Telugu Romanized Datasets
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Transliterated Telugu Dataset to English
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Guntur jalla, AndhraPradesh loni costa praanthamlo ooka jalla. deeni mukhyapattanam Guntur. rashtra rajadhani Guntur Amravati. vidyaa kendramga anaadi nundi peruu pondindi. pogaaku, mirapa jalla pradhaana vyavasaya egumatulu. 2022 loo jillala maarpulalo bhaagamgaa, yea jillaaloni bhuubhaalanu kotthaga yerpadina baptla jalla, palnadu jillalalo kaliparu.
2022 loo vibhajana puurvapu jalla charithra
Guntur praanthamlo paataraati yugam naatinundi manavudu nivasinchaadanutaku adharalu unnayi. raatiyugapu (paleolithic) panimutlu Guntur jillaaloo dorikayi. vengi chaalukya raju ammaraja (922-929) saasanaalalo gunturunu gurinchina prathma prasthavana Pali. 1147, 1158 remdu saasanaalalo Guntur prasakti Pali.
bauddham prarambham nundi vidyaa sanbandha vishayaalallo Guntur agrashrenilo untu vacchindi. bauddhulu prachina kaalamlone dhanyakatakam (dharanikota) oddha vishwavidyaalayaanni stapincharu. taaranaathuni prakaaram gauthama buddhudu modati kaalachakra mandalaanni dhaanyakatakamlo aavishkarinchaadu. prasidha buddhist tatvavaetta aachaarya nagarjunudu yea prantham vaadu. usa.sha..poo 200 naatike yea praanthamlo abhrakam (micah) nu kanugonabadindi.
pratiipaalapura raajyam (usa.sha. poo 5va shataabdi) – ippati bhattiprolu – dakshinha bhaaratadaesamloe prathma rajyaanga gurthimpu pondindi. saasana aadhaaraalanu batti kubera raju usa.sha.poo. 230 praanthamlo bhattiprolunu paripaalinchaadani, aa taruvaata saala raajulu paalinchaarani telustundhi. vividha kaalaallo gunturunu paripaalinchina vamsaalalo pramukhamainavi: shaathavahanulu, ikshvaakulu, pallavulu, anandha gotrika, vishnukundinulu, chalukyas, choolhulu, kakatiyulu, reddy raajulu, vijayanagar raajulu, qutab shahilu. Guntur praachiinaandhrakaalanaataaaaa kammanadu, velanaadu, palanadulo ooka mukhyabhaagam. kondaru saamamta raajulu kudaa yea praantaanni paalincharu. yea saamantula Madhya kutumba kalahalu, vaarasatva porulu sarvasadhaaranamgaa undevi. atuvanti vaarasatvapore prassiddhi gaanchina palnati iddam. jillaaloni palanaadu praanthamlo 1180 lalo jargina yea iddam "aandhra Kurukshetra"gaaa charithra loanu, saahityamloonu chirasthayiga nilichipooyindi.
1687loo ourangajebu qutab shahi raajyaanni aakraminchinapudu Guntur kudaa mogalu saamraajyamlo bhaagamaindi. saamrajyapu raajapratinidhi asaph jha 1724loo haidarabaduku nijaamgaa prakatinchukonnaadu. Uttar sarkarulu ani paerondhina costa jillalanu phrenchi varu 1750 loo aakraminchukonnaru. 1788loo eest india kompany elubadi looniki vachi, Guntur madraasu preseidenseeloo bhaagamaindi. 1794loo 14 taaluukaalatoe jalla aavirbhavinchindi. aavi: dachepalli, prathipadu, marturu, tunturukora, magalgiri, baptla, ponnoor, raepalle, tenale, Guntur, kuurapaadu, kondaveedu, narasaraavupeeta, vinukonda. 1859loo jillaanu Rajahmundry, machilipatnam jillaalatoo vileenam chessi krishna godawari jillaga naamakaranam chesaru. 1904loo tenale, Guntur, sattenapalli, palanaadu, baptla, narasaraavupeeta, vinukonda taaluukaalanu vary chessi malli jillaanu erpaatu chesaru.
bhartiya swatantrya sangramam loanu, AndhraPradesh rashtra erpaatu loanu jalla pramukha patra vahinchimdi. 1947loo deeshaaniki swatantrayam vachinapudu madraasu presidencee madraasu rashtramlo bhaagamaindi. madraasu raashtram loni telegu matlade jillaalu pratyeka raashtram kaavalani vaadinchaayi. falithamgaa 1953loo 11 jillaalatoo aandraraashtram erpadindi. 1970 phibravari 2na prakasm jalla erpaatu cheesinapudu jalla roopurekhalalo malli marpulu chootu cheesukunnayi. ongolu taaluukaa motham, baptla, narasaraavupeeta, vinukonda taaluukaalalooni konni praantaalanu vidadheesi prakasm jillaaloo kalipi erpaatu chesaru. deenitho jalla vaishaalyam 15032 cha. ki. mee nundi 11,347 cha. ki. meeki taggipoindi.
2002 loo kotthaga yerpadina palnadu jalla, baptla jillaalakoraku, jillaanu cheelchadamto jalla vistiirnham 2,443 cha.ki.meeku taggindi.
bhaugoollika swarupam
thuurpuna entaaa jalla, krishna jalla, dakshinhaana baptla jalla, paschimaana baptla jalla, palnadu jalla, uttaraana palnadu jalla sarihaddulugaa unnayi. chalavaraku samatala pradeesam. konni kondalu kudaa unnayi. krishna delta kontabhagam dheenilo Pali.
nela
nela teerulo rakaalu.
nallaregadi nela: krushnaanadi vaddunagala pradheeshaalu, sattenapalli, maacharlaku uttaramgaa unnayi. sunnapuraayi metthagaa maari ivi erpadutaayi.
isuka nela: samudrapu vadduna gondwana raallugala pradeesaalloo ivi unnayi. konni chotla kankara (calcarius naelalu) unnayi.
uppu nela: samudrapu alalu teeramloki vachey choota unnayi. raepalle, kottapalem, sarlagondi, nizaam patnamlo ivi chudavachu.
neetivasati
ummadi Guntur jillaaloo krishna nadi, chandravanka, tungabadra, naguleru pradhaana nadulu. Guntur channel, Guntur saakhaa kaluva, romperu, bhattiprolu, raepalle kaluvalu, durgi daggara gundlakamma nadi, rentachinthala daggara golivagu, gurzala daggara dandivaagu unnayi.
krushnaanadi macharla parvatasrenilo ganikonda daggara, samudramattam nundi 182 meetarla ettuna Guntur jalla loki praveshisthundi. peddha loyaloki paaruthuu maacharlanu Telangana loni achampetanu veruchestundi. kudavaipu jarrivaagu, edamavaipuna dindi vaaguni kalupukoni paarutundi. chandravanka krishnaki upanadhi. turupu nallamala kondalaloo putti mutukuru graama prakkagaa paari, dani upanadiyaina edibogula vagutho kalsi (atmakuru prajectu daggara) eeshaanya disaga payanimchi maacharlanu thaaki uttaramgaa paarutundi. thumrukota rakshith adaviloki paaremundu, 21meetarla ettunundi krimdhaku paarutundi. deeninay ettipotala jalapaatam antaruu. uttaradisagaa kontha pravahinchi krushnaalo kalustundi. naguleru nadi, vinukonda shrenilo nayakurali passes daggara nallamala kondalaloo putti, karempudi prakkagaa pravahinchi uttaradisagaa macharla parvatasrenulalo 32 ki.mee. paari ramapuram daggara krushnaalo kalustundi. turupu teeramlo saadharanamga vunde teerulo krishna nadi chaaala varku samatalapraantamlo pravahinchatamto, varshaakaalamlo chaaala matti meta vesthundi .
dhiguva krishna, krishna, gundlakamma ogeru, romperu, kaluvalu neerugaa samudramlokalise prantham jillaaloni neetipaarudala vibhagalu.
khanijasampada
vajralu: kollur gramam daggara,krushnaanadi odduna vajralu choose tavvevaaru. prakhtaati gaanchina kohinnor vajram ikade velikiteesinatlu cheputhaaru. vajraala ganulu maadugula, mallavaram, saarangapaani kondalaloo unnayi.
kankara:sunnaputayaareelo wade kankara chaebroolu, magalgiri, pedakakani, venkatapalem,loo labhyamavutundhi.
vaataavaranam
bangaala khaatamlo erpade tuphanlu, alpapeedanalu, thoorputheeram daatithe adhika Barasat, balamaina gaalulaku kaaranamavutaayi.
decemberu nundi phibravari daaka: podi, challani chali kaalam.
marchi nundi mee: endaakaalam
juun nundi septembaru: nairutii rutupavanaala valana wana kaalam.
aktobaru nundi nevemberu: tupanla valana vaanalu.
varshapaatam
ummadi jalla sagatu varshapaatam 830 mimi. turupu nundi padamaraku idi taggutumdi. nairutii rutupavanaala valana avi taggipoyetappudu varshapaatam kalugutundhi. octoberulo varshalu ekuva. sagatuna 47 varshapu roojulu. atyadhikamgaa 1879 nevemberu 9 loo sattenapallilo 386 mimi varshapaatam namodaindi.
vushogratalu
ummadi jalla varshika atylpa, athyadhika upnogratalu 15 °C, 47 °C gaaa namoodhayyaayi. rentachinthala athantha upnogratakalapradesam. 1948 mee 18 loo 49 °C namodayyindi.
aardhika sthiti gatulu
vyavasaayam
ummadi jillaaloo pradhaana pantalu:
aahaara dhaanyaalu:vari, mokkajonna,
pappu dhaanyaalu : minumulu, kandulu,
vyapara pantalu: patthi, mirapa pasupumariyu pogaaku
thotapantalu: sapota, kobbari, arati, jeedimamidi, jaama, nimma, narinja, boppai.
ummadi jillaaloo bhaaree neeti paarudala prajektulalo prakasm bereji ( paata krishna ayakattu) crinda 2,02,032 hectarlu nagarjunsagar prajectu crinda 2,54,583 hectarlu, Guntur branchi kaluva crinda 10,823 hectarlu saagavutundi.
vyavasaya maarket yaardulu Guntur, tenale, duggiraala, ponnoor, magalgiri, tadikonda lalo unnayi.
parisramalu
paarishraamika vaadalu Guntur, tenale, perecherla, naulurulalo, 4 aatonagarlu Guntur,tenale lalo, 2 dukaana sankiirnaalu Guntur, dokiparrulalo kalavu . pratthi millulu,paala parisramalu, naara millulu, itara chinnataraha parisramalu unnayi.
paripalana vibhagalu
2022loo jillala punarvyavastheekarana taruvaata 7 assembli niyojaka vargalu, 2 revinue divisionlu, 18 mandalaalu, 2 nagarapalaka samshthalu, 2 purapaalaka samshthalu,, 278 graamapanchaayitheelannaa; revinue vibhagalu
tenale, Guntur
mandalaalu
Guntur revenyuu divisionu
Guntur turupu
Guntur paschima
tadikonda
tullur
pedakakani
pedanandipadu
prathipadu
firangipuram
medikonduru
vatticherukuru
tenale revenyuu divisionu
kakumaanu
kollipara
chaebroolu
tadepalli
tenale
duggiraala
ponnoor
magalgiri
nagaraalu, pattanhaalu
Kota: Guntur, Amravati
pattanhaalu: ponnoor, tenale, magalgiri, tadepalli
niyojakavargaalu
loekasabha niyojakavargaalu Guntur
saasanasabha niyojaka vargalu (7)
Guntur loksabha niyojakavargam loni vibhaagam imadchabadindi.
ravaanhaa vvavastha
Guntur nundi haidarabadu, chennaiku rahadari, railu margalu unnayi. 72 kimi jaateeya rahadari, 511 ki.mee. rashtra rahadhaarulu unnayi.
janaba lekkalu
2011 janaganhana prakaaram 21.90 lakshala janaba kaligivundi
vidyaasamsthalu
Guntur jillaaloo sadarana vidyatho baatu, vruttividyaku sambandhinchi vividha prabhutva, privete rangamloo palu vidyasamsthalunnayi.
vaidyakalaasaalalu: Guntur vydya kalaasaala, katuri vydya kalaasaala, nri vaidyakalasala
vishvavidyaalayalu:aachaarya nagarjuna vishwavidyaalayam, vignan vishwavidyaalayam, kl vishwavidyaalayam.
aakarshanalu
ummadi jillaaloni paryaataka pradheeshaalanu 2019loo 1,05,68,262 paryatakulu darsinchaaru.
ananthapadmanaabhaswaamiki ankitamivvabadina guhalu gala vundavalli guhalu,
panakalaswamy ani paerugaanchina lakshminarasimhaswamy devalayangala magalgiri
moolaalu
velupali lankelu
Guntur jalla
costa
AndhraPradesh jillaalu
yea vaaram vyasalu
bhaaratadaesam loni jillaalu |
AndhraPradesh bharathadesamlooni aaganeya thira praantamlooni ooka raashtram. yea raashtram 12°37', 19°54' Uttar akshaamsaala Madhya, 76°46', 84°46' turupu rekhaamsaala Madhya vyaapimchi Pali. bhartiya praamaanika rekhaamsamaina 82°30' turupu rekhaamsam rashtramloni Kakinada meedugaa pothundhi. raashtraaniki vaayavyamgaa Telangana, uttaraana chhattisgath, eshaanyamlo odisha, dakshinhaana TamilNadu, paschimaana Karnataka, thuurpuna bangaalaakhaatam unnayi. kendrapaalitapraanta bhoobhaagam puducheriki chendina Yanam raashtram haddulalo Pali.
vistiirnamtoe idi enimidava athipedda raashtram. bhaaratadaesamloe Gujarat taruvaata thoo rendava podavaina teerapraantam kaligivundi. kohinnor lanty prapancha prakyatha vajralu rashtramloni kolluru ganilo labhinchayi. bharatadesa prachina bhashalalo okataina telegu deeni adhikaara bhaasha.
tirumal venkateswar alayam prapanchamloo atyadhikamgaa sandarsinche punyakshetraalalo okati. panchaaraama kshethraalu, srisaila kshethram, kodanda raamaalayam vento anek punyakshethraalu, Amravati stuupamtoe paatu enka palu pradeeshaalaloo buddhist chaityaalu, stuupaalu, Visakhapatnam samudra theeram, arku loeya, horslee kondalu, konaseema delta lanty sahaja aakarshanalu unnayi.
peruu vyutpatti
common saka poorvam (usa.sha.poo.) 8 va shataabdapu rugveda krithi aitareya braahmanha loo andhras aney vyaktula samuham prastavinchabadindi. andhrulu Uttar bhaaratadaesamloe yamunaa nadi odduna nundi dakshinha bharatadesaaniki valasa vachinatlugaa telustundhi. yea praantamlooni prajalu vishwaamitra samthathi vaarani, assaka janapadam (usa.sha.poo. 700-300) aaganeya bharathadesamlooni godawari, krishna nadula Madhya unna aamdhrula puraathana rajyamani raamaayana, mahabaratha puraanaala dwara telustundhi. aandhradaesaaniki, bharatadesaaniki tholi raajulaina andhrulu ani pilavabadina saatavaahanulanu aandhra, aandhra jaateeya, aandhrabhrutya puraanaalaloo anatam valana kudaa yea praantaaniki yea peruu vachindani telustundhi. varu vaari naanhaelu ledha saasanaalalo aandhrulamani cheppukoledu. vaari jaati kaaranamgaa ledha vaari bhoobhaagam aandhra praantaanni kaligi unnanduna varini andhrulu ani pilichina avaksam Pali.
charithra
bhartiya swatantrya puurvakaalapu charithra
assaca mahajanapadam padaharu vaela mahajanapadalalo okati. dheenilo pratuta aandhra, Maharashtra, telamgaanalu unnayi. usa.sha.poo. 5va sataabdamloo pratiipaalapuram rajadhaanigaa kuberaka anu raju paalana chesthunnadani bhattiprolu stupam thravvakaalalo adharalu labhinchayi. Amravati, dhanyakatakam, vaddamaanu vento pradeshaala puraavastu adharalu aandhra prantham maurya saamraajyamlo bhaagamani suchisthunnayi. mahaveerudu, gauthama buddhudu dhanyakatakanni sandarsinchaaranadaaniki adharalunnayi. ashoka chakraverthy maranam (usa.sha.poo. 232) taruvaata, maurya paalana usa.sha.poo. 200 praanthamlo balaheenapadindi. aandhra praanthamlo anek chinna rajyalau erpaddaayi.
shaathavahanulu usa.sha.poo. 3 va sathabdam nundi common sakam (usa.sha.) 2 va sathabdam varku dhakkan praanthamlo aadhipathyam chelaayinchaaru. shaathavahanulu dharanikotani thama rajadhaanigaa cheskunnaru. varu saamraajyaanni maraataa desam haddulu daati vistarinchaaru. buddhist grandhaala prakaaram mahaayaana tatvavaetta nagarjuna usa.sha. 2-3 va sataabdaalaloo nivasinchaadu. taruvaata aandhra ikshvaakulu, vijayapuri rajadhaanigaa, usa.sha. 2 va sathabdam chivari artha bhagamlo krishna nadi loeyaloe paalincharu. modhata sathavahana raajula crinda kaaryanirvaahaka adhikaruluga unna pallavulu, usa.sha. 2 va sataabdaaniki mundhu gurtinchabadina rajakeeya sakta kadhu. usa.sha. 7 va sathabdam modati traimaasikamlo rendava pulakesi netrutvamloni paschima chaalukyula dandayaatralo odipoyaru.
saalankaayanulu aandhra praantaanni usa.sha. 300 nundi usa.sha. 440 varku veangi rajadhaanigaa paripaalinchaaru. ikshvaakula patanam taruvaata, vishnukundinulu usa.sha. 5, 6 va sataabdaalaloo mottamodati goppa raajavamsamgaa kalinga, telanganaloni konni bhaagaalatoe sahaa motham aandhradesampai pattu sadhincharu. varu Eluru, Amravati, puraanisangam kendraluga mukhyamaina patra poeshimchaaru.
usa.sha 5va sataabdamloo renati choolhulu paalincharu. telegu bhaasha moolaalu Guntur jillaaloo bhattiprolu, itarachotla dorikina aati saasanaalalo kanabadataayi.
vengi (turupu chalukyas) rajavamsam usa.sha. 7 va sathabdam nundi usa.sha. 1130 varku aiduvandala samvastaralu konasaagindi. chivariki chola raajavamsamlo vileenam ayyindi. varu 1189 varku chola rajavamsam rakshanalo paalana konasagincharu. chivariga vaari raajyam hoyasalu, yaadavulaku longipoyindi.
kakatiyulu usa.sha 12- 14 sataabdaalaloo yea praantaalanu paripaalinchaaru. viiru anek kotalanu nirminchaaru. viiri taruvaata musunoori naayakulu paalincharu. telegu praantaalaloo Delhi sultaanu palananu padagottadaaniki musunoori naayakulu, praantamlooni naayakula samakhyaku naayakatvam vahinchaaru.
