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1207_27
Student life Hamline students have the opportunity to partake in various on-campus activities. All clubs, intramural teams, and student events are run through the Student Affairs Division. Hamline's clubs include organizations with focuses on various academic subjects, the arts, journalism, culture, advocacy/social justice, recreation, and spirituality. Hamline also has two Greek organizations: Delta Tau sorority and Theta Chi fraternity, both of which are located a block west of campus. The two largest on-campus organizations are the Hamline Undergraduate Student Congress (HUSC) and Hamline University Programming Board (HUPB).
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HUSC is the governing body of the undergraduate students, with the stated purpose of providing an organized medium for expressing student concerns to the administration. It is also responsible for overseeing and funding the majority of student organizations on campus. HUPB plans student events, such as the homecoming dance, End of the Semester Party, and the annual lip sync contest. Residence halls and dining Residence halls Drew Hall houses 200 undergraduate men and women. The hall is staffed by resident advisors on each floor, an assistant hall director and one area coordinator. Drew was built in 1946 as a men's residence after a donation by Charles M. Drew. Manor Hall is the oldest dormitory on the campus. It was built in 1922 as a women's dormitory, although today it is co-ed. Manor is home to second-, third- and fourth-year undergraduates.
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Sorin Hall was built in 1958 and houses just over 100 men and women on single-gender floors, including two female floors and one male floor. Osborn, Peterson and Schilling Residence Halls collectively known as the Heights, are identical buildings built in the late 1960s. Each houses nearly 100 first-year men and women. Dining facilities The primary dining hall is located in The Carol Young Anderson and Dennis L. Anderson Center, often referred to as Anderson. The facility is operated by a private food management firm, ARAMARK. The dining hall is all-you-can eat, charging a flat rate for entry, regardless of how much food is consumed. Meal plans are available for students. Included in the purchase of a meal plan is a certain amount of money that can be used at other facilities on campus ("declining balance" dollars). This money can be spent by using the student ID card like a debit card.
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Newspaper and other publications Hamline's student newspaper is The Oracle. The Oracle was founded in 1888 and has been published regularly ever since. The paper began as a monthly journal of letters and evolved into a weekly college newspaper. The Oracle receives its funding from and is published by the Student Media Board, which serves as an umbrella organization for the Liner, the university's yearbook, the Fulcrum, the university's literary magazine, and Hamline University Radio. Athletics
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Men's basketball Hamline University is regarded as the "birthplace of intercollegiate basketball" and home to the first recorded basketball game played between two colleges. In 1894, then-athletic director (and student) Ray Kaighn, who had played on James Naismith's first basketball team, brought the sport to the university after Naismith devised rules for the game in December 1891. A women's program was organized the next year. On February 9, 1895, Hamline hosted the first intercollegiate basketball game in history, when the Minnesota State School of Agriculture (now the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota) defeated Hamline by a score of 9–3. The game was played in the basement of the university's old science building using Naismith's original "peach basket" rules, and featured nine players to each side.
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Hamline was once known for the strength of its basketball program, with the university considered to be a national power in the sport from the 1930s to the 1950s. Hamline produced a number of NBA players during this time, including Hall of Famer Vern Mikkelsen. Then-head coach Joe Hutton, Sr. (1931–1965) was once offered and turned down a chance to coach the Minneapolis Lakers. Hutton Arena, the home court for the Piper basketball and volleyball teams, was built in 1937. Originally named Norton Field House, it was renamed after Hutton. A statue of the coach is in the lobby of the building. Hamline appeared in the NAIA National Tournament 12 times from 1940 to 1960 Hamline is one of 3 schools to place 4th (1940) 3rd (1948) 2nd (1953) and 1st (1942,1949,1951). They were the first school to win three National Championships, consecutively or non-consecutively. Their NAIA tournament record is 36–10.
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NAIA National Champions: 1942, 1949 and 1951 NAIA runners-up: 1953 NAIA Third Place: 1948 NAIA Semifinalist: 1940 NAIA Tournament Appearances: 1940-42-43-47-48-49-50-51-52-53-57-60 NCAA Division III Semifinalist: 1977 (Finished in fourth place) NCAA Division III Quarterfinalist: 1975 NCAA Division III All-Tournament Selection: Phil Smyczek, 1977 NCAA Division III Academic All-Americans: Paul Westling, 1986; John Banovetz, 1989 CoSIDA Academic All-Americans: Liz Stock, 2011 (1st Team); Courtney Benson, 2014 (1st team); Mary-Clare Couillard (2015 third team, 2016 second team) Hamline University is a member of the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC).
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Conference championships This table displays the number of Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (MIAC) conference championships that have been won by Hamline sports teams. If a sport is not listed, then a championship has not been won in that competition. Hamline fields teams in the following men's sports: baseball, basketball, cross country, football, hockey, indoor track and field, soccer, swimming and diving, tennis, and outdoor track & field. Hamline also fields teams in the following women's sports: basketball, cross country, hockey, indoor track and field, soccer, softball, gymnastics, swimming and diving, tennis, outdoor track and field, volleyball, and lacrosse. Women's lacrosse was added as an official Hamline University sport and the team officially competing in the spring of 2016. All records were compiled from the MIAC website and are up to date .
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In gymnastics, Hamline competes in the Wisconsin Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. In lacrosse, Hamline is a member of the Midwest Women's Lacrosse Conference.
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Notable alumni
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Politicians/public servants Patricia Anderson – former Minnesota state auditor and mayor of Eagan, Minnesota. Matt Bostrom – sheriff of Ramsey County. Burnett M. Chiperfield – former member of U.S. House of Representatives representing Illinois. Alan D. Clemmons – former member of South Carolina House of Representatives. Tom Dooher – former president of Education Minnesota, AFT, NEA, AFL-CIO. Bob Fletcher – current sheriff of Ramsey County. Bill Frenzel – former member of U.S. House of Representatives representing Minnesota. Barb Goodwin – former member of Minnesota State Senate. Anna Arnold Hedgeman – Civil rights leader and Hamline's first African-American graduate. Gordon Hintz – current member of Wisconsin State Assembly. Yi Gang – Governor of the People's Bank of China and former Director of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. Christine Jax - former Commissioner of Education Minnesota Department of Education.
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Martin Maginnis – former member of U.S. House of Representatives. Carly Melin – former member in the Minnesota House of Representatives. John J. Mertens – former member of the South Dakota House of Representatives and the South Dakota Senate. Adolphus Peter Nelson – former member of U.S. House of Representatives representing Wisconsin. Anthony Sertich – former Majority Leader of Minnesota House of Representatives. Heidi Swank – former member of the Nevada State Assembly. Van Tran – former member of the California State Assembly. Kerry Trask – former candidate for Wisconsin State Assembly. Oscar Youngdahl – former member of U.S. House of Representatives.
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Athletes Duane Benson – Professional football player linebacker formerly of the Oakland Raiders, Atlanta Falcons, and Houston Oilers. Logan Clark – Professional mixed martial artist and college football player for Hamline University. Earl Cramer – Professional football player. Lew Drill – Professional baseball player. Joe Hutton, Jr. – Professional basketball player. Raymond Kaighn - Organizer of the first intercollegiate basketball game. Basketball Hall of Fame (1959) as a player on Naismith's First Team. Vern Mikkelsen – Professional basketball player on the Minneapolis Lakers (1949–1959). 4-time NBA champion. Basketball Hall of Fame (1995). Marty Norton – Professional football player. Howie Schultz - Professional basketball (Minneapolis Lakers) and baseball (Brooklyn Dodgers, Philadelphia Phillies, Cincinnati Reds) player. Actors, directors, playwrights Coleen Gray – film and television actress. Clinton Sundberg - film and theatre actor.
