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mldr-conteb-eval

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1629_9	C Cabannes–Daure effect – Jean Cabannes and Pierre Daure Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling, reaction – Paul Cadiot and Wladyslav Chodkiewicz Callendar effect – Guy Stewart Callendar Callippic cycle – Callippus of Cyzicus Calvin cycle (a.k.a. Calvin–Benson cycle) – Melvin Calvin (and Andy Benson) Cannizzaro reaction – Stanislao Cannizzaro Cardan angles (a.k.a. Tait–Bryan angles) – Gerolamo Cardano Carnot cycle, number – Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot Carpenter effect (a.k.a. Ideomotor effect) – William Benjamin Carpenter Cartan–Kähler theorem – Élie Cartan, Erich Kähler Casimir effect – Hendrik Casimir Catalan's conjecture (a.k.a. Mihăilescu's theorem), Catalan numbers – Eugène Charles Catalan Cauchy number (a.k.a. Hooke number) – Augustin-Louis Cauchy Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem – Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Sofia Kovalevskaya Cauer filter – Wilhelm Cauer Chandler wobble – Seth Carlo Chandler Chandrasekhar limit, number – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
1629_10	Chang–Refsdal lens – Kyongae Chang and Sjur Refsdal Chaplygin gas – Sergey Alexeyevich Chaplygin Charles's law – Jacques Charles Chebyshev distance, equation, filter, linkage, polynomials – Pafnuty Chebyshev Chebyshev's inequality (a.k.a. Bienaymé–Chebyshev inequality) – Pafnuty Chebyshev (and Irénée-Jules Bienaymé) Cherenkov radiation (a.k.a. Cherenkov–Vavilov radiation) – Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov (and Sergey Ivanovich Vavilov) Chichibabin reaction – Alexei Yevgenievich Chichibabin Christiansen effect – Christian Christiansen Christoffel symbol – Elwin Bruno Christoffel Christofilos effect – Nicholas Christofilos Chugaev elimination/reaction, reagent – Lev Aleksandrovich Chugaev Chwolson ring or Chwolson–Einstein ring – Orest Khvolson (and Albert Einstein) Clairaut's relation, theorem – Alexis Claude Clairaut Claisen condensation, rearrangement – Rainer Ludwig Claisen Claisen–Schmidt condensation – Rainer Ludwig Claisen and J. Gustav Schmidt
1629_11	Clapp oscillator – James K. Clapp Clarke orbit – Arthur C. Clarke Clemmensen reduction – Erik Christian Clemmensen Coanda effect – Henri Coanda Coase theorem – Ronald Coase Colburn–Chilton analogy (a.k.a. Colburn analogy) – Allan Philip Colburn and Thomas H. Chilton Coleman–Liau index – Meri Coleman and T. L. Liau Coleman–Mandula theorem – Sidney Coleman and Jeffrey Mandula Collatz conjecture (a.k.a. the Ulam conjecture (Stanisław Ulam), Kakutani's problem (Shizuo Kakutani), the Thwaites conjecture (Sir Bryan Thwaites), Hasse's algorithm (Helmut Hasse), the Syracuse problem) – Lothar Collatz Colpitts oscillator – Edwin H. Colpitts Compton effect, scattering, wavelength – Arthur Compton Compton–Getting effect – Arthur Compton and Ivan A. Getting Conway base 13 function – John H. Conway Coolidge effect – from a joke attributed to John Calvin Coolidge, Jr. Cooper pair – Leon Cooper Cope elimination, rearrangement – Arthur Clay Cope
1629_12	Corey–Fuchs reaction – Elias James Corey and Philip L. Fuchs Corey–Kim oxidation – Elias James Corey and Choung Un Kim Corey–Winter olefin synthesis – Elias James Corey and Roland Arthur Edwin Winter Coriolis effect – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis Cotton effect – Aimé Auguste Cotton Cotton–Mouton effect – Aimé Auguste Cotton and Henri Mouton Coulomb constant, law – Charles Augustin de Coulomb Coulter counter, principle – Wallace Henry Coulter Coxeter–Dynkin diagram – Harold Scott MacDonald Coxeter and Eugene Borisovich Dynkin Crabtree effect – Herbert Grace Crabtree Criegee reaction, rearrangement – Rudolf Criegee Curie point – Pierre Curie Curry's paradox – Haskell Curry Curtin–Hammett principle – David Yarrow Curtin and Louis Plack Hammett Curtius rearrangement – Theodor Curtius
1629_13	D Dakin reaction – Henry Drysdale Dakin Dakin–West reaction – Henry Drysdale Dakin and Randolph West Dalton's law (of partial pressures) – John Dalton Damerau–Levenshtein distance – Frederick J. Damerau and Vladimir Levenshtein Darboux function – Jean Gaston Darboux Darcy's law – Henry Darcy Darlington pair – Sidney Darlington Darwin drift – Charles Galton Darwin Darwin point, Darwinism – Charles Darwin Darzens condensation – Auguste Georges Darzens Davies–Bouldin index (DBI) – David L. Davies and Donald W. Bouldin de Broglie wavelength – Louis de Broglie de Bruijn sequences – Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn de Haas–van Alphen effect – Wander Johannes de Haas and Pieter M. van Alphen de Haas–Shubnikov effect – see Shubnikov–de Haas effect, below Deborah number – the prophetess Deborah (Bible, Judges 5:5) Debye model – Peter Joseph William Debye Debye–Falkenhagen effect – Peter Joseph William Debye and Hans Falkenhagen
1629_14	Richard Dedekind has many topics named after him; see biography article. Delbrück scattering – Max Ludwig Henning Delbrück Delépine reaction – Stéphane Marcel Delépine Dellinger effect (a.k.a. Mögel–Dellinger effect) – John Howard Dellinger (and Hans Mögel) Demjanov rearrangement – Nikolai Jakovlevich Demjanov Dermott's law – Stanley Dermott Dess–Martin oxidation – Daniel Benjamin Dess and James Cullen Martin DeVries solar cycle – See Suess solar cycle, below Dice's coefficient – Lee Raymond Dice Dieckmann condensation – Walter Dieckmann Diels–Alder reaction – Otto Paul Hermann Diels and Kurt Alder Diophantine equation – Diophantus of Alexandria Dirac comb, fermion, spinor, equation, delta function, measure – Paul Dirac Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet has dozens of formulas named after him, see List of things named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet Divisia index – François Divisia Doebner–Miller reaction – Oscar Döbner (Doebner) and Wilhelm von Miller
1629_15	Dollo's law – Louis Dollo Donnan effect (a.k.a. Gibbs–Donnan effect) – see Gibbs–Donnan effect, below Doppler effect (a.k.a. Doppler–Fizeau effect), Doppler profile – Christian Doppler (and Hippolyte Fizeau) Downs–Thomson paradox – Anthony Downs and John Michael Thomson Drake equation (a.k.a. Sagan equation, Green Bank equation) – Frank Drake (or Carl Sagan or Green Bank, West Virginia, home to the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO)) Droste effect – Dutch chocolate maker Droste Drude model – Paul Drude Duff's device – Tom Duff Duffing equation, map – Georg Duffing Duhamel's integral, and principle – Jean-Marie Constant Duhamel Dulong–Petit law – Pierre Louis Dulong and Alexis Thérèse Petit Dunitz angle – see Bürgi–Dunitz angle, above Dunning–Kruger effect – David Dunning and Justin Kruger Dyson–Harrop satellite – Brooks L. Harrop and Freeman Dyson
1629_16	E Early effect – James M. Early Eddington limit – Arthur Eddington Edgeworth–Bowley box – Francis Ysidro Edgeworth and Arthur Lyon Bowley Edison effect – Thomas Edison Edman degradation – Pehr Victor Edman Edward–Lemieux effect (a.k.a. Anomeric effect) – John Thomas Edward and Raymond U. Lemieux Eglinton reaction – Geoffrey Eglinton Ehrenfest paradox – Paul Ehrenfest Eimer's organ – Gustav Heinrich Theodor Eimer Einstein Cross, effect, radius, ring, shift – Albert Einstein Einstein–Chwolson ring or Chwolson ring – Albert Einstein and Orest Khvolson Einstein–de Haas effect – Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox (a.k.a. EPR paradox, Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm paradox) – Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, Nathan Rosen (and David Bohm) Ekman layer – Walfrid Ekman Elbs reaction – Karl Elbs Elliott–Halberstam conjecture – Peter D. T. A. Elliott and Heini Halberstam Elman network – Jeff Elman Elsasser number – Walter M. Elsasser
1629_17	Engel curve – Ernst Engel Engelbart's law – Douglas Engelbart Epimenides paradox – Epimenides of Knossos Erlenmeyer flask, rule, synthesis – Richard August Carl Emil Erlenmeyer Eschenmoser fragmentation – Albert Eschenmoser Eschweiler–Clarke reaction – Wilhelm Eschweiler and Hans Thacher Clarke Eshelby's inclusion – John D. Eshelby Étard reaction – Alexandre Léon Étard Ettingshausen effect – Albert von Ettingshausen Euler this and that (numerous entries) – Leonhard Euler Evershed effect – John Evershed
1629_18	F Faà di Bruno's formula – Francesco Faà di Bruno Faraday constant, effect, Faraday's law of induction, Faraday's law of electrolysis – Michael Faraday Farnsworth–Hirsch fusor – Philo T. Farnsworth and Robert L. Hirsch Favorskii reaction, rearrangement – Alexei Yevgrafovich Favorskii Fenton reaction – Henry John Horstman Fenton Fermat's principle – Pierre de Fermat Fermi energy, paradox, surface, Fermion – Enrico Fermi Fermi–Dirac statistics – Enrico Fermi and Paul Dirac Ferrel cell – William Ferrel Ferrers diagram (a.k.a. Young diagram, Ferrers graph) – Norman Macleod Ferrers Feshbach resonance – Herman Feshbach Feynman diagram – Richard Feynman Finkelstein reaction – Hans Finkelstein Fischer esterification, indole synthesis – Emil Hermann Fischer Fischer–Hafner reaction – Ernst Otto Fischer and Walter Hafner Fischer–Tropsch process – Franz Joseph Emil Fischer and Hans Tropsch Fischer–Hepp rearrangement – Otto Philipp Fischer and Eduard Hepp
