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601_29 | Past Commodores
References
Allshouse, R. H. (Ed.). (1996). A centennial history of the erie yacht club. Erie, PA: Erie Yacht Club Publications
External links
Inter-Lake Yachting Association
Yachting Clubs of America
Sailing in Pennsylvania
Sports in Erie, Pennsylvania
Yacht clubs in the United States
1895 establishments in Pennsylvania |
602_0 | The Surrounded, D’Arcy McNickle's first book, was first published in 1936 by Harcourt, Brace and Company then republished in 1964 and again in 1978 by the University of New Mexico Press. McNickle was a Cree Métis author enrolled as Salish-Kootenai on the Flathead Indian Reservation.
The Surrounded takes place in the Sniél-emen Valley, which translates to “Mountains of the surrounded,” on the Flathead Reservation in Montana at the ranch of Max Leon, Archilde's father. |
602_1 | The story begins with Archilde Leon, who is half Salish and half Spaniard, returning from Portland where he worked in white society. Upon his return he feels separated from his homeland and culture. The story follows Archilde's internal struggle between Euro-American and American Indian culture, as he attempts to reconcile with his father and find his place in a community while he deals with the death of his brother and his mother's murder of a game warden. Struggling to reintegrate himself into Salish culture, repair his family bonds, and escape criminal charges, Archilde finds himself trapped in the crossfire as outside forces attempt to decimate his tribe's way of life. |
602_2 | The Surrounded received praise for its ingenuity, and reviewer Louis Owens believes this novel led to an Indigenous literary movement more notable than the Harlem Renaissance. In “You Can't Run Away Nowadays: Redefining Modernity in D'Arcy McNickle's The Surrounded,” Alicia Kent states that The Surrounded resembles a “coming of age” story as Archilde attempts to find his path and place in life, but the story also mixes in modernist style—highlighting themes concerning disillusionment, despair, displacement, and liminal spaces. Reviews by Olive La Farge, J. MacMurrough, and Louis Owens all comment on how McNickle's ability to detect and clearly depict the struggle to coexist in seemingly opposing worlds sets the standard for Indigenous literature.
Background |
602_3 | The Surrounded is the first novel written by Cree Métis author D’Arcy McNickle. The book was originally published in 1936 by Harcourt, Brace & Company, and republished by the University of New Mexico Press in 1978 as a part of the Zia Series. The second publication includes an afterword written by literary collector and scholar Lawrence W. Towner. While little is known about the specifics of McNickle's early life, it is widely accepted that The Surrounded is influenced by the author's own experiences as a person of both Cree and European descent. Like the main character of The Surrounded, McNickle spent much of his childhood on the Flathead Reservation until he was taken to the Chemawa Indian School in Salem, Oregon. After graduating he attended the University of Montana and went on to work for the Bureau of Indian Affairs. It was during this time that McNickle wrote The Surrounded. |
602_4 | The Surrounded takes place on the Flathead Reservation. While little economic data about the reservation is available from the time the novel was written, impacts of the Great Depression appear throughout The Surrounded. The novel explores issues of race and identity in the Salish tribe. McNickle refers to a common practice where white men married Native women in order to claim the land allotted to them under the controversial Dawes Act. This political commentary paired with positive reception for both editions has earned The Surrounded prestige in the canon of Native American Literature.
Characters |
602_5 | Archilde Leon
Archilde Leon (ahr-SHEEL lay-OHN) is the son of Max Leon, a Spaniard, and Catherine LaLoup Leon, a Salish woman. Having previously worked in Portland as a fiddler, Archilde returns to his home on the Flathead Reservation to visit his mother. Archilde struggles to embrace his Salish roots and make amends with his father, who expected him to take over the family ranch. Archilde finds it hard to leave the reservation once he begins to accept his family and the Salish tribe amidst the murder of his brother Louis and the game warden. |
602_6 | Catherine LaLoup Leon
Catherine is the daughter of a Salish chief, married to Max Leon, and the mother of Archilde, Louis, and Agnes—she has given birth to eleven children in all. Catherine converted to Christianity with her father and was known as “Faithful Catherine” by the Fathers of their church. Catherine begins to struggle with her faith after the murders of her child Louis and the game warden. Catherine renounces her baptism and then fully embraces her traditional beliefs before dying. |
602_7 | Max Leon
Max Leon is a Spaniard and moved to the Flathead Reservation once he married Catherine. He is the father of Archilde Leon, but their relationship has fractured since Archilde moved away to Portland rather than working on the ranch. Max isolates himself from Salish people and his family and often visits Father Grepilloux to unburden himself and seek advice. Archilde and Max's relationship begins to heal as his son accepts more responsibility on the ranch. On his death bed, Max wishes he were more understanding and accepting of his family and the Salish people, which allows him to finally receive forgiveness from Catherine and Archilde. |
602_8 | Mike
Mike is Archilde's nephew and Agnes's son. He is a braggadocios boy who enjoys living on the reservation with his family. When Mike is taken to the Mission boarding school, he suffers several traumatic experiences that ultimately change his personality and cause him to endure nightmares, bed-wetting, and irrational fears. Mike ultimately escapes with his brother, Narcisse, in the mountains to avoid getting sent back to the Mission school.
Narcisse
Narcisse (nahr-sees) is Archilde's nephew and Agnes's son. He and his brother Mike are extremely close. Narcisse becomes concerned when Mike begins to act differently when they return from the Mission school. They eventually escape into the mountains with Archilde and Elise to avoid going back to the Mission school. |
602_9 | Elise La Rose
Elise is the daughter of Octave La Rose and Modeste's granddaughter. She has a reputation for recklessness in the town, but Archilde and Elise form a close bond and begin to have feelings for one another. Elise helps Archilde, Mike, and Narcisse to escape into the mountains to avoid the authorities, but she winds up having to kill Sheriff Quigley when he discovers their camp. Elise and Archilde are captured by Mr. Parker and a Salish Police officer at the end of the novel.
Modeste
Modeste is a well-respected elder in the Salish tribe and a chief. Modeste and Catherine have a strong friendship, and he offers his help and knowledge to the rest of his tribe—he helps Mike overcome his trauma, fulfills Catherine's wish to return to their tribal traditions, and tells Archilde their tribal histories and stories to give him a better understanding of his cultural heritage. |
602_10 | Dave Quigley
Dave Quigley is an infamous Sheriff among the Salish people because of his reputation for incriminating and killing Indigenous people. Sheriff Quigley suspects Archilde after the game warden's disappearance and continues to be a menacing force throughout the book.
Mr. Parker
Mr. Parker is the Indian Commissioner at the Indian Government Agency. Parker attempts to help Archilde when he is under suspicion for the disappearance of the game warden. He ultimately winds up hunting Archilde down in the mountains and placing him under arrest when he does not return to the agency after his mother's death.
