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317_9 | During his peak time, Nazir gave life to many characters and enjoyed a wide popularity among all sects of the society. He acted in the first-ever investigative series in Malayalam cinema C.I.D. Nazir directed by P. Venu. He has played historical characters based on Vadakkan Pattukal. Aromalunni, Kannappanunni, Thacholi Ambu and Padayottam are some major films in this genre. Although the actor faced criticism for playing such roles as his physique was least suited for it, he still enjoyed a huge fan following among the audiences. He was well known for his roles as Hindu deities like Rama, Krishna and Ayyappa. In his movies, Nazir was well known for playing the eternal romantic hero and the good guy who would bash up the villains without remorse. |
317_10 | Even though Nazir could not regenerate after the mid-1970s, he maintained his superstardom till the beginning of the 1980s. In 1979, 39 of his films got released; a record. He also holds the record for having acted in the most leading roles – about 700 films (with 85 heroines; another record). Another record is for the most enduring screen team along with actress Sheela. They played opposite each other in 130 movies by 1975. Although Sheela is known as the lucky mascot of Prem Nazir, his movies with other heroines like Jayabharathi and Sharada were also big successes at box office. Prem Nazir pairing with comedian Adoor Bhasi was a sure-fire laugh riot. The void left by this duo is yet to be occupied. Nazir's association with playback singer K. J. Yesudas was perfect for the audience. Even today many consider the Nazir – Yesudas combination of song sequences remain the best ever on screen. He is quite popularly described as Nithyaharithanayakan (The Evergreen Hero), which does justice |
317_11 | to the fact that he was acting as the hero in his elder years as well. Senior Malayalam cine actress Kaviyoor Ponnamma has revealed that Prem Nazir was a very good singer, and had training in Carnatic music. |
317_12 | 1980s: Late career |
317_13 | By the beginning of the 1980s, Nazir himself moved into supporting roles. He mostly played supporting roles with the then super stars Jayan, Sukumaran, Shankar and Soman. In 1981, he acted in Ariyappedatha Rahasyam directed by P. Venu along with action hero Jayan. In 1981, he played a major supporting role in Mohan's Vida Parayum Munpe that earned him the Kerala State Special Jury Award. This shift, from a super romantic hero to character roles, gave him many powerful characters during the mid-1980s.His most iconic role till date came in the form of Padayottam released in 1982. Based loosely on the evergreen classic, The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas,Nazir played the titular role of Thamban,a prince who is cheated by his so called dear ones and friends and made a slave in a vessel. How he returns and hunts down those who were responsible for wrecking his life forms the crux of the story. The role has been lauded by many in the film fraternity who were amazed at the |
317_14 | transformation of a hero who played romantic roles and the good samaritan to a machismo character who breathes revenge. He played his last hero role in Vellarikka Pattanam (1985) along with Ratheesh. Nevertheless the Padayottam was the biggest blockbuster at the time of its release running in packed theatres for one year and remained so for many years to come. It is also reputed the Nazir missed the National award for best actor by just one vote for his most famous iconic role that year. His second last film was Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi(1986), where he starred with Mukesh, Shankar, Nedumudi Venu, Sukumari and Seema. His last completed film was A. T. Abu's Dhwani (1989), in which he co-starred with Jayaram. His last release was Priyadarshan's Kadathanadan Ambadi (1990), in which he co-starred with Mohanlal. In one of his last interviews, he had expressed a desire to direct a film with Mammootty and Mohanlal in the lead. |
317_15 | Popular film genres
Two popular film genres initiated by Prem Nazir are the C.I.D series and the Vadakkanpattu series. The former is a group of investigative films by P. Venu in which Nazir played James Bond like protagonists. In most of these movies Nazir teamed with Adoor Bhasi, a famed comedy actor who would accompany Nazir characters in investigations. These hit mainstream popularity with the trendsetter Lanka Dahanam and are perhaps the single most popular movie series in Malayalam film history. The waves created by this movie series continue in Malayalam cinema, arguably to this day. C.I.D. Nazir directed by P. Venu, has inspired numerous adaptations and similar series like for example popular CBI series with Mammootty in the lead and a satirical CID series of Mohanlal-Sreenivasan team. Other inspired films are C.I.D Unnikrishnan starring Jayaram and C.I.D Moosa with Dileep in the lead. |
317_16 | Another popular film series starring Nazir was a series of movies based on Vadakanpaattu which are part of the traditional folklore of Kerala. These are tales of martial warriors spread over generations through folk songs. Although the series may have been initiated by Sathyan's title role in Thacholi Othenan, the trend was continued long after his demise with Nazir in the lead, playing various other characters from Vadakkanpattu. Nazir later teamed with other actors like Jayan, Shankar, Mammootty, Jayaram and Mohanlal in later films of this category.
Personal life |
317_17 | Family
Prem Nazir was married to Habeeba Beevi and they have one son and three daughters. Laila (settled at Calicut), Rasiya (married to Mr. Hashim, Businessman from Kannur & settled at Chennai) – both elder to Shanavas. The youngest daughter is Rita (married to Doctor Sharafuddin of Punalur & settled at Muscat). Shanavas's wife Ayisha Beevi is the daughter of the eldest sister of Prem Nazir, Suleikha Beevi. Prem Nazir's son Shanavas acted in few films as well but could not succeed like his father. Third generation of Prem Nazir, Shanavas's son Shameer Khan, acted in a Malayalam film, Uppukandam Brothers Back in Action. |
317_18 | Prem Nazir's younger brother Prem Nawas (Abdul Wahab) also acted in a few films. Although he was the first in the family to begin acting in movies, he later began producing films – Agniputhri, Thulaavarsham, Poojakku Edukatha Pookkal, Neethi and Keni to name a few. Prem Nawas's only son, Prem Kishore has also had a stint with the industry by acting in two Malayalam films – Vacation and Thaskaraputran. Prem Nawas has the distinction of acting in the first ever colour film made in Malayalam – Kandam Vechu Kottu.
Philanthropic work |
317_19 | Nazir is said to be a humanitarian and its still an ongoing debate as to whether he was greater as an actor or as a humanitarian though majority are of the opinion that he was a greater person as a humanitarian. This fact can be established by the phrase many of the old film veterans exclaimed that there will never be another Prem nazir. He was arguably the only actor who treated his colleagues, well wishers and family with the same manner. Nazir had helped thousands of people in his life time. It is said that he never cared about the gratitude or ingratitude factor but just was happy that he could help some one. In fact after his death only did his relatives, friends and well wishers came to know more of his humanitarian part when they met the persons whom nazir had helped in his lifetime. He was one of the very few who tried his best to make his close friend, Jayan a superstar. When Jayan succumbed to his injuries from his famed helicopter flight in Kolilakkam, it was Nazir who |
317_20 | singlehandedly financed a flight from chennai to bring his mortal remains back to trivandrum. He also was responsible for recommending and giving chances to his film colleagues. Its reputed that he had a sharp memory and could immediately recognize someone instantly. He along with veteran director Sasikumar had helped many bankrupt producers who had pledged their assets to make films, regain their limelight. If any film he had acted failed to perform well he would immediately ask the producer to start the next film and that he would give his dates. Such was the generosity of Prem Nazir that his age had been truly termed as the golden age of malayalam film where he elevated the film industry to another level by helping not only himself but everyone else in film industry attain growth. He donated an elephant in the Sarkara Devi Temple, Chirayinkil. Nazir also wrote a book on the film characters he played, Enne Thediyethiya Kathapatrangal. And his autobiographical book is Anubhvangal |
317_21 | Oarmakal.Famous director and lyrist Sreekumarn Thambi wrote a book about his soulmate in the title Prem Nazir Enna Prema Ganam. |
317_22 | Death |
317_23 | It was during the late 1980s that Nazir, despite being a person with no political affiliations, campaigned rigorously for a running candidate in politics who happened to be a close friend of his. Due to his sincerity, dedication and tireless nature to help people in need, Nazir, who was a diabetic, failed to have proper food at times as he placed his mission much above his health. However all this took a toll on this and he became admitted to Vijaya hospital due to peptic ulcer which happens due to irregularity of having food. During that stint many of his fans had come to see him and since it was impossible in those days to contain a large following people just poured in to check the well being of their favorite actor. In that crowd it is said that there was a person who had measles and had freshly bathed which would increase the germs to spread. Nazir in his weak physique contracted it and this led his feeble condition to deteriorate further. Even though valiant attempts were made |
317_24 | like trying to bring medicines from abroad to treat him, it all ended up in fiasco and the Nithya Haritha Nayakan died in the early hours of 16 January 1989, aged 62. His dead body was transported via aeroplane to Thiruvananthapuram, and via a special bus to his native land, where he was buried with full state honours. |
317_25 | Awards
Prem Nazir won his only Kerala State Film Award in 1981; He won Filmfare Special Award - South for numerous films in 1976 and he won a Special Jury Award for the supporting role he played in the film Vida Parayum Munbe. He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1983 by the President of India in recognition of distinguished services of a high order to the nation in his field (acting). The Prem Nazir Award was initiated in his memory, in 1992, for excellence in contributions to the Malayalam cinema Industry. He has also held the position of National Film Award jury in 1985. |
317_26 | Legacy and influence
Prem Nazir is known to be the most influential and trendsetting lead actor in Malayalam. He is known for his amazing longevity in that he was active during the peak years of other iconic Malayalam superstars like Sathyan and Jayan acting alongside them in 1960s and 1970s respectively. Nazir who began his movie career in the early 1950s, later acted alongside popular future stars like Shankar, Mammootty & Mohanlal by the 1980s. He was a mainstream superstar in Malayalam cinema for over 30 years from the late 1950s to late 1980s. He also has an unofficial recognition of playing a campus character while in his late fifties. Prem Nazir has the distinction of acting with the same heroine; Sheela, in over 100 films. |
317_27 | Nazir is generally considered the ultimate romantic hero in Malayalam cinema due to his handsomeness and ease of acting in romantic roles particularly in romantic song sequences. His song sequences combined with the lyrics of Vayalar, tunes of Devarajan and voice of K.J. Yesudas produced what is called the golden era of Malayalam film songs. Prem Nazir has also appeared in the highest number of dual roles (more than 40) in Indian films and perhaps in world cinema.