1629_19	Fisher distribution – Ronald A. Fisher Fisher equation – Irving Fisher Fitts's law – Paul M. Fitts Flesch–Kincaid readability test – Rudolf F. Flesch and J. Peter Kincaid Fletcher–Munson curves – Harvey Fletcher and Wilden A. Munson Flynn effect – Jim Flynn Forbush effect – Scott Ellsworth Forbush Forer effect (a.k.a. Barnum effect) – Bertram R. Forer (and Phineas Taylor Barnum) Foucault pendulum – Jean Bernard Léon Foucault Fourier number – Joseph Fourier Fourier series – Joseph Fourier Fourier–Motzkin elimination – Joseph Fourier and Theodore Motzkin Franck–Condon principle – James Franck and Edward Uhler Condon Franssen effect – Nico Franssen Franz–Keldysh effect – Walter Franz and Leonid V. Keldysh Fraunhofer diffraction, lines – Joseph von Fraunhofer Freeman law – Ken Freeman Fresnel zone – Augustin Fresnel Frey effect – Allan H. Frey Friedel oscillations – Jacques Friedel Friedel–Crafts reaction – Charles Friedel and James Mason Crafts
1629_20	Friedländer synthesis – Paul Friedländer Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric (a.k.a. Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric, Robertson–Walker metric) – Alexander Friedmann, Georges Lemaître, Howard P. Robertson and Arthur Geoffrey Walker Fries and photo-Fries rearrangement – Karl Theophil Fries Fritsch–Buttenberg–Wiechell rearrangement – Paul Ernst Moritz Fritsch, Wilhelm Paul Buttenberg, and Heinrich G. Wiechell Frobenius algebra, automorphism, method, norm, theorem – Ferdinand Georg Frobenius Froude number – William Froude Fry readability formula – Edward Fry Fujita scale (a.k.a. F-Scale, Fujita–Pearson scale) – Tetsuya Theodore Fujita (and Allen Pearson) Fujiwhara effect – Sakuhei Fujiwhara
1629_21	G Gabriel synthesis – Siegmund Gabriel Gardner transition – Elizabeth Gardner Garman limit – Elspeth Garman Gattermann reaction – Ludwig Gattermann Gattermann–Koch reaction – Ludwig Gattermann and Julius Arnold Koch Gaunt factor (or Kramers–Gaunt factor) – John Arthur Gaunt (and Hendrik Anthony Kramers) Gause's principle – Georgii Gause Gauss's law – Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss–Bonnet gravity, theorem – Carl Friedrich Gauss and Pierre Ossian Bonnet Geib–Spevack process (a.k.a. Girdler sulfide (GS) process) – Karl-Hermann Geib and Jerome S. Spevack (and the Girdler company, which built the first American plant using the process) Geiger counter (a.k.a. Geiger–Müller counter) – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger (and Walther Müller) Geiger–Marsden experiment (a.k.a. Rutherford experiment) – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and Ernest Marsden Geiger–Müller tube – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and Walther Müller
1629_22	Geiger–Nuttall law/rule – Johannes Wilhelm (Hans) Geiger and John Mitchell Nuttall Geissler tube – Heinrich Geissler Gibbs entropy, free energy, paradox, Gibbs's phase rule, Gibbs phenomenon – Josiah Willard Gibbs Gibbs–Donnan effect (a.k.a. Donnan effect) – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Frederick G. Donnan Gibbs–Marangoni effect (a.k.a. Marangoni effect) – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Carlo Marangoni Gibbs–Helmholtz equation – Josiah Willard Gibbs and Hermann von Helmholtz Gibbs–Thomson effect – Josiah Willard Gibbs and three Thomsons: James Thomson, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Joseph John "J. J." Thomson Giffen good – Robert Giffen Gleissberg solar cycle – Wolfgang Gleißberg Gloger's rule – Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger Goldbach's conjecture – Christian Goldbach Goldstone boson (a.k.a. Nambu–Goldstone boson) – see Nambu–Goldstone boson, below Gomberg–Bachmann reaction – Moses Gomberg and Werner Emmanuel Bachmann Goodhart's law – Charles Goodhart
1629_23	Goos–Hänchen effect or shift – Fritz Goos and Hilda Hänchen Gould Belt – Benjamin Gould Grashof number – Franz Grashof Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin cut-off/limit (a.k.a. GZK cutoff/limit) – Kenneth Greisen, Georgiy Zatsepin and Vadim Kuzmin Gresham's law – Thomas Gresham Griess test (diazotization reaction) – Johann Peter Griess Grignard reaction – François Auguste Victor Grignard Grob fragmentation – Cyril A. Grob Gromov–Witten invariant – Mikhail Gromov and Edward Witten Grosch's law – Herbert Reuben John Grosch Grotrian diagram – Walter Robert Wilhelm Grotrian Grotthuss chain – Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss Grotthuss–Draper law – Christian Johann Dietrich Theodor von Grotthuss and John William Draper Gunn diode, effect – John Battiscombe "J. B." Gunn Gunning fog index – Robert Gunning Gustafson's law, a.k.a. Gustafson–Barsis's law – John L. Gustafson (and Edward H. Barsis) Gutenberg–Richter law – Beno Gutenberg and Charles Francis Richter
1629_24	H Haar measure – Alfréd Haar Hadamard inequality – Jacques Solomon Hadamard Hadamard transform (a.k.a. Hadamard–Rademacher–Walsh transform) – Jacques Hadamard, Hans Rademacher, and Joseph L. Walsh Hadley cell – George Hadley Hagedorn temperature – Rolf Hagedorn Haitz's law – Roland Haitz Haldane effect – John Scott Haldane Haldane's principle – John Burdon Sanderson Haldane Hale solar cycle – George Ellery Hale Hall effect – Edwin Hall Hamilton's rule – William Donald "Bill" Hamilton Hamming code, Hamming distance, Hamming weight – Richard Hamming Hammond postulate – George Simms Hammond Hanle effect – Wilhelm Hanle Hardy notation, space – Godfrey Harold Hardy Hardy–Littlewood circle method, first conjecture – Godfrey Harold Hardy and John E. Littlewood Hardy–Weinberg principle – Wilhelm Weinberg and Godfrey Harold Hardy Harrod–Johnson diagram – Roy F. Harrod and Harry G. Johnson Hartley oscillator – Ralph Hartley Hartman effect – Thomas E. Hartman
1629_25	Hartmann mask (or hat) – Johannes Hartmann Hartree energy – Douglas Hartree Hasse's algorithm – see Collatz conjecture, above Hasse diagram, principle – Helmut Hasse Hasse–Minkowski theorem – Helmut Hasse and Hermann Minkowski Hausdorff dimension – Felix Hausdorff Hawthorne effect – from the Hawthorne Works factory (where experiments were carried out 1924–1932) Hayashi track – Chushiro Hayashi Hayflick limit – Leonard Hayflick Hawking radiation (a.k.a. Bekenstein–Hawking radiation) – Stephen Hawking (and Jacob Bekenstein) Heaviside layer – see Kennelly–Heaviside layer Hebbian learning – Donald Olding Hebb Heine–Borel theorem – Heinrich Eduard Heine and Émile Borel Heinlein's razor – see Hanlon's razor, above Heisenberg uncertainty principle – Werner Heisenberg Hellmann–Feynman theorem – Hans Hellmann and Richard Feynman Helmholtz free energy, Helmholtz resonance – Hermann von Helmholtz Hénon map – Michel Hénon
1629_26	Hénon–Heiles system, potential – Michel Hénon and Carl E. Heiles Henrietta's law – see Leavitt's law, below Henyey track – Louis G. Henyey Herbig Ae/Be star – George Herbig Herbig–Haro object – George Herbig and Guillermo Haro Herbrand base, interpretation, structure, universe, and Herbrand's theorem – Jacques Herbrand Hertz effect – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz Hertzsprung–Russell diagram – Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell Hess afterimage – Carl von Hess Hess diagram – R. Hess Heusler alloy – Fritz Heusler Heyting algebra, arithmetic – Arend Heyting Hick's law, a.k.a. Hick–Hyman law – William Edmund Hick and Ray Hyman Higgs boson, field – Peter Higgs Higgs mechanism – see Anderson–Higgs mechanism, above Hilbert–Waring theorem (a.k.a. Waring's problem) – David Hilbert and Edward Waring Hill sphere (a.k.a. Roche sphere) – George William Hill (and Édouard Roche) Hills cloud – Jack G. Hills Hipparchic cycle – Hipparchus of Nicaea (a.k.a. Hipparchus of Rhodes)
1629_27	Hirayama family – Kiyotsugu Hirayama Hirsch–Meeks fusor – Robert L. Hirsch and Gene A. Meeks Hofstadter's butterfly, law – Douglas Hofstadter Hopfield network – John J. Hopfield Hořava–Lifshitz gravity – Petr Hořava and Evgeny Lifshitz Hořava–Witten domain wall – Petr Hořava and Edward Witten Hubbert peak – Marion King Hubbert Hubble constant, expansion – Edwin Hubble Hubble–Reynolds law – Edwin Hubble and John Henry Reynolds Huchra's Lens – John Huchra Humphreys line/series – Curtis J. Humphreys Hund's Rules – Friedrich Hund Hunsdiecker reaction – Heinz Hunsdiecker and Cläre Hunsdiecker Huygens–Fresnel principle – Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel
