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641_11 | 2004
Product Innovation:
Delphi Delco Electronics Systems - Delphi Forewarn Back-up Aid and Side Alert
Denso - Very High Pressure Solenoid Fuel Injection System
Johnson Controls - Overhead Rail Vehicle Personalization System
Visteon - Long Life Filtration Systems
Product Europe:
TRW Automotive - Active Control seatbelt retractor
Process:
BASF - ColorCARE software for controlling and comparing paint color
DuPont - Wet on Wet Two Tone Products
Filter Specialists - FERRX 5000 magnetic separation device to remove ferrous particles of the initial, e-coat, prior to the application of base coat paint
Information Technology:
AutoForm Engineering - DieDesigner Stamping FEA Simulation Geometry Generation
Delphi Automotive - horizontal modeling and digital process design for CAD/CAM
Motorola - VIAMOTO navigation system |
641_12 | 2005
Product:
Dura Automotive Systems - Racklift Window Lift System
Gentex Corporation - SmartBeam Headlamp Dimming Microelectronics Solution
Illinois Tool Works - Direct Fuel System (DFS)
Multimatic - I-Beam Control Arm
Tenneco - Kinetic RFS (Reverse Function Stabilizer) technology
Valeo - Lane Departure Warning System
Product Europe:
Advanced Automotive Antennas - Fractal Antennas
BorgWarner - DualTronic dual clutch transmission - more commonly known as Volkswagen Group's Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG)
Siemens VDO Automotive - Information Systems Passenger Cars reconfigurable color head-up display
Manufacturing Process & Capital Equipment:
Siemens VDO Automotive - DEKA VII Low Pressure Electronic Gasoline Fuel Injectors
Information Technology & Services:
i2 Technologies - Optimal Scheduler software for auto assembly plants |
641_13 | Innovative OEM Collaborator Awards:
Chrysler with Dura Automotive Systems - Improved Window-Lift Systems
Mercedes-Benz with Sick AG - Entry/Exit Light Curtain
2006
Product:
Federal-Mogul Corporation - Monosteel Diesel Piston
Illinois Tool Works - BosScrew Fastener
Magneti Marelli - Software Flexfuel Sensor (SFS) for Flexible-fuel vehicles
Osram Opto Semiconductors - Color on Demand interior lighting
SKF - X-Tracker Asymmetric Hub Bearing Unit
Product Europe:
Preh Automotive - Windshield Defogging Sensor
Tenneco - Low Cost, Low Weight Muffler
Valeo - StARS Micro-Hybrd system
Manufacturing Process & Capital Equipment:
Dow Automotive - Betamate LESA Adhesive System
PosiCharge - Battery Charging System
Information Technology:
CogniTens - OptiCell Non-Contact Measuring System for quality control inspection
Innovative OEM Collaborator Awards:
General Motors with PPG Industries - Color Harmony Process
Ford with PosiCharge - Fast Charging Battery Technology |
641_14 | 2007
Product:
Alcoa - Dura-Bright Wheels with XBR Technology
Autoliv - Safety Vent Airbag
Federal-Mogul Corporation - HTA (High Temperature Alloy) Exhaust Gaskets
Halla Climate Control Corp - Wave Blade Fan and Saw Tooth Shroud
Valeo - Multi-Beam Radar (MBR) Blind-Zone Radar Sensor
Product Europe:
BorgWarner Turbo & Emissions Systems - BorgWarner Turbo & Emissions Systems Gasoline Turbocharger with Variable Turbine Geometry
Federal-Mogul Corporation Goetze Diamond Coating (GDC) (Piston Ring Coating)
Manufacturing Process & Capital Equipment:
Behr GmbH & Co. KG - BehrOxal surface treatment for corrosion protection
DuPont - DuPont EcoConcept paint and process
Hirotec - E3 Hemming Press
Information Technology:
RTT USA - RTT DeltaGen visualization toolset
Tenneco - Diesel Aftertreatment Predictive Development Process |
641_15 | Innovative OEM Collaborator Awards:
Porsche with BorgWarner Turbo & Emissions Systems - BorgWarner Turbo & Emissions Systems Gasoline Turbocharger with Variable Turbine Geometry
Porsche with BorgWarner TorqTransfer Systems - BorgWarner High Energy ITM3e AWD System
Volkswagen with DuPont - DuPont EcoConcept paint and process
2008
Product:
Cummins - Cummins 6.7-liter Turbo diesel
Dow Automotive - IMPAXX Energy Absorbing Foam
Eaton Corporation - CRUTONITE Valve Alloy
Gentex Corporation - Rear Camera Display (RCD) Mirror
Magneti Marelli - Tetrafuel System for use with Gasoline, Ethanol or Compressed Natural Gas
Xanavi Informatics Corporation and Sony Corporation - Around View Monitor (AVM)
Product Europe:
BorgWarner Turbo & Emissions Systems - Turbocharger with R2S Regulated Two-Stage Technology
Continental AG - Direct Injection System for Gasoline Applications
Valeo - Park 4U Semi-Automatic Parallel Parking |
641_16 | Manufacturing Process & Capital Equipment:
PPG Industries - Green Logic Paint Detackification Process
Webasto - Panoramic Polycarbonate Roof Module
Information Technology and Services:
Delphi Automotive - Sirius Backseat TV
Innovation Partnership Awards:
Chrysler with Mahle GmbH - CamInCam Variable valve timing (VVT) camshaft
Honda with Takata Corporation - Motorcycle Airbag System
Nissan with Xanavi Informatics Corporation and Sony Corporation - Around View Monitor (AVM)
2009
Product:
BorgWarner Morse TEC - Morse TEC CTA Camshaft Phasing System
Eaton Corporation - Eaton Twin Vortices Supercharger - TVS
Futuris Automotive - Tufted PET Carpet
Magna Mirrors - BlindZone Mirror
Product Europe:
BorgWarner BERU Systems - Pressure Sensor Glow Plug (PSG) for Diesel Engines
LuK GmbH & Co. - LuK Double Clutch for Double Clutch Transmissions
TI Automotive - Saddle-Shaped PZEV Plastic Fuel Tank |
641_17 | Manufacturing Process & Capital Equipment:
Alcoa - Alcoa's Vacuum Die Casting (AVDC) for Lightweight Door Assemblies
Henkel - Bonderite TecTalis Pre-treatment Process
Information Technology & Services:
Dassault Systèmes - DELMIA Automation digital manufacturing and production software solution
Microsoft - Microsoft Auto
Innovation Partnership Awards:
Ford with BorgWarner Morse TEC
General Motors with Futuris Automotive
2010
Product:
Delphi Automotive - Electronically Scanning Radar
Dura Automotive Systems - Horizontal Sliding Rear Window with Defrost
Meridian Lightweight Technologies - Single Piece Cast Magnesium Liftgate Inner Panel
PPG Industries - Super High Power Electrocoat
TI Automotive - Dual Channel Single Stage (DCSS 39-50) Electric fuel Pump
WABCO Vehicle Control Systems - OptiDrive Transmission Automation System |
641_18 | Product Europe:
Continental/NGK Insulators - Smart NOx Sensor
Delphi Corporation Powertrain Systems Division - Delphi direct Acting Piezo Injector
Federal-Mogul Corporation - Bayonet Connection System for Profile Wiper Blades
ZF Getriebe GmbH - ZF 8HP 8 Automatic Transmission
Manufacturing Process & Capital Equipment:
Henkel - Aquence Autodeposition and Co-Cure Paint Process
Dürr AG - EcoDryScrubber paint overspray retrieval system
Federal-Mogul Corporation - DuraBowl Piston Reinforcement Process
Federal-Mogul Corporation - High Precision Electro-Erosion Machining
Johnson Controls/Nordenia Deutschland - molded polypropylene (PP) Thin Film
Informatian Technology & Services:
Siemens PLM Software - Teamcenter In-Vehicle Software (IVS) Management System |
641_19 | Innovation PArtnership Awards:
Bombardier Recreational Products with Robert Bosch GmbH - Vehicle Stability System (VSS) for a 3-Wheeled Vehicle
Ford with Clarion Corporation of America - Next Generation Navigation System
Ford with Dura Automotive Systems - Horizontal Sliding Rear window with Defrost
Ford with Meridian Lightweight Technologies - Single Piece Cast Magnesium Liftgate Inner Panel |
641_20 | 2011
Product:
Delphi Automotive - Delphi Multec GDi Fuel Injector
Federal-Mogul Corporation - EcoTough Piston Coating for Gasoline Engines
Federal-Mogul Corporation - Low-Friction LKZ Oil Control Ring (Innovative Two-piece Oil Ring for Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines)
