expansion in the late 8th, and early 9th centuries. Gerold both aided the continuity of Agilofing rule of Bavaria, as well as took steps to integrate Bavarians into the wider scope of the Frankish Kingdom. Gerold was related both to the Agilofing family, the ruling class of Bavaria, as well as the Carolingian family. The Agilofings had ruled Bavaria since Duke Garibald I in 548. Gerold was born into the Agilofings, and his sister Hildegard was married to Charlemagne in 771. From these familial connections, he was appointed Prefect of Bavaria following the deposition of Duke Tassilo III in 788. Gerold was heralded as a superb military commander, giving rise to his promotion to Prefect as a |
566_1 | defender of the eastern border of the Frankish Kingdom. In 799, Gerold is said to have fallen in battle against the Avars, shortly after the same Avars killed his ally, Erich, Duke of Friuli, through treachery. |
566_2 | Carolingian conquest of Bavaria and the deposition of Duke Tassilo III |
566_3 | The Agilofing family had dominated the position of Duke of Bavaria from 548 until 788, when Duke Tassilo II was deposed in the wake of his surrender of the Duchy of Bavaria. In 787, following the conquests of both Lombardy and Saxony by the Franks, the Frankish King, Charlemagne, invaded Bavaria from Pannonia, determined to seize it as a buffer state against the Avars, much like he had done in Friuli. In October of 787, having been unable to mount a suitable defense against the Franks, Tassilo III was forced to capitulate, surrendering to Charlemagne both himself and his Duchy, in the hope of continued rule as a vassal to the Frankish King. No such good will was to be found. In 788, following a brief continued rule by Tassio, Charlemagne had him retroactively accused and denounced as an oath-breaker, as he had betrayed the Franks, and namely Charlemagne's father Pippin, years earlier. Tassilo III was sentenced to death. This sentence was commuted, and Tassilo III was sentenced to |
566_4 | monastic exile. Tassilo would eventually be called out of exile to surrender all claim to his Ducal title. |
566_5 | Gerold's rule as Prefect of Bavaria |
566_6 | Charlemagne appointed Gerold as Prefect of Bavaria in 788, after Tassilo III was exiled. Gerold was an ideal candidate as he was Charlemagne's brother-in-law; his sister Hildegard had married Charlemagne in 771, as it was common for Carolingian kings to take their wives from the aristocracy of neighboring states. Gerold was also part of the Agilofing family, the traditional rulers of the region. This would aid Bavaria, and particularly the Bavarian aristocracy, in making a smooth transition from Duchy to Frankish Prefecture. Bavaria had long seen itself an independent state, yet throughout the reign of the Merovingian as well as the Carolingian Frankish dynasties, they saw it as a far-flung, unruly, yet still Frankish duchy. With Gerold in power, with ties to both the Agilofing Bavarian aristocracy, as well as the Carolingians through Charlemagne, Bavaria would be brought more into the fold of the Frankish Kingdom. Gerold made his seat of power at Lorch. From here he was granted |
566_7 | considerable power in comparison with other counts throughout the Frankish Kingdom, making final rulings on matters such as church inheritances, as well as being in charge of the Bavarian army in times of war. Gerold would go on to battle the Avars to the south-west, as Charlemagne appointed Gerold to prefect of Bavaria well aware of his military prowess, with his main focus during his rule as prefect to be that of a military commander rather than a civil administrator. |
566_8 | Avar War |
566_9 | The Avars, a nomadic, slavized central Asian people, were situated along what is referred to as the eastern Marches of Bavaria, and where Gerold's military command was to be focused for the entirety of his career as prefect of Bavaria. He was, for instance, described in the Royal Frankish Annals as "guard of the Avar border". Historians have referred to the Avar War as one of Charlemagne's greatest wars he ever waged. This is due to the zeal and tenacity with which the Franks, and specifically the Bavarian contingent under Gerold, fought. The war with the Avars began after the deposition of Tassilo III, the last Duke of Bavaria, prior to the full takeover of the state by the Franks, in 787. Tassilo was accused of inciting the Avars into a war with the Franks, promising to attack them with his Bavarian soldiers if the Avars would invade. This accusation led to a charge of treason and treachery against the Franks, which culminated in his exile. Despite Tassilo III's deposition, the |
566_10 | Avars decided to wage this war all the same. The Avars led two campaigns against the Franks, invading Bavaria, and both times were beaten back by Gerold, who had newly taken command of the army in the eastern Marches of Bavaria, and his Bavarian contingent. As the war dragged on, the Franks successfully raided the Avars in 791, beating them continually in battle, but never decisively. Eventually the 'Rings of the Avars', a collection of grand fortresses that the Avars were famous for having constructed, were breached by collective efforts from Gerold and his Bavarians, Erich of Friuli, and King Pepin of Italy. The Franks razed the fortresses, plundered them, sending many great riches back to Aachen, Charlemagne's capital, and proceeded to drive the Avars off, considerably weakening their hold in the Avarian marches and western Pannonia, though not breaking the back of their military capabilities completely. This plunder taken from the Avars was to be sent by the Carolingians to many |
566_11 | other states, such as that of Mercia, as a show of good faith. The Bavarian troops under Gerold, in combination with Pepin, King of Italy, Charlemagne's son, were later successful in pushing the Avars across the Theiss River, deeper into Pannonia, as the Avars were not inclined to fighting large scale, pitched battles with the Franks, who, with the support, manpower, and arms Charlemagne had collected at Regensburg, were now fully prepared to strike the death-blow at the Avars. In 797 and 799 Charlemagne came to Bavaria, mustering a large force of Franks, Allemans, Bavarians, and soldiers fighting under King Pepin of Italy, at Lorch, where Gerold held his court as prefect. These two campaigns were exceedingly successful in pushing the Avars continually eastwards towards the Danube River. |
566_12 | Death
In 799, the Avars offered Charlemagne gifts as a sign of peace. The Avars would go on to break this peace by attacking the land of Friuli, where the Count of Friuli, Erich, was killed. As punishment for this, Gerold marched his Bavarian contingent into Pannonia to deal with the Avars. It is in this last campaign that Gerold died. There are many conflicting explanations, as the sources all disagree, as to whether he fell in battle fighting, was assassinated, or was the victim of friendly fire while marshaling his forces for battle against the Avars. Upon his death, Gerold's body was taken to the Abbey of Reichenau, in southern Germany, where he was interred. On his tomb was written:
Mole sub hac magni servantur membra Geroldi,
Huius iura loci cunctis qui viribus auxit,
Pannoniis vera Ecclesiae pro pace peremptus,
Oppetiit saevo Septembribus ense Kalendis,
Sideribusque animam dedit. Artus Saxo fidelis
Abstulit, huc retulit dignoque hic clausit honore.