1629_28	I Imbert–Fedorov effect – Christian Imbert and Fedor Ivanovič Fedorov Ishikawa diagram – Kaoru Ishikawa Ising model (a.k.a. Lenz–Ising model) – Ernst Ising (and Wilhelm Lenz) J Jaccard index, similarity coefficient, distance – Paul Jaccard Jaffe profile (or model) – Walter Jaffe Jahn–Teller effect – Hermann Arthur Jahn and Edward Teller Jaro–Winkler distance – Matthew A. Jaro and William E. Winkler Jarque–Bera test – Carlos M. Jarque and Anil K. Bera Jeans's theorem – James Hopwood Jeans Johnson–Nyquist noise – John B. Johnson and Harry Nyquist Jordan's rule/law – David Starr Jordan Josephson constant, effect, junction – Brian David Josephson Joule's law (a.k.a. Joule–Lenz law) – James Prescott Joule and Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz Joule–Thomson effect (a.k.a. Joule–Kelvin effect) – James Prescott Joule and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
1629_29	K K3 surface – Ernst Kummer, Erich Kähler, Kunihiko Kodaira Kähler differential, manifold, metric – Erich Kähler Kakutani's problem – see Collatz conjecture, above Kármán vortex street – Theodore von Kármán Karnaugh map (a.k.a. Karnaugh–Veitch map, Veitch diagram) – Maurice Karnaugh (and Edward W. Veitch) Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions (a.k.a. Kuhn–Tucker conditions) – William Karush, Harold W. Kuhn and Albert W. Tucker Kasha's rule – Michael Kasha Kater's pendulum – Captain Henry Kater Kaye effect – Alan Kaye Keeling curve – Charles David Keeling Kelvin wave – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism, instability – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Hermann von Helmholtz Kelvin–Joule effect (a.k.a. Joule–Thomson effect) – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and James Prescott Joule Kelvin–Voigt material, model – Woldemar Voigt and William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Kennelly–Heaviside layer – Arthur Edwin Kennelly and Oliver Heaviside
1629_30	Kennicutt–Schmidt law (a.k.a. Schmidt–Kennicutt law, or Schmidt law) – Maarten Schmidt and Robert Kennicutt Kepler's laws of planetary motion – Johannes Kepler Kerr effect – John Kerr Kirkendall effect – Ernest Kirkendall Kleene star (a.k.a. Kleene operator, Kleene closure) – Stephen Kleene Klein–Gordon equation – Oskar Klein and Walter Gordon Klein–Nishina effect – Oskar Klein and Yoshio Nishina Knudsen cell, number – Martin Hans Christian Knudsen Kodaira dimension, embedding theorem, vanishing theorem – Kunihiko Kodaira Koenigs–Knorr reaction – Wilhelm Koenigs and Edward Knorr Kohn effect – Walter Kohn Kohn–Sham equations – Walter Kohn and Lu Jeu Sham Kohonen network – Teuvo Kohonen Kolakoski sequence – William Kolakoski Kolbe electrolysis – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe Kolbe–Schmitt reaction – Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe and Rudolf Schmitt Kondo effect – Jun Kondo Kornblum oxidation – Nathan Kornblum
1629_31	Kornblum–DeLaMare rearrangement – Nathan Kornblum and Harold E. DeLaMare Kossel effect – Walther Kossel Kosterlitz–Thouless transition – see Berezinsky–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition, above Kozai effect – Yoshihide Kozai Krebs cycle – Hans Adolf Krebs Kratzer potential – Adolf Kratzer Kronecker delta – Leopold Kronecker Kuhn–Tucker conditions – see Karush–Kuhn–Tucker conditions, above Kuiper belt – Gerard Kuiper Kummer's function, Kummer surface – Ernst Kummer Kuramoto model – Yoshiki Kuramoto
1629_32	L Lagrangian mechanics, Lagrange points – Joseph-Louis Lagrange Lamb shift – Willis Lamb Lambert's cosine law (a.k.a. Lambert's emission law) – Johann Heinrich Lambert Landau damping, pole – Lev Davidovich Landau Landau–Pomeranchuk–Migdal effect – Lev Davidovich Landau, Isaak Pomeranchuk, and Arkady Migdal Landau–Zener transition – Lev Davidovich Landau and Clarence Zener Landé g-factor – Alfred Landé Langmuir probe – Irving Langmuir Langmuir–Blodgett film – Irving Langmuir and Katharine B. Blodgett Laplace vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, below Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector (a.k.a. LRL vector, Laplace vector, Runge–Lenz vector, Lenz vector) – Pierre-Simon de Laplace, Carl Runge and Wilhelm Lenz Larmor frequency, precession, radius – Joseph Larmor Larsen effect – Søren Absalon Larsen Laspeyres index – Ernst Louis Etienne Laspeyres Leavitt's law (a.k.a. Henrietta's law) – Henrietta Swan Leavitt Le Chatelier's principle – Henri Louis Le Chatelier
1629_33	Lee distance – C. Y. Lee Leidenfrost effect, point – Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost Lenard effect – Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Lennard-Jones potential – John Lennard-Jones Lense–Thirring effect (a.k.a. Thirring effect) – Josef Lense and Hans Thirring Lenz vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector, above Lenz's law – Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz Leonard–Merritt mass estimator – Peter Leonard and David Merritt Levenshtein distance, automaton – Vladimir Levenshtein Levi-Civita symbol – Tullio Levi-Civita Lewis–Mogridge Position – David Lewis and Martin J. H. Mogridge Little–Parks effect – William A. Little and Roland D. Parks Littlewood–Offord problem – John E. Littlewood and A. Cyril Offord Locard's exchange principle – Edmond Locard Lombard effect – Étienne Lombard London force – Fritz London Lorentz force, transformation – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz Lorentz–Lorenz equation – Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Ludvig Lorenz Lorenz attractor – Edward Norton Lorenz
1629_34	Lorenz curve – Max O. Lorenz Lorenz gauge condition – Ludvig Lorenz Lorenz–Mie scattering – see Mie scattering, below Loschmidt's paradox – Johann Josef Loschmidt Lotka's law – Alfred J. Lotka Lotka–Volterra equation – Alfred J. Lotka and Vito Volterra Love waves – Augustus Edward Hough Love Lucas critique – Robert Lucas, Jr. Lyapunov's central limit theorem, equation, exponent, fractal, function, stability, test, time and tube – Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov Lyman line, series – Theodore Lyman
1629_35	M Mach band/effect, number, principle – Ernst Mach Mach–Zehnder interferometer – Ludwig Mach and Ludwig Zehnder Madelung constant – Erwin Madelung Madelung rule – Erwin Madelung Maggi–Righi–Leduc effect (Thermal Hall effect) – Gian Antonio Maggi, Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc Magnus effect – Heinrich Gustav Magnus Mahalanobis distance – Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (প্রশান্ত চন্দ্র মহলানবিস) Mahler measure, Mahler's theorem – Kurt Mahler Malmquist bias, effect – Karl Gunnar Malmquist Malus's law – Étienne-Louis Malus Malthusian parameter – named by Ronald Fisher as a criticism of Thomas Robert Malthus Malthusian catastrophe, growth model – Thomas Robert Malthus Marangoni cell/convection (a.k.a. Bénard–Marangoni convection) – see Bénard–Marangoni cell/convection, above Marangoni effect (a.k.a. Gibbs–Marangoni effect) – see Gibbs–Marangoni effect, above Markov's inequality, chain, partition, Markovian process – Andrey Markov
1629_36	Mathieu functions – Émile Léonard Mathieu Matilda effect – Matilda Joslyn Gage Matthew effect – Matthew the Evangelist Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution – James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann McCollough effect – Celeste McCollough McCulloch–Pitts neuron – Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts McGurk effect (a.k.a. McGurk–MacDonald effect) – Harry McGurk (and John MacDonald) Mealy machine – George H. Mealy Meissner effect (a.k.a. Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect) – Walther Meissner (and Robert Ochsenfeld) Mendelian inheritance – Gregor Mendel Mercalli intensity scale (Modified Mercalli scale) – Giuseppe Mercalli Metonic cycle – Meton of Athens Meyers synthesis – Albert I. Meyers Mie scattering (a.k.a. Lorenz–Mie scattering) – Gustav Mie (and Ludvig Lorenz) Mihăilescu's theorem (a.k.a. Catalan's conjecture) – Preda Mihăilescu Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect – Stanislav Mikheyev, Alexei Smirnov, and Lincoln Wolfenstein Miller effect – John Milton Miller
1629_37	Miller indices (a.k.a. Miller–Bravais indices) – William Hallowes Miller (and Auguste Bravais) Misznay–Schardin effect – Col. Misznay and Hubert Schardin Mögel–Dellinger effect – see Dellinger effect, above Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) – Andrija Mohorovičić Mohr's circle – Christian Otto Mohr Mohr–Coulomb theory – Christian Otto Mohr and Charles-Augustin de Coulomb Mooers's law – Calvin Mooers Moore machine – Edward Forrest Moore Moore's law – Gordon E. Moore Morgan unit – Thomas Hunt Morgan Moreton wave – Gail E. Moreton Morse potential – Philip M. Morse Mössbauer effect – Rudolf Mössbauer Mott cross section, Mott insulator, Mott transition – Nevill Francis Mott Mpemba effect – Erasto B. Mpemba Müllerian mimicry – Fritz Müller Munroe effect – Charles Edward Munroe Murphy's law – Maj. Edward A. Murphy, Jr.