Henkel - Terophon High Damping Foam
Honeywell Turbo Technologies - Honeywell DualBoost Turbocharger for Medium Duty Diesel Engines
Janesville Acoustics - Molded Fiber IP Closeputs with Integrated Lighting and Ducts
Key Safety Systems - Inflatable Seat Belt System
Mahle GmbH - Electrical Waste Gate Actuator
Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH - LED Headlamp
Robert Bosch GmbH - Bosch P2 Parallel Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle System
Schaeffler Technologies - Lightweight Balance Shaft with Roller Bearings
Manufacturing Process:
Takata Corporation - Vacuum Folding Technology |
641_21 | Innovative Partnership Awards:
Chrysler with Janesville Acoustics - Molded Fiber IP Closeputs with Integrated Lighting and Ducts
Ford with Dassault Systèmes - Powertrain Digital Integration and Automation (PDIA)
Ford with Key Safety Systems - Inflatable Seat Belt System |
641_22 | 2012
Product:
BorgWarner Turbo Systems - Turbocharger for Internal Combustion Engines with Low-Pressure Exhaust Gas Recirculation
Delphi Automotive - Delphi L-Shape Crimp for 0.13 mm2 wire size
Hendrickson Auxiliary Axle Systems - Complient Tie rod (CTR) Assembly and Damening System with PerfecTrak Technology
Honeywell Turbo Technologies - High Temperature, Ball Bearing (HTBB) VNT Turbo
Lear Corporation - Lear Solid State Smart Junction Box (S3JB)
Magna Mirrors - Infinity Mirror with touch screen technology
Methode Electronics Innovative TouchSensor Controls to Ford's MyFord Touch User Interface System
Schaeffler Technologies - UniAir Fully Variable Valve Lift System
Valeo - VisioBlade System (high-efficiency adaptive windshield washer system) |
641_23 | Manufacturing Process:
Delphi Automotive - Delphi Thermal Multi Port Folded Tube Condenser
Federal-Mogul Corporation - Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Testing for Raised Gallery Diesel Pistons (Manufacturing Process)
Nalco Company - APEX Program-Sustainable Technology for Paint Detackification
PPG Industries - B1 and B2 Compact Process Paint Technology
3M/Esys Automation - Robotic Production System with Wheel Weights for Precision Tire and Wheel Balancing
Innovation Partnership Awards:
Fiat Powertrain and Chrysler with Schaeffler Technologies - UniAir Fully Variable Valve Lift System
Ford with Dana - Active Warm-up Heat Exchanger with Integrated Thermal Bypass Valve |
641_24 | 2013
Product
BorgWarner Turbo Systems - Regulated 3--turbocharger System (R3S)
Brose North America - Hands-free Liftgate Opener
Continental Interior Division, Body and Security - Tire Pressure Monitoring System (LocSync)
Continental Chassis & Safety Division, ADAS Business Unit - 24GHZ ISM Band Short Range Radar
Dana - Diamond Series Driveshafts
Delphi Automotive - F2E Distributed Pump Common Rail System
Federal-Mogul - Coating for Engine Bearings
GPM GmbH - Electro-Hydraulic Controlled Flow (ECF) Water Pump
Halla Visteon Climate Control Corporation - Metal Seal Fitting
PPG Industries - Andaro Tint Dispersion
Valeo - Air Intake Module with integrated Water Charge Air Cooler
Manufacturing Process and Capital Equipment
Federal-Mogul - Injection Molding of High Modulus Bonded Pistons used in High Pressure Transmissions
Schuler Hydroforming Division - Hydroforming and Global Die Standardization Process |
641_25 | Information Technology
Hughes Telematics - Automotive Software Remote Update Technology
Innovation Partnership Winners
BMW with BorgWarner Turbo Systems - Regulated 3-turbocharger System (R3S)
General Motors with Takata Corporation - Front Center Airbag
Mercedes-Benz with Hughes Telematics - Automotive Software Remote Update Technology
Toyota with Continental Chassis & Safety Division, ADAS Business Unit - 24GHZ ISM Band Short Range Radar
Volkswagen with Valeo - Air Intake Module |
641_26 | 2014
Product
Autoliv Inc. - Vårgårda Sweden - "Green" Airbag Inflator
BASF Corp. - Wyandotte. Mich. - Mold in Color High Touch, High Gloss Black Interior Door Switch Bezels
BorgWarner Transmission Systems - Auburn Hills, Mich. - BorgWarner Stop/Start Accumulator Solenoid Valve (Eco-Launch™ Solenoid Valve)
Continental Automotive - Chassis and Safety Business Unit - Auburn Hills, Mich. - Pressure Sensor for Pedestrian Protection (PPS pSAT)
Delphi Automotive - Warren, Ohio - ErgoMate™ Mechanical Assist System
Dow Automotive Systems - Auburn Hills, Mich. - BETAMATE™ Epoxy Structural Adhesive for Durable Bonding of Untreated Aluminum
Federal-Mogul – Wiesbaden, Germany - High Performance Bearings Without Lead
HELLA KGaA Hueck & Co. - Lippstadt, Germany - LED Matrix Beam Head Lights
Robert Bosch LLC - Farmington Hills, Mich. - Spray Enhancements in Gasoline Direct Injection Enabled by Laser Drilling |
641_27 | Schaeffler Group - Wooster, Ohio - Torque Converter with Centrifugal Pendulum Absorber
Valeo - Driving Assistance Product Group - Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany - Back-over Protection System
ZF Friedrichshafen - Saarbrucken, Germany - Car Powertrain Technology Division - ZF's 9-speed Automatic Transmission |
641_28 | Manufacturing Process and Capital Equipment
ArcelorMittal and Magna-Cosma International - Chicago - Laser Ablation Process
Henkel Corporation - Madison Heights, Mich. - BONDERITE® 2798™ Process for High Aluminum
TI Automotive - Auburn Hills, Mich. - Adaptable Plastic Fuel Tank Advanced Process Technology (TAPT) for all vehicle powertrains
Innovation Partnership Winners
Ford for partnership on the high-gloss black interior door switch bezels with BASF Corporation
General Motors for partnership on the Eco-Launch™ solenoid valve with BorgWarner Transmission Systems
Honda R&D Americasfor partnership on the laser ablation process with ArcelorMittal and Magna-Cosma International
Paccar for partnership on the BETAMATE™ structural adhesive for untreated aluminum with Dow Automotive Systems
Tesla Motors for partnership on the Tegra® Visual Computing Module (VCM) with NVIDIA Corporation
Volvo Car Corporation for partnership on the pedestrian protection airbag with Autoliv Inc. |
641_29 | 2015
BorgWarner - Limited-slip differential for front-wheel drive >> Detailed citation
ContinentalAG - Printed circuit board for transmission control units >> Detailed citation
Continental Automotive Systems Inc. - Multiapplication unified sensor element >> Detailed citation
Denso- Standardized HVAC unit >> Detailed citation
Federal-Mogul- DuroGlide piston ring coating >> Detailed citation
Federal-Mogul - MicroTorq seal for rotating shafts >> Detailed citation
FTE automotive - 2Polymer hydraulic gear shift actuator >> Detailed citation
GKN Driveline - Two-speed gearbox for electrified vehicles >> Detailed citation
Magna Closures - PureView seamless sliding window >> Detailed citation
Mahle - Evotec 2 lightweight piston >> Detailed citation
Nvidia - Tegra visual computing module >> Detailed citation
Osram Opto Semiconductors - Oslon black flat multichip family >> Detailed citation
Sika Automotive - Adhesive for mixed material bonding >> Detailed citation |
641_30 | Valeo Electrical Systems - Efficient alternator >> Detailed citation |
641_31 | 2020
American Axle & Manufacturing, Detroit - Electric driveline
Continental Structural Plastics, Auburn Hills, Mich. Subsidiary of Teijin- CarbonPro pickup box
Delphi Technologies, Kokomo, Ind. - DIFlex-integrated circuit
EJOT Fastening Systems, Wixom, Mich. - EJOWELD friction element welding
Gentex Corp., Zeeland, Mich. - Integrated toll module
Lear Corp., Southfield, Mich. - Xevo commerce and service platform
Magna Exteriors, Troy, Mich. - Composite space frame
Marelli, Auburn Hills, Mich. - h-Digi lighting module
