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656_4 | 1944: Les Amitiés particulières, Roger Peyrefitte (La Table ronde)
1945: Le Mas Théotime, Henri Bosco (Charlot)
1946: L'Univers concentrationnaire, David Rousset (Minuit)
1947: Je vivrai l'amour des autres, Jean Cayrol (Le Seuil)
1948: Voyage aux horizons, Pierre Fisson (Julliard)
1949: Le Jeu de patience, Louis Guilloux (Gallimard)
1950: Les Orgues de l'enfer, Pierre Molaine (Corréa)
1951: Le Dieu nu, Robert Margerit (Gallimard)
1952: L'Amour de rien, Jacques Perry (Julliard)
1953: La Dernière Innocence, Célia Bertin (Corréa)
1954: Le Passage, Jean Reverzy (Julliard)
1955: Le Moissonneur d'épines, Georges Govy (La Table ronde)
1956: Le Père, André Perrin (Julliard)
1957: La Modification, Michel Butor (Minuit)
1958: La Lézarde, Édouard Glissant (Le Seuil)
1959: L'Expérience, Albert Palle (Julliard)
1960: Le Bonheur fragile, Alfred Kern (Gallimard)
1961: Les Blés, Roger Bordier (Calmann-Lévy)
1962: Le Veilleur de nuit, Simone Jacquemard (Le Seuil) |
656_5 | 1963: Le Procès-verbal, J. M. G. Le Clézio (Gallimard)
1964: L'Écluse, Jean-Pierre Faye (Le Seuil)
1965: Les Choses, Georges Perec (Julliard)
1966: La Bataille de Toulouse, José Cabanis (Gallimard)
1967: Le Monde tel qu'il est, Salvat Etchart (Mercure de France)
1968: Le Devoir de violence, Yambo Ouologuem (Le Seuil)
1969: Les Feux de la colère, Max Olivier-Lacamp (Grasset)
1970: Isabelle ou l'arrière-saison, Jean Freustié (La Table ronde)
1971: Le Sac du palais d'été, Pierre-Jean Rémy (Gallimard)
1972: La Nuit américaine, Christopher Frank (Le Seuil)
1973: La Terrasse des Bernardini, Suzanne Prou (Calmann-Lévy)
1974: Voyage à l'étranger, Georges Borgeaud (Grasset)
1975: L'Homme de sable, Jean Joubert (Grasset)
1976: L'Amour les yeux fermés, Michel Henry (Gallimard)
1977: Les Combattants du petit bonheur, Alphonse Boudard (La Table ronde)
1978: L'Herbe à brûler, Conrad Detrez (Calmann-Lévy)
1979: Affaires étrangères, Jean-Marc Roberts (Le Seuil) |
656_6 | 1980: Les Portes de Gubbio, Danièle Sallenave (Le Seuil)
1981: La Nuit du décret, Michel Del Castillo (Le Seuil)
1982: La Faculté des songes, Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud (Grasset)
1983: Avant-Guerre, Jean-Marie Rouart (Grasset)
1984: La Place, Annie Ernaux (Gallimard)
1985: Mes nuits sont plus belles que vos jours, Raphaëlle Billetdoux (Grasset)
1986: Station balnéaire, Christian Giudicelli (Gallimard)
1987: L'Enfant halluciné, René-Jean Clot (Grasset)
1988: Hadriana dans tous mes rêves, René Depestre (Gallimard)
1989: Les Comptoirs du Sud, Philippe Doumenc (Le Seuil)
1990: Les Frères Romance, Jean Colombier (Calmann-Lévy)
1991: La Séparation, Dan Franck (Le Seuil)
1992: La Démence du boxeur, François Weyergans (Gallimard)
1993: Les Corps célestes, Nicolas Bréhal
1994: Comme ton père, Guillaume Le Touze (L'Olivier)
1995: Les Braban, Patrick Besson
1996: Un silence d'environ une demi-heure, Boris Schreiber |
656_7 | 1997: Les Voleurs de beauté, Pascal Bruckner (Grasset)
1998: Le Manuscrit de Port-Ebène, Dominique Bona (Gallimard)
1999: L'Enfant léopard, Daniel Picouly (Grasset)
2000: Allah n'est pas obligé, Ahmadou Kourouma (Le Seuil)
2001: Céleste, Martine Le Coz (Editions du Rocher)
2002: Assam, Gérard de Cortanze (Albin Michel)
2003: Les Âmes grises, Philippe Claudel (Stock)
2004: Suite française, Irène Némirovsky (Denoël)
2005: Mes mauvaises pensées, Nina Bouraoui (Stock)
2006: Mémoires de porc-épic, Alain Mabanckou (Le Seuil)
2007: Chagrin d'école, Daniel Pennac (Gallimard)
2008: Le Roi de Kahel (The King of Kahel), Tierno Monénembo (Le Seuil)
2009: Un roman français, Frédéric Beigbeder (Grasset)
2010: Apocalypse bébé, Virginie Despentes (Grasset)
2011: Limonov, Emmanuel Carrère (P.O.L.)
2012: Notre-Dame du Nil, Scholastique Mukasonga (Gallimard/Continents Noirs)
2013: Naissance, Yann Moix (Grasset)
2014: Charlotte, David Foenkinos (Gallimard) |
656_8 | 2015: D'après une histoire vraie, Delphine de Vigan (Lattès)
2016: Babylone, Yasmina Reza (Flammarion)
2017: La disparition de Josef Mengele, Olivier Guez (Grasset)
2018: Le Sillon, Valérie Manteau (Le Tripode)
2019: La Panthère des neiges, Sylvain Tesson (Gallimard)
2020: Histoire du fils, Marie-Hélène Lafon (Buchet/Chastel)
2021: Premier Sang, Amélie Nothomb (Albin Michel) |
656_9 | Other awards |
656_10 | Prix Renaudot de l'essai
2001: Protée et autres essais, Simon Leys (Gallimard)
2002: Le Silence de Delphes, Claude-Michel Cluny (La Différence)
2003: Dictionnaire amoureux de l'Amérique, Yves Berger (Plon)
2004: Madame Proust, Évelyne Bloch-Dano (Grasset)
2005: Le Roman de Constantinople, Gilles Martin-Chauffier (Le Rocher)
2006: Jean-François Revel : un esprit libre, Pierre Boncenne (Plon)
2007: Le Benarès-Kyôto, Olivier Germain-Thomas (Le Rocher)
2008: Autobiographie d'un épouvantail, Boris Cyrulnik (Odile Jacob)
2009: Alias Caracalla, Daniel Cordier (Gallimard)
2010: L'affaire de l'esclave Furcy, Mohammed Aïssaoui (Gallimard)
2011: Fontenoy ne reviendra plus, Gérard Guégan (Stock)
2012: Le Dernier Modèle, Frank Maubert (Fayard)
2013: Séraphin c'est la fin!, Gabriel Matzneff (La Table ronde)
2014: De chez nous, Christian Authier (Stock)
2015: Deïlah Mahi 1932, Didier Blonde (Gallimard)
2016: Le Monde libre, Aude Lancelin (Les Liens qui libèrent) |
656_11 | 2017: De l'ardeur, Justine Augier (Actes Sud)
2018: Avec toutes mes sympathies, Olivia de Lamberterie (Stock)
2019: (Très) cher cinéma français, Éric Neuhoff (Albin Michel)
2020: Les Villes de papier : Une vie d'Emily Dickinson, Dominique Fortier (Alto, Grasset)
2021: Dans ma rue y avait trois boutiques Anthony Palou (Presses de la Cité) |
656_12 | Prix Renaudot du livre de poche
2009 : Palestine, Hubert Haddad (Le Livre de Poche/Zulma)
2010 : L'origine de la violence, Fabrice Humbert (Le Livre de poche)
2011 : A l'enfant que je n'aurai pas, Linda Lê (NiL)
2012 : Les Vieilles, Pascale Gautier (Folio/Gallimard)
2013 : Le Pérégrin émerveillé, Jean-Louis Gouraud (Babel/Actes Sud)
2014 : Le Garçon incassable, Florence Seyvos (Points)
2015 : La fiancée était à dos d'âne, Vénus Khoury-Ghata (Folio/Gallimard)
2016 : La mémoire du monde, Stéphanie Janicot (Le Livre de poche)
2017 : Les méduses ont-elles sommeil ?, (Folio/Gallimard)
2018 : Dieu, Allah, moi et les autres, Salim Bachi (Folio/Gallimard)
2019 : Une vieille histoire. Nouvelle version, Jonathan Littell (Folio/Gallimard)
2020 : Charles de Gaulle, (Tempus/Perrin) |
656_13 | Prix Renaudot des lycéens
1992: Aden, Anne-Marie Garat, (Seuil)
1993: Jacob Jacobi, , (Julliard)
1994: Une mort de théâtre, , (Julliard)
1995: Le Jeu du roman, Louise Lambrichs (Seuil)
1996: L'Ode à la reine, (Calmann-Lévy)
1997: L'Homme du cinquième jour, Jean-Philippe Arrou-Vignod, (Gallimard)
1998: Une poignée de gens, Anne Wiazemsky, (Gallimard)
1999: Foraine, Paul Fournel, (Seuil)
2000: Dans ces bras-là, Camille Laurens, (POL)