Louis Leon
Louis Leon is Archilde's brother and tends to be impetuous. Louis steals horses from nearby ranches and takes refuge in the mountains. Louis is killed by a game warden when the warden discovers the family hunting and shoots Louis as he reaches for his rifle. |
602_11 | Father Grepilloux
Father Grepilloux is a priest at the St. Xavier Mission in the Sniél-emen Valley. He is Max Leon's closest companion and confidant and helps him repair his relationship with his son, Archilde. Father Grepilloux has been writing a book about the missionaries' arrival in the valley and his impressions of the Salish people.
Agnes Leon
Agnes Leon is Archilde's sister and the mother of Narcisse and Mike. She lives with Max in his house and encourages Archilde to remain on the reservation to help their father with the ranch.
Plot |
602_12 | Archilde Leon returns from Portland, where he made a living by playing fiddle in a show house, to his father's ranch in Montana on the Flathead Reservation in the Sniél-emen Valley. Archilde visits with his mother, Catherine—a Salish woman, and she plans to host a feast for Archilde's return to the reservation. Archilde discovers that his brother Louis stole horses and took refuge in the Salish mountains. Archilde dreads seeing his father, Max Leon—a Spaniard, because their relationship has become strained since Archilde left for Portland. Archilde begins to regret his decision to visit his family.
Archilde runs into his brother Louis at the creek on his family's property. He warns him about Pariseau, a rancher, searching for him and tells him that the infamous Sheriff Dave Quigley may eventually get involved in the manhunt. |
602_13 | Max and Father Grepilloux discuss Archilde's return and future on the reservation, and Father Grepilloux suggests that Archilde take violin lessons at the mission to extend his stay on Max's ranch. Later, Archilde attends a feast where the elders share traditional Salish stories that alter Achilde's perspective about his culture, and he begins to embrace his community and family. Max remains in his house during the feast pondering his isolation and lack of connection from the Salish people and his family. Afterwards, Max tricks his grandsons Mike and Narcisse into attending the Mission boarding school under the guise of a joyride in his car. |
602_14 | Catherine and Archilde go hunting in the mountains and find Sheriff Quigley searching for a horse thief—Louis. Catherine and Archilde run into Louis, and they set up camp together to go hunting the following day. After Louis brings back a deer he shot, a game warden approaches their camp and tells them they are in violation of hunting laws. As the warden attempts to put them under arrest, Louis reaches for his gun and the game warden shoots and kills him. Catherine then plunges an ax into the game warden's head and kills him. Catherine and Archilde bury the game warden's body and head back down the mountains with Louis's body. When they arrive at the ranch, Archilde and Catherine lie to everyone by saying that they found Louis dead in the mountains to avoid suspicion or revealing the game warden's murder. |
602_15 | After Louis's death, the Government Indian Agency takes Archilde into custody to investigate his brother's murder and the disappearance of the game warden. Mr. Parker from the Government Indian Agency believes Archilde is being honest with him and promises to help him throughout the investigation. Sheriff Quigley remains skeptical of Archilde's story and believes he is involved with the game warden's disappearance. During this time, Father Grepilloux dies and Max falls ill. When Archilde is released, he rushes to his father's side. In Max's dying moments, he realizes the errors of his ways and wishes he were more open and forgiving with his family, specifically with Catherine. |
602_16 | After the death of Louis and Max Leon, Catherine becomes further removed from the Christian faith, and it no longer provides her with comfort. She holds a tribal meeting where she asks to be whipped—a traditional form of penance— as punishment for her crimes: murdering the game warden and the death her son, Louis. Catherine shares her dream of the white people's heaven and the Salish people's heaven. She describes not being able to enter Salish heaven until she revoked her baptism. Modeste and the tribe agree to use the whip on Catherine for her crimes as she completely denounces her previously devout faith in Christianity. |
602_17 | When Catherine falls ill, Archilde calls for Father Jerome to give the last rites. Father Jerome reveals that he knows the truth about Catherine murdering the game warden and pushes Archilde to report his mother's crimes to the authorities. Archilde reveals his secret to Mr. Parker, and he allows Archilde to remain with his mother until she passes away at which point he must return to the agency to fight any charges that may be brought against him. |
602_18 | After Catherine dies, Archilde and Elise flee into the mountains with Narcisse and Mike to avoid the authorities and sending the boys back to the Mission school. After three days, Mr. Parker sends Sheriff Quigley to find the runaways and bring Archilde to justice. In the middle of the night, Sheriff Quigley discovers their camp in the mountains, but Elise shoots Sheriff Quigley and kills him. Just as Elise and Archilde think they are free, Mr. Parker and a Salish police officer emerge from the brush and place them under arrest. Narcisse and Mike escape from the authorities, but Archilde and Elise are detained. |
602_19 | Genre and analysis
In Alicia Kent's article "You Can't Run Away Nowadays: Redefining Modernity in D'Arcy McNickle's The Surrounded," she describes The Surrounded as coming-of-age novel that illustrates the struggle to maintain Indigenous sovereignty and traditions in a rapidly modernizing world. Kent draws parallels between McNickle's experiences with federally supported assimilatory legislation and the novel's depiction of the Salish people's attempt to preserve their culture and way of life. |
602_20 | According to Carole Goldberg's "A Native Vision of Justice," The Surrounded plays a significant role in American and Indigenous fiction because the novel captures the flaws in federal legislation meant to protect Indigenous communities. Goldberg states that McNickle confronted the shortcomings in federal policy through political action and his literature. Her article suggests that The Surrounded provided McNickle with a platform to highlight the injustice Indigenous people endured at the hands of insufficient federal legislation.
