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1246_13	Correlations with maintaining abstinence Research has identified a number of OA practices significantly correlating with maintaining abstinence in OA: adherence to a food plan (including weighing and measuring food), communication with other members (specifically sponsors), spending time in prayer and meditation, performing service work, completing the fourth step, completing the ninth step, writing down thoughts and feelings, attending meetings, reading OA/AA literature, and the educational status of the participant. Researchers have therefore concluded that application of OA practices might directly help promote abstinence and reduce the frequency of relapse in those with binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa.
1246_14	Honesty Though not found in research to be significant, a number of OA members responded that honesty was a very important OA practice. Researchers have noted the high level of honesty at OA meetings and pointed out that working the Twelve Steps reinforces this quality. Spirituality Some researchers have found that in spite of its perceived high importance to the program spirituality does not correlate with measures of weight loss; others have found somewhat contradictory conclusions. In particular, an increased sense of spirituality was correlated with improvement in eating attitudes, fewer body shape concerns, and better psychological and social functioning. However, measures of religiosity and particular religious affiliations have never been found to correlate with treatment outcomes.
1246_15	Demographic abstinence differences Some research has found the average length of abstinence for bulimics in OA was significantly higher than the average length for binge eaters. Paradoxically, bulimics were also found to attend fewer meetings, and had less of a commitment to write their thoughts and feelings down daily. However, the frequency of relapse for bulimics and binge eaters was not significantly different. The differences may be explained by the predictable nature of the bulimic cycle. Other research has found binge eaters in OA had better success than bulimics. Most OA members who have reported negative experiences in the program are anorexic. This could be caused by OA's focus on problems of eating too much rather than too little. Some OA practices, such as refraining from eating certain kinds of foods, are antithetical in the case of anorexics.
1246_16	Results The average weight loss of participants in OA has been found to be . Survey results show that 90 percent of OA has responded that they have improved "somewhat, much, or very much" in their emotional, spiritual, career and social lives. OA's emphasis on group commitment and psychological and spiritual development provided a framework for developing positive, adaptive and self-nurturing treatment opportunities.
1246_17	Changes in worldview
1246_18	Changes in worldview are considered critical for individuals in the recovery process, as they are generally accompanied by significant behavioral changes. Accordingly, several researchers have identified worldview transformation in members of various self-help groups dealing with addiction issues. Such research describes "worldview" as four domains: experience of self, universal order (God), relationships with others and perception of the problem. In OA, members changed their beliefs that "it is bad to eat" to "one must eat to stay alive and should not feel guilty about it"; "one is simply overweight and needs to lose pounds" to "one has underlying psychological and interpersonal problems"; "one must deprecate oneself, deprive oneself, please other people" to "it is okay to express positive feelings about oneself and take care of one's needs"; "food is the answer to all problems, the source of solace" to "psychological and emotional needs should be fulfilled in relationships with
1246_19	people"; "I am a person who eats uncontrollably" to "I am someone who has limitations and does not eat what is harmful for me."
1246_20	Understanding of control The act of binging and purging provides bulimics with the illusion that they can regain a sense of control. Binge eating has been described as a "futile attempt to restock depleted emotional stores, when attempts at doing everything perfectly have failed." The self-destructive behavior of injecting intoxicating drugs parallels overeating; it permits the user to experience comfort, and to feel punished afterwards.
1246_21	In relationships, many OA members attested to trying to control their own lives and those of others. Paradoxically, an OA member's experience of themselves was also characterized by strong feelings of personal failure, dependence, despair, stress, nervousness, low self-esteem, powerlessness, lack of control, self-pity, frustration and loneliness. As part of these feelings, the self was perceived as being both a victim of circumstances and a victim of the attitude of others. Many members viewed this lack of self-esteem as deriving from their external appearance. Harsh self-criticism is a typical characteristic, accompanied by feelings of "I don't deserve it" and "I'm worth less than others." Such feelings were found to have a dominant influence on relationships with others.
1246_22	Members describe their sense of relaxation and liberation, and the increasing value of restraint and modesty in their lives. Their testimonies show that, paradoxically, it is by becoming aware of their powerlessness and accepting the self's basic limitations that they begin to feel the recovering self's growing power. At the same time, personal responsibility replaces self-pity and the expectation that others will act for the good of the individual. With these old attitudes, egocentricity and exaggerated, false self-confidence perpetuate the problem which led them to join OA. While their eating disorder was active, many OA members claimed that their experience of self was composed of an obsessive aspiration for perfection which concealed their sense of worthlessness.
1246_23	Comparisons A significant difference between Twelve Step work and cognitive-behavioral therapy is the acceptance of a Higher Power and providing peer support. A large study, known as Project Match, compared the two approaches as well as motivational enhancement therapy in treating alcoholics. The Twelve Step programs were found to be more effective in promoting abstinence. However, some researchers have found that cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most effective treatment for bulimics. The two approaches are not mutually exclusive. OA is most appropriate for patients who need intensive emotional support in losing weight. Each OA group has its own character and prospective members should be encouraged to sample several groups.
1246_24	Criticism OA differs from group therapy in not allowing its participants to express their feelings about (and to) each other during meetings. OA meetings are intended to provide a forum for the expression of experience, strength and hope in an environment of safety and simplicity.
1246_25	Feminist criticism OA has been an object of feminist criticism for encouraging bulimic and binge-eating women to accept powerlessness over food. Feminists assert that the perception of powerlessness adversely affects women's struggle for empowerment; teaching people they are powerless encourages passivity and prevents binge eaters and bulimics from developing coping skills. These effects would be most devastating for women who have experienced oppression, distress and self-hatred. Twelve-step programs are described as predominantly male organizations which force female members to accept self-abasement, powerlessness and external focus, and reject responsibility. Surrender is described as women passively submitting their lives to male doctors, teachers and ministers; the feminist view suggests that women focus on pride instead of humility.
1246_26	OA contends that the context of powerlessness within the program isn't referring to an individual's flaws, but simply with the acceptance that they have a problem with food that they cannot seem to defeat with their unaided will. The slogan "We are powerless, not helpless," is an example of this distinction. By accepting that they are powerless over certain things and thereby surrender the illusion of control, they are then able to make an honest appraisal and make clearer decisions about what they truly do control.
1246_27	Possible fanaticism Opponents of Twelve Step programs argue that members become cult-like in their adherence to the program, which can have a destructive influence, isolating those in the programs. Moreover this kind of fanaticism may lead to perception that other treatment modalities are unnecessary. Surveys of OA members have found that they exercise regularly, attend religious services, engage in individual psychotherapy and are being prescribed antidepressants. This is evidence that participants do not avoid other useful therapeutic interventions outside of Twelve Step programs. Literature OA also publishes the book Overeaters Anonymous (referred to as the "Brown Book"), The Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions of Overeaters Anonymous, For Today (a book of daily meditations), the OA Journal for Recovery, a monthly periodical known as Lifeline, and several other books. The following list is not comprehensive.
1246_28	See also List of twelve-step groups Food Addicts in Recovery Anonymous Food Addicts Anonymous References Further reading Goldberg, Lina "The History of Overeaters Anonymous and its Food Plan" External links Overeaters Anonymous Management of obesity Diets Organizations established in 1960 Twelve-step programs Non-profit organizations based in New Mexico Addiction and substance abuse organizations Eating disorder organizations International non-profit organizations
1247_0	Ryan Anthony Klesko (born June 12, 1971) is a former Major League Baseball first baseman and corner outfielder who played for the Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres and San Francisco Giants. He attended Westminster High School in Westminster, California.
1247_1	Early life Klesko was born June 12, 1971, in Westminster, California. His father was an oilfields worker whom Klesko lost at a young age. His mother, Lorene, worked at an aerospace parts company in Santa Ana and helped Klesko learn to play baseball. When he was nine, she dug a pitcher's mound for him in his backyard. She enrolled him in pitching school with Ron Lefebvre and put on catcher's gear herself to catch Klesko three times a week. Klesko attended Westminster High School, where even though he hit a lot of home runs, he starred as a pitcher, throwing a ninety-two mile per hour fastball and pitching for the USA Junior Olympic team. He strained a ligament pitching for the junior team at 17, though, and concentrated on hitting thereafter. Klesko signed a letter of intent to play college baseball at Arizona State, but he never did so, instead signing with the Atlanta Braves after the team selected him in the fifth round of the 1989 Major League Baseball (MLB) Draft.