2001: Le Soir du chien, Marie-Hélène Lafon, (Buchet Chastel)
2002: La Métaphysique du chien, , (Buchet Chastel)
2003: Silence, on ment, , (Grasset)
2004: La Dernière Leçon, Noëlle Châtelet, (Seuil)
2005: Festins secrets, , (L'Esprit des péninsules)
2006: Maos, Morgan Sportès, (Grasset)
2007: Carole Martinez, (Gallimard)
2008: Le Voyage du fils, , (Grasset)
2009: Ce que je sais de Vera Candida, Véronique Ovaldé, (L'Olivier)
2010: Dans la nuit brune Agnès Desarthe, (L'Olivier) |
656_14 | 2011: Rien ne s'oppose à la nuit, Delphine de Vigan, (Jean-Claude Lattès)
2012: L'Hiver des hommes, Lionel Duroy, (Julliard)
2013: Plonger, , (Gallimard)
2014: L'Amour et les Forêts, Éric Reinhardt, (Gallimard)
2015: Juste avant l'oubli, Alice Zeniter
2016: Giboulées de soleil, Lenka Hornakova-Civade, (Alma)
2017: Nos richesses, Kaouther Adimi, (Le Seuil)
2018: La Vraie vie, Adeline Dieudonné (L'Iconoclaste)
2019: Le Bal des folles, (Albin Michel)
2020: Le Métier de Mourir, Jean-René Van der Plaetsen (Grasset) |
656_15 | References
Awards established in 1926
French fiction awards
Non-fiction literary awards
1926 establishments in France |
657_0 | The following is a list of state highways in the U.S. state of Louisiana designated in the 3050-3099 range.
Louisiana Highway 3050
Louisiana Highway 3051
Louisiana Highway 3052
Louisiana Highway 3052 (LA 3052) ran approximately in an east–west direction along what is now US 90 from a point west of Gray to a point south of Raceland. Between the early 1960s and late 1990s, LA 3052 was used as a temporary designation for the relocation of US 167 from Opelousas to Lafayette and US 90 from Lafayette to Raceland.
In its final incarnation, LA 3052 began at an interchange with LA 311 at what is now Exit 200 on US 90. It proceeded east through an interchange with LA 24 in Gray and crossed from Terrebonne Parish into Lafourche Parish at an interchange with LA 316. LA 3052 ended at an interchange with US 90 and LA 3198 (now LA 182) south of Raceland. It was a four-lane controlled-access highway for its entire length. |
657_1 | In the early 1960s, construction began on the first project that would eventually relocate US 90 and US 167 onto a new four-lane alignment between Opelousas and Raceland. The new route was built as LA 3052 and became part of US 90 and US 167 as various sections were completed. At the same time, LA 182 was extended to cover the old alignment. The first section between Opelousas and Sunset opened about 1962. Once the highway was extended to Lafayette three years later, it became part of US 167, now upgraded to a freeway as part of I-49. At the same time, the section from Lafayette to Broussard was opened and soon became part of US 90. Between the late 1960s and early 1980s, the relocation of US 90 was extended in stages from Broussard to Morgan City. In 1978, the Raceland bypass was completed. Its extension west to Gray around 1983 remained as LA 3052 for over twenty years until the final section east from Morgan City was opened about 1997.
Louisiana Highway 3054 |
657_2 | Louisiana Highway 3055
Louisiana Highway 3056
Louisiana Highway 3057
Louisiana Highway 3057 (LA 3057) ran in a general southeast to northwest direction along Commerce Street in a loop off of US 61 in St. Francisville.
The route was deleted in 2018 as part of the La DOTD's Road Transfer program.
Louisiana Highway 3059
Louisiana Highway 3060
Louisiana Highway 3060 (LA 3060) runs in a north–south direction along Barton Avenue from US 90 to LA 18 (River Road) in Luling, St. Charles Parish.
The route serves as a connector between its termini, crossing several railroad tracks at grade and passing through a residential neighborhood. The posted speed limit is . It is an undivided two-lane highway for its entire length.
Louisiana Highway 3061
Louisiana Highway 3062
Louisiana Highway 3063
Louisiana Highway 3064 |
657_3 | Louisiana Highway 3064 (LA 3064) runs in a north–south direction along Essen Lane from LA 427 (Perkins Road) to LA 73 (Jefferson Highway) in Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge Parish.
Louisiana Highway 3066
Louisiana Highway 3067
Louisiana Highway 3068
Louisiana Highway 3069
Louisiana Highway 3070
Louisiana Highway 3071
Louisiana Highway 3072
Louisiana Highway 3073
Louisiana Highway 3073 (LA 3073) runs in a northwest to southeast direction along Ambassador Caffery Parkway from US 167 in Lafayette to US 90 in Broussard, Lafayette Parish. State maintenance continues a short distance east of US 90 onto Corne Road to the entrance to Zoosiana (the Zoo of Acadiana). |
657_4 | The route is a western bypass of Lafayette that also serves as a primary commercial corridor for the growing suburbs southwest of the city. Along the way, LA 3073 crosses the Vermilion River and passes the Mall of Acadiana. The eastern portion of the route connecting with US 90 in Broussard was an extension opened in 2010. On the opposite end, Ambassador Caffery Parkway continues beyond US 167 as a local road. It then becomes part of LA 3184, connecting with US 90 and I-10 west of downtown Lafayette and terminating at LA 725 (Renaud Drive).
Louisiana Highway 3074
Louisiana Highway 3075
Louisiana Highway 3075 (LA 3075) is the designation for the state-maintained approaches to the defunct White Castle Ferry across the Mississippi River in Iberville Parish. The service connected LA 405 east of White Castle with LA 141 in an area within the St. Gabriel city limits known as Carville. LA 405 and LA 141 travel alongside the west and east bank levees of the river, respectively. |
657_5 | Louisiana Highway 3076
The route was deleted in 2018 as part of the La DOTD Road Transfer program.
Louisiana Highway 3078
Louisiana Highway 3079
Louisiana Highway 3079 (LA 3079) runs in an east–west direction from LA 593 to LA 138 north of Collinston, Morehouse Parish. The short connector is an undivided two-lane highway for its entire length.
Louisiana Highway 3081
Louisiana Highway 3082
Louisiana Highway 3083
Louisiana Highway 3086
Louisiana Highway 3087
Louisiana Highway 3087 (LA 3087) runs in a north–south direction from LA 24 in Houma, Terrebonne Parish to LA 182 in Savoie, Lafourche Parish. |
657_6 | From the south, LA 3087 begins at an intersection with LA 24 at the northern limit of Houma. It heads north as an undivided four-lane highway and immediately crosses a vertical lift bridge over Bayou Terrebonne, intersecting LA 659 on the opposite bank. LA 3087 continues north along Prospect Boulevard, becoming a divided four-lane highway, and crosses a high-level fixed span bridge over the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway. Shortly after an intersection with LA 660, the highway crosses from Terrebonne Parish into Lafourche Parish at LA 316. LA 3087 then turns northwest and reaches its northern terminus at LA 182 in an area known as Savoie.