This translates to: |
566_13 | 'Beneath this monument are kept Gerold's bones,
who did everything in his power to increase the rights of this place [Reichenau];
[he was] killed in Pannonia [fighting] for the true peace of the Church.
He met the savage sword of the Kalends of September [Sept.1],
and gave up his soul to the heavens. His limbs faithful Saxo
carried off, and brought hither, and enclosed them here in worthy honour'.
Charlemagne and the Franks would go on to defeat the Avars, forcing them to re-settle due to increased hostility from the Slavs to the east. However, Bavaria, under Audulf, would have a much more minor role in the Avar war after Gerold's death. |
566_14 | Legacy |
566_15 | After Gerold's death in 799 in battle with the Avars, his name lived on. Bavaria, newly brought into the Frankish Kingdom under Charlemagne, would continue to serve as the eastern bulwark of the Franks. It would also see an increased importance within the Frankish Kingdom, being given over to Louis the Pious as his part of the kingdom, after Charlemagne divided it among his heirs. Gerold, while in power, was able to wield traditional Bavarian Law as well as new Frankish customs, allowing the land he presided over to change from an unruly and rebellious duchy into an integrated and functioning cog in the machine of the Frankish kingdom. Gerold was also seen by medieval authors as a champion of the faith, being likened to a Christian martyr, fighting for the peace of the church, in Walafrid Strabo's Visio Wettini, where it says "Since he had such zeal for the Lord, he attacked the heathens to defend the Christian people, [and] suffered the loss of his life; as such he deserved to gleam |
566_16 | with eternal trophies, seizing hold of the great gifts of everlasting life". This can be seen as a start of the tradition of fighting to extend the bounds of Christendom by fighting heathen groups such as the Avars; conquering new lands to spread the Christian religion. Gerold also gave much of his own lands to the Church. This was a considerable portion, given that Gerold was descended from some of the richest Allemanian aristocrats at the time. This is again referenced in the Visio Wettini, whereby Gerold is said to have stated that: "The Lord denies me an heir, [but] He will remain as my survivor. What he gave me, he will receive back; I commend [it] to blessed Mary." This may be reference to an altar he dedicated to St. Mary at Reichenau, upon which is written: "Hanc quique devote convenitis ad aulam, Poplitibusque flexis propiatis ad aram, Cernite conspicuum sacris aedibus altar, Geroltus quod condidit lamina ninenti, Virgineo qoud condecent alvo pudoris, Subque voto Mariae |
566_17 | intulit in aulam. Hic agni cruor caroque propinatur ex ara, Cuius tactu huius sacrantur lamina axis. Huc quicumque cum prece penetrates ad aram, Dicite, rogo: 'Alme miserer Gerolto', Titulo qui tali ornovit virginis templum, Aetherio fruatur sede felix in aevum!" This translates to: 'You, who have come devotedly to this hall, approach the altar on bent knees, and look at this wondrous altar in this sacred place, [an altar] which Gerold built, with gleaming giltwork that becomes the virginal womb of chastity. As an offering to Mary he brought it into the hall. Here the blood and flesh of the lamb [i.e. Christ] is set out, By whose touch the giltwork of the [table?] is sanctified. Whoever ventures with a prayer to this altar, Say, I beg, "Kindly [God], take pity on Gerold, Who decorated the temple of the Virgin with such a glorious thing, And may he happily enjoy a heavenly seat forever!'" |
566_18 | This dedication by Gerold serves to reinforce the fact that Gerold was indeed a champion of the Christian religion. He made it his legacy to give to the Church, leaving behind him a tradition of rich Frankish Christians making donations to the Church.
Literature
, Medieval Lands Project
Gerold, Neue deutsche Biographie, p. 316, 1964.
Gerold, genealogie-mittelalter.de
References
Year of birth unknown
799 deaths
Udalriching dynasty
Military personnel killed in action
8th-century rulers in Europe |
567_0 | In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the nonnegative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin. In particular, the Euclidean distance of a vector from the origin is a norm, called the Euclidean norm, or 2-norm, which may also be defined as the square root of the inner product of a vector with itself.
A pseudonorm or seminorm satisfies the first two properties of a norm, but may be zero for vectors other than the origin. A vector space with a specified norm is called a normed vector space. In a similar manner, a vector space with a seminorm is called a seminormed vector space.
Definition
Given a vector space over a subfield of the complex numbers a norm on is a real-valued function with the following properties, where denotes the usual absolute value of a scalar : |
567_1 | Subadditivity/Triangle inequality: for all
Absolute homogeneity: for all and all scalars
Positive definiteness/: for all if then
Because property (2) implies some authors replace property (3) with the equivalent condition: for every if and only if
A seminorm on is a function that has properties (1) and (2) so that in particular, every norm is also a seminorm (and thus also a sublinear functional). However, there exist seminorms that are not norms. Properties (1) and (2) imply that if is a norm (or more generally, a seminorm) then and that also has the following property:
Nonnegativity: for all
Some authors include non-negativity as part of the definition of "norm", although this is not necessary.