1247_2	Professional career Klesko hit a home run in three consecutive World Series games against the Cleveland Indians in Games 3, 4, and 5 of the 1995 World Series. In Game 3, he hit a solo shot off of Charles Nagy in the seventh inning of a 7–6 loss. The Game 4 home run, another solo shot (this time off Ken Hill) put the Braves up 1–0 in the sixth; they would win the game 5–2. In Game 5, his ninth-inning two-run home run to right field off José Mesa was almost caught by his mother; Klesko wound up trading the man who caught it an autographed Greg Maddux baseball for it. The Braves lost that game 5–4, but they beat the Indians for the fourth time in the sixth game to become World Series champions.
1247_3	Klesko hit at least 21 home runs in eight of his 13 major league seasons, with a high of 34 homers in . His most productive season came in , when he hit .286 with 30 home runs and posted career highs in RBI (113), runs (105), stolen bases (23) and slugging percentage (.539), and made the National League All-Star team. In , Klesko hit .300 with 29 home runs and 95 RBI, and collected career-highs in hits (162) and doubles (39). Defensively he shuttled around the outfield and first base. In his career, Klesko compiled a .370 on-base percentage with a .500 slugging average, for an .870 OPS. His .525 slugging percentage as a Brave ranks fourth all-time among the team's career leaders, ahead of Eddie Mathews. His .886 OPS as a Brave ranks him fifth among Braves' all-time leaders.
1247_4	Klesko missed nearly the entire season due to major shoulder surgery. He returned on September 21, drawing a walk as a pinch-hitter in his first plate appearance. On December 19, 2006, Klesko signed a one-year contract with the San Francisco Giants. Klesko announced his retirement from baseball on April 18, .
1247_5	Off the field As of 2019, Klesko serves as a pre-game and post-game analyst for the Atlanta Braves on Fox Sports South and SportsSouth. Klesko has been actively involved with the Padres Community Relations efforts. In 2001, he received the Chairman's Award, presented annually by the Padres Community Relations Department to the player who best exemplifies the community spirit of John Moores and his family. During his five seasons with the Padres, Klesko donated his time and money to support numerous philanthropic endeavors in the San Diego community. Klesko has also served as the Padres' spokesperson for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, hosting Make-A-Wish children for batting practice, a pregame ceremony and a ballgame each home stand. Through his Klesko's Korner program, he has regularly provided Padres tickets to children and families facing cancer for the last four years, and he has also been a leading supporter of the Padres Scholars program.
1247_6	ESPN reporter Pedro Gomez reported on November 16, 2007, Klesko and teammate Barry Bonds were hunting together in Colorado at the time Bonds was notified he was indicted by a federal grand jury in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. Klesko was honored June 19, 2014 with his induction into the National Polish-American Sports Hall of Fame in Troy, Michigan.
1247_7	See also List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders References External links 1971 births Living people People from Westminster, California Baseball players from California National League All-Stars Atlanta Braves players San Diego Padres players San Francisco Giants players Major League Baseball first basemen Major League Baseball left fielders American people of Polish descent
1248_0	Licchavi (also Lichchhavi, Lichavi) was a kingdom which existed in the Kathmandu Valley in modern-day Nepal from approximately 400 to 750 CE. The Licchavi clan originated from Vaishali and Muzaffarpur and conquered Kathmandu Valley. The Lichchhavis elected an administrator and representatives to rule them. The ruling period of this dynasty was called the Golden Period of Nepal. A table of the evolution of certain Gupta characters used in Licchavi inscriptions prepared by Gautamavajra Vajrācārya can be found online.
1248_1	Records It is believed that a branch of the Lichhavi clan, having lost their political fortune in Bihar, came to Kathmandu, attacking and defeating the last Kirat King Gasti . In the Buddhist Pali canon, the Licchavi are mentioned in a number of discourses, most notably the Licchavi Sutta, the popular Ratana Sutta and the fourth chapter of the Petavatthu. The Mahayana Vimalakirti Sutra also spoke of the city of Vaisali as where the lay Licchavi bodhisattva Vimalakirti was residing. The earliest known physical record of the kingdom is an inscription of Mānadeva, which dates from 464. It mentions three preceding rulers, suggesting that the Licchavi dynasty began in the late 4th century. Government The Licchavi were ruled by a Maharaja ("great king"), who was aided by a prime minister, in charge of the military and of other ministers. Nobles, known as samanta influenced the court whilst simultaneously managing their own landholdings and militia.
1248_2	At one point, between approximately 605 and 641, a prime minister called Amshuverma actually assumed the throne. The population provided land taxes and conscript labour (vishti) to support the government. Most local administration was performed by village heads or leading families. Many king ruled but the popular one were Manadeva, Amshuverma etc. Economy The economy was agricultural, relying on rice and other grains as staples. Villages (grama) were grouped into dranga for administration. Lands were owned by the royal family and nobles. Trade was also very important, with many settlements. Geography Domain Settlements already filled the entire valley during the Licchavi period. Further settlement was made east toward Banepa, west toward Tisting, and northwest toward present-day Gorkha. Rulers The following list was adapted from The Licchavi Kings, by Tamot & Alsop, and is approximate only, especially with respect to dates.
1248_3	185 Jayavarmā (also Jayadeva I) Vasurāja (also Vasudatta Varmā) c. 400 Vṛṣadeva (also Vishvadeva) c. 425 Shaṅkaradeva I c. 450 Dharmadeva 464-505 Mānadeva I 505-506 Mahīdeva (few sources) 506-532 Vasantadeva Manudeva (probable chronology) 538 Vāmanadeva (also Vardhamānadeva) 545 Rāmadeva Amaradeva Guṇakāmadeva 560-565 Gaṇadeva 567-c. 590 Bhaumagupta (also Bhūmigupta, probably not a king) 567-573 Gaṅgādeva 575/576 Mānadeva II (few sources) 590-604 Shivadeva I 605-621 Aṃshuvarmā 621 Udayadeva 624-625 Dhruvadeva 631-633 Bhīmārjunadeva, Jiṣṇugupta 635 Viṣṇugupta - Jiṣṇugupta 640-641 Bhīmārjunadeva / Viṣṇugupta 643-679 Narendradeva 694-705 Shivadeva II 713-733 Jayadeva II 748-749 Shaṅkaradeva II 756 Mānadeva III 826 Balirāja 847 Baladeva 877 Mānadeva IV See also History of Nepal Nepal Mahajanapadas Vaishali (ancient city) References
1248_4	External links Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com History of Nepal, Thamel.com "Nepal: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400-750", Library of Congress Countryreports.org (September, 1991) Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi, Nepal", Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies, Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117-134) Licchavi kingdom Former monarchies of Asia States and territories established in the 5th century States and territories disestablished in the 8th century Dynasties of Nepal Empires and kingdoms of Nepal 8th-century disestablishments in Nepal 4th-century establishments in Nepal
1249_0	This is a list of the bird species recorded in Spain. The area covered by this list is mainland Spain, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, and three small Spanish enclaves on the North African shore. The avifauna of Spain included a total of 660 species recorded in the wild by 2021 according to Sociedad Española de Ornitología (SEO/BirdLife) with supplemental additions from Avibase. 24 have been introduced by humans, six of which also have possibly wild-origin records. Three species have not been recorded since 1950, 8 are endemic to Spanish islands, and one of the endemic species is extinct. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (English and scientific names) are those of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2021 edition. The Spanish names in parentheses are from the SEO/BirdLife list.