1629_38	N Nambu–Goldstone boson (a.k.a. Goldstone boson) – Yoichiro Nambu and Jeffrey Goldstone Nash equilibrium – John Forbes Nash Nassi–Shneiderman diagram – Isaac Nassi and Ben Shneiderman Necker cube – Louis Albert Necker Needleman–Wunsch algorithm – Saul B. Needleman and Christian D. Wunsch Néel temperature – Louis Néel Nernst effect (a.k.a. Nernst–Ettingshausen effect) – Walther Hermann Nernst and Albert von Ettingshausen Nernst equation – Walther Hermann Nernst Neupert effect – Werner Neupert Newcomb's paradox – William Newcomb Newton's rings, Newtonian constant, mechanics – Isaac Newton Noether's theorem – Emmy Noether Nordtvedt effect – Kenneth L. Nordtvedt Nyquist frequency, Nyquist rate – Harry Nyquist Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem (a.k.a. Nyquist–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Shannon–Kotelnikov, Whittaker–Nyquist–Kotelnikov–Shannon, WKS theorem) – Harry Nyquist, Claude Shannon, Edmund Taylor Whittaker, and Vladimir Kotelnikov
1629_39	O Oberth effect – Hermann Oberth O'Connell effect – Daniel Joseph Kelly O'Connell Olbers's paradox – Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers Ohm's law – Georg Ohm Okun's law – Arthur Okun Omori's law – Fusakichi Omori Onnes effect – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Oort cloud (a.k.a. Öpik–Oort cloud) – Jan Hendrik Oort (and Ernst Julius Öpik) Ostriker–Peebles criterion – Jeremiah P. Ostriker and Jim Peebles Ostwald's dilution law, Ostwald process – Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald Overhauser effect – Albert Overhauser Ovshinsky effect – Stanford R. Ovshinsky
1629_40	P Paal–Knorr synthesis – Carl Paal and Ludwig Knorr Pareto chart, distribution, efficiency, index, principle – Vilfredo Federico Damaso Pareto Pareto–Zipf law (a.k.a. Zipf–Mandelbrot law) – Vilfredo Pareto and George K. Zipf (or Benoît Mandelbrot) Parrondo's games, paradox – Juan Manuel Rodríguez Parrondo Paschen curve, line, law – Friedrich Paschen Paschen–Back effect – Friedrich Paschen and Ernst Back Pasteur effect – Louis Pasteur Paternò–Büchi reaction – Emanuele Paternò and George Büchi Pauli exclusion principle – Wolfgang Pauli Peano curve – Giuseppe Peano Pearson–Anson effect – Stephen Oswald Pearson and Horatio Saint George Anson Péclet number – Jean Claude Eugène Péclet Peltier effect – Jean Charles Athanase Peltier Perlin noise – Ken Perlin Perron–Frobenius theorem – Oskar Perron, and Ferdinand Georg Frobenius Petkau effect – Abram Petkau Petri dish – Julius Richard Petri Petri net – Carl Adam Petri Peyer's patches – Johann Conrad Peyer
1629_41	Pfeiffer effect – Paul Pfeiffer Pfund line/series – August Herman Pfund Phillips curve – William Phillips (economist) Pigou effect – Arthur Cecil Pigou Pisot–Vijayaraghavan number – Charles Pisot and Tirukkannapuram Vijayaraghavan Planck constant, length, mass, time – Max Planck Platonic year – Plato Pockels effect – Friedrich Carl Alwin Pockels Pogson ratio – Norman Robert Pogson Poincaré map, section – Henri Poincaré Poincaré–Bendixson theorem – Henri Poincaré and Ivar Otto Bendixson Poinsot's spirals – Louis Poinsot Polchinski's paradox – Joseph Polchinski Potts model (a.k.a. Ashkin–Teller model) – Renfrey B. Potts, Julius Ashkin, and Edward Teller Pourbaix diagram – Marcel Pourbaix Poynting effect, vector – John Henry Poynting Poynting–Robertson effect – John Henry Poynting and Howard P. Robertson Prandtl number – Ludwig Prandtl Primakoff effect – Henry Primakoff Proteus phenomenon – Proteus (mythological god) Pulfrich effect – Carl P. Pulfrich
1629_42	Purkinje effect/shift – Johannes Evangelista Purkinje Pygmalion effect (a.k.a. Rosenthal effect, observer-expectancy effect) – Pygmalion (and Robert Rosenthal) Pythagorean theorem (a.k.a. Pythagoras's theorem) – Pythagoras
1629_43	R Rabi oscillations – Isidor Isaac Rabi Rademacher distribution, function, series, sum – Hans Adolph Rademacher Rademacher–Menchov theorem – Hans Adolph Rademacher and Dmitrii Menshov Raman scattering – Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman Ramsauer–Townsend effect (a.k.a. Ramsauer effect, Townsend effect) – Carl Ramsauer and John Sealy Townsend Ramsden circle/disc/eyepoint, eyepiece – Jesse Ramsden Ramsey theory – Frank Plumpton Ramsey Rapoport's rule – Eduardo H. Rapoport Raychaudhuri's equation – Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri (অমল কুমার রায়চৌধুরী) Raygor Estimate Graph – Alton L. Raygor Rayleigh criterion, distribution, fading, number, quotient, scattering, waves – Lord Rayleigh Rayleigh–Bénard cell/convection – Lord Rayleigh and Henri Bénard Rayleigh–Jeans law – Lord Rayleigh and James Jeans Rayleigh–Taylor instability – Lord Rayleigh and G. I. Taylor Rees–Sciama effect – Martin Rees and Dennis Sciama Reidemeister moves – Kurt Reidemeister
1629_44	Rescorla–Wagner rule – Robert A. Rescorla and Allan R. Wagner Reynolds number, Reynolds analogy – Osborne Reynolds Ribot's law (of Retrograde Amnesia) – Théodule-Armand Ribot Ricardian equivalence (a.k.a. Barro–Ricardo equivalence, or Ricardo–de Viti–Barro equivalence) – Robert Barro, David Ricardo, and Antonio de Viti de Marco Richards controller – Charles L. Richards Richardson's constant, equation, law – Owen Willans Richardson Richardson number – Lewis Fry Richardson Richter magnitude scale – Charles Francis Richter Righi–Leduc effect (a.k.a. Leduc–Righi effect) – Augusto Righi and Sylvestre Anatole Leduc Ringelmann effect – Max Ringelmann Robertson–Walker metric (a.k.a. Friedmann–Robertson–Walker metric) – see Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, above Roche limit – Édouard Roche Roche sphere (a.k.a. Hill sphere) – Édouard Roche (and George William Hill) Rollin film – Bernard V. Rollin
1629_45	Rosenthal effect (a.k.a. Pygmalion effect, observer-expectancy effect) – Robert Rosenthal (and Pygmalion) Rossby waves – Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby Rossi–Forel scale – Michele Stefano Conte de Rossi and François-Alphonse Forel Rössler equation – Otto Rössler Rossmann fold – Michael Rossmann Royer oscillator – George H. Royer Ruelle operator, zeta function – David Ruelle Ruelle–Perron–Frobenius theorem – David Ruelle, Oskar Perron, and Ferdinand Georg Frobenius Ruhmkorff coil – Heinrich D. Ruhmkorff Runge–Lenz vector – see Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector Runge's phenomenon – Carle David Tolmé Runge Russell's paradox – Bertrand Russell Rutherford experiment (a.k.a. Geiger–Marsden experiment), scattering – Ernest Rutherford Rybczynski theorem – Tadeusz Rybczynski Rydberg constant, formula – Johannes Rydberg Rydberg–Klein–Rees method – Johannes Rydberg, Oskar Klein, and Albert Lloyd George Rees
1629_46	S Sabatier or Sabattier effect – Sabat[t]ier, first name unknown Sachs–Wolfe effect – Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale – Herbert S. Saffir and Robert ("Bob") Simpson Sagnac effect – Georges Sagnac Saha ionization equation (a.k.a. Saha–Langmuir equation) – Megh Nad Saha (মেঘনাদ সাহা) (and Irving Langmuir) St. Elmo's fire – Erasmus of Formiae Salem number – Raphaël Salem Sapir–Whorf hypothesis – Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf Sasakian manifold, metric – Shigeo Sasaki Say's law – Jean-Baptiste Say Scheerer's phenomenon (Blue field entoptic phenomenon) – Richard Scheerer Schering Bridge – Harald Schering Schild plot, regression analysis – Heinz Otto Schild Schmidt law, Schmidt–Kennicutt law – see Kennicutt–Schmidt law, above Schottky effect – Walter H. Schottky Schröter effect – Johann Hieronymus Schröter Schülen–Wilson effect – see Wilson effect, below Schuler period, tuning – Maximilian Schuler
1629_47	Schultz's rule – Adolph Hans Schultz Schumann–Runge bands – Victor Schumann and Carle David Tolmé Runge Schwabe solar cycle – Samuel Heinrich Schwabe Schwarzschild effect, metric, radius – Karl Schwarzschild Scott effect – Elizabeth L. Scott Secchi (stellar) class, depth, disk – Pietro Angelo Secchi Seebeck effect – Thomas Johann Seebeck Seiberg–Witten gauge theory – Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten Seiberg–Witten invariant – Nathan Seiberg and Edward Witten Senftleben–Beenakker effect – Hermann Senftleben and Jan J. M. Beenakker Sertoli cells – Enrico Sertoli Serre duality – Jean-Pierre Serre Seyfert galaxy – Carl Keenan Seyfert Shapiro effect – Irwin Shapiro Shimizu–Morioka attractor, equations – Tatsujiro Shimizu and Nozomi Morioka Shubnikov–de Haas effect – Wander Johannes de Haas and Lev Vasiljevich Shubnikov Sieberg tsunami intensity scale – August Heinrich Sieberg Sieberg–Ambraseys tsunami intensity scale – August Heinrich Sieberg and Nicholas Ambraseys
1629_48	Simmons–Smith reaction – Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr. Simpson's paradox (a.k.a. Yule–Simpson effect) – Edward H. Simpson (and Udny Yule) Simroth's organs – Heinrich Rudolf Simroth Smale's horseshoe – Stephen Smale Smale–Rössler theorem – Stephen Smale and Otto Rössler Smith–Waterman algorithm – Temple F. Smith and Michael S. Waterman Snell's law – Willebrord van Roijen Snell Soloviev tsunami intensity scale – Sergey L. Soloviev Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law – Arnold Sommerfeld and Walther Kossel Sørensen similarity index, similarity coefficient – Thorvald Sørensen Spörer's law, Spörer Minimum – Gustav Spörer Staebler–Wronski effect – David L. Staebler and Christopher R. Wronski Stark effect (a.k.a. Stark–Lo Surdo effect) – Johannes Stark (and Antonino Lo Surdo) Stark ladder (a.k.a. Wannier–Stark ladder, q.v.) – Johannes Stark and Gregory Hugh Wannier Stark–Einstein law – Johannes Stark and Albert Einstein