14 va sathabdam praarambhamlo proolaya vemareddy chetha reddy raajyam (usa.sha.1325–usa.sha.1448) sthapinchabadindhi. viiru neti kondaveedu nundi paalincharu. Delhi sultaanula muslim sienyaalaku vyatirekamga udyamaanni praarambhinchina rastrala samakhyalo bhaagamgaa proolaya vemareddy kondaveedu kootanu nirmimchaadu. yea prantham orissa gajapatula swaadheenam loki poeyi, 1458 loo bahmani rajyapu muslim palakulache dvamsam cheyabadindhi. vijayanagar chakraverthy krushnadevaraayalu usa.sha.1516 loo dheenini swaadheenam chesukunadu. golaconda sultanlu 1531, 1536, 1579 lalo kota pai daadi chesar. sulthan quli qutab shaw 1579 loo dheenini swaadheenam cheesukuni, murtujanagar ani peruu pettadu. taruvaata vijayanagar raajulu marala swaadheenam cheskunnaru.
vijayanagar saamraajyam qannada, telegu, tamilam, samskrutaalalo lalita kalalu, saahithyaanni proothsahinchindi. yea kaalamlone Karnataka sangeetam adhunika ruupamloeki abhivruddhi chendhindhi. vijayanagar samrajya kaalamlo, pemmasani naayakulu AndhraPradeshloni konni praantaalanu paalincharu. varu peddha kirai sainyaalanu kaligi unnare, ivi padhahaarava sataabdamloo vijayanagar saamraajyaaniki rakshanagaa unnayi. lepakshilo sheva, vyshnu, veerabadhrar alayala samuham saamskrutikamgaa, puraavastuparamgaa mukyamainavi. veetilo vijayanagar raajula kudya chithraalu, draavida kala, shasanalu unnayi. aalaya samudaayam daggara peddha granite nandy shilpam Pali.
usa.sha. 1347loo, dakshinha bhaaratadaesamloe Delhi sultaanuku vyatirekamga chosen tirugubatu falithamgaa allavuddin bahaman shaw chetha bahmani sultanet swatanter muslim rajyaanga sthapinchabadindhi. sulthan quli qutbul mulk bahmani sulthan koluvulo panichesaadu. golkondanu jayinchi adipati ayadu. 1518loo bahmani saamraajyamu patanamy iidu dhakkan sultanet aavirbhavinchuchunna samayamuloe bahmani sultaanula nundi swatantramu prakatinchukoni, "qutab shaw" aney pattamu sweekarinchi golaconda qutab shaahee vamsamunu stapinchadu. qutab shaahee vansha padhahaarava sathabdam prarambham nundi padihedava sathabdam chivari varku sumaaru remdu vandala samvastaralu pattu saadhinchindi.
usa.sha.1687loo moghal raju ourangajebu golkondanu aakraminchadamtho mogalula pratyakshapaalana prarambhamaindi. usa.sha.1724 loo moghal raajapratinidhi gavunna nizaam vul mulk aney birudu gala chin kilitch khan nu asapha jaa birudutho dhakkan palakuduga vundutaku apati mogala chakraverthy mohhamed shaw anumathinchadamtho asafajahi vamsa paalanapraarambhamaindi. usa.sha. 1766 loo nijam alikhan paalanaloe Uttar sarkaarlanu british eest india companyki appaginchagaa, avi madraas preseidenseeloo bhagamayyayi. taruvaata itara teerapraantaalu kudaa kompany paalanaloe cheeraayi. usa.sha.1800 loo briteeshu eestindia kompany sainyasahakaarapaddhatiki angikarinchi nijam alikhan iidu bhuubhaalanu (apati Kurnool, Kadapa, anantapuru,Chittoor, bellari bhoobhaagaalu) kompany variki appaginchadu. stanika svayampratipattiki badhuluga british palananu angikarinchi, nijam Hyderabad racharika rashtramgaa amtargata prantalapai niyanthrananu saadhimchaadu.
1947 loo bhaaratadaesam briteeshu paalana nundi swatantramaindi. nijam Hyderabad racharika rashtra swaatantryaanni nilupukovalanukunna, kanni aa praanta prajalu bhaaratadaesamloe cheradaaniki udyamaanni praarambhinchaaru. 1948 loo Hyderabad racharika raashtram, aapareshan polotho bhaaratadaesamloe vileenam cheyabadindhi.
matham
bouddhamatam charithra praarambhamlo AndhraPradesh ku vyaapinchindi. dadapu Churu samvastaralu krishna nadi loeya asaadaaranhamaina buddhist kaaryakalaapaala pradaesamgaa viraajillindi. Amravati, nagarjunakonda, jaggayyapetatho sahaa dhiguva krishna loyaloni puraathana buddhist pradheeshaalu kaneesamgaa usa.sha.poo. mudava sataabdaanivani gurtincharu.
eeshaanya bhaaratadaesamloe magadhatho paatu mahaayaana bouddhamatam abhivruddhilo yea prantham pradhaana patra pooshinchindi. Una.kao.warder "mahaayaana bharatadesaaniki dakshinhaana chalavaraku kachitanga aandhradesamlo udbhavinchindi" ani perkonnaadu. ging "dakshinha bharathadesamlooni mahasanghikalalo prajnaapaaramita bahusa aandhradesamlo, krishna nadhipai abhivruddhi chendundochani paluvuru panditulu suuchinchaaru" ani perkonnaadu. prajnaapaaramita sutralu tholi mahaayaana suutraalaku chendinavi.
taruvaata bouddhamatam aadarana taggi, himduumatam aadarana pergindhi. yea praanthamlo himduumata aadyatmika vettalalo aadata shankaracharyulu, pothuluri veerabrahmendra modalainavaarunnaaru. matanni nirasinchina vaariloo vemana pramukhudu.
swaatantyraanantara charithra
madraas rashtramloni telegu matlade prajala prayojanalanu parirakshinchae prayatnamlo, potti sreeramulu 1952 loo niraahaara deekshachesi maranhichadu. falithamgaa madraas raashtram loni telegu matlade pranthalu 1953 aktobaru 1 na vidagottabadi, Kurnool rajadhaanigaa andhraraashtramgaa erpadindi. tangutoori prakasm pantulu tholi mukyamanthri ayadu.
peddha manushula oppandam aadhaaramga, rastrala punarvyavastheekarana chattam dwara aandhranu, apati Hyderabad rashtramloni telegu matlade praantaalanu vileenam cheeyadam dwara 1956 nevemberu 1 na AndhraPradesh erpadindi. Hyderabadnu kothha raashtraaniki rajadhaanigaa chesar. Hyderabad rashtramloni maraatii matlade pranthalu bombaayi raashtramtho, qannada matlade pranthalu mysur rashtramlo vileenam ayyaayi. neelan sanjivareddy AndhraPradesh raashtraaniki tholi mukyamanthri. 1960 va samvatsaramlo pataskar commisison tiirpu muulangaa Chittoor jalla tiruttani taaluukaalooni ekuva bhaganni tamilanaaduku ichi, tamilanaaduku chendina thiruvallur taaluukaalooni konni graamaalanu AndhraPradesh loo chercharu. AndhraPradesh aavirbhavinchinappudu 20 jillale unnayi.taruvaata, 1970 phibravari 2na prakasm jalla, 1978 augustu 12na rangaareddi jalla, 1979 juun 1na Vizianagaram jillaalu erpadadamtho motham 23 jillalayyayi.
1982 varku congresses prabhutwale avibhakta AndhraPradesh nu paripalinchayi. 1982 varku kaasu brahmanandareddy ekuva kaalam mukhyamantrigaa panichesaadu. nandmuri taaraka ramarao 1982 loo telugudesam paartiini sthaapinchi, tommidhi nelalalone kaangresunu odinchi, rashtramlo adhikaarapaggaalu chepattaadu. 1989 ennikalallo marri chennareddy mukyamanthri padavi chepattatamtho, marala congresses adhikaaramlooki vacchindi. aa taruvaata 1990 loo nedurumalli janarthanareddy, kotla vijayabhaskarareddy, 1992 loo malli vijayabhaskarareddy mukhyamantrulayyaaru.
1994 loo AndhraPradesh telegu desam parti marosari gelichindhi. ene.ti ramarao malli mukyamanthri ayadu. atani alludu nara chandrababunaidu 1995 loo tana maamaku vyatirekamga telugudesampaartilo adhikasaatam saasanasabha sabhyula maddatu koodagattatamtho adhikaaramlooki vachadu. 1999 loo chandrababau nayudu naayakatvamlo telugudesam parti saasanasabha, loksabha ennikalallo vision saadhinchindi. aa vidhamgaa nayudu ekuva kaalam panichaesina mukyamanthri (1995 - 2004)gaaa recordunu kaligi unaadu.
rashtra bhaugoollika samagratapai udyamaalu, vibhajana
raashtram yerpadina taruvaata adapa dadapa pratyeka rashtra udyamaalu, danki poteegaa samaikya udyamaalu jaruguthu vacchai. 2004 saasanasabha ennikalallo bhartiya jaateeya kaangresu, Telangana pratyeka raashtram choose udhrutamgaa poradutunna Telangana rashtra samithi (teraasa)thoo kalisi pooti chesindi. kaangresu, teraasa kuutami padaviloki raavadamtho, kaangresuku chendina vai.yess.rajasekharareddi rashtra mukyamanthri ayadu. aidella anantaram 2009loo jargina saasanasabha ennikalallo congresses parti Wokha poticheyaga, telugudesam parti, teraasa, ubhaya communistu partylu kalisi mahakutami tharapuna potichesayi. chalana chitra natudu chrianjeevi sthaapinchina prajarajyam parti, bhartia janathaa partylu kudaa poticheyadamtho bahumukha poteelu jarigaay. congresses parti gelavatamtho vai.yess.rajasekharareddi marala mukyamanthri ayadu. 2009 septembaru 2na helicopter pramaadamloo rajasekharareddi maraninchadamtho konijeti rosayya mukhyamantrigaa panichesaadu. 14 nelalu aayana paalinchina taruvaata nallari kiran kumar reddy mukyamanthri ayadu.
2009 loo kao.sea.orr niraaharadeeksha viramimpachaeyadaaniki kendraprabhutvam thelangaanaa erpaatu praarambhistunnatlu prakatinchadamtho yea udyamaalu marinta balm punjukunnayi. kendraprabhutvam pratyeka committe erpaatu chessi andharikii aamodamaina lakshyam koraku prayatninchinappatiki satphalitalivvaledu. 2013 juulai 30na congresses varking committe 10 jillaalatoo koodina telamgaanhanu pratyeka rashtramgaa erpaatu chesthunnatlu prakatinchindhi. tadupari samaikyandhra vudyamam oopandukundi. prabhutva udyogasanghala naayakatvamlo remdu nelalapaibadi samaikyandhra vudyamam nadichindi. 2013 aktobaru 3na jargina kendraprabhutva manthrivarga samaveshamlo thelangaanaa erpaatunu aamodinchaaru. tadupari charyaga manthrivarga upasamghaanni erpaatu chessi, remdu rastrala samasyalapai churchinchi, vaati parishkaara vivaralato kebinet noot, billu thayaarii jargindi. aa taruvaata rastrapathi pampina AndhraPradesh punarvyavastheekarana billunu saasanasabha, saasanamandalilo sudeergha charchaloo poorthikaakamundhe, mukyamanthri pratipaadinchina tiraskarinche thirmaanam pai moojuvaanii votutho sabhalu amodamudra vaesaayi. 2014, phibravari 18na AndhraPradesh punarvyavastheekarana billuku bhartia janathaa parti maddatuto loekasabha aamodam labhinchindi. 2014 phibravari 20na raajyasabha aamodam telipindi. seemandhraku nyayam cheyadanki venkayyanaayudu pratipaadinchina savaranalanu kontha varku truptiparache vidhamgaa, pradhani aarusuutraala pyaakaejiini prakatinchina pidapa, billuku yathaathathamgaa moojuvaanii votutho amodamudra padindhi. falithamgaa nallari kiranakumar reddy netrutvamloni mantrivargam raajeenaamaa cheeyatamtoo ennikalu daggarabadutunnanduna, e parti prabhutwaanni erparachataniki aasakti chuupananduna raashtrapatipaalana vidhinchabadindi.
Hyderabad padellavaraku ummadi rajadhaanigaa umdae vidhamgaa 2014 juun 2 na Telangana kothha rashtramgaa, seemandhra prantham avashesha AndhraPradesh rashtramgaa erpadinavi. haidarabadu rajadhaanigaa dadapu muudu samvatsaraala varku konasaagindi. amaravatilo kothha raajadhaaniki 2015 aktobaru 23 na sankusthaapana jargindi. 2017 marchi 2na saasanasabha praarambhinchabadi paripalana modaliendi.
AndhraPradesh punarvyavastheekarana chattam, 2014 chellubaatunu prasninchina pititionlu athyunnatha nyayasthaana raajyaamga dharmasana mundhu 2014 epril nundi tiirpu choose vaechi unnayi.
bhaugoollika sthiti
rashtramlo turupu kanumalu nundi bangaalaakhaatam theeram varku vaividhyabharita paryavarana vyavasthalu, vrukshajaalam, jantujaalam unnayi. krishna, godawari aney remdu pradhaana nadulu rashtramlo pravahistunnaayi. rashtra theeram Srikakulam jalla nundi nelluuru jalla varku vistarimchi Pali. turupu kanumalaku theeram Madhya gala maidaanaalu chaalaavaraku godawari, krishna, paykana nadulache yerpadina delta pranthalu. turupu kanumalu vidipadi vundadamtho yea vibhagalaku stanika perlu unnayi. ivi rashtra bhougolikamlo ooka pradhaana vibhajana rekhagaa unnayi. deeni remdu vampu saakhalachae yerpadina Kadapa basin khnija sampanna prantham.
kostandhralo errati naelalu umdae metta bhoomulu, nallaregadi naelalu umdae delta bhoomulalo lakshala hectares bhuumii saagu cheyabaduthundhi. rayalasimalo errati naelalu unnayi. yea praanthamlo pakshika shushka paristhitulu unnayi.
sahaja vrukshasampada, vaati parirakshanha
rashtramloni motham adavula vistiirnham . rashtramloni ataveepraantaanni vistrutamgaa nalaugu pradhaana vibhaagaalugaa vibhajinchavachhu.
dhakkan peethabhoomi
Madhya peethabhoomi
turupu ettainabhoomulu
turupu thira maidaanaalu
turupu kanumala prantham dattamaina ushnamandala adavulaku nilayamga Pali. ayithe kondapraantaala nundi dhakkan peethabhoomivaipu vrukshasampada thakkuvaga, poda vrukshaalu ekkuvaga kanipistaayi. rashtramlo labhinche vrukshasampada chaalaavaraku podi akuralche rakaalaina teak, terminalia, dalbergia, sterocarpus, anogissus modalaina vatini kaligivundi. prapanchamloo arudaina mokkalaina errachandanam, cycus beddomi, terminalia pallida, sijijium alterneepholium shoria talura modalainavi rashtramlo vistaaramgaa dorakutaayi.
koringa, krishna vanyapraanula abhiyaaranyam, nagarjunSagar-srirsailam pulula abhiyaaranyam, kambalakonda vanyapraanula abhiyaaranyam, shree venkateswar janthupradarshana shaala, endira ghandy jantupradarsanasaala vento anek abhayaaranyaalu, jaateeya udyaanavanaalu, jantupradarsanasaalalu unnayi . etapaka, lelapattu, telineelapuram, telukunchi, pulikat sarus pakshula abhayaaranyaalu anek valasa pakshulanu aakarshistunnaayi. pululu, nalla chiruta puli, dummulagondi, krishna jimka, chirutapuli, sambhar (laedi), samudra thaabeelu, anek pakshulu, sareesrupalu rashtra jantujaala vaividhyatanu suchisthunnayi. godawari, krishna nadulu samudramloo kalise praantaalaloo goppa mada adavulatho paatu bavuru pillulu, neeti kukkalu, keystone jaati jantuvulunnaayi
rashtra pakshi ramachiluka, rashtra chettugaa vepachettu, rashtra jantuvugaa krishna jimka, rashtra puvvugaa mallepuvvu 2018, juun 6 na amalloki vacchai.
vaataavaranam
bhaugoollika praantaanni batti rashtra vaataavaranam gananeeyamgaa maarutundi. marchi nundi juun varku veasavikalam umtumdi. thira maidaanamloo, veasavi vushogratalu itara rastrala kante ekkuvaga untai. ushnograta Madhya umtumdi. juulai nundi septembaru varku ushnamandala varshalu pade kaalam. motham varshapaatamlo moodinta okavantu eeshaanya rutupavanaala dwara osthundi. aktobaru, navambaruloe bangaalaakhaatamlo alpapeedana vyavasthalu, ushnamandala tuphaanulu erpadatayi. ivi eeshaanya ruthupavanalatho paatu rashtramloni dakshinha thira praantaalaku varshalu kalagajestayi.
nevemberu nundi phibravari varku sheetaakaalam saagutundi. raashtraaniki podavaina teerapraantam unnanduna sheetaakaalam mareee challagaa undadhu. sheetaakaalapu ushnograta saadharanamga . challani vaataavaranam gala Visakhapatnam jillaaloni lambasingini "AndhraPradesh Kashmir" ani pilustharu. ikda ushnograta Madhya vuntundi.
janaba vishayalu
2011 bhartiya janaba lekkala prakaaram, rashtra janaba , janaba saandrata . polvaram ardinence billu 2014 prakaaram, Telangana rashtramloni Khammam jillaku chendina 7 mandalaalu AndhraPradesh loo vileenam chesinanduna janaba 2,47,515 pergindhi. yea vidhamgaa 2014 samvatsaramlo 2011 janaba lekkalu aadhaaramga janaba 4,96,34,314, janasaandrata . caucasian (Caucasian), mongoloid (mongoloid), australo melanesian (veddoid) jatula prajalu AndhraPradesh antataa kanipisthaaru.
motham janaabhaalo grameena janaba 70.4% anagaa 3,47,76,389, pattanha janaba 29.6% anagaa 1,46,10,410 gaaa namodaindi. 0–6 samvatsaraala vayassu gala pillalu 52,22,384 motham janaabhaalo 10.6%gaaa unnare. vaariloo 26,86,453 mandhi baluru, 25,35,931 mandhi balikalu unnare. Visakhapatnam jillaaloo athyadhika pattanha janaba 47.5%, Srikakulam jillaaloo athyadhika grameena janaba 83.8% Pali. rashtramloni motham janaabhaalo scheduled kulam janaba 17.1%, scheduled thega janaba 5.3%.