Filmography
Important roles
Films in which Nazir played dual roles
Prem Nazir holds the record of playing double roles in more than 40 films of his career. The first movie in which he had played a double role was the historical film, Kunjali Marakkar, directed by SS Rajan. The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam.
1 Kunjali Marakkar (1966) as Antonio/Narayanan Nair
2 Udhyogastha (1967)
3 Virunnukari (1969)
4 C.I.D. Nazir (1971)
5 Taxi Car (1972)
6 Thirichadi (1971) as Kuttappan/Venu |
317_28 | 7 Rahasyam (1969) as Babu/K.K.Nair
8 Seemantha Puthran (1978) as Surendran/Jayadevan
9 Makane Ninakku Vendi (1971) as Sam/Thomachan
10 Aromalunni (1974) as Kunjiraman/Aromalunni
11 Gandharvakshethram (1974) as Gandharvan/Velayudhan
12 Postmane Kananilla (1973) as Ramu/Aniyan
13 Football Champion (1976) as Vijayan/ Thakil Veerachami
14 Thenaruvi (1976) as Rajan/Mannaan.
15 Ragapournami (1978) as Vinayan/Ajayan
16 Thacholi Marumakan Chandu (1980) as Othenan/Kutty
17 Honeymoon (1974)
18 Mamangam (1980) as Marathandan/Kannan
19Pathiravum Pakalvelichavum (1974)
20 Durga (1974) as Prof. Damodaran/Ramu
21 Kottaaram Vilkkaanundu (1975) as Murali
22 Picnic (1975) as Ravivarma/Rajagopal
23 Pichathikuttappan (1979)
24Aaranyakaantam (1979) as Unnikrishnan/Duplicate Unni
25 Ariyappedatha Rahasyam (1981)
26Kadamattathachan (1978) as Ravivarma/Kadamattathu Kathanar
27 Ajayanum Vijayanum (1978) as Ajayan/Vijayan
28 Paarijatham (1976)
29 Vanadevatha (1976) as Chandran/Suresh |
317_29 | 30 Chennaaya Valarthiya Kutty (1976) as Sreeni/Maranchadi.
31 Kannappanunni (1981) as Durgadasan/Kannappanunni.
32 Kadathanaattu Maakkam (1978) as Nambeeshan/Kannan.
33 Kanalkattakal (1979) as Panikkar/Vijayan.
28 Aanappaachan (1978) as Paachan/Gopi.
29 Vijayanum Veeranum (1982) as Vijayan/Veeran.
30 Anthapuram (1981)
31 Sanchari (1981) as Sumesh/Suresh
32 Post Mortem (1982) as Vikariyachan/C.I.of Police.
33Marupacha (1982) as PremKumar, Premchandran
34 Ente Katha (1983) as Sreekumar/Sankar
35 Justice Raja (1983) as Justice Raja/Son of Raja.
36. Muhammadum musthafayum (1978) as Rajan/Babu
37. Rajurahim (1978) as Raju and Rahim
38. Mallanum Mathevanum
39. Anweshanam (1978) as Gopi/Venu
40. Adachangala (1978) as Ravi/Johnny
41. Ammini Ammavan (1977) as Anandhan/Suresh
Films in which Nazir played triple roles
Ernakulam Junction (1971)
Pushpanjali (1972)
Amme Narayana (1984)
Other important films and characters |
317_30 | Avakashi (1954)
Murappennu (1965)
Odeyil Ninnu (From the Gutter) – The 1966 film was based on the novel of the same name by P. Kesavadev.
Iruttinte Athmavu (The Soul of Darkness) (1966) – Nazir played the mentally challenged Bhrantan Velayudhan in this film based on the classic novel by M. T. Vasudevan Nair.
Nagarame Nandi [Thanks to the City] (1967)
Nadhi (The River) (1969), Adimakal (1969), Kallichellamma (1969)
Ningalenne Communistakki (You Made Me a Communist) – The 1970 film was based on the drama of the same name by Thoppil Bhasi.
Thriveni (1970), Thurakkaatha Vaathil [The Door Never Opens] (1970)
Anubhavangal Paalichakal (Experiences and Failures) (1971) – The story of persecutions and suffering of communists in the early days of modern Kerala. Nazir played one of the heroes alongside Sathyan.
C.I.D. Nazir (1971) – A investigative series by P. Venu
Vilakku Vangiya Veena (1971)
Maaya (1972), Aaradi Manninte Janmi [The Landlord of 6 feet Earth] (1972) |
317_31 | Pani Theeratha Veedu [The House never completes] (1973), Interview (1973)
Achani (1973)
Pathiravum Pakalvelichavum [Midnight & Daylight] (1974)
Pravaham [Current] (1975)
Seemantha Puthran [The First Son] (1976), Themmadi Velappan [Idiot Velappan] (1976), Amrithavaahini (1976)
Vishukkani (1977), Randu Lokam (1977)
Snehathinte Mukhangal [The Faces of Love] (1978)
Asthamikkatha Pakalukal [The Days never Ends] (1981)
Karipuranda Jeevithangal [500th Film Got Outstanding Performance Award] (1981)
Vida Parayum Munpe (Before saying Goodbye) (1981) – Nazir received a special jury award for this film in the 1981 Kerala State Film Award.
Padayottam (The Campaign) (1982) – Its story was inspired by Alexandre Dumas classic novel The Count of Monte Cristo and the treatment of the film was inspired by that of Ben-Hur.
Ayalvasi Oru Daridravasi (Neighbour The Pauper!) (1986) – A comedy film by Priyadarshan, Nazir performed as a middle-aged father. |
317_32 | Dhwani (The Sound) (1988) – This was his last completed film. The film was a hit due to several factors like the excellent performances by Prem Nazir, Jayaram, Shobhana, Suresh Gopi, Thilakan, and the everlasting music by maestro Naushad Ali. |
317_33 | References
External links
Prem Nazeer at the MSI Movie Database
Indian male film actors
Male actors from Thiruvananthapuram
Indian Muslims
1926 births
1989 deaths
Kerala State Film Award winners
Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts
Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts
Male actors in Malayalam cinema
20th-century Indian male actors |
318_0 | A tunnel valley is a U-shaped valley originally cut under the glacial ice near the margin of continental ice sheets such as that now covering Antarctica and formerly covering portions of all continents during past glacial ages. They can be as long as , wide, and deep.