Laird Christensen's “Not Exactly Like Heaven: Theological Imperialism in The Surrounded,” suggests that McNickle's novel illustrates the ideological flaws in attempting to intervene with or "improve" the Salish culture and way of life. Christensen argues that Christianization methods depicted in the novel parallel the threat of erasure for Indigenous people's culture and survival. |
602_21 | In “The Red Road to Nowhere: D'Arcy McNickle's The Surrounded and The Hungry Generations,” Louis Owens concludes that McNickle's dual heritage influenced The Surrounded because Archilde faces a similar dilemma by attempting to bridge his European and Indigenous ancestry. Owens surmises that The Surrounded illustrates that connecting two worlds poses an incredible challenge because opposing cultural values and core beliefs tend to clash rather than coexist. |
602_22 | Robert Dale Parker's article “Who Shot the Sheriff” uses an Indigenous feminist perspective to decipher The Surrounded. He critiques Archilde's character for his inability to make decisions in desperate situations leaving Catherine, his mother, and Elise to fight against the encroaching white community and corrupt government officials. Through Parker's analysis, he suggests that Indigenous men— animated through Archilde's character—must redefine their masculinity and begin to actively resist injustice with indigenous women—represented by Catherine and Elise. |
602_23 | In “D’Arcy McNickle’s Reservation Modernism,” Leif Sorenson's interpretation of The Surrounded illustrates that the novel's major themes highlight the generational trauma indigenous people endured at the hands of colonialism. Sorenson argues that the novel's trajectory evokes themes of cultural erasure as colonial forces decimate tribal resistance to uphold Eurocentric ideology. Ultimately, Sorenson concludes that The Surrounded portrays the reality of colonialism's negative impact on Indigenous peoples' lives and cultural survival. |
602_24 | Publication and reception |
602_25 | D’Arcy McNickle’s – then-named D’Arcy Dahlberg – first attempt at publication of The Surrounded, formerly titled “The Hungry Generations”, was denied by Harcourt, Brace, and Company in 1929. While under his former name, Dahlberg, the publishing company misjudged his name and addressed McNickle as Miss Dahlberg. The novel was accepted and published by Harcourt in 1936. The Surrounded went on to spark the creation of a revamped Native American literature. The Surrounded received strong reviews from the literary critics of its time. Upon release in 1936, American writer Oliver La Farge wrote a review for the novel titled "Half-Breed Hero" in The Saturday Review and rated it as an easy read with a clear, concise structure. La Farge found it especially interesting that the story centered around a character with dual heritage given that McNickle came from a similar background. Moreover, he concluded his review by praising McNickle for explaining the social and mental conflict of having a |
602_26 | dual heritage while trying to live by European standards without overwhelming the reader. Similarly, reviewer J. MacMurrough published his assessment in the New Masses titled “From the Inside," and he credited McNickle for delving into the history of the Salish people by including that the Jesuit, Society of Jesus, and the government were meant to help the Salish people but instead these institutions caused more problems. MacMurrough praised McNickle for clearly highlighting a different struggle through each character and noted that he enjoyed the fact that Catherine returns to her Native practices. MacMurrough concluded his review with the notion that The Surrounded is a timeless novel that could never be replicated. |
602_27 | References
Further reading
Native American novels
1936 American novels
University of New Mexico Press books
Harcourt (publisher) books
Novels set in Montana |
603_0 | Randolph County is located between the Ozark Mountains and Arkansas Delta in the U.S. state of Arkansas. The county is named for John Randolph, a U.S. senator from Virginia influential in obtaining congressional approval of the Louisiana Purchase, which includes today's Randolph County. Created as Arkansas's 32nd county on October 29, 1835, Randolph County has two incorporated cities, including Pocahontas, the county seat and most populous city. The county is also the site of numerous unincorporated communities and ghost towns. |
603_1 | Crossed by five rivers, most of Randolph County contains foothills and valleys typical of the Ozarks. However, the eastern side of the county is largely flat with fertile soils typical of the Delta, with the Black River roughly dividing the regions. The county contains three protected areas: two Wildlife Management Areas and Davidsonville Historic State Park, which preserves and interprets an early pioneer settlement. Other historical features such as log cabins, one-room school houses, community centers, and museums describe the history and culture of Randolph County. |
603_2 | Randolph County occupies and contained a population of 17,969 people in 7,299 households as of the 2010 Census, ranking it 38th in size and 41st in population among the state's 75 counties. The economy is largely based on agriculture and small manufacturing. Poverty and unemployment rates are above national averages, but steady. Household incomes are below state and national averages. Politically, Randolph County has transitioned from reliably Democratic to steadily Republican since the mid-20th century. |
603_3 | Randolph County is served by two school districts, Pocahontas School District and Maynard School District, and parts of three others. Higher education is provided at Black River Technical College, a public two-year community college in Pocahontas. Five Rivers Medical Center in Pocahontas is a community hospital providing primary care in the county. Although no Interstate highways serve Randolph County, the county has access to three United States highways (U.S. Route 62 [US 62], US 67, and US 412) and eleven Arkansas state highways. Randolph County is also served by one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Pocahontas Municipal Airport, and six community water systems provide potable water to customers in the county.
Geography |
603_4 | Randolph County is located where the foothills of the Ozark Mountains intersect the Arkansas Delta (in Arkansas, usually referred to as "the Delta") in the southeast part of the county. Two of the six primary geographic regions of Arkansas, the Ozarks are a mountainous subdivision of the U.S. Interior Highlands, and the Arkansas Delta is a subregion of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain, which is a flat area consisting of rich, fertile sediment deposits from the Mississippi River between Louisiana and Illinois. The Black River roughly divides the two regions in Randolph County. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (0.6%) is water. |
603_5 | The county is located approximately northeast of Little Rock, northwest of Memphis, Tennessee, and southwest of St. Louis, Missouri. Randolph County is surrounded by three Delta counties: Clay County to the east, Greene County to the southeast, Lawrence County to the south, one Ozark county, Sharp County, to the west, and two Missouri counties, Oregon County to the northwest, and Ripley County to the northeast.
Hydrology
Water is an extremely important part of Randolph County's geography, history, economy, and culture. The many rivers, streams, and ditches crossing the county have featured prominently since prehistoric times, and many of the hundreds of archaeological sites are along waterways. Tribes of Lenape, Shawnee, and Cherokee were settled in the area along rivers but left the area following the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes.
Randolph County is home to five major rivers: Black River, Current River, Eleven Point River, Fourche River, and Spring River. |
603_6 | Running from east to west toward its own mouth in the southern tip of Randolph County, the Black receives the Current River and Fourche River east of Pocahontas. The Current River serves as the northeastern county boundary with Clay County before turning southwest, passing Reyno and Biggers and meeting the Black east of Pocahontas. The Fourche River enters Randolph County near Doniphan, Missouri and runs south to meet the Black east of Pocahontas. The Black meets the Spring at the southern tip of Randolph County near Black Rock.
The Spring River serves as the county's southwestern boundary with Lawrence County between Davidsonville Historic State Park and Ravenden. The Eleven Point River enters from Missouri near Billmore and runs south to empty into the Spring just west of the state park. |
603_7 | Rivers brought early prosperity to the county during white settlement for navigation. Control of the rivers and Pitman's Ferry led to military action in the county during the Civil War, including a skirmish in 1862. Following the war, natural mineral springs purported to have healing properties attracted visitors to Warm Springs and Ravenden Springs.
Protected areas
Randolph County contains one state park, Davidsonville Historic State Park, and two Wildlife Management Areas (WMAs), Dave Donaldson/Black River WMA and Robert L. Hankins/Mud Creek Upland WMA, owned by the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission.
Black River WMA preserves bottomland hardwood forest habitat and wintering habitat for migratory birds. Created in 1957, Black River WMA contains over total and extends into Clay and Greene counties. Mud Creek Upland WMA was created in 1989 with of upland hardwood forest. The area is open to birding, hunting, and hiking. |
603_8 | Davidsonville Historic State Park is a 163-acre (66 ha) history state park focused on the interpretation and archaeology of the abandoned frontier town of Davidsonville. Once a very important stop on the Black River and Southwest Trail within Arkansaw Territory, Davidsonville was abandoned by 1836 following the decline of river transport and the shifting of the Southwest Trail. The park is owned and operated by the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism.