2,47,38,068 purushulu, 2,46,48,731 mahilalundagaa, ling nishpatthi 1,000 mandhi purushulaku 996 streelugaa Pali. idi jaateeya sagatu 1,000 ki 926 kante ekuva. ummadi AndhraPradesh rashtra aksharasyatha 67.41%. 2021 natiki navyandhra rashtra aksharasyatha 91.1%ki cherukovachhu. jillalanu vishleshisthe paschima godawari jillaaloo athyadhika aksharasyatha 74.6%, vijayanagaramlo atylpa aksharasyatha 58.9% namodaindi.
ummadi AndhraPradesh human abhivruddhi suuchika viluva 0.416 thoo bhartia raashtraalalo padhava sthaanamloo Pali.
bhashalu
telegu AndhraPradesh adhikarika bhaasha. idi dadapu 90% janabhaku maatrhubhaasha. 2008 loo thelugunu prachina bhashaga prakatinchaaru.
urdoo athipedda alpa sankhyaakula bhaasha. sarihaddu praantaallo tamilam, qannada, odia matladutaru. lambadi, koya, sawara, konda, gadaba lanty anek itara bhashalanu rashtramloni aadivaasulu vadathara.
mathalu
AndhraPradeshloo ekuva mandhi prajalu hindus Dum, muslimlu gananiyamaina sankhyalo unnare. 2011 janaba lekkala prakaaram, rashtramloni pradhaana matha samuuhaalu hindus (90.87%), muslimlu (7.32%), cristavulu (1.38%). koddhi sankhyalo bauddhulu, sikkulu, jainulu, thama matanni cheppadaniki niraakarinchina prajalu unnare.
paripalana vibhagalu
AndhraPradesh nairutilo royalaseema, turupu, eshaanyamlo bangaalaakhaataaniki sarihaddulo unna kostandra ,utharandhra aney muudu pradhaana praantaalanu kaligi Pali.
jillaalu
rashtramlo 13 jillalanu 26 jillaalugaa 2022 epril 4na punarvyavastheekarinchaa.
ganaamkaalatoo jillaalu
revenyuu vibhagalu
jillala savaranalatho 50 revenyuu vibhagalanu 75 ku pencharu. kotthaga 25 divisionlu erpaddaayi. veetilo konaseema jillaaloo kothapeta revinue deveeson punaruddharana, vaiesar jillaaloo pulivendala revinue deveeson erpaatu, 2022 juun loo jarigaay. baptla jillaaloo raepalle revenyuu deveeson adhikarika gazette 5 agustuu 2022 na prakatinchaaru.
sagatuna 8 nunchi 12 mandalaalu ooka revenyuu vibhaganlo vunnayi. ayithe kuppam revinue deveeson loo thakkuvaga nalaugu mandalale vunnayi. Vijayawada, Visakhapatnam nagara praantaalaloo aidaru mandalalake ooka revinue deveeson vundhi.
mandalaalu
raastranni 679 mandalaalugaa vibhajinchaaru.
pattanha stanika samshthalu
rashtramlo motham 125 pattanha stanika samshthalu unnayi. indhulo 16 nagarapalaka samshthalu, 77 purapaalaka sanghalu, 32 nagara panchayatilu unnayi.
Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada nagaraalu padi lakshala kante ekuva janaba galavi.
prabhuthvam, rajakiyalu
2014 juun 2 na, ummadi AndhraPradesh raashtram nundi Telangana prantham vidipoga migilina bhaagam AndhraPradesh rashtramlo 175 mandhi sabhyulato saasanasabha, 58 mandhi sabhyulato saasanamandali erpatayindi. bhartiya paarlamentuloo raashtraaniki loksabhalo 25, raajyasabhalo 11 sdhaanaalu unnayi. saasanasabha niyoojakavargaalaloo turupu godawari jillaaloo atyadhikamgaa 19, Vizianagaram jillaaloo atyalpamgaa 9 sdhaanaalu unnayi.
2014 loo Telangana rashtramloni konni mandalaalu seemaandhralo kalavadamtoo navyandhra leka navyandhra Pradesh aney peruu terapaiki vacchindi. ummadi rashtramlo 2014 loo jargina chivari ennikalallo, tedepaaku avashesha (kothha) rashtramlo aadhikyam labhinchindi. nara chandrababunaidu 2014 juun 8na, kothha raashtraaniki tholi mukyamanthri ayadu. 2011 loo viasar kumarudu vai.yess. jaganmohan reddy sthaapinchina vaiesar congresses parti pradhaana pratipakshamgaa nilichimdi. 2019 ennikalallo vaiesar congresses ennikalallo bhaaree adikyata saadhinchagaa, vai.yess.ysjagan mukyamanthri padavi chepattaadu.
telamgaanaatoe konni 10va sheduleloni samsthala vibhajana, sheela bhide committe sifaarasula meraku 9va sheduleloni 40 samsthala vibhajana mari itara samasyalu enka parishkarinchabadavalasi Pali.
ysjagan prabhuthvam sameekruta abhivruddhi, paripalana vikeendreekaranha koraku, amaravatini kevalam saasanaraajadhaanigaa parimitam chessi, Visakhapatnam kaaryanirvaahaka rajadhaanigaa, Kurnool nyaaya rajadhaanigaa marpulu chosen chattaniki 2020 juulai 31 na gavarnaru aamodamudra padindhi. yea chattaanni unnanatha nyaayastaanamlo savalu chesinanduna, nyaayastaanam madhyantara uttarvula prakaaram Amravati rajadhaanigaa konasaguchunnadi. highcourtu vichaarana jaruguthunnappudu prabhuthvam yea saasanam radduchesi, marala kothha shaasananni praveshapedathaamani telipindi. idi ila vumdagaa 2022 marchi u na unnanatha nyaayastaanapu trisabhya dharmasana rajadhani vikeendreekaranha saasanam chelladani, amaravatine rajadhaanigaa abhivruddhi cheyalana tiirpu icchindi.
rashtra prabhuthvam 2022 epril 4 nundi amalayyetatlu 13 jillalanu, pradhaanamgaa paarlamemtarii niyoojakavarga praathipadhikagaa 26 jillaalugaa marchindhi.
susthiraabhivruddhi
susthira abhivruddhi lakshyala (yessdigi) suucheeloo 2020-21gaanuu Kerala 75 paayintlanu sadhinchi tana tholi sthaanaanni marosari susthiram chesukundi. Bihar yea suuchiloe chivaristhaayilo Pali. Himachal Pradesh, TamilNadu okkokkati 74 paayintlatho rendo sthaanamloo, 72 paayintlatho AndhraPradesh moodo sdhaanaaniki cherukoga, 69 paayintlatho Telangana aaroe sdhaanaaniki digajaarindi.
aardika vyvasta
2021-22 aardika samvatsaranike pratuta viluva aadhaaramga, rashtra sthula jaatiiyotpatti ₹12,01,736 kootlu (mundastu anchana). gta samvathsarapu viluva ₹10,14,374 kootlu Dum, AndhraPradesh charithraloo toligaa edaadilo ₹ 1,87,362 kotla perugudala namodaindi. varshika vruddhi raetu 18.47% deeshapu vruddhi raetu 17 saatam kante ekuva.
vyavasaayarangam : ₹3.9 lakshala kootlu (+14.5%)
paarishraamika rangam : ₹2.5 lakshala kootlu (+25.5% )
seva rangam : ₹4.67 lakshala kootlu (+18.9% )
2021-22 aardika samvatsaranike pratuta viluva praatipadikana, talasari aadaayam ₹2,00,771. antaku mundhu samvatsaramlo talasari aadaayam ₹176,000. edaadilo rashtramlo ₹31 velu talasari aadaayam peragagaa, desamlo talasari aadaayam ₹23 velu pergindhi.
human abhivruddhi suuchika (hetchdi) loo bhartiya raastrallo 27va sthaanamloo Pali; vyapara nirvahanha anukuulata
prapancha banku jaripee vyapara nirvahanha anukuulata (Ease of doing business) loo raashtram, desam motham medha 2015 loo rendava sthaanamloonu, 2018 loo modati sthaanamloonuu nilichimdi.
2010 aati forbs pathrika athyadhika dhanavantulaina 100 mandhi jaabitaalo AndhraPradesh ku chendina paluvuru vyaktulu unnare.
vyavasaayam
AndhraPradesh aardika vyvasta pradhaanamgaa vyavasaayam, pashu poeshanha medha aadhaarapadi Pali. bharathadesamlooni nalaugu mukhyamaina nadulu, godawari, krishna, paykana, tungabadra raashtram gunda pravahistuu vyavasaayaaniki neetini andistunnaayi. janaabhaalo 60 saatam mandhi vyavasaayam, dani sambandhitha karyakalapalalo nimagnamai unnare. vari rashtramloni pradhaana aahaara panta. Chittoor jillaaloo mamidi gujju, kuuragaayalaku, krishna jillaaloo mamidiki, Guntur jillaaloo mirapakaayalaku muudu vyavasaya aardika mandalaalu unnayi.
raithulu varitho paatu jonna, sajjalu, mokkajonna, siridhaanyaalu, anek takala pappalu, nune ginjale, cheraku, patthi, mirapakaaya, mamidi, pogaakunu pandisthaaru. oily paalm, proddu tirugudu, verusanaga vento pantala nundi vamta nune utpatthi chestaaru. anek neetipaarudala prajektulu abhivruddhilo unnayi. udyaanavana pantalloo battayo, nimma, dhaanamma, jaama, sapota mukyamainavi.
pasuposhana, koollu pampakam maroka laabhadaayaka vyaapaaram. ubhaya godawari jillala prantham chepalu, royyalu saagulo desamlone prasiddhigaanchindi. desam motthamloo matyasampadalo 10% chepalu, 70% royyala utpatthi rashtramlo jaruguthunnadhi. vannamee royyalu atyadhikamgaa egumati cheyabadutunna samudra egumatulu. veetidwara 2013–2014loo aadaayam ooka biliyan nu daatavacchani bhavistunaaru.
parisramalu
rashtra paarishraamika rangamloo aushadha, automobil, vasthraalu vento keelaka rangaalu unnayi. Chittoor jillaaloo unna sricity ooka samagra vyapara Kota, idi pepsico, isuju motors, cadbari india, kellogs, qohlget-pamolive, cobelco modalaina samshthalaku nilayam. pepsico samshtha shree citylo bhaaratadaesamloe athipedda plaantunu kaligi Pali. krishna jillaaloni ashoke leyland, Chittoor jillaaloo heero motors, Anantapur jillaaloni qea india vento samsthalatho automobil parisrama abhivruddhi chendutondi.
inparmeeshan teknolgy, biotechnology kudaa raashtram abhivruddhi chendutondi. 2012–2013loo Visakhapatnam kendramga ito / ito aadhaaritha sevalu revenyuu ₹ 14.45 biliyanlu. 2012-2013 loo, ito / ito aadhaaritha sevalu aadhaayaalu vijayavaadalo ₹ 1,153 mallan, tirupatilo ₹ 693 mallan, kaakinaadaloo ₹ 615 mallan gaaa namodaindi.
vanarulu
khanijalu
vibhinna bhaugoollika nirmaanaalatoo goppa, vividha takala paarishraamika khanijalu, nirmaanaallo upayoegimchae raalla nilvalunnaayi. sunnapuraayi, manganese, raatinaara, inumu, banti bankamatti, agni matti, vajram, graphite, dolamite, spatikam, tonguestun, steatitic, felledspar, silika, bariats, galaxie granite, isuka, euranium, baxite modalainavi unnayi.
bhaaratadaesamloe abhrakam utpattilo AndhraPradesh agrasthaanamlo, sunnapuraayi nilvalaloo moodinta ooka vantu kaligi Pali. tummalapalle euranium ganilo 49000 tannula mudi dhathuvu vunnatlu dhruveekarinchabadindi. deenikante muudu retlu ekuva nilvalanu kaligi undavachani suchanalu unnayi. metal grade baxite niksheepaalu Visakhapatnam naukaasrayaaniki sameepamlo 700 mallan tannulu unnayi.
chamuru, sahaja vayu
relance industries Kakinada sameepamlo AndhraPradesh teeramlo dooramlogala keji basin loo, tommidhi trillian cubic adugula sahaja vayu nilvalanu kanugonindi. 2016 loo, keji besinlo dadapu meethane hydrate niksheepaalu vunnatlu kanugonabadindi.
avasthapana vasatulu
vyavasaayam, parisramalu, seva rangaala abhivruddhiki ravaanhaa, vidyuttu, digitally netvarq lanty apasthaapana vasatulu keelakam.
ravaanhaa
rahadari, railu margaldwara itara rashtralaku kalapabadivundi. vimanayana, samudrayaana margalu kudaa unnayi. bangaalaakhaatam teeramlo, samudra vyaapaaraaniki anuvuga odarevulunnayi. vijayavaadalo athi peddadaina railu kuudali, visakhapatnamlo athi peddha odarevu Pali.
rahadhaarulu
rashtramloni motham rahadhaarula podavu Dum, danilo podavu jaateeya rahadhaarulu, podavu rashtra rahadhaarulu, podavu jalla rahadhaarulu unnayi. rashtramlo jaateeya rahadari 16 podavu . idi bagare chaturbhuji projectulo bhaagam. asiya rahadari 45 loo kudaa bhaagame. 2014 juun 2 na navyandrapradesh loo jaateeya rahadhaarulu 4,193 ki.mee. Dum 2021 decemberuku 8,183 ki.meeku anagaa sumaarugaa rettinpu cherukunnai. deenikoraku ₹35,000 kootlu karchu chesar.
vijayavaadalooni pundit nehruu buses steshion asiya khandamulone ooka peddha buses praamganam. 2019 janavari 30 nundi rashtramloni vaahanaala namoodhu AP-39 kood thoo praarambhamayi ooka aksharamu, nalaugu ankela sankhyatho namoodhu cheytam prarambhamaindi.
konni rashtra rahadaarulanu, piblic privete bhagaswamya paddhatilo abhivruddhi chesthunnaaru. viitiki ooka udaaharanha narketpally - addamki - medarametla rahadari.
jaateeya rahadhaarulu
railway
AndhraPradesh loo braad geji railu margam 3703.25 kimi. meater geji railu margalu leavu. railu saandrata 16.59. idi bharatadesaaniki sagatu 20 gaaa Pali. raashtram gunda poye haora-Chennai pradhaana margam Diamond chaturbhujilo bhaagamgaa ativegamaina railu maargamga abhivruddhi chesenduku pratipaadanalunnaayi. railu netvarq remdu jonula paridhiloo Pali. dheenini divisionlagaa vibhaaginchaaru. dakshinha Madhya railway loni Vijayawada railway deveeson, Guntur railway deveeson, guntakal railway deveeson., turupu costa railway zoan loni valter railway deveeson. raashtraaniki Visakhapatnam kendramga dakshinha thira railway zoan prakatinchaaru.
vimaanaasrayaalu
Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada rashtramloni antarjaateeya vimaanaasrayaalu. rashtramlo dhesheeya vimaanaasrayaalu Kurnool, Kadapa, Rajahmundry, Tirupati lalo unnayi. enka 16 chinna taraha vimaanaalu digadanike soukaryamunna kendralunnayi.
oda revulu
desamlone rendava athipedda kostatiram rashtramlo Pali.
Visakhapatnam odarevu desamlokella sarakuravaanaaki athantha peddadaina odarevu. migta pramukha odarevulu krishnapatnam, gangavaram, Kakinada. gangavaram atilotaina portu kaavadamthoo athi peddha samudrapadavalu (200,000 – 250,000 tannulu sarakulu baruvu) ku anukuulamaindi. peddavi kanni portulu bhiimunipatnam, dakshinha Yanam, machilipatnam, nizamapatnam, vaadarevu lalo unnayi.
vidyuttu
desavyaaptamgaa soura vidyut utpattilo raashtram mundundi. adhika vidyut utpattini itara rashtralaku egumati cheeyadamtoo raashtram vidyut migulugaa marindi. 24 gantala vidyut sarafharaku raashtraaniki soura sakta, jalavidhyuth kendralunnayi. varshaakaalamlo labhinche neetini nilwa cheeyadam, edaadi podavunaa ettipotala dwara neetipaarudala prajektulato paatu jalavidhyuth prajektulu nirvahinche veelundi.
2015 natiki rashtramlo dharmal ( sahaja vayu, boggu aadhaaritha), punarutpaadaka vidyut plantla utpatthi saamardhyam 21,000 MW . stanika vidyut plaantlu 9,600 MW saamarthyam kaligi unnayi. indhulo simhaadri suupar dharmal pvr steshion 2000MW, vizag dharmal pvr steshion 1040 MW, royalaseema dharmal pvr steshion 1650 MW, shree damodaram sanjivaiah dharmal pvr steshion 1600 MW, dr narla thaathaaraavu taapa vidyut kendram 1760 MW. jalavidhyuth centres saamarthyam 1671 MW gaaa Pali.
digitally netvarq, sevalu
apsepfemle (APSFL) rashtra vyaaptangaa optically fiber nettvareynu erpaatu chesindi. yea nettvarey internet connectivity, telephony, iptv modalaina vatini fiberthoo vividha viniyogadaarulaku andistundi. chaalaavaraku prabhutva sevalu anline dwara andubaatuloki vacchai.
samskruthi
nruthyam
kuchipudi nruthyam AndhraPradesh rashtra adhikarika nrutya ruupamgaa gurthinchabadindi. idi krishna jillaaloni kuchipudi gramamlo udbhavinchindi. vijayavaadalo motham 6,117 mandhi nrutyakaarulato pradarshinchina kuchipudi mahabrinda natyam guiness recordulloki ekkindi.
kuchipudi gramamlo praarambhamiena yea nrutyareeti AndhraPradesh mottanike kaaka deshavideshaallo endarendaro nerchukuni pradarsinche sthaayiki edigindi. kuchipudi varu pradarsinche nrutyanaatikalu bhaamaa kalapam, golla kalapam vantivi telegu vaari samskrutilo bhaagamgaa nilustunnaayi. devadasilu Bara pradharshisthoo aachaaravantulainavaaru nrutyakaarulanu panktibaahyulani bhavinchee sthithilo kevalam braahmanha purushule anni veashaluu vesthu, vidyaavantulaina vaarithoo kuchipudi nrutyareetini siddendra yogee vyavasthaapinchaadu. kaalakremena yea nrutyareeti teluguvaari samskrutilo mukhyabhaagamaindi. 1950 natiki sthaanikamgaa undipoyina deeniki jaateeya sthaayiloo meppunu, antarjaateeyasthaayilo gurtimpunuu teesukuraavadaaniki vedantam laxminarayan shastry krushi chesudu. eeyana yea kalaloki streelanu pravesapette prayatnalu chessi yaavajjeevitaanni kalaku ankitham chesudu. devadaseela pradarsanallo vilasilli kramamga devadasi vyavasthatho patuga antarinchipotunna nrutyareetulanu, lakshana granthallo saiddhaantikamgaa undi tharatharaala nunchi pradarsanaku nochukonu nrutyareetulanu, devalayalloni pratimala naatyabhangimalanu, lakshana grandhaalatho kalipi natraja ramkrishna adhyayanam chessi aandhra natyam paerita srujinchaadu.
bhaugoollika gurtimpulu
vasthuvula bhaugoollika suuchikalu(GI) (reegistration und protection) chattam, 1999 prakaaram vyavasaya hastakalalu, aahaara padaarthaalu, vastraala vibhaagaalalo AndhraPradeshloo bhaugoollika gurthimpu saadhinchinavi padihenu unnayi. veetilo konni banganapalle mamidi, bunder laddoolu, bobbili viinha, buditi bel, ittadi hastakalalu, darmavaram chenetha pattucheeralu, paavadaalu, Guntur sannam, kondapalli bommalu, machilipatnam kalankari, magalgiri cheeralu, srikalahasti kalankari, Tirupati laddu, uppaada jamdaanii cheeralu, venkatagiri chiira.