Tunnel valleys were formed by subglacial erosion by water and served as subglacial drainage pathways carrying large volumes of meltwater. Their cross-sections often exhibit steep-sided flanks similar to fjord walls. They presently appear as dry valleys, lakes, seabed depressions, and as areas filled with sediment. If they are filled with sediment, their lower layers are filled primarily with glacial, glaciofluvial or glaciolacustrine sediment, supplemented by upper layers of temperate infill. They can be found in areas formerly covered by glacial ice sheets including Africa, Asia, North America, Europe, Australia and offshore in the North Sea, the Atlantic and in waters near Antarctica. |
318_1 | Tunnel valleys appear in the technical literature under several terms, including tunnel channels, subglacial valleys, iceways, snake coils and linear incisions.
Significance
Tunnel valleys play a role in identifying oil-rich areas in Arabia and North Africa. The Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian materials there contain a roughly thick, carbon-rich layer of black shale. Approximately 30% of the world's oil is found in these shale deposits. Although the origin of these deposits is still under study, it has been established that the shale routinely overlies glacial and glacio-marine sediment deposited ~445 million years before the present by the Hirnantian glaciation. The shale has been linked to glacial meltwater nutrient enrichment of the shallow marine environment. Hence the presence of tunnel valleys is an indicator of the presence of oil in these areas. |
318_2 | Tunnel valleys represent a substantial fraction of all meltwater drainage from glaciers. Meltwater drainage influences the flow of glacial ice, which is important in understanding of the duration of glacial–interglacial periods, and aids in identifying glacial cyclicity, a problem that is important to palaeoenvironmental investigations.
Tunnel valleys are typically eroded into bedrock and filled with glacial debris of varying sizes. This configuration makes them excellent at capturing and storing water. Hence they serve an important role as aquifers across much of Northern Europe, Canada and the United States. Examples include Oak Ridges Moraine Aquifer, Spokane Valley-Rathdrum Prairie Aquifer, Mahomet Aquifer, the Saginaw Lobe Aquifer, and the Corning Aquifer.
Characteristics |
318_3 | Buried, open and partially filled
Tunnel valleys have been observed as open valleys and as partially or totally buried valleys. If buried they may be partially or totally filled with glacial outwash or other debris. The valleys may be incised in bedrock, sand, silt, or clay.
A part of a tunnel valley may go uphill: water can flow uphill if it is under pressure in an enclosed pipe: for example in Doggerland (submerged land which is now part of the bed of the North Sea) are some infilled tunnel valleys that flowed from north to south across the hollow of the Outer Silver Pit.
Dimensions
They vary in channel depth and width; Danish examples run from wide and from deep. They vary in depth along their course, exhibiting overdeepening; overdeepened sections cut into bedrock and typically are significantly deeper than either upstream or downstream sections of the same tunnel valley. They have steep sides which are frequently asymmetric. |
318_4 | Tunnel valleys frequently include relatively straight individual segments parallel to and independent of one another. Tunnel valley courses may be periodically interrupted; the interruption may include a stretch of elevated esker, indicating the channel ran through ice for a distance. The below-grade sections typically run in length; in some cases the sections form a larger pattern of an interrupted channel composed of strings of depressions which can extend from .
Structure
The upstream portion – that section furthest into the glacier – consists of a branching system forming a network, similar to the anastomostic branching patterns of the upper reaches of a river (as contrasted with dendritic patterns). They typically exhibit the largest cross-sectional area in the center of the course and terminate over a relatively short distance in elevated outwash fans at the ice-margin. |
318_5 | Tunnel valleys are found to cross the regional gradient – as a result they may be crosscut by modern stream networks. In one example, tributaries of the Kalamazoo River cut at nearly right angles across buried tunnel channel filled with ice and debris. They frequently terminate at a recessional moraine. Tunnel valleys from successive glaciations may crosscut one another.
Tunnel valleys frequently run along roughly parallel courses. They originate in and run through regions which include clear evidence of glacial erosion through abrasion and may exhibit striations and roche moutonnée. Depositional forms such as terminal moraines and outwash fans are found at their terminal end. In Michigan tunnel valley channels have been observed to diverge slightly with an average spacing between the channels of and a standard deviation of . |
318_6 | Tunnel valley channels often start or stop abruptly. They have convex-up longitudinal profiles. They are often occupied by elongated lakes of underfit streams. They frequently show signs of subsequent depositions such as eskers.
Evidence of erosion mechanisms
Evidence suggests that erosion in a tunnel valley is primarily the result of water flow. They erode by meltwater, which it has been argued, episodically drains in repeated jökulhlaups from subglacial lakes and reservoirs; examples of such motion have been observed in Antarctica. Although there is evidence of ice erosion such as linear striations in the bedrock, these are observed only in the widest valleys, and are believed to have played a secondary role. |
318_7 | The subglacial layout of valley tunnels is predominantly oriented parallel to glacial ice flow lines – essentially they stretch from areas of thicker sheet ice toward areas of thinner sheet ice. They can exhibit reverse gradients, which result when pressurized meltwater flows over obstacles such as ridges or hills along the glacier bed.
Tunnel valleys can be formed under extremely thick glacial ice – examples have been observed on the bottom of Lake Superior and in the oceans offshore in Antarctica. The course of a tunnel valley typically runs from thickest glacial ice to the glacier margin; as a result the glacial ice pressurizes the water such that it runs uphill toward its end. |
318_8 | Formation of tunnel valleys
Although there is agreement on the role of meltwater in creation of tunnel valleys, several theories are still under consideration for the role of that meltwater:
Steady state theory – Boulton and Hindmarsh propose a steady state theory. They suggest tunnel valleys form in unconsolidated sediment when meltwater flows under pressure through an initially narrow subglacial conduit. With progressive removal of sediment by meltwater, ice deforms under its own weight into the cavity to create a tunnel valley through a positive feedback mechanism. |
318_9 | Jökulhlaup driven erosion – Piotrowski argues that ice sheets may, in some instances, be cold-based; that is they contact land that is frozen (permafrost) and they freeze to the permafrost. Meltwater builds up behind this frozen ice terminus until it generates sufficient pressure to lift the ice and break the bond, with a catastrophic meltwater release such as is seen with the Icelandic jökulhlaup. As a consequence of this jökulhlaup a tunnel valley is formed.
Upglacier erosion – Wingfield proposes that tunnel valleys form gradually, with the valley head cutting progressively back toward the source up-glacier during deglaciation. |
318_10 | Periodic outbursts of subglacial water have been observed moving subglacial water between subglacial lakes beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Satellite data recorded a subglacial discharge totaling traveling ~ over a period of less than a year. As the flow subsided, the weight of ice closed the tunnel and sealed the lake again. The water flow was modeled satisfactorily with channeling in ice and in sediment. The analytic model shows that over some regions, the ice-bedrock geometry included sections which would have frozen, blocking off flow, unless erosion of the sedimentary substrate was the means of creating a channel and sustaining the discharge. Hence, combining this data and analysis with Icelandic jökulhlaup observations, there is experimental evidence that some form of the jökulhlaup hypothesis with features of the steady state model is correct.