Equivalent norms
Suppose that and are two norms (or seminorms) on a vector space Then and are called equivalent, if there exist two real constants and with such that for every vector |
567_2 | The norms and are equivalent if and only if they induce the same topology on Any two norms on a finite-dimensional space are equivalent but this does not extend to infinite-dimensional spaces.
Notation
If a norm is given on a vector space , then the norm of a vector is usually denoted by enclosing it within double vertical lines: Such notation is also sometimes used if is only a seminorm. For the length of a vector in Euclidean space (which is an example of a norm, as explained below), the notation with single vertical lines is also widespread. |
567_3 | In LaTeX and related markup languages, the double bar of norm notation is entered with the macro \|, which renders as The double vertical line used to denote parallel lines, parallel operator and parallel addition is entered with \parallel and is rendered as Although looking similar, these two macros must not be confused as \| denotes a bracket and \parallel denotes an operator. Therefore, their size and the spaces around them are not computed in the same way. Similarly, the single vertical bar is coded as | when used as a bracket, and as \mid when used as an operator.
In Unicode, the representation of the "double vertical line" character is . The "double vertical line" symbol should not be confused with the "parallel to" symbol, , which is intended to denote parallel lines and parallel operators. The double vertical line should also not be confused with , aimed to denote lateral clicks in linguistics.
The single vertical line | has a Unicode representation . |
567_4 | Examples
Every (real or complex) vector space admits a norm: If is a Hamel basis for a vector space then the real-valued map that sends (where all but finitely many of the scalars are 0) to is a norm on . There are also a large number of norms that exhibit additional properties that make them useful for specific problems.
Absolute-value norm
The absolute value
is a norm on the one-dimensional vector spaces formed by the real or complex numbers.
Any norm on a one-dimensional vector space is equivalent (up to scaling) to the absolute value norm, meaning that there is a norm-preserving isomorphism of vector spaces where is either or and norm-preserving means that
This isomorphism is given by sending to a vector of norm , which exists since such a vector is obtained by multiplying any nonzero vector by the inverse of its norm.
Euclidean norm
On the -dimensional Euclidean space the intuitive notion of length of the vector is captured by the formula |
567_5 | This is the Euclidean norm, which gives the ordinary distance from the origin to the point X—a consequence of the Pythagorean theorem.
This operation may also be referred to as "SRSS", which is an acronym for the square root of the sum of squares.
The Euclidean norm is by far the most commonly used norm on but there are other norms on this vector space as will be shown below.
However, all these norms are equivalent in the sense that they all define the same topology.
The inner product of two vectors of a Euclidean vector space is the dot product of their coordinate vectors over an orthonormal basis.
Hence, the Euclidean norm can be written in a coordinate-free way as
The Euclidean norm is also called the norm, norm, 2-norm, or square norm; see space.
It defines a distance function called the Euclidean length, distance, or distance.
The set of vectors in whose Euclidean norm is a given positive constant forms an -sphere. |
567_6 | Euclidean norm of complex numbers
The Euclidean norm of a complex number is the absolute value (also called the modulus) of it, if the complex plane is identified with the Euclidean plane This identification of the complex number as a vector in the Euclidean plane, makes the quantity (as first suggested by Euler) the Euclidean norm associated with the complex number.
Quaternions and octonions
There are exactly four Euclidean Hurwitz algebras over the real numbers. These are the real numbers the complex numbers the quaternions and lastly the octonions where the dimensions of these spaces over the real numbers are respectively.
The canonical norms on and are their absolute value functions, as discussed previously.
The canonical norm on of quaternions is defined by
for every quaternion in This is the same as the Euclidean norm on considered as the vector space Similarly, the canonical norm on the octonions is just the Euclidean norm on |
567_7 | Finite-dimensional complex normed spaces
On an -dimensional complex space the most common norm is
In this case, the norm can be expressed as the square root of the inner product of the vector and itself:
where is represented as a column vector and denotes its conjugate transpose.
This formula is valid for any inner product space, including Euclidean and complex spaces. For complex spaces, the inner product is equivalent to the complex dot product. Hence the formula in this case can also be written using the following notation:
Taxicab norm or Manhattan norm
The name relates to the distance a taxi has to drive in a rectangular street grid to get from the origin to the point .
The set of vectors whose 1-norm is a given constant forms the surface of a cross polytope of dimension equivalent to that of the norm minus 1.
The Taxicab norm is also called the norm. The distance derived from this norm is called the Manhattan distance or ℓ1 distance. |
567_8 | The 1-norm is simply the sum of the absolute values of the columns.
In contrast,
is not a norm because it may yield negative results.
p-norm
Let be a real number.
The -norm (also called -norm) of vector is
For , we get the taxicab norm, for we get the Euclidean norm, and as approaches the -norm approaches the infinity norm or maximum norm:
The -norm is related to the generalized mean or power mean.
This definition is still of some interest for , but the resulting function does not define a norm, because it violates the triangle inequality.
What is true for this case of , even in the measurable analog, is that the corresponding class is a vector space, and it is also true that the function |
567_9 | (without th root) defines a distance that makes into a complete metric topological vector space. These spaces are of great interest in functional analysis, probability theory and harmonic analysis.
However, aside from trivial cases, this topological vector space is not locally convex, and has no continuous non-zero linear forms. Thus the topological dual space contains only the zero functional.
The partial derivative of the -norm is given by
The derivative with respect to , therefore, is
where denotes Hadamard product and is used for absolute value of each component of the vector.
For the special case of , this becomes
or
Maximum norm (special case of: infinity norm, uniform norm, or supremum norm)
If is some vector such that then:
The set of vectors whose infinity norm is a given constant, , forms the surface of a hypercube with edge length 2c.