Louisiana Highway 3089
Louisiana Highway 3089 (LA 3089) runs in an east–west direction from the junction of LA 1 and LA 18 in Donaldsonville, Ascension Parish to LA 70 east of town. The route connects Donaldsonville with the Sunshine Bridge across the Mississippi River on LA 70. |
657_7 | From the west, LA 3089 heads east on Albert Street from LA 1 and LA 18 as an undivided two-lane highway with a center turning lane. The route immediately crosses a bridge over Bayou Lafourche and intersects LA 308 on the opposite bank. After curving onto Marchand Drive, LA 3089 intersects LA 945 (St. Patrick Street). Continuing east along the Union Pacific Railroad (UP) tracks, the surroundings abruptly become rural, and the highway widens to a divided four-lane highway. Just after leaving the city limits, LA 3089 ends at a sprawling interchange with LA 70 where all movements are made at grade. LA 70 continues into St. James Parish and across the Sunshine Bridge. |
657_8 | LA 3089 was originally the designation for the Sunshine Bridge and its approaches upon its opening to traffic in 1964. At this time, traffic heading east out of Donaldsonville reached the bridge by following LA 18 along the east bank levee of the Mississippi River, turning southeast onto what is now LA 3120, then east onto the present LA 70 across the bridge. Upon reaching the east bank, traffic exited immediately onto ramps leading to LA 44, the east bank River Road. Traffic bound for Sorrento would turn northeast onto a portion of LA 942 that is no longer part of the state highway system and continue straight ahead onto LA 22. The east bank approach was extended directly to LA 22 near Sorrento around 1969. By 1975, the west bank approach was re-routed and extended into the center of Donaldsonville. During the late 1970s, LA 70 was extended northeast to LA 3089 from its original terminus at LA 1 in Paincourtville. The LA 70 designation was then extended across the Sunshine |
657_9 | Bridge to LA 22, shortening LA 3089 to its present length. |
657_10 | Louisiana Highway 3090
Louisiana Highway 3090 (LA 3090) runs in a north–south direction along A. O. Rappelet Road from Port Fourchon, Lafourche Parish to a junction with LA 1.
The route, located on the Gulf of Mexico, is vital to the area's oil/gas and seafood industries. The northern terminus is located opposite the south end of the Gateway to the Gulf Expressway on LA 1, the only link to the rest of the state highway system. LA 3090 is an undivided two-lane highway for its entire length.
Louisiana Highway 3091
Louisiana Highway 3091 (LA 3091) runs in a general north–south direction from LA 620 to LA 413 north of Erwinville, West Baton Rouge Parish. The highway heads north from LA 620 then turns west, skirting the Pointe Coupee Parish line, to its terminus at LA 413.
Louisiana Highway 3092
Louisiana Highway 3093
Louisiana Highway 3094
Louisiana Highway 3096
Louisiana Highway 3097
Louisiana Highway 3098 |
657_11 | Louisiana Highway 3098 (LA 3098) runs in a southeast to northwest direction from US 165 in Georgetown, Grant Parish to LA 1230 on the Winn Parish line.
The route initially heads north on a bypassed former alignment of US 165 through a forested area within the village of Georgetown. After , the highway intersects LA 1230. Less than later, LA 3098 turns off to the northwest and passes near an area known as Rochelle. It proceeds to a second junction with LA 1230 on the Grant–Winn parish line. LA 3098 is an undivided two-lane highway for its entire length.
Louisiana Highway 3099
References
External links
La DOTD State, District, and Parish Maps |
658_0 | Eric Edward Khasakhala, known as "Omwana wa Kwendo" (26 March 1926 – 14 July 2000) was a Kenyan politician, educationist, Pan Africanist, independence activist, Cabinet Minister and one of the founding fathers of the Republic of Kenya. He was a participant of the delegation at the negotiations for Independence at the Lancaster House Conferences; he was instrumental in the formation of Kenya's Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) party, which he served as one of the party officers. The KADU advocated for the federalist post independent Kenya. |
658_1 | Khasakhala was a political protégé of Esau Khamati Oriedo who indoctrinated him into politics and the early trade union movement, that led to formation of Kenya African Union (KAU)—the first truly all-inclusive pan-ethnic Kenyan political movement. Unlike his mentor, Khasakhala embodied a non- provocative amicable political style, which endeared him to foe and comrade, alike. Moreover, akin to his mentor, he embraced reconciliatory strategies and pan-ethnic Kenyanism. These are qualities which he acquired in part due to his formative years when he assisted his father who was a preacher and as a member of the aboriginal Ebwali village council of elders. These qualities earned him the recognition of the colonial governor, Sir Patrick Renisson; which occurred during Khasakhala's tenure as the headmaster of Ebwali African Government Primary school. Afterwards, he was transferred to Lunza Secondary School at Butere in Kisa where he served in the dual capacity as both teacher and |
658_2 | headmaster; thus, becoming one of the first native African headmasters of a secondary school in colonial East Africa. During his tenure as the headmaster of Lunza Secondary School, the school witnessed extensively improved all-round academic outcomes. Preceding his vacating from an academic vocation, Khasakhala had become one of the most successful academicians, at the early educational level, in the colonial Kenya; a feat of great accomplishment du jour. |
658_3 | He started his successful political career in 1957, when he was elected secretary of North Nyanza District Congress. Moreover, in 1961 he was elected to the legislative Council of Kenya—popularly known as the LegCo—as a representative for the Nyanza North electoral constituency. He was later to be elected the first Member of Parliament for Emuhaya in 1963. He held the post of a regional Vice-President for Western Province, one of the seven regional vice presidencies in postcolonial era Kenya period spanning 1966–1970.
He was an ardent champion of literacy and early education in Kenya; and was very much at home serving as an Assistant Minister for Education in the early 1960s in Jomo Kenyatta's cabinet. During his tenure as an Assistant Minister for Education he spearheaded the restructuring of the early education system infrastructure in embryonic postcolonial Kenya. |
658_4 | Albeit his relaxed reconciliatory and non-provocative amicable political style, which endeared him to foe and comrade, alike; Khasakhala was an ardently uncompromising advocate of social justice for his Nyole/Nyore people of Bunyore, a subtribe of the Luhya or Bantu Kavirondo, who were being marginalized and their land purloined from them by the more homogenous and colonial era politically better connected archenemies the Luo tribe or Nilotic Kavirondo. Maseno settlement and township was one of the several key flashpoints. In 1965 as a member of the House of Representatives at the dawn of independence he successfully defended the location of Maseno as Bunyore, to the chagrin of Okelo Odongo a Luo and fellow member of the legislator; the protagonist engaged in a bitter exchange from which Khasakhala would not backdown. During the debate, another post-independence MP, lawyer Argwings Kodhek a Luo went as far as to claim that Khasakhala was behind the burning of his five houses. |
658_5 | Khasakhala was a faithful cabinet member in both the Kenyatta and the Moi regimes. Regrettably, he was often a political victim of his loyalty to friends and superiors. Many have wondered why someone with such an illustrious political career, never made it to a full Cabinet Minister.