1249_1	The following tags have been used to highlight some categories of occurrence. (A) Accidental – a species that rarely or accidentally occurs anywhere in Spain (A) Accidental in limited area – a species found regularly in mainland Spain but accidentally in the Canary Islands or the North African enclaves. (E) Endemic – a species found only in Spain, with the location appended (Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer occurs in Spain although populations exist elsewhere (I) Introduced – a species introduced to Spain as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions and that has an established population (B) Category B - species which have not been recorded in Spain since 1950 (D) Category D – species for which there are reasonable doubts as to their wild origin (I/D) species with individuals of possible wild origin in addition to the introduced population
1249_2	An additional note such as (Canary Islands only) means that the species has been recorded solely in that locality. Species without a note of that type have been recorded at a minimum in mainland Spain. The notes of population status such as "endangered" apply to the world population and are from Bird Checklists of the World. Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating.
1249_3	White-faced whistling-duck (), Dendrocygna viduata (A) (D) Fulvous whistling-duck (), Dendrocygna bicolor (A) (D) Bar-headed goose (), Anser indicus (I) Snow goose (), Anser caerulescens (A) Graylag goose (), Anser anser (A) Greater white-fronted goose (), Anser albifrons (A) – Canary Islands) Lesser white-fronted goose (), Anser erythropus (A) vulnerable Taiga bean-goose, Anser fabalis (A) Tundra bean-goose, Anser serrirostris (A) Pink-footed goose (), Anser brachyrhynchus (A – Canary Islands) Brant (), Branta bernicla (A – Canary Islands) Barnacle goose (), Branta leucopsis (A) Cackling goose (), Branta hutchinsii (A) (D) Canada goose (), Branta canadensis (I) Red-breasted goose (), Branta ruficollis (A) vulnerable Mute swan (), Cygnus olor Black swan (), Cygnus atratus (I) Tundra swan (), Cygnus columbianus (A) Whooper swan (), Cygnus cygnus (A) Egyptian goose (), Alopochen aegyptiaca (I) Ruddy shelduck (), Tadorna ferruginea (A – Canary Islands)
1249_4	Common shelduck (), Tadorna tadorna Muscovy duck (), Cairina moschata (I) (Canary Islands only) Wood duck (), Aix sponsa (A) (D) Mandarin duck (), Aix galericulata (I) (Canary Islands only) Baikal teal (), Sibirionetta formosa (A) vulnerable Garganey (), Spatula querquedula Blue-winged teal (), Spatula discors (A) Cinnamon teal (), Spatula cyanoptera (A) (D) Northern shoveler (), Spatula clypeata Gadwall (), Mareca strepera Falcated duck (), Mareca falcata (A) near-threatened Eurasian wigeon (), Mareca penelope American wigeon (), Mareca americana (A) Mallard (), Anas platyrhynchos American black duck (), Anas rubripes (A) Northern pintail (), Anas acuta Green-winged teal (), Anas crecca Marbled teal (), Marmaronetta angustirostris vulnerable Red-crested pochard (), Netta rufina Common pochard (), Aythya ferina vulnerable Ring-necked duck (), Aythya collaris (A) Ferruginous duck (), Aythya nyroca (A – Canary Islands) near-threatened Tufted duck (), Aythya fuligula
1249_5	Greater scaup (), Aythya marila (A – Canary Islands) Lesser scaup (), Aythya affinis (A) King eider (), Somateria spectabilis (A) Common eider (), Somateria mollissima near-threatened Surf scoter (), Melanitta perspicillata (A) Velvet scoter (), Melanitta fusca White-winged scoter (), Melanitta deglandi (A) Stejneger's scoter, Melanitta stejnegeri (A) Common scoter (), Melanitta nigra (A – Canary Islands) Black scoter (), Melanitta americana (A) near-threatened Long-tailed duck (), Clangula hyemalis (A – Canary Islands) vulnerable Bufflehead (), Bucephala albeola (A) Common goldeneye (), Bucephala clangula (A) Barrow's goldeneye (), Bucephala islandica (A) Smew (), Mergellus albellus (A) Hooded merganser (), Lophodytes cucullatus (A) Common merganser (), Mergus merganser (A) Red-breasted merganser (), Mergus serrator (A – Canary Islands) Ruddy duck (), Oxyura jamaicensis (I) White-headed duck (), Oxyura leucocephala endangered
1249_6	Pheasants, grouse, and allies Order: GalliformesFamily: Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. Hazel grouse (), Tetrastes bonasia (Ex) Willow ptarmigan, Lagopus lagopus (A) Rock ptarmigan (), Lagopus muta Western capercaillie (), Tetraus urogallus Gray partridge (), Perdix perdix Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) Black francolin, Francolinus francolinus (Ex) Common quail (), Coturnix coturnix Barbary partridge (), Alectoris barbara (I) Red-legged partridge (), Alectoris rufa Flamingos Order: PhoenicopteriformesFamily: Phoenicopteridae Flamingos are gregarious wading birds, usually tall, found in both the Western and eastern Hemispheres. Flamingos filter-feed on shellfish and algae. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they consume and, uniquely, are used upside-down.
1249_7	Greater flamingo (), Phoenicopterus roseus Lesser flamingo (), Phoeniconaias minor (A) near-threatened Grebes Order: PodicipediformesFamily: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. Little grebe (), Tachybaptus ruficollis (A – Canary Islands) Pied-billed grebe (), Podilymbus podiceps (A) Horned grebe (), Podiceps auritus vulnerable Red-necked grebe (), Podiceps grisegena (A) Great crested grebe (), Podiceps cristatus Eared grebe (), Podiceps nigricollis Pigeons and doves Order: ColumbiformesFamily: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere.
1249_8	Rock pigeon (), Columba livia (I) Stock dove (), Columba oenas Common wood-pigeon (), Columba palumbus Bolle's pigeon (), Columba bollii (E – Canary Islands) Laurel pigeon (), Columba junoniae (E – Canary Islands) near-threatened European turtle-dove (), Streptopelia turtur vulnerable Oriental turtle-dove (), Streptopelia orientalis (A) Eurasian collared-dove (), Streptopelia decaocto African collared-dove, Streptopelia roseogrisea (I) Laughing dove (), Streptopelia senegalensis (A) Namaqua dove (), Oena capensis (A) (D) Mourning dove (), Zenaida macroura (A) (D) Sandgrouse Order: PterocliformesFamily: Pteroclidae Sandgrouse have small, pigeon like heads and necks, but sturdy compact bodies. They have long pointed wings and sometimes tails and a fast direct flight. Flocks fly to watering holes at dawn and dusk. Their legs are feathered down to the toes.
1249_9	Pallas's sandgrouse (), Syrrhaptes paradoxus (A) Pin-tailed sandgrouse (), Pterocles alchata Spotted sandgrouse, Pterocles senegallus (A) Black-bellied sandgrouse (), Pterocles orientalis Bustards Order: OtidiformesFamily: Otididae Bustards are large terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They are omnivorous and nest on the ground. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays. Great bustard (), Otis tarda vulnerable Houbara bustard (), Chlamydotis undulata (Canary Islands only) vulnerable Little bustard (), Tetrax tetrax near-threatened Cuckoos Order: CuculiformesFamily: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites.
1249_10	Great spotted cuckoo (), Clamator glandarius Yellow-billed cuckoo (), Coccyzus americanus (A) Common cuckoo (), Cuculus canorus Nightjars and allies Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. Common nighthawk (), Chordeiles minor (A) Red-necked nightjar (), Caprimulgus ruficollis Eurasian nightjar (), Caprimulgus europaeus Egyptian nightjar (), Caprimulgus aegyptius (A) (Canary Islands only) Swifts Order: CaprimulgiformesFamily: Apodidae Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang.
1249_11	Chimney swift (), Chaetura pelagica (A) vulnerable White-throated needletail, Hirundapus caudacutus (A) Alpine swift (), Apus melba Common swift (), Apus apus Plain swift (), Apus unicolor Pallid swift (), Apus pallidus Pacific swift, Apus pacificus (A) Little swift (), Apus affinis (A – Canary Islands) White-rumped swift (), Apus caffer (A – Canary Islands) Rails, gallinules, and coots Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers.