Zero norm |
567_10 | In probability and functional analysis, the zero norm induces a complete metric topology for the space of measurable functions and for the F-space of sequences with F–norm
Here we mean by F-norm some real-valued function on an F-space with distance , such that
The F-norm described above is not a norm in the usual sense because it lacks the required homogeneity property.
Hamming distance of a vector from zero |
567_11 | In metric geometry, the discrete metric takes the value one for distinct points and zero otherwise. When applied coordinate-wise to the elements of a vector space, the discrete distance defines the Hamming distance, which is important in coding and information theory.
In the field of real or complex numbers, the distance of the discrete metric from zero is not homogeneous in the non-zero point; indeed, the distance from zero remains one as its non-zero argument approaches zero.
However, the discrete distance of a number from zero does satisfy the other properties of a norm, namely the triangle inequality and positive definiteness.
When applied component-wise to vectors, the discrete distance from zero behaves like a non-homogeneous "norm", which counts the number of non-zero components in its vector argument; again, this non-homogeneous "norm" is discontinuous. |
567_12 | In signal processing and statistics, David Donoho referred to the zero "norm" with quotation marks.
Following Donoho's notation, the zero "norm" of is simply the number of non-zero coordinates of , or the Hamming distance of the vector from zero.
When this "norm" is localized to a bounded set, it is the limit of -norms as approaches 0.
Of course, the zero "norm" is not truly a norm, because it is not positive homogeneous.
Indeed, it is not even an F-norm in the sense described above, since it is discontinuous, jointly and severally, with respect to the scalar argument in scalar–vector multiplication and with respect to its vector argument.
Abusing terminology, some engineers omit Donoho's quotation marks and inappropriately call the number-of-nonzeros function the L0 norm, echoing the notation for the Lebesgue space of measurable functions.
Infinite dimensions
The generalization of the above norms to an infinite number of components leads to and spaces, with norms |
567_13 | for complex-valued sequences and functions on respectively, which can be further generalized (see Haar measure).
Any inner product induces in a natural way the norm
Other examples of infinite-dimensional normed vector spaces can be found in the Banach space article.
Composite norms
Other norms on can be constructed by combining the above; for example
is a norm on
For any norm and any injective linear transformation we can define a new norm of , equal to
In 2D, with a rotation by 45° and a suitable scaling, this changes the taxicab norm into the maximum norm. Each applied to the taxicab norm, up to inversion and interchanging of axes, gives a different unit ball: a parallelogram of a particular shape, size, and orientation.
In 3D, this is similar but different for the 1-norm (octahedrons) and the maximum norm (prisms with parallelogram base). |
567_14 | There are examples of norms that are not defined by "entrywise" formulas. For instance, the Minkowski functional of a centrally-symmetric convex body in (centered at zero) defines a norm on (see below).
All the above formulas also yield norms on without modification.
There are also norms on spaces of matrices (with real or complex entries), the so-called matrix norms.
In abstract algebra
Let be a finite extension of a field of inseparable degree , and let have algebraic closure . If the distinct embeddings of are , then the Galois-theoretic norm of an element is the value As that function is homogenous of degree , the Galois-theoretic norm is not a norm in the sense of this article. However, the -th root of the norm (assuming that concept makes sense), is a norm. |
567_15 | Composition algebras
The concept of norm in composition algebras does not share the usual properties of a norm as it may be negative or zero for z ≠ 0. A composition algebra consists of an algebra over a field A, an involution *, and a quadratic form which is called the "norm".
The characteristic feature of composition algebras is the homomorphism property of N: for the product wz of two elements w and z of the composition algebra, its norm satisfies For and O the composition algebra norm is the square of the norm discussed above. In those cases the norm is a definite quadratic form. In other composition algebras the norm is an isotropic quadratic form.
Properties
For any norm on a vector space the reverse triangle inequality holds:
If is a continuous linear map between normed spaces, then the norm of and the norm of the transpose of are equal.
For the Lp norms, we have Hölder's inequality
A special case of this is the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality:
Equivalence |
567_16 | The concept of unit circle (the set of all vectors of norm 1) is different in different norms: for the 1-norm, the unit circle is a square, for the 2-norm (Euclidean norm), it is the well-known unit circle, while for the infinity norm, it is a different square. For any p-norm, it is a superellipse with congruent axes (see the accompanying illustration). Due to the definition of the norm, the unit circle must be convex and centrally symmetric (therefore, for example, the unit ball may be a rectangle but cannot be a triangle, and for a p-norm). |
567_17 | In terms of the vector space, the seminorm defines a topology on the space, and this is a Hausdorff topology precisely when the seminorm can distinguish between distinct vectors, which is again equivalent to the seminorm being a norm. The topology thus defined (by either a norm or a seminorm) can be understood either in terms of sequences or open sets. A sequence of vectors is said to converge in norm to if as Equivalently, the topology consists of all sets that can be represented as a union of open balls. If is a normed space then
Two norms and on a vector space are called if they induce the same topology, which happens if and only if there exist positive real numbers C and D such that for all
For instance, if on then
In particular,
That is,
If the vector space is a finite-dimensional real or complex one, all norms are equivalent. On the other hand, in the case of infinite-dimensional vector spaces, not all norms are equivalent. |
567_18 | Equivalent norms define the same notions of continuity and convergence and for many purposes do not need to be distinguished. To be more precise the uniform structure defined by equivalent norms on the vector space is uniformly isomorphic.
Classification of seminorms: absolutely convex absorbing sets
All seminorms on a vector space can be classified in terms of absolutely convex absorbing subsets A of To each such subset corresponds a seminorm pA called the gauge of A, defined as
where 'inf' is the infimum, with the property that
Conversely:
Any locally convex topological vector space has a local basis consisting of absolutely convex sets. A common method to construct such a basis is to use a family (p) of seminorms p that separates points: the collection of all finite intersections of sets {p < 1/n} turns the space into a locally convex topological vector space so that every p is continuous.