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Academics John Bessler – professor of law and husband of U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar. Arthur Gillette – surgeon and namesake of Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare. John Kenneth Hilliard – academic and Academy Award recipient. Robert LeFevre – libertarian theorist. Deane Montgomery – prominent mathematician and recipient of the Leroy P. Steele Prize. Business and finance Dwight D. Opperman – chairmen of Key investments and one of Forbes 400 richest Americans. Max Winter – former part owner of Minneapolis Lakers and Minnesota Vikings. Veterans Robert M. Hanson – Medal of Honor recipient. Edwin W. Rawlings – General in the United States Air Force. Religious leaders James Newbury FitzGerald – former American bishop. Lester Mondale – former American Humanist and Unitarian and only person to sign all three Humanist Manifestos. D. Paul Rader - Early radio evangelist and hymn composer. Credited as being the first televangelist to preach to a nationwide audience. See also
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List of colleges and universities in Minnesota Higher education in Minnesota References Sources Bloomberg, Kristin Mapel. "Nineteenth-Century Methodists and Coeducation: The Case of Hamline University," Methodist History, 47 (Oct. 2008), 48–62 Johnson, Chip. Raising School Spirits an Archaeological Dig Uncovers Items for Hamline University's Past Life in Red Wing Pioneer Press, METRO; Pg. 1B. (August 10, 1996 Saturday METRO FINAL EDITION) Nord, Mary Ann (2003). The National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota. Minnesota Historical Society. . External links Official website Official athletics website
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Educational institutions established in 1854 National Register of Historic Places in Saint Paul, Minnesota University and college buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota Universities and colleges affiliated with the United Methodist Church Universities and colleges in Saint Paul, Minnesota Private universities and colleges in Minnesota Liberal arts colleges in Minnesota 1854 establishments in Minnesota Territory
1208_0
A regional state or a regionalised unitary state, is a term used to denote a type of state that is formally unitary but where a high degree of political power has been highly decentralised to regional governments. This contrasts with a state organized on principles of federalism (either a federal republic such as the United States, Brazil, or India or a federal monarchy such as Belgium or Malaysia) where the powers of the regions are enshrined in constitutional law. In many cases, the regions are based on long standing cultural or regional divisions.
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Europe Many regional states exist in Europe because many European states are very old and their constitutional structures evolved from absolute monarchy and hold that power emanates from the central government. This means that any regional autonomy is theoretically only existent at the sufferance of the central government. However, in practice, there would be enormous popular and political resistance if the central government tried to revoke the autonomy of a region. This can be seen in the opposition to the Spanish government's application of direct rule in Catalonia during and immediately after the Catalan crisis. Catalonia's autonomy has since been restored.
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Spain One example of a regional state is Spain which is divided into autonomous communities which are highly autonomous government bodies that exercise a large degree of lawmaking and in some cases tax-setting authority but are officially creations of the central government. They are designed to ensure limited autonomy for the nationalities and regions of Spain such as the Catalans and the Galicians, among others. Many political parties in Spain, especially those expressing one of the various regional nationalisms, have called for the creation of a full federal system in the country, as opposed to the current system, which is often described as "federalism in all but name" or "federation without federalism".
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Italy Italy is another European regional state since it is divided into 20 regions that exercise significant authority. Five of the regions (Sicily, Sardinia, Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, and the Val d'Aosta) are more autonomous than the others. As in Spain, some politicians and political parties in the country, especially those that express regionalist ideology, favor the establishment of a federal system in Italy.
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Others Europe is the continent with the most regional states. Though Spain and Italy are the most well known for their regional structures, Greece, Ukraine, France and the United Kingdom are all also regionalised, being respectively divided into Decentralized administrations of Greece, Oblasts of Ukraine, Regions of France, and Countries of the United Kingdom (The UK also has a number of other types of devolved government, notably the Crown Dependencies and British Overseas Territories). There are also several federations in Europe, notably Germany, Austria, and Belgium but also Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia, Switzerland and debatably the Kingdom of the Netherlands (not to be confused with The Netherlands which forms one of its constituent countries, though overwhelmingly the most important one)
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Americas There are only four regional states in the Americas, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Peru. The reason for this is that the American states are, on average, much more recently created than those in Europe. Thus, federal structures are much more common and are found in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Venezuela, and formerly in the West Indies Federation. Other countries such as Saint Kitts and Nevis and Antigua and Barbuda have devolved power to certain regions but they are not regionalized because the regional system does not expend across the whole nation. European territories Several European countries (namely the Netherlands, France and the UK) all have overseas territories in the Caribbean that have devolved governments of their own. Asia
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China China might be considered a regional state since significant levels of power are exercised by the provinces and autonomous regions as well as the special administrative regions. Provinces exercise such a degree of independent authority that some analysts claim that there exists a de facto federation in China because of striking differences in the nature of state policy between provinces, as exemplified by the competing Chongqing model and Guangdong model.
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Indonesia Indonesia is a regionalised unitary state. Though it was formerly a federal country for a brief period following its independence under the name United States of Indonesia, this system was replaced by a unitary one in 1950. However, the country is divided into provinces, which exercise significant authority over local issues because of the large size of the country. Additionally, some regions such as Western New Guinea and Aceh have more autonomy because of their unique and often fractious relationship with the national government. Yogyakarta Sultanate is also a region of Indonesia that has a special relationship with the central government, being a monarchy where the Sultan of Yogyakarta serves in a position similar to a governor. Philippines The Philippines is divided into provinces and the Bangsamoro autonomous region. The Provinces exercise significant degree of authority in local matters. Many people in the Philippines propose the creation of a federation.
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Africa There are several regional states in Africa. Federal structures are common here because the countries in Africa, with the exceptions of Liberia and Ethiopia, all came into existence in the 20th or 21st centuries and thus were not constrained by old constitutional structures in setting up their governments. South Africa South Africa is a regional state divided into a number of provinces. All the provinces have their own elected provincial legislature and Premier and exercise significant degrees of authority. Some people and political parties, most notably the Inkatha Freedom Party, advocate the establishment of a federal system where the provinces would be the federal units. Tanzania Tanzania is divided into 21 regions as well as Zanzibar. The regions exercise a large degree of political power. However, Zanzibar is more autonomous than the others with its own leader, the President of Zanzibar, and the Zanzibar House of Representatives as its legislature.