kalalu, chetipanulu, kalakhandalu
machilipatnam, srikaalahastiki chendina kalankari bhaaratadaesamloe remdu pratyekamaina vastra kalaruupalu. durgilo dorike mruduvaina sunnapuraayi, vigraha siplaalu vento itara mukhyamaina hastakalalu kudaa rashtramlo unnayi. Visakhapatnam jillaaloni eta koppaka lucka parisramaku prassiddhi chendhindhi. krishnaajillaalo kondapalli gramam kondapalli koyya bommalaku perupondindi.
rashtramloni pradarsanasaalalalo puraathana siplaalu, chithraalu, vigrahalu, aayudhalu, vantaku wade upakaranalu, shasanalu, mathaparamaina kalakhandalu unnayi. Amravati puraavastu museums, visaakhapatnamlooni visaka museum ivi chudavachu. visaakhapatnamlooni telegu samskruthika museums loo swaatantryaaniki puurva kalapu charithra chudavachu. vijayavaadalooni viktoriya jubili museums loo chaaala kalakhandalunnayi.
sahityam
raashtraaniki telegu adhikaara bhaasha. kavitrayamani paeruganna nannayya, thikana, errapragada mahaa bhartiya kavyanni theluguloki anuvadinchaaru. nannaiah telegu vyaakaranampai aandhra sabda cintamani aney modati grandhaanni samskruthamloo raashaaru. shree bhaagavatamnu telugulo srimadbhaagavatam aney paerutoe pothana anuvaadham chesudu. vemana tana thaathvika kavithwaniki paerupomdaadu. vijayanagar chakraverthy krushnadevaraayalu amuktamalyada raashaadu. kandukuuri viiraesalimgam taruvaata telegu saahithyaanni adhunika telegu sahityam ani pilustharu. atanini gadhya thikana ani pilustharu. telegu saamaajika navala sathyavati charitam vraasina rachayita ithaney. jnanpith puraskara graheetalalovishvanaatha satyanarayna okadu. viplavamathmaka kavi srisree telegu saahityamlo kothha vyakteekatana rupaanni teesukuvachhaadu.
maadhyamaalu
rashtramlo mudrana maadhyamaalalo pradhaanamgaa telegu, aamgla varthapathrikalu unnayi. eenadu, shakshi, aandhrajyoti, vaarta, prajashakthi konni telegu varthapathrikalu Dum, aamgla vaartaapatrikalaloo dhi hinduism, dhi eandian expresse, dhakkan chronicle, dhi huns india unnayi.
alektraanik maadhyamaalalo prabhutvarangamloni dooradarshan, aakaasavaani kendraalato paatu, praivetu rangamloo palu rdi kendralu, television chhaanallu panichestunnay.
kala, cinma
Karnataka sangeetam vaaggeyakaarulu annamaachaarya, thyagaraju, kshetraya, bhadraachala ramdasu telegu bashalo krutulu rachinchi, bhaashan susampannam chesar. adhunika Karnataka sangeeta karulu, gaayakulu ghantasaala, sujatha puligella, baalamuralheekrushnha telegu vaare. telegu chitra parisramaloe yess. p. balasubramanian, p.sushila, yess. janaki, pibi shreeniwas paerondhina sangeetakaarulu, neepadhya gaayakulu. rashtramloni anek grameena praantaallo jaanapadha paatalu chaaala praacuryam pondaayi. burrakadha, pooli vento roopaalu naetikii pradarsinchabadatunnaaya. aandhraloo vudbavimchina harikadhaa kalakshepam (ledha harikadha ) kathanamtho paatu sambandhitha patalanu kaligivuntundi. burrakadha anede moukhika katha cheppe vidhaanam. dheenilo hinduism puranic katha ledha samakaaleena saamaajika samasyanu ithivruthamga pradarsistaaru. rangastala naatakaalu AndhraPradeshloo pradarsistaaru. gurazada appaaraavu 1892 loo vraasina kanyasulkam aney naatakaanni telegu bashalo goppa naatakamgaa bhaawistaaru. sea. pullayyanu telegu nataka udyama pitaamahudigaa paerkontaaru.
telegu chitra parisrama pradhaanamgaa telamgaanaalooni hyderabaduto paatu AndhraPradesh loo visakhapatnamlo Pali. telegu chitra samskruthi (tollywood) biollywood chitra parisrama tarwata bhaaratadaesamloe rendava athipedda chitra parisrama. chitra nirmaataa di. ramanayidu athyadhika chithraalanu nirmimchina vyaktiga guiness rikard saadhimchaadu. 2005, 2006, 2008 samvatsaaraallo, telegu chitra parisrama bhaaratadaesamloe athyadhika sankhyalo chithraalanu nirminchindi. yea parisrama prapanchamloonee athipedda chitra nirmaana kendramga guiness recordunu kaligi Pali.
vamtakaalu
telegu prajala sampradhaya teepi pootharekula nundi turupu godawari jalla graamamaina aatreyapuramlo puttindi.
paryaatakam
AndhraPradesh nu 2015 loo 121.8 millionla mandhi sandarsakulu sandarsinchaaru. antakumundu samvatsaramtho polisthe paryatakula raakalo 30% vruddhitho idi bhaaratadaesamloe atyadhikamgaa sandarsinchina mudava rashtramgaa nilichimdi. tirupatiloni tirumal venkateswar alayam samvatsaranike 18.25 mallan sandarsakulato prapanchamloo atyadhikamgaa sandarsinche punyakshetraalalo okati.
raashtram teerapraanta jillalalo rushikonda, maipadu, suuryalanka, Visakhapatnam, peripalem, gollapalem, machilipatnam modalaina anek samudra thiraalu (beacheslu) unnayi; borra guhalu, vundavalli guhalu, kondanu tolichi nirmimchina puraathana vaastusilpaaniki prateekalu. desamloni rendava podavaina guhalu belum guhalu. loeyalu, kondalaloo pramukhamainavi arku loeya, horslee kondalu, paapi kondalu. Visakhapatnam jillaaloo unna arma konda shikaram turupu kanumalalo ettaina shikaram.
raashtram vividha bhaktula punhyasthalaalaku nilayam. veetilo tirumal alayam, Tirupati, Dwarka tirumal (chinna Tirupati), simachalam alayam, annvarapu alayam, srirsailam alayam, kanaka durga alayam, Amravati, srikalahasti, ahoobilam, mahaanamdhi, kanipakam, panchaaraamaalu, aadonilo shahi jamiyaa maseedh, vijayavaadalo gunadhala charchi, Amravati, nagarjuna konda oddha buddhist kendralu konni mukyamainavi.
vidya, parisoedhana
2011 bhartiya janaba lekkala prakaaram AndhraPradesh motham aksharasyatha 67.41%gaaa namodaindi. praadhimika, maadhyamika paatasaala vidyanu prabhutva, prabhutva sahayam pondhee, enka privete paatasaalalu andistaayi. vitini rashtra paatasaala vidyaasaakha niyantristundhi, prabhutva paatasaalalanu nirvahisthundhi. raashtamlo gurukul (residenshiyal) paatasaalalu kudaa unnayi. pillalu, paatasaala samaachara nivedika 2018–19 prakaaram, motham 62,063 paatasaalallo 70,41,568 vidyaarthulu unnare. prabhutva parikshala directorate secondery schul certificate (ssc) parikshalu nirvahisthundhi. 2019 ssc parikshaku mandiki paigaa vidyaarthulu hajarayyaru. 5,464 paatasaalallo 100% uttiirnatatoe paatu mothama 94.88% uttiirnata namodaindi. bodhana maadhyamaalu pradhaanamgaa telegu, english ayinappatiki, urdoo, hiindi, qannada, odia, tamila bhashalu kudaa unnayi.
2020-21 vidyaasamvatsaram nundi prabhutva pathasalalalo 1-6 tharagatula bodhana maadhyamamgaa thelugunu tolaginchi dani sthaanamloo aamglam pravesapettaalani, aa taruvaata savatsaram nundi pai taragatulaku yea addhatini vistarimchaalani rashtra prabhuthvam nirnayinchindhi. yea uttarvulanu unnanatha nyaayastaanam kottivestuu vidyaahakku chattam prakaaram maadhyama aichikam pellala tallidandrulakundaalana tiirpu ivvagaa, prabhuthvam dheenini supreemkortulo savalu chessi highcourtu therpunu madhyantaramgaa nilupu cheyalana kooragaa, aa korikanu thiraskarinchindi.
intarmediate vidyanu intarmediate vidyamandali (AndhraPradesh) nirvahanha, niyanthrana chesthundu.
rashtramlo unnanatha vidyanu unnanatha vidyaa saakha nirvahisthundhi. saankethika vidyanu saankethika vidyaa saakha niyantristundhi.
unnanatha vidyaa parisht aney samshtha unnanatha vidyanu samanvayam chesthundu.
al india institute af medically sciences (AIIMS), iima (IIM) Visakhapatnam, iit (IIT) Tirupati, enity (NIT) tadepallegudem, iitdm (IITDM) Kurnool, eandian institute af petrolium und energy (IIOPAE), enidvi (NIDV), central university af AndhraPradesh, iiit (IIIT) shree city, iiser (IISER) Tirupati, vyavasaya vishwavidyaalayam Guntur, iift (IIFT) Kakinada mukhyamaina kendra vishvavidyaalayalu. grameena yuvakula vidyaa avasaralanu teerchadaaniki AndhraPradesh prabhuthvam 2008 loo rajiva ghandy university af naledge teknalajees (orrjiuketi) nu sthaapinchindi. university grants commisison prakaaram, gitam, kl vishwavidyaalayam, vignan vishwavidyaalayam rashtramloni vishwavidyaalayaalugaa pariganhinchabadataayi. udyaanavana, nyasastram, vaidyasaastram, saankethika parignanam, vedalu, janthu vydya shaasthraalalo unnanatha vidyanu andhichayndhuku 18 rashtra vishvavidyaalayalu unnayi. rashtramloni vishwavidyaalayaalalo 1926 loo sthapinchabadina aandhra vishwavidyaalayam puraathanamainadhi.
parisoedhana
naval science und technological laboratory (NSTL), naeshanal institut af oshanography, (NIO), Visakhapatnam vijayavaadalooni schul af plaanning und arkhitekture, jaateeya vaataavarana parisoedhana prayogasaala (NARL), eandian institut af science education und reesearch (IISER), Tirupati, sociiety far applied mikrowave electronics inginiiring und reesearch (SAMEER), Visakhapatnam, central tobaco reesearch institut (CTRI), Rajahmundry, vest godawari jalla Eluru sameepamlopedavegi oddha eandian institut af oily paalm reesearch (IIOPR) CCRH praamtiya reesearch institut (CRI CCRH) gudivaada, clinically reesearch institut (CRI) Tirupati rashtramlo gala konni mukhyamaina parisoedhanaa samshthalu; antariksha parisoedhana:
nelluuru jillaaloni sriharikota aney dvipamlo sriharikota ranje (shar) ani piluvabadee satish dhavan antariksha kendram, bhartiya antariksha parisoedhana samshtha nirvahisthunna upgraha prayooga kendram. idi bhaaratadaesam praadhimika kakshya prayooga pradeesam. yea kendram nundi 2008 aktobaru 22 na chandrudipaiki upagrahaanni pryogincharu.
kridalu
AndhraPradesh kridaa mandili (sports atharity) cricket, fiield haka, associetion futbahl, skiing, olympique waite lifting, chaes, jala kridalu, tennis, badminton, table tennis, saikling modalaina vatilo maulika sadupaayaalanu abhivruddhi chesthundu.
rashtramlo athantha praacuryam pondina creedalaloo cricket okati. visaakhapatnamlooni aca-vdca staediyam (ACA-VDCA Stadium) AndhraPradesh cricket jattuku nilayam. yea vedikalo kramam tappakunda antarjaateeya, dhesheeya matchlu jaruguthai. bhartiya maajii capten mohd azharuddin,, vijayanagaraniki chendina maharajkumar, MV narsimha raao, em. yess. kao. prasad, vvs lakshman, tirumalasetti suman, arshad ayyub, ambati rayudu, venkatapati raju, sravanti nayudu, elaka venugopalarao, hanuma vihari AndhraPradesh nundi bharatadesaaniki praatinithyam vahinchinavaarilo mukhyulu.
krishna jillaaloni gudivaadaku chendina humpi koneru bhartia chaes gramsmister.
olympique patakam sadhinchina tholi bhartia mahilha karnam malleshwari Srikakulam jillaku chendinadi. aama 2000 septembaru 19na vibhaganlo etthi, kamsya pathakaanni geluchukundi.
bheemavaraaniki chendina krishnanraju gadiraju rubics queb nu parishkarinchadamlo nalaugu-sarlu prapancha rikard geluchukunnadu.
puellela gopiichand maajii bhartiya baadminton kridaakaarudu. athanu 2001 loo al inglaand open badminton champianshipnu geluchukuni prakash padukone tarwata yea puraskaaraanni geluchukunna rendava bharitiyudu ayadu.
cherkuri lenin malaysialoni asiya grams prixloo rajat patakam sadhinchina bhartia viluvidyaakaarudu, sikshakudu.
ivikuda chudandi
AndhraPradesh punarvyavastheekarana chattam, 2014
AndhraPradesh revinue divisionlu
AndhraPradesh mandalaalu
AndhraPradesh paryaataka pradheeshaalu
AndhraPradesh prabhuthvam
gamanikalu
moolaalu
bayati linkulu
bharatadesa rastralu, pranthalu
AndhraPradesh
yea vaaram vyasalu
dakshinha bhaaratadaesam |
bhoogola sastramu antey bhoomiki sambamdhinchina vignananni telipae shaastram. dheenilo bhaagamgaa deshalu bhoogolamlo yakkada unnaayo telusukonadam. bhuumii pai nadulu, parvataalu, samudrala sdhaanaalanu telusukonadam, bhuumii elaa erpadindi, e marpulu pondindi telusukovadam.
bhu gola saastra charithra
purvacombrian
balamaina adharalu leka povatam valana bhumini girinchi 65 kotla samvatsaraala mundati vishayalanu chithraalanu oohinchalekunnaamu. kavuna 65 kotla samvatsaraala nunchi yem jariginado shaasthravetthalu oohinchi, nirdharincharu.
110 kotla samvatsaraala kritam bhuumii medha oche ooka mahaa khandamu undinadi. dhaanini rodinia (rodinia) ani pilustaamu.
sumaaru 75 kotla samvatsaraala kritam rodinia remdu mukkalai madyalo panthalassic mahaasamudramu (Panthalassic Ocean) aavirbhavinchindi.
Uttar America hima poorithamaina dakshinha dhruvamu vaipu payanimchimdi. antarcatica, austrelia, bhaaratadaesam, arabian, bhaavya kaalamuna chainaga maaru khanda bhaagaalatoonunna rodinia yokka Uttar saga bhaghamu prathi gadiyarapu dikkulo tirigi Uttar druvamunakeginadi.
rodinia yokka remdu bhagala Madhya Uttar-maadyama afrikache nirmitamaina kaangoe kretanu (Congo Craton) mahakhandamu undinadi.55 kotla samvatsaraala kritam rodinia remdu saga bhaagamulu kaangoe kretanutho sahaa kalsi panoshia (Panotia) anu crotha mahakhandamuga aavirbhavinchenu. puurva cambrian kalapu jiva lakshanamula kalpitha anchanala chaartu. puurva-cambrian ghatanalu.
combrian
puurva cambrian sakaantamunaku panoshia mahakhandamu cheeladam modalie paleozoic (paleozoic) shakamu aarambhamainadi.
prachina khandaalaina lorentia (Laurentia), baltica (Baltica), saiberia Madhya iapetus (Iapetus) mahasandramu udbhavinchindi.
pan african (Pan-African) parvataakaara aavirabham jariginappadu samuuhamaina gondwana (gondwana) mahakandamu naadeemandalamu nundi dakshinha dhruvamu varku vistarinchukoni aa kalapu athi peddha mahaakhandamainadi.
ardovician (ordovician) sakamulo gondwana yokka naadeemandala praantaalaina austrelia, bharathadesam, chainaa, antarcatica pradeeshaalaloo vecchani neeti bandhakamulu anagaa sunnapuraayi, uppu dorikinavi. adala undaga gondwana (gondwana) dakshinha dhruva praataalaina africa, dakshinha americalalo manchu, aisuku sambhandanchina padaarthaalu dorikinavi.
silurin
40 kotla samvatsaraala kritam, paleozoic sakam madyalo lorentia, baltica khandamulu kalustuu iapitus mahaasamudramunu moosivesinavi.
yea mahakhandamula sanghattanamu valana akada anchuna unna dweepa vaaluvampulu ooka dani medha okatiga erpadinavi, tadwara caledonide (Caledonide) parvataalu scandinevia (Scandinavia) loo, Uttar mahaa britton, greenland,, Uttar America yokka turupu samudrapu praantaalaloo Uttar applachian (Appalachian) parvataalu erpadinavi.
bahusa paleozoic sakam madyalo, Uttar dakshinha chainaa gondwana yokka indo-australina anchunu vidili, paleo-tethis (paleo-tethys) mahaasamudramu meedagaa Uttar disaku eginadi. paleozoic shakamu arambhamu modalugoni Madhya varku, Uttar ardhagolamulo ekuva saatam panthalassic mahaasamudramu vistarimchi undinadi.
yea mahaasamudramunu chuduthu, remdu bhootala poralu ooka Madhya porapai aadhaaradutuu ippati pasifik mahaasamudramunu chuttina "reeng-af-fire" addhatini anukarinchu riithiloo undinadi. Madhya silurian 42.5 kotla sam.kru
carboniferous
39 kotla samvatsaraala kritam devonian (Devonian) sakaarambhamainadi. yea saka praarambhamlo paleozoic aati mahaasamudraalu moosuku pootuu puurva panjia thayaaravatam modalainadi. yea sakam pramukhamuga chepalu jiivinchina kaalam.
devonian praarambha dhasaloo cheepala dhavadalu kramena vruddhi chendi, sakaantamu ochhu samayaaniki chepalu vetaadu jeevulalo utthama shraeniki loki cherenu. mokkalu bhumini vistarinchukoni mottamodati boggu bandhakamulu yenda mendugaa mande parralatho (swamps) kanadian aarkatik dweepaalu, Uttar greene laand,, skaandinaaviyaalanu kappi vesinavi.aarkatik canadalooni naadeemandala pradeeshaalaloo modhatisaarigaa adavulu periginavi.
paleozoic sakaantamuloo, pannoshia vibhajana jariginappudu teruchukunna anek mahaasamudramulu muusukupooyinavi. naadeemandalamu madhyagaa undi panjia (Pangea) dakshinha dhruvam nundi Uttar dhruvam varku vistarinchukuni undinadi. deeniki turupu prakka paleo-tethis mahaasamudramu paschimamu vaipu panthalassic mahaasamudramu aanukoni undinavi.
carboniferous (Carboni-ferous) sakaantamu agu samayamu permian (Permian) sakaarambhamlo pangia yokka dakshinha bhaagamulu (dakshinha 'dakshinha America', dakshinha african, antarcatica, bhratha khandamu, dakshinha bhratha khandamu, austrelia) himapuurita pradesaalugaa marinavi.
carboniferous (Carboniferous) sakaantamuloo nadeemandalamu nadikattuna Madhya pangia parvatamulu boggu ganulaku kendramai undenu.