Common features of tunnel valley theories |
318_11 | Subglacial meltwater flow is common to all theories; hence a key to understanding channel formation is an understanding of subglacial meltwater flow. Meltwater may be produced on the glacier surface (supraglacially), below the glacier (basally) or both. Meltwater may flow either supraglacially or basally as well; the signatures of supraglacial and basal water flow differ with the passage zone. Supraglacial flow is similar to stream flow in all surface environments – water flows from higher areas to lower areas under the influence of gravity. Basal flow exhibits significant differences. In basal flow the water, either produced by melting at the base or drawn downward from the surface by gravity, collects at the base of the glacier in ponds and lakes in a pocket overlain by hundreds of meters of ice. If there is no surface drainage path, water from surface melting will flow downward and collect in crevices in the ice, while water from basal melting will collect under the glacier; either |
318_12 | source will form a subglacial lake. The hydraulic head of the water collected in a basal lake will increase as water drains through the ice until the pressure grows high enough to either develop a path through the ice or to float the ice above it. |
318_13 | Steady state theory
Sources of water and water drainage routes through and below temperate and sub-polar glaciers are reasonably well understood and provide a basis for understanding tunnel valleys. For these glaciers, supraglacial water ponds or moves in rivers across the surface of the glacier until it drops down a vertical crevice (a moulin) in the glacier. There it joins subglacial water created by geothermal heat; some portion of the water drains into aquifers below the glacier. Excess subglacial water that cannot drain through sediment or impermeable bedrock as groundwater, moves either through channels eroded into the bed of sediment below the glacier (called Nye channels) or through channels upward into the glacial ice (called Rothlisberger channels), eventually flowing out at the ice margin. On the simplest level, the tunnel valley can be considered a larger-scale version of these phenomena. |
318_14 | Tunnel valleys or tunnel channels are produced by meltwater flows beneath glacial ice. Tunnel valleys are often buried or partially buried by sediment accumulation during periods of ice advance and retreat.
Although attractive since it scales up the Nye channel formation which has been observed in sediments, a weakness of the steady state theory is that it requires that tunnel valleys be excavated in unconsolidated sediment, in which meltwater is initially forced through an initially narrow subglacial conduit. With progressive sediment erosion by the meltwater, ice deforms under its own weight into the cavity to creating an ever-larger tunnel valley. However the steady state theory appears not to account for erosion into bedrock, which has been extensively observed. |
318_15 | Jökulhlaup driven erosion
There is evidence that meltwater discharges are episodic. This can result because as water continues to collect, more ice is lifted, and the water moves outward in a growing under-ice lake. Areas where the ice is most easily lifted (i.e., areas with thinner overlying ice sheets) are lifted first. Hence the water may move up the terrain underlying the glacier if it moves toward areas of lower overlying ice. As water collects, additional ice is lifted until a release path is created. |
318_16 | If no preexisting channel is present, the water is initially released in a broad-front jökulhlaup which can have a flow front that is tens of kilometers wide, spreading out in a thin front. As the flow continues, it tends to erode the underlying materials and the overlying ice, creating a channel even as the reduced pressure allows most of the glacial ice to settle back to the underlying surface, sealing off the broad front release and channelizing the flow. The direction of the channel is defined primarily by the overlying ice thickness and secondarily by the gradient of the underlying earth, and may be observed to “run uphill” as the pressure of the ice forces the water to areas of lower ice coverage until it emerges at a glacial face. Hence the configuration of the various tunnel valleys formed by a specific glaciation provide a general mapping of the glacier thickness when the tunnel valleys were formed, particularly if the original surface relief under the glacier was limited. |
318_17 | Analyses by Piotrowski demonstrate that the annual production of water from one typical catchment of would normally drain through its associated tunnel valley in less than 48 hours. The debris found in tunnels and at the mouth of tunnels tends to be coarse rocks and boulders – this is indicative of high flow velocities and an extremely erosive environment. This erosive environment is consistent with creation of tunnels over deep and wide, as have been observed in the Antarctic. Piotrowski's model predicts a cycle as follows:
Meltwater is produced as a result of geothermal heating from below. Surface ablation water is not considered as it would be minimal at the glacial maximum and evidence indicates that surface water does not penetrate more than into a glacier.
Meltwater initially drains through subglacial aquifers.
When the hydraulic transmissivity of the substratum is exceeded, subglacial meltwater accumulates in basins. |
318_18 | Water accumulates sufficiently to open the ice blockage in the tunnel valley which accumulated after the last discharge.
The tunnel valley discharges the meltwater excess – turbulent flow melts out or erodes the excess ice as well as eroding the valley floor.
As the water level drops, the pressure decreases until the tunnel valleys again close with ice and water flow ceases. |
318_19 | Post-erosion infill processes
Tunnel valleys have similar characteristics, irrespective of whether they are formed on land or in a submerged environment. This is because they are formed by high pressure water under a thick ice sheet – in a submerged environment they still have sufficient pressure to erode tunnel valleys into configurations comparable to those generated on land.
Tunnel valleys may remain open, partially filled or filled, as a function of the glacial recession. The filled configuration is significant because filled tunnel valleys become excellent reservoirs for either water (aquifer) or for oil. This results since relatively coarse-grained sandstones are located on the valley floors and valley margins and valley floor because the coarser-grained sediments settle out more easily and accumulate preferentially in the flowing water common to the tunnel valley fill stages. |
318_20 | The subglacial tunnel valley networks originally formed near the ice margin. Tunnel valleys are likely to fill with sediment as the result of meltwater release during glacial recession. Tunnel valleys fill in two main ways. In the first instance, debris carried by flow settles out and accumulates in the tunnel valley. Subsequently, once the ice has retreated sufficiently, marine deposits may be laid down, depending on the water depth at the ice front. |
318_21 | The tunnel valley sedimentary record is controlled by meltwater release flow rates and sediment burdens during glacial recession. The sediment found in the tunnel valley provides insight into whether it was laid down in a tidal environment, a transitional environment, or an essentially dry environment with good drainage. In the glaciomarine environment, glacially-related deposits are interbedded with to those similar to those on non-glaciated tidal areas; the tidal environment will show undertow dominated fans. The transitional environment is characterized by both mixed marine and fresh water life in a delta environment. In an essentially dry environment, the glacial flow carries sediment which accumulates much as it would in any stream bed. |
318_22 | Large-scale structure
Ice flow within glaciers results from an increase in the surface slope of the glacier, which result from geographic features combined with an imbalance between the amounts of ice accumulated through precipitation and lost through ablation. The increased gradient increases the shear stress on a glacier until it begins to flow. The flow velocity and deformation are also affected by the slope of the ice, the ice thickness and temperature. |
318_23 | Punkari identified that continental ice sheets typically flow in fan-shaped lobes, which converge from separate sources and move at differing speeds. Lobes are separated by interlobate zones, which have thinner ice coverage. Water collects in this interlobate area. The hydraulic head (pressure) is lower in areas of thinner ice; hence subglacial water tends to converge on the interlobate joint. The separate lobes move at different speeds, generating friction at the ice boundary; the heat released melts ice to release additional water. The surface of the interlobate area is crevassed, allowing surface meltwater, which runs down the ice surface to the lower area, to penetrate into the ice. As a result, the ice-flow patterns and the debris accumulation are different in interlobate zones. Specifically, tunnel valleys and eskers indicate water flow toward the interlobate zones, which are elevated as the result of debris carried and deposited there.
Geographic distribution |
318_24 | Glacially formed tunnel valleys have been identified on every continent. |
318_25 | Africa |
318_26 | Tunnel valleys associated with the Late Ordovician glaciation have been observed in north African countries, including Libya. These large-scale channel-fill sandstone bodies (tunnel valleys) are a striking sedimentological feature of the glacially related deposits on the old North Gondwanaland margin. They range from in depth, and wide. The tunnel valleys are incised into the bedrock and can be traced for in length. In one example, in Mauritania, in the western Sahara, Late Ordovician siliciclastic glacial features and deposits on the North Gondwana continental shelf include incised channels identified as tunnel valleys. The filled tunnel valley are several kilometers long and several hundred meters wide. Reconstructions conclude that these structures were located in glacier ice-margin regions; the cross-sections of the valleys are comparable to those confirmed to have formed glacially, the valleys end in outwash fans similar to tunnel valleys, and the infill is post-glacial |
318_27 | typical of that observed for tunnel valleys. |
318_28 | In southern Africa a Permo-Carboniferous tunnel valley system has been identified in northern Cape Province, South Africa.
Antarctica
The active formation of tunnel valleys is observed in the present period beneath the Antarctic ice.
Asia
During the late Ordovician, eastern Gondwana was covered with ice sheets. As a consequence, Jordan and Saudi Arabia exhibit regionally-extensive filled tunnel valley structures.