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Others While South Africa and Tanzania are the only true regional states in Africa some other states have some aspects of a similar system. Morocco is divided into Regions that exercise some power but they do not have the same level of regional authority as the regions of true regional states. See also Home rule Autonomous entity Subnational entity Federacy References Glassner, Martin Ira. Political Geography, 2nd Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1995. Federalism Unitary state Constitutional state types ca:Estat regional
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Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the Office of Communications (Ofcom). For this purpose, Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan, known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, which is the system for assigning telephone numbers to subscriber stations. The numbers are of variable length. Local numbers are supported from land-lines or numbers can be dialled with a '0'-lead prefix that denotes either a geographical region or another service. Mobile phone numbers have their own prefixes which are not geographical and are completely portable between providers. Structure Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the "0" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the "0" trunk code. The overall structure of the UK's National Numbering Plan is:
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A short sample of geographic numbers, set out in the officially approved (Ofcom) number groups: In the United Kingdom, area codes are two, three, four or, rarely, five digits long (after the initial zero). Regions with shorter area codes, typically large cities, permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long. The total number of digits is ten but, in a very few areas, the total may be nine digits (after the initial zero). The "area code" is also referred to as an "STD (code)" (subscriber trunk dialling) or a "dialling code" in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is (020) for London. The code allocated to the largest area is (028) for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies – Guernsey, Jersey, and the Isle of Man – even though they are not part of the UK. Format
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Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are: Number ranges starting 01 can have National Significant Number (NSN) length as 10 or 9 digits. NSN is the number of digits after the leading 0 trunk code or +44 international prefix. The 0800 range can have NSN length as 10, 9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits. The 0500 range had NSN length as 9 digits only, and was withdrawn from use on 3 June 2017. All other UK numbers have NSN length of 10 digits. There are no telephone numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits. Geographic numbers Standard geographic numbers Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits after the 0 trunk code or +44 international dialling prefix. Four-digit area codes Four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers. (01xxx) xxx xxx
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This is the format used by most areas. It has a four-digit area code (after the initial zero) and a six digit subscriber number, and is known as 4+6 format. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area codes range from 01200 to 01998. Almost all (01xxx) area codes now have only six digit subscriber numbers, but a small number of these areas also have some subscriber numbers only five digits in length (see next section).
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Six of the four-digit area codes are known as "mixed" areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. This leads to a restriction as to which initial digits can be used for subscriber numbers within those four-digit area codes, e.g. in the 01387 four-digit area code, subscriber numbers cannot begin with a 3 because 013873 is a separate five-digit area code; likewise in the 01946 four-digit area code, subscriber numbers cannot begin with a 7 because 019467 is a separate five-digit area code. (01xxx) xx xxx
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This is used for forty smaller towns which have a mixture of six and five digit local numbers, each type allocated in specific DE blocks*; e.g. in the 01647 area code numbers beginning 24 and 61 have five digits (24xxx and 61xxx; known as 4+5 format) whereas all other DE blocks* within that area code have six digit numbers. The number of places with five digit subscriber numbers and an 01xxx area code has declined rapidly in recent decades. There were 511 ranges allocated across 56 different area codes in January 1998. The Big Number Change removed many, especially in Northern Ireland, and by July 2005 there were only 329 ranges in 42 codes. By April 2010 this had reduced to 324 ranges in 40 codes, with still the same number in November 2012. The 40 area codes are listed in the table below.
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*A DE block is a block of numbers where (taking the area code and the subscriber number together) the initial 0 and the next six digits after it are the same for all the subscriber numbers in the block. (These area codes, like many others, were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995.) Three-digit area codes Three-digit area codes always have seven-digit subscriber numbers and always begin 011x or 01x1. (01x1) xxx xxxx
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This is the geographic number format for the first round of five large cities moved to all figure dialling in the 1960s, and subsequently also used in the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, eastern County Durham and south-eastern Northumberland from the 1980s onwards. These six areas have a three-digit area code matching the pattern 1x1 (after the initial zero) and a seven digit subscriber number, and this is known as 3+7 format. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. (011x) xxx xxxx
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This is the geographic number format for the second round of large cities and towns moved to brand-new three-digit area codes. Five of these were moved in 1995 as a part of PhONEday, with Reading then following a year later. At the time of the change, an extra digit was added to the subscriber number. These six areas have a three-digit area code matching the pattern 11x, with a seven-digit subscriber number, and this is known as 3+7 format. The first three digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city. The former Reading area code had already been changed once, by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Two-digit area codes Two-digit area codes always have eight-digit subscriber numbers and always begin 02. (02x) xxxx xxxx
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This is the newest geographic number format. It is used for the third tier of large cities and for Northern Ireland, and was formed as a part of the Big Number Change in 2000. The new area code is much shorter than the old one, and begins 02 unlike the previous 01 area codes. Numbers in these five areas are commonly misquoted, e.g. London as 0207 or Cardiff as 02920. The numbers consist of a two-digit area code matching the pattern 02x, and an eight-digit subscriber number, and this is known as 2+8 format. The first four digits of the local number identifies a small area within the town or city. At the time of the change, the subscriber part of the number gained an extra digit in London, those in Northern Ireland gained two or three digits, and the subscriber part of the number in the other areas gained two digits. All of these areas were also subject to a previous code change, one that added a "1" directly after the initial zero, as a part of PhONEday in 1995.
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Five-digit area codes Five-digit area codes have either five-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of four- and five-digit subscriber numbers. Five-digit area codes always share their first four digits with four-digit area codes. (01xx xx) xx xxx and (01xx xx) xxxx This is the oldest geographic number format and is used for twelve smaller towns and villages where the subscriber number is either five or (in one area code) four digits long. These are known as 5+5 and 5+4 format. Therefore, the STD code and the subscriber number does not always total ten digits after the initial zero trunk code. These area codes were changed by adding a "1" directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. The number of places using these two formats has declined rapidly in recent decades and Brampton is the last place in the UK with four-digit local numbers.
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The above twelve area codes and their six 'parent' area codes (01387, 01524, 01539, 01697, 01768 and 01946) are known as 'Mixed' areas due to multiple area codes sharing the same SABC digits (i.e. the initial zero and the following four digits). National dialling only ranges These ranges have subscriber numbers beginning with the digits "0" or "1", e.g.: Currently, these numbers are mostly used as the termination points for non-geographic numbers, and by some automated systems such as alarms. As such they are not usually meant to be directly dialled. Using these numbers directly has been problematic as some mobile phone operators in the UK do not allow access to these ranges, and there may also be difficulty accessing these numbers from outside the UK.
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Regulator Ofcom proposes that in future these ranges be released for wider, general-purpose use in up to 70 area codes facing number shortage but then, in order to avoid confusion with codes beginning with these digits, the area code would always have to be dialled for all calls, even from within the same geographic exchange. Accordingly, if these numbers are eventually released for general use, Ofcom proposes completely removing the ability to dial locally without the area code in areas affected. Requiring the use of the area code also allows additional local numbers starting with normally protected Special Services numbers (such as 999, 101, 111, 112 etc.) to be used, significantly increasing the quantity of numbers available for use. This occurred on 1 November 2012 for the 01202 area code, which covers the Bournemouth area.
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Recently, the carrier TalkTalk have inadvertently released parts of the 020 0011 range to the general public, with these numbers currently being in use. For example, the charity Give a Car used the number 020 0011 1664 for a while, but recently switched to a proper London number. Mobile telephones 07xxx xxx xxx—mobile phones and WiFi numbers. Individual mobile phone companies are allocated different ranges within the 073xx, 074xx, 075xx, 07624, 077xx, 078xx and 079xx area codes. Changes to mobile phone numbers in the Big Number Change were mostly straight replacements, such as Vodafone customers on the 0378 block became 07778. Since the advent of Mobile number portability, mobile phone number prefixes can no longer be relied on to determine the current operator of a particular mobile phone – only the original operator. Pagers and personal numbering 07x xxxx xxxx—pagers and personal numbering (PNS). Personal numbers beginning 070 are regulated by Phone-paid Services Authority.