1629_49	Stebbins–Whitford effect – Joel Stebbins and Albert Edward Whitford Stefan's constant, law (a.k.a. Stefan–Boltzmann constant, law) – Jožef Stefan (and Ludwig Boltzmann) Stensen's duct – Niels Stensen Stern–Levison parameter – S. Alan Stern and Harold F. Levison Stevens effect – Joseph C. and Stanley Smith Stevens Stevens's power law – Stanley Smith Stevens Stewart's organs – Charles Stewart Stewart–Tolman effect – Thomas Dale Stewart and Richard Chace Tolman Stigler's law of eponymy – Stephen Stigler Stirling number – James Stirling Stokes radius – George Gabriel Stokes Stokes shift – George Gabriel Stokes Stolper–Samuelson theorem – Paul Samuelson and Wolfgang Stolper Strömgren age, photometry, sphere – Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren Strömgren–Crawford photometry – Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren and David L. Crawford Stroop effect – John Ridley Stroop Strouhal number – Vincenc Strouhal Stueckelberg action – Ernst Carl Gerlach Stueckelberg
1629_50	Sturgeon's law – Theodore Sturgeon Sturmian trajectories – Charles François Sturm Suess effect – Hans Eduard Suess Suess solar cycle, DeVries solar cycle, Suess-DeVries solar cycle – Hans Eduard Suess and Hessel de Vries Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect – Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov Zel'dovich Syracuse problem – see Collatz conjecture, above Szilard–Chalmers effect – Leó Szilárd and Thomas A. Chalmers
1629_51	T Tait–Bryan angles (a.k.a. Cardan angles, nautical angles) – Peter Guthrie Tait and George H. Bryan Talbot effect – William Henry Fox Talbot Tanimoto coefficient, distance, measure, score, similarity – Taffee T. Tanimoto Taylor cone – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor Taylor-Couette flow – Geoffrey Ingram Taylor and Maurice Marie Alfred Couette Teller–Ulam design – Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam Thévenin's theorem – Léon Charles Thévenin Thirring effect – see Lense–Thirring effect, above Thomas precession – Llewellyn Thomas Thomas–Fermi approximation, model – Llewellyn Hilleth Thomas and Enrico Fermi Thomson cross-section, effect – William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin Thomson structure (a.k.a. Widmanstätten pattern) – William (Guglielmo) Thomson (or Count Alois von Beckh Widmanstätten) Thorndike's laws (of effect, readiness, and exercise) – Edward L. Thorndike Thorson's rule – Gunnar Thorson Thouless energy – David J. Thouless Thwaites conjecture – see Collatz conjecture, above
1629_52	Tiedemann's bodies – Friedrich Tiedemann Tiffeneau–Demjanov rearrangement – Marc Tiffeneau and Nikolai Demyanov Tobin's q – James Tobin Tolman effects – Richard Chace Tolman Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit – Richard Chace Tolman, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and George Michael Volkoff Tonks–Girardeau gas – Lewi Tonks and Marvin D. Girardeau Townsend effect (a.k.a. Ramsauer effect, Ramsauer–Townsend effect), ionization coefficient – John Sealy Townsend Troxler's effect/fading – Ignaz Paul Vital Troxler Tychonoff space – Andrey Nikolayevich Tychonoff Tyndall effect/scattering – John Tyndall
1629_53	U Ulam conjecture – see Collatz conjecture Ulam's packing conjecture – Stanislaw Ulam Unruh effect – William G. Unruh
1629_54	V Vackář oscillator – Jirí Vackář Van Allen radiation belt – James Van Allen Van de Graaff generator – Dr. Robert Jemison Van de Graaff Van der Pol equation, oscillator – Balthasar van der Pol Van der Waals force – Johannes Diderik van der Waals Van Hove singularity – Léon Van Hove Vavilovian mimicry – Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov Veblen effect – Thorstein Veblen Veitch diagram – see Karnaugh map, above Venturi effect – Giovanni Battista Venturi Venn diagram – John Venn Vierordt's law – Karl von Vierordt Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation – Hans Vogel, Gordon Scott Fulcher, and Gustav Tammann Vogt–Russell theorem – Heinrich Vogt and Henry Norris Russell Voigt effect, notation, profile – Woldemar Voigt Voigt material – see Kelvin–Voigt material, above Von Klitzing constant – Klaus von Klitzing Von Neumann ordinal, von Neumann architecture – John von Neumann Von Restorff effect – Hedwig von Restorff Von Zeipel theorem – Edvard Hugo von Zeipel
1629_55	W Wadati–Benioff zone (a.k.a. Benioff zone) – Kiyoo Wadati and Hugo Benioff Wahlund effect – Sten Gösta William Wahlund Wallace's line – Alfred Russel Wallace Walras's law – Léon Walras Wannier function, orbital – Gregory Wannier Wasserman 9-Panel Plot – Karlman Wasserman Wannier–Stark ladder (a.k.a. Stark ladder) – Gregory Wannier and Johannes Stark Warburg effect – Otto Warburg Waring's problem (a.k.a. Hilbert–Waring theorem) – Edward Waring (and David Hilbert) Weber–Fechner law (Weber's law, Fechner's law) – Ernst Heinrich Weber and Gustav Theodor Fechner Weberian apparatus – Ernst Heinrich Weber Weierstrass–Casorati theorem – Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass and Felice Casorati Weierstrass's elliptic functions, factorization theorem, function, M-test, preparation theorem – Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstrass Wien bridge – Max Wien Weissenberg effect – Karl Weissenberg Wess–Zumino–Witten model – Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino and Edward Witten
1629_56	Wess–Zumino model – Julius Wess, Bruno Zumino Westermarck effect – Edvard Westermarck Weston cell – Edward Weston Wheatstone bridge – Charles Wheatstone (improved and popularized it; the inventor was Samuel Hunter Christie) Whittaker function, Whittaker integral, Whittaker model – Edmund Taylor Whittaker Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula – Edmund Taylor Whittaker, John Macnaghten Whittaker, Claude Shannon Widmanstätten pattern (a.k.a. Thomson structure) – Count Alois von Beckh Widmanstätten (or William (Guglielmo) Thomson) Widrow–Hoff least mean squares filter – Bernard Widrow and Ted Hoff Wiedemann–Franz law – Gustav Wiedemann and Rudolf Franz Wiegand effect – John R. Wiegand Wien bridge (Wien's bridge), constant, effect, law – Wilhelm Wien Wiener filter, process – Norbert Wiener Wigmore chart – John Henry Wigmore Wigner energy, Wigner effect – Eugene Wigner Wigner–Seitz cell – Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz Wilson cycle – John Tuzo Wilson
1629_57	Wilson effect – Alexander Wilson Wilson–Bappu effect – Olin Chaddock Wilson and Manali Kallat Vainu Bappu Witten index – Edward Witten Wollaston prism – William Hyde Wollaston Woodward–Hoffmann rules – Robert Burns Woodward and Roald Hoffmann Wolf effect – Emil Wolf Wulf bands – Oliver R. Wulf Wulff–Dötz reaction – William Wulff and Karl Heinz Dötz
1629_58	Y Yarkovsky effect – Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky YORP effect – Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky, John A. O'Keefe, Vladimir Vyacheslavovich Radzievskii, and Stephen J. Paddack Young diagram (a.k.a. Ferrers diagram), Young tableau – Alfred Young Young's modulus – Thomas Young Yule–Simpson effect (a.k.a. Simpson's paradox) – Edward H. Simpson and Udny Yule Z Zeeman effect – Pieter Zeeman Zeigarnik effect – Bluma Zeigarnik Zener effect – Clarence Melvin Zener Zeno effect – Zeno of Elea Zipf's law – George K. Zipf Zipf–Mandelbrot law (a.k.a. Pareto–Zipf law) – George K. Zipf and Benoît Mandelbrot (or Vilfredo Pareto) See also Eponyms Fields of science List of eponymous laws List of eponymous medical signs List of scientists Lists of etymologies List of eponymous diseases List of fluid flows named after people List of hydrodynamic instabilities named after people List of waves named after people Scientific constants named after people Scientific laws named after people
1629_59	References Lists of eponyms Science-related lists Lists of things named after scientists
1630_0	The De La Salle Brothers, formally known as the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools (; ; ; abbreviated FSC), is a Catholic religious teaching congregation, founded in France by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle (1651–1719), and now based in Rome, Italy. The De La Salle Brothers are also known as the Christian Brothers (sometimes by Lasallian organisations themselves), French Christian Brothers, or Lasallian Brothers. The Lasallian Christian Brothers are distinct from the Congregation of Christian Brothers, often also referred to as simply the Christian Brothers, or Irish Christian Brothers. The Lasallian Brothers use the post-nominal abbreviation FSC to denote their membership of the order, and the honorific title Brother, abbreviated "Br."