Biography |
658_6 | Early life and education |
658_7 | Eric Edward Khasakhala was born at Ebwali village in the British Colony and Protectorate of Kenya in Western Kenya, to Zakayo "Daktari" Kwendo and Damary Oyando on 26 March 1926. His father was an illustrious local preacher, and the first medical doctor and a clinical officer in Bunyore; hence the nickname of "Daktari" (Kiswahili term for physician). His parents were the Luhya (Bantu Kavirondo) people of Bunyore; a gerontocratic acephalous society with a representative system of governance and collegial leadership structure composed of mainly a council of elders, theirs was a collegial system of Barraza to which his grandfather had been a member. Thus, Khasakhala's formative years were spent as an apprentice of his father—often assisted him with his various preaching and doctoring initiatives; it's also quite likely that Khasakhala, as the eldest son, was at his father's side the Barraza sessions. This might account for his amicable reconciliatory political style since the Nyore |
658_8 | council of elders were key instruments of resolving conflicts among the populaces of their boroughs, as well as any inter-clan disputes. |
658_9 | Education
Khasakhala was educated at Church Missionary Society (CMS) mission schools and sat for a Cambridge School Certificate at Maseno High School; the oldest formal education school in Kenya, established in 1906 by the CMS Missionaries as a school for the children of African chiefs. He was schooled at Ebwali intermediate then joined Maseno Junior School then Maseno Secondary School (Present day Maseno High School). |
658_10 | Professional life
In concordance with the Nyore Luhya people of Bunyore—Bantu Kavirondo—traditions, Khasakhala, the firstborn male child, was groomed to succeed his father at an early age; whereby he horned his interpersonal, inter-psychic, and public speaking skills, he also developed an effective inter-relational acumen that served him well throughout his political career. After his father succumbed to illness and died on July 13, 1955, Khasakhala at age 29 became a political protégé of Esau Khamati Oriedo who indoctrinated him into politics and the early trade union movement. |
658_11 | Before immersing in politics, Khasakhala was an ardently successful educationist—teacher and later promoted to become one of the African principals of a secondary school. Indeed, remained educationist at heart. Antecedently, he vehemently—he postcolonial Kenya—advocated for a robust education infrastructure throughout life. Needless add that his first cabinet appointment was Assistant Minister of Education, charged with crafting Kenya's first postcolonial educational system during the Kenyatta regime. |
658_12 | He was one of the first African members of the colonial legislatures, when in 1960 the colonial government ordered a nationwide election for 14 African Legislators to the colonial parliament. Khasakhala was the winner of the combined counties of Marama, Kisa, Maragoli, Tiriki and Bunyore; he became the first Legislator for the combined region. In 1962 Khasakhala together with the other 13 Members of Parliament were taken to Britain for one month edification on political governance and the parliamentary system. Upon their return to Kenya, they spearheaded a campaign that increased the number of legislators from 14 to 150. Eventually, new constituencies were created nationwide. The four regions Khasakhala had represented were split into four legislative constituencies. During the 1963 embryonic postcolonial era elections, he became the first Nyore to represent Bunyore in the national parliament.
Eric Khasakhala is remembered for the tarmac road from Luanda to Majengo. |
658_13 | Educationist
Before Khasakhala was immersed into politics, he was one of the first aboriginal African Principals of an early education School in the colonial era Kenya; a progression from his illustrious teaching career which he'd embarked on soon after completing his high school education at Maseno High School in 1944. As an educationist, he received commendations for his exemplary performance by the then Colonial Governor Sir Patrick Renisson. Khasakhala was strict disciplinarian who did not tolerate tardiness and an excused absenteeism from his students.
He was a teacher and later the headmaster of Ebwali Primary School at Bunyore. Afterwards, he was transferred to Lunza Secondary at Butere in Kisa where he served in the dual role of both teacher and headmaster; thus, becoming one of the first African headmaster of a secondary school in colonial Kenya. |
658_14 | Albeit immersing into politics, he remained an astute educationist and a champion for restructuring the highly fettered and subjective colonial education system. As the first postcolonial cabinet member charged with overseeing the education system, Khasakhala inherited a terribly pyramidal British colonial educational system, utterly inadequate of meeting the needs of postcolonial Kenya. Whereas, political figures the likes of Tom Mboya focused on sending Kenyan students for higher education abroad—because East Africa had no true colleges—Khasakhala endeavored to develop the necessary academic infrastructure locally within Kenya. An independent Kenya would need an infrastructure to educate a generation of future nation builders. William X. Scheinman, a businessman and philanthropist, had observed that an independent Kenya would require a cadre of well-educated native bureaucrats, educators, businessmen, doctors, lawyers, and engineers; in Ghana, because such a cadre did not exist, |
658_15 | Nkrumah had to retain many white colonial administrators. |
658_16 | Many of his educational initiatives became stagnated or rolled back following his defeat to Wilson Mukuna in a polemical one-party political system parliamentary election of 1969.
Struggle for Kenya's independence
In 1948 Khasakhala resigned from his teaching career and entered the national politics. The same year, at the behest of his uncle and political mentor—Esau Khamati Oriedo, who was a founding member of KAU—he joined the KAU party to fight for liberation, and was made the Secretary of the Party; a move that made him popular among his Bunyore people and nationwide. |
658_17 | During the turbulent pre-independent times, Khasakhala who was a representative of Bunyore in the Legislative Council (LegCo), hosted both Oginga Odinga and Tom Mboya at Kima to fetter their whereabouts from colonial authorities seeking their arrest and detention. Moreover, the two political heavyweights had brought to Kima financial resources from the U.S.A. to facilitate Bunyore's struggle for Kenya's independence. be brought at Kima so that it could be used to fight the whites. Khasakhala was a representative of Bunyore. It was at this juncture that Khasakhala who was a founding member of KADU, and one of its senior officers announced his intention to ditch KADU and join KANU. In appreciation, the wealthy Oginga Odinga gave him a vehicle. However, it has been rumored that the vehicle was some sought of harsh money for allowing the annexation of Maseno by the Luo in Nyanza. |
658_18 | Political career and leadership
He started his exemplary political career in 1957, when he was elected secretary of North Nyanza District Congress. Between 1957 and 1960, he served as Secretary of all African Political Parties of Kenya. During the same period, he became one of the founder members of the Pan African freedom Movement for East and Central Africa (PAFMECA), which was launched at Mwanza, Tanzania. |
658_19 | Khasakhala a rising Political star right from his inception into active Politics caused shockwaves in 1958 when he defeated political heavyweight, Tom Mboya to clinch the post of the Secretary of All Political Parties of Kenya. Mboya instantly became interested in this man and they became very close and intimate friends. Khasakhala—an innate Pan-African—joined Gikonyo Kiano, Ronald Ngala, Mboya and others travelling to Egypt and Tanzania to form the Convention of African Association, which would bring together African countries to form a united front in the struggle for independence and to promote Pan-Africanism.
He is historically remembered as the first Chief Whip of Independent Kenya, charged with the immense responsibilities of organising and running the affairs of the first Legislature. |
658_20 | He joined the legislative Council of Kenya in 1961 as a representative for Nyanza North. He joined the legislative Council of Kenya in 1961 as a representative for Nyanza North. Whereas, in 1962 he was among distinguished cadre of Kenyan leaders who attended the famous Lancaster House Conference, that drew up the postcolonial independent Kenya's Constitution. In 1963 he was elected the first Member of Parliament for Emuhaya in campaign spearheaded by his uncle and political don and the doyen freedom fighter Esau Khamati who elected in the same campaign to the local provincial council to represent the Emuhaya constituency. |
658_21 | He was a three-time member of parliament for the Emuhaya constituency—in 1963, and 1979-87. In a polemical one-party political system election of 1969, Khasakhala lost his parliamentary seat to Wilson Mukuna, a political novice. Khasakhala a veteran politician and the incumbent was expected to easily defeat the neophyte challenger. The defeat sent shockwaves across the country, especial in Bunyore. His defeat is attributed to multiple contravening factors in convergence against him; among these factors were his close association with Tom Mboya which was anathema to the Kenyan regime du jour, and the complacence of his electorate who were expecting an easy victory. Furthermore, the electoral process was fraught with irregularities. In a case that went all the way to highest court of the land, Khasakhala contested the outcome of election results but to avail. The next election cycle of 1974, which was but a fait accompli for Khasakhala to recapture the Emuhaya constituency |
658_22 | parliamentary seat, he once again lost Mukuna. Pursuant legal challenges but were to no avail. |
658_23 | He represented Kenya as Vice Chairman of the Commonwealth Kenya Chapter. During his tenure he traveled across the globe attending various international conferences; he an effective champion on across-spectrum of causes of great importance to Kenya and the African continent, especially on education and socioeconomic issues. Khaskhala also established enduring relationships with an all-inclusive cadre of international figures and entities.