1249_12	Water rail (), Rallus aquaticus Corn crake (), Crex crex (A) African crake (), Crex egregia (A) Sora (), Porzana carolina (A) Spotted crake (), Porzana porzana Lesser moorhen (), Gallinula angulata (A) Eurasian moorhen (), Gallinula chloropus Eurasian coot (), Fulica atra Red-knobbed coot (), Fulica cristata American coot (), Fulica americana (A) Allen's gallinule (), Porphyrio alleni (A) Purple gallinule (), Porphyrio martinicus (A) Western swamphen (), Porphyrio porphyrio African swamphen, Porphyrio madagascariensis (A) Striped crake (), Amaurornis marginalis (A) Little crake (), Zapornia parva (A – Canary Islands) Baillon's crake (), Zapornia pusilla (A – Canary Islands and African enclaves) Cranes Order: GruiformesFamily: Gruidae Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds. Unlike the similar-looking but unrelated herons, cranes fly with necks outstretched, not pulled back. Most have elaborate and noisy courting displays or "dances".
1249_13	Demoiselle crane (), Virgo anthropoids (A) Sandhill crane (), Antigone canadensis (A) Common crane (), Grus grus (A – Canary Islands) Sheathbills Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Chionididae The sheathbills are scavengers of the Antarctic regions. They have white plumage and look plump and dove-like but are believed to be similar to the ancestors of the modern gulls and terns. Snowy sheathbill, Chionis albus (A) Thick-knees Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Burhinidae The thick-knees are a group of largely tropical waders in the family Burhinidae. They are found worldwide within the tropical zone, with some species also breeding in temperate Europe and Australia. They are medium to large waders with strong black or yellow-black bills, large yellow eyes and cryptic plumage. Despite being classed as waders, most species have a preference for arid or semi-arid habitats. Eurasian thick-knee (), Burhinus oedicnemus Egyptian plover Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Pluvianidae
1249_14	The Egyptian plover is found across equatorial Africa and along the Nile River. Egyptian plover (), Pluvianus aegyptius (A) Stilts and avocets Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Recurvirostridae Recurvirostridae is a family of large wading birds, which includes the avocets and stilts. The avocets have long legs and long up-curved bills. The stilts have extremely long legs and long, thin, straight bills. Black-winged stilt (), Himantopus himantopus Pied avocet (), Recurvirostra avosetta Oystercatchers Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Haematopodidae The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs. Eurasian oystercatcher (), Haematopus ostralegus American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus (A) Canarian oystercatcher (), Haematopus meadewaldoi (E – Canary Islands) (extinct) Plovers and lapwings Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae
1249_15	The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water.
1249_16	Black-bellied plover (), Pluvialis squatarola European golden-plover (), Pluvialis apricaria American golden-plover (), Pluvialis dominica (A) Pacific golden-plover (), Pluvialis fulva (A) Northern lapwing (), Vanellus vanellus near-threatened Sociable lapwing (), Vanellus gregarius (A) critically endangered White-tailed lapwing, Vanellus leucurus (A) Lesser sand-plover (), Charadrius mongolus (A) Greater sand-plover (), Charadrius leschenaultii (A) Kittlitz's plover (), Charadrius pecuarius (A) Kentish plover (), Charadrius alexandrinus Common ringed plover (), Charadrius hiaticula Semipalmated plover (), Charadrius semipalmatus (A) Little ringed plover (), Charadrius dubius Killdeer (), Charadrius vociferus (A) Eurasian dotterel (), Charadrius morinellus Sandpipers and allies Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae
1249_17	Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food.
1249_18	Upland sandpiper (), Bartramia longicauda (A) Whimbrel (), Numenius phaeopus Slender-billed curlew (), Numenius tenuirostris (A) critically endangered Eurasian curlew (), Numenius arquata near-threatened Bar-tailed godwit (), Limosa lapponica near-threatened Black-tailed godwit (), Limosa limosa near-threatened Hudsonian godwit, Limosa haemastica (A) Ruddy turnstone (), Arenaria interpres Great knot (), Calidris tenuirostris (A) endangered Red knot (), Calidris canutus near-threatened Ruff (), Calidris pugnax Broad-billed sandpiper (), Calidris falcinellus (A) Sharp-tailed sandpiper (), Calidris acuminata (A) Stilt sandpiper (), Calidris himantopus (A) Curlew sandpiper (), Calidris ferruginea near-threatened Temminck's stint (), Calidris temminckii (A – Canary Islands) Red-necked stint (), Calidris ruficollis (A) near-threatened Sanderling (), Calidris alba Dunlin (), Calidris alpina Purple sandpiper (), Calidris maritima (A – Canary Islands)
1249_19	Baird's sandpiper (), Calidris bairdii (A) Little stint (), Calidris minuta Least sandpiper (), Calidris minutilla (A) White-rumped sandpiper (), Calidris fuscicollis (A) Buff-breasted sandpiper (), Calidris subruficollis (A – Canary Islands) near-threatened Pectoral sandpiper (), Calidris melanotos Semipalmated sandpiper (), Calidris pusilla (A) near-threatened Western sandpiper (), Calidris mauri (A) Short-billed dowitcher (), Limnodromus griseus (A) Long-billed dowitcher (), Limnodromus scolopaceus (A) Jack snipe (), Lymnocryptes minimus Eurasian woodcock (), Scolopax rusticola Great snipe (), Gallinago media (A) near-threatened Common snipe (), Gallinago gallinago Wilson's snipe (), Gallinago delicata (A) (Canary Islands only) Terek sandpiper (), Xenus cinereus (A) Wilson's phalarope (), Phalaropus tricolor (A) Red-necked phalarope (), Phalaropus lobatus (A – Canary Islands) Red phalarope (), Phalaropus fulicarius Common sandpiper (), Actitis hypoleucos
1249_20	Spotted sandpiper (), Actitis macularius (A) Green sandpiper (), Tringa ochropus Solitary sandpiper (), Tringa solitaria (A) Spotted redshank (), Tringa erythropus Greater yellowlegs (), Tringa melanoleuca (A) Common greenshank (), Tringa nebularia Lesser yellowlegs (), Tringa flavipes (A) Marsh sandpiper (), Tringa stagnatilis (A – Canary Islands) Wood sandpiper (), Tringa glareola Common redshank (), Tringa totanus
1249_21	Buttonquail Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Turnicidae The buttonquail are small, drab, running birds which resemble the true quails. The female is the brighter of the sexes and initiates courtship. The male incubates the eggs and tends the young. Small buttonquail (), Turnix sylvaticus (A) Pratincoles and coursers Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Glareolidae Glareolidae is a family of wading birds comprising the pratincoles, which have short legs, long pointed wings and long forked tails, and the coursers, which have long legs, short wings and long, pointed bills which curve downwards. Cream-colored courser (), Cursorius cursor Collared pratincole (), Glareola pratincola Black-winged pratincole (), Glareola nordmanni (A) near-threatened Skuas and jaegers Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Stercorariidae
1249_22	The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. Great skua (), Stercorarius skua South polar skua (), Stercorarius maccormicki (A) Pomarine jaeger (), Stercorarius pomarinus Parasitic jaeger (), Stercorarius parasiticus Long-tailed jaeger (), Stercorarius longicaudus (A) Auks, murres, and puffins Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Alcidae Auks are superficially similar to penguins due to their black-and-white colors, their upright posture and some of their habits; however, they are not related to the penguins and differ in being able to fly. Auks live on the open sea, only deliberately coming ashore to nest. Dovekie (), Alle alle (A) Common murre (), Uria aalge Razorbill (), Alca torda near-threatened Black guillemot (), Cepphus grylle (A) Atlantic puffin (), Fratercula arctica
1249_23	Gulls, terns, and skimmers Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years.