Such a method is used to design weak and weak* topologies. |
567_19 | norm case:
Suppose now that (p) contains a single p: since (p) is separating, p is a norm, and is its open unit ball. Then A is an absolutely convex bounded neighbourhood of 0, and is continuous.
The converse is due to Andrey Kolmogorov: any locally convex and locally bounded topological vector space is normable. Precisely:
If is an absolutely convex bounded neighbourhood of 0, the gauge (so that is a norm.
See also
References
Bibliography
Linear algebra |
568_0 | Zhao Kuangning (趙匡凝), courtesy name Guangyi (光儀), formally the Prince of Chu (楚王), was a warlord late in the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty, who ruled Zhongyi Circuit (忠義, headquartered in modern Xiangyang, Hubei) as its military governor (Jiedushi) from 892 until his defeat in 905 by Zhu Quanzhong the military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan). |
568_1 | Background
It is not known when Zhao Kuangning was born. His father Zhao Deyin had been a general under Qin Zongquan, who was a Tang military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan) but who later submitted to the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao and Huang's state of Qi, and, after Huang's defeat, had declared himself emperor of a new state. As part of Zhao Deyin's service under Qin, he captured Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, the later Zhongyi Circuit). Later, knowing that Qin was on the verge of defeat, he submitted to Tang and allied himself with Zhu Quanzhong the Tang military governor of Xuanwu Circuit. At Zhu's recommendation, Zhao Deyin was allowed to remain as military governor of the circuit, which was then renamed Zhongyi. He later participated in the campaigns that led to Qin's destruction. |
568_2 | While Zhao Deyin was the military governor of Zhongyi, Zhao Kuangning was made the prefect of one of Zhongyi's prefectures, Tang Prefecture (唐州, in modern Nanyang, Henan). When Zhao Deyin died in 892, Zhao Kuangning declared himself the acting military governor of Zhongyi. Then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong subsequently commissioned him as the full military governor.
As Jiedushi of Zhongyi
It was said that within three years of becoming military governor, Zhao Kuangning had developed a reputation for both might and grace. He played close attention to his physical appearance, wanting to appear stern and well-dressed, and had many mirrors around. |
568_3 | In 898, hearing of Zhu Quanzhong's defeat in late 897 in his failed attempt to conquer Yang Xingmi the military governor of Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), Zhao secretly entered into an alliance with Yang, Cui Hong the military governor of Fengguo, and Li Keyong the military governor of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), against Zhu Quanzhong. Zhu discovered this when Zhao's officer Du Zhen (度軫) defected to Zhu and revealed the alliance. Zhu wrote Zhao to rebuke him, and sent his general Shi Shucong (氏叔琮) to attack Zhongyi. Shi quickly captured Tang, Deng (鄧州, also in modern Nanyang), and Sui (隨州, in modern Suizhou, Hubei) Prefectures, capturing Sui's prefect Zhao Kuanglin (趙匡璘, may be a brother or cousin to Zhao Kuangning) the prefect of Sui and Guo Xiang (國湘) of Deng, and forcing the surrender of Zhao Kuangfan (趙匡璠) the prefect of Tang (also may be a brother or cousin). Zhao Kuangning, in fear, sued for peace and agreed |
568_4 | again to submit to Zhu. Zhu agreed. |
568_5 | In 899, Emperor Zhaozong bestowed the honorary chancellor title of Zhongshu Ling (中書令) on Zhao Kuangning. |
568_6 | In 903, when an ally of Zhu's, Cheng Rui the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (荊南, headquartered in modern Jingzhou, Hubei), was trying to, at Zhu's request, aid another ally of Zhu's, Du Hong the military governor of Wuchang Circuit (武昌, headquartered in modern Wuhan, Hubei) against the siege by Yang Xingmi's general Li Shenfu, Lei Yanwei the military governor of Wuzhen Circuit (武貞, headquartered in modern Changde, Hunan) and Ma Yin the military governor of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan) jointly attacked Cheng's capital Jiangling Municipality, sacking it and pillaging it of its wealth and population. Cheng's army, which lost its morale, was subsequently crushed by Li, and Cheng committed suicide. Lei's army held Jiangling for some time, but Zhao then dispatched his brother Zhao Kuangming to attack Jiangling, and Zhao Kuangming was successful in expelling the Wuzhen army and taking over the city. Zhao Kuangning thereafter commissioned his brother as |
568_7 | the acting military governor of Jingnan. It was said that at that time, with the imperial government being extremely weak, the warlords were refusing to submit tributes to it, but the Zhao brothers did so yearly. |
568_8 | In 904, Zhao sent an army to head upstream on the Yangtze River to attack Kui Prefecture (夔州, in modern Chongqing), then belonging to Wang Jian the military governor of Xichuan Circuit (西川, headquartered in modern Chengdu, Sichuan). His attack was repelled by Wang's adoptive son Wang Zongruan (王宗阮), and Wang's general Zhang Wu (張武) subsequently built a large iron chain across the Yangtze, apparently to ward off another attack by Zhao. Also in 904, Emperor Zhaozong, who had by that point been forcibly moved by Zhu from the imperial capital Chang'an to Luoyang, created Zhao the Prince of Chu. Despite this creation, Zhao, believing that Zhu was intending to seize the throne, was in communications with Li Keyong, Yang, Wang Jian, Li Maozhen the military governor of Fengxiang Circuit (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi), Li Maozhen's adoptive son Li Jihui the military governor of Jingnan Circuit (靜難, headquartered in modern Xianyang, Shaanxi, not the same circuit ruled by Zhao |
568_9 | Kuangming), and Liu Rengong the military governor of Lulong Circuit (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing), declaring that the emperor's power should be restored. Zhu responded by having Emperor Zhaozong assassinated and replaced with his son Emperor Ai. |