Demographics
2020 Census
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 18,571 people, 7,355 households, and 4,994 families residing in the county.
2010 Census |
603_9 | As of the 2010 census, there were 17,969 people, 7,299 households, and 4,997 families residing in the county. The population density was 27 people per square mile (10.6/km2). There were 8,513 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.5% White, 0.7% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.7% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. 1.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 7,299 households, out of which 30.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.5% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 2.92. |
603_10 | In the county, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 8.3% from 18 to 24, 22.7% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 18.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41.9 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.
2000 Census
As of the 2000 census, there were 18,195 people, 7,265 households, and 5,245 families residing in the county. The population density was 28 people per square mile (11/km2). There were 8,268 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile (5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.99% White, 0.97% Black or African American, 0.53% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 1.15% from two or more races. 0.82% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. |
603_11 | There were 7,265 households, out of which 30.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.40% were married couples living together, 9.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.80% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.93.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.60% under the age of 18, 8.30% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 24.30% from 45 to 64, and 17.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.50 males.
Economy |
603_12 | Employment by sector in Randolph County is varied, led by professional services (26.8%), government employees and government enterprises (15.8%), trade (12.8%), agriculture (11.3%), and manufacturing (9.8%). A rural county with several small manufacturers, Randolph County consistently has an unemployment rate above state and national averages. As of October 2015, the Randolph County unemployment rate was 5.9%, down significantly from a peak of 10.3% in 2011 during the height of the Great Recession. For comparison, the unemployment rate was 4.9% statewide and 5.0% in the US in October 2015. |
603_13 | As of the 2000 Census, the median income for a household in the county was $27,583, and the median income for a family was $33,535. Males had a median income of $25,006 versus $18,182 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,502. About 11.90% of families and 15.30% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.80% of those under age 18 and 15.20% of those age 65 or over.
Human resources
Education
Educational attainment in Randolph County is typical for a rural Arkansas county, with a 2012 study finding 82.5% of Randolph County residents over age 25 held a high school degree or higher and 13.4% holding a bachelor's degree or higher. The Randolph County rates are below Arkansas averages of 84.8% and 21.1%, and significantly below national averages of 86.7% and 29.8%, respectively.
Primary and secondary education |
603_14 | Two public school districts are based in Randolph County; the Pocahontas School District is the largest school district in Randolph County, with the Maynard School District serving the northeast corner of the county. Successful completion of the curriculum of these schools leads to graduation from Pocahontas High School or Maynard High School, respectively. Both high schools offer Advanced Placement (AP) courses, concurrent credit agreements with nearby Black River Technical College (BRTC), and are accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). Additionally, Pocahontas HS is accredited by AdvancED.
Residents outside the two Randolph County-based districts are within either the Mammoth Spring School District, Sloan-Hendrix School District, Greene County Tech School District, or Corning School District. |
603_15 | Higher education
Randolph County contains one institution of higher education, Black River Technical College, a public community college in Pocahontas. Other higher education institutions in the region include two member institutions of the Arkansas State University System: Arkansas State University (ASU), a public four-year university in Jonesboro, and a public two-year satellite campus in Newport. Two private, four-year colleges are also near Randolph County: Crowley's Ridge College, a Christian liberal arts college in Paragould, and Williams Baptist College in Walnut Ridge.
Library system
The Randolph County Library (RCL) in downtown Pocahontas is a member library of the Northeast Arkansas Regional Library System. RCL offers books, e-books, media, reference, youth, business and genealogy services. |
603_16 | Public health
Randolph County's above-average poverty rate also indicates a high Medicaid eligibility rate. As of 2012, 38.1% of Randolph County was eligible for Medicaid, with 65.1% of children under 19 eligible for ARKids First, a program by the Arkansas Department of Human Services that combines children's Medicaid (ARKids A) and other programs for families with higher incomes (ARKids B). The county's population is significantly above healthy weight, with 71.7% of adults and 41.2% of children/adolescents ranking as overweight or obese, above the state averages of 67.1% and 39.3%, themselves significantly above national averages of 62.9% and 30.3%, respectively. |
603_17 | The Five Rivers Medical Center in Pocahontas is a community hospital offering acute inpatient care, emergency care, diagnostics, surgery, rehabilitation, therapy, and senior care services. The facility is rated as a Level 4 Trauma Center by the Arkansas Department of Health. St. Bernards Medical Center in Jonesboro is a referral hospital in the region, focusing on heart care, cancer treatment, women's/children's services, and senior services.
The nearest Level 1 Trauma Centers are Le Bonheur Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center, both in Memphis.
Public safety
The Randolph County Sheriff's Office is the primary law enforcement agency in the county. The agency is led by the Randolph County Sheriff, an official elected by countywide vote every four years. |
603_18 | The county is under the jurisdiction of the Randolph County District Court, a local district court. Local district courts in Arkansas are courts of original jurisdiction for criminal, civil, small claims, and traffic matters. Local district courts are presided over by an elected part-time judge who may privately practice law. Randolph County District Court is located at 1510 Pace Road in Pocahontas, and is presided over by the District Judge, who is elected in a countywide election. The court handles within Randolph County.
Superseding district court jurisdiction is the 3rd Judicial Circuit Court, which covers Jackson, Lawrence, Randolph, and Sharp counties. The 3rd Circuit contains three circuit judges, elected to six-year terms circuitwide.
Culture and contemporary life |
603_19 | Randolph County has several facilities, monuments, and museums dedicated to preserving the history and culture of the area. Several historic log structures remain in the county from the pioneer era. The Rice-Upshaw House, an 1820s-era log cabin near Dalton, is one of the oldest structures in Arkansas. Randolph County also includes Hillyard Cabin and the Looney-French House, both listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
The county contains several historic schools and community centers, including Cedar Grove School No. 81, a historic one room schoolhouse now used as a community center, the Eddie Mae Herron Center & Museum, a refurbished black school today serving as a community center and interpretative site, Old Union School in Birdell, and Ravenden Springs School. |
603_20 | Century Wall Monument, celebration of influential twentieth-century Americans
Davidsonville Historic State Park
Maynard Pioneer Museum, celebrates the early settlers
Old Randolph County Courthouse, restored 1875 courthouse in Pocahontas town square today used by Randolph County Chamber of Commerce
Randolph County voters approved sales of alcoholic beverages during a November 2018 election. Prior to the change taking effect in February 2019, Randolph County had been an alcohol prohibition or dry county for some 70 years.