permian
permian sakamadhya dhasaloo madhyama pangia parvatamulu Uttar disaga kadili podi pradaesamula vaipu jaruguthu temabharitamaina naadeemandala gaaliki addu nilichi Uttar America Uttar urope aantarya pradeeshamulu adaari maadhirigaa tayaaragutaku hetuvainadi.
pangia anagaa "sarvamaina pradaesamu", paenjianu manamu mahamahakhandamuga gurtinchinanu, adi aa kalapu anni khandamulatho nindinadi kadhu.puurvaardha golamulo paleo-tethis mahaasamudrapu iruvaipula konni khandamulu deeni nundi vaerugaa undinavi.
yea khandamulalo Uttar dakshinha chainaa, caaru yokka 'windshield wiper' anagaa addamu subhraparuchu chuvva aakaaramulo symmeria (cimmeria) mahakandamu undinavi.
turqey, iranian, aafghanisthaan, teebet, indo-chainaa, malaya bhaagaalatoe nindina symmeria carboniferous sakaantamuloo gondwana yokka indo-australian anchunundi kadili poindhi .
triassic (Triassic) sakaantamuloo symmeria chainaa khandamto kalsi Uttar disaga euresia vaipu jarigi cyberia dakshinha anchutho sanghatinchenu. yea sanghatana taruvaatane prapanchamulooni anni khandamulu kalsi pangia anu mahamahakhandamuga piluvabadinavi. carboniferous sakaarambham 35 kotla sam.kritam.
triassic , jurassic
pangia mahakandamu aavirbhavinchataaniki hetuvaina khandamula sanghattanamulu devonian sakamunundi triassic sakaantamu varku konasaginavi.
pangia okkasariga mukkalugaa cheelaledu, dani cheelika muudu mukhya upakhyanamuluga nadichindi.
modati cheelika upakhyanamu 18 kotla sam.kri. Madhya jurassic (Jurassic) loo modalainadi. Uttar America turupu costa praantaalaloo, african Uttar-paschima praantaalaloo jargina agnimayamaina churuku caryala taruvaata Uttar amerika Uttar-paschima disaloo kadulutoo madhyama atlantic mahaasamudramunu terichindi. adae samayamuloe african avtala prakkana turupu african anchulaloo, antarcaticalo, madagaskarlo bheekaramugaa jwaalaamukhulu paeli bhartiya mahasamudra aavirbhavinchutaku suuchakamainavi.
mesozoic (Mesozoic) kaalamunandu Uttar America, eurasia kalsi louracia anu bhagamuga piluvabadinavi. krameynaa Madhya atlantic teruchukovatamvalana louracia gadiyara disaloo tirigi Uttar americanu uttaramunaku, eurasia dakshinamunaku pampivesindi.
jurassic sakaantamuloo asiya theema bharitha pradesamulanundi podi pradaesaalaku kadaladamto, boggu ganulatho sampannamaina puurva asiya edaarulatoe, uppu bandhakamulatho nindipoyindi. louracia kadalikalavalla gondwanaku louraciaki madhyanunna tethis mahaasamudramu moosukupoyindi.
cretatius
rendava cheelika 14 kotla samvatsaraala kritam cretasiasu sakaarambhamulo modalayinadi. gondwana mukkalavutuu undaga dakshinha America african nundi vaeraguchu dakshinha atlaantikunu terichindi.bhaaratadaesam madagaskarutho sahaa antarcatica, paschima austrelia amchu nundi vidipoyi puurva hinduism mahaasamudramunu terichindi.dakshinha atlantica okkasariga teruchukoledu, anchalanchalugaa daksina nundi uttaramvaipuki teruchukuntu poindhi andhuke adi daksina vaipuki vedalpugaa umtumdi.
itara reku nirmaana (plate tectonic) ghatanalu kudaa cretasias sakhaarambhamlo jariginavi.veetilo bhaagangaane Uttar America, europu madyana cheelika prarambhamu, iberia adda gadiyarapu disaloo phraans nundi tiragadamu jariginavi.antey gaaka madagaskaru, bhratha khandamu vidipovadamu, kyoobaa, hispaniolalu pesifiku mahaasamudramu nundi utpatthi chenduta, rockie parvataalu udbhavinchuta, Uttar America paschima anchuna aparichita bhuubhaagaala (Wrangellia, Stikinia) rakada vento ghatanalu kudaa sambhavinchinavi.
prapancha vyaaptangaa cretasiasu sakamlo vaataavaranam jurassic, triassic lagaa yea kaalamlo kanna vecchagaa undinadi.Uttar architic vruttam, antarkitika, dakshinha austrelia praantaalaloo rakshasa ballulu, paalm chetlu undinavi. cretasiasu sakaarambhamlo dhruvala daggira hima bharitha mai unnaa mesozoic sakamlo mathram aemee kanipinchaledu.
yea saamyamaina vaataavarana paristhithula kaaranam, bhuubhaagaalani lotuleni samudratrovalu (cretaceuos seaways) moosivesinavi. naadeemandala praantaala nundi vecchani neee Surat vaipuki tarali Uttar dhruva praantaalanu vechaparichindi.yea samudratrovalu sthaanikamaina vaataavaranamulani mediterrenian samudramulaagaa saamyamuga chestaayi, induvalla europu vaataavaranam gunamaina maarpu chenduthundi.
bhuubhaagaalannii lotuleni samudratrovalato kappabadataaniki kaaranam apati kaalamlo samudra neetimattam ippati kanna 100 - 200 meters ekkuvaga undinadi.adhika samudra neeti mattaniki kaaranam samudra tataakaalalo yerpadina crotha cheelikalatho bhoobhaagaalu neerutho sdhalamu tappinchabadinavi. yea sakhamlo samudraputarugu vaegamgaa vyaapinchindi.visala gunamulato deerghamaina ottidito vyaapinchu samudraputarugulu ekuva neerutho sdhalamu tappinchunu . yea kaaranamgaanae samudrapu neeti mattam peragadam jarudutundhi.
ikoseen
moodavadhi aakharidaina cheelika ghattamu senozoic sakaarambhamlo jargindi. Uttar America, greenland europu nundi vidipoyinavi.antarctica austalianu vidudhala cheestee adi 5 kotla sam.kri. bhratha kandam vale Surat vaipu asiya dakshinha-puurva bhaganni guddukune vegamlo jargindi.gta remdu kotla samvatsaraalugaa jargina chiilikalu : arabian african nundi chiili erra samudramunu teravatam, japaanu pasiphikulo puurva disaga jarigi jjapan samudranni teravatam, kaliforniaa, Uttar mxico Surat vaipu jarigi kaliforniaa galfunu teravatam.
senojoikulo chaaala mahaasamudraalu teruchukunnappatiki, gta 6 kotla samvatsaraalanu mahakhandamula teevra sanghattanamulaku chihnamu.veetilo praamukhyatagaladi 5 kotla sam.kri. modalaina bhartiya khandamunaku eurasiaku Madhya jargina sanghattanamu.chretatias sakaantamuloo bhartiya khandamu eurasianu samvatsaranike 15-20 se.mee.l vaegamtho cherukunnadhi, idi reku nirmaana vegalalo idi peddha recordu.cretatius sakaantamuloo dveepaala anchulaku guddukonna taruvaata Uttar bhartiya khandamu eurasia kindhi naramuga maari tibetan plaatuunu ettinadi.aasaktikaramga, sanghattana valana yerpadina vidhvamsaanni bhartiya khandaniki badhuluga asiya khandame bharinchindi.deeniki kaaranam bhartiya khandamu balamaina samudrapu lithosphier piena drudamaina raati vento lithosphier kanni asiya enka sanghattanala debbalatho vedigaa unna vividha khandala kuppa.bhartiya khandamu vitini guddukogane evanni uttaramvaipunaku toorpuvaipunaku nokkuku poinavi.yea praantaalaloo bhokampalu ippatidaka konasagutone unnayi.
myocen
asiya-bhartiya khandala sanghattana anek itara sanghattanaalatho kalsi tethys mahaasamudramunu moosivesinavi.turupu nunchi padamaraku yea sanghattanalu : pirinies parvatamulu speyin-phraans dwara, alphs parvatamulu itali, phraans, switzerland dwara, hellenide-denaraide parvatamulu griice, turqey, balkan rastrala dwara, jagros parvataalu bhartiya, aasiyala dwara udbhavinchinavi.
mahakhandala sanghattanaalatho lithosphier addamgaa naligi ettaina parvataalu aavirbhavinchaayi.khandalu adae vistaaramunu aakraminchinaa vaati pradaesamu koddhiga tagginadi.tadwara senozoic sakamlo prapancha vyaaptangaa samudra pradaesamu koddhiga pergindhi.samudrapu thattalu peddaviganuka avi ekuva neetini nilupagalavu.tatphalitamgaa gta 6 kotla samvatsaraalugaa samudramattam taggindi.pradhaanamgaa khandala sanghattanala (devonian sakaarambham, carboniferous sakaantam, permian, triassic) paryantamu samudra mattamu thakkuvaga undinadi.
aakari manchu sakam
samudra mattam takkuvunnappudu bhookhandaalu atyaavasyakamai, bhuucharaalu kramamugaa perigi, khandala mathya valasa daarulu teruchukoni, vaataavaranam chaaala rutupakshamgaa umtumdi, mukhyamgaa prapancha vaataavaranam challabadutundi.deeniki kaaranam bhuumii sooryuni shakthini aakaasamuloki thippi venukaki pampivesedi, kanni samudralu aa shakthini peelchukonevi.
antegaaka bhuubhaagaala medha tellati saasvatamaina manchu rekulu perigi marinta shakthini aakaasamloki thippi pampivestaayi.khandala medha manchu thayaaravatam valana samudra mattam enka taggi bhoobhaagaalu perigi, bhumini challagaa chessi, marinta manchu thayaaravuthoondi, ila konasaagutuune umtumdi.
ekkadi saaraasam aemitante: okkasari bhuumii challabadatam (ledha vedekkattam) modalaite nischayamaina bisa bhuumii vaataavarana siddhaantamunu marinta challagaa (ledha vedigaa) maarchestaayi.senozoic sakaantamlo bhuumii challabadatam modalainadi.manchu rekulu modhata antarcticalo tayaarai Uttar ardhagolamunaku vyaapincha saagimdi.gta 50 lakshala samvatsaraalagaa bhuumii ooka peddha manchu sakamlo Pali.inta challagaa undatam bhuumii charithraloo chaaala koddhi sarlu Bara jargindi.
pratuta bhuumii
gta 150 samvatsaraalugaa manavajati bhuumii chuttuu greenhouses vayuvulu thivratha pencharu, mukhyamgaa boggupulusu vayu (carbondiaoxide).tatphalitamgaa, prapancha vaataavaranam vedigaa maarutunnadi.bhuumii vaataavaranam vechhabadithe, kramena dhruwala manchu karigi samudra mattam perugutundhi.idi bhuubhaagaanni taggistundi, enka takuva sakta aakaasamloki tirigi velthundhi.yea adhika vecchadanamtho manchu karigi samudralu bhuubhaalanu varadalato munchettutaayi, falithamgaa vecchadanam perugutundhi.yea parinaamaala will nischayamaina bisa bhu vaataavaranaanni manchu inti nunchi pacha inti tatvaaniki maarchestundi, sariggaa rakshasa ballula kaalam maadhirigaa.
vanarulu, moolaalu
rodinia bommalu
bayati linkulu
bhoogolashaastram |
Khammam, bhaaratadaesam loni Telangana rashtramloni Khammam jalla, Khammam urbane mandalaaniki chendina pattanham. Khammam jalla mukhya kendram. 2016 loo chosen Telangana jillala punarvyavastheekaranaku mundhu yea gramam paata Khammam jalla loni idhey mandalamlo undedi. Khammam pattanham vyapara, aardika kendram. idi Telangana rashtramlo naalgava athipedda Kota. idi rashtra rajadhani Hyderabadku dadapu , suryapet nundi , Warangal nundi , AndhraPradesh rashtra rajadhani amaravatiki uttaraana dadapu dooramlo Pali. munneru nadi yea nagaranaki padamati vaipuna pravahistondi. 2011 bharatadesa janaba lekkala prakaaram , Khammam pattanha samudaayamloo 313,504 janaba Pali. 2012, aktobaru 19na, Khammam munsipal corporategaaa appgrade cheyabadindhi. corporategaaa appgrade cheyabadina taruvaata Khammam janaba sumaaru 3,07,000 gaaa Pali.
pada charithra
stambhadri , kambammettu, khammammettu , kama mett, gambambumettu, kambamu mettu, Khammam paerlato parinaamam chendutuu vacchina chaarithraka pradeesam. ichchatagala atipuraatanamaina stambhadri narasimhaswami alayam deeniki peruu raavadaaniki kaaranam. Khammam nijanamam "kammamettu". taruvaata Khammam mettugaa pilavabadindiA manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of Madras, Gordon Mackenzie, 1883, Madras, p. 25, 80A Handbook for India, Part I, Madras, John Murray, 1859, LondonThe Church Missionary Intelligencer,Volume 2,1866, London, p. 73. yea perunu "commote", "khammammet" ani kudaa aangleekarinchaaru.
charithra
telanganalo Khammam jalla turupu praantamgaa umtumdi. Khammam turupu rekhaamsam 79.47 ku 80.47 Madhya gaand Uttar akshaamsam 16.45’ku 18.35’ madhyaganu undi 15, 921 cha. kilometres vistiirnamlo vyaapimchi Pali. jillaku uttaramuna chhattis ghath, Odisha rastralu, thuurpuna turupu, paschima godawari jillaalu, padamara nalgonda, Warangal jillaalu, dakshinhaana krishna jillaalu sarihaddulugaa unnayi. 1901 nundi 1981 varku Khammam pattanham tommidhi vaela janaba unna chinna pattanham nundi laksha mandhi janaba unna nagaramga edigindi. 24-3-1942 loo pattanham munisipaliteegaa erpadindi. Khammam jalla 1953loo paripalana soulabhyamu koraku yerparachabadindi. apati varku Warangal jillaaloo bhaagamgaa unna Khammam, madhira, illendu, boorgampaadu, paalvancha revenyuu deveeson lanu vidadheesi Khammam kendramga jillaanu erpaatu chesar. 1959 loo apati varku turupu godawari jillaaloo unna bhadrrachalam, venkataapuram revenyuu deveeson lanu vidadheesi Khammam jillaaloo kaliparu. tholi rojulalo Khammam motham okatiga ledhu yea jalla bhubhagam antha veruveru raja vamsaala (shaathavahanulu, turupu chaalikyulu, rashtra kootulu, paschima kalyaani chalukyas, kakatiyulu, racherla doraluu, bahamaneeyulu, kutubashaaheelu, moghal, asafzahi ) kaalaallo vaerugaa Pali.
cree.sha 591va samvatsaramlo hinduism raju mahaadheva sarma yea praantaaniki paalakudu. aa roeju adi atani rajadhani Kota. sahadevaraju, yea raju tommidava taram. 950 praanthamlo oorugallu pattanham unikilo unna samayamlo vacchina daachukunna dabbutoo rangaareddi, lakshmareddy velamareddy sodharula trayam Khammam vachi aakraminchukunnatlu velladayindi. varu Khammam durganu nirminchaaru. deeni nirmananiki padellu pattindani chebutunnaru. idi sumaaru 300 adugula etthulo cree.sha.1006loo nirminchabadindi taruvaata mooduvandala samvastaralu reddy raajula paalanaloe Pali. taruvaata nanada paani, kalluru,gudluru vamsaala varu yea praanthamlo raajyaadhipatyam vahinchaaru. 1301 nijam yea Khammam durgaanni navaabu shoukat geng puurveekulaku jagiruga icchadu aa tarwata 144loo golaconda nawabula raajavamsamgaa marindi. prachina kavulalo goppavaadaina haribhattu 1472-1535 Madhya kambamettu nivasi ani prateeti.
golaconda nawabula raajyamlo antarbhaagamaina Khammam 1905 varku jillakendramga Pali. nijam paalakulu thama paripalana soulabhyam meraku oorugallunu jalla kendramga cheskunnaru.
1901va samvatsaramlo nijam prabhuthvam aiduvela janabhanu "publisis sapai"gaaa prakatinchindhi.viitipai stanika niddhi kamiteeki anni adhikaralu unnayi.kollektor president naamineet chosen committe deeni choose panichaesimdi.
1905 dhaaka Warangal jillalo bhaagamgaa undedi, 1948 loo Hyderabad raajyam medha bhartiya prabhuthvam pooliisu carya jaripentha varku yea pattanham ekuva saatam jaagiirula paalanaloe unnadi,1952 loo Hyderabad rashtra saasanasabhaku ennikalu jarigaay apati Khammam janaba 28 velu. 1953 Khammam pattanha kendramga Khammam jalla erpaatu ayindhi.
Khammam voori madyalo stambhadri nunche mandapalaku, sthambaalaku kaavalasina rallu taralistuu undevaaru, andhuke deeniki stambhadri aney prachina namam unnadi . charithrakarula kathana prakaram khamma aney peruu adae pattanamedu kala nrusikhadri ani piluvabadee narasimalayamunadi vachinattugaa, kalakramena adi sthabha sikharigaanu aapai sthabaadhrigaa piluvabadinattu cheppabadutunnadi. urdoo bashalo kahaba anagaa raati sthabhamu kavuna khamma anu peruu aa phattanamu naanu kala raati sikharamu nudi vachinattugaa maroka vaadhana. nijam state 1870 railway myaapu prakaaram yea pattanham khammammett gaaa paerkonabadinadi .
chaarithraka adharala prakaaram Khammam nijanamam "kammamettu" A manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of Madras, Gordon Mackenzie, 1883, Madras, p. 25, 80. taruvaata Khammam mettugaa pilavabadindi.
chivari naizam navaabu paalanaku vyatirekamga communistla naayakatvamlo veeroochitamgaa jargina saayudha rytanga poraataaniki kaakalu dheerina yodhulanu, nayakulanu amdimchina praantamgaa Khammam charithraloo nilichipooyindi. singareni boggu ganulatho, pachchani adavulatho, parray jeevanadi godavarito adhika sankhyalo girijanulanu kaligiyunna yea jalla viplava poraataalaku, udyamaalaku, rajakeeya chaitanyaniki prateeka.
bhougolikam
Khammam bhougoulikamgaa 17.25° u 80.15° thoolo Pali. deeniki uttaramgaa chhattis ghath, Odisha eshaanyam gaaa, turupu-paschima godawari jillaalu turupu gaaa, Warangal jalla dakshinamgaa Pali. deeni vaishaalyam 16, 029 chadarapu kilometres. yea pattanham krushnaanadiki upanadhi ayina munneru nadi odduna vistarimchi yunnadi. yea jillaaloo adhika vistiirnham adavulu vyaapimchi yunnavi. yea jillaku 1982 varku saagu neeti vasati ledhu. jalagan vengala raao mukhyamantrigaa undaga Sagar neee labhinchindi.