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Calls to 070 and 076 numbers are often charged at a much higher rate than the similar-looking 07xxx mobile telephone numbers and often they are not included in "inclusive minutes" in phone contracts. From 1 October 2019, Ofcom has capped the termination or wholesale rate for calls to 070 numbers to be at the same level as for calls to mobile numbers. Ofcom "expect[s] this will allow phone companies to price calls to these numbers or include them in call allowances in the same way that they do for calls to mobile [number]s". Non-geographic numbers Non-geographic numbers charged at geographic rate 03xx xxx xxxx—"UK-wide" numbering.
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On 27 July 2006, Ofcom announced that companies will soon be able to use an "03" non-geographic number, in place of other non-geographic numbers (such as 0870 or 0845 numbers). Callers would be charged at the same rate as if they were calling a geographic number (01 or 02). This means that customers who are benefiting from inclusive minutes on mobile phone or landline calling plans would also be able to call these numbers using their inclusive minutes. On 13 February 2007, Ofcom released more details on their plans for the 03 range and announced that allocations of 03 numbers to providers would begin in March 2007. Whilst 01, 02 and 07 numbers can receive text messages, currently the majority of cellular network providers do not support the sending of text messages to 03 numbers. Three different ranges of numbers were announced; those beginning 030x are reserved for qualifying public bodies and non-profit organisations, those beginning 033x, which are available for allocation to
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anyone, and those beginning 034x and 037x which will be used for migration from the matching 084x and 087x number ranges respectively. Ofcom itself began using 03 numbers on 13 November 2007 for public use.
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Corporate and VoIP numbering 05x xxxx xxxx—Corporate and VoIP numbering. Unlike 03 numbers there is no uniform pricing for 05 numbers; BT charge a number of different rates depending on the number dialled. Some are charged at geographic rate, others not. Other operators are not required to charge the same rates as BT for calling 05 numbers. Freephone numbers 0500 xxx xxx—Freephone services allocated before 1999.
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Until July 2017, the 0500 range was used for some freephone services which were originally provided by Mercury Communications Ltd (now Cable & Wireless Worldwide). These numbers were different from the rest of the 05 range in that they are only 9 digits in length after the 0 trunk code, e.g. 0500 007 007 (National Savings and Investments), 0500 2 88 2 91 (BBC Radio 2, 88 to 91 FM), 0500 600 600 (Crimewatch), 0500 600 700 (Watchdog) and 0500 909 693 (BBC Radio 5 Live, 909 and 693 kHz). Numerous universities, government departments, airlines, banks and businesses also used these numbers. They were allocated before the general trend of using longer numbers started in 1997 and long before the rest of the 05 range was assigned to corporate and VoIP numbering after 2000. The range was withdrawn by Ofcom in July 2017 as a result of a series of consultations starting from 2012. The number range 08085 xxx xxx was made available to owners of 0500 xxx xxx to enable a smooth transition.
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0800 xxx xxx, 0800 xxx xxxx and 0808 xxx xxxx—Freephone services. There is one short "special" number in this range, 0800 11 11 for Childline. Additionally, numbers in the range 0808 80x xxxx are reserved for not-for-profit helplines and as such are usually free to call from most mobile telephones. A number of other numbers can also called for free from mobiles, but this varies by network. Fixed-rate or special-rate services 084x xxx xxxx (Special Services basic rate) – non-geographic fixed-rate or special-rate services 087x xxx xxxx (Special Services higher rate) – non-geographic fixed-rate or special-rate services.
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With the exception of 080x freephone numbers, 08xx numbers are charged above geographic rates, with some of the extra revenue going to the terminating telco. This additional revenue may be shared with the subscriber, but is often used instead to subsidise additional network services, such as fax-to-email, virtual office applications, call queuing, voicemail and easy number redirection. None of these call management services is exclusive to 08xx numbers and they could be provided on any number range. Special Services basic rate range: There were a few short "special" number in this range, such as 0845 46 47 for NHS Direct; this was closed in 2014 and replaced by NHS 111, except in Wales where the transition took place in 2015. Special Services higher rate range: The usage of 0871, 0872 and 0873 numbers is regulated by PhonepayPlus.
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There was widespread confusion about the cost of calling 084 and 087 numbers until 2015. They often do not qualify for discounts and bundled minutes, and can be prohibitively expensive when called from mobiles and payphones. Many major companies persist in misdescribing them as "Local Rate", "Lo Call" (often as '' which can be easily misread as 'local rate') or "National Rate" for which the Advertising Standards Authority can take action. Access charge and service charge From 1 July 2015, the charge for calls to 084, 087, 09 and 118 numbers has been simplified. It is split into two parts: An access charge, payable to the telephone service provider – e.g. BT, EE, Sky – plus a service charge paid to the company offering the service.
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Companies with 084, 087, and 09 numbers must declare the service charge element of the call cost when advertising their phone number; for example, a number may be advertised saying "Calls cost 20p per minute plus your phone company's access charge". Telecoms companies must inform their customers about their access charge for calling each number range. The EU Consumer Rights Directive requires that many entities that held 084 and 087 numbers will no longer be allowed to use them. The directive bans the usage of numbers that cost more than calling a geographic number for customer service and complaints lines, and other such purposes. Since Britain left the EU the Directive as such no longer applies, but its provisions may have been incorporated into British law. Other 08xx number ranges 08xx xxx xxxx—Internet for schools and Inbound routing codes. Premium rate content services (PRS and SES) 09xx xxx xxxx—Premium Rate Content Services
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Numbers in the 09xx range are charged at the highest rates of any calls within the United Kingdom, and are controlled by various regulations regarding their use. The regulator is the Phone-paid Services Authority, formerly PhonepayPlus. There are a large number of charge bands, some with high pence-per-minute rates, others with a high fixed-price for the entire call. The earlier unused 092x xxx xxxx – 099x xxx xxxx allocation for "Broadband Internet Services" no longer exists and was removed from the number plan in 2005. Crown dependencies Although calls from UK landlines to landlines in the islands are charged at the same rate as those to other UK landlines (i.e. they are not treated as international calls), calls may be excluded from calling plans offering unlimited UK fixed line calls.
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Mobile operators may also charge more for calls to the islands and these calls are usually excluded from calling plans. Calls and SMS messages sent to island mobile phone numbers are not charged at the same rate as calls to UK mobile phone numbers. Guernsey This area code is used for the Bailiwick of Guernsey, i.e. including Alderney and Sark. Jersey Several Jersey companies also have non-geographic numbers allocated. Isle of Man On the Isle of Man, both fixed (01624) and mobile phone (07624) numbers can be dialled locally in the six-digit format. Fictitious numbers Ofcom has also reserved certain number ranges for use in television dramas and films, so as to avoid the risk of people having their telephone numbers displayed and receiving unwanted calls. This is similar to the use of fictitious telephone numbers in the United States and Canada starting with the digits 555.