Mobileye REM Division, Jerusalem - Road Experience Management
Schaeffler Technologies, Herzogenaurach, Germany - Compact coaxial transmission for e-axle
Stoneridge, Novi, Mich. - MirrorEye camera monitor system
Tenneco, Southfield, Mich. - IROX2 bearing coating
Valeo, Bietigheim-Bissingen, Germany - XtraVue trailer
See also |
641_32 | List of motor vehicle awards
International Engine of the Year
Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize
RJC Car of the Year
Ward's 10 Best Engines
References
External links
PACE Award official site(1)
PACE Award official site(2)
PACE Awards at autonews.com
Descriptions of Innovations of PACE Finalists and Award Winners
Automotive accessories
Motor vehicle awards |
642_0 | {{Chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 477163023
| Name =
| ImageFile = PEG Structural Formula V1.svg
| IUPACName = poly(oxyethylene) {structure-based}, poly(ethylene oxide) {source-based}
| OtherNames = Carbowax, GoLYTELY, GlycoLax, Fortrans, TriLyte, Colyte, Halflytely, macrogol, MiraLAX, MoviPrep
| SystematicName =
| Section1 =
| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C2nH4n+2On+1
| MolarMass = {{nowrap|44.05n + 18.02 g/mol}}
| Appearance =
| Density = 1.125
| MeltingPt =
| BoilingPt =
| Solubility =
}}
| Section3 =
| Section4 =
| Section5 =
| Section6 =
| Section7 =
}} |
642_1 | Polyethylene glycol (PEG; ) is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine. PEG is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight. The structure of PEG is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.
Uses
Medical uses |
642_2 | PEG is the basis of a number of laxatives (as MiraLax). Whole bowel irrigation with polyethylene glycol and added electrolytes is used for bowel preparation before surgery or colonoscopy.
PEG is also used as an excipient in many pharmaceutical products.
PEG used in medicines for treating disimpaction and maintenance therapy for children with constipation.
When attached to various protein medications, polyethylene glycol allows a slowed clearance of the carried protein from the blood.
The possibility that PEG could be used to fuse axons is being explored by researchers studying peripheral nerve and spinal cord injury. |
642_3 | An example of PEG hydrogels (see Biological uses section) in a therapeutic has been theorized by Ma et al. They propose using the hydrogel to address periodontitis (gum disease) by encapsulating stem cells in the gel that promote healing in the gums. The gel and encapsulated stem cells was to be injected to the site of disease and crosslinked to create the microenvironment required for the stem cells to function.
PEGylation of adenoviruses for gene therapy can help prevent adverse reactions due to pre-existing adenovirus immunity. |
642_4 | A PEGylated lipid is used as an excipient in both the Moderna and Pfizer–BioNTech vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. Both RNA vaccines consist of messenger RNA, or mRNA, encased in a bubble of oily molecules called lipids. Proprietary lipid technology is used for each. In both vaccines, the bubbles are coated with a stabilizing molecule of polyethylene glycol. As of December 2020 there is some concern that PEG could trigger allergic reaction, and in fact allergic reactions are the driver for both the United Kingdom and Canadian regulators to issue an advisory, noting that: two "individuals in the U.K... were treated and have recovered" from anaphylactic shock. As of 18 December, the US CDC stated that in their jurisdiction six cases of "severe allergic reaction" had been recorded from more than 250,000 vaccinations, and of those six only one person had a "history of vaccination reactions". |
642_5 | Chemical uses |
642_6 | Because PEG is a hydrophilic molecule, it has been used to passivate microscope glass slides for avoiding non-specific sticking of proteins in single-molecule fluorescence studies.
Polyethylene glycol has a low toxicity and is used in a variety of products. The polymer is used as a lubricating coating for various surfaces in aqueous and non-aqueous environments.
Since PEG is a flexible, water-soluble polymer, it can be used to create very high osmotic pressures (on the order of tens of atmospheres). It also is unlikely to have specific interactions with biological chemicals. These properties make PEG one of the most useful molecules for applying osmotic pressure in biochemistry and biomembranes experiments, in particular when using the osmotic stress technique.
Polyethylene glycol is also commonly used as a polar stationary phase for gas chromatography, as well as a heat transfer fluid in electronic testers. |
642_7 | PEG has also been used to preserve wooden and in some cases other organic objects that have been salvaged from underwater archaeological contexts, as was the case with the warship Vasa in Stockholm, and similar cases. It replaces water in wooden objects, making the wood dimensionally stable and preventing warping or shrinking of the wood when it dries. In addition, PEG is used when working with green wood as a stabilizer, and to prevent shrinkage. |
642_8 | PEG has been used to preserve the painted colors on Terracotta Warriors unearthed at a UNESCO World Heritage site in China. These painted artifacts were created during the Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of China) era. Within 15 seconds of the terra-cotta pieces being unearthed during excavations, the lacquer beneath the paint begins to curl after being exposed to the dry Xi'an air. The paint would subsequently flake off in about four minutes. The German Bavarian State Conservation Office developed a PEG preservative that when immediately applied to unearthed artifacts has aided in preserving the colors painted on the pieces of clay soldiers.
PEG is often used (as an internal calibration compound) in mass spectrometry experiments, with its characteristic fragmentation pattern allowing accurate and reproducible tuning.
PEG derivatives, such as narrow range ethoxylates, are used as surfactants. |
642_9 | PEG has been used as the hydrophilic block of amphiphilic block copolymers used to create some polymersomes.
PEG is a component of the propellent used in UGM-133M Trident II Missiles, in service with the United States Navy. |
642_10 | Biological uses
PEG can be modified and crosslinked into a hydrogel and used to mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) environment for cell encapsulation and studies.
An example study was done using PEG-diacrylate hydrogels to recreate vascular environments with the encapsulation of endothelial cells and macrophages. This model furthered vascular disease modeling and isolated macrophage phenotype's effect on blood vessels.
PEG is commonly used as a crowding agent in in vitro assays to mimic highly crowded cellular conditions.
PEG is commonly used as a precipitant for plasmid DNA isolation and protein crystallization. X-ray diffraction of protein crystals can reveal the atomic structure of the proteins.
PEG is used to fuse two different types of cells, most often B-cells and myelomas in order to create hybridomas. César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler originated this technique, which they used for antibody production, winning a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1984. |
642_11 | Polymer segments derived from PEG polyols impart flexibility to polyurethanes for applications such as elastomeric fibers (spandex) and foam cushions.
In microbiology, PEG precipitation is used to concentrate viruses. PEG is also used to induce complete fusion (mixing of both inner and outer leaflets) in liposomes reconstituted in vitro.