Government |
603_21 | The county government is a constitutional body granted specific powers by the Constitution of Arkansas and the Arkansas Code. The quorum court is the legislative branch of the county government and controls all spending and revenue collection. Representatives are called justices of the peace and are elected from county districts every even-numbered year. The number of districts in a county vary from nine to fifteen, and district boundaries are drawn by the county election commission. The Randolph County Quorum Court has nine members. Presiding over quorum court meetings is the county judge, who serves as the chief operating officer of the county. The county judge is elected at-large and does not vote in quorum court business, although capable of vetoing quorum court decisions. |
603_22 | Politics
Since the late 20th century, Randolph County has transitioned from reliably Democratic to steady Republican in national, state and local elections. Except for the Catholic John F. Kennedy in 1960, major nationwide Republican victories for Richard Nixon (1972) and Ronald Reagan (1984), and the candidacy of Alabama Governor George Wallace in 1968, the county supported every Democratic presidential candidate between 1896 and 2004. Randolph County then supported Barack Obama’s opponents by roughly 3-to-2 margin, and supported Donald Trump with 70.7 percent of the vote. |
603_23 | In Congress, Arkansas has been represented by two Republican senators (John Boozman and Tom Cotton) since January 3, 2015, ending a long history of Democratic hegemony. In the House of Representatives, Randolph County is within the Arkansas 1st district with several other Ozark counties and many agricultural Delta counties on the eastern side of the state. The Arkansas 1st has been represented by Rick Crawford since 2010. |
603_24 | In the Arkansas State Senate, Randolph County is split between the 19th District and 20th District. Pocahontas and areas to the southeast are in the 20th along with Clay, Greene, Lawrence and a small portion of Craighead counties. Areas north or west of Pocahontas are in the 19th along with Izard, Sharp, Independence and a small portion of Fulton counties. The 19th has been represented by James Sturch (R) of Batesville since 2019, and the 20th has been represented by Blake Johnson (R) of Corning since 2015. In the Arkansas House of Representatives, Randolph County is split between the 56th District, 60th District, and 61st District. The eastern part of Randolph County is in the 56th District, which also includes Clay and most of Greene counties. Portions of Randolph County generally south and west of Pocahontas are represented by the 60th District, which also includes Lawrence County, most of Izard County, and a small portion of Greene County. The remainder of Randolph County, |
603_25 | including Pocahontas, is represented by the 61st District, along with portions of Sharp and Fulton counties. These districts are represented by Joe Jett (R, since 2014), Frances Cavenaugh (R, since 2016), and Marsh Davis (R, since 2019), respectively. |
603_26 | Randolph County has produced some successful statewide politicians, including Thomas S. Drew, Third Governor of Arkansas, Edwin R. Bethune, U.S. Representative from Arkansas, Drew Bowers, Republican gubernatorial nominee in 1926 and 1928, and William Jasper Blackburn, a Reconstruction U.S. Representative from Louisiana.
Taxation |
603_27 | Property tax is assessed by the Randolph County Assessor annually based upon the fair market value of the property and determining which tax rate, commonly called a millage in Arkansas, will apply. The rate depends upon the property's location with respect to city limits, school district, and special tax increment financing (TIF) districts. This tax is collected by the Randolph County Collector between the first business day of March of each year through October 15th without penalty. The Randolph County Treasurer disburses tax revenues to various government agencies, such as cities, county road departments, fire departments, libraries, and police departments in accordance with the budget set by the quorum court. |
603_28 | Sales and use taxes in Arkansas are voter approved and collected by the Arkansas Department of Finance and Administration.
Arkansas's statewide sales and use tax has been 6.5% since July 1, 2013. Randolph County has an additional sales and use tax of 1.25%, which has been in effect since January 1, 1999. Within Randolph County, the City of Pocahontas has an additional 2% sales and use tax since October 1, 2013, and the Town of Maynard an additional 1.5% sales and use tax since April 1, 2012. The Arkansas State Treasurer disburses tax revenue to counties/cities in accordance with tax rules. |
603_29 | Communities
Two incorporated cities and four incorporated towns are located within the county. The largest city and county seat, Pocahontas, is located in the south-central part of the county on the Black River. Pocahontas' population in 2010 was 6,608, and has been increasing since the 1960 Census. The county's small towns all have a population under 500 as of the 2010 Census, with Ravenden Springs the smallest at 118 in western Randolph County. The remaining communities are in the Delta portion of the county: Maynard north of Pocahontas, Biggers and Reyno (the other city) along US 67 near the county's eastern border, and O'Kean in the southeastern corner. |
603_30 | Randolph County has dozens of unincorporated communities and ghost towns within its borders. This is due to early settlers in Arkansas tending to settle in small clusters rather than incorporated towns. For example, communities like Davidsonville had a post office and dozens of buildings at some point in their history. Other communities are simply a few dwellings at a crossroads that have adopted a common place name over time. Some are officially listed as populated places by the United States Geological Survey, and others are listed as historic settlements.
Ravenden Springs
Cities
Pocahontas (County Seat)
Reyno
Towns
Biggers
Maynard
O'Kean
Ravenden Springs
Unincorporated communities |
603_31 | Antioch
Attica
Birdell
Brakebill
Brockett
Cedar Grove
Dalton
Dunn
East Pocahontas
Elevenpoint
Elkins Park
Elm Store
Elnora
Engelberg
Fender
Glaze Creek
Gravesville
Hamil
Hoover Landing
Ingram
Jerrett
Lesterville
Lorine
Manson
Middlebrook
Minorca
Noland
Old Reyno
Old Siloam
Palestine
Pitman
Shannon
Sharum
Skaggs
Stokes
Stoney Point
Supply
Warm Springs
Washington
Historical communities
Baker Den
Davidsonville
Debrow
Keller
Kingsville
Mock
Oconee
Poluca
Running Lake
Watervalley
Yadkin
Townships
Baker
Bristow
Butler
Columbia
Current River (Biggers)
Dalton
Demun (Pocahontas)
East Roanoke
Eleven Point
Foster
Ingram
Jackson
Janes Creek (Ravenden Springs)
Little Black
O'Kean (O'Kean)
Reyno (Reyno)
Richardson (Maynard)
Running Lake
Shiloh
Siloam
Spring River
Union
Warm Springs
Water Valley
West Roanoke
Wiley
Infrastructure |
603_32 | Aviation
Randolph County contains one public owned/public use general aviation airport, Pocahontas Municipal Airport (Nick Wilson Field) in Pocahontas. For the twelve-month period ending August 31, 2014, the facility saw 7,000 general aviation operations. The nearest commercial service airport is Memphis International Airport.