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In most of the large cities with three-digit area codes, a range of numbers is reserved, usually all the numbers starting with the digits 496. For fictitious numbers in other areas, the area code 01632 is reserved; this code is not in use, although 0632 was used for Newcastle upon Tyne until the late 1980s (63 = NE) and briefly reallocated for use by premium rate services in the 1990s. There are also reserved ranges for fictitious mobile, freephone and premium rate numbers. The Post Office even produced dial centre labels for use in advertisements and film/TV with a mythical exchange called VINcent plus four digits. The numerical equivalent of VIN was 846 and all the caller got was the speaking clock (i.e. 846 is also numerical equivalent of TIM) in the big city "Director" areas.
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At around the same time as the other Big Number Change changes, Ofcom revised their recommendations to update the prefixes, add additional areas and increase the size of the allocation from 10 to 1000 numbers per block. Those changes are listed in the Big Number Change article. In Coronation Street, the fictional Manchester suburb of Weatherfield uses the unallocated range (0161) 715 xxxx. Special service numbers Emergency services and helplines The UK has two free emergency numbers: the traditional 999, which is still widely used, and the EU standard 112, which can be used in all member states of the European Union. Both 999 and 112 are used to contact all emergency services: Police, Fire Service, Ambulance Service and Coastguard. (Standard advice for Mountain Rescue or Cave Rescue is to ask the emergency operator for the police, who oversee the communication with these two services.)
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Both numbers can be called from mobile phones with the keylock on or without entering the PIN where that would otherwise be required. Although some mobile phones allow emergency calls to be attempted without a SIM card, at present the UK networks reject such calls. Since November 2009, an emergency call can be made through any UK mobile network as long as there is a SIM for any valid UK network in the handset. Although UK VOIP phone providers are required to offer 999 / 112 service, this is subject to a registration for the service and with a verified service address and users need to be aware such service may not work in a power blackout; however, International VOIP providers may not provide this service.
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The chargeable number 101 was introduced for non-urgent crime and community safety calls on a trial basis in 2006. In Wales, the scheme was taken forward by all four police forces, who adopted the number for non-emergency calls on a permanent basis in early 2009. In England, the scheme was on trial until 2012, when it was adopted nationwide and the cost to call changed from 10p per call to 15p per call. In Northern Ireland, the number was introduced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland in March 2014. Since 1 April 2020 the number is free to call. The operator is obtained via 100 from landlines, while directory enquiries, formerly 192, is now provided in the 118xxx range, (not to be confused with 0118, the area code for Reading.) e.g. 118 212, 118 800, 118 500, 118 118, by different companies. International operator assistance is reached through 155.
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From early 2010, the pan-European 116 number range came into use for social helplines. The first three numbers allocated were Missing People using 116 000 for a missing children helpline, the NSPCC ChildLine on 116 111, and Samaritans using 116 123 for an emotional support helpline. A recent consultation for the numbers 116 106 and 116 117 has yet to see any result. The National Health Service (NHS) can be reached on 111 for non-emergency calls (from landlines and mobiles only). In other European countries, the number 116 117 is used for a similar purpose. The NHS has also launched a COVID-19 helpline on 119 relating to swabbing so these calls do not go through the 111 call centre. Local electricity network operators can be reached on 105 to report power cuts. Two telephone helplines within the regular code space have only eight digits, namely 0800 11 11 for ChildLine and 0845 4647 for NHS Direct in Wales.
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The number 159 ('Call 159') has been introduced to give a standard number for calling banks, in an effort to reduce scams where people are tricked into calling someone pretending to be their bank. Speaking clock Since the mid-1990s, speaking clock services have been available throughout Great Britain using the number 123. Before this, exchanges in "Director" areas (Birmingham, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, London and Manchester) dialled 846 (TIM), later changing to 123; main exchanges in "non-Director" areas originally used "952", later changing to "80" with the introduction of STD and eventually to "8081" as other recorded services were introduced on 80X1 codes. Some mobile operators allocate other services to 123, such as customer services or voicemail. Automated services and access codes Short codes beginning with 1 are reserved for telecom service providers' own functionality; some of the most well-known are codes for use with Caller Display:
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Many fixed line telephone subscribers, e.g. of BT, Virgin Media, SkyTalk, TalkTalk, and PlusNet, have the opportunity to use an automated messaging service which takes messages when the called number is either engaged ("busy") or not answered within a given time. This can be accessed by calling 1571. For fixed line users, it is possible to override the carrier pre-selection (CPS) on a per-call basis, dialling a special code before the number, e.g. 1280 for BT, 1664 for LowerCall, or 1844 for Daisy. Ofcom defines the range for these as: "124 to 140, 143 to 146, 148 to 149, 160 to 169, and 181 to 189 inclusive. Numbers of up to 5-digits used to access an Indirect Access Provider (‘Type B Access Codes’)". History Telephone numbers in Overseas Territories Telephone numbers in British Overseas Territories do not come under the UK telephone numbering plan. These calls are treated as international calls. Below are the access codes for the overseas territories:
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North American Numbering Plan Anguilla +1 (264) xxx xxxx Bermuda +1 (441) xxx xxxx British Virgin Islands +1 (284) xxx xxxx Cayman Islands +1 (345) xxx xxxx Montserrat +1 (664) xxx xxxx Turks and Caicos Islands +1 (649) xxx xxxx Others British Antarctic Territory +44 (Shared with the UK) British Indian Ocean Territory +246 Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands +500 Gibraltar +350 Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha +290 Ascension Island +247 Akrotiri and Dhekelia +357 (Shared with Cyprus) Pitcairn Islands +64 (Shared with New Zealand)
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See also Big Number Change List of dialling codes in the United Kingdom List of UK dialling codes covering Wales Non-geographic telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Telecommunications in the United Kingdom Telephone number Telephone number portability Telephone numbering plan Telephone numbers in Ireland UK telephone code misconceptions—includes the common "0207" and "0208" misconceptions Calling party pays Notes References External links UK Numbering Policy section of Ofcom's website UK National Telephone Numbering Plan (PDF) Ofcom – Telephone Area Code Tool – UK dialling code lookup Ralph Adam, 'Send a boy – or dial it yourself? numbering for the information society', ASLIB Proceedings, 51:1, January 1999 UK telephone numbering plan in detail Regular Expressions for Validating and Formatting GB Telephone Numbers The first 25 years of STD code changes summarised (PDF) UK Area Codes lookup United Kingdom Telephone numbers
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Tolype is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. The genus was erected by Jacob Hübner in 1820. Tolype species