Cabinet posts
As Assistant Minister for Education in the early Sixties, he was instrumental in drafting and implementing the early education strategies for the embryonic republic. Between 1979 through 1988, Khasakhala also served intrepidly and devicefully in multitudinous cabinet roles during the Moi presidency; these included, the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, and the all important Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.
He served the Kenyatta and Moi regimes diligently as a faithful Minister. |
658_24 | Relationship and political misfortune
Khasakhala often fell a victim of his loyalty to friends. Albeit an illustrious political career, he never rose beyond the role of an assistant Cabinet Minister. Its argued that this was the adverse consequences of his unbendable loyalty to his political comrades—the unwillingness to betray others in return for political favors.
"Eric was a very good friend and confidante of Thomas Joseph Mboya", words of the 3rd Kenyan president, Mwai Kibaki, during Khasakhala's funeral. |
658_25 | This liaison with Mboya would cause ripples in the Kenyatta Government. In fact, so suspicious was the regime that despite Khasakhala's seniority in Western Province, Kenyatta opted to give Ministerial slots to Masinde Muliro and James Osogo, and the less colorful James Otiende fearing that this rising star would be a thorn in the flesh of the Cabinet. In 1966 when then Vice President Odinga had fallen out of grace, Mboya organised the famous Limuru Conference which saw eight regional Vice Presidents being elected representing each Province. Mboya's influence would be felt when he ensured the election of his comrades including Khasakhala, Moi, Nyagah, Ngala, Kibaki, Sagini among others. Khasakhala remained a loyal friend and confidant of Tom Mboya. It is noted historically that Khasakhala and Kibaki are remembered as some of the only brave government officials who attended and were welcomed to Mboya's tense Funeral at Rising Island in 1969. |
658_26 | In 1978 Daniel Toroitich arap Moi succeeded Jomo Kenyatta (d. 1978) to become Kenya's 2nd postcolonial president. Moi's presidency gave rise to Moses Mudavadi as a potently influential Cabinet Minister in the Moi regime. Mudavadi was never comfortable with Khasakhala, Joshua Angatia, Martin Shikuku and other fellow Kakamega leaders. He was instrumental in rigging them out in the infamous 1988, "Mlolongo elections", replacing them with his sycophants. Previously in 1987 Khasakhala had played host to then Vice President Mwai Kibaki and other leaders in what became a very successful harambee for Bunyore schools. It was during the period when Kanu was steadily sidelining Kibaki, thus anyone who associated with him was perceived to be an anti-establishment. The event attracted many of Khasakhala's old friends including Kenneth Matiba, and a host of leaders from all walks of life. Mudavadi snubbed the event. |
658_27 | Khasakhala never abandoned his friends, at whatever cost or consequence. That was one of his greatest values, and may well have been the cause of his imminent downfall.
Culture and good governance
His tenure, 1979 – 1988, as the Chairman of the Kenya Cultural Council witnessed prolific prominence and recognition of culture in Kenya. Until then, dating back to the colonial era, African culture in Kenya had not received the prominence it deserved. Moreover, he was instrumental in spearheading the enactment of a dynamic national cultural policy to make certain that pertinent changes and amendments in the law were being aptly undertaken in synergy with new realities. Among a plethora of his most effective initiatives in the antecedent capacity were the strengthening and enlargement of cultural activities across the country; and the increase in the council’s annual budgetary allocations. In all, his tenure witnessed a period of amplified holistic emphasis on culture in the country. |
658_28 | Between 1979 – 1988 he was the Vice-Chair of the Kenya Chapter of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association (CPA); a body whose stated values personifies Khasakhala’s ardor for good governance in service to his constituents and country. The CPA stated statement of purpose is to build interparliamentary and other intergovernmental communities relationships that spawns promotion of the benchmarks of good governance and the implementation of the enduring values of the Commonwealth. It does so by establishing conducive environment that bringing Parliamentarians and parliamentary staff together to exchange ideas among themselves and with experts in various fields, to identify benchmarks of good practices and new policy options they can adopt or adapt in the governance of their societies.
Personal life |
658_29 | Death, funeral and burial, tributes, and legacy
Albeit a non-smoker, Eric Edward Khasakhala died from lung cancer on 14 July 2000 at the Aga Khan Hospital at Nairobi in Kenya, where he spent a month. His remains are interred at his ancestral home at Ebwali village at Bunyore in Kenya.
Funeral and burial
A Requiem Mass was held at the All Saints Cathedral in Nairobi. The service was performed by the Reverend Peter Njoka, the Provost of the All Saints Cathedral on Wednesday 26 July 2000. He was eulogized en masse by a large crowd of people from all walks of life.
During the Requiem Mass, the Reverend Peter Njoka remarked, "I have never witnessed such a crowd before; we even have people sitting by the pulpit!". |
658_30 | Touching tributes were read by family members, Cabinet ministers, and others during the funeral and burial services at Ebwali village in Bunyore. An estimated crowd of over twenty-five thousand people lined up the routes and filled the local school. Leaders from All Political Parties, Cabinet Ministers, members of Parliament and people from all walks of life attended the burial in Bunyore proving—Khasakhala's remains were interred with a meritorious national hero accolades. The bourgeois of the Luhya community, including all Cabinet Ministers from Western Province, technocrats, professionals, the larger business community, and common folk en masse were brought together in a rare show of solidarity that embodied his politics of reconciliation and healing.
Tributes and legacy
In death, Khasakhala has remained bigger than life. The following is sampling of a cross-section of tributes to him at his funeral and burial services from an illustrious myriad of Kenyans. |
658_31 | During the Requiem Mass, the Reverend Peter Njoka remarked, "I have never witnessed such a crowd before; we even have people sitting by the pulpit!".
"Eric was a diligent leader, who never wavered in his support for the ruling party and my Government." —Daniel T arap Moi, President of the Republic of Kenya.
"Eric was an honest man, never ready to change any aspect of his character to please anyone." —Hon. Mwai Kibaki, Chairman, Democratic Party of Kenya and comrade.
"He was one of those leaders who inspired some of us to take up the careers that we took, in essence he was a mentor to myself and others." —Hon. Amos Wako, Attorney General, Republic of Kenya.
"He was a good friend of mine, but more so of my fathers, the late Jaramogi Odinga Oginga. He always emphasized on enhancing unity among all Kenyans." —Hon. Raila Odinga, NDP leader. |
658_32 | "His leadership qualities should be emulated by the younger generation of Politicians, to make the Kenya we want." —Jeremiah Nyagah, Former Cabinet Minister and comrade.
"Hon. Khasakhala emphasized that we should not let transient political associations divide the great Luhya nation." —Hon. Kijana Wamalwa, Ford Kenya leader.
"His astute leadership, is one that will be greatly missed not only in this region but the entire nation as a whole." —Hon. Musalia Mudavadi, Minister for Information, Transport and Communications
"I owe my being in Parliament to him [Khasakhala], and would like to note that he initiated many projects in Emuhaya one of which has outlived him." —Hon. Sheldon Muchilwa, MP for Emuhaya Assistant Minister for Foreign Affairs.
"This is a man who transcended humble origins to become a political giant in his own right." —Prof. Reuben Olembo, Former Deputy Director UNEP. |
658_33 | Commemoration
Plans are underway to celebrate Khasakhala's myriad of contributions, to Bunyore and Kenya, by renaming the tarmac road from Luanda to Majengo in his honor—the Eric Edward Khasakhala Memorial Highway.
Slideshow photo gallery
References
Kenyan politicians
1926 births
2000 deaths |
659_0 | Holland Lop is a breed of rabbit that was recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) in 1979 and by the Netherlands' Governing Rabbit Council in 1984. The Holland Lop, with a maximum weight of (as stipulated by ARBA), is one of the smallest lop-eared breeds.
Holland Lops are one of the most popular rabbit breeds in the United States and the United Kingdom. They were first bred by Adrian de Cock, as a hybrid of the French Lop and the Netherland Dwarf. Holland Lops are miniature rabbits that only weigh from about 2 to 4 pounds. They are muscular, relative to their compact stature, and have a wide variety of coat colours. Their lopped ears are one of their most distinctive features.