Australia
Open-pit gold mines near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, expose an extensive network of glacially-eroded valleys filled with tillite and shale cut below the Late Paleozoic Pilbara ice sheet. |
318_29 | Europe
Tunnel valleys and related glacial impacts have been identified in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, Northern France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Great Britain, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Norway. They have been studied in detail in Denmark, north Germany and north Poland where the thick ice sheet of the Weichsel and earlier Glaciations, having flowed down from the mountains of Scandinavia, began to rise up the north-European slope, driven by the altitude of the glacial ice accumulation over Scandinavia. Their alignment indicates the direction of ice flow at the time of their formation. They are found extensively in the United Kingdom with several examples reported from Cheshire for example. They are also to be found under the North Sea.
Examples of lakes formed in tunnel valleys include the Ruppiner See (a lake in Ostprignitz-Ruppin, Brandenburg), the Werbellinsee, and the Schwielochsee, all in Germany. |
318_30 | North America
Okanagan Lake is a large, deep ribbon lake in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia which formed in a tunnel valley from the Okanogan lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. The lake is long, between wide, and has a surface area of . Northern Idaho and Montana show evidence of tunnel valley formation under the Purcell lobe and the Flathead Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet. Tunnel valleys in southeast Alberta form an interconnected, anabranching network comprising Sage Creek, the Lost River and the Milk River and generally drain southeast.
Tunnel valleys have been observed in Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan at the margins of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Examples of bedrock tunnel valleys in Minnesota include River Warren Falls and several valleys which lie deep beneath till deposited by the glaciers which created them, but can be traced in many places by the Chain of Lakes in Minneapolis and lakes and dry valleys in St. Paul. |
318_31 | The Kawartha lakes of Ontario formed in the Late Wisconsinan glacial period. Ice melt from the Niagara Escarpment flowed through tunnel valleys beneath the ice expanded to form a west-to-east passage between the main Laurentide Ice Sheet and a mass of ice in the Lake Ontario basin.
Cedar Creek Canyon is a tunnel valley located in Allen County, Indiana. It is a very straight, narrow gorge about deep that contains part of the lower segment of Cedar Creek, the largest tributary of the St. Joseph River. |
318_32 | In the Laurentian Channel offshore eastern Canada, numerous tunnel valleys have been identified originating from the submerged valley of the St. Lawrence River, which is also of glacial origin. Seismic reflection profiles of the fill of tunnel valleys suggest that they are of various ages, with the youngest dating from shortly after the Late Glacial Maximum. They result from erosion by sub-glacial water crossing the eastern Scotian Shelf off Nova Scotia. They originate from the Laurentian Channel south of the Cabot Strait. Additionally, seismic profiles show deeply buried post-Miocene channels, some of which lie below modern sea level, cutting across the eastern part of the outer Laurentian Channel which have also tentatively been determined to be tunnel valleys. Seismic profiles have also mapped large tunnel valleys on Banquereau Bank and Sable Island Bank. |
318_33 | South America
The Perito Moreno Glacier is located in the southern Southern Patagonian Ice Field, terminating in Lake Argentino. It divides Lake Argentino into the Los Témpanos channel, and the Rico branch, blocking the channel and forming an ice dam. Lake Argentino periodically breaks through in outburst floods with drainage initially through a tunnel with subsequent roof collapse to form an open channel.
Temporal distribution
There have been five known ice ages in the Earth's history; the Earth is experiencing the Quaternary Ice Age during the present time. Tunnel valleys formed during four of the five have been identified.
See also
Ledoyom
Moulin (geomorphology)
Snake coils (geology)
References
Glaciology
Glacial landforms
Geography terminology
Valleys
Glacial erosion landforms |
319_0 | Rockville is a census-designated place and a village of the town of Vernon in Tolland County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 7,474 at the 2010 census. Incorporated as a city in 1889, it has been consolidated with the town of Vernon since 1965.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and (1.70%) is water.
History
Early settlement
In 1726, Samuel Grant traded his farm in Bolton for in the northern part of Bolton. This included the area which is now known as "Rockville" and for about the next century it was a nameless village. A prominent feature of the area is the Shenipsit Lake, or "The Snip" as it is currently affectionately called by the residents. The Snip feeds the Hockanum River which cascades 254 feet over . The river was used by the farmers for a grist mill, a saw mill, an oil mill and even a distillery starting circa 1740. |
319_1 | Rock Mill
In 1821, Colonel Francis McLean built the first textile mill in what is now Rockville in partnership with George and Allyn Kellogg and Ralph Talcott, next to a spot known as "the Rock" with capital of $16,000. Francis McLean had partnered previously with some others in the Warburton Mill in Talcottville. "The Rock" was a natural dam of solid stone that made a high falls on the Hockanum River. In what is now the center of Rockville, he dammed up the Hockanum River and built a water-powered mill known as the "Rock Mill", which was possibly also known as the McLean Woolen Factory. By 1823 his mill was in full operation. The new mill was 80 by 30 feet, and its product was blue and blue-mix satinet. In 1826 power looms were introduced.
The mill attracted people to this area and by 1836 the population grew to 440 consisting of 61 families including 89 children under the age of 10. |
319_2 | Name
Mail service was brought once a day by stagecoach from Vernon Center, which was the post office and place for voting for the town. In 1837, according to old records, "an amateurish notice was posted on the Rock Mill announcing a public meeting in the lecture room of the village to decide in a democratic way the most suitable name for the vicinity". In order to have their own post office the town needed a permanent name.
The following were some of the recommendations for naming the town.
Frankfort - in honor of Francis Mclean builder of the "Rock Mill"
Vernon Falls
Grantville - in honor of Samuel Grant the first settler
Hillborough - because the terrain is so hilly
Simon Chapman, who ran a boarding house for mill workers, submitted the name "Rockville" as common expression understood by the surrounding areas was "Going to the Rock". Thus,
Rockvillle became the official name. It was not until 1842, however, that Rockville actually acquired its own post office. |
319_3 | Rockville Historic District
Most of Rockville has been designated as part of the Rockville Historic District. The district is roughly bounded by Shenipsit Street, Davis Avenue, West Street and South Street was added in 1984 to the National Register of Historic Places. The district includes 842 buildings and one other structure. It includes examples of Greek Revival, Late Victorian, and Classical Revival architecture. The historic district includes 842 buildings and one other structure over .
The Kellogg House had been used by the State Department of Children and Families to house troubled youth under a contract with Community Solutions, Inc. This arrangement ended on May 2, 2006 after a long history of documented mismanagement by both agencies. The facility is now used for adult transitional housing. |
319_4 | Elm Street, Park Street, and one block of Prospect Street surround a small town park named Talcott Park. The houses represent a variety of Victorian architectural styles ranging from early nineteenth century Greek Revival through the Gothic Revival and Italianate styles down to the Victorian eclecticism of the 1880s and 1890s. The mill owners usually built their houses in the downtown area.
The surviving buildings grouped around Central Park are a continuing reminder of the wealth brought by the woolen industry and the town's aspirations to be a leading city in the state during the 19th century.
On or about November 1, 2007, the light fixtures that sat beside the library steps were stolen. Both fixtures were made of copper shaped into globes. They weighed over one hundred pounds each and were installed as part of the original construction. |
319_5 | Buildings of architectural or historic interest in Rockville include:
St. Bernard Church
Memorial Building housing currently the New England Civil War Museum and the Grand Army of the Republic Hall as well as the town offices for Vernon.
Old Rockville High School and East School
(#10 and #12) Ellington Ave.
Francis T. Maxwell House also known as Maxwell Court
Rockville National Bank
Union Congregational Church
Citizen's Block
Rockville Methodist Episcopal Church
Memorial Building
Fitch Block
George Maxwell Memorial Library
Kellogg House
Turn Halle
Erhardt Linck's Hall
70 Village Street
George Sykes House (first)
Hockanum Mill
Saxony Mill
Springville Mill
Florence Mill
Henry Huhnken's Saloon
New England Yard
Castle Sunset
The Tower on Fox Hill
Baptist Church, since destroyed to make room for a bigger parking lot for Rockville General Hospital.