1630_1	In 2021 the La Salle Worldwide website stated that the Lasallian order consists of about 3,000 Brothers, who help in running over 1,100 education centers in 80 countries with more than a million students, together with 90,000 teachers and lay associates. There are La Salle educational institutions in countries ranging from impoverished nations such as Nigeria to post-secondary institutions such as Bethlehem University (Bethlehem, Palestine), Manhattan College (New York City), College Mont La Salle (Ain Saadeh, Lebanon), and La Salle University (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). The central administration of the Brothers operates out of the Generalate in Rome, Italy and is made up of the Superior General and his councillors. A number of Lasallian institutions have been accused of, and have admitted and apologised for, long-standing and serious physical and sexual abuse against their charges. History
1630_2	In March, 1679, Jean-Baptiste de La Salle met Adrian Nyel in a chance encounter at the Convent of the Sisters of the Infant Jesus. Nyel asked for La Salle's help in opening free schools for the poor boys in Reims. A novitiate and normal school were established in Paris in 1694. La Salle spent his life teaching poor children in parish charity schools. The school flourished and widened in scope; in 1725, six years after La Salle's death, the society was recognized by the pope, under the official title of "Brothers of the Christian Schools". La Salle was canonised as a saint on 15 May 1900. In 1950 Pope Pius XII declared him to be the "Special Patron of All Teachers of Youth in the Catholic Church".
1630_3	The order, approved by Pope Benedict XIII in 1725, rapidly spread over France. It was dissolved by a decree of the National Assembly set up after the French revolution in February 1790, but recalled by Napoleon I in 1804 and formally recognised by the French government in 1808. Since then its members penetrated into nearly every country of Europe, Africa, America, Asia and Australia. The order As religious, members take the three usual vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. The Institutes headquarters is in Rome, Italy. The order has five global regions: North America (Région Lasallienne de l’Amérique du Nord, RELAN), Asia/Oceania (Pacific-Asia Regional Conference, PARC), Europe/Mediterranean (Région Lasallienne Européenne-Méditerranéenne, RELEM), Africa (Région Lasallienne Africano-Malgache, RELAF), and Latin America (Region Latinoamericana Lasallista, RELAL).
1630_4	During the International Year of Literacy/Schooling (1990), the Unesco awarded the Noma Literacy Prize to Lasallian Institutions. The order says that its key principles are faith, proclamation of the gospel, respect for all people, quality education, concern for the poor and social justice. In 2017 the Institute had 3,800 brothers, 75% fewer than in 1965. The decline is due partly to many brothers reaching retirement age, and the small number of new recruits. In the same period the number of students in Lasallian schools increased from about 700,000 to over a million. Superiors General The following have served as Superior General of the De La Salle Brothers: 1986–2000: Br. John Johnston, FSC 2000–2014: Br. Álvaro Rodríguez Echeverría, FSC From 2014: Br. Robert Schieler, FSC Activities Education
1630_5	La Salle initiated a number of innovations in teaching. He recommended dividing up of the children into distinct classes according to their attainments. He also taught pupils to read the vernacular language. In accordance with their mission statement "to provide a human and Christian education ... especially [to] the poor" the Brothers' principal activity is education, especially of the poor. In 2021 the La Salle Worldwide website stated that the Lasallian order consists of about 3,000 Brothers, who help in running over 1,100 education centers in 80 countries with more than a million students, together with 90,000 teachers and lay associates.
1630_6	Institutions The Guadalupana De La Salle Sisters were founded by Br. Juan Fromental Cayroche in the Archdiocese of Mexico. They currently teach in ten countries. The motherhouse is in Mexico City. The Congregation of the Lasallian Sisters was founded in 1966 by the Brothers of the Christian School in Vietnam to take care of the needs of poor children abandoned because of the civil war there. The office is in Bangkok. Lasallian Volunteers are lay people who volunteer for one or two years to engage in teaching and other Lasallian activities. They receive room and board and a living stipend. Protection of the environment
1630_7	English Lasallian lay brother and missionary Paul McAuley went to Peru in 1995 as part of his ministry in the Brothers of the Christian Schools, and set up a school in a poor shanty town in Lima; after a few years he was honoured with the British award of MBE for his work. He gave the award away, and said that he would otherwise have returned it in protest at British companies' activities in the rainforest. In 2000 he founded the La Salle Intercultural Student Community, a hostel for indigenous schoolchildren in Belén, a neighbourhood of the jungle city of Iquitos. He helped tribes in the Amazon rainforest to fight against oil and gas companies expanding into the rainforest; local news media described him as a "Tarzan activist", "white terrorist" and "incendiary gringo priest"; in July 2010 the Peruvian government revoked his residency permit for participating in activities "such as protest marches and other acts against the Peruvian state which constitute a breach of public order".
1630_8	He fought the expulsion in Peruvian courts and won his right to stay.
1630_9	On 2 April 2019 his dead body was discovered in the hostel in Iquitos; his body had been burned after his death. Peru's episcopal conference praised McAuley and called on the authorities to investigate the crime. Other activities Investment services In 1981, the Institute started Christian Brothers Investment Services, a "socially responsible investing service" exclusively for Catholic organisations, and that it "encourage[s] companies to improve policies and practices through active ownership". Winery The Brothers arrived in Martinez, California, US on the southern edge of the Carquinez Strait, part of the greater San Francisco Bay in 1868. In 1882 they began making wine for their own use at table and as sacramental wine. They also began to distill brandy, beginning with the pot-still production method that is used in the cognac region. Their production expanded until 1920, when prohibition limited their production to wines for sacramental use.
1630_10	In 1932, at the end of Prohibition, they relocated the winery to the Mont La Salle property in the Napa Valley and continued making wine, in larger quantities. In 1935 Brother Timothy Diener became wine master, and he served in this position for 50 years. In the 1950s they acquired Greystone Cellars near St. Helena, California. Varietal wine was made at the Napa Valley facility, generic wine and brandy were produced at Reedley in the San Joaquin Valley, and barrel aging was handled at Greystone. The Christian Brothers winery operated under the corporate name "Mont La Salle Vineyards". In 1988 the winery employed 250 people and produced 900,000 cases of wine, 1.2 million cases of brandy, and 80,000 cases of altar wine. Proceeds from sales helped to fund the Christian Brothers programs and schools, such as Cathedral High School in Los Angeles, and the care of aging Brothers.
1630_11	In 1989 the company was sold to Heublein, Inc. The sacramental wine brand was purchased by four former Christian Brothers winery executives who carry on the production as a non-profit under the name "Mont La Salle Altar Wines". The Brothers retained the Mont La Salle property and have a retreat located there. Child sexual abuse
1630_12	In the Northern Ireland Historical Institutional Abuse Inquiry (HIA), an inquiry into institutional sexual and physical abuse in Northern Ireland institutions that were in charge of children from 1922 to 1995, the De La Salle Brothers admitted in 2014 to the abuse of boys at two institutions: the former De La Salle Boys' Home, Rubane House, in Kircubbin, County Down, and St Patrick's Training School in west Belfast, and apologised to its victims. The order accepted that one of its earliest overseers engaged in sexual offences. Representing the de la Salle order, Kevin Rooney QC said the brothers recognised that some of their members had caused "immense pain" to children which was "in contradiction to their vocation". Senior Counsel Christine Smith QC said, "...[T]hose homes operated as outdated survivors of a bygone age."
1630_13	According to Tom O'Donoghue, in contrast to the more elite boarding school, "...schools for the lower social orders usually had the highest pupil-teacher ratios, resulting in many turning to corporal punishment as a behavioral management strategy". He also notes, " ...they were often... placed in charge of huge numbers of children from troubled backgrounds at a time when there was no professional child-care training."
1630_14	The Inquiry's first public hearings were held from January to May 2014 with the inquiry team reporting to the Executive by the start of 2016. Module 3: De La Salle Boys Home at Rubane House, Kircubbin, started on 29 September 2014 and was completed on 17 December, when the chairman paid tribute to the victims who testified. By October 2014 about 200 former residents of Rubane House made allegations of abuse, and 55 alleged that they themselves were physically or sexually abused. Billy McConville, orphaned when his mother Jean McConville was abducted and shot by the IRA in 1972, waived anonymity and described repeated sexual and physical abuse, and starvation, at Rubane House. During the inquiry counsel for the De La Salle order said compensation had been paid, and accepted that some members had abused young boys at the home, but that the order believed that some claims "did not take place".
1630_15	Brother Francis Manning FSC said that the order welcomed the inquiry. Before the abuse issue had become public a Brother wrote in a letter to an alleged abuser "It is best forgotten and I have told some brothers that no reference is to be made to it among themselves or the boys. The whole affair is best dropped with the prayer that all will learn that lesson that our holy rule is very wise in its prescriptions". The order conducted dozens of internal interviews in this case, but did not report the matter to police.
1630_16	In the 1960s the deputy headmaster of St Gilbert's approved school (for young minor offenders) run by brothers from the De La Salle order in Hartlebury, Worcestershire, England, was convicted of six counts of sexually abusing boys at the school. He was subsequently reinstated as a teacher at another school. In 2014, former pupils of the school described "a 30-year campaign of sadistic and degrading abuse" including rapes and beatings. A headmaster, a deputy headmaster, and Brothers were reported to have been among those responsible. Police launched an investigation into allegations of abuse at the school between the 1940s and 1970s after former pupils were interviewed by BBC Hereford and Worcester, and documents intended to be unavailable until 2044 were released under the Freedom of Information Act 2000. In 2017 and 2018 two former staff members were tried for serious sexual offences, assault causing actual bodily harm, and child cruelty. They were acquitted of all charges other
1630_17	than three charges of child cruelty against one of the defendants, on which the jury was unable to reach a verdict. Other, named, abusers were reported to have died.