1249_24	Black-legged kittiwake (), Rissa tridactyla vulnerable Sabine's gull (), Xema sabini (A) Slender-billed gull (), Chroicocephalus genei Bonaparte's gull (), Chroicocephalus philadelphia (A) Gray-hooded gull (), Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (A) Black-headed gull (), Chroicocephalus ridibundus Little gull (), Hydrocoloeus minutus Ross's gull (), Rhodostethia rosea (A) Laughing gull (), Leucophaeus atricilla (A) Franklin's gull (), Leucophaeus pipixcan (A) Mediterranean gull (), Ichthyaetus melanocephalus Pallas's gull (), Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus (A) Audouin's gull (), Ichthyaetus audouinii Common gull (), Larus canus Ring-billed gull (), Larus delawarensis Herring gull (), Larus argentatus Yellow-legged gull (), Larus michahellis Caspian gull (), Larus cachinnans (A) Iceland gull (), Larus glaucoides (A – Canary Islands and African enclaves) Lesser black-backed gull (), Larus fuscus Glaucous-winged gull (), Larus glaucescens (A) (Canary Islands only)
1249_25	Glaucous gull (), Larus hyperboreus (A – Canary Islands and African enclaves) Great black-backed gull (), Larus marinus Kelp gull (), Larus dominicanus (A) Sooty tern (), Onychoprion fuscatus (A) Bridled tern (), Onychoprion anaethetus (A) Little tern (), Sternula albifrons Least tern, Sternula antillarum (A – Canary Islands) Gull-billed tern (), Gelochelidon nilotica Caspian tern (), Hydroprogne caspia (A – Canary Islands) Black tern (), Chlidonias niger White-winged tern (), Chlidonias leucopterus (A – Canary Islands) Whiskered tern (), Chlidonias hybrida Roseate tern (), Sterna dougallii Common tern (), Sterna hirundo Arctic tern (), Sterna paradisaea (A) Forster's tern (), Sterna forsteri (A) White-cheeked tern, Sterna represses (A) Sandwich tern (), Thalasseus sandvicensis Elegant tern (), Thalasseus elegans (A) near-threatened Lesser crested tern (), Thalasseus bengalensis (A – Canary Islands) West African crested tern (), Thalasseus albididorsalis (A)
1249_26	Tropicbirds Order: PhaethontiformesFamily: Phaethontidae Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their long wings have black markings, as does the head. Red-billed tropicbird (), Phaeton aetherius (A) Loons Order: GaviiformesFamily: Gaviidae Loons, known as divers in Europe, are a group of aquatic birds found in many parts of North America and northern Europe. They are the size of a large duck or small goose, which they somewhat resemble when swimming, but to which they are completely unrelated. Red-throated loon (), Gavia stellata Arctic loon (), Gavia arctica (A – Canary Islands) Pacific loon (), Gavia pacifica (A) Common loon (), Gavia immer (A – Canary Islands and African enclaves) Albatrosses Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Diomedeidae
1249_27	The albatrosses are among the largest flying birds, with long, narrow wings for gliding. The majority are found in the Southern Hemisphere with only vagrants occurring in the North Atlantic. Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (A) Black-browed albatross (), Thalassarche melanophris (A) Southern storm-petrels Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Oceanitidae Southern storm petrels, are seabirds in the family Oceanitidae, part of the order Procellariiformes. These smallest of seabirds feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. Their flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. Wilson's storm-petrel (), Oceanites oceanicus White-faced storm-petrel (), Pelagodroma marina (A) Black-bellied storm-petrel (), Fregetta tropica (A) (Canary Islands only) Northern storm-petrels Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Hydrobatidae
1249_28	Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family. European storm-petrel (), Hydrobates pelagicus Leach's storm-petrel (), Hydrobates leucorheus vulnerable Swinhoe's storm-petrel (), Hydrobates monorhis (A) near-threatened Band-rumped storm-petrel (), Hydrobates castro (A) Shearwaters and petrels Order: ProcellariiformesFamily: Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary.
1249_29	Northern fulmar (), Fulmarus glacialis (A – Canary Islands) Cape petrel (), Daption capense (A) Great-winged petrel, Pterodroma macroptera (A) Zino's petrel (), Pterodroma madeira (A) endangered Fea's petrel (), Pterodroma feae (A) Black-capped petrel (), Pterodroma hasitata (A) Bulwer's petrel (), Bulweria bulwerii (A) Cory's shearwater (), Calonectris diomedea Cape Verde shearwater (), Calonectris edwardsii (A) (Canary Islands only) near-threatened Great shearwater (), Ardenna gravis Sooty shearwater (), Ardenna griseus (A – Canary Islands) near-threatened Manx shearwater (), Puffinus puffinus Yelkouan shearwater (), Puffinus yelkouan vulnerable Balearic shearwater (), Puffinus mauretanicus (A – Canary Islands) critically endangered Barolo shearwater (), Puffinus baroli (A) Boyd's shearwater (), Puffinus boydi (A) (Canary Islands only) Storks Order: CiconiiformesFamily: Ciconiidae
1249_30	Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. Black stork (), Ciconia nigra White stork (), Ciconia ciconia Marabou stork (), Leptoptilos crumenifer (A) (D) Yellow-billed stork (), Mycteria ibis (A) (D) Frigatebirds Order: SuliformesFamily: Fregatidae Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black, or black-and-white, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have colored inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. Magnificent frigatebird (), Fregata magnificens (A) Boobies and gannets Order: SuliformesFamily: Sulidae
1249_31	The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. Masked booby (), Sula dactylatra (A) Brown booby (), Sula leucogaster (A) Red-footed booby (), Sula sula (A) Northern gannet (), Morus bassanus Cape gannet, Morus capensis (A) Cormorants and shags Order: SuliformesFamily: Phalacrocoracidae Phalacrocoracidae is a family of medium to large coastal, fish-eating seabirds that includes cormorants and shags. Plumage colouration varies, with the majority having mainly dark plumage, some species being black-and-white and a few being colourful. Long-tailed cormorant (), Microcarbo africanus (A) (D) Pygmy cormorant (), Microcarbo pygmeus (A) near-threatened Great cormorant (), Phalacrocorax carbo European shag (), Gulosus aristotelis Double-crested cormorant (), Nannopterum auritum (A) (Canary Islands only) Pelicans Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Pelecanidae
1249_32	Pelicans are large water birds with a distinctive pouch under their beak. As with other members of the order Pelecaniformes, they have webbed feet with four toes. Great white pelican (), Pelecanus onocrotalus Pink-backed pelican (), Pelecanus rufescens (A) (D) Dalmatian pelican (), Pelecanus crispus (A) (D) near-threatened Heron, egrets, and bitterns Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills.
1249_33	American bittern (), Botaurus lentiginosus (A) Great bittern (), Botaurus stellaris (A – Canary Islands) Little bittern (), Ixobrychus minutus Dwarf bittern (), Ixobrychus sturmii (A) (Canary Islands only) Great blue heron (), Ardea herodias (A) (Canary Islands only) Gray heron (), Ardea cinerea Purple heron (), Ardea purpurea Great egret (), Ardea alba (A – Canary Islands) Little egret (), Egretta garzetta Western reef-heron (), Egretta gularis (A) Tricolored heron (), Egretta tricolor (A) (Canary Islands only) Cattle egret (), Bubulcus ibis Squacco heron (), Ardeola ralloides Green heron (), Butorides virescens (A) (Canary Islands only) Striated heron, Butorides striata (A) Black-crowned night-heron (), Nycticorax nycticorax Ibises and spoonbills Order: PelecaniformesFamily: Threskiornithidae
1249_34	Threskiornithidae is a family of large terrestrial and wading birds which includes the ibises and spoonbills. They have long, broad wings with 11 primary and about 20 secondary feathers. They are strong fliers and despite their size and weight, very capable soarers. Glossy ibis (), Plegadis falcinellus African sacred ibis (), Threskiornis aethiopicus (I/D) Northern bald ibis (), Geronticus eremita (A) endangered Eurasian spoonbill (), Platalea leucorodia African spoonbill (), Platalea alba (A) (D) Osprey Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Pandionidae The family Pandionidae contains only one species, the osprey. The osprey is a medium-large raptor which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. Osprey (), Pandion haliaetus Hawks, eagles, and kites Order: AccipitriformesFamily: Accipitridae
1249_35	Accipitridae is a family of birds of prey, which includes hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures. These birds have powerful hooked beaks for tearing flesh from their prey, strong legs, powerful talons and keen eyesight.