Gene therapy vectors (such as viruses) can be PEG-coated to shield them from inactivation by the immune system and to de-target them from organs where they may build up and have a toxic effect. The size of the PEG polymer has been shown to be important, with larger polymers achieving the best immune protection.
PEG is a component of stable nucleic acid lipid particles (SNALPs) used to package siRNA for use in vivo. (free with registration)
In blood banking, PEG is used as a potentiator to enhance detection of antigens and antibodies. |
642_12 | When working with phenol in a laboratory situation, PEG 300 can be used on phenol skin burns to deactivate any residual phenol.
In biophysics, polyethylene glycols are the molecules of choice for the functioning ion channels diameter studies, because in aqueous solutions they have a spherical shape and can block ion channel conductance. |
642_13 | Commercial uses
PEG is the basis of many skin creams (as cetomacrogol) and personal lubricants (frequently combined with glycerin).
PEG is used in a number of toothpastes as a dispersant. In this application, it binds water and helps keep xanthan gum uniformly distributed throughout the toothpaste.
PEG is also under investigation for use in body armor, and in tattoos to monitor diabetes.
In low-molecular-weight formulations (e.g. PEG 400), it is used in Hewlett-Packard designjet printers as an ink solvent and lubricant for the print heads.
PEG is also used as an anti-foaming agent in food and drinks – its INS number is 1521 or E1521 in the EU. |
642_14 | Industrial uses
A nitrate ester-plasticized polyethylene glycol (NEPE-75) is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.
Dimethyl ethers of PEG are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the syngas stream.
PEG has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.
PEG is also used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes. Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving PEG, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future.
PEG is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment. |
642_15 | PEG is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.
PEG was used as an additive to silver halide photographic emulsions. |
642_16 | Entertainment uses
PEG is used to extend the size and durability of very large soap bubbles.
PEG is the main ingredient in many personal lubricants. (Not to be confused with propylene glycol.)
PEG is the main ingredient in the paint (known as "fill") in paintballs.
Health effects
PEG is considered biologically inert and safe by the FDA.
However, a growing body of evidence shows the existence of a detectable level of anti-PEG antibodies in approximately 72% of the population, never treated with PEGylated drugs, based on plasma samples from 1990 to 1999. Due to its ubiquity in a multitude of products and the large percentage of the population with antibodies to PEG, hypersensitive reactions to PEG are an increasing concern. Allergy to PEG is usually discovered after a person has been diagnosed with an allergy to an increasing number of seemingly unrelated products, including processed foods, cosmetics, drugs, and other substances that contain PEG or were manufactured with PEG. |
642_17 | Available forms and nomenclaturePEG, PEO, and POE refer to an oligomer or polymer of ethylene oxide. The three names are chemically synonymous, but historically PEG is preferred in the biomedical field, whereas PEO is more prevalent in the field of polymer chemistry. Because different applications require different polymer chain lengths, PEG has tended to refer to oligomers and polymers with a molecular mass below 20,000g/mol, PEO to polymers with a molecular mass above 20,000g/mol, and POE to a polymer of any molecular mass. PEGs are prepared by polymerization of ethylene oxide and are commercially available over a wide range of molecular weights from 300g/mol to 10,000,000g/mol. |
642_18 | PEG and PEO are liquids or low-melting solids, depending on their molecular weights. While PEG and PEO with different molecular weights find use in different applications, and have different physical properties (e.g. viscosity) due to chain length effects, their chemical properties are nearly identical. Different forms of PEG are also available, depending on the initiator used for the polymerization process – the most common initiator is a monofunctional methyl ether PEG, or methoxypoly(ethylene glycol), abbreviated mPEG. Lower-molecular-weight PEGs are also available as purer oligomers, referred to as monodisperse, uniform, or discrete. Very high-purity PEG has recently been shown to be crystalline, allowing determination of a crystal structure by x-ray crystallography. Since purification and separation of pure oligomers is difficult, the price for this type of quality is often 10–1000 fold that of polydisperse PEG. |
642_19 | PEGs are also available with different geometries.
Branched PEGs have three to ten PEG chains emanating from a central core group.
Star PEGs have 10 to 100 PEG chains emanating from a central core group.
Comb PEGs have multiple PEG chains normally grafted onto a polymer backbone.
The numbers that are often included in the names of PEGs indicate their average molecular weights (e.g. a PEG with would have an average molecular weight of approximately 400 daltons, and would be labeled PEG 400). Most PEGs include molecules with a distribution of molecular weights (i.e. they are polydisperse). The size distribution can be characterized statistically by its weight average molecular weight (Mw) and its number average molecular weight (Mn), the ratio of which is called the polydispersity index (ĐM). Mw and Mn can be measured by mass spectrometry. |
642_20 | PEGylation is the act of covalently coupling a PEG structure to another larger molecule, for example, a therapeutic protein, which is then referred to as a PEGylated protein. PEGylated interferon alfa-2a or alfa-2b are commonly used injectable treatments for hepatitis C infection.
PEG is soluble in water, methanol, ethanol, acetonitrile, benzene, and dichloromethane, and is insoluble in diethyl ether and hexane. It is coupled to hydrophobic molecules to produce non-ionic surfactants.
PEGs potentially contain toxic impurities, such as ethylene oxide and 1,4-dioxane. Ethylene glycol and its ethers are nephrotoxic if applied to damaged skin. |
642_21 | PEG and related polymers (PEG phospholipid constructs) are often sonicated when used in biomedical applications. However, as reported by Murali et al., PEG is very sensitive to sonolytic degradation and PEG degradation products can be toxic to mammalian cells. It is, thus, imperative to assess potential PEG degradation to ensure that the final material does not contain undocumented contaminants that can introduce artifacts into experimental results. |
642_22 | PEGs and methoxypolyethylene glycols are manufactured by Dow Chemical under the trade name Carbowax for industrial use, and Carbowax Sentry'' for food and pharmaceutical use. They vary in consistency from liquid to solid, depending on the molecular weight, as indicated by a number following the name. They are used commercially in numerous applications, including foods, in cosmetics, in pharmaceutics, in biomedicine, as dispersing agents, as solvents, in ointments, in suppository bases, as tablet excipients, and as laxatives. Some specific groups are lauromacrogols, nonoxynols, octoxynols, and poloxamers.
Macrogol, MiraLax, GoLytely, Colace used as a laxative, is a form of polyethylene glycol. The name may be followed by a number which represents the average molecular weight (e.g. macrogol 3350, macrogol 4000 or macrogol 6000).
Production |
642_23 | The production of polyethylene glycol was first reported in 1859. Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols. Polyethylene glycol is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers. The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts. Ethylene glycol and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution). Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.
HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H |
642_24 | Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic. The anionic mechanism is preferable because it allows one to obtain PEG with a low polydispersity. Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process. Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours.
Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization. It is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process. The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds. To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used. |
642_25 | Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol.
See also
Ethylene
Propylene glycol
Monoethylene glycol
Diethylene glycol
PEGylation
PEG-PVA
Lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyl dimonium chloride
Polyethylene glycol propylene glycol cocoates
Lysozyme PEGylation
References
External links
Oregon State University informational paper on using PEG as a wood stabilizer
Biomaterials
Coolants
Excipients
Laxatives
Polyethers
Polymers
Ether solvents
E-number additives
Allergology |
643_0 | Glen Brunman (New York) is an American music executive. Noted as an "architect of the soundtrack landscape," Brunman’s credits include more than 200 soundtrack releases which have cumulatively sold in excess of 150 million albums worldwide. In various capacities, he has been associated with releases which have won 21 Grammys and nine Academy Awards.