Maple Street School
Gallery |
319_6 | Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 7,474 people, 3,292 households, and 1,681 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 4,419.9 people per square mile (1,720.3/km2). There were 3,682 housing units at an average density of 1,947.9 per square mile (853.4/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 76.0% White (70.8% non-Hispanic white), 11.7% African American, 0.4% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 4.5% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 12.2% of the population.
There were 3,292 households, out of which 26.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.6% were married couples living together, 19.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.9% were non-families. 39.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.98. |
319_7 | In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 26.5% under the age of 20, 17.8% from 20 to 29, 19.8% from 30 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.7 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $40,451, and the median income for a family was $40,714. Males working year-round and full-time had a median income of $48,159 versus $37,865 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $23,079. About 24.5% of families and 22.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 37.1% of those under age 18 and 16.0% of those age 65 or over. |
319_8 | Notable people
Jahine Arnold (born 1973), NFL wide receiver
Stephen Farrell (1863–1933), world champion sprinter and track coach
Stephanie A. Gallagher (born 1972), United States District Judge
Alice Belle Garrigus 1858-1949, Evangelist & Founder-Pentecostal Assemblies of Newfoundland & Labrador, Born in Rockville
Edward Stevens Henry (1836-1921), U.S. Congressman
Morgan Lewis (1906–1968), songwriter and Broadway theatre composer
Dwight Loomis (1821–1903), U.S. Congressman
Dwight Marcy (1840-1887), Connecticut State Representative
Mary Mattingly (born 1979), visual artist
Ralph Murphy (1895-1967), film director
Stuart J. Murphy (born 1942), children's book author
Kenneth North (1930-2010), U.S. Air Force brigadier general
Bob Pease (1940-2011), analog integrated circuit design expert and technical author
Charles Phelps (1852–1940), lawyer, state legislator, and Connecticut's first attorney general |
319_9 | Gene Pitney (1941–2006), internationally known singer/songwriter, member of Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, born in Hartford, raised in Rockville
Charles Ethan Porter (1847-1923), artist
Bill Romanowski (1966–present), NFL linebacker, born in Vernon, graduated from Rockville High School in 1984
Antoni Sadlak (1908-1969), U.S. Congressman |
319_10 | See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Tolland County, Connecticut
References
External links
Official Web Page for the town of Vernon
Community Web Page
Another Community Web Page
Vernon Historical Society
A Walk Through Rockville's Past... The Loom City Revisited - Walking tours through historic Rockville
Map of Rockville CDP and Rockville Historic District
Vernon, Connecticut
Census-designated places in Tolland County, Connecticut
Former municipalities in Connecticut
Villages in Connecticut
Historic districts in Tolland County, Connecticut
Villages in Tolland County, Connecticut
Census-designated places in Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Tolland County, Connecticut
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Populated places disestablished in 1965 |
320_0 | The Deutscher Chor London (DCL), also known as the German Choir of London, is a London-based amateur mixed-voice choir with a core repertoire of German classical choral pieces and a special interest in contemporary works. The choir was founded in 2009 by its current musical director Barbara Höfling.
DCL gives around twelve performances each year and has released two CD recordings.
About
DCL was founded in 2009 by singer and conductor Barbara Höfling. The initial membership was drawn largely from amateur singers associated with the Deutsche Evangelische Christuskirche in Knightsbridge, London. It has since grown to the be largest German choir in the UK.
Currently, the choir comprises around fifty active members of various nationalities. It continues to rehearse each week at the Christuskirche in Knightsbridge.
Repertoire |
320_1 | Classical
DCL's core repertoire is drawn from the German choral tradition of the seventeenth to late nineteenth centuries, in particular the works of Heinrich Schütz, Bach, Haydn, Brahms, Mendelssohn, Max Reger, Rheinberger and Bruckner.
The choir's repertoire extends to other works from the classical choral canon, including pieces by Vivaldi, Händel and Britten.
Contemporary
In addition to its core classical repertoire, DCL regularly performs new choral works. Its contemporary repertoire includes the following works commissioned for the choir itself: |
320_2 | Ben See is part of our #CoronaCommissions project in 2020.
Carol J. Jones is part of our #CoronaCommissions project in 2020.
Jenni Watson's take on our #CoronaCommissions project in 2020 featured not only us but the Freiburg Saxophone Akademie as well.
Sarah Rimkus is part of our #CoronaCommissions project in 2020.
Luke Styles is part of our #CoronaCommissions project in 2020.
Ian Stephens' "Unruhige Träume" with lyrics from the opening of Kafka's "Die Verwandlung" (The Metamorphosis) is part of our #CoronaCommissions project in 2020
Donna McKevitt's "Fear" with lyrics from a poem by Jan Noble is part of our #CoronaCommissions project in 2020.
Michael Cryne's "Fear no more" with lyrics from William Shakespeare's Cymbeline is part of our #CoronaCommissions project in 2020.
Danyal Dhondy's "An die Freude" a take on the well-known piece by Ludwig van Beethoven with lyrics by Friedrich Schiller for our concert "A European Celebration" in 2019. |
320_3 | Orlando Gough's contemporary settings of war poetry by Siegfried Sassoon and May Cannan for the choir's upcoming “Selig sind die Friedfertigen” tour in 2018.
Matt Gio's "The Answered Hymn", written to mark the 500th anniversary of the Reformation in 2017.
Sarah Rimkus wrote a beautiful piece for us in 2016 for a performance at the Queens Gallery at Buckingham Palace.
Scottish-inspired works by composers, commissioned to accompany the Buckingham Palace exhibition of Scottish art in 2016.
six new Volkslied arrangements for the choir's 2015 CD "Der Mond ist aufgegangen", by Gareth Treseder "Sehnsucht nach dem Frühling", Danyal Dhondy, "Kein schöner Land in dieser Zeit" and the choir's musical director Barbara Höfling "Deutsch-Englische Vogelhochzeit" and "Am Brunnen vor dem Tore".
Orlando Gough's commission for the 2012 Thames Festival XX Scharnhorst. |
320_4 | Performances
The choir gives around twelve performances each year, encompassing: concert appearances in a range of venues; participation in church and cathedral services as a visiting choir; and charity engagements in London during the Christmas season.
Current projects
We are busy rehearsing for our next big concert scheduled for spring 2022. To commemorate Sophie Scholl we will perform Bach´s Matthäus Passion in a very unique and special way. More information to date and location will follow.
Due to the pandemic we are unfortunatelly not able to plan more concerts for 2021.
Past performances
DCL's performance history features collaborations with such ensembles as: the Choir of King's College, Cambridge; the choir of St-Martin-in-the-Fields; the German Choir Paris; the UK Parliament choir; the West London Bach Consort; Petersham Voices; the Keld Ensemble; and the respective choirs of several Lutheran congregations in London. |
320_5 | Special events and projects with which the choir has been involved include:
2019: 10 year anniversary concert of GCL with Carl Orff Carmina Burana and 'A European Celebration' with 28 songs of the 28 countries belonging to the EU.
2018: "Selig sind die Friedfertigen" / "Blessed are the peacemakers" tour. A series of events to commemorate the centenary of the end of World War I, including performances in York Minster, Highgate Cemetery, Menin Gate in Ypres, Brussels Cathedral, St Paul's Cathedral and Coventry Cathedral.
2017: Reformation 500. A series of events marking the 500th anniversary of the Reformation, including services at Westminster Abbey and St Martin-in-the-Fields.
2016: Samsung World Choir series. A 24-day event in December 2016, featuring 24 choirs from 24 different countries each in hour-long performances in Piccadilly Circus. |
320_6 | 2014: Hanover 2014. A series of events marking the 300th anniversary of the Hanoverian monarchy, including performances at The Queen's Gallery Buckingham Palace and the Christuskirche Knightsbridge.
2013: Bonhoeffer's Music. A celebration of the life of Dietrich Bonhoeffer, including performances at St Albans Cathedral and St James Piccadilly.