History
The history of Holland Lops began with Dutch breeder Adrian de Kock from Tilburg, Netherlands. Holland Lops are acknowledged by the American Rabbit Breed Association (ARBA) in 1979 and made known to the public in 1980. |
659_1 | When Adrian de Cock realized that French Lops were over-sized and Netherland Dwarfs were under-sized in 1949, he decided to breed the two with each other in hopes that their offspring will inherit the optimal size. French Lops weigh anywhere from 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) to 15 pounds (6.8 kilograms) while Netherland Dwarfs only weigh around 1.1 pound (0.5 kilogram) to 2.5 pounds (1.13 kilogram). Unfortunately, the results were nothing like what de Cock expected. Their offspring were way too big and died as a result. The mother (female Netherland Dwarf) also died from the breeding process. In 1951, de Cock decided to try the breeding process again. Instead of using a Netherlands Dwarf doe, he used a male Netherland Dwarf buck. He did not think that this was possible at first, because the French Lop was much bigger than the Netherland Dwarf buck. The results exceeded de Cock's expectations. All of the offspring were normal-sized and had standard ear positions. In 1952, de Cock wanted |
659_2 | the rabbits' ears to be lopped (hanging limply), so he let a French Lop's and a Netherland Dwarf buck's off-spring breed with the Sooty Fawn, an English Lop with visibly lopped ears. The results were one with lopped ears, 2 with normal ears, and one with semi-lopped ears. At the end of the breeding process in 1955, a Holland Lop weighing less than 6.6 pounds (2.7 kilograms) was born. 11 years after this significant event, de Cock announced Holland Lops weighing less than 4.4 pounds (2 kilograms). Another goal at the time was to publicize Holland Lops. In 1964, these rabbits were finally recognized by Dutch breeders and authorities, which led to the introduction of Holland Lops across many countries in Europe. |
659_3 | Sometime in 1965-1975, these rabbits made their first appearance in the United Kingdom thanks to George Scott, an English rabbit breeder from Yorkshire county who found these Holland Lops. At this time, the average weight of this breed was only about 3.3 pounds (1.5 kilogram). The history of the well-known Mini Lop is also related to the history of the Holland Lop. When Scott found these Holland Lops, he sought to make them even smaller, so he let the lightest Holland Lop off-springs breed with each other. The result of this breeding process was the Mini Lop, which was acknowledged by the British Rabbit Council in 1994. In 1976, Holland Lops made their way to the United States, where they were acknowledged by the American Rabbit Breeders Association 3 years later. Over the years, Holland Lops have traveled across the globe and their breeders' accepted maximum weight has changed insignificantly with the actual weight of these rabbits. Holland Lops are now one of the most well-known |
659_4 | rabbit breeds in the United States and the United Kingdom. |
659_5 | Appearance
Fur
Similar to most rabbits, Holland Lops' fur is very diverse with a wide variety of colors and combinations. The most common color you will see is called a black tortoise or black tort1. The different colors like Chocolate, Lilac, Blue, Black, and Chestnut also a color called frosty. There are so many different types, some examples being broken color, tortoises, solid, Tri-Colored, and many more. Broken color means that there are patches of color mixed with white in between. Almost any normal color can come in a broken variant. When they are shown, it is in broken and solid groups according to the ARBA standard of perfection. There are also albino Holland Lops that have white fur and red eyes. There is also a type of mutation of fur. It's a dark orange color that's known as ASIP or Agouti Signaling Protein, which is very rare among Holland Lops, and its different from the normal light orange color. |
659_6 | Head
The ears are one of Holland Lops' most distinct features. As mentioned in the history of Holland Lops above, they inherit their lopped ears from the French Lop and Sooty Fawns. These almond-shaped ears are about 4.7 inches (12 centimeters) long. Since Holland Lops are very small, their legs are also short and stubby. They also have claws that are not used very often.
Their eye color is usually black, but can be brown or other colors.
Tail
Holland Lop's tails are small but straight, sturdy, and fluffy. Their tail is a normal size.
Feet
The feet of the Holland Lop can be categorized into 6 types: ideal, narrow hindquarters, pinched hindquarters, thin bone, thin long bone, pinched and narrow hindquarters. |
659_7 | Ideal Holland Lop feet are parallel and symmetrical. This foot type indicates that the rabbit will have heavy compact bone, and mass. Narrow hindquarters feet are closer, but still parallel. This indicates less width towards the back, but they still maintain a heavy bone and compact type. Pinched hindquarters heels point towards each other, causing the feet to create a V-shape. This may cause the feet to appear at the bottom when posing for a show. Thin boned feet are shorter and thinner than other structures. This indicates that the rabbit will have medium bone and will remain compact, however will have less mass. Thin, long boned foot structure can cause a change throughout other areas of the rabbit's body, making the head pointier, and the ears longer and thinner. In addition, the feet are longer than thin boned feet, and increase the overall size of the rabbit. Pinched and narrow hindquarters is a combination of the pinched hindquarters and narrow hindquarters foot structures. The |
659_8 | heels point towards each other and are closer together, which leads to the hindquarters to appear more hollow. |
659_9 | Ideal appearance
According to the Holland Lop show standards, they are expected to be muscular for their short size. "Broad shoulders and deep hindquarters" are expected traits from a high quality Holland Lop, according to a judge from the Holland Lop Specialty Club. They also added that the legs should be "thick, short, and heavily boned." In shows, the body is worth a total of 32 points.
The Holland Lop is typically 60 cm wide when fully stretched, as well as 60 cm tall. The Holland Lop's flesh is known to be muscular and well-toned. This is especially true when applied to high ranking show Holland Lops. They have "short, rounded noses," which differentiates them from other lop breeds, such as the mini lop. Holland Lops usually weigh between 2-4 pounds. However, according to ARBA show standards, the Holland Lop at maximum weight, is 4 pounds.
Behavior |
659_10 | Holland Lops as a breed are considered to be very calm rabbits. As a result of this, owners can expect to spend time playing and relaxing with their Lops. In addition to exercise, Holland Lops also require toys to chew on. This is not only important for keeping them occupied, but also for avoiding potential dilemmas. If neglected, this could ensue in the destruction of personal items, or even walls, as reported by some owners.
As a whole, the Holland Lops is considered to be a friendly breed. Although there is individual variation for each rabbit, this is what is reported. Also, Male rabbits, or bucks, have been reported to be less nippy than female rabbits, although they do tend to experience a stage where they are shyer and nippy. This typically occurs when they would like to be bred. However, does are often much neater than bucks. Bucks have been known to mess up their cages or destroy things. |
659_11 | Health
The Holland Lop is a breed of rabbit that is healthy and simple to care for compared to other rabbits, since the majority requires only basic grooming. There are no hereditary diseases unique to Holland Lops, but they still can suffer from other common rabbit diseases. They are an active breed that requires plenty of physical stimulation and playtime to be happy and healthy pets. They live an average of seven to ten years. Holland Lops need weekly brushing in order to prevent intestinal blockages that can be the result of fur ingestion during self-grooming. Additional brushing is needed during the yearly two weeks of molting. Nails should be trimmed monthly. |
659_12 | Checking for overgrown teeth is a must as well, since these can be very painful for the rabbit. A diet consisting of plenty of timothy hay should be enough to prevent this from occurring. In the case that the teeth do become overgrown this can cause their mouth to shift and in turn lead to possible infection and abscesses. The Holland Lop diet should consist of around 70 percent timothy hay along with high quality pellet feed and a variety of fruits and vegetables. In addition, these rabbits need an unlimited supply of fresh water. |
659_13 | To maintain a healthy rabbit the correct housing is another essential element. Cages should be no smaller than 18 inches by 25 inches although it is always better for the cage to be larger than this. Wire bottoms must be avoided too as these are bad for their feet and will cause sore hocks. While they can be kept in a cage, they are very active rabbits that require plenty of physical activity and it is highly recommended to let them have out of cage time to release their energy. The Holland Lop is not at risk for any specific hereditary health issues, but they are still susceptible to the same common health issues as other rabbit breeds are. In younger baby rabbits under eight weeks old they should be watched for enteritis along with gut stasis and bloat. As a lop-eared breed of rabbit they can also suffer from ear infections such as otitis. |
659_14 | Parasites are another common issue to all breeds of rabbit, specifically cheyletiella mites which cause itching and hair loss. Although these can easily be treated by either a spot-on treatment or injection form of anti-mite preparations. Spaying and neutering also decrease the chance of reproductive system related diseases such as uterine cancer that can occur in does. Although spaying and neutering may reduce aggression, it can also lead to many other health problems. E Cuniculi is also a common parasite in rabbits. It is estimated that between 40-80% of all rabbits worldwide carry this parasite. While many rabbits carry it, only a small portion of domesticated rabbits show symptoms. These may include drinking more water than usual, frequent peeing, and in worse cases a tilted head (torticolis), seizures or even complete paralysis. It has been theorized that majorly stressful situations could worsen the symptoms.