Major highways |
603_33 | Randolph County is not served by any Interstate highways; the nearest access to the Interstate system is Interstate 555 (I-555) in Jonesboro. The county does serve as a junction for several US highways, with US 62 crossing the county from east to west. This highway runs across much of northern Arkansas, giving Randolph County access to Mountain Home, Harrison, Eureka Springs, and Fayetteville to the west. US 62 intersects US 67 in Pocahontas, forming a two route overlap to the northeast toward Poplar Bluff, Missouri. US 67 runs south from Pocahontas to Walnut Ridge, where it becomes a controlled-access highway running south to Little Rock, the state capital. (US 67 will be upgraded to Interstate 57 (I-57) in the future from the Missouri state line to Little Rock.) A short business spur of US 67 connects Biggers to the state highway system. |
603_34 | Eleven state highways serve the traveling public in the county, varying from short connector routes to long highways traversing the entire county. Highway 34 and Highway 90 run east–west across the county, with the latter connecting Ravenden Springs to Pocahontas. Highway 93, Highway 115, Highway 166, and Highway 251 all run north to the Missouri state line to connect with Missouri state routes. Highway 328 connects Maynard to state highways to the east and west. A second segment of Highway 166 and Highway 361 connect Davidsonville Historic State Park to nearby population centers. Highway 304 connects Pocahontas to Delaplaine, with a short alternate route, Highway 304N running around Pocahontas Municipal Airport. Two instances of Highway 231 serve as connectors between other major state highways.
Utilities |
603_35 | The Arkansas Department of Health (ADH) is responsible for the regulation and oversight of public water systems throughout the state. Randolph County contains six community water systems: Biggers Water Department, City of Maynard, O'Kean Water System, Pocahontas Water and Sewer, Ravenden Springs Waterworks, Reyno Water Department, as well as portions of Clay County Regional Water Distribution District (CCRWDD), Northeast Arkansas Public Water Authority (NEAPWA), and Lawrence County Regional Water District. Pocahontas W&S has the largest retail population in the county (7,547), with all others under 500 accounts served. Of the water systems serving Randolph County, only Pocahontas and NEAPWA use surface water (the Black River and Spring River, respectively) for source water; all others use groundwater wells or purchase from neighboring utilities. |
603_36 | Notable people
Joseph J. Alexander, Randolph County's first representative at Arkansas' first State Assembly after becoming a state. He was killed 4 Dec 1837 by the Speaker of the House, John Wilson, during a knife fight on the floor of the assembly chamber.
George Nicholas 'Nick' Wilson (1942 - ), former Arkansas lawyer and political leader who served in the Arkansas Senate for almost 30 years.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Randolph County, Arkansas
Notes
References
External links
Randolph County Chamber of Commerce
Randolph County Tourism Association
Randolph County Sheriff's Office
1835 establishments in Arkansas Territory
Populated places established in 1835 |
604_0 | KHTT (106.9 FM, "106.9 K-HITS") is a top 40 mainstream (CHR) radio station licensed to Muskogee, Oklahoma, and serving the Tulsa metropolitan area. It is owned by Griffin Communications. The radio studios are located in Downtown Tulsa and the transmitter is south of Bixby.
KHTT broadcasts using HD Radio technology. The HD-2 digital subchannel carries the sports radio format of co-owned KTSB 1170 AM.
History
KHTT was originally KMMM, and it was also known as "K-Triple M" (the three Ms in its call letters, which also stood for "Muskogee's Music Machine") and at times it was called "The New K107 FM". It targeted only Muskogee and the surrounding areas at the time. Very little format history is known for KMMM; one of the formats known for the station is urban contemporary. The station mixed in a few top 40 songs during the daytime and aired a straight ahead Urban presentation by evenings. By 1982 KMMM went dark. |
604_1 | In 1982, the station signed back on the air with an upgrade in its signal now allowing it to target Tulsa. It changed its format to a full length Top 40/CHR format and became known as KAYI but still kept the moniker as "K107 FM". In the early '90s, KAYI evolved in an Adult CHR direction, but the change did not bring success. In November 1993, the station changed its call letters to KHTT and its slogan to "K-HITS." It remained an adult-leaning top 40 station for a few more years. Then in the summer of 1996, "K-HITS" shifted to a more mainstream top 40 format, which it has since used with an astounding success.
Ownership changes
In April 1988 Renda Broadcasting of Pittsburgh, PA purchased then KAYI-FM (K107) from the ill-fated Narragansett Broadcasting Company of Rhode Island. Shortly after the deal closed, Renda moved its existing Tulsa station, then AC KBEZ into the same facility as K107. |
604_2 | On March 8, 2012, Renda announced that it was selling KHTT and KBEZ to Journal Communications for $11.8 million. The deal closed on June 25, 2012. Both KHTT and its sister KBEZ have moved into the Journal Communications facility at 29th and Yale Avenue adjacent to the Broken Arrow Expressway joining the existing Journal stations KVOO, KXBL, and KFAQ after residing at 7030 S Yale, Suite 711 for nearly 30 years.
Journal Communications (KHTT's former owner) and the E. W. Scripps Company (owner of NBC's local affiliate KJRH-TV) announced on July 30, 2014 that the two companies would merge to create a new broadcast company under the E. W. Scripps Company name that will own the two companies' broadcast properties, including KHTT. The transaction was approved. |
604_3 | On June 26, 2018, parent company E. W. Scripps announced that it would sell KHTT - along with its sister stations, KBEZ, KFAQ, KVOO, and KXBL to Griffin Communications. Griffin began operating the stations under a local marketing agreement on July 30, and completed the purchase October 1; the company already owned CBS affiliate KOTV-DT and CW affiliate KQCW-DT. |
604_4 | Gunman
On Jan. 13, 2010 just after 1 p.m., 58-year-old Barry Styles brought a gun to the offices of KHTT and sister station KBEZ, and walked up and down the hallways demanding to speak to KBEZ morning show DJ Carly Rush. When the receptionist informed the man she had left for the day, he walked out of the office then immediately returned brandishing a pistol. The receptionist escaped to the back of the office and called the Tulsa Police Department. The gunman trapped the employees inside the office and guarded the exit. After approximately 10 minutes, the police department had arrived on scene. When the gunman refused to drop his weapon, police fired shots hitting him in the waist. Shortly after, the police handcuffed the man and he was taken to a hospital where he was listed as being in serious condition.
Call sign history
Current call sign: KHTT
Facility ID Number: 55704
Call Sign: Begin Date:
KMMM (unknown date)
KAYI 07/26/1982
KHTT 11/01/1993 |
604_5 | Slogans
"All The Hits!" (1993–1996, 2011–2016)
"Today's Best Music!" (1996–2004)
"The New #1 Hit Music Station!" (2004–2010)
"Tulsa's New #1 Hit Music Station!" (2016–2018)
"Tulsa's #1 Hit Music Station!" (2018–present)
References
External links
KHTT station website
MySpace page
K HITS 106.9 FM
HTT
Contemporary hit radio stations in the United States
Griffin Communications |
605_0 | The Cayman Islands sent a delegation to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. The delegation included fifteen people; of the delegation, four athletes participated under the Caymanian flag. In the track and field events was Ronald Forbes, who also served as the Cayman Islands' flag-bearer during the Opening Ceremony and reached quarterfinals in the 110m hurdles, and Cydonie Mothersille, who reached finals and ranked eighth in the 200m dash. Brothers Shaune and Brett Fraser, both swimmers, participated in the 100 and 200m freestyle and in the 200m backstroke, respectively. The Cayman Islands' appearance at the Beijing Olympics marked its ninth appearance since its debut at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal. The Cayman Islands, up to and including Beijing, have yet to medal.