Khammam jillaaloni nela ekkuvaga godawari nadhiki dakshinhaana isuka naelalu, madhira mandalamlo nallamatti, godawari nadini aanukoni unna pranthalu godawari delta bhoomula vale saaravantamainavigaa unnayi. jillaaloo pradhaana nela chalaka (43%), dubba (28%), nallamatti (29%). atavi sampadalo pradhaanamgaa teak, nallamaddi, chandra, veduru unnayi. jalla motham bhaugoollika visteernamlo sumaaru 4% atavi visteernamlo, motham atavi vistiirnham 7,59,438 hectares. jillaaloni vrukshalalo kalapa, saft wood, indhanam, veduru podhalu, vividha takala atavi utpattulu, sugandha dravyaalu ichey anek itara chinna atavi utpattulugaa sthuulamgaa vargeekarinchavachhu. godaavariki iruvaipula unna pranthalu vanyapraanula bhandagaralu. jalla antataa vishapoorithamaina, vishapuuritham kanni pamulu anekam kanipistaayi.
janaba ganankaalu
2011 aati bhartiya janaba lekkalu prakaaram Khammam janaba (pattanha, grameena pranthalu kalipi) 3,13,504 gaaa Pali. indhulo purushulu 155,461 mandhi Dum, strilu 158,043 mandhi unnare. sagatu 1000 mandhi purushulaku 1017 mandhi streela ling nishpatthi Pali. Khammam pattanha janaba 250,182 Dum, Khammam grameena janaba 63,322 gaaa Pali. 0–6 samvatsaraala Madhya vayassu galavaaru 32,172 mandhi unnare. veerilo 16,725 mandhi baluru, 15,447 mandhi balikalu unnare. baalala sagatu nishpatthi 1000ki 924 gaaa Pali. sagatu aksharasyatha raetu 79.40% (7 ellu mariyu anthakante ekuva vayassu unnavaru) 223,380 aksharaasyulatho, gananeeyamgaa Pali. rashtra sagatu 67.41% kante ekkuvaga Pali.
collectorate nuuthana bhawna samudaayam
jillasthayi shakala adhikaarulu vundela jalla kendramlo Khammam wyra pradhaana rahadari venkatayapalem oddha 53.20 kotla roopaayalatho 22 ekaraala suvisaala praamganamloo 100 adugula facing, 11 vandala adugula lotu vundela sameekruta jalla kaaryaalayaala samudaayam nirminchabadindi. 2023, janavari 18na Telangana rashtra mukyamanthri kalwakuntla chndrasekhar raao thopaatu Kerala, Delhi, Punjab mukhyamantralu pinaryai vijan, aravindh kejrival, bhagavant manthopaatu Uttar Pradesh maajii mukyamanthri akhilesh yadav, cpi jaateeya pradhaana kaaryadarsi di. raza kalisi collectorate nuuthana bhawna samudayanni (sameekruta jalla kaaryaalayaala samudaayam) praarambhinchaaru. karyalayaniki chaerukunna kcr pooliisula gourava vandanam sweekarinchadu. aa tarwata collectorate kaaryaalayaanni praarambhinchi, pratyeka poojallo palgonnadu. anantaram chambarloo kollektor vp gauthamnu kurcheelo kurchundabetti pushpaguchcham andinchi shubhaakaankshalu telipaadu. yea kaaryakramamlo rashtra manthrulu, empeelu, emmelsylu, emmelyelu, stanika praja pratinidhulu, adhikaarulu paalgonnaru.
prabhutva vydya kalaasaala
Khammam pattanhamloo Telangana prabhuthvam 2023loo Khammam prabhutva vydya kalaasaalanu erpatuchesindi. 8.5 kotla roopaayalatho pattanamlooni paata collectorate bhawanaanni aadhuneekarinchi prabhutva vydya kalasalaga marcharu. 2023 septembaru 14na Telangana rashtra vaidyaarogya sakhamantri ti. harshith raao, ravaanhaa sakhamantri puvvda ajoy lu kalisi vydya kalaasaala bhawna samudayanni praarambhinchaaru. 2023 sestemberu 15na pragathi bhavan vedikagaa aanJalor dwara oksari 9 vydya kalaasaalala mbbs modati savatsaram tharagatulanu seeyem kcr praarambhinchaadu.
swaatantryoodyamam
swatantrya sangramamlo Khammam pattanhamloo jargina konni mukhyamaina sanghatanalu.
1915: mottamodati inumu mariyu ukku dukaanamu swatanter samarayodudu tavidisetti simmba gariche stapinchabadinadi
1931 - khammamlo modati swatantrya vudyamam jargindi.
1935 - Khammam pattanhamloo modati granthaalayam sthapinchabadindhi.
1945 - khammamlo 12 va rashtra aandhra mahaasabha samavesam pentala sathya narayanarao pradhaana kaaryadarsigaa, ahvana sangham nirvahincharu. aa samaveshamlo baddam ellaareddini adhyakshudigaa, 13 va raashtram aandhra mahasabhaku upaadhyakshudigaa pentala sathya narayanarao ennikayyaru. yea samavesam marchi 26–28 teedeelaloo jargindi. yea samaveshamlo puchalapalli sundaraiah athidhigaa paalgonnaru. samavesaniki dadapu 40,000 mandhi hajarayyaru.
1946 - 1946 augustu 5 na mahathmaa ghandy Khammam mett (Khammam pattanham) sandarsana,
1947 augustu, 7 - jamlapuram kesavarao, kurapati venkatarama raju, jagadeeswarayya neelakandan, bachhalakura lakshmiah, vattikonda ramakotaiah, heeralal moria, theegala hanumamtharao, kilipaka kishenravu, gella kesavarao, yadavalli venkateswar sarma, pullabhatla venkateswarulu (Hyderabad congresses adhyakshudu), ootukoori kamala (swatantrya samarayodhuraalu - Telangana vimochana)
samskruthi
shreeraama bhakthudu, Karnataka sangeeta swarakarta baktha ramdasu (kancherla gopanna) peruu medha rashtra prabhuthvam baktha ramdasu kalaa kshethram paerutoe ooka pratishtaatmakamaina jaateeya thiatre nirminchindi.
varadhalu
migta raashtraalatho polisthe etaa khammamlo adhika varshapaatam namodavutondi. varshaakaalamlo varshika varshapaatam 175 sem.mee. (60 am.) gaaa umtumdi. krushnaanadiki upanadhi ayina munneru nadi varadhala kaaranamgaa khammamlo chaaala pranthalu prabhaavitamayyaayi. 2007loo muudu roojulapaatu kurisina bhaaree varshamto nadhiki varadhalu vachi bokkalagadda mumpunaku gurayindi. 2009loo varadhalu vachinapudu kudaa konni mumpunaku gurayyayi. khammamloni phud corparetion af india storagey kendralu varada baadithula choose eppatikappudu aharanni andistunnaayi.
aaroogyam
ikda Khammam prabhutva asupatri, mamatha vydya kalaasaala unnayi.
paryaataka kendralu
ikkadunna Khammam kota usa.sha. 950loo kaakateeya rajavamsanche nirminchabadindi. lakaram sarus maroka paryaataka aakarshanagaa Pali. ivi kakunda Kota chuttuu bhadraachalam, parnasaala, neelakondapalli, koosumanchi vento anek pranthalu unnayi.
Khammam khillaa
shree stambhadri lakshminarasimhaswamy deevaalayam
shree jalanjaneyaswamy alayam
lakaram cheruvu: yea cheruvupai 11.75 kotla roopaayalatho nirmimchina kebul vanthena, myoojikalus fountine, eleedy lightinglanu 2022, juun 11na Telangana rashtra ito, purapaalaka parisramala sakhamantri kalwakuntla taaraka ramarao praarambhinchaadu. yea kaaryakramamlo rashtra ravaanhaa sakhamantri puvvda ajayan kumar, mp naamaa nageshwar raao, itara prajaapratinidhulu, adhikaarulu paalgonnaru.
danavaigudem paarku
teerdhaala sangameshwara swamy alayam
lakaram park/tanks bund
kinnerasani vanyapraani aashrayam
neelakondapalli
parnasaala
stambhadri lakshmi narsimha swamy alayam
Telangana amaraveerula sthuupam
pramukhulu
heeralal moria (pathrikaa rachayita, navalaa rachayita, samarayodudu)
abhiram varma (sinii natudu,rachayita)
mummineni sudhir kumar: Telangana highcourtu nyaayamuurthi
pattanamlooni nivaasa pranthalu
yea krindhi pranthalu Khammam purapaalaka samsthachae adhikarikamgaa gurtinchabadina nivaasa, vaanijya pranthalu.
khanapuram
guttla bajar
nizampet
sahakara Nagar
mamillagudem
burhan puram
v di os kaalani
banku kaalani
rotari Nagar
gaandhi choqe
cheruvu bazzar
prakasa Nagar
srinivasaa vgar
kaman bazzar
nehruu Nagar
sambhani Nagar
ricca bazzar
bhaktha pothana viidhi
saahithi Nagar
neo bazzar
endira Nagar
raparti Nagar
gattaiah senter
dvaarakaa Nagar
rotari Nagar
charchi compund
shree chaitan Nagar
poedu pattaala pampinhii
khammamloni bhaktaramadasu kalakshetram 2023, juun 30na madhyanam 3:30 gantalaku poedu pattaala pampinhii karyakram jargindi. yea kaaryakramamlo rashtra aardika, vaidyaarogya shakala manthri tanneeru hareeshraao, rashtra ravaanhaa sakhamantri puvvda ajoykumar kalisi girijan raithulaku poedu pattalanu pampinhii chesar.
moolaalu
itara lankelu
Official website of Khammam District.
Khammam chithraalu
stambhadri narasimhaswami devalaya chithraalu
Telangana nagaraalu, pattanhaalu
Khammam jalla
Khammam jalla railwaystationlu |
aatalu - saftware - haardware- charithra - internettu
kampyuutaru anede anekamaina prakriyala dwara samaachaaraanni rakarakaluga vaadukotaaniki veelu kalugachese yantram. Datia vividha rupees undavachhunu: udaharanaku sankhyalugaa, bommalugaa, sabdaalugaa ledha aksharalaga vumdavacchu. yea roojulloo "kampyuutaru" anede ooka vidyuttu upakaranam. yea upakaranaanni kachitanga nirvachinchaalante kashtamane cheppaali. kampyuutaru aney parikaram kaalakremena anno marpulu chendhatam will phalana yantrame kampyuutaru ani nirvachinchatam kashtamoutundi. yea krindhi nirvachanaala dwara gananayantram antey emti aney prashnaku samadhanam cheppavacchu.
consize auxphardu aamgla dikshanari kampyootarunu "mundhuga nirdhaarinchabadina aadaesaala anusaram samaachaaraanni niksheepinchi (store), vislaeshinchagala (process/analyze) ooka vidyuttu parikaram" ani nirvachistondi. yea nirvachanam gananayantraanni ooka vislaeshnhaa yantramgaa leka parikaramgaa chustundi.
webbsturs aamgla dikshanari kampyootaruku "samaachaaraanni niksheepinchi (store) , anusandhaaninchi (retrieve), vislaeshinchagala (process/analyze), programmable aina (saamanyamgaa alektraanik) parikaram" aney nirvachananni chebuthoondhi. yea nirvachanamlo naane-alektraanik parikaraalu kudaa kampyootarulu anabadavachane ardham gocharistondi.
suraes basandra tana computerus tudey aney pustakamlo yea parikaraanni "vippalmaina aadaesaala adhaaramgaa, dattaamsaalanu (deetaanu) sweekarinchi, vislaeshinchi, phalithaalanu pradanam chesthu samasyalanu parishkarinchagala yantram," ani nirvachincharu. yea nirvachanamlo kampyootarunu 'samasyalanu parishkarinche yantram' ani gurtinchatam jargindi.
charithra
rendava prapancha iddam taruvaata rojulalo remdu takala kampyootarulu vaadukalo undevi. amka kalana yantraalu (digital computers), saaroopya kalana yantraalu (analog computers). madyalo konnallapatu sankara kalana yantraalu (hybrid computers) vacchai. potilo amka kalana yantraalu gelavatam will ippudu 'amka' annana vishaeshanhaanni theesesi maamoolugaa kalana yantram ani conei, gananam chesedhi kanuka sanganakam ani kanni ledha kampyuutaru ani conei antunaru.
yea roojulloo ekuva vaadukalo unna kampyuutarunu poelina yantraalu moottamoodhata rendava prapancha iddam antam ayee rojulalo veliseyi. poorvam yea kalana yantraalu chaala bhaareegaa undevi. okokka yantraaniki okokka peddha gadi kaavalasi occhedi. paipechu okkokkati kotla koddhi rupees kharidu chesedhi. entho vyaya prayaasalatoe koodina adhisthaapana (establishment) kanuka yea yantraanni entomandi ummadiga vaadukone varu. ituvante ummadi yantraalu ippudu unnayi. yea roojulloo ituvante vatini pratyeka vaijnaanika avasaraalaku upayoginchutunnappuda suuparu kampyuutaru ani, peddapedda samsthala vyapara lavadhevilu (transactions) samvidhaanam (processing) chestunnappudu main fremu kampyuutaru ani sambhodistuu untaruu. ivi aparimitamayina ganana soukaryalu kaligi untai.
yea roojulloo kampyootarulu bagaa saktivantamuu ayeyi, chavaka ayeyi; paipechu bagaa chinnavi ayeyi. dani will bhaaree yantraala vaadika padipoindi; evari kampyuutaru vaare sonthamga konukkogalige sthaayiki edigem. yea sonta kampyootarulane aanglamlo personal computer aney, hrasvamgaa PC aney, telugulo vyaktigata kampyuutaru aney antunaru. yea sonta kampyootarulu ballameeda pettukune rakaalu (desktop), ollo pettukune 'uropari' (laptop), chetho pattukunevi (hand-held) ola rakarakaala pramanaalloo ostunnayi. pustakam saijulo unnavaatini notubukku kampyuutaru ani pilustharu. itara vastuvulanu niyantrinchutaku upayoegimchae vatini embedded computers antaruu. udaharanaku dijitalu kemeralu, utike yantraalu (vashingu mesheenulu) modhalagu vatilo wade kampyootarulu embededu kampyootarulu. anthekaadhu peddha vimanalanu saitam nadipee kampyootarulanu embededu kampyootarulu anavacchu. peddadainaa, chinnadynaa kampyuutaru panichaesae paddathi okkate. siddhaantamuu okkate. maroka wasn. apple kompany vaari kampyootarulu praacuryam loki vacchina taruvaata PC antey "apple companyevi kanivi" aney ardham vachchelaa vaadika perigipoyindi.
enka kothha kothha takala kampyootarulu parisoedhana sthaayiloo unnayi. kvaantm shaasthrapu sootraalani upayoginchi nirmaanam jarigithe avi kvaantm kampyootarulu. alaage DNA (antey jiva kanaalalooni vaarasavaahikalu) loo nibideekrutamaina sootraalani upayoginchi nirmaanam jarigithe avi DNA kampyootarulu.
kampyootarulu: ooka vihamgaavalokanam
paipaiki vividha rupees andhuke mana bhaaratadaesam anek rangaalalo mundhu vunde kampyootarulu kanipimchinaa moulikamgaa avi panichaesae sutram okkate. kampyootarulu manam ichina samaachaaraanni teesukuntaayi. aa samaachaaraanni jeerninchukuni, jeernamaina aa samaachaaraanni tirigi manki maroka ruupamloe isthaayi. avu manam pettina gaddi thini, jeerninchukuni manki tirigi plu ichinatle. manalo chaalamandiki, ippatikee, peratlo aavulu untai. vatiki gaddi meputam, kuditi padatam, plu pindukuntam. aa metha emayindhi? aa plu elaa tayaarayyaayi annana vishayalu manam pattinchukomu. adae vidhamgaa kampyootaruni kevalam upayoegimchukunae variki kampyuutaru loguttu teliyakkara ledhu. upayoginchukovadam telisthe Basti. caaru nadipevaarandarikii karlu elaa panichestayo telustonda? teliyavalasina avsaram kudaa ledhu.
caaru nadipevaadu koddo, goppo caaru girinchi thelusukuntee kaaruni mari kontha baadhyathatho, samardhathatho nadapavacchu kada! alaage kevalam vaadukake viniyoginchinaa kampyuutaru girinchi koddo, goppo thelisi vunte aa yantraanni entho dakshatato vaadukoevachchu. alaage caaru nadipevaadu koddo, goppo caaru girinchi thelusukuntee kaaruni mari kontha baadhyathatho, samardhathatho nadapavacchu kada!
puurvrakaalamloe “kampyuutaru” (computer) aney inglishu padaanni lekkalu chese vyaktini uddeshinchi vaadeevaaru; antey “compute” (compute) chese vyakti. bandini thole vyaktini inglishulo “drivar” (driver) aninnee, kundalu chese vyaktini “pottaar” (potter) aninnee annatle. kramaypii lekkalu cheyyadaniki yantraalu vachheyi. humanity chese panine yantraalu chestunnappudu adae “kampyuutaru” annana peruni yantraanni uddeshinchi vadudam modhal petteru. yea roojulloo kampyuutaru antey yantrame; humanity kadhu.
bhartia bhashalalo kalanam cheyyadam antey kuudikalu, teesivetalu, gunakaaraalu, bhaagaaraalu vento lekkalu cheyyadam. modatlo kampyootarulani nirminchinappudu vaati chetha ankelatho yea rakam kalana kalapale cheyinchevaaru. andukane vatini amka kalanayantraalu (digital computing machines) anevaru. kaalakremena kalanayantraala chetha taarkikamaina kalana kalapalu (logical calculations) kudaa cheyinchadam modhal petteru. anduakni vatini amka-tarkika yantraalu (arithmetic-logic machines) annatu. konnallu poeyina taruvaata kampyootarula chetha enka rakarakaala panlu cheyinchadam modhal petteru. udaaharanaki tera medha Hansi, eppudi, entasepu, ennisaarlu choopinchaalo nischayinchadam. kanuka yea roojulloo kampyuutaru antey ichina samaachaaraanni jeerninchukuni kothha samaachaaraanni vellagakke yantram (information processing machine) ani manam ardham cheppukoovacchu.
manam kampyootaruki mepe Datia (information) rakarakaluga undochu. udaaharanaki “repu Barasat padutunda?” annana prasnaki samadhanam kavalanukunte mundhu kontha vishaya sekarana cheyyali. prastutapu vaataavarana paristhitulu elaa unnaayo teliyaali: bayta entha vedigaa Pali? gaalani entha jorugaa veechutondi? aakaasamloo meghalu vunnya? yelanti meghalu? entha etthulo unnayi? vaataavarana piidanam elaa Pali? bharamiti emti chebuthoondhi? samudram horu pedutonda? chandrudu gidi katteda? sivudiki sahasra ghatabhishekam chesera? yea rakam vishyaala girinchi Datia saekarinchi kampyootaruki istam. yea samaachaaraanni dattaamsaalu (data) antaruu. yea Datia antha aavuki vese metha lantidi. yea samaachaaraanni emti cheyyaalo manam kampyootaruki cheppaali. pulusa chese vyaktiki pulusulo pade sambhaaraala jaabithaa isthe saripotunda? pulusa chese paddathi kudaa cheppaali kada. “nillu mariginchu, chintapandu Churu, chenchaadu uppu Churu, chitikedu pasupu Churu, mukkalu Churu, maraganee, popu Churu” ila cheppaali kada. vitini aadesaalu (instructions) antaruu. sookshamamgaa cheppalantey manam kampyootaruki dattaamsaalu, aadesaalu ivvaali. vatini rangarinchi, jeerninchukuni, manki kampyuutaru samaadhaanaalu estunde. tookeegaa adhee kampyuutaru chese pania.