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Tolype abdan Schaus, 1924 Tolype abstersa Felder, 1874 Tolype adolla Dyar, 1911 Tolype adventitia Draudt, 1927 Tolype albiapicata Schaus, 1915 Tolype albula Druce, 1897 Tolype alegra Dognin, 1922 Tolype aroana Schaus, 1906 Tolype austella Franclemont, 1973 Tolype biapicata Dognin, 1912 Tolype bipunctata Giacomelli, 1911 Tolype caieta Druce, 1897 Tolype castralia Jones, 1912 Tolype catharina Draudt, 1927 Tolype celeste Dyar, 1911 Tolype cinella Schaus, 1906 Tolype columbiana Schaus, 1906 Tolype cupriflua Draudt, 1927 Tolype cydona Schaus, 1936 Tolype damnata Schaus, 1936 Tolype dayi Blackmore, 1921 (Day's lappet moth) Tolype denormata Draudt, 1927 Tolype disciplaga Draudt, 1927 Tolype distincta French, 1890 Tolype dollia Dyar, 1911 Tolype dulcis Draudt, 1927 Tolype dyari Draudt, 1927 Tolype effesa Draudt, 1927 Tolype egena Draudt, 1927 Tolype erisa Schaus, 1936 Tolype fasciatus Druce, 1906 Tolype ferrugo Draudt, 1927 Tolype flexivia Dognin, 1916
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Tolype frenata Schaus, 1936 Tolype fumosa Dognin, 1905 Tolype gelima Schaus, 1906 Tolype gelnwoodi Barnes, 1900 Tolype glenwoodii Tolype guentheri Berg, 1883 Tolype hella Herrich-Schäffer, 1854 Tolype incerta Dognin, 1905 Tolype indecisa Walker, 1855 Tolype innocens Burmeister, 1878 Tolype intercalaris Draudt, 1927 Tolype interstriata Dognin, 1912 Tolype iridescens Walker, 1865 Tolype janeirensis Schaus, 1936 Tolype lanuginosa Schaus, 1896 Tolype laricis (Fitch, 1856) (larch tolype) Tolype lasthenioides Dognin, 1912 Tolype lemoulti Schaus, 1910 Tolype loisa Schaus, 1940 Tolype lowriei Barnes & McDunnough, 1918 Tolype magnidiscata Dognin, 1916 Tolype marynita Schaus, 1936 Tolype mayelisae Franclemont, 1973 Tolype medialis Jones, 1912 Tolype mediocris Draudt, 1927 Tolype melascens Schaus, 1936 Tolype meridensis Dognin, 1912 Tolype minta Dyar, 1927 (southern tolype moth) Tolype miscella Dognin, 1916 Tolype mollifacta Dyar, 1926 Tolype mota Dyar, 1911
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Tolype nana Druce, 1887 Tolype nebulosa Schaus, 1906 Tolype nigra Dognin, 1916 Tolype nigribarbata Dognin, 1912 Tolype nigricaria Cassino, 1928 Tolype nigripuncta Schaus, 1906 Tolype notialis Franclemont, 1973 (small tolype) Tolype nuera Dognin, 1894 Tolype obscura Dognin, 1923 Tolype pauperata Burmeister, 1878 Tolype pellita Draudt, 1927 Tolype pelochroa Berg, 1883 Tolype perplexa Schaus, 1912 Tolype peruviana Dognin, 1916 Tolype phyllus Druce, 1897 Tolype picta Felder, 1874 Tolype poggia Schaus, 1906 Tolype praepoggia Dognin, 1916 Tolype primitiva Tolype pulla Draudt, 1927 Tolype quiescens Schaus, 1936 Tolype regina Dognin, 1912 Tolype salvadora Dognin, 1912 Tolype scaenica Draudt, 1927 Tolype serralta Jones, 1912 Tolype silveria Cramer, 1781 Tolype simulans Walker, 1855 Tolype songoaria Schaus, 1936 Tolype sorex Draudt, 1927 Tolype suffusa Jones, 1912 Tolype tarudina Draudt, 1927 Tolype tenebrosa Walker, 1855 Tolype tolteca Neumoegen, 1892
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Tolype undulosa Walker, 1855 Tolype velleda (Stoll, 1791) (large tolype) Tolype ventriosa Draudt, 1927 Tolype vespertilio Draudt, 1927 Tolype villanea Dognin, 1897 Tolype viuda Schaus, 1924
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External links Macromphaliinae
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In England, local authorities have duties to homeless people under Part VII of the Housing Act 1996 as amended by the Homelessness Act 2002. There are five hurdles which a homeless person must overcome in order to qualify as statutory homeless. If an applicant only meets the first three of these tests Councils still have a duty to provide interim accommodation. However an applicant must satisfy all five for a Council to have to give an applicant "reasonable preference" on the social housing register. Even if a person passes these five tests councils have the ability to use the private rented sector to end their duty to a homeless person. The five tests are: Is the applicant homeless or threatened with homelessness? Is the applicant eligible for assistance? Is the applicant priority need? Is the applicant intentionally homeless? Does the applicant have a local connection?
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The annual number of homeless households in England peaked in 2003–04 at 135,420 before falling to a low of 40,020 in 2009–10. In 2014–15, there were 54,430 homeless households, which was 60 per cent below the 2003–04 peak. However, in December 2016 the housing charity Shelter estimated homelessness in England to amount to more than 250,000 people; Shelter calculated the figure using four sets of official sources: statistics on rough sleepers, statistics on those in temporary accommodation, the number of people housed in hostels and the number of people waiting to be housed by council social services departments. In England, it had been estimated in 2007 an average of 498 people slept rough each night, with 248 of those in London. But reportedly numbers sleeping rough have soared in recent years and doubled since 2010; figures reported for the 2015 count were 3,569 people rough sleeping in England on a single night, up 102% from 2010.
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Given the costs of providing temporary accommodation and the limited amount of social housing in the United Kingdom some Councils have been criticised for attempting to circumvent their duties under the law, a process which has been termed "gatekeeping". The term "Non-statutory homelessness" covers people who are considered by the local authority to be not eligible for assistance, not in priority need or "intentionally homeless".
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Households in temporary accommodation rose from 35,850 in 2011 to 54,280 in early 2017. Part of the cause is people losing private tenancies, which Shelter maintains increased drastically since 2011 when housing benefit cuts began. Almost three quarters of homeless people are single parent families. Just under 30,000 single parent families became homeless in 2017, this rose 8% from five years previously. Their limited income makes it hard for them to deal with rising living costs, high rents and benefit cuts. The number of households in temporary accommodation has risen by almost two thirds since 2010 and reached 78,930. Mothers of single parent families are particularly at risk of homelessness. According to Shelter one in 55 single parent families became homeless in 2017-18 and 92% of the 26,610 cases were headed by a mother.
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Reasons for homelessness In 2007/2008, the Office of the Deputy for Homelessness Statistics produced a table which showed some of the more immediate reasons for homelessness in England. These were not underlying reasons but before the onset of homelessness. These reasons were given by the minister's report for 2007/2008 as: 37% – Parents, family, or friends no longer willing or able to accommodate 20% – Loss of private dwelling, including tied accommodation 19% – Breakdown of relationship with partner 4% – Mortgage arrears 2% – Rent arrears 18% – other
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The longer term causes of homelessness in England have been examined by a number of research studies. These suggest that both personal factors (e.g. addictions) and structural factors (e.g. poverty) are responsible for homelessness. A number of different pathways into homelessness have been identified. There are additional factors that appear to be causes of homelessness among young people, most notably needing to face the responsibilities of independent living before they are ready for them
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The 2016 Homelessness Monitor report for England stated the bulk of the increase in statutory homelessness over the previous five years was attributable to sharply rising numbers of people made homeless from the private rented sector; as a proportion of all statutory homelessness acceptances loss of a private tenancy increased from 11 per cent in 2009-10 to 29 per cent in 2014-15 (from 4,600 to 16,000). This report concludes that 'homelessness worsened considerably' during the five years of the Coalition Government (2010–15) and adds 'services have been overwhelmed by the knock-on consequences of wider ministerial decisions, especially on welfare reform' (see Executive Summary). Government treatment of the homeless Statutory Homelessness Tests All local authorities in England have a legal duty to provide 24-hour advice to homeless people, or those who are at risk of becoming homeless within 28 days.