See also
House rabbit
List of rabbit breeds
Lop rabbit |
659_15 | References
Works cited |
659_16 | “The History of the Mini Lop Rabbit and the True UK Mini Lop Standard.” Mini Lops Scotland, Mini Lop history article
“Holland Lop Rabbit Facts, Size, Lifespan and Care.” Caring for Pets, 14 Feb. 2019, Article on how to care for your rabbit.
Dickson, David. “Holland Lop Rabbit Who Loves to Chew (and Chew Some More).” Best Friends Animal Society, 29 Nov. 2017, Article on Holland Lop's teeth
Fletcher, Ann (2013). "Holland Lop Rabbits The Complete Owner's Guide to Holland Lop Bunnies How to Care for your Holland Lop Pet, including Breeding, Lifespan, Colors, Health, Personality, Diet and Facts", p. 68. Evolution Knowledge Limited.
Phil Batey, "History of the Holland Lop", dnarabbitry, Article on the history of Holland Lops
“Holland Lop Appearance.” hollandloprabbits, 1 Jan. 1970, Blog post on the appearance of Holland Lops
“Four Steps to Healthy Teeth.” Petplan, Article on how to take care of rabbit teeth |
659_17 | “Holland Lop - Breed Information and Advice.” Petplan, Article on the general information about Holland Lops
“Holland Lop Rabbit Breed.” Lafeber Co. - Small Mammals, 14 Feb. 2019, Article on the general information about Holland Lops
“Holland Lop Rabbit Health, Temperament, Coat, Health and Care.” PetGuide, 31 Jan. 2019, Article on health and behaviors of Holland Lops
“Holland Lop Type.” Holly's Hollands Rabbitry, Blog post regarding Holland Lops' appearance
“Introduction to Holland Lops.” Sand N Pines, Article on general information about Holland Lops
“Judging the Holland Lop.” Lots of Lops Rabbitry, Article on how to judge a Holland Lop
Tamsin. “Rabbit Hutch/Cage Size Guide.” The Rabbit House, 10 June 2014, Article on how to find the right Holland Lop cage size
Shapiro, Amy. "'Lops Are Mellow and Other Dangerous Myths'", House Rabbit Sociey, Article on myths about Holland Lops. |
659_18 | Stroupe, Laura. “Judging Lop Rabbits:Evaluating Ears and Crowns Holland, Mini, and Fuzzy Lops.” Show Rabbit Information, Article on how to judge Holland Lops
“The Ideal Diet for Rabbits.” PDSA, Article on the ideal diet for rabbits
Howard, Anthony. “Welcome to the HLRSC.” Hlrsc, Article on the history of Holland Lops
“What Is a Holland Lop? | How to Care, Lifespan, FAQ (With Pictures).” RabbitPedia, Article on how to care for Holland Lops |
659_19 | Rabbit breeds
Rabbits as pets
Lop rabbits
Rabbit breeds originating in the Netherlands |
660_0 | Whiskey Bottom Road is a historic road north of Laurel, Maryland that traverses Anne Arundel and Howard Counties in an area that was first settled by English colonists in the mid-1600s. The road was named in the 1880s in association with one of its residents delivering whiskey after a prohibition vote. With increased residential development after World War II, it was designated a collector road in the 1960s; a community center and park are among the most recent roadside developments.
Route description
Whiskey Bottom Road runs through North Laurel, Maryland starting at the later Maryland Route 198 in Anne Arundel County, Maryland. The road continues westward across U.S. Route 1 and terminates at a dead end just prior to the I-95 and Route 216 interchange in Howard County, Maryland, which were built long after this historic road.
Disused or renamed sections |
660_1 | Martenet's 1860 Map of Howard County Maryland, and the 1861 Map of Prince George's County, Maryland, from the Library of Congress, clearly depict the original road. Approximately 60% of that original has been renamed after being bisected by I-95, then further divided by Maryland Route 198 and I-295.
Starting from the northwest to the southeast: |
660_2 | Whiskey Bottom Road once started at the site of the lime kilns at the intersection of modern-day Brown's Bridge Road and Lime Kiln Road in Howard County, Maryland.
The original path continues on what is now labeled Scaggsville Road in Scaggsville, Maryland.
Crossing the Columbia Turnpike built in 1810, the road continues Southeast until it terminates at the present I-95 and Route 216 interchange.
The section of road overlapping the interchange was removed for the construction of Interstate Highway I-95 in the mid-1960s. This is the former location of the farm where the poet and scholar Sterling Allen Brown lived as a child.
In 2009 an additional section of road was removed for the building of Emerson One by Ryan Development. |
660_3 | In 2011, a County Council proposal was made that, as the remainder of Whiskey Bottom Road adjacent to I-95 and 64.664 acres of Howard County-owned, wooded open space is unusable by the public, it should be given to the Emerson Development HOA LLC, waiving bidding requirements. |
660_4 | Current road description
Whiskey Bottom Road maintains its original historical path and name until meeting with Maryland route 198 in Anne Arundel County. The path continues to the southeast under several different names. |
660_5 | From Maryland Route 198 Southeastward the path takes on the name Old Annapolis Road running through Maryland City.
Old Annapolis merges with a section of Red Clay Road, which changes its name shortly afterward to Hillside Road and terminates just prior to I-295
The path is bisected, starting again within the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center / Fort Meade complex with an unpaved section named Columbus Road and Combat Road.
The last section of the path is a dirt road called Hill road. This wooded section was the location of "C.old Methodist Church", The J.H. Snowden Farm, and School House No.26 in 1861.
At what is now the intersection of Switchboard Road, the original Whiskey Bottom Road merged with the Historic Davidsonville Road that ran through Davidsonville to Annapolis.
Intersections
History |
660_6 | Origins
The North Laurel region has origins dating to 1650. In a passage from the book The founders of Anne Arundel and Howard Counties, Maryland, the author cites letters describing the conflict between the Native Americans and the new settlers of the area...
In 1681, Robert Proctor, from his town on the Severn, Thomas Francis, from South River and Colonel Samuel Lane, from the same section, all wrote urgent letters stating that the Indians had killed and wounded both Negroes and English men "at a plantation of Major Welsh's," and "had attempted to enter the houses of Mr. Mareen Duvall and Richard Snowden." The farms and their owners described are shown later as being along the original starting point of Whiskey Bottom Road. |
660_7 | In the 1950s, inn owner Albert L. Dalton posted a sign along Route 1 which read "Historical Whiskey Bottom Road—Circa 1732 A.D."