manam kampyootaruki ichey aadesaalu saadharanamga manam matladukune bhashani poelina bashalo vunte baguntundhi – antey inglishulono, telugulono, rashyan lono anukovacchu. kanni manam kampyuutaru edhurugaa nilabadi, “pulusa vandu” ani entalaa arichina kampyootaruki ardham kadhu. (aa roojulu kudaa ostunnayi, kanni prastutaaniki cinemalalo tappa nija prapanchamloo kampyootarulu aa rakam panlu cheyyadam ledhu.) “nillu mariginchu, uppu Churu, chintapandu Churu…” ani vidamarchi cheppina kampyootaruki ardham kadhu. mana manassuloo unna korikani kampyootaruki cheppadam anede chaaala clistamaina pania. endhukante manam e human bashalo matladina apaardhaalaki avakasalu ekuva.
mana manassuloo unna wasn kampyootaruki ardham aye bashalo cheppadaniki pratyekamgaa taripheedu pondina vyaktulu kavaali. vaallane manam “prograamarlu” (programmers) antunnam. yea prograamarlu chese pania prograamulu raadam. prograamu antey kampyootaruki ichey aadesaalani ooka krama paddhatilo paerchi raadam. prograamu antey ooka kramamlo unna aadaesaala samaharam. “prograamu” aney maataki “karyakram” aney telegu maata Pali. yea matani “vinoda karyakram” vento prayogaalaki attepettukuni kampyootaruki manam ichey aadesaalaki maroka pratyekamaina maata vaadadaam. anduakni vitini telugulo “kramanikalu” andaam. mana bhaashalaki vyaakaranam unnatle yea kampyuutaru bhaashalaki kudaa vyaakaranam umtumdi. aa vyaakarana niyamaalani paatistuu kramanikalu rayali. maelu rakam kramanikalu rayagalige valaki manchi giraakie yeppudu umtumdi.
manam kampyootaruki kramanikalu (programs), dattaamsaalu (data) istam. yea kramanikalu manki ardham aye human bhaashaki daggaralo untai. dattaamsaalu manki ardham aye dasaamsa paddhatilo untai. kanni kampyootaruki ivemi ardham kaavu. viitannitini kampyootaruki ardham aye bhaasha (machine language) loki marchi, ooka kramamlo kampyootaruki andajesthe adi sariggaa panichestundi. idantha peddha tharjumaa yantrangam. yea kramanikalani, vatini tharjumaa chese yantraamgaanni, kampyuutaru cheyyavalasina panulannitimeedaa ajamaayishi chese yantraamgaannii, …, antatini kalipi “saftware” (software) ani pilustharu.
kampyootarula girinchi matladetappudu “kathinaamgam” (hardware), “mrudulaangam” ledha “komalangam” (software) ani sthuulamgaa remdu bhaagaalugaa vidagotti matladadam sampradaayikamgaa vastuunna aachaaram. braham manani puttinchinappudu ooka bhautika shareeram ichedu, nudita medha ooka raata rasedu. mana bhautika shareeram kathinaamgam (gatti saruku), nudita medha raasina raata mrudulaangam (mettha saruku). rayadaniki veelaina nudhuru aney gatti phalakam lekapote braham mathram yakkada raastaadu? alagani rayadaniki palaka okkati undi, danimida rayadaniki aemee lekapote aa khaalii palaka praanam laeni katteto samaanam. kampyuutaru rangamloo “kathinaamgam” annana matani enka visthrutha bhaavamto vaadavacchu. kampyuutaru loni bhautika vibhaagaalannii (antey manam chetho pattuko daluchukunte mana pattuki dorikevi) – antey tera (screen), kunchikapalaka (keyboard), mooshikam (mouse), modalainavannii kathinaamgaale. pothe, kathinaamgam lekunda mrudulaangaaniki astitvam ledhu. kaalu mopadaniki kathinaamgam asara lekunda kevalam mrudulaangam gaalilo undante adi dayyamtho samaanam annamaata. yea rakam dayyaalani manam “kampyuutaru vyruslu” (computer viruses) anavacchu.
kampyuutaru pania chese teerukee manam vantagadilo vamta vande teerukee chaala daggara polikalu unnayi. maa intloo dhanyam, dinusulu, vagairaalannii kottugadilo nilwa cheesukuni, ooka vaaaraniki kaavalasina saamaanulu vantagadilo beeruvaalo pettukunevallam. aa rojuki kaavalasina dinusulu appatikappudu baytaki tisukuni, teene medha petkuni, vamta cheeseevaaru. ikda, kampyuutaru paribhaashalo, “teene”ni “kesh” (cache) thotii, vantagadilo unna beeruvaani prathma stayi kottu (main memory) thotii, poyyi medha unna kalasaanni “prosessor” thotii polchavacchu. antey nijanga kalanam (vamta) jarigedhi kalasamlo (gginnelo) annana maata. sankhamlo posthe kanni teerdham kadhu, kalasamlo vandithe kanni vamta kadhu, prosessorloo padithe kanni kalanam kadhu kanuka manam “prosessor”ni kalanakalasam ani kanni, kalasham ani kanni andaam. ikda “prosessor” (processor) anede kathinaamgam, yea kathinaamgamlo jarigee kalanakalapam (process) mrudulaangam jaripee ooka procedure. yea “proses” annana maataki chaala lothaina ardham Pali. aa wasn ikda charchinchadaaniki veelu padadu.
1. samaachaaraanni yakkada nilwa cheyyadam?
manam vamta chestunnappudu vamta saamagri choose nimishanimishaanikii bajaruki parigettam kada; vantagadilono, daggaralo unna kottu gadilono dachukuntam. alaage vamta chese vidhaanaalu raasina pustakam (pulusa elaa cheyyaalo, pachchadi elaa cheyyaalo, appalu, arisalu elaa cheyyaalo) kudaa vamta gadilone andubaatugaa vunte baguntundhi kada. anduakni kalanayantraalu kalanam chestunnappudu kaavalasina saranjaamaa (antey dattaamsaalu, aadesaalu) ekado vunte prayojanam ledhu; chethiki andubatulo vunte baguntundhi. alagani annii vantagadilo imadavu kada. anduakni mukhyamgaa kavalasinavi, tarachugaa kavalasinavi daggaraka pettukuntam; appudappudu kavalasinavi kottugadilo unchutam, eppudo kanni avsaram laenivi, avsaram vembadi bajaruki vellhi techukuntam. adae vidhamgaa kalana yantraalu kudaa rakarakaala amarikalatho kontha samaachaaraanni daggaragaanu, kontha samaachaaraanni dooramgaanu dachukuntayi. ila taratama bhedaalani paatistuu samaachaaraanni nilwa chese addhatini nilwa sopanakramam (storage hierarchy) antaruu.
nilwa sopanakramam (storage hierarchy) loo chethiki andubatulo dachukune sdhalaanni kosham (cache, kesh) antaruu. tarachugaa kaavalasina samaachaaraanni jorugaa daachukuni (ledha rasukuni), jorugaa baytaki theesukodaaniki (ledha chaduvukodaniki) veelaye pradeeshaanni prathma stayi kottu (primary storage) ani andaam. deeninay inglishulo main memary (main memory) ani kanni, rem (RAM, Random Access Memory) ani kanni antaruu. kalasamlo kalanam entha jorugaa jarugutondo antha jorugaa yea kottu samaachaaraanni kalasaniki andajeyaali. yea vivaraalannii taruvaata chuuddaam kanni okka wasn ikda gurtu petkovali. kampyootaruki vidyut sarafarani aapesinappudu yea praadhimika stayi kotlo raasukuna Datia antha cherigipotundi. kanuka kampyootaruni “af” chesese mundhu yea kotlo daachukunna dastraalani (files ni) maroka choota ekkadaina, cherigiponi choota, daachu (raasu) kovali. ila maroka choota raasukundiki veeluga, praadhimika stayi kottuki dannugaa, dviteeya stayi kottu (secondary storage) marokati umtumdi. yea dviteeya stayi kottuni nirminchadaniki pratyekamgaa tayyaru chosen pallela dontini vadathara kanuka dheenini inglishulo “disick storages” (disk storage) antaruu. manam vaadukune kampyootarulaki tappanisariga okato, rendo, yea rakam nilwa pallela sadupayalu untai. veetanniti girinchi taruvaata neerchukundaam.
2. kalanayantraalato samaachara ravaanhaa
kalanayantraalu chese pania kalanam okkate kadhu; avi samaachaaraanni ooka choota nundi maroka chotaki ravaanhaa kudaa chestaayi. udaaharanaki kotlo daachukunna samaachaaraanni kalasham daggaraki teesukuraavaali. kalanam jargina taruvaata vacchina samaadhaanaalani mallaa kotlo dachali. manam kampyuutaru loki samaachaaraanni ekkinchaalante kunchikapalaka (keyboard) dwara typukottinatlu meetalu nillaki ekkinchadam ooka paddathi. kunchikapalaka medha manam e button (kunchikam) nokkemo ardham cheesukuni aa button nirdeshinchina aksharanni tera medha chupinchalante Datia rahadhaarula venta ravaanhaa awali. anagaa, aa button nirdeshinchina aksharam yokka dviyaamsa sankshiptaanni (binary code) kotlo daachadaaniki maroka rahadari kavaali. yea rakam panulani inglishulo inputt/hauteputt antaruu. “inputt” antey loopaliki ravaanhaa cheyyadam, hauteputt antey baytaki ravaanhaa cheyyadam. vitini telugulo antaryaanam (input), bahiryanam (output) ani anocchu. kalanayantraalaki kalanaamsaalani lopalaki tiisukoevadam, baytaki veligakkadam aney yea saamardhyata lekapote manam kampyuutarutoe sambhaashanhalu jarapalemu.
kampyootarulu maanavulatote sambhaashanhalu jarapaalani niyamam edhee ledhu. ooka kampyuutaru maroka kampyuutarutoe kanni, maroka rakam yantramtho kanni matladavachhu. udaaharanaki manam evarkaina vidyullekha (E-mail) dwara vaarta pampinappudu aa vaartani gamyaniki surakshitamgaa cherchadam kudaa samaachara ravaanhaa paridhiloke osthundi. ilanti sandarbhaalalo kampyuutaru vaadukalo unna teliphonu vento vaartaaprasaara (communications) saukaryaala medha aadhara padavacchu. appudu kampyootaruni aa vaartaaprasaara saadhanaalaki tagilinchadaaniki “modem” (modem) vento upakaranalu vaadataam. modem chese pania kampyootaruki ardham aye sunnalani, okatlani tisukuni teliphonu theegala medha prasaaraaniki anukuulamaina vidyut taramgaalugaa marchadamu (modulation), vidyut tharamgaala ruupamloe unna vaakethaalu (signals) ni sunnalu, okatlu gaand maarchadam (demodulation). theegalu lekunda nistamti (wireless) vaartalani pampetappudu kudaa modem vaadochu. yea roojulloo chaala mandiki intloonu, bayta - ekkadapedithe akkada – antarjaalam (Internet) andubatulo untoondhi. arachetiloo imide kampyuutaru sahayamtho, theegala bedada lekunda viiru samaachaaraanni pampagalaru, andukogalaru. rojurojuki maaruthoonna yea saankethika rangam girinchi Hansi rasina aa sira aare varake aa raataki saardhakata.
opeerating cyst
computerulo mukhyamaina bhaagaalu nalaugu ani cheppukoovacchu. modhatidhi kalanam jarigee kalasham ledha inglishulo “prosessor” (processor). yea prosessorloo jarigee karya kalaapaalani “prosessing” (processing) aninnee, pratyekinchi ooka kaaryakalaapaanni uddeshinchi cheppavalasina vacchinappudu proses (process) aninnee antaruu. saanketikamgaa veetannitiki lothaina arthaalu unnayi kanuka vitini komchem jagrataga nirvachimchi vipulikarincha valasina avsaram Pali.
mundhu “proses” (process) aney inglishu maatane teesukundam. kaalagamanamtho ooka paddhatilo maarpu chendutuu nadichee prakriyani inglishulo “proses” antaruu. dheenini procedure leka parikarma ani telugulo anocchu. yea procedure ledha parikarma yevaro okaro, aedo okato cheyyali kada. “drive" chese dhaanini drivar annatle "proses" chesedaanini prosessor antaruu. dheenini manam telugulo prakriyakaari anoo parikarmari anoo anali. (manki telugulo yea rakam prayoogaalu lekapoledu. allevaadu alludu, jaalamto pania chese vyakti jaalari, kundalu cheeseevaadu kummari, modalainavi.) yea roojulloo chuupudu velu goranta parimaanam unna chinna silikaan chituku (silicon chip) medha yea parikarmari antha pattestundi kanuka dheenini “suukshmaparikarmari” ani kudaa anocchu. deeninay microprosessor (microprocessor) ani inglishulo antaruu. “maikroe” antey suukshamyna ani ardham. “neo paisa” kaalakremena paisa ainatlu yea roojulloo “maikroe” annah anakapoyina paravaaleedhu. yea karmari lonae lekkalu annii jaruguthai.
pothe, rendava bhaagam peruu kottu ledha kothee (store) ledha dhaarani (memory). yea kottu roopurekhalu kudaa saankethika rangamloo jarugutoonna viplavaalatho maarutunnaayi. poorvam ayaskantapu ungaraalu, tepulu, pallelu, chillula kaagitapu tepulu vaadeevaaru. ippudu silikaan chitukulu, laysarthoo chadavagalige pallelu vaadukaloeki vachheyi. ikda saanketikamaina vivaralu chaaala cheppukoovacchu. saanketikamaina maarpulaki ateetangaa kotheelani taarkikamaina drushtitoe sandarsinchadam manchidhi. taarkikamgaa kottu amarikani postaficeullo uttharalu batwada cheyyadaniki wade gadula beeruwala uhinchukovachhu. prathi gadiki ooka chirunaamaa ledha vilasam (address) umtumdi. prathi gadiloonu ooka ashtaa (antey, yenimidhi dvinkamula maala) paduthundhani anukundam.
piena udaharinchina remdu ansaalu manki saadharanamga baytaki kanapadavu; dabba lopala ekado untai. kanapadina, chudadaaniki chinna chilla penkulaago, pallela dontaralago kanipistaayi tappa, chusinanta maatraana avi pania chese vidhaanam avagaahana kadhu.
muudu, samaachaaraanni loopaliki pampadaanikii, baytaki tiyyadaaniki kaavalasina sadupayalu. ivi rakarakaluga undochu. viitannitini kalipi inglishulo input/output antaruu. telugulo antaryaanam/ bahiryanam annam idivaraloo. manam e kampyuutarutoe e panichesina viiti madhyavartitvam umtumdi kanuka ivi manki parichayamaina tera (screen), mudrapaki (printer), kunchikapalaka (keyboard), mooshikam (mouse), kemera, modem, vagaira rupees kanipistaayi. ivi kakunda samaachara ravanaki rahadhaarulu untai. ivi chudadaaniki rakarakaala akaralalo unna teegalalaa untai. vitini inglishulo “buses” (bus) antaruu. yea “buses” aney padm latin loni “amnibus” (omnibus) aney maataki sankshiptame tappa manam prayanam chese bassuki deenikee e vidhamina sambandhamuu ledhu. “amnibus” antey “andharikii” ani ardham. vidyuttuni andarki panchi ichey sadhanam kanuka modatlo (antey, kampyuutaru yugaaniki mundhey) deeniki aa peruu vacchindi. kampyuutaru rangamloo yea maataki ardham, “vidyut vaaketaalani annichotlaki teesukelle rahadari” ani cheppukoovacchu. antey vaakethaalu pravahinchae theegala katta. svayambodhakamgaa vunte baguntundhi kanuka manam “buses”ni andaka “teegalakatta” (cheepurukattala) andaam. samskrutam medha abhimaanam unnavaallu dheenini “tantivaaram” anocchu.
yea muudu kathinaamgam leka “haardware” (hardware) cove loki ostayi. yea muudu kakunda kantiki kanabadani naalugo bhaagam okati Pali. idi kalanakalasamlo kurchuni katha nadipistundi. computerulo unna anni bhaagaalu, eppudi, elaa panicheyyaalo idi nirnayistundhi. antey pettanam deenidi. niravaakam deenidi. deeni paryavekshanhalone kampyuutaru nadustudi. chuddamante kanabadadhu. pattukundamante pattubadadu. ila sarvasakti sampannamaina yea “idi”ni inglishulo “opeerating cyst” antaruu. dheenini telugulo upadrashta anocchu ledha niravaaki anocchu. ledha nirvahanha vyvasta anocchu. upadrashta antey yagnayaagaadulani daggara undi nadipinche vyakti. niravaaki antey niravaakam chesedhi. yea niravaaki mrudulaangam (ledha komalangam, ledha software) kovaloki osthundi.
kathinaamgaanni ooka bhavanapu punaaditoe polchithe, yea niravaakini godalu, thalupulu, metlu vagairaalato polchavacchu. punaadulu lekunda godalani levanettalemu. punaadulu, godalu, gadhulu, gummaalu, toparam vunte yevo konni kaneesa avasaraalani teerchukovachhemo kanni bhavanam purtiga upyogam loki radhu; adi ooka dolla (shell) Bara. aa “dolla” bhawanaanni evarki kaavalasina hangulatho varu maluchukovali. kondaru aa bhawanaanni paatasaalagaa vaadukoevachchu. marokaru adae bhawanaanni nivaasayogyamaina aavaasikalu (apartments or flats) gaaa vidagotti vaadukoevachchu. vaerokaru adae bhawanaanni kachereegaano, aasupatrigaano vaadukoevachchu. antey evarki kaavalasina sadupayalu varu konukkuni, aa dollalo amarchukuni, aa bhawanaanni vadukovali. yea rakam sadupaayaalani anuvartanaalu (inglishulo applications ani kanni applications programs ani kanni) antaruu. brouseru (browsers), i-meyilu (E-mail), “pada parikarmari” (word processor), spreadsheetlu (spreadsheets), pvrpoint (powerpoint), vagairaalannii yea kovaki chendutaayi. yea anuvartanaalu annii, andharikii avsaram undavu. evarki kavalasinavi varu konukkuni, kalanayantramlo keelkolpukuni (install cheesukuni) vadukuntaru.
puurvapu roojulloo micrsoft (Microsoft) kompany varu ammina niravaakini “disick opeerating cyst” (Disk Operating System) ledha muddugaa “doss” (DOS) anevaru. deeninay MS-DOS ani kudaa antaruu. aa roojulloo yea niravaaki chese pania, mukhyamgaa, parikarmari (ledha kalanakalasam) loo unna dastraalu (files) tisukuni vatini kotlo pallela medha raadam, akada nilvalo unna dastraalani parikarmari loki teesuku raavadam. anduakni aa roojulloo aa peruu saripoyindi. yea roojulloo niravaaki enka anno panlu chesthundu; kampyuutaru dabbaalo unna kathinaamgaalakii, viniyogadaarulu (users) ki Madhya ooka varadhila panichestundi.