Background |
605_1 | The Cayman Islands first participated in the Olympics when they sent two male athletes to compete in the Montreál 1976 Summer Olympic Games. Between then and Beijing, the Cayman Islands participated in eight Olympic games, including every summer Olympic competition excluding the Moscow 1980 Summer Olympics. The number of Caymanian athletes participating in Olympic events peaked at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona with ten athletes, but has since fallen. In the Beijing Olympics, the Cayman Islands sent four athletes—three men and a woman—to participate in two distinct sports. Two athletes progressed to post-preliminary rounds (Ronald Forbes and Cydonie Mothersille) in their events, and Mothersille, ranked eighth in the final round of her event. However, as of and including its participation in Beijing, the Cayman Islands had yet to medal. Ronald Forbes carried the Caymanian flag at ceremonies. |
605_2 | The Cayman Islands Olympic Committee financed the participation of Brett Fraser in swim meets to prepare for the Beijing Olympics. Runner Cydonie Mothersill and swimmer Shaune Fraser were recipients of the Beijing Olympic Scholarship, which was awarded by the International Olympic Committee and paid for their training expenses. The Caymanian Olympic delegation received donations from the Cayman Islands Post Office, Atlantic Star, Ltd, and its director, Fahad Al Rashid, in addition to sponsorships that the athletes garnered. In addition to the athletes, the delegation to Beijing included eleven people. Among the rest of the delegation was CIOC president Donald McLean, athletics coach Kendrick Williams, swimming coaches Dominic Ross and Mark Block, and past president Jerris Miller. |
605_3 | In addition to the actual Olympic delegation, the Cayman Islands sent two 17-year-old athletes—Courtney Stafford, a squash player, and Joseph Jackson, a sailor—to attend the Olympic Youth Camp in Beijing and witness the opening ceremony, torch relay, and various Olympic events.
Athletics |
605_4 | Men |
605_5 | Former Florida International University athlete Ronald Forbes participated in the men's 110 meters hurdles event on behalf of the Cayman Islands. His participation in the Beijing Olympics marked his debut at the Olympic games. Forbes' qualification in the hurdle event made him the first British Virgin Islander to participate in Olympic hurdling. While at the Olympics, Forbes was placed in Heat 3 of the 17 August first round in the event against, among others, Colombia's Paulo Villar and Barbadian Ryan Brathwaite, who scored first and second in the heat. Forbes ranked fifth out of eight with a time of 13.59 seconds; he was 0.06 seconds behind China's Shi Dongpeng and 0.13 seconds ahead of Puerto Rico's Hector Cotto Gonzalez. Overall, Forbes tied Russia's Igor Peremota for 19th place out of 43 athletes. He progressed to the second round on 19 August, where he was placed in Heat 4 against France's Ladji Doucoure and American David Oliver. He again ranked fifth out of eight with a time of |
605_6 | 13.72 seconds. Overall, Forbes ranked 26th out of 32 athletes, and did not progress to semifinals. |
605_7 | Women |
605_8 | Jamaica-born former Clemson University athlete Cydonie Mothersill qualified for the women's 200 meter dash and participated on behalf of the Cayman Islands. 30 years old at the time of the Beijing Olympics, Mothersill had been participating in the Olympics since she was 18 at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. She also attended the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, but only started running her present event in Sydney. In Beijing, Mothersill participated in the first round of her event on 18 August, where she was placed in Heat 1 versus the United States' Muna Lee and France's Muriel Hurtis-Houari. Mothersill ranked third in the heat with a time of 22.76 seconds, placing behind Hurtis-Houari by 0.04 seconds. Overall, Mothersill ranked third in the event out of 48 athletes, behind Lee and Hurtis-Houari. She progressed to the 19 August second round and was placed in Heat 1, which included Jamaica's Veronica Campbell and the Bahamas' Debbie Ferguson. |
605_9 | Mothersill ranked fourth of eight, earning a time of 22.83 seconds. She fell behind Ferguson by 0.06 seconds, and placed ahead of fifth place heat finalist Ionela Tirlea of Romania by 0.29 seconds. Cydonie Mothersill tied Muna Lee in Round 2 for ninth place out of 32 athletes. Mothersill qualified for semifinals on 20 August, and was placed in Heat 2. Mothersill ranked fourth out of eight, this time running the event in 22.61 seconds and falling behind Jamaican Sherone Simpson and American Marshevet Hooker by 0.11 seconds, but beating Hurtis-Houari by 0.1 seconds. Mothersill ranked ninth in the event out of sixteen. During the final races, Mothersill ran the event in 22.68 seconds, and ranked eighth overall. |
605_10 | Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Swimming |
605_11 | Then-University of Florida student Brett Fraser was the youngest participant in the Caymanian delegation during the Beijing Olympics, at age 18. He swam for the Cayman Islands alongside his brother, Shaune Fraser, although Brett Fraser specifically qualified for the Men's 200 meter backstroke event. Brett Fraser's participation in the Beijing Olympics marked the first time he participated in any Olympic games. During the Olympics themselves, Fraser was placed in Heat 1 during the 13 August preliminary round, where he challenged two other athletes: Oleg Rabota of Kazakhstan, and Sergey Pankov of Uzbekistan. Fraser completed his event with a time of 2:01.17, placing him 0.78 seconds ahead of second-place heat finalist Rabota, and almost two seconds ahead of third-place heat finalist Pankov. Fraser lead his heat, but ranked 29th place out of 42 athletes overall, falling approximately five seconds behind round leader Ryan Lochte of the United States, who later medaled gold in the event. |
605_12 | Brett Fraser did not progress to the next round. |
605_13 | Former University of Florida student Shaune Fraser, elder brother of Brett Fraser, also participated in swimming events at Beijing. The Olympic games in Beijing marked the second appearance by Shaune Fraser, who appeared before in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens when he was 16 years old. Fraser qualified for three events in Beijing: the 100 meters freestyle, the 200 meters freestyle, and the 100 meters butterfly. He previously participated in the 200 meters freestyle in Athens. In the 200 meters freestyle, Fraser participated in Heat 5 during the 10 August preliminaries. Other swimmers in his heat were Israel's Nimrod Shapira Bar-Or and South Africa's Darian Townsend, who respectively ranked first and second in the heat, while Fraser ranked fifth out of eight athletes with a time of 1:48.60. Fraser ranked behind Japan's Sho Uchida by 0.26 seconds, and ahead of Greece's Andreas Zisimos by 0.22 seconds. Overall, Fraser ranked 26th out of 58 athletes. He did not progress to the |
605_14 | semifinals in the event. In the 100 meters freestyle, Fraser participated in Heat 5 during the 12 August preliminary rounds. He swam against athletes including the Czech Republic's Martin Verner and Hungary's Balazs Makany, and completed the event in 49.56 seconds. Fraser placed fourth out of eight athletes, placing between Uruguay's Martin Kutscher (5th place, 50.08 seconds) and Balazs and Lithuania's Paulius Viktoravicius (tied for 2nd place, 49.27 seconds). Overall, Fraser tied Yuriy Yegoshin for 36th place out of 64 athletes. He did not advance to semifinals. Lastly, in the 100 meters butterfly, Shaune Fraser participated in Heat 2 of the 14 August preliminary rounds. He competed against, among others, Malaysia's Daniel Bego and Suriname's Gordon Touw Ngie Tjouw. Fraser ranked first in the heat out of seven athletes with a time of 54.08 seconds. Bego, the second-place heat finalist, was 0.3 seconds behind him. Overall, Fraser ranked 51st out of 66 athletes, and did not progress to |