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A local authority must accept an application for assistance from a person seeking homelessness assistance if they have reason to believe that the person may be homeless or threatened with homelessness. They are then duty bound to make inquiries into that person's circumstances in order to decide whether a legal duty to provide accommodation and assistance is owed. "Interim accommodation" must be provided to those that may be eligible for permanent assistance pending a final decision. If the local authority decides that a person is homeless but does not fall into a priority need category, then a lesser duty shall be owed which does not extend to the provision of temporary accommodation. If the authority decides that a person is homeless and priority need but became homeless intentionally then the authority must secure that accommodation is available for such a period as will give the person reasonable time to find long term accommodation, which can extend to provision of temporary
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accommodation. The local authority shall in all the above cases be lawfully obliged to offer advice and assistance.
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If the applicant qualifies under the five criteria (that they are not ineligible for housing, such as a person subject to immigration control; that the applicant is statutorily homeless or threatened with homelessness; that they are of 'priority need'; that the applicant is not intentionally homeless; and that the applicant has a local connection) then the local authority has a legal duty to provide accommodation for the applicant, those living with them, and any other person who it is reasonable to reside with them. However, if the applicant does not have a local connection with the district of the authority then they may be referred to another local authority with which they have a local connection (unless it is likely that the applicant would suffer violence or threats of violence in that other area).
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Homelessness A person does not have to be roofless to qualify legally as being homeless. They may be in possession of accommodation which is not reasonably tenable for a person to occupy by virtue of its affordability, condition, location, if it is not available to all members of the household, or because an occupant is at risk of violence or threats of violence which are likely to be carried out. Eligibility Certain categories of persons from abroad (including British citizens who have lived abroad for some time) may be ineligible for assistance under the legislation.
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Priority need People have a priority need for being provided with temporary housing (and a given a 'reasonable preference' for permanent accommodation on the Council's Housing Register) if any of the following apply: they are pregnant they have dependent children they are homeless because of an emergency such as a flood or a fire they are aged 16 or 17 (except certain care leavers [orphans, etc.] who remain the responsibility of social services) they are care leavers aged 18–20 (if looked after, accommodated or fostered while aged 16–17) they are vulnerable due to: old age a physical or mental illness a handicap or physical disability other special reason (such as a person at risk of exploitation) they are vulnerable as a result of having been in care (regardless of age) fleeing violence or threats of violence service in one of the armed forces having served a custodial sentence or having been remanded in custody.
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Intentional homelessness Under 191(1) and 196(1) of the Housing Act 1996, "a person becomes homeless intentionally or threatened with homelessness intentionally, if:
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(1) A person becomes homeless intentionally if he deliberately does or fails to do anything in consequence of which he ceases to occupy accommodation which is available for his occupation and which it would have been reasonable for him to continue to occupy. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1) an act or omission in good faith on the part of a person who was unaware of any relevant fact shall not be treated as deliberate. (3) A person shall be treated as becoming homeless intentionally if— (a) he enters into an arrangement under which he is required to cease to occupy accommodation which it would have been reasonable for him to continue to occupy, and (b) the purpose of the arrangement is to enable him to become entitled to assistance under this Part, and there is no other good reason why he is homeless.
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(4) A person who is given advice or assistance under section 197 (duty where other suitable alternative accommodation available), but fails to secure suitable accommodation in circumstances in which it was reasonably to be expected that he would do so, shall, if he makes a further application under this Part, be treated as having become homeless intentionally.
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An act or omission made in good faith by someone who was unaware of any relevant fact must not be treated as deliberate. Local connection Someone may have a local connection with a local council area if they fulfil any of the following: (1) they live in the area now or have done in the recent past, (2) they work in the area, or (3) they have close family in the area.It is possible to have a local connection with more than one area. Rough sleeping The official figures for England are that an average of 498 people sleep rough each night, with 248 of those in London (2007). It is important to note that many individuals may spend only a few days or weeks sleeping rough, and so this number hides the total number of people actually affected in any one year. However, it is thought numbers sleeping rough have soared in recent years and doubled since 2010; figures reported for the 2015 count were 3,569 people rough sleeping in England on a single night, up 102% from 2010.
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Services for rough sleepers A national service, called Streetlink, was established in 2012 to help members of the public obtain near-immediate assistance for specific rough sleepers, with the support of the Government (as housing is a devolved matter, the service currently only extends to England). Currently, the service does not operate on a statutory basis, and the involvement of local authorities is merely due to political pressure from the government and charities, with funding being provided by the government (and others) on an ad-hoc basis. A member of the public who is concerned that someone is sleeping on the streets can report the individual's details via the Street Link website or by calling its referral line number. Someone who finds themselves sleeping on the streets can also report their situation using the same methods.
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The service aims to respond within 24-hours, including an assessment of the individual circumstances and an offer of temporary accommodation for the following nights. The response typically includes a visit to the rough sleeper early in the morning that follows the day or night on which the report has been made. The service operates via a number of charities and with the assistance of local councils. Where appropriate, rough sleepers will also be offered specialist support: if they have substance misuse issues, they will be referred for support from organisations such as St. Mungo's (despite the name, this is a non-religious charity) if they are foreign nationals with no right to access public funds in the UK, repatriation assistance will be offered, including finding accommodation in the home country, construction of support plans, and financial assistance.
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The service was piloted in London, in 2010, under the title No Second Night Out, which has been gone on to become the brand name used for the service in a number of other council areas, including Merseyside. Since the launch in 2010, a number of charities have provided the core functions of the service in London: Thames Reach runs the London Street Rescue Service which provides support to people sleeping on the streets of the capital, Broadway Outreach Teams provide services on the streets in the particular areas of Kensington and Chelsea, The City, and Heathrow Airport. The Whitechapel Centre has provided similar services in Liverpool. Recent trends Localism Act A provision of the Localism Act gave Councils greater discretion to place those who are statutory homeless in private sector accommodation. Critics have argued that this masks the level of homelessness by deterring people from applying in the first place.
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Critics have harshly critiqued the benefit cap and other welfare cuts, arguing that these policies lead to "social cleansing" and pointing to the displacement of families from inner London. Homelessness Prevention Programme Recognising that homelessness in England was a growing problem, the Government announced a £40m initiative in October 2016 to help prevent people becoming homeless. A network of Homelessness Prevention Trailblazer areas were funded to develop innovative approaches to prevent homelessness; early adopters included Greater Manchester, Newcastle and Southwark councils (HM Govt Homelessness Prevention Programme 17 October 2016). Prior to 2016, Newcastle upon Tyne had successfully applied a cooperative and preventative approach to homelessness by linking local government departments with other agencies and charities.
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Homelessness Reduction Act 2017 The Homelessness Reduction Act 2017 placed a new duty on local authorities in England to assist people threatened with homelessness within 56 days and to assess, prevent and relieve homelessness for all eligible applicants including single homeless people from April 2018. In short, no one should be turned away. January 2018 report In January 2018, it was reported that the number of homeless people sleeping on the streets in England had reached its highest level on record. The governments official figures showed that on any given night in autumn 2017, over 4,500 people were sleeping on the streets in England. The number had been shown to have increased by 73% over the last three years. The national charity for homeless people in the UK, Crisis, said the true number of those sleeping rough in England was far greater than the governments official figures, placing the number of people sleeping rough in England alone as over 8,000.