1630_18	There were other cases with many victims in countries including Scotland (St Ninian's in Gartmore, Stirlingshire; St Joseph's in Tranent; St Mary's in Bishopbriggs), Australia, and Ireland. Serious and detailed allegations about decades-old abuse have been reported in the US, with several lawsuits being settled in favour of victims. After the scandal became widely known, branches of the Order apologised, publicly or to individual victims, for several of these cases. At St William's residential school in Market Weighton, England, between 1970 and 1991 many boys were abused; 200 now adult men have said they were abused. Abusers including the principal, James Carragher, were imprisoned in 2004 for past sexual abuse at the home. Five victims started High Court action for compensation in 2016. Four of the cases were dismissed in December 2016 The De La Salle order repeated their apologies for and condemnation of the abuse.
1630_19	In Australia the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, which started in 2013, reported in December 2013 that in the period 1 January 1996 to 30 September 2013, 2,215 complaints of abuse were received by the Catholic Church's Towards Healing programme, mostly relating to 1950–1980. "The Church authority with the largest number of complaints was the Christian Brothers, followed by the Marist and then the De La Salle Brothers. The most common positions held by the Church personnel and employees subject to a Towards Healing complaint at the time of the alleged incident were religious brother (43% of all complaints), diocesan priest (21% of all complaints) and religious priest (14% of all complaints)."
1630_20	There are also ongoing investigations and trials involving a number of other schools and the De La Salle order has only apologised where they have been legally found guilty and not where the allegations haven't been prosecuted. This had brought about a widespread condemnation from former, allegedly abused pupils who lack the evidence to bring about a prosecution. Lasallian Saints and Blesseds Saints Jean-Baptiste de La Salle (canonised on 24 May 1900) Bénilde Romançon (canonised on 29 October 1967) Miguel Febres Cordero (canonised on 21 October 1984) Mutien-Marie Wiaux (canonised on 10 December 1989) Jaime Hilario Barbal (canonised on 21 November 1999) Cirilo Bertrán Sanz Tejedor and 7 Companions (canonised on 21 November 1999) Salomone Leclercq (canonised on 16 October 2016)
1630_21	Blesseds Julian-Nicolas Rèche (beatified on 1 November 1987) Jean-Bernard Rousseau (beatified on 2 May 1989) Diego Ventaja Milán and 8 Companions (beatified on 10 October 1993) Jean-Baptiste Souzy and 63 Companions (beatified on 1 October 1995) Leonardo Olivera Buera and 5 Companions (beatified on 11 March 2001) Raphaël Rafiringa (beatified on 7 June 2009) James Alfred Miller (beatified 7 December 2019) See also List of Lasallian educational institutions References External links LaSalle.org, Web site of the Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools – La Salle De La Salle Christian Brothers, Province of Great Britain Brief history of the Lasallian Institute Internet Archive (but some will be about the Irish Congregation of Christian Brothers)
1630_22	Institutes of Catholic religious brothers Catholic teaching orders Charities based in Oxfordshire Religious organisations based in Italy Religious organizations established in 1680 Catholic religious institutes established in the 17th century 1680 establishments in France
1631_0	Tertiary education fees in Australia are payable for courses at tertiary education institutions. The Commonwealth government provides loans and subsidies to relieve the cost of tertiary education for some students. Some students are supported by the government and are required to pay only part of the cost of tuition, called the "student contribution", and the government pays the balance. Some government supported students can defer payment of their contribution as a HECS-HELP loan. Other domestic students are full fee-paying (non-Commonwealth supported) and do not receive direct government contribution to the cost of their education. Some domestic students in full fee courses can obtain a FEE-HELP loan from the Australian government up to a lifetime limit of $150,000 for medicine, dentistry and veterinary science programs and $104,440 for all other programs.
1631_1	Australian citizens (and in some cases overseas professionals completing bridging studies in order to be accredited permanent residents) are able to obtain loans from the government under the Higher Education Loan Programme (HELP) which replaced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS). As of April 2016, the amount of money owed to the Australian government under the HECS scheme was AUD$60 billion and is expected to increase to $180 billion by 2026.
1631_2	HELP is jointly administered by the Australian Department of Education, Skills and Employment and the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). In addition, qualified students may be entitled to Youth Allowance or Austudy Payment to assist them financially while they are studying. These support payments are means and assets tested. Further assistance is available in the form of scholarships. Overseas students are charged fees for the full cost of their education and are ineligible for HELP loans, but may apply for international scholarships.
1631_3	History In 1940, the Curtin Labor Government saw a need for the country to increase the number of university graduates and for more civil and military research. To do this, it dramatically increased the number of scholarships it offered to enter university and allowed women to apply for these scholarships (they were previously exclusive to men). The Menzies Liberal Government also supported and extended the ability of ordinary Australians to attend university. In the 1960s, the Menzies Government encouraged and funded the establishment of new universities to cater for increasing demand. These universities were built in outlying suburbs and offered special research scholarships to encourage students to undertake postgraduate research studies. Many of the universities that were established under this scheme are members of Innovative Research Universities Australia.
1631_4	In 1967, the Government created a category of non-university tertiary institution (called College of Advanced Education (CAE)) that would be funded by the Commonwealth. These CAEs were easier to access and cheaper to attend than the traditional university, while delivering many university-equivalent bachelor's degrees. Abolition of university fees During the early 1970s, there was a significant push to make tertiary education in Australia more accessible to working and middle class Australians. The Whitlam Labor Government abolished university fees on 1 January 1974. By the mid-1980s, however, there was consensus between both major parties that the concept of 'free' tertiary education in Australia was untenable due to the increasing participation rate.
1631_5	Introduction of HECS In 1989, the Hawke Labor Government began gradually re-introducing fees for university study. It set up the Higher Education Contributions Scheme (HECS), which was first proposed by Professor Murray Wells and subsequently developed by economist and lecturer at the Australian National University, Bruce Chapman and championed by Education Minister John Dawkins (see Dawkins Revolution). Under the original HECS, a $1,800 fee was charged to all university students, and the Commonwealth paid the balance. A student could defer payment of this HECS amount (in which case it was called a HECS debt) and repay the debt through the tax system, when the student's income exceeds a threshold level. As part of the reforms, Colleges of Advanced Education entered the University sector by various means. The HECS system was accepted by both federal political parties and has survived until today, though with a number of changes.
1631_6	Howard and Rudd government reforms: 1996–2012 In 1996, the new Howard Coalition Government, while otherwise retaining the HECS system, created a three-tier HECS fee structure. Fees were charged on the basis of the perceived value of courses. Courses considered to have most likelihood of generating higher income for students in the future (e.g. Law and Medicine) were the most expensive and those least likely to generate higher income (e.g. Nursing and Arts) were the least expensive. At the same time, HECS charges increased by an average of 40%. From 2007, HECS places became known as Commonwealth supported places (CSP). A student in a CSP was only entitled to study for a maximum of 7 years full-time (16 years part-time) at CSP rates. This was known as a student learning entitlement (SLE). After that period the student had to take either a post-graduate FEE-HELP loan (if available) or study at full-fee rates. SLE was abolished from 1 January 2012.
1631_7	The HECS debt became a pre-2005 debt, while a post-2005 debt is called HECS-HELP, which operates on the same principles as HECS. If a student receives a HECS-HELP loan, the Commonwealth government pays the loan amount directly to the higher education provider on behalf of the student. An alternative option is FEE-HELP (formerly PELS) which provides eligible fee-paying students with a loan to cover their postgraduate fees. This option is only available for post-graduate students attempting an eligible post-graduate course. In 2012, the FEE-HELP lifelong limit was $89,706, and $112,134 for students studying dentistry, medicine or veterinary science.
1631_8	Prior to 2012, when a student had used up SLE, he or she could enrol on a full-fee basis. Full-fee courses are relatively expensive because the student must pay the total cost or if eligible, defer the fee on FEE-HELP, resulting in a significantly larger debt than a HECS-HELP debt for the student contribution portion of a Commonwealth supported course. From 1 January 2012, SLE was abolished and students could continue to study for more than 7 years full-time or equivalent part-time in Commonwealth supported courses. FEE-HELP courses are available at a post-graduate level (and occasionally for some undergraduate full-fee places); however, they are not available at every institution or in every course. The only remaining option is a full-fee place paid upfront.
1631_9	The discount for voluntary repayments of a pre-2005 HECS debt was reduced from 15% to 10% from 1 January 2005. On 1 January 2012, the voluntary repayment discount was reduced to 5%, and was removed completely from 1 January 2017. 2017 changes Changes to funding of universities and the HECS were made as part of the 2017 Australian federal budget. University funding is to be reduced by 2.5%, and university fees are to go up by $2,000 to $3,600 for a four-year course, an increase of 1.8% in 2018, and 7.5% by 2022. From 1 July 2018, the income level at which HECS debt repayments start will be reduced, from $55,000 to $42,000. University fees In 1996, the Howard government permitted universities to create full-fee places on which they could charge full up-front fees to students who missed out on a HECS place (with the notable exception of medical degrees). In 2005, the Howard government permitted universities to increase fees by up to 25%.
1631_10	During the term of the Abbott Government, Education Minister Christopher Pyne consistently sought to fully deregulate university fees. Pyne's proposal would have allowed universities to set their own fees according to the student demand, and graduates who moved offshore to start paying through the tax system. The proposed reforms were unsuccessful, being rejected by the Senate in 2015. University tuition fee and regulation reform remain part of the Liberal-National Coalition Government's policy. The Government released the Driving Innovation Fairness and Excellence in Australian Higher Education consultation paper, in May 2016 proposing a new set of reforms (for consultation).