1249_36	Black-winged kite (), Elanus caeruleus Bearded vulture (), Gypaetus barbatus near-threatened Egyptian vulture (), Neophron percnopterus endangered European honey-buzzard (), Pernis apivorus (A – Canary Islands) Swallow-tailed kite (), Elanoides forficatus (A) (Canary Islands only) Cinereous vulture (), Aegypius monachus near-threatened Lappet-faced vulture, Torgos tracheliotos (A) Hooded vulture (), Necrosyrtes monachus (A) (D) White-backed vulture (), Gyps africanus (A) critically endangered Rüppell's griffon (), Gyps rueppelli (A) critically endangered Eurasian griffon (), Gyps fulvus Bateleur (), Terathopius ecaudatus (A) near-threatened Short-toed snake-eagle (), Circaetus gallicus (A – Canary Islands) Lesser spotted eagle (), Clanga pomarina (A) Greater spotted eagle (), Clanga clanga (A) vulnerable Booted eagle (), Hieraaetus pennatus Steppe eagle (), Aquila nipalensis (A) endangered Spanish eagle (), Aquila adalberti vulnerable Imperial eagle (), Aquila heliaca (A) vulnerable
1249_37	Golden eagle (), Aquila chrysaetos Bonelli's eagle (), Aquila fasciata Eurasian marsh-harrier (), Circus aeruginosus Hen harrier (), Circus cyaneus Pallid harrier (), Circus macrourus Montagu's harrier (), Circus pygargus Eurasian sparrowhawk (), Accipiter nisus Northern goshawk (), Accipiter gentilis Red kite (), Milvus milvus Black kite (), Milvus migrans White-tailed eagle (), Haliaeetus albicilla (A) Rough-legged hawk (), Buteo lagopus (A) Common buzzard (), Buteo buteo Long-legged buzzard (), Buteo rufinus (A)
1249_38	Barn-owls Order: StrigiformesFamily: Tytonidae Barn owls are medium to large owls with large heads and characteristic heart-shaped faces. They have long strong legs with powerful talons. Barn owl (), Tyto alba Owls Order: StrigiformesFamily: Strigidae The typical owls are small to large solitary nocturnal birds of prey. They have large forward-facing eyes and ears, a hawk-like beak and a conspicuous circle of feathers around each eye called a facial disk. Eurasian scops-owl (), Otus scops (A – Canary Islands) Eurasian eagle-owl (), Bubo bubo Pharaoh eagle-owl, Bubo ascalaphus (A) Snowy owl (), Bubo scandiacus (A) (D) (Canary Islands only) Northern hawk owl (), Surnia ulula (B – Canary Islands) Eurasian pygmy-owl, Glaucidium passerinum (A) Little owl (), Athene noctua Tawny owl (), Strix aluco Maghreb owl, Strix mauritanica Long-eared owl (), Asio otus Short-eared owl (), Asio flammeus Marsh owl (), Asio capensis (A) Boreal owl (), Aegolius funereus
1249_39	Hoopoes Order: BucerotiformesFamily: Upupidae Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink coloring with a large erectile crest on their head. Eurasian hoopoe (), Upupa epops Kingfishers Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Alcedinidae Kingfishers are medium-sized birds with large heads, long, pointed bills, short legs and stubby tails. Common kingfisher (), Alcedo atthis (A – Canary Islands) Belted kingfisher (), Megaceryle alcyon (A) Bee-eaters Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Meropidae The bee-eaters are a group of near passerine birds in the family Meropidae. Most species are found in Africa but others occur in southern Europe, Madagascar, Australia and New Guinea. They are characterised by richly colored plumage, slender bodies and usually elongated central tail feathers. All are colourful and have long downturned bills and pointed wings, which give them a swallow-like appearance when seen from afar. Blue-cheeked bee-eater (), Merops persicus (A) European bee-eater (), Merops apiaster
1249_40	Rollers Order: CoraciiformesFamily: Coraciidae Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. European roller (), Coracias garrulus Abyssinian roller (), Coracias abyssinicus (A) (Canary Islands only) Woodpeckers Order: PiciformesFamily: Picidae Woodpeckers are small to medium-sized birds with chisel-like beaks, short legs, stiff tails and long tongues used for capturing insects. Some species have feet with two toes pointing forward and two backward, while several species have only three toes. Many woodpeckers have the habit of tapping noisily on tree trunks with their beaks.
1249_41	Eurasian wryneck (), Jynx torquilla Middle spotted woodpecker (), Dendrocoptes medius White-backed woodpecker (), Dendrocopos leucotos Great spotted woodpecker (), Dendrocopos major Lesser spotted woodpecker (), Dryobates minor Levaillant's woodpecker (), Picus vaillantii (A) (African enclaves only) Iberian green woodpecker (), Picus sharpei Black woodpecker (), Dryocopus martius Falcons and caracaras Order: FalconiformesFamily: Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons.
1249_42	Lesser kestrel (), Falco naumanni (A – Canary Islands) Eurasian kestrel (), Falco tinnunculus Red-footed falcon (), Falco vespertinus (A – Canary Islands) near-threatened Amur falcon, Falco amurensis (A) Eleonora's falcon (), Falco eleonorae Merlin (), Falco columbarius Eurasian hobby (), Falco subbuteo (A – Canary Islands) Lanner falcon (), Falco biarmicus (A) Saker falcon (), Falco cherrug (A) endangered Gyrfalcon (), Falco rusticolus (A) Peregrine falcon (), Falco peregrinus (A – Canary Islands) Old World parrots Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittaculidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from to in length. Old World parrots are found from Africa east across south and southeast Asia and Oceania to Australia and New Zealand. Rose-ringed parakeet (), Psittacula krameri (I)
1249_43	African and New World parrots Order: PsittaciformesFamily: Psittacidae Characteristic features of parrots include a strong curved bill, an upright stance, strong legs, and clawed zygodactyl feet. Many parrots are vividly colored, and some are multi-colored. In size they range from to in length. Most of the more than 150 species in the family are found in the New World. Monk parakeet (), Myiopsitta monachus (I) Red-masked parakeet (), Psittacara erythrogenys (I) Tyrant flycatchers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tyrannidae Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous. Fork-tailed flycatcher, Tyrannus savana (A) Vireos, shrike-babblers, and erpornis Order: PasseriformesFamily: Vireonidae
1249_44	The vireos are a group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World and Southeast Asia. Red-eyed vireo (), Vireo olivaceus (A) Old World orioles Order: PasseriformesFamily: Oriolidae The Old World orioles are colourful passerine birds. They are not related to the New World orioles. Eurasian golden oriole (), Oriolus oriolus Bushshrikes and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Malaconotidae Bushshrikes are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive. Black-crowned tchagra (), Tchagra senegalus Shrikes Order: PasseriformesFamily: Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey.
1249_45	Red-backed shrike (), Lanius collurio Red-tailed shrike, Lanius phoenicuroides (A) Isabelline shrike (), Lanius isabellinus (A) Brown shrike (), Lanius cristatus (A) Long-tailed shrike, Lanius schach (A) Iberian gray shrike (), Lanius meridionalis vulnerable Great gray shrike (), Lanius excubitor (A) Lesser gray shrike (), Lanius minor Masked shrike (), Lanius nubicus (A) Woodchat shrike (), Lanius senator Crows, jays, and magpies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Corvidae The family Corvidae includes crows, ravens, jays, choughs, magpies, treepies, nutcrackers and ground jays. Corvids are above average in size among the Passeriformes, and some of the larger species show high levels of intelligence.
1249_46	Eurasian jay (), Garrulus glandarius Iberian magpie (), Cyanopica cooki Maghreb magpie (), Pica mauritanica Eurasian magpie (), Pica pica Eurasian nutcracker (), Nucifraga caryocatactes (A) Red-billed chough (), Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Yellow-billed chough (), Pyrrhocorax graculus Eurasian jackdaw (), Corvus monedula Rook (), Corvus frugilegus Carrion crow (), Corvus corone Hooded crow (), Corvus cornix (A) Pied crow (), Corvus albus (A) (D) Brown-necked raven (), Corvus ruficollis (A) Common raven (), Corvus corax Tits, chickadees, and titmice Order: PasseriformesFamily: Paridae The Paridae are mainly small stocky woodland species with short stout bills. Some have crests. They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Coal tit (), Parus ater Crested tit (), Parus cristatus (A – African enclaves) Marsh tit (), Parus palustris Eurasian blue tit (), Cyanistes caeruleus African blue tit (), Cyanistes teneriffae (A) (D) Great tit (), Parus major
1249_47	Penduline-tits Order: PasseriformesFamily: Remizidae The penduline-tits are a group of small passerine birds related to the true tits. They are insectivores. Eurasian penduline tit (), Remiz pendulinus Larks Order: PasseriformesFamily: Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds.