568_10 | In 905, Zhao entered into an alliance with Wang, apparently sealing the alliance with a political marriage. This was not a situation that Zhu was willing to see, and when his emissaries to Zhao Kuangning and Zhao Kuangming hinted that he was about to seize the Tang throne, Zhao Kuangning responded by weeping and stating, "I have received much grace from Tang. I cannot have another allegiance." This further angered Zhu. Zhu thus sent his general Yang Shihou to attack Zhao Kuangning, and then followed Yang himself with a larger army. After Yang defeated Zhao on the banks of the Han River, Zhao set fire to his capital Xiang Prefecture (襄州) and fled to Yang Xingmi's domain. (His brother Zhao Kuangming also subsequently abandoned Jiangling and fled to Wang's domain.) |
568_11 | After defeat
When Zhao Kuangning reached Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture (揚州), Yang Xingmi welcomed him, but joked with him, stating, "When you were at your circuit, you yearly delivered gold and silk to Zhu Quanzhong. Is it that now that you come to me only after defeat?" Zhao responded:
Yang treated him with great respect, as a result. After Yang died later in the year, it was said that Yang's son and successor Yang Wo did not pay as much respect to Zhao. At a feast, Yang Wo happened to be eating quite a bit of green Chinese plums. Zhao commented, "Do not overeat, or otherwise you will get pediatric fevers." The other officers, hearing this, considered Zhao disrespectful. He was thereafter moved to Hailing (海陵, in modern Taizhou, Jiangsu), and was later executed by Yang Wo's officer Xu Wen.
Notes and references |
568_12 | New Book of Tang, vol. 186.
History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 17.
New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 41.
Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms (十國春秋), vol. 8.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 259, 261, 264, 265.
9th-century births
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit
Yang Wu politicians
Executed Yang Wu people
People executed by Yang Wu
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
10th-century executions
People from South Central China
Yang Wu people born during Tang |
569_0 | Mountain Valley Spring Water is an American brand of spring water bottled in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It has been bottled continuously since 1871 and is currently owned by Clear Mountain Spring Water Company of Little Rock, Arkansas. Mountain Valley Spring Water is distributed across the United States. |
569_1 | History
Mountain Valley water originates at a protected spring just west of Highway 7 North, approximately twelve miles from downtown Hot Springs. In 1871, pharmacist Peter E. Greene and his brother, John Greene, were the first to sell Mountain Valley Spring Water, which was then known in the Hot Springs area as “Lockett’s Spring Water” because of its association with Benjamin Lockett and his son, Enoch. The brothers renamed the water Mountain Valley after a small community nearby. In 1883, the Mountain Valley Water Company was officially formed, with Zeb Ward, G. G. Latta, Samuel Fordyce, and Samuel Stitt House as principal investors and company officers with Peter Greene remaining as local manager. |
569_2 | Ownership of the spring was transferred in 1902, when August Schlafly of St. Louis Missouri, already a major stockholder in the company, and his family became sole owners. By 1908, franchise offices had followed in Chicago, Illinois, and New York City. An apocryphal tale holds that two strangers, traveling home to New York from Hot Springs by train, were in the dining car, and each produced a bottle of Mountain Valley for his respective table. This coincidence led to much conversation and then an agreement to form a fifty-fifty partnership for a Mountain Valley Water Company franchise in New York. Upon exchanging business cards, media mogul William Randolph Hearst discovered that his new partner was the well-known gambler Richard Canfield, a man against whom his newspapers were conducting a fierce campaign. |
569_3 | By the 1920s, Mountain Valley Water was being served in the United States Senate, and in 1928, distribution began in California, making Mountain Valley the first bottled water to be available coast to coast. In 1924, Schlafly purchased the DeSoto Springs Mineral Water Company, located at 150 Central Avenue in Hot Springs. The two-story, Classical Revival brick building was built specifically to house a mineral water depot. A third level was added in 1921 to house a Japanese-themed dance hall, with accommodation for a live band. The building remained the DeSoto Spring Water Depot and DeSoto Dance Hall until 1936, when Mountain Valley Water Company made the building its national headquarters and visitor center. |
569_4 | In 1966, the Schlaflys sold the company to a group of distributors under the leadership of John G. Scott. The company’s headquarters were moved to Paramus, New Jersey, and the historic Mountain Valley building was closed. In April 1987, Sammons Enterprises of Dallas, Texas, purchased the company and returned administrative operations to Hot Springs. Sammons sold the company in April 2004 to the current private ownership.
New York based CO OP Brand Co, illustrator Two Arms Inc, and Colorado based Land Design collaborated to create the new image and branding for the company in 2016 |
569_5 | Health benefits
In an effort to discover what ingredient or ingredients made this spring water different from its competitors and beneficial to those with chronic disorders, the company encouraged the clinical and biochemical study of the water and its possible therapeutic effects in the 1920s and 1930s. Clinical tests at hospitals in New York, St. Louis, and Philadelphia demonstrated improvements in the health of patients suffering from kidney and liver disorders and rheumatism as a result of drinking Mountain Valley Water. Studies after World War II in facilities in New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis, and Houston further investigated the connection between the low-sodium content of the water and its alkaline buffering ability. The extensive testing of the spring water enabled the company to present a strong and successful defense to 1956 allegations by the Food and Drug Administration that its advertising claims were too broad and exaggerated. |
569_6 | Awards
Mountain Valley is America’s most-awarded spring water, having won 19 honors from the Berkeley Springs International Water Tasting since the organization’s inception in 1991.