Early life and education
Brunman was born and raised in Forest Hills, Queens. He was educated in the New York City public school system, and attended Queens College, where he became a leading student activist. He served as student body president in 1968-69, and was a member of the National Supervisory Board of the United States National Student Association from 1967-70. Following his graduation, Brunman served as a statewide student coordinator for New York Senator Charles Goodell's 1970 re-election campaign.
Career |
643_1 | In early 1973, after a series of odd jobs, Brunman was hired as a political reporter and music critic for Good Times, an alternative newspaper based on Long Island. He was promoted to managing editor in the summer of 1973; in that position, he increased the paper’s focus on music.
In February, 1975, Brunman was hired by Columbia Records as a publicist. Working with Bruce Springsteen, Brunman designed a publicity campaign that de-emphasized interviews and feature stories and instead concentrated on getting as many journalists as possible to see Springsteen in concert. The strategy proved effective as critics turned in "rave reviews," which helped to build the momentum that resulted in Springsteen’s simultaneous appearance on the covers of Time and Newsweek in October 1975. |
643_2 | Brunman continued to serve as Springsteen’s publicist through the release of Darkness On The Edge Of Town. He also led the press campaigns for Billy Joel’s breakthrough albums, The Stranger and 52nd Street.
In December, 1978, Brunman moved to Los Angeles to become Director of West Coast Publicity for Epic Records. At Epic, in addition to representing other artists, Brunman served as Michael Jackson’s primary label publicist, working with him on the Off The Wall, Thriller, and Bad albums. Brunman was named Head of Publicity and Media Relations for the label in 1988, a job that also included artist development and marketing responsibilities. In addition to overseeing the media and artist development campaigns for Celine Dion, Brunman served as a marketing strategist for her first two English language albums. |
643_3 | In 1990, Brunman played a pivotal role in Epic’s acquisition of the soundtrack rights for John Barry’s Academy Award-winning score for Dances With Wolves, and directed the marketing campaign for the album. Following that album’s success, Brunman was charged with creating Epic Soundtrax, the first major label imprint dedicated to soundtracks. |
643_4 | The label’s first hit was a 1992 country and rock Elvis Presley tribute album which served as the soundtrack for Honeymoon in Vegas. In 1993, Epic Soundtrax released the Judgment Night soundtrack, the first album where each track featured a collaboration between rock and hiphop artists. Between 1993 and 1994, the label released three soundtracks for films starring Tom Hanks: Sleepless In Seattle, Philadelphia and Forrest Gump. The Philadelphia soundtrack reunited Brunman with Springsteen, who composed "Streets of Philadelphia" for the film. The song went on to win an Academy Award and four Grammys. As of 2014, the three soundtracks combined had sold more than 20 million copies worldwide. |
643_5 | In 1996, Brunman was put in charge of soundtracks for all of the Sony Music labels as Executive Vice President of the newly-created Sony Music Soundtrax. In 1997, in conjunction with Columbia Records, Brunman helped assemble the first 'inspired by' album, the multi-platinum Men in Black compilation. Additionally, in partnership with Sony Classical, Brunman acquired the soundtrack for Titanic. The album included the James Horner score for the film and the song "My Heart Will Go On," written by Horner and Will Jennings and performed by Celine Dion. Horner won an Academy Award for Best Original Dramatic Score, and "My Heart Will Go On" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in addition to four Grammmy Awards. |
643_6 | "My Heart Will Go On" was the fourth movie/music opportunity that Brunman generated for Dion. It followed the title track duet for 1991's Beauty and the Beast, the 1993 "When I Fall In Love" duet for Sleepless In Seattle, and 1995's "Because You Loved Me" for Up Close and Personal. "My Heart Will Go On" appeared on both the Titanic soundtrack and Dion's Let's Talk About Love album. Both were released on November 18, 1997; to date, each album has sold more than 30 million copies worldwide.
In 1998, under Brunman’s auspices, the Sony labels started to release soundtrack albums for television shows. Between 1998 and 2001, they released four Ally McBeal collections, two compilations each for Dawson’s Creek and The Sopranos, and single discs for South Park and Touched By An Angel. Combined, the albums sold more than 17 million copies worldwide. |
643_7 | Other notable releases included the movie musicals Chicago: Music from the Miramax Motion Picture (2002) and Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture (2006),and the soundtracks for the independent films Garden State (2004) and Once (2007).
In June, 2007, Brunman was named Executive Vice President, Head Of Creative, for Warner Chappell Music, the publishing arm of the Warner Music Group. At Warner Chappell, Brunman was instrumental in signing Katy Perry and Lady Antebellum, prior to their commercial breakthroughs. He also signed the Academy Award-winning songwriting duo, Glen Hansard and Marketa Irglova as well as singer/songwriter Melody Gardot. In a 2007 interview regarding his position, Brunman said: “No matter what role I have been in, there are three things that have held true: Music has the power to change lives, great songs live forever, and rules are made to be broken.” |
643_8 | In 2009, Brunman established the consulting firm, Brahma Unlimited. His first client was Columbia Records, who hired him to acquire and develop soundtrack projects for the label. Soon after, Brunman brought Glee to the label. The first Glee album was released in November 2009; since then, the Glee cast has charted more singles on the Billboard 100 than any artist in history, and have exceeded sales of 13 million albums and 63 million downloads worldwide as of February 2014. Brunman has been principally involved with the music from Glee'' since the series debuted.
Selected discography
References
American music industry executives
People from Queens, New York
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
644_0 | Troddlers is a 1992 Lemmings-inspired puzzle game developed by Atod that was originally released for the Amiga and was later remade on the Super NES. The remake was published by Seika. An MS-DOS port was also released.
Story
Once upon a time in a far away castle in a magical land lived the sorcerer Divinius and his two apprentices, Hokus and Pokus. These two were little rascals who were always causing trouble, much to the annoyance of Divinius. Divinius despaired of them ever learning anything of use.
One day, Hokus and Pokus swapped the lids around in the larder and Divinius put Marmite on his shoes instead of polish. This caused Divinius to reach the end of his tether. He sent Hokus and Pokus down to the storeroom to clear it out. No one had tidied up that room for a few centuries, and he was hoping that this task would keep the pair out of mischief for a good few days. He commanded them not to touch anything. |
644_1 | Unknown to Divinius, his apprentices did not intend to labor at all for a few hours. After some time went by, the apprentices realized it was nearly suppertime and they had not done any work yet. They decided to shift some of the boxes around to make it appear as if they had actually been doing something.
They had just reached the second pile of boxes when, out of reach they saw a box with the word "WARNING!" in bright red written across it. They hurriedly cleared everything away and carefully dragged it out where they could see it better. The box read: "WARNING! Instant magical Troddlers - Just add water. May turn into zombified variety if allowed to teleport. DO NOT TOUCH!" This intrigued the naughty duo who decided they ought to investigate further.
Unknown to them, Divinius was so fed up with their pranks that he decided to try to make some Troddlers (small, artificially created men) so they could one day replace Hokus and Pokus. |
644_2 | Hokus and Pokus thought that these Troddlers could be used to finish cleaning the storeroom. In their haste to get at the Troddlers they ripped the box and spilled Troddlers powder in their cleaning bucket. The powder turned into Troddlers who burst out of the bucket and all over the floor. There were hundreds of them. The Troddlers, who apparently have animal-like minds, instinctively began walking toward a teleporter (which appeared to be a little door) at the far end of the storeroom as if they were hypnotized. Hokus and Pokus had no idea what to do.
Just as the last Troddler was walking through the teleporter, Divinius stormed in. He not could believe what his apprentices had done. He angrily commanded Hokus and Pokus to: "Go after them right this instant and get back as many as you can!!" Hokus and Pokus were quickly forced toward the teleporter. As they shot through the door, Divinius shrieked: "And don't bring back any bleedin' zombies!!"