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Homelessness advice Practical advice regarding homelessness can be obtained through a number of major non-governmental organisations including, Citizens Advice Bureaus and some other charities also offer free legal advice in person, by telephone, or by email, from qualified lawyers and others operating on a pro bono basis Shelter provides extensive advice about homelessness and other housing problems on their website, and from the telephone number given there, including about rights and legal situations. In an emergency, a person contacts a local council. See also Homelessness in Scotland *Homelessness in Wales Homelessness in the United Kingdom References
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Further reading Angell, Ian, "No More Leaning on Lamp-posts", London School of Economics BBC News, "Warning over homelessness figures: Government claims that homelessness numbers have fallen by a fifth since last year should be taken with a health warning, says housing charity Shelter", Monday, 13 June 2005. BBC News, "More than 250,000 are homeless in England - Shelter", 1 December 2016. BBC Radio 4, "No Home, a season of television and radio programmes that introduce the new homeless.", 2006 "UK Housing Review", University of York, England The Guardian,"Homelessness section" Wilding, Mark. (2020). The challenges of measuring homelessness among armed forces veterans: Service provider experiences in England. European Journal of Homelessness, 14(1): 107-122.
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External links The Homelessness Code of Guidance for Local Authorities – Provides statutory guidance on Local Authority obligations towards homeless people Quarterly government statistics on statutory homelessness – Quarterly statistics from central government on statutory homelessness and rough sleeping statistics in England. Statutory Homelessness Statistics, England – since 2007 StreetLink - Government funded homeless support service and charity Homeless link, "Facts and Figures" Homelessness Monitor "project reports" University research studies funded by the homeless people charity "Crisis". Shelter "databank" for England.
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The Siege of Malta in World War II was a military campaign in the Mediterranean Theatre. From June 1940 to November 1942, the fight for the control of the strategically important island of the British Crown Colony of Malta pitted the air and naval forces of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany against the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Royal Navy. The opening of a new front in North Africa in June 1940 increased Malta's already considerable value. British air and sea forces based on the island could attack Axis ships transporting vital supplies and reinforcements from Europe; Churchill called the island an "unsinkable aircraft carrier". General Erwin Rommel, in de facto field command of Axis forces in North Africa, recognised its importance quickly. In May 1941, he warned that "Without Malta the Axis will end by losing control of North Africa".
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The Axis resolved to bomb or starve Malta into submission, by attacking its ports, towns, cities, and Allied shipping supplying the island. Malta was one of the most intensively bombed areas during the war. The Luftwaffe (German Air Force) and the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Royal Air Force) flew a total of 3,000 bombing raids, dropping 6,700 tons of bombs on the Grand Harbour area alone, over a period of two years in an effort to destroy RAF defences and the ports. Success would have made possible a combined German–Italian amphibious landing (Operation Herkules) supported by German airborne forces (Fallschirmjäger), but this did not happen. In the event, Allied convoys were able to supply and reinforce Malta, while the RAF defended its airspace, though at great cost in materiel and lives. In November 1942 the Axis lost the Second Battle of El Alamein, and the Allies landed forces in Vichy French Morocco and Algeria under Operation Torch. The Axis diverted their forces to the Battle of
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Tunisia, and attacks on Malta were rapidly reduced. The siege effectively ended in November 1942.
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In December 1942, air and sea forces operating from Malta went over to the offensive. By May 1943, they had sunk 230 Axis ships in 164 days, the highest Allied sinking rate of the war. The Allied victory in Malta played a major role in the eventual Allied success in North Africa. Background Malta was a military and naval fortress, being the only Allied base between Gibraltar and Alexandria, Egypt. In peacetime it was a way station along the British trade route to Egypt and the Suez Canal to India and the Far East. When the route was closed Malta remained a forward base for offensive action against Axis shipping and land targets in the central Mediterranean. Owing to its exposed position close to Italy, the British had moved the headquarters of the Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet from Valletta, Malta in the mid-1930s to Alexandria in October 1939.
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Malta is with area of just under . It had a population of around 250,000 in June 1940, all but 3% or 4% of them native Maltese. According to the 1937 census, most of the inhabitants lived within of Grand Harbour, where the population density was more than six times that of the island average. Amongst the most congested spots was Valletta, the capital and political, military and commercial centre, where 23,000 people lived in an area of around . Across Grand Harbour, in the Three Cities, where the Malta Dockyard and the Admiralty headquarters were located, 28,000 people were packed into . It was these small areas that suffered the heaviest, most sustained and concentrated aerial bombing in history.
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There were hardly any defences on Malta because of a pre-war conclusion that the island was indefensible. The Italian and British surface fleets were evenly matched in the region but the Italians had far more submarines and aircraft. The Admiralty had to protect the Suez Canal with the Mediterranean Fleet (Admiral Andrew Cunningham) and Gibraltar with Force H (Vice-Admiral James Somerville). In October 1939, the Mediterranean Fleet was transferred eastwards to Egypt, stripping the island of its naval protection. Only the monitor and a few British submarines were still based at the island. When the Maltese government questioned British reasoning, they were told that the island could be defended just as adequately from Alexandria as from Grand Harbour, which was untrue. This led the Maltese to doubt the British commitment to defend the island.
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Despite concerns that the island, far from Britain and close to Italy, could not be defended, the British decided in July 1939 to increase the number of anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft on Malta. The British leadership had further doubts about whether to hold the island in May 1940, when during the Battle of France the French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud suggested that the Italian prime minister and dictator Benito Mussolini might be appeased by concessions, including Malta. After some discussion, Winston Churchill convinced the British War Cabinet that no concessions should be made. With the British home islands in danger, the defence of Malta was not the priority and it was lightly protected. Only six obsolete Gloster Sea Gladiator biplanes were stationed on the island, with another six in crates when, on 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on the United Kingdom and France. In the 1930s, Italy had sought to expand in the Mediterranean and Africa, regions dominated by the
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British and French. The Allied defeat in France from May–June 1940 removed the French Navy from the Allied order of battle and tilted the balance of naval and air power in Italy's favour.
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Upon declaring war, Mussolini called for an offensive throughout the Mediterranean and within hours, the first bombs were dropped on Malta. After the French surrender on 25 June, Mussolini tried to exploit the situation, conducting Operazione E the Italian invasion of Egypt in September. The 10th Army was crushed in Operation Compass, a British counter-stroke, and Adolf Hitler decided to come to the aid of his ally. In February 1941, the Deutsches Afrikakorps (DAK, German Africa Corps under General Erwin Rommel) was sent to North Africa as a blocking detachment (). RAF and Royal Navy anti-shipping squadrons and submarines on Malta threatened the Axis supply line to North Africa and both sides recognised the importance of Malta in controlling the central Mediterranean.
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In 1940, an Italian assault on Malta stood a reasonable chance of gaining control of the island, an action giving the Italians naval and air supremacy in the central Mediterranean. The Mediterranean would have been split in two, separating the British bases at Gibraltar and Alexandria. The reluctance of the Italians to act directly against Malta throughout 1940 was strengthened by the Battle of Taranto, in which much of the Italian surface fleet was put out of action by Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm torpedo bombers. The Italians adopted an indirect approach and cut off the island. To the Italians (and later the Germans), air power was the key weapon against Malta. Italian siege (June–December 1940) Italian air actions