1992
3rd - Sparkling
Mountain Valley Sparkling Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
1997
1st (tied) - Bottled Non-Carbonated
Mountain Valley Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
1997
2nd - Sparkling
Mountain Valley Sparkling Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
1998
2nd - Sparkling
Mountain Valley Sparkling Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
1999
4th - Sparkling
Mountain Valley Sparkling Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
2000
4th - Bottled Non-Carbonated
Mountain Valley Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
2000
2nd (tied) - Sparkling
Mountain Valley Sparkling Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
2002
5th - Bottled Non-Carbonated
Mountain Valley Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
2003
Bottled Non-Carbonated Water
Gold Medal: Mountain Valley Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR |
569_7 | 2008
People’s Choice Package Design
5th Place: Mountain Valley Vintage Glass, Hot Springs, AR
2011
Carbonated Bottled Water
Silver Medal: Mountain Valley Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
2012
Carbonated Bottled Water
5th Place: Mountain Valley Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR
2018
Best Bottled Water 2018
2nd—Mountain Valley Springs Water, Hot Springs, AR
2019
Best Flavored Essence Sparkling
1st – Mountain Valley Blackberry Pomegranate Sparkling Water. Hot Springs, AR
2019
Best Flavored Essence Sparkling
3rd – Mountain Valley White Peach Sparkling Water, Hot Springs, AR
2019
Best Sparkling – 2019
1st – Mountain Valley Spring Water Sparkling, Hot Springs, AR
2020
Best Sparkling – 2020
3rd – Mountain Valley Spring Water Sparkling, Hot Springs, AR
2020
Best Flavored Essence Sparkling
3rd– Mountain Valley Blackberry Pomegranate Sparkling Water. Hot Springs, AR
2021
Best Sparkling - 2021
5th (tied) Mountain Valley Sparkling Spring Water, Hot Springs, AR |
569_8 | Notable connoisseurs
Every United States President from Calvin Coolidge to Bill Clinton served Mountain Valley Spring Water in the White House. Following a heart attack in 1955, President Dwight Eisenhower drank the water on the advice of his physician. Other notable connoisseurs of the water included Elvis Presley and boxing champions Joe Louis, Gene Tunney, and Sugar Ray Robinson. Consumption of the water has not been limited to humans: thoroughbreds such as Secretariat, Nashua, Kelso, Bold Ruler, and Sunday Silence were trained on this spring water.
P. Allen Smith serves Mountain Valley Spring and Sparkling Water at his garden home.
Mountain Valley Spring and Sparkling Waters are the official bottled waters of the Southern Foodways Alliance and the Society of Hickory Golfers. |
569_9 | Legal and environmental issues
Because of the environmental impact of bottled water and the lack of any proven benefits of it compared to municipal tap water, states are increasingly banning its purchase using state funds. For example, states including New York will not allow state money to be used to purchase it for any State events of at state-funded institutions. California and Massachusetts have similar laws preventing the use of taxpayer funds on these products.
In popular culture
Mountain Valley Spring Water has a long show business tradition that dates back to Gloria Swanson. Mountain Valley Spring Water was featured on screen in the convenience store in John Carpenter's The Fog. Today Mountain Valley shares the screen with stars such as Tom Cruise, Demi Moore, Paul Reiser, and Ashley Judd.
On television, Mountain Valley has been featured in episodes of Parks and Recreation and Happily Divorced.
References |
569_10 | http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=2148
http://www.berkeleysprings.com/water/awards2.htm
http://www.foodbev.com/news/mountain-valley-spring-water-packs-in-25-rpet
http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/state-agencies-to-phase-out-use-of-bottled-water/
External links
Official Site
Bottled water brands |
570_0 | The 1991 Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team represented Fresno State College in the 1991 NCAA Division I baseball season. The Bulldogs played their home games at Pete Beiden Field. The team was coached by Bob Bennett in his 24th year as head coach at Fresno State.
The Bulldogs won the West I Regional to advance to the College World Series, where they were defeated by the Florida Gators.
Roster
Schedule
|-
! style="" | Regular Season
|- |
570_1 | |-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" | #
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7%" | Date
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="14%" | Opponent
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Site/Stadium
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Score
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Overall Record
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Big West Record
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 1 || February 3 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 5–2 || 1–0 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 2 || February 3 || San Diego || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 12–2 || 2–0 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 3 || February 5 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 10–6 || 3–0 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 4 || February 8 || at || Sunken Diamond • Stanford, California || 7–1 || 4–0 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 5 || February 9 || at Stanford || Sunken Diamond • Stanford, California || 5–4 || 5–0 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc" |
570_2 | | 6 || February 10 || at Stanford || Sunken Diamond • Stanford, California || 3–6 || 5–1 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 7 || February 12 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 5–3 || 6–1 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 8 || February 13 || at San Diego || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 7–1 || 7–1 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 9 || February 15 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 8–10 || 7–2 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 10 || February 16 || California || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 14–15 || 7–3 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 11 || February 17 || California || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 17–9 || 8–3 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 12 || February 19 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 6–5 || 9–3 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 13 || February 22 || at || Rainbow Stadium • Honolulu, Hawaii || 8–9 || 9–4 || – |
570_3 | |- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 14 || February 23 || at Hawaii || Rainbow Stadium • Honolulu, Hawaii || 4–5 || 9–5 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 15 || February 24 || at Hawaii || Rainbow Stadium • Honolulu, Hawaii || 17–8 || 10–5 || –
|- |
570_4 | |-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" | #
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7%" | Date
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="14%" | Opponent
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Site/Stadium
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Score
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Overall Record
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Big West Record
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 16 || March 2 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 4–0 || 11–5 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 17 || March 2 || New Mexico State || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 5–4 || 12–5 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 18 || March 7 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 5–0 || 13–5 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 19 || March 8 || St. Mary's || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 9–13 || 13–6 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 20 || March 9 || St. Mary's || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 10–4 || 14–6 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc" |