605_15 | the semifinal round. |
605_16 | Men
See also
Cayman Islands at the 2007 Pan American Games
Cayman Islands at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games
References
Nations at the 2008 Summer Olympics
2008
Olympics |
606_0 | Dance Dance Revolution X is a music video game developed by Konami. A part of the Dance Dance Revolution series, it was announced in 2008 for Japan and on May 15, 2008 for the North American PlayStation 2. The arcade version was announced on July 7, 2008, July 9, 2008 in Europe, and July 10, 2008 for North America. Released to celebrate the 10th anniversary of Dance Dance Revolution, DDR X sports an improved interface, new music, and new modes of play. The arcade release featured an overhauled (second generation) cabinet design with a widescreen display, e-Amusement and USB access, and an improved sound system. Despite such new design of its arcade cabinet, upgrade kit to change the edition of DDR on its first generation arcade cabinet from SuperNOVA2 (or earlier) to X is also available. The PlayStation 2 release has link ability with the arcade machine, multi-player support over LAN, and other improved and returning features such as EyeToy support. DDR X was called a "truly global |
606_1 | version", with a multi-regional release by all three major Konami houses. |
606_2 | Development
PlayStation 2
Konami announced the development of Dance Dance Revolution X on May 15, 2008 alongside Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3 and Dance Dance Revolution Hottest Party 2. DDR X is intended to be released as part of the 10th anniversary of Dance Dance Revolution. Konami promised that at least 70 songs would be featured in this release and that DDR X would bring with it enhanced graphics and new modes of play. Also promised was LAN multi-player support for up to 8 players, an upgraded Workout Mode that will allow players to build their own regimen, new dancing characters and the return of existing features such as EyeToy support.
On the same day, Konami released gameplay preview images and video that showcased new graphical content. Three songs, two that had previously premiered on SuperNOVA 2 and its Japanese PS2 version (Poseidon and TimeHollow) and one that was new to the Dance Dance Revolution series, "Taj He Spitz", were also displayed in this media. |
606_3 | During the E3 gaming convention on July 15, 2008, additional information was revealed about the North American PlayStation 2 game, announcing that Dance Dance Revolution X would feature classic gameplay as well as new gameplay. The difficulty rating scale was extended resulting in existing songs in the series being re-rated to compensate. The Shock Arrow feature was also playable. Previously licensed music from earlier DDR series has returned including Me & My's "Dub-I-Dub" and Smile.dk's "Butterfly". GameSpot's reporters announced that the game was expected to be released sometime during Fall 2008. Additionally, new gameplay screenshots were revealed at the same time showcasing new features like new and returning dancing characters, a new Workout Mode, LAN network gameplay and returning modes such as Battle, Edit, Training and Street Master Mode. A successor to the previous Master Modes, Street Master Mode is akin to Quest Mode from Dance Dance Revolution Ultramix 3. Moving across a |
606_4 | map, players guide themselves from one dance challenge to the next, meeting new characters and visiting different locales along the way. |
606_5 | The game was released on September 16, 2008. In addition to the aforementioned features, the PS2 version also contains "Xmixes", several nonstop mixes containing several songs each. |
606_6 | Arcade
On July 7, 2008, following a redesign of the Dance Dance Revolution Global Gateway, Konami of Japan announced that Dance Dance Revolution X would be released as an arcade and PlayStation 2 title in Japan as well. Shortly thereafter, on July 9, 2008, Konami sent out a press release to DDRUK (a DDR and music gaming fan community, with a particular emphasis on the European market) that said DDR X would be a "truly global version", mentioning that the Dancing Stage name would be dropped in favor of Dance Dance Revolution, confirming the game's pending release in Europe as an arcade title. The press release went on to say that the arcade cabinet and hardware would get a fresh, new look and feel. Naoki Maeda, one of the sound producers for the Bemani series, pointed out on his TËЯRA blog that repeated requests from the fans of DDR were partially responsible for the decision to redesign the game's hardware. |
606_7 | Konami held a private party on July 10, 2008 to showcase the arcade version of Dance Dance Revolution X in Japan, revealing additional information on the upcoming game. Improvements included a widescreen LC display, better sound system, new modes of gameplay, a link system between the arcade and PlayStation 2 version of the game, the ability to publish step edits across all arcade machines via e-Amusement using a standard USB drive and a new type of arrow called a Shock Arrow, one that is to be avoided instead of stepped on. Konami promised that there would be at least 60 new songs featured in DDR X, in addition to having the "strongest" songs of the Dance Dance Revolution series returning from previous DDR games. Konami also announced the North American DDR X arcade through their DDR Online Community website. |
606_8 | Location tests also revealed enhancements to the interface, such as a new "screen filter" option (which adds a transparent shaded area behind the arrows to improve visibility), a full combo "splash" effect animation (white for a Marvelous combo, gold for a Perfect combo, and green for a Great combo), and colored combo numbers which indicate the status of a combo colored the same way (which however, was absent on the US PS2 version).
An issue of Arcadia Magazine confirmed other details, such as the presence of some of the "x-edits" and licenses from the US PS2 version, Koko Soko by Smile.dk and announced that there would be a collaboration song with Naoki and Smile.dk present. |
606_9 | A post on Konami's development blog website announced that the arcade version of Dance Dance Revolution X would be released in Japan on December 24, 2008. A December 20 posting confirmed that songs from the home version DDR Hottest Party would appear on DDR X, demonstrated by a screenshot showing new doubles steps for a song inferred to be from one of the Hottest Party games and a dance stage backdrop from the game. The December 22nd post confirmed that "will" by Naoki (from the original Hottest Party game) would appear on DDR X, also showing a dance stage from the game branded with the logo of a recently released DDR game. |
606_10 | The North American release was prepared at the 2009 ASI Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada in March, which revealed that the game would be released in North America by May, and that e-Amusement service would be available for a monthly subscription on launch. Minor adjustments also revealed included a return to use of the left and right buttons rather than up and down for song selection on the new cabinet, and that changes would be made to the cabinet as well to reduce costs including the removal of some of the lighting. Additional design changes were made for the final cabinet, significantly altered from the designs that had been previously exhibited and released outside of the country. |
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