Gameplay |
644_3 | In Troddlers, the player plays as Hokus alone in solo mode. In multiplayer modes, player 2 plays as Pokus. The game is broken up into missions. Before each mission, a screen telling the mission objective and a few facts about the level (such as the number of Troddlers) is shown. A player must complete whatever task is given to them within the time limit (usually a few minutes). There are three main objectives that appear in the game: the more common objective involves leading stray Troddlers to an exit, somewhat similar to the gameplay in Lemmings. Another objective commonly given is the destruction of zombie Troddlers. The third involves collecting gems. Many levels combine two of these objectives and sometimes all three. There are, naturally, many obstacles and enemies throughout the game.
Basic Gameplay Mechanics |
644_4 | Unlike in Lemmings, Troddlers places the player in control of a character on the screen, thus adding some platforming elements to the game. One of the game's distinguishing features is the ability to magically place and erase building blocks, like in Solomon's Key. These blocks are the size of the player, and can be placed in any direction next to the wizard placing it as long as there is not an object the same size of the block in that area already. The main purpose of these blocks is to form a path to the exit for the wandering Troddlers. When a block is erased, it is stored visibly in a tube to the right of the screen. This tube displays how many blocks the player is holding, and when it is empty, no blocks can be placed. Up to 15 blocks can be stored in the tube, and once it becomes full, no blocks can be erased unless a stored block is placed somewhere else on the screen (thus freeing a space in the storage tube). There are many different types of blocks in the game, each of |
644_5 | which has its own special effect. The block on the bottom of the storage tube is always the one placed, and when a block is erased, it is automatically stored on the top. In multiplayer modes, each character has their own storage tube. It is possible to erase a block while jumping from it at the same time, which allows players to climb up to high heights without obtaining and stacking numerous blocks. |
644_6 | Troddlers themselves are never wandering around in a level to begin with; they always enter from a special entrance after a fixed amount of time. These creatures will always walk in the same direction if left undisturbed. Also, they can walk on walls and ceilings. Each level involving the rescue of Troddlers includes at least one exit in which the Troddlers must exit. These exits are sometimes placed sideways on walls or upside-down on ceilings.
If a block is placed directly on a Troddler, it will perish. When a block is erased while a Troddler is walking on it, the Troddler will fall. Dropping a Troddler from too high a height will result in death. If a Troddler survives the drop, it will begin walking in the opposite direction from which it was walking before. |
644_7 | Zombie Troddlers behave in the same manner as normal Troddlers. If one happens to make contact with a normal Troddler, both will die and become a cloud of dust. These zombies will also use exits in levels as normal Troddlers do. When a zombie exits a level, it does not count as destroyed. The player must be careful not to let zombies near an exit during a mission that involves the destruction of a certain number of zombies. Before each mission that includes zombie Troddlers, the mission screen will display how many there are and whether they are "lethal" or "harmless". Both varieties will destroy normal Troddlers (as well as themselves) on contact, but only the lethal type can damage Hokus or Pokus by touching them. |
644_8 | There are three different colors of gems that appear in the game; red, green, and blue. Stages will always specify how many of each color the player must gather. Sometimes the gems are already present when the mission starts, but at other times a player must manufacture them. This is done with rocks. When a rock is dropped on a certain object, both the rock and the object will be destroyed and up to four gems will form. If there are walls or other objects right next to where the rock makes contact, it will prevent one gem from forming there. Placing a rock on a Troddler (including zombies) will result in red gems. Sometimes a mission will require the player to rescue only a few Troddlers, thus leaving a few spare victims if it is required to create some red gems. Hurling a rock onto another rock results in the formation of green gems. When a non-Troddler enemy is plunked with a rock, blue gems appear. |
644_9 | Rocks, like blocks, are the size of Hokus and Pokus. However, rocks cannot be erased; they must be pushed. Also, Troddlers cannot walk on them. If a Troddler encounters a rock on the ground, it will walk the other way. While trekking up a wall or ceiling, Troddlers will fall if they happen to run into a rock.
SNES Mouse Gameplay
The Super NES remake is compatible with the SNES Mouse. A player controls a crosshair on the screen instead of Hokus or Pokus when using one. Clicking on an area will result in Hokus or Pokus moving there if it is an area they can reach. Building blocks is done by right-clicking. To jump and erase a block below the character at the same time, both mouse buttons must be pressed and then released where the player wants Hokus or Pokus to jump.
Reception
Abandonware website Abandonias Swiss reviewed Troddlers with "Troddlers is COOL!" |
644_10 | PC Gamers Jon Smith gave the game an 82% rating, in a review that mostly makes a comparison with Lemmings and its addictive aspect, stating that "Troddlers will do your mental health no favours at all". He then concludes: "Troddlers has its drawbacks, of course – the fact that the controls aren't perfectly responsive makes it sometimes a little hard to work out what's going on, and some of the features verge in the gimmicky – but I've still got a suspicion that this one will capture your heart and mind for far longer than can possibly be good for you."
Retro Sanctuary ranked the game 71st in their "Top 100 SNES Games." They gave praises to the game music, graphics and the two player modes. In 1995, Total! listed the game 62nd on its Top 100 SNES Games writing: "A sort of Lemmings/Krusty's hybrid with a bit of Solomon's Key thrown in. Jolly good fun."
References |
644_11 | 1992 video games
Amiga games
DOS games
Puzzle video games
Seika Corporation games
Super Nintendo Entertainment System games
Video games developed in Sweden
Video game clones |
645_0 | The Cleveland Torso Murderer, also known as the Mad Butcher of Kingsbury Run, was an unidentified serial killer who was active in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, in the 1930s. The killings were characterized by the dismemberment of twelve known victims and the disposal of their remains in the impoverished neighborhood of Kingsbury Run. Most victims came from an area east of Kingsbury Run called "The Roaring Third" or "Hobo Jungle", known for its bars, gambling dens, brothels, and vagrants. Despite an investigation of the murders, which at one time was led by famed lawman Eliot Ness, then Cleveland's Public Safety Director, the murderer was never apprehended. (The Cleveland Torso Murderer is not to be confused with Richard Cottingham, a.k.a. The Torso Killer or the Times Square Torso Ripper.)
Murders |
645_1 | The official number of murders attributed to the Cleveland Torso Murderer is twelve, although recent research has shown there could have been as many as twenty. The twelve known victims were killed between 1935 and 1938. Some investigators, including lead detective Peter Merylo, believe that there may have been thirteen or more victims in the Cleveland, Youngstown, and Pittsburgh areas between the 1920s and 1950s. Two strong candidates for addition to the initial list of those killed are the unknown victim nicknamed the "Lady of the Lake," found on September 5, 1934, and Robert Robertson, found on July 22, 1950. |
645_2 | The victims of the Torso Murderer were usually drifters whose identities were never determined, although there were a few exceptions. Victims numbers 2, 3, and 8 were identified as Edward Andrassy, Florence Polillo, and possibly Rose Wallace, respectively. The victims appeared to be lower class individuals — easy prey in Depression-era Cleveland. Many were known as "working poor", who had nowhere else to live but the ramshackle Depression-era shanty towns or "Hoovervilles" in the area known as the Cleveland Flats. |
645_3 | The Torso Murderer always beheaded and often dismembered their victims, occasionally severing the victim's torso in half or severing their appendages. In many cases the cause of death was the decapitation or dismemberment itself. Most of the male victims were castrated. Some victims showed evidence of chemical treatment being applied to their bodies. Many of the victims were found after a considerable period of time following their deaths, occasionally in excess of a year. In an era when forensic science was largely in its infancy, these factors further complicated identification, especially since the heads were often undiscovered. |
645_4 | During the time of the "official" murders, Eliot Ness held the position of Public Safety Director of Cleveland, a position with authority over the police department and ancillary services, including the fire department. While Ness had little to do with the investigation, his posthumous reputation as leader of The Untouchables has made him an irresistible character in modern "torso murder" lore. Ness did contribute to the arrest and interrogation of one of the prime suspects, Dr. Francis E. Sweeney. In addition, he personally conducted raids into hobo shanties and eventually burned down Kingsbury Run, from which the killer took his or her victims, in an attempt to stop the murders. At one point in time, the killer taunted Ness by placing the remains of two victims in full view of his office in city hall. |
645_5 | Victims
Most researchers consider there to be twelve victims, although some have counted as many as 20. New evidence suggests a woman dubbed "The Lady of the Lake" could be included. Only two victims were positively identified; the other ten were six John Does and four Jane Does.