570_5 | | 21 || March 11 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 5–3 || 15–6 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 22 || March 12 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 9–5 || 16–6 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 23 || March 13 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 4–5 || 16–7 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 24 || March 15 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 0–4 || 16–8 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 25 || March 15 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 1–4 || 16–9 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 26 || March 16 || Iowa State || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 4–2 || 17–9 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 27 || March 21 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 3–1 || 18–9 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 28 || March 22 || Oregon State || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 3–9 || 18–10 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc" |
570_6 | | 29 || March 23 || Oregon State || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 2–5 || 18–11 || –
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 30 || March 28 || at || Billy Hebert Field • Stockton, California || 6–1 || 19–11 || 1–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 31 || March 29 || at Pacific || Billy Hebert Field • Stockton, California || 6–3 || 20–11 || 2–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 32 || March 30 || at Pacific || Billy Hebert Field • Stockton, California || 18–2 || 21–11 || 3–0
|- |
570_7 | |-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" | #
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7%" | Date
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="14%" | Opponent
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Site/Stadium
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Score
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Overall Record
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Big West Record
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 33 || April 5 || at || Anteater Field • Irvine, California || 4–1 || 22–11 || 4–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 34 || April 6 || at UC Irvine || Anteater Field • Irvine, California || 8–2 || 23–11 || 5–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 35 || April 7 || at UC Irvine || Anteater Field • Irvine, California || 6–3 || 24–11 || 6–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 36 || April 9 || Cal Poly || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 7–8 || 24–12 || 6–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 37 || April 12 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 1–0 || 25–12 || 7–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc" |
570_8 | | 38 || April 13 || Cal State Fullerton || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 6–4 || 26–12 || 8–0
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 39 || April 14 || Cal State Fullerton || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 5–20 || 26–13 || 8–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 40 || April 16 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 4–3 || 27–13 || 8–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 41 || April 19 || at || San Jose Municipal Stadium • San Jose, California || 4–0 || 28–13 || 9–1
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 42 || April 20 || at San Jose State || San Jose Municipal Stadium • San Jose, California || 0–1 || 28–14 || 9–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 43 || April 21 || at San Jose State || San Jose Municipal Stadium • San Jose, California || 9–1 || 29–14 || 10–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 44 || April 22 || at || William Peccole Park • Reno, Nevada || 4–7 || 29–15 || 10–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc" |
570_9 | | 45 || April 23 || at Nevada || William Peccole Park • Reno, Nevada || 11–6 || 30–15 || 10–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 46 || April 26 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 6–1 || 31–15 || 11–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 47 || April 27 || UNLV || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 8–5 || 32–15 || 12–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 48 || April 28 || UNLV || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 11–7 || 33–15 || 13–2
|- |
570_10 | |-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" | #
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7%" | Date
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="14%" | Opponent
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Site/Stadium
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Score
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Overall Record
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Big West Record
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 49 || May 3 || at || Blair Field • Long Beach, California || 2–1 || 34–15 || 14–2
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 50 || May 4 || at Long Beach State || Blair Field • Long Beach, California || 2–6 || 34–16 || 14–3
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 51 || May 5 || at Long Beach State || Blair Field • Long Beach, California || 2–6 || 34–17 || 14–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 52 || May 10 || || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 10–6 || 35–17 || 15–4
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 53 || May 11 || UC Santa Barbara || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 13–14 || 35–18 || 15–5
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc" |
570_11 | | 54 || May 12 || UC Santa Barbara || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 3–8 || 35–19 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 55 || May 16|| || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 8–6 || 36–19 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 56 || May 17 || Southwestern Louisiana || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 3–9 || 36–20 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 57 || May 18 || Southwestern Louisiana || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 10–1 || 37–20 || 15–6
|- |
570_12 | |-
! style="" | Postseason
|- |
570_13 | |-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" | #
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7%" | Date
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="14%" | Opponent
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Site/Stadium
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Score
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Overall Record
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Big West Record
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 58 || May 23 || Cal State Northridge || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 7–2 || 38–20 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 59 || May 24 || Stanford || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 4–2 || 39–20 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 60 || May 25 || Stanford || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 7–2 || 40–20 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 61 || May 26 || Cal State Northridge || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 2–6 || 40–21 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 62 || May 26 || Cal State Northridge || Pete Beiden Field • Fresno, California || 6–5 || 41–21 || 15–6
|- |
570_14 | |-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="3%" | #
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="7%" | Date
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="14%" | Opponent
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="25%" | Site/Stadium
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Score
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Overall Record
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="5%" | Big West Record
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ccffcc"
| 63 || May 31 || vs Florida State || Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska || 6–3 || 42–21 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 64 || June 2 || vs LSU || Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska || 3–15 || 42–22 || 15–6
|- align="center" bgcolor="#ffcccc"
| 65 || June 4 || vs || Johnny Rosenblatt Stadium • Omaha, Nebraska || 1–2 || 42–23 || 15–6
|-
|-
|
Awards and honors
Todd Johnson
First Team All-Big West |
570_15 | Bobby Jones
First Team All-American American Baseball Coaches Association
First Team All-American Collegiate Baseball Newspaper
First Team All-American Baseball America
Rotary Smith Award
Collegiate Baseball Player of the Year
First Team All-West II Regional
First Team All-Big West
Big West Pitcher of the Year
Mike Noel
Second Team All-Big West
Phil Romero
Second Team All-Big West
Jason Wood
Third Team All-American American Baseball Coaches Association
First Team All-West II Regional
First Team All-Big West
References
Fresno State Bulldogs baseball seasons
Fresno State Bulldogs baseball
College World Series seasons
Fresno State
Big West Conference baseball champion seasons |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.