2012: Thames Festival. Performance of a new work by Orlando Gough in a concert aboard HMS Belfast. |
320_7 | Chronological list of the choir's major performances since its founding in 2009:
2021
April: Virtuel Concert
2019
December: Evensong, St Paul's Cathedral, London
December: Weihnachtsoratorium BWV 248, St Lawrence Jewry and St Giles-without-Cripplegate, London
October: Carmina Burana, Round Chapel, London
June: Stabat Mater, St Mary-at-Hill, London
March: A European Celebration, St Columbas Hall, London
January: Christuskirche, London on Holocaust Memorial Day
2018
Nov - St Paul's Cathedral, Liverpool Cathedral and Lichfield Cathedral
Oct - Coventry Cathedral and Winchester Cathedral
Sep - Canterbury Cathedral
Aug - Menin Gate, Ypres and Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula, Brussles
Jul - Highgate Cemetery London
May - York Minster, Wakefield Cathedral, Bradford Cathedral
Feb - Wells Cathedral |
320_8 | 2017
Dec - St Lawrence Jewry: Händel - Dixit Dominus & Vivaldi - Gloria
Oct - Westminster Abbey: Service in celebration of 500 years of Reformation
Aug - Notre-Dame Paris: Service for the WWI centenary including works by Reger, Bruckner, Mendelssohn, Rheinberger and Brahms
Jun - St James's Church Paddington: works by Brahms, Rheinberger, Bruckner and others
Mar - St Giles' Cripplegate: Bach - Johannespassion, with Keld Ensemble
Feb - St Martin-in-the-Fields: Choral Evensong to mark the 500th Anniversary of the Reformation, together with the Choir of St Martin-in-the-Fields and singers from Lutheran congregations in London
Feb - King's College Chapel, Cambridge: Bach Vesper, together with the King's College Choir under the direction of Stephen Cleobury
2016 |
320_9 | Dec - St Paul's Cathedral: Evensong with Mendelssohn Motets
Dec - Piccadilly Circus: Christmas Carols
Oct - The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace: Specially commissioned pieces of Scottish-inspired music to accompany the exhibition 'Scottish Artists 1750-1900: From Caledonia to the Continent'.
Jun - St James's Church Paddington: Bach Motets
Apr - St Paul's Cathedral: Evensong with works by Brahms and Schütz
2015
Dec - St Lawrence Jewry and St George's Bloomsbury: Bach Christmas Oratorio
Nov - Hampton Court Palace: Christmas Carols
Oct - Counting House, Cornhill: CD Release "Der Mond ist aufgegangen" |
320_10 | 2014
Dec - Hampton Court Palace: German and English Christmas carols
Nov - St Lawrence Jewry: Romantic songs by Brahms - Liebesliederwalzer, Zigeunerliederwalzer, Neue Liebesliederwalzer, Quartette
Oct - The Queen's Gallery, Buckingham Palace: An enchanting dialogue between art and music, celebrating the music of 18th century composers Croft, Händel and Haydn
Jun - Christuskirche Knightsbridge: O worship the king - 1714-2014: 300 years of Hanover Succession Works by Haydn, Mendelssohn, CPE Bach, Gluck, Steffani and others
2013
Dec - St Mary Magdalene, Richmond: A German Christmas in collaboration with Petersham Voices
Nov - St James's Church Paddington: Mendelssohn's Psalms 2, 42, 43
May - St James Piccadilly: Polyphony of Life - Bonhoeffer's Music
May - St Albans Cathedral: Polyphony of Life - Bonhoeffer's Music
Apr - Westminster Abbey: Evensong
Apr - Royal Naval Chapel Greenwich: Evensong |
320_11 | 2012
Dec - Royal Naval Chapel Greenwich: Weihnachtsoratorium
Sep - Thames Festival: new pieces by Orlando Gough
Sep - Christuskirche London: Bach Cantata
Jul - Beethoven 9th Symphony with Forest Philharmonic Orchestra
Jul - Christuskirche London: Bach Cantata
Jun - Filming of "streets of London" arrangement by Peter Gritton for WDR German Television
May - Christuskirche London: A cappella Concert
Mar - Master class: Bach Cantata with Christoph Siebert
Feb - St Matthew Passion with West-London Bach Consort
Jan - Christuskirche London: Bach Cantata
2011
Dec - Christuskirche London: Christmas Concert
Nov - Christuskirche London: Bach Cantata
Jun - Recordings for Christmas CD "Der Englische Gruss"
Apr - Christuskirche London: A cappella Concert |
320_12 | 2010
Dec - Christuskirche London: Christmas Concert
Nov - Coventry Cathedral and Westminster Cathedral: War Requiem with Parliament Choir and Southbank Symphonia,
Jun - Concerts with the German Choir Paris Magnificat in Paris and London
2009
Dec - Christuskirche London: Christmas Concert
Sep - Christuskirche London: Vivaldi, Gloria
Discography
Der englische Gruss, 2011 - a CD of Christmas music also featuring the Parliament Choir.
Der Mond ist aufgegangen, 2015 - a CD of German and British folksongs also featuring several guest choirs. The tracks include new folksong arrangements from Gareth Treseder, Danyal Dhondy and choir musical director Barbara Hoefling.
Television appearances
BBC News at Six, June 2017
ARD - Ein Brexit und drei Millionen Sorgen, 7/6/2017
WDR - Wunderschön! Visit London - Shopping, Songs und Sightseeing, 29/4/2012. DCL sang “Streets of London” by Peter Gritton.
References |
320_13 | External links
Official website of DCL
Official website of musical director Barbara Höfling
Official website of composer Orlando Gough
Official website of composer Danyal Dhondy
Official website of composer Gareth Treseder
German choirs
Musical groups established in 2009
2009 establishments in the United Kingdom
Musical groups from London |
321_0 | Giant-cell carcinoma of the lung (GCCL) is a rare histological form of large-cell lung carcinoma, a subtype of undifferentiated lung cancer, traditionally classified within the non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC).
The characteristic feature of this highly lethal malignancy is the distinctive light microscopic appearance of its extremely large cells, which are bizarre and highly pleomorphic, and which often contain more than one huge, misshapen, pleomorphic nucleus ("syncytia"), which result from cell fusion.
Although it is common in the lung cancer literature to refer to histologically mixed tumors containing significant numbers of malignant giant cells as "giant-cell carcinomas", technically a diagnosis of "giant-cell carcinoma" should be limited strictly to neoplasms containing only malignant giant cells (i.e. "pure" giant-cell carcinoma). |
321_1 | Aside from the great heterogeneity seen in lung cancers (especially those occurring among tobacco smokers), the considerable variability in diagnostic and sampling techniques used in medical practice, the high relative proportion of individuals with suspected GCCL who do not undergo complete surgical resection, and the near-universal lack of complete sectioning and pathological examination of resected tumor specimens prevent high levels of quantitative accuracy. |
321_2 | Classification
For several decades, primary lung cancers were consistently dichotomously classified for treatment and research purposes into small-cell lung carcinomas (SCLCs) and non-small-cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs), based on an oversimplified approach that is now clearly outmoded. The new paradigm recognizes that lung cancers are a large and extremely heterogeneous family of malignant neoplasms, with over 50 different histological variants included in the 4th (2004) revision of the World Health Organization typing system, the most widely used lung cancer classification scheme ("WHO-2004"). These variants are increasingly appreciated as having different genetic, biological, and clinical properties, including prognoses and responses to treatment regimens, and therefore, that correct and consistent histological classification of lung cancers are necessary to validate and implement optimum management strategies. |
321_3 | About 1% of lung cancers are sarcomas, germ cell tumors, and hematopoietic tumors, while 99% of lung cancers are carcinoma. Carcinomas are tumors composed of transformed, abnormal cells with epithelial tissue architecture and/or molecular characteristics, and which derive from embryonic endoderm. Eight major taxa of lung carcinomas are recognized within the WHO-2004 classification:
Small-cell carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Large-cell carcinoma
Adenosquamous carcinoma
Sarcomatoid carcinoma
Carcinoid
Salivary gland-like carcinoma |
321_4 | The subclassification of GCCL among these major taxa has undergone significant changes in recent decades. Under the 2nd revision (1981) of the WHO classification, it was considered a subtype of large-cell carcinoma. In the 3rd (1999) revision, it was placed within a taxon called "Carcinomas with Pleomorphic, Sarcomatoid, or Sarcomatous Elements", along with pleomorphic carcinoma, spindle cell carcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and pulmonary blastoma, which are (arguably) related variants. While the 4th revision ("WHO-2004") retained the same grouping of lesions as the 3rd revision, the name of the major taxon was shortened to "sarcomatoid carcinomas". |
321_5 | The current rules for classifying lung cancers under WHO-2004, while useful and improved, remain to some extent fairly complex, ambiguous, arbitrary, and incomplete. Although it is fairly common for mixed tumors that are seen to contain malignant giant cells to be called "giant-cell carcinomas", accurate classification of a pulmonary tumor as a GCCL requires that the entire tumor consists only of malignant giant cells. Therefore, complete sampling of the entire tumor — obtained via a surgical resection — is absolutely necessary for a definitive diagnosis of GCCL to be made. |
321_6 | Cytology
The background contained numerous lymphocytes and neutrophils. The shape of the tumor cell was spindle or pleomorphic, and the sizes of the tumor cells varied by more than 5-fold. The tumor cells had an abundant, thick and well-demarcated cytoplasm. The location of the nucleus was centrifugal, and the nucleus was oval or irregularly shaped. Multinucleated giant cells were frequently observed. The size of the nucleus was more than 5 times that of normal lymphocytes, and its size also varied by more than 5-fold. The nuclear membrane was thin, and nuclear chromatin was coarsely granular, while the nucleolus was single and round.