Edward Andrassy was buried in St Mary Cemetery, Cleveland, Ohio; Florence Polillo is buried in Pennsylvania Five of the John/Jane Does ("Lady of the Lake"; and victims John Doe #1; John Doe #2; John Doe #4; Jane Doe #1) were buried in Potter's Field Section of Highland Park Cemetery, Highland Park, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. |
645_6 | Possible victims
Several noncanonical victims are commonly discussed in connection with the Torso Murderer. The first was nicknamed the "Lady of the Lake" and was found near Euclid Beach on the Lake Erie shore on September 5, 1934, at virtually the same spot as canonical victim number 7. Some researchers of the Torso Murderer's victims count the "Lady of the Lake" as victim number 1, or "Victim Zero". |
645_7 | The headless body of an unidentified male was found in a boxcar in New Castle, Pennsylvania, on July 1, 1936. Three headless victims were found in boxcars near McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania, on May 3, 1940. All bore similar injuries to those inflicted by the Cleveland killer. Dismembered bodies were also found in the swamps near New Castle between the years 1921 and 1934 and between 1939 and 1942. In September 1940 an article in the New Castle News refers to the killer as "The Murder Swamp Killer". The almost identical similarities between the victims in New Castle to those in Cleveland, Ohio, coupled with the similarities between New Castle's Murder Swamp and Cleveland's Kingsbury Run, both of which were directly connected by a Baltimore and Ohio Railroad line, were enough to convince Cleveland Detective Peter Merylo that the New Castle murders were the work of the "Mad Butcher of Kingsbury Run". Merylo was convinced the connection was the railroad that ran twice a day between the two |
645_8 | cities; he often rode the rails undercover looking for clues to the killer's identity. |
645_9 | On July 22, 1950, the body of 41-year-old Robert Robertson was found at a business at 2138 Davenport Avenue in Cleveland. Police believed he had been dead six to eight weeks and appeared to have been intentionally decapitated. His death appeared to fit the profile of other victims: He was estranged from his family, had an arrest record and a drinking problem, and was on the fringes of society. Despite widespread newspaper coverage linking the murder to the crimes in the 1930s, detectives investigating Robertson's death treated it as an isolated crime.
In 1939 the "Torso Killer" claimed to have killed a victim in Los Angeles, California. An investigation uncovered animal bones.
Suspects
On August 24, 1939, a Cleveland resident named Frank Dolezal, 52, was arrested as a suspect in Florence Polillo's murder; he later died in suspicious circumstances in the Cuyahoga County jail. |
645_10 | Most investigators consider the last canonical murder to have been in 1938. One suspected individual was Dr. Francis E. Sweeney. Born May 5, 1894, Sweeney was a veteran of World War I who was part of a medical unit that conducted amputations in the field; after the war, Sweeney became an alcoholic due to pathological anxiety and depression derived from his wartime experiences. Sweeney was later personally interviewed by Eliot Ness, who oversaw the official investigation into the killings in his capacity as Cleveland's Safety Director. Before the interrogation, Sweeney was detained and he was found to be so intoxicated that he was held in a hotel room for 3 days until he sobered up. |
645_11 | During this interrogation, Sweeney is said to have "failed to pass" two very early polygraph machine tests. Both tests were administered by polygraph expert Leonarde Keeler, who told Ness he had his man. Ness apparently felt there was little chance of obtaining a successful prosecution of the doctor, especially as he was the first cousin of one of Ness's political opponents, Congressman Martin L. Sweeney, who had hounded Ness publicly about his failure to catch the killer. After Sweeney committed himself, there were no more leads or connections that police could assign to him as a possible suspect. From his hospital confinement, Sweeney sent threatening postcards and harassed Ness and his family into the 1950s and the postcards only stopped arriving after his death. Sweeney died in a veterans' hospital in Dayton on July 9, 1964. |
645_12 | In 1997, another theory postulated that there may have been no single Butcher of Kingsbury Run because the murders could have been committed by different people. This was based on the assumption that the autopsy results were inconclusive. First, Cuyahoga County Coroner Arthur J. Pearce may have been inconsistent in his analysis as to whether the cuts on the bodies were expert or slapdash. Second, his successor, Samuel Gerber, who began to enjoy press attention from his involvement in such cases as the Sam Sheppard murder trial, garnered a reputation for sensational theories. Therefore, the only thing known for certain was that all the murder victims were dismembered. It is also rumored that the Cleveland Torso Killer moved out west and wrote a letter or two to Elliot Ness saying he has left Cleveland for good but he might have been involved with the "Black Dahlia" murder because both killings had similarities only known by the killer himself. Elliot Ness was said to have taken the |
645_13 | identity of the killer's name to his grave. |
645_14 | In popular culture
The 1998–1999 comic book series Torso by Brian Michael Bendis and Marc Andreyko was based on the killings.
The 2018 film The Kingsbury Run was based on the murders.
The murders and the hunt for the perpetrators were covered in an episode of Unsolved Mysteries.
Eliot Ness and the Mad Butcher: Hunting America's Deadliest Unidentified Serial Killer at the Dawn of Modern Criminology, by Max Allan Collins and A. Brad Schwartz, was published August 4, 2020.
The Cleveland torso killer has been referenced in various episodes of Criminal minds.
The murders have been covered in an episode of Buzzfeed Unsolved.
The podcast Crimes of the Centuries covered the "Cleveland Torso Murders" in its second season. |
645_15 | See also
Black Dahlia, a Los Angeles murder case that some investigators have suggested may have been committed by the same killer.
Orley May, detective who worked on the case
Thames Torso Murders, another series of murders in which the torsos of victims were left behind
General:
List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
List of serial killers in the United States
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Paperback.
Hardback.
Paperback.
Collins, Max Allan and A. Brad Schwartz. Eliot Ness and the Mad Butcher: Hunting America's Deadliest Unidentified Serial Killer at the Dawn of Modern Criminology. New York: HarperCollins, 2020.
Paperback.
Paperback, second edition 2002.
Paperback
Paperback..
External links
Cleveland Torso Murders
Google Map of the Torso Murders
The Kingsbury Run Murders |
645_16 | 1930s in Cleveland
1935 in Ohio
1935 murders in the United States
American serial killers
Cleveland Division of Police
Crimes in Cleveland
Fugitives
Murder in Ohio
Unidentified murder victims in Ohio
Unidentified serial killers
Unsolved murders in the United States |
646_0 | Commercial sorghum is the cultivation and commercial exploitation of species of grasses within the genus Sorghum (often S. bicolor, sometimes Sorghum arundinaceum). These plants are used for grain, fibre and fodder. The plants are cultivated in warmer climates worldwide. Commercial Sorghum species are native to tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and Asia. |
646_1 | Other names include durra, Egyptian millet, feterita, Guinea corn, jwari ज्वारी (Marathi), jowar, juwar, milo, shallu, Sudan grass, cholam (Tamil), jola/ಜೋಳ (Kannada), jonnalu జొన్నలు (Telugu), gaoliang (:zh:高粱), great millet, kafir corn, dura, dari, mtama, and solam.