1631_11	In the 2017 Australian federal budget, University funding will be reduced by 2.5%. University fees will go up by $2,000 to $3,600 for a four-year course, an increase of 1.8% in 2018, and 7.5% by 2022. From 1 July 2018, the income level at which HECS debt repayments start will be reduced, from $55,000 to $42,000.
1631_12	Commonwealth supported students (CSP) In 2007, HECS places became known as Commonwealth supported places (CSP). The Commonwealth government determines the number and allocation of undergraduate Commonwealth supported places with each public higher education provider each year, through the Commonwealth Grant Scheme (CGS). A CSP is a higher education place for which the Commonwealth government makes a contribution to the higher education provider towards the cost of a student's education. The student makes a contribution towards the cost of education, known as the student contribution. Commonwealth supported places are available to citizens of Australia and New Zealand and Australian permanent residents.
1631_13	The majority of CSPs are managed through the tertiary admissions centre in each state or territory (although universities make the selections, deciding which students they will make offers to): Universities Admissions Centre (UAC) in NSW and ACT Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre South Australian Tertiary Admissions Centre in South Australia and the Northern Territory University of Tasmania in Tasmania Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre (VTAC) in Victoria Tertiary Institutions Service Centre in Western Australia. The allocation is usually based on secondary school results (through the ATAR or OP scores), TAFE qualifications and previous university results.
1631_14	The student contribution varies between courses, and is based on the expected earnings following a students' graduation, not the cost of providing the course. Higher education providers can set the student contribution level for each unit of study, up to a maximum level set by the government. It is said that, due to government underfunding of universities, universities almost always charge the highest level allowable. Between 2012 and 2017, an eligible student who paid the entire or a part of the student contribution upfront received a 10% HECS discount on the amount paid (prior to 2012, the HECS discount was 20%). Only Australian citizens and permanent humanitarian visa holders were eligible for the up-front 10% HECS discount. The up-front discount was removed on 1 January 2017.
1631_15	Total Funding The total funding available to institutions per equivalent full-time student is the combination of the student contribution (divided into 3 different amounts/bands) and the Commonwealth government contribution (divided into 8 different amounts/clusters). For 2017 these are: Full fee-paying students Full fee places for Australian undergraduate students were phased out in 2009 under reforms made by the Gillard government. Other students may obtain a full fee place (FFP) if they do not receive a Commonwealth supported place, subject to meeting relevant qualifications. Most postgraduate courses do not have Commonwealth supported places available and therefore, all these students are full fee-paying. Fee-paying students are charged the full cost of their course, with no Commonwealth contribution.
1631_16	Some fee-paying students can obtain loans under the Higher Education Loan Programme, called FEE-HELP loans, to cover all or part of their fees. This is available to Australian citizens, New Zealand citizens and permanent humanitarian visa holders. Undergraduate students who obtain these loans are charged a 20% loan fee on top of the amount borrowed. This does not apply to post graduate courses. Students are able to borrow a lifetime maximum FEE-HELP loan of $112,134 for medicine, dentistry and veterinary science programs and $89,706 for all other programs (adjusted for inflation). In 2005, FEE-HELP loans replaced the Open Learning Deferred Payment Scheme (OLDPS), the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme (PELS) and the Bridging for Overseas-Trained Professionals Loan Scheme (BOTPLS).
1631_17	OS-HELP OS-HELP is a loan scheme to assist some undergraduate domestic students to undertake some, but not all, of their course of study overseas. Students are able to obtain a loan up to $6,470 (if the student will not be studying in Asia) or $7764 (if the student will be studying in Asia) for every six months, but can only receive a total of two loans throughout their lifetime. Unlike other loans in the HELP, the loan amount is paid directly to the student and the terms for the loans are set out by the tertiary providers. As in the FEE-HELP loan scheme, a 20% fee applies on the amount borrowed. This 20% "administration fee" was removed for OS-HELP loans received after 1 January 2010. HELP loans
1631_18	HELP loan management HELP debts do not attract interest (in the normal sense), but are instead indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) on 1 June each year, based on the annual CPI to March of that year. The indexation rate applied on 1 June 2006 was 2.8% and 3.4% on 1 June 2007. Indexation applies to the part of the debt that has been unpaid for 11 months or more. Thus, indexation is calculated on the opening HELP debt balance on 1 July of the previous year plus any debt incurred in the first half of the current year (usually for first semester courses) less any compulsory and voluntary repayments, with bonus. Any HELP debt incurred on second semester courses (usually determined in June) will not be subject to indexation until the next year. After indexation, the new balance is rounded down to a whole dollar amount. Additionally, HELP debts are subject to a 25% fee which does not count towards a student’s HELP debt limit.
1631_19	As of 1 January 2017 the Commonwealth Government removed the 5% voluntary repayment bonus on all HELP debt repayments. If a person with an accumulated HELP debt dies, any compulsory repayment included on their income tax notice of assessment relating to the period prior to their death must be paid from their estate, but the remainder of their debt is cancelled. Repayments HELP debts are administered by the Australian Taxation Office and will be repaid compulsorily over time through the taxation system. If the HELP Repayment Income (HRI) of a person with a HELP debt exceeds a certain threshold, which for the 2014/15 financial year is $53,345, a compulsory payments will be deducted from the person's tax for the year. The HRI is the person's taxable income plus any net rental loss claimed against that taxable income and adding fringe benefits, reportable superannuation contributions and foreign income received, normally exempt from taxation.
1631_20	Unlike marginal tax rates, the repayment rate applies on the full HRI, so that a person with a HRI below $45,881 in 2019/20 will not need to make a compulsory HELP repayment, but a person with a HRI of $80,000 would make a payment of $4,400. This is 5.5% of the HRI (not taxable income or the debt balance) of $80,000. The compulsory repayment amount cannot exceed the balance of the HELP debt. The rates for compulsory repayment since 2006 have been: It is also possible to make voluntary payments to further reduce the debt. Until 31 December 2004 voluntary payments over $500 earned a 15% bonus, from 1 January 2005 this was reduced to 10% and from 1 January 2012 this was reduced to 5%. From 1 January 2017 the Government removed the 5% repayment bonus. See also Tertiary education in Australia Education in Australia Taxation in Australia References Citations Sources
1631_21	StudyAssist website Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations website (previously Department of Education, Science and Training) ATO Higher education loan schemes essentials site "International student funding comparisons: Australia and New Zealand" by Professor Nicholas Barr. The Guardian, 9 October 2001. External links StudyAssist website Department of Education and Training website ATO Higher education loan schemes essentials site Universities in Australia Australia Taxation in Australia Education economics Education finance in Australia
1632_0	{{Infobox military unit \|unit_name= Marine Attack Squadron 542 \| image= vma542.jpg \| image_size = 200 \|caption= VMA-542 Insignia \|dates= March 6, 1944 - June 30, 1970 January 12, 1972 – present \|country= United States \|allegiance= United States of America \|branch= United States Marine Corps \|type= Attack squadron \|role= Close Air SupportAir interdiction \|size= \|command_structure= Marine Aircraft Group 142nd Marine Aircraft Wing \|current_commander= LtCol Trevor J Felter \|garrison= Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point \|ceremonial_chief= \|colonel_of_the_regiment= \|nickname= "Tigers" \|patron= \|motto= \|colors=WH \|colors_label=Tail Code \|march= \|mascot= \|battles= World War II Battle of OkinawaKorean WarVietnam War* Operation StarliteOperation Desert StormOperation Iraqi FreedomOperation Enduring Freedom* Operation Medusa\|aircraft_attack= AV-8A HarrierAV-8B Harrier \|aircraft_fighter= F6F HellcatF7F TigercatF3D-2 SkyknightF4D-1 SkyrayF-4B Phantom II \|anniversaries=
1632_1	}}Marine Attack Squadron 542 (VMA-542) is a United States Marine Corps fixed wing attack squadron that consists of AV-8B Harrier (V/STOL) jets. The squadron is based at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina and falls under the command of Marine Aircraft Group 14 (MAG-14) and the 2nd Marine Aircraft Wing (2nd MAW).
1632_2	Mission Provide offensive air support, armed reconnaissance, and air-defense for Marine expeditionary forces. History World War II Marine Attack Squadron 542 was initially commissioned as Marine Night Fighter Squadron 542 (VMF(N)-542) on March 6, 1944, at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina. Upon commissioning, the squadron was assigned the F6F Hellcat. They were relocated to San Diego, California, in mid-summer, 1944 in preparation for a move to the combat zone. Late in October, the squadron arrived at Ulithi, in the Caroline Islands and immediately began flying combat air patrols.
1632_3	Later in 1944, VMF(N)-542 deployed to the Pacific theater. By early April 1945, most of the squadron had deployed to take part in the Battle of Okinawa. Night operations against the enemy began on April 15 with missions being flown from Yontan Airfield, Okinawa. Second Lieutenant Arcenaux was the first squadron pilot to down an enemy warplane with a night fighter on April 16, 1945. While stationed at Yontan, the Tigers were credited with destroying eighteen Japanese airplanes and carrying out rocket attacks on the Ryukyu Islands chain of Amami, Amami Ōshima, Tokunoshima, Kikai Shima, Miyako Jima, and Amami Gunto. For these actions the Tigers were awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. Between April and August 1945, Major Robert B. Porter and Captain Wallace E. Sigler became the first night fighter pilots to score their fifth victories on Okinawa. (Both had previous day victories; Capt. Robert Baird of VMFN-533 scored his fifth night kill on June 22.)

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