1249_48	Greater hoopoe-lark (), Alaemon alaudipes (A) (Canary Islands and African enclaves only) Thick-billed lark, Ramphocoris clotbey (A) Bar-tailed lark (), Ammomanes cinctura (A) Horned lark (), Eremophila alpestris (A) Greater short-toed lark (), Calandrella brachydactyla Bimaculated lark, Melanocorypha bimaculata (A) Calandra lark (), Melanocorypha calandra Black lark, Melanocorypha yeltoniensis (A) Dupont's lark (), Chersophilus duponti near-threatened Lesser short-toed lark (), Alaudala rufescens Wood lark (), Lullula arborea White-winged lark, Alauda leucoptera (A) Eurasian skylark (), Alauda arvensis Thekla's lark (), Galerida theklae Crested lark (), Galerida cristata Bearded reedling Order: PasseriformesFamily: Panuridae This species, the only one in its family, is found in reed beds throughout temperate Europe and Asia. Bearded reedling (), Panurus biarmicus Cisticolas and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cisticolidae
1249_49	The Cisticolidae are warblers found mainly in warmer southern regions of the Old World. They are generally very small birds of drab brown or grey appearance found in open country such as grassland or scrub Zitting cisticola (), Cisticola juncidis Reed warblers and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Acrocephalidae The members of this family are usually rather large for "warblers". Most are rather plain olivaceous brown above with much yellow to beige below. They are usually found in open woodland, reedbeds, or tall grass. The family occurs mostly in southern to western Eurasia and surroundings, but it also ranges far into the Pacific, with some species in Africa.
1249_50	Booted warbler (), Iduna caligata (A) Sykes's warbler, Iduna branch (A) Eastern olivaceous warbler (), Iduna pallida (A) (Canary Islands only) Western olivaceous warbler (), Iduna opaca (A – Canary Islands) Melodious warbler (), Hippolais polyglotta Icterine warbler (), Hippolais icterina (A – Canary Islands and African enclaves) Aquatic warbler (), Acrocephalus paludicola (A – Canary Islands) vulnerable Moustached warbler (), Acrocephalus melanopogon Sedge warbler (), Acrocephalus schoenobaenus Paddyfield warbler (), Acrocephalus agricola (A) Blyth's reed warbler (), Acrocephalus dumetorum (A) Marsh warbler (), Acrocephalus palustris (A) Eurasian reed warbler (), Acrocephalus scirpaceus African reed warbler, Acrocephalus baeticatus Great reed warbler (), Acrocephalus arundinaceus Grassbirds and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Locustellidae
1249_51	Locustellidae are a family of small insectivorous songbirds found mainly in Eurasia, Africa, and the Australian region. They are smallish birds with tails that are usually long and pointed, and tend to be drab brownish or buffy all over. River warbler (), Locustella fluviatilis (A) Savi's warbler (), Locustella luscinioides Common grasshopper-warbler (), Locustella naevia Swallows Order: PasseriformesFamily: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base.
1249_52	Tree swallow, Tachycineta bicolor (A) Plain martin, Riparia paludicola (A) Bank swallow (), Riparia riparia Eurasian crag-martin (), Ptyonoprogne rupestris Barn swallow (), Hirundo rustica Red-rumped swallow (), Hirundo daurica Cliff swallow (), Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (A – Canary Islands) Common house-martin (), Delichon urbicum Bulbuls Order: PasseriformesFamily: Pycnonotidae Bulbuls are medium-sized songbirds. Some are colourful with yellow, red or orange vents, cheeks, throats or supercilia, but most are drab, with uniform olive-brown to black plumage. Some species have distinct crests. Red-whiskered bulbul (), Pycnonotus jocosus (I) Common bulbul (), Pycnonotus barbatus (A) Leaf warblers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Phylloscopidae
1249_53	Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with greyish-green to greyish-brown colors.
1249_54	Wood warbler (), Phylloscopus sibilatrix Western Bonelli's warbler (), Phylloscopus bonelli Eastern Bonelli's warbler, Phylloscopus orientalis (A) Yellow-browed warbler (), Phylloscopus inornatus (A – African enclaves) Hume's warbler (), Phylloscopus humei (A) Pallas's leaf warbler (), Phylloscopus proregulus (A) Radde's warbler (), Phylloscopus schwarzi (A) Dusky warbler (), Phylloscopus fuscatus (A) Willow warbler (), Phylloscopus trochilus Mountain chiffchaff, Phylloscopus sindianus (A) Canary Islands chiffchaff (), Phylloscopus canariensis (E – Canary Islands) Common chiffchaff (), Phylloscopus collybita Iberian chiffchaff (), Phylloscopus brehmii Green warbler, Phylloscopus nitidus (A) Greenish warbler (), Phylloscopus trochiloides (A) Two-barred warbler, Phylloscopus plumbeitarsus (A) Arctic warbler (), Phylloscopus borealis (A) Bush warblers and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Scotocercidae
1249_55	The members of this family are found throughout Africa, Asia, and Polynesia. Their taxonomy is in flux, and some authorities place some genera in other families. Cetti's warbler (), Cettia cetti Long-tailed tits Order: PasseriformesFamily: Aegithalidae Long-tailed tits are a group of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They make woven bag nests in trees. Most eat a mixed diet which includes insects. Long-tailed tit (), Aegithalos longicaudus Sylviid warblers, parrotbills, and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sylviidae The family Sylviidae is a group of small insectivorous passerine birds. They mainly occur as breeding species, as the common name implies, in Europe, Asia and, to a lesser extent, Africa. Most are of generally undistinguished appearance, but many have distinctive songs.