Sorghum has been, for centuries, one of the most important staple foods for millions of poor rural people in the semiarid tropics of Asia and Africa. For some impoverished regions of the world, sorghum remains a principal source of energy, protein, vitamins and minerals. Sorghum grows in harsh environments where other crops do not grow well, just like other staple foods, such as cassava, that are common in impoverished regions of the world. It is usually grown without application of any fertilizers or other inputs by a multitude of small-holder farmers in many countries. |
646_2 | Grain sorghum is the third most important cereal crop grown in the United States and the fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world. In 2010, Nigeria was the world's largest producer of grain sorghum, followed by the United States and India. In developed countries, and increasingly in developing countries such as India, the predominant use of sorghum is as fodder for poultry and cattle. Leading exporters in 2010 were the United States, Australia and Argentina; Mexico was the largest importer of sorghum. |
646_3 | An international effort is under way to improve sorghum farming. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) has improved sorghum using traditional genetic improvement and integrated genetic and natural resources management practices. New varieties of sorghum from ICRISAT has now resulted in India producing 7 tons per hectare. Some 194 improved cultivars are now planted worldwide. In India, increases in sorghum productivity resulting from improved cultivars have freed up six million hectares of land, enabling farmers to diversify into high-income cash crops and boost their livelihoods. Sorghum is used primarily as poultry feed, and secondarily as cattle feed and in brewing applications.
Origin |
646_4 | The last wild relatives of commercial sorghum are currently confined to Africa south of the Sahara — although Zohary and Hopf add "perhaps" Yemen and Sudan — indicating its domestication took place there. However, note Zohary and Hopf, "the archaeological exploration of sub-Saharan Africa is yet in its early stages, and we still lack critical information for determining where and when sorghum could have been taken into cultivation." Although rich finds of S. bicolor have been recovered from Qasr Ibrim in Egyptian Nubia, the wild examples have been dated to circa 800–600 BC, and the domesticated ones no earlier than AD 100. The earliest archeological evidence comes from sites dated to the second millennium BC in India and Pakistan — where S. bicolor is not native. These incongruous finds have been interpreted, according again to Zohary and Hopf, |
646_5 | as indicating: (i) an even earlier domestication in Africa, and (ii) an early migration of domestic sorghum, from East Africa into the Indian subcontinent. This interpretation got further support because several other African grain crops, namely: pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., cow pea Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., and hyacinth bean Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet show similar patterns. Their wild progenitors are restricted to Africa.
Most cultivated varieties of sorghum can be traced back to Africa, where they grow on savanna lands. During the Muslim Agricultural Revolution, sorghum was planted extensively in parts of the Middle East, North Africa and Europe. The name "sorghum" comes from Italian "sorgo", in turn from Latin "Syricum (granum)" meaning "grain of Syria". |
646_6 | Despite the antiquity of sorghum, it arrived late to the Near East. It was unknown in the Mediterranean area into Roman times. Tenth century records indicate it was widely grown in Iraq, and became the principal food of Kirman in Persia. In addition to the eastern parts of the Muslim world, the crop was also grown in Egypt and later in Islamic Spain. From Islamic Spain, it was introduced to Christian Spain and then France (by the 12th century). In the Muslim world, sorghum was grown usually in areas where the soil was poor or the weather too hot and dry to grow other crops.
Sorghum is well adapted to growth in hot, arid or semiarid areas. The many subspecies are divided into four groups — grain sorghums (such as milo), grass sorghums (for pasture and hay), sweet sorghums (formerly called "Guinea corn", used to produce sorghum syrups), and broom corn (for brooms and brushes). The name "sweet sorghum" is used to identify varieties of S. bicolor that are sweet and juicy. |
646_7 | Cultivation and uses
Sorghum is used for food, fodder, and the production of alcoholic beverages. It is drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant, and is especially important in arid regions. It is an important food crop in Africa, Central America, and South Asia, and is the "fifth most important cereal crop grown in the world".
Use as fodder
The FAO reports that 440,000 square kilometres were devoted worldwide to sorghum production in 2004. In the US, sorghum grain is used primarily as a maize (corn) substitute for livestock feed because their nutritional values are very similar. Some hybrids commonly grown for feed have been developed to deter birds, and therefore contain a high concentration of tannins and phenolic compounds, which causes the need for additional processing to allow the grain to be digested by cattle. |
646_8 | Production trends
FAO reported the United States of America was the top producer of sorghum in 2019, with a harvest of 8.7 million tonnes. The next four major producers of sorghum, in decreasing quantities, were Nigeria, Ethiopia and Mexico. The other major sorghum producing regions in the world, by harvested quantities, were: Australia, Brazil, China, Burkina Faso, Argentina, Mali, Cameroon, Egypt, India, Niger, Tanzania, Chad, Uganda, and Venezuela. |
646_9 | In the future, use of sorghum may increase in Tanzania, as farmers replace maize with the drought-resistant crop in areas where rainfall declines due to climate change. Following lobbying by the ICRISAT-led Hope Project, the government recently included improved varieties of sorghum in its seed subsidy programme and agreed to provide a fertiliser subsidy programme for sorghum for the first time. This means that the government will buy seed from seed companies and sell it to farmers at almost half the market price. Tanzania's farmers have reported that improved sorghum varieties grow quickly, demand less labour and are more resistant to pests and diseases. |
646_10 | The world harvested 55.6 million tonnes of sorghum in 2010. The world average annual yield for the 2010 sorghum crop was 1.37 tonnes per hectare. The most productive farms of sorghum were in Jordan, where the national average annual yield was 12.7 tonnes per hectare. The national annual average yield in world's largest-producing country, the US, was 4.5 tonnes per hectare.
The allocation of farm area to sorghum crops has been dropping, while the yields per hectare have been increasing. The biggest sorghum crop the world produced in the last 40 years was in 1985, with 77.6 million tonnes harvested that year.
Culinary use
In arid, less developed regions of the world, sorghum is an important food crop, especially for subsistence farmers. It is used to make such foods as couscous, sorghum flour, porridge and molasses. |
646_11 | Bhakri (jolada rotti in northern Karnataka), a variety of unleavened bread usually made from sorghum, is the staple diet in many parts of India, such as Maharashtra state and northern Karnataka state. In eastern Karnataka and the Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh, roti (jonna rotte) made with sorghum is the staple food.
In South Africa, sorghum meal is often eaten as a stiff porridge much like pap. It is called mabele in Northern Sotho and "brown porridge" in English. The porridge can be served with maswi (soured milk) or merogo (a mixture of boiled greens much like collard greens or spinach).
In Ethiopia, sorghum is fermented to make injera flatbread, and in Sudan it is fermented to make kisra. In India, dosa is sometimes made with a sorghum-grain mixture, but rice is more commonly used in place of sorghum. |
646_12 | In the cuisine of the Southern United States, sorghum syrup was used as a sweet condiment, much as maple syrup was used in the North, usually for biscuits, corn bread, pancakes, hot cereals or baked beans. It is uncommon today.
In Arab cuisine, the unmilled grain is often cooked to make couscous, porridges, soups, and cakes. Many poor use it, along with other flours or starches, to make bread. The seeds and stalks are fed to cattle and poultry. Some varieties have been used for thatch, fencing, baskets, brushes and brooms, and stalks have been used as fuel. Medieval Islamic texts list medical uses for the plant.
Sorghum seeds can be popped in the same manner as popcorn (i.e., with oil or hot air, etc.), although the popped kernels are smaller than popcorn (see photo on the right).
Sorghum sometimes is used for making tortillas (e.g., in Central America). In El Salvador, they sometimes use sorghum (maicillo) to make tortillas when there is not enough corn. |
646_13 | Since 2000, sorghum has come into increasing use in homemade and commercial breads and cereals made specifically for the gluten-free diet.
Alcoholic beverages
In China, sorghum is the most important ingredient for the production of distilled beverages, such as maotai and kaoliang wine, as seen in the 1987 film Red Sorghum.
Ornery Brothers Distilling, a micro-distillery in Kansas, makes Milo Vodka advertised as gluten-free and GMO-free. |
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