In cytological preparations, giant cells typically appear as single cells or in flat loose clusters, and occasionally in fascicles. |
321_7 | GCCL are considered a member of the most common type of lung cancer, called "non-small-cell carcinomas". This group of lethal neoplasms make up approximately 85% of all lung cancers. By the definition of "large-vs.-small-cell carcinoma", the diameter of GCCL cells must be considerably greater than three times that of a resting (i.e. unstimulated) lymphocyte. Also by definition, GCCL do not contain any amount of these small, neurosecretory granule-containing, neuroendocrine cells that are characteristic of small-cell carcinomas — when they do, the tumor should be classified as a combined small-cell carcinoma.
Compared to most other lung cancer variants, cells comprising GCCL tend to be much larger (up to 150 micrometers diameter, or even larger), Both cells and nuclei show extreme variation in size distribution and shape. Carcinomatous giant cells carcinoma nuclei have been reported to average 5 times the size of lymphocyte nuclei. |
321_8 | The cells from giant-cell carcinomas are anaplastic, and show no evidence of cell maturation or differentiation, lacking the cytological and tissue architectural characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinomas, or other more differentiated lung cancer cell types. They tend to be highly pleomorphic (i.e. variable in characteristics), but are most often round and/or polygonal in shape, with a relatively low nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio. When associated with spindle cells, as they very frequently are in tumors with mixed histology, malignant giant cells tend to form loosely cohesive aggregate structures on cytological examination. However, when a biopsy sample consists purely of malignant giant cells, the cells tend to be single and disaggregated.
Case series suggest that the relative number of giant cells in a given tumor are generally directly proportional to the size of the tumor, and to the relative amount of necrosis. |
321_9 | Giant cells in a lung cancer are highly associated with the presence of spindle cells.
The chromatin of malignant giant cells tends to be hyperchromatic and coarsely clumped. Nucleoli are usually multiple and prominent.
Subcellular characteristics often noted in the malignant giant cells of GCCL cases include abundant mitochondria, concentric whorls of tonofilament-like fibrils, and aggregates of several pairs of centrioles.
Both "tumor cell-tumor cell" and "leukocyte-tumor cell" emperipolesis (i.e. active penetration of the latter by the former) is very commonly seen in cases of GCCL.
Tissue architectural features
In mixed tumors, giant cells are more likely to be found in higher proportions at the edge of a tumor. When extensive necrosis is present, it is possible for a giant-cell tumor to have only a thin rim of viable cells remaining at the perimeter of the mass. |
321_10 | In one early case series, abundant production of loose malignant giant cells were noted to fill the alveoli of victims without destroying, infiltrating, or disturbing the normal underlying architecture, a pathologic behavior that bears some resemblance to the pneumonic variant of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma.
Extensive tumor necrosis and hemorrhage is extremely common in GCCL.
Although the issue has not been extensively studied in a controlled fashion, GCCLs have been noted to contain significantly elevated levels of VEGF. However, in one study where a giant-cell carcinoma tumor that had been completely excised was sectioned and examined, no qualitative or quantitative abnormalities in tissue vascularization were noted.
GCCL have been noted to be encapsulated, and to be divided via septa into "pseudolobules", by a highly fibrous stroma, suggested to be produced commensurately with tumor growth. The capsule is typically infiltrated with malignant giant cells. |
321_11 | Macroscopic features
Giant-cell carcinomas of the lung frequently show extensive necrosis and myxoid degeneration.
A trend toward less vascularity and tissue density (with lower contrast enhancement on CT) has been noted toward the center of these lesions, especially in larger tumors, and even in tumors without a significant volume of gross necrosis.
Grossly, the cut surfaces of these malignancies are often gray-white or tan, and frequently show myxoid, necrotic, and/or hemorrhagic foci. These sorts of areas often show low levels of contrast enhancement on CT scanning.
Low encapsularity and high levels of tissue collagen tend to be observed, with high contrast enhancement in these areas.
GCCL have been seen to develop from/in emphysematous bullae.
Staining and immunohistochemistry
A case of a brain metastasis from a giant-cell lung carcinoma (both "pure") tested positive for cytokeratins AE1/AE3, and negative for CK-7, CK-20, TTF-1, and GFAP. |
321_12 | GCCL cells often stain intensely by Periodic acid-Schiff reagent, suggesting the presence of significant amounts of glycogen in the cell cytoplasm.
Differential diagnosis
Under light microscopy, the giant malignant pleomorphic cells making up a GCCL resemble those found in choriocarcinoma, angiosarcoma, and some forms of true sarcoma, such as malignant fibrous histiocytoma and rhabdomyosarcoma. In some instances, they can also bear considerable resemblance to "activated" histiocytes seen in some inflammatory conditions. |
321_13 | A rare and potentially difficult differential diagnostic dilemma occurs when GCCLs must be separated from pulmonary or mediastinal choriocarcinomas, a critical distinction to me made because while there is a known standard of care for treating choriocarcinoma, as yet there is no generally accepted specific standard treatment for GCCL. Careful review of cell morphology is key to their delineation — while GCCLs show great variation in cell size distributions and morphologies in tumors, choriocarcinomas consistently contain only syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts. GCCL and primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma can also be differentiated on the basis of ultrastructural features by electron microscopy, although EM is not yet widely applicable.
Occasionally, a bone metastasis of a GCCL could potentially be mistaken for a primary giant-cell tumor of bone — the latter entity can behave as a neoplasm of benign, frankly malignant, or borderline in its clinical behavior. |
321_14 | Sites of metastasis
GCCLs are particularly notable among lung cancers for their extremely unusual tendency to metastasize to the small intestine, occasionally causing obstruction, severe bleeding, and/or intussusception. This clinical characteristic of GCCL has been seen in cases spanning over half a century in time.
Within the small bowel, the jejunum seems to be a preferred site for metastasis of GCCL.
GCCL also often metastasizes to bone, adrenal, brain, lung, liver, kidney,
Brain metastases from GCCL are particularly likely to cause significant cerebral hemorrhages as compared to other lung cancer variants, probably due to greatly increased rates of endothelial proliferation and neovascularization, tumor tissue growth, extensive necrosis, and aggressive local infiltrative character of GCCL cells. |
321_15 | Pathogenesis
Several studies, both in giant-cell tumor specimens and in cell lines, have identified rearrangement and amplification of the c-myc oncogene, sometimes in combination with mutations of the K-ras gene.
Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to occur in GCCL and is thought to be related to the high metastatic potential of this lung cancer variant.
Malignant giant cells identical to those found in GCCL commonly occur in lung cancer cases with a prominent major or minor clear-cell carcinoma pattern (for a discussion about this variant, see for example). They have been hypothesized to derive from an undifferentiated multipotent malignant stem cell precursor that is generated in distal bronchioles via an as yet unknown oncogenetic pathway or oncogenetic driver. |
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