1249_56	Eurasian blackcap (), Sylvia atricapilla Garden warbler (), Sylvia borin Barred warbler (), Curruca nisoria (A) Lesser whitethroat (), Curruca curruca (A) Western Orphean warbler (), Curruca hortensis (A – Canary Islands) African desert warbler (), Curruca nana (A) Asian desert warbler (), Curruca nana (A) Tristram's warbler (), Curruca deserticola (A) Rüppell's warbler (), Curruca ruppeli (A) Sardinian warbler (), Curruca melanocephala Moltoni's warbler (), Curruca subalpina Western subalpine warbler, Curruca iberiae Eastern subalpine warbler, Curruca cantillans (A) Greater whitethroat (), Curruca communis Spectacled warbler (), Curruca conspicillata Marmora's warbler (), Curruca sarda (A) Dartford warbler (), Curruca undata near-threatened Balearic warbler (), Curruca balearica (E – Balearic Islands) Laughingthrushes and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Leiothrichidae
1249_57	The laughingthrushes are somewhat diverse in size and colouration, but are characterised by soft fluffy plumage. Red-billed leiothrix (), Leiothrix lutea (I) Kinglets Order: PasseriformesFamily: Regulidae The kinglets, also called crests, are a small group of birds often included in the Old World warblers, but frequently given family status because they also resemble the titmice. Goldcrest (), Regulus regulus Common firecrest (), Regulus ignicapilla Wallcreeper Order: PasseriformesFamily: Tichodromidae The wallcreeper is a small bird related to the nuthatch family, which has stunning crimson, grey and black plumage. Wallcreeper (), Tichodroma muraria Nuthatches Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sittidae Nuthatches are small woodland birds. They have the unusual ability to climb down trees head first, unlike other birds which can only go upwards. Nuthatches have big heads, short tails and powerful bills and feet. Eurasian nuthatch (), Sitta europaea
1249_58	Treecreepers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Certhiidae Treecreepers are small woodland birds, brown above and white below. They have thin pointed down-curved bills, which they use to extricate insects from bark. They have stiff tail feathers, like woodpeckers, which they use to support themselves on vertical trees. Eurasian treecreeper (), Certhia familiaris Short-toed treecreeper (), Certhia brachydactyla Wrens Order: PasseriformesFamily: Troglodytidae The wrens are mainly small and inconspicuous except for their loud songs. These birds have short wings and thin down-turned bills. Several species often hold their tails upright. All are insectivorous. Eurasian wren (), Troglodytes troglodytes Dippers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Cinclidae Dippers are a group of perching birds whose habitat includes aquatic environments in the Americas, Europe and Asia. They are named for their bobbing or dipping movements. White-throated dipper (), Cinclus cinclus
1249_59	Starlings Order: PasseriformesFamily: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. European starling (), Sturnus vulgaris Spotless starling (), Sturnus unicolor Rosy starling (), Pastor roseus (A) Mockingbirds and thrashers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Mimidae The mimids are a family of passerine birds which includes thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and the New World catbirds. These birds are notable for their vocalization, especially their remarkable ability to mimic a wide variety of birds and other sounds heard outdoors. The species tend towards dull grays and browns in their appearance. Gray catbird (), Dumetella carolinensis (A) (Canary Islands only) Thrushes and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Turdidae
1249_60	The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. White's thrush (), Zoothera aurea (B) Scaly thrush, Zoothera dauma (A) Gray-cheeked thrush, Catharus minimus (A – Canary Islands) Mistle thrush (), Turdus viscivorus (A – Canary Islands) Song thrush (), Turdus philomelos Redwing (), Turdus iliacus near-threatened Eurasian blackbird (), Turdus merula American robin (), Turdus migratorius (A) Eyebrowed thrush (), Turdus obscurus (A) Fieldfare (), Turdus pilaris (A – Canary Islands) Ring ouzel (), Turdus torquatus Black-throated thrush, Turdus atrogularis (A) Red-throated thrush, Turdus ruficollis (A) Dusky thrush, Turdus eunomus (A) Naumann's thrush (), Turdus naumanni (A) Old World flycatchers Order: PasseriformesFamily: Muscicapidae
1249_61	Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls.
1249_62	Spotted flycatcher (), Muscicapa striata Rufous-tailed scrub-robin (), Cercotrichas galactotes European robin (), Erithacus rubecula Siberian blue robin (), Larvivora cyane (A) Thrush nightingale, Luscinia luscinia (A) Common nightingale (), Luscinia megarhynchos Bluethroat (), Luscinia svecica (A – Canary Islands) Red-flanked bluetail (), Tarsiger cyanurus (A) Red-breasted flycatcher (), Ficedula parva (A) Semicollared flycatcher (), Ficedula semitorquata (A) European pied flycatcher (), Ficedula hypoleucaAtlas flycatcher, Ficedula speculigera (A) Collared flycatcher (), Ficedula albicollis (A) Moussier's redstart (), Phoenicurus moussieri (A) Common redstart (), Phoenicurus phoenicurusBlack redstart (), Phoenicurus ochrurosRufous-tailed rock-thrush (), Monticola saxatilisBlue rock-thrush (), Monticola solitarius Whinchat (), Saxicola rubetraFuerteventura stonechat (), Saxicola dacotiae (E – Canary Islands) near-threatened
1249_63	European stonechat (), Saxicola rubicolaSiberian stonechat (), Saxicola maurus (A) Amur stonechat, Saxicola stejnegeri (A) Northern wheatear (), Oenanthe oenantheIsabelline wheatear (), Oenanthe isabellina (A) Desert wheatear (), Oenanthe deserti (A – Canary Islands) Western black-eared wheatear, Oenanthe hispanicaEastern black-eared wheatear, Oenanthe melanoleuca (A) Red-rumped wheatear, Oenanthe moesta (A) Black wheatear (), Oenanthe leucuraWhite-crowned wheatear (), Oenanthe leucopyga (A) (Canary Islands only)) Mourning wheatear, Oenanthe lugens (A)
1249_64	Waxwings Order: PasseriformesFamily: Bombycillidae The waxwings are a group of birds with soft silky plumage and unique red tips to some of the wing feathers. In the Bohemian and cedar waxwings, these tips look like sealing wax and give the group its name. These are arboreal birds of northern forests. They live on insects in summer and berries in winter. Bohemian waxwing (), Bombycilla garrulus (A) Weavers and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Ploceidae The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly colored, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in color only in the breeding season. Black-headed weaver (), Ploceus melanocephalus (I) Yellow-crowned bishop (), Euplectes afer (I) Waxbills and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Estrildidae
1249_65	The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colors and patterns. Scaly-breasted munia, Lonchura punctulata (I) Orange-cheeked waxbill (), Estrilda melpoda (I) Common waxbill (), Estrilda astrild (I) Black-rumped waxbill (), Estrilda troglodytes (I) Red avadavat (), Amandava amandava (I) Accentors Order: PasseriformesFamily: Prunellidae The accentors are in the only bird family, Prunellidae, which is completely endemic to the Palearctic. They are small, fairly drab species superficially similar to sparrows. Alpine accentor (), Prunella collarisDunnock (), Prunella modularis Old World sparrows Order: PasseriformesFamily: Passeridae
1249_66	Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. House sparrow (), Passer domesticusItalian sparrow (), Passer italiae (A) vulnerable Spanish sparrow (), Passer hispaniolensisDesert sparrow, Passer simplex (A) Eurasian tree sparrow (), Passer montanusRock sparrow (), Petronia petroniaWhite-winged snowfinch (), Montifringilla nivalisWagtails and pipits Order: PasseriformesFamily: Motacillidae Motacillidae is a family of small passerine birds with medium to long tails. They include the wagtails, longclaws and pipits. They are slender, ground feeding insectivores of open country.
1249_67	Gray wagtail (), Motacilla cinereaWestern yellow wagtail (), Motacilla flavaEastern yellow wagtail (), Motacilla tschutschensis (A) Citrine wagtail (), Motacilla citreola (A – Canary Islands) White wagtail (), Motacilla alba (A) Richard's pipit (), Anthus richardi (A – Canary Islands) Blyth's pipit (), Anthus godlewskii (A) Tawny pipit (), Anthus campestrisBerthelot's pipit (), Anthus berthelotii (Canary Islands only) Meadow pipit (), Anthus pratensis near-threatened Tree pipit (), Anthus trivialisOlive-backed pipit (), Anthus hodgsoni (A) Pechora pipit, Anthus gustavi (A) Red-throated pipit (), Anthus cervinusWater pipit (), Anthus spinoletta (A – Canary Islands) Rock pipit (), Anthus petrosusAmerican pipit (), Anthus rubescens (A) Finches, euphonias, and allies Order: PasseriformesFamily: Fringillidae
1249_68	Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well.
1249_69	Common chaffinch (), Fringilla coelebsTenerife blue chaffinch (), Fringilla teydea (E – Canary Islands) Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (), Fringilla polatzeki (E – Canary Islands) Brambling (), Fringilla montifringilla (A – Canary Islands) Hawfinch (), Coccothraustes coccothraustes (A – Canary Islands) Common rosefinch (), Carpodacus erythrinus (A) Eurasian bullfinch (), Pyrrhula pyrrhula (A – African enclaves) Trumpeter finch (), Rhodopechys githaginea (A – African enclaves) Desert finch (), Rhodospiza obsoleta (A) (D) European greenfinch (), Chloris chlorisTwite (), Linaria flavirostris (A) Eurasian linnet (), Linaria cannabinaCommon redpoll (), Acanthis flammea (A) Lesser redpoll, Acanthis cabaret (A) Red crossbill (), Loxia curvirostra (A – Canary Islands) European goldfinch (), Carduelis carduelisCitril finch (), Carduelis citrinella (A – African enclaves) European serin (), Serinus serinusIsland canary (), Serinus canaria (Canary Islands only)
1249_70	Eurasian siskin (), Spinus spinusLongspurs and snow buntings Order: PasseriformesFamily: Calcariidae

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