The majority of the modern road falls within "Robinhood's Forest", a land grant between Laurel and Sandy Spring, Maryland that was part of the accumulated Birmingham Manor estate of the Snowden family starting in 1669 with a patent purchased in exchange for of tobacco. |
660_8 | A 1795 map of Anne Arundel County by Dennis Griffith shows the unnamed path that is now known as Whiskey Bottom Road starting at the Ridgley Farm in Highland, Maryland, passing south of Whites Mill in Savage, Maryland and terminating at the original Birmingham Manor site in South Laurel. Martenet's 1861 Map of Prince George's County and 1860 Map of Howard County show the route in more detail. The Howard County – District 6, Guilford, Savage Factory, Annapolis Junction, Laurel City map published by G. M. Hopkins in 1878 referenced the dirt road as Old Annapolis Road, the expanded 1878 county map from the same publisher contradicted this name and listed it as Laurel Road. The date when the road obtained its name is not well published. Its first newspaper mention was in 1892 as Whisky Bottom. One resident who lived on the road since the 1890s explained that the road name came from the low point near the railroad tracks where trains would pick up wagon-delivered barrels of Maryland Rye |
660_9 | whiskey from a distillery near the Laurel Mill. Others have referenced the road as Sandy Bottom, and Rural Route No. 1. The Howard County School Board used Whiskey Bottom as the name rather than alternatives in 1939. Geographically, following the fall-line of the road, the "Bottom" of Whiskey Bottom would be the convergence of the Western and Southwestern Branches of the Patuxent River, where goods could be shipped to nearby Upper Marlboro, The Chesapeake Bay, or to Europe. |
660_10 | A large section of the original road is now called Scaggsville Road or Maryland Route 216. |
660_11 | The 1600s
Many roads of the region followed Native American footpaths, which themselves followed the most advantageous paths for travel over terrain. Despite the name, Whiskey Bottom follows the highest elevation between rivers to either side, making it the least prone path to flooding or muddy conditions. The path of the modern road very closely aligns with the fall line between the Patuxent River and its Northern branches. The fall line originates near modern New Carrollton to the convergence of the Southwest and Western branch of the Patuxent river near Crofton. |
660_12 | Prior to settlement by the English, the lands up and down the Patuxent river were occupied by various tribes of Algonquin speaking Native Americans. The Native American trails were not paved or marked, but were commonly cleared regularly of underbrush and saplings by controlled fires, creating wide corridors lined only with mature trees up to six feet in diameter. In the 1620s The Susquehannocks pushed tribes out to the Southeast to reduce competition occupying the area as far south as the Potomac river. The Susquehannocks were well armed hunters and profited from Beaver trading with the English. By 1632 Lord Baltimore claimed title to issue land grants in Maryland through Charles I of England. In 1652, the Susquehannocks treatied with Marylanders to keep trade flowing and receive arms to use against the Iroquois to the north. By 1675, efforts were underway to eliminate the Susquehannocks from the region. In 1666, Maryland issued its first road laws, with the path between Leonardtown |
660_13 | to Port Tobacco as one of the earliest examples. |
660_14 | In 1685 Lord Baltimore granted Richard Snowden Sr. of land on the Patuxent river (Patented as Robinhood's Forest). The iron works would form the start of the road heading upriver to the northwest. Snowden built Birmingham Manor at the site in 1690 at the terminus of the old post road and the start of Whiskey Bottom. It lasted until a fire on August 20, 1891.
In 1686, the nearby Warfield's range was laid out. Overlook Farm was built on the site; its operators would later account that they would roll tobacco product down Whiskey Bottom Road in barrels toward the Patuxent for shipping. In 1696, Maryland ordered the construction of four "Rolling Roads" to move tobacco to Annapolis in "hogshead" barrels that would be hand rolled, or later pulled by oxen via rope with an axle through the center. This account would have made Old Annapolis (Whiskey Bottom) one of these work roads. |
660_15 | The 1700s
In 1704, Maryland issued instructions to mark all trees along trails to Annapolis with a "AA" mark, and notches for paths that lead to a county seat or church.
In 1732, the Maryland Assembly voted to provide incentives to encourage the iron industry in Maryland. They enacted a law excluding iron workers from required road service. In 1750, this was modified to one in every ten iron laborers were required to perform road maintenance.
In 1736, roadside residents Richard Snowden III "Ironmaster" (1688–1763), Joseph Cowman, and three other partners founded "Patuxent Iron Work Company", Maryland's first ironworks. The ironworks were built on the site of an even older forge that predated it by some time. From the 1760s to the 1780s the ironworks were managed by Samuel, John and Thomas Snowden, employing a workforce of about 45 slaves. The ironworks peaked with an annual output of 1200 tons. The owners dismantled the furnace in 1856 due to a lack of wood and ore.
The 1800s |
660_16 | Most residents of Whiskey Bottom Road in this time were farmers. Typical crops that they would plant were butter beans and sugar corn, radishes, beets, eggplant, tobacco, and apple trees.
Slavery was in common practice among the farmers along the road until emancipation. Runaway slave ads were regularly placed by Whiskey Bottom residents in the Baltimore Sun newspaper.
In 1822, the Savage Manufacturing Company purchased 600 acres along the northwest corner of the crossroads with the Washington Turnpike to build the Savage Mill. 181 acres of mixed farm and forest that formed the crossroads with Whiskey Bottom and the Washington Turnpike were sold by the company to John Holland in 1841. The semi-formal stone house he bought still stands, with a Route 1 address due to subdivision. |
660_17 | In 1828, a survey was conducted to run a canal across the road to connect Elkridge to the proposed C&O Canal via Bladensburg. Rather, the B&O was constructed. In 1834, fights broke out among rival Irish and German railroad workers. The violence escalated in November when John Watson and William Messer were murdered at the construction site around Whiskey Bottom. Horace Capron and other militiamen gathered some 300 workers to be questioned for the murders. In January 1835, Owen Murphey was sentenced to death by hanging at the location of the murders. Patrick Gallagher and Terence Coyle were also sentenced to 18 years of hard labor.
In 1853, the State of Maryland put into law a requirement that all public roads be widened to at least between fences. |
660_18 | Born in Montgomery County, Gustavus Ober was a prominent Presbyterian Sunday School teacher at All Saint's church and owned several properties along Whiskey Bottom Road. The successful entrepreneur was married into, and partnered with, the Kettlewell family with residences on nearby Gorman road. Together in 1856, they formed the successful Baltimore company G Ober and Sons, marketing "Kettlewell's Manipulated Guano". The company stopped production when the civil war cut off its customer base in the southern states. |
660_19 | The Bacontown community along the Anne Arundel portion of Whiskey Bottom Road was established by the freed slave Maria Bacon. A road sign proclaims "Bacontown EST. 1860". Approximately 3 dozen small homes were established along with a church and schoolhouse. The community consists of multi-generational families who have worked together to drive out crime and prevent redevelopment of a community that looks much the same as it did in the 20th century. Bacontown was the last neighborhood along the road to link to city water and sewer service, in 1997. The Mount Zion United Methodist Church and Bacontown Park are the most visible landmarks.
In 1862, during the Civil War, Brig.-Gen. John C. Robinson commanded troops guarding the B&O railroad. The First Michigan Regiment was assigned to the section crossing Whiskey Bottom Road. United States postal mail started service to residents of "Whiskey Bottom Road" from the Laurel post office in 1899. |
660_20 | By 1874, Prince George's County disallowed gates across public roads. Prior to this law, it was common for roads running through large farms and plantations to gate the road rather than fence along either side. Riders would have to dismount, open and close each gate along the way.
The 1900s
A dirt oval racetrack once operated in the early 20th century at the southeast corner of Whiskey Bottom and Brock Bridge Roads. During prohibition, the road hosted speakeasies with houses outfitted with hidden rooms and liquor storage in the walls to hide supplies from stills along the Hammond Branch river (Patuxent). |
660_21 | The road became the link for communities such as Highland to the nearest train station in Laurel. After the great depression, many family farms were sold to pay back taxes and were subdivided into lots for owner-built homes. Construction of these homes peaked after World War II. Shortly after city water was provided to the Howard county residents in the 1960s, Whiskey Bottom Road was designated a collector road. The majority of home construction from that point on has been in the form of developments on subdivided property managed by homeowners associations. Only one house on the historic road is listed in Howard County's Historic property inventory: The Joseph Travers House, a Folk Victorian dwelling built on land called "Sappington's Sweep" in 1890 over the site of an earlier 1862 house. |
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