yea roojulloo bagaa prachaaramlo unna niravaakulu chaala unnayi. vaatillo konni perlu: vindows-eneti (Windows NT), o-yess/2 (OS/2), unix (Unix), doss/vindows (DOS/Windows), vindows 2000 (Windows 2000), modalainavi. “vindows 2000” vento niravaaki undadam vallaney manam keyboardu (kunchikapalaka) medha typu kottina aksharaalu venuventane tera medha kanipistunnayi. yea niravaaki aadhvaryam lonae muushikaanni okka saree “klikk” cheyyagaanae mudrapaki kaagitam medha achukottadam modhal pedthundhi. yea niravaaki prameeyam lekunda vidyullekhalu (E-mails) pampalemu. niravaaki chese yea chakirii antha mana anubhava paridhiloo unna panlu. manki theliyakunda marenno saanketikamaina inti panlu (housekeeping operations) niravaaki nepathyamlo chesuku pootuu umtumdi. evanni avsaram vembadi telusukundam.
yea panulannee cheyyadaniki niravaakiki thoodu Pali. niravaakito chetullu kalipi sahayam chese vaatillo mukhyamainadaanini inglishulo “babus” (BIOS) antaruu, antey Basic Input Output System ani ardham. yea babusloo saswathamga nilachipoye riithiloo konni aadesaalu untai. antey yea rakam kotlo unna dattaamsaalu, aadesaalu manam chadavagalam kanni, unna vatini cheripesi kottavi rayalemu. anduakni babus nirmananiki wade saadhanaalalo CD-ROM (antey, Compact Disk – Read Only Memory) mukyamainadhi. deeni “nilwa chese saamardhyam” daridaapu 680 MB (antey, 680 miliyanu ashtaalu) varku umtumdi. mantrikudi praanam chilakalo unnatlu, kampyuutaru praanam yea babusloo untundanukovacchu. indhulo unnavi e kaaranam vallanaina cherigipothe, kampyuutaru praanam poinatle. andukane cherapadaniki veelukaani kotlo babus kramanikalu daachuthaaru.
babusloo daachina aadesaalu atu kathinaamgaalakii, itu niravaakikii madhyavartila pania chestaayi. udaaharanaki niravaakini nadipee mrudulaangam nakalu okati pallem medha umtumdi. kampyootaruni “aan” cheyyagaanae yea mrudulaangam loni konni mukhyamaina kramanikalu (programs) praadhimika stayi kotloki ravana kavaali. yea pania cheyyadaniki kaavalasina aadesaalu babusloo untai. maroka udaaharanha. kampyootaruni “aan” chosen ventane manam keyboardu medha aedo typu cheyyavalasina avsaram osthundi. antey antavaraku praanam lekunda padunna kunchikapalakaki praanam poesi levagottali. ila levagottadaaniki kaavalasina kramanikalani “kunchikapalaka chodari” (keyboard driver) antaruu. dheenini kudaa babus lonae dhaachi vumchuthaaru. ilaage kampyuutarutoe sambhaashinchadaaniki kaavalasina mrudulaamga chodarulu (software drivers) anni kudaa babus lonae nikshiptamai untai. idhey vidhamgaa pallem medha nikshiptham ayi unna niravaakilooni kramanikalu avsaram vembadi praadhimika stayi kotloki ravaanhaa cheyyadaniki kaavalasina kramanikalu kudaa yea babus lonae dachukovali. intiki teesukellavalasina amsham. niravaaki ledha upadrashta ledha opeerating cyst laeni kathinaamgam (hardware) praanam laeni katte lantidi. rendoo untene e pania ayinava cheyyagalige stomata osthundi.
kampyootarulu cheyyagalige panlu
yea roojulloo kampyootarula chetha manam cheyinchaleni panlu leavu. kampyootarula sahayam lekunda railway rijarveshanlu jaragavu, vimaanaalu nadavavu, raaketlu egaravu, benkulo dabbulu dharavaratu kadhu, karlu nadavavu, karmagaralu nadavavu, telephonulu pania cheyyavu, aakhariki kampyootarula sahayam lekunda konni shasthra chikithsalu kudaa jaragavu. kampyootarulu aagipothe adhunika samajam aagipotundi. kampyootarulu inta prathiba chuupa galugutunnayante danki konni mukhya kaaranaalu unnayi. avi:
kampyootarulu athantha vaegamtho pania chestaayi.
alupu lekunda chosen panine padhe padhe cheyyagalavu.
chese pania tappulu lekunda chestaayi.
vacchina chikkalla kampyootarulu eppudi e pania cheyyaalo antha manam aratipamdu olichinatlu vidamarchi cheppaali. manam cheppatamlo tappunte kampyuutaru thappu chesthundu kanni tanamta thaanu thappu cheyyadu.
kampyuutaru eppudi emti cheyyaalo vidamarchi cheppe aadesaalani inglishulo instructions ani kanni commands ani kanni antaruu. ila aadesaalani ooka kramamlo rasinappudu dhaanini telugulo 'kramanika' aninnee inglishulo prograamme (program) ani antaruu. ila prograamulu raase prakriyani prograaming (programming) antaruu. yea prograamulu raase vyaktini prograammer (programmer) antaruu. computerulo rakarakaala panlu cheyyataniki rakarakaala kramanikalu vadathara. okokka rakam prograamuku okokka peruu umtumdi. udaaharanaki essembler, compiler, opeerating sistom, modalainavi konni takala prograamulu. yea prograamulannitini kalipi inglishulo safttware (software) antaruu. ila prograamarlu raasina safttwareni kampyuutaru lonae okachota bhadraparustaaru. ila bhadraparachina pradeeshaanni kottu (store or memory) antaruu. yea kottu gadhiloo daachina safttware loni aadesaalani okati okati choppuna kampyuutaru baytaki theesi, chadhivi, ardam cheskoni, aa aadesaanni aacharanalo pedthundhi. idantha daridaapu vidyutvaegamtho jarigipotundi. sekenduki miliyanu aadesaalani aacharanalo pettagalige kampyootarulu sarvasamanyam.
kampyootarulani remdu vibhinna konaala nundi adhyayanam cheyya ochhu. manishiki sthoolamaina bhautika shareeram, kantiki kanipimchani suukshamyna aatma unnatle kampyootarulaki sthulakaayam (haardware), suukshmakaayam (saftware) ani remdu bhaagaalu unnayi. suukshma kaayam nivasinchadaaniki sthulakaayam kavaali. alaage suukshma kaayam leka pothe sthulakaayam praanam laeni katte lantidi.
siddhaantaparamgaa chusthe etuvanti samacharamunayina samvidhaanaparuchutaku manamu kampyootarulanu upayoeginchavachchu. charchi-touringu siddaamtam prakaaram, ooka nirdeshitha kaneesa saamarthyamu unna kampyuutarutoe - adi paaketu dairee kanivandi ledha peddha suuparu kampyuutaru kaaneeyandi - manamu cheyagalige etuvanti karyamunayina niyantrinchavachhu. kabaadi oche roopakalpananu manamu vividha kaaryamulanu neraverchetanduku malachavacchu. avi companylo jeetaala jaabitaalanu niyantrinchedi kaavachhu ledha factorylalo yantraalanu panicheyinche rabotulanu niyantrinchevi ayinava avacchu.
kampyuutaru panicheeyu vidhaanam: bhadraparichina proograam aney ooha
kampyootaruku sambamdhinchina saankethika ansaalu yenni marpulu chendinaa, 1940l nundi ippati varku maarpu chendanidi yea "stored proograam architecture" ('bhadraparichina prograamu' aney oohapai adharapadda nirmaanamu) Bara. dheenini "phaan noiman roopashilpam" (von Neumann architecture) ani kudaa pilustharu. yea rupakalpana valana kampyuutaru anede ooka vaasthava roopamu daalchagaligindi. yea nirmaanamu prakaramu manamu kampyootarunu nalaugu mukhya bhaagamulugaa vibhajinchvachchunu. yea bhaagamulanannitini anusandhaaninchutaku 'buses' anu theegala kattanu upayogistaaru. vitini ooka cramapadhhatilo nadipinchutaku 'taimaru' ledha gadiyaramu anu ooka vyavasthanu upayogistaaru.
udaaharanha
peddha pattanaalaloo, nalaugu veedhula mogalalo samchaara deepaalu (traffic lights) vaadthunnaru yea roojulloo. saadharanamga yea samchaara deepapu guttilo muudu deepaalu untai: yerupu, pasupu, aakupacha. edhurugaa erra dipam kanipistuu unnantha sepoo vahanalu aagi vundali. edhurugaa pasupupaccha dipam kanipesthe twaraga kuudali (junction)loo unna vahanalu kuudalini khaalii cheyyali, koodalilo laenivi kuudali loopaliki pravesincha kudadu. edhurugaa aakupacha dipam kanipistuu unnantha sepoo vahanalu swechchagaa kuudali gunda povacchu. ivi nibandhanalu. ente kakunda erra dipam nimisham paatu velagaali. pasupu dipam muudu sendlu velagaali. pacha dipam nimisham paatu velagaali. e remdu rangula deepaalu oche saree valaga kudadu ani kudaa nibandhanalu vidamarchi chepudam.
ippudu aa samchaara deepaanni niyantrinchataniki ooka kramanika (program) yea kindhi vidhamgaa raayavachhu.
1. mundhu muudu deepaalanee aarpu
2. erra dipam veliginchu
3. nimisham sepu velaganee
4. erra dipam aarpu
5. aakupacha dipam veliginchu
6. nimisham sepu velaganee
7. aakupacha dipam aarpu
8. pasupupaccha dipam veliginchu
9. muudu secondlu sepu velaganee
10. pasupupaccha dipam aarpu
11. 2 va anche daggaraki vellu.
yea kramanikalo padakomdu aadesaalu (instructions) unnayi. kampyuutaru yea padakomdu aadesaalanii ooka dani taruvaata marokati amalu parustuu, ola anthu lekunda panichestundi.
kampyuutaru panicheeyu vidhaanam: proograam elaa pania chesthundu?
kampyuutaru samaachaaraanni bakshinchi, mardana chessi, rangarinchi, jeerninchikuni, kothha samaachaaraanni manki istundani cheppukunnam. machuki yea prasnalu chudandi: bayta yenni degrees vedigaa Pali? caaru entha jorugaa parigedutondi? phalana vaadi vayassu entha? saadharanamga yea rakam prasnalaki nirdishtamga samaadaanaalu cheppadam kudaradhu. vayassu entha antey e 26 anoo 33 anoo chebutam. chinna pillalani adigithe muudunnara ellu ani cheppina aascharyapomu. kanni nijaniki mana vayassu kshanakshanaanikee peruguthuu umtumdi. kanni manam saadharanamga “Mon vayassu 33 ella, aaru nelala, muudu rojula, yenimidhi gantala, muudu nimishaala,…. anatu cheppam. ila samaachaaraanni kattirimchi kudimattamgaa gulikalala cheyyadanni “gulikarinchadam” (quantization) andaam. itupaina ushnograta, vayassu, vaelha, modalainavi kampyootaruloki ekkinchavalasi vacchinappudu vatini kattirimchi, gulikarinchi vaadadaam. gulikarinchagaa vacchina sankhyalani adae palamgaa kampyuutaru vaadukoledu. udaaharanaki 33.14 aney sankhyane teesukundam. dinni gulikarinchi 33 chessi aa palamgaa kampyootaruki isthe danki ardham kadhu. anduakni aa 33 ni 100001 ani okatlu, sunnalu unna paddhatilo rasi kampyootaruki ivvaali.
manam computerulo dattaamsaalu (data), aadesaalu (instructions or commands) dachinappudu vatini yakkada dachemo teliyaali kada. anduakni kottu (store or memory) aney gadhini arala pettela oohinchukundaam. antey, postaphysulo uttharalu batwada chese beeruwala kanni, popu saamaanulu dachukune pettela kanni untundani oohinchukundaam. prathi “aapra”ki ooka chirunaamaa ledha vilasam (address) umtumdi. prathi aapra ooka ashtaa (byte) podavu umtumdi ani kudaa oohinchukundaam. antey, prathi aapra lonoo 8 dvinkamulu (bits) podugunna sanka paduthundi. ilanti aralu 1024 vunte vaatillo sunna nundi 1023 varku, motham 1024 ekaika dviyaamsa sankhyalani dachavachu. kanuka ashtaa podugunna arala pettelalo 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…, 9 varku ankelu, A, B, C, D, …, Z varku peddha badiloe aksharaalu, a, b, c, d, …, z anukuntuu chinna badiloe aksharaalu, !, @, $, ^, &, *, (, ), _, +, -, /, <, >,? vento chihnalu sunaayaasamgaa dachavachu. yea saaltii (character) lu annii kalupukunna 1024 kante takkuvee untai kanuka ivi sunaayaasamgaa mana kotlo padataayi. pattaga enka khaaleelu kudaa migilipothayi.
ippudu ooka oppandam chesukundam. emita oppandam? : 0 ni 0000 0000 gaand, A ni 01000 0001 gaand, M ni 1101 0101 gaand anukuntuu, kunchikapalaka (keyboard) medha kanipincha prathi saaltiini ooka ekaika paddhatilo, dviyaamsa maala (binary string) ruupamloe raddam. ola rasinappudu kunchikapalaka medha unna konni saaltiilu elaa untaayo yea dhiguva pattikalo chudandi. deeninay ASCII code antaruu. yea sunnalani, okatlani padhe padhe raadam kastham kanuka vitini shodashamshalo elaa raayavachho kudaa chupinchenu.
udaaharanha
udaaharanaki chaala chinna computerulalo “mudrapaki” (printer) vilasam shodashamshalo 378 ayi undadam rivajuga vastuunna aachaaram. antey manam achu kottavalasina aksharanni yea vilasam unna gadhiloo dhaachi, “ippudu mudrinchu” ani aadesam ichemante kampyuutaru tinnagaa 378 vilasam unna gadhilooki vellhi, akada Hansi kanipesthe dani nakalu tisukuni aa nakaluni mudraapakiki pamputundi. idee tookeegaa kampyuutaru pania chese vidhaanam.
ippudu kampyuutaru elaa panichestundo mari komchem vivaranga cheppadaniki ooka chinna udaaharanatoo chebuthaanu. yea vivarana okatiki remdu sarlu chaduvite kanni gabheemani ardham kadhu. komchem opika patti chadavalai.
ooka katho, vyaasamo raase uddeshamtho kampyuutaru edhurugaa kurchuni, kunchikapalaka (keyboard) medha M aney inglishu aksharam unna kunchika (key) ni nokkemani anukundam. appudu aa M aney aksharam tera medha kanipinchadaaniki entha thathamgam undhoo chavi chuuddaam.
1. kunchikapalaka medha ooka button nokkinappudu yea dhiguva cheppina sanghatanalu, ooka dani taruvaata marokati, jaruguthai. saankethika padajaalamto koodina yea varnana chadavagaane ardham kakapothe kangaru padavaddu. yea vivarana inglishulo rasina gabheemani ardham kadhu; endhukante bhavajalam kottadi kaavadam will.
2. kunchikapalaka ooka vidyut vaaketham (signal) ni kampyuutaru pettelo unna anekamaina vibhaagaalalo ooka vibhaganiki pamputundi. vaaketham antey vaartaki sanketam. yea sandarbhamlo yea vaaketaanni inglishulo scane kood (scan code) antaruu. M ki badhulu 6 unna bottaanni nokkithe maroka vaaketham (antey maroka scan code) pudutundi. antey manam nokke prathi bottaaniki ooka ekaika (unique) scane kood ketayinchabadi untundanna maata. sarvasadhaaranamgaa yea scane kood ASCII kodu avuthundi. (ooka vaaketaanni ankela ruupamloe marchi rasinappudu dhaanini manam “kodu” andaam.)
3. computer Pusa lopala yea scane kood ni ardham chesuko galige stomata gala goranta parimaanam gala chinna silikaan chituku (chip) umtumdi. yea chituku chudadaaniki chitikipoyina chillapenkula kanni, palaka mukkala kanni umtumdi. yea chitukulo, kantiki kanabadani parimaanamlo, vandalaadi tornsistarlu untai. yea transisterla sahayamtho yea chituku kunchikapalaka kaaryakalaapaalani niyantristundhi kanuka yea chitukuni “kunchikapalaka niyantrani” (keyboard controller) antaruu. yea chituku yea scane kood ni chadhivi, ardham cheesukuni, M aney aksharam unna meeta manam nokkemani nirdvandamgaa nirdhaaristundi.
4. appudu aa “scane kood”ni ooka aralo taatkaalikamgaa daachutundi. ila taatkaalikamgaa daachukundiki wade aralani inglishulo “bupfer” (buffer) antaruu. yea bupfer aney maata anek rangaallo vastuu umtumdi. remdu peddha rajyala Madhya umdae badugu dheshaalani “bupfer” anocchu. bhaaratadaesam, chinala Madhya unna nepaalu, bhuutaanu bupfer rajyalau. alaage mandu teekshanhatani adhupuloo pettadaniki wade ghataka dravyaalani bupfer antaruu. chinnapudu taragatiloo kurchuni vinna paataanni chitthu pustakamlo rasukuni intikochi “manchi pustakam”loo tiraga rasukune paddhatilo chitthu pustakam bupfer lantidi. kanuka yea sandarbhamlo bupfer antey “chitthu kottu” ledha “chitthu palaka.” manam vaaduthoonna udaharanalo M aney aksharanni nokkemu kanuka, M yokka ASCII kodu D5 kanuka, chitthu palaka medha D5, anagaa 1101 0101, namoodhu avuthundi. (ikda keaboard controller loo ooka peddha jaabithaa unnatlu oohinchukondi. aa jaabitaalo, okokka button nundi okokka theega choppuna vachi aa jabitaki tagilinchinatlu oohinchukondi. yea theega ooka pakka, danki edhurugaa manam nokkina bottaaniki sambamdhinchina aksharankam (alphanumeric) yokka ASCII kodu unnatlu oohinchukondi. appudu jaabitaalo e addu varasalo M undhoo chusukuni danki edhurugaa unna ashtaa (byte) manki kaavalasina ASCII kodu anukovacchu.)
5. chitthu palaka (buffer) anede taatkaalikamgaa rasukunduki wade palaka lantidi. ikda ekuva sepu dachukodaniki kudaradhu. endhukante M taruvaata maroka aksharam typu kottavachhu kada. appudu idhey palaka medha maroka aksharam rayavalasi osthundi. anduakni palaka medha unna ashtani twaraga kotloki pampeyyali. yea pania cheyyadaniki kalanakalasam anabadee parikarmari (processor) sahayam kavaali.
6. anduakni jorugaa panichestunna parikarmari (processor) ni okka kshanam api “yevaro kunchikapalaka medha kunchikani nokkeru. danki sambamdhinchina dattaamsaanni twaraga pampali” ani arjee daakhalu chesukundukani parikarmari chestunna paniki antharaayam kalpinchaali. yea pania “interrupt controller” aney maroka chituku (chip) chesthundu. elaa? “antharaayam” (interrupt) aney vaaketaanni pampi. evarki pamputundi? parikarmarini nadipistuunna niravaaki ledha upadrashta (operating system) ki. yea niravaaki anno panula medha, entho jorugaa ajamaayishi chesthu umtumdi kada? ippudu mana daggara unna M andukomani maroka pania puramayistunnam. patam cheppukuntu pothoonna meshtaarini prasna adagalante emti chesthaam? cheyyi etthi aayana anumati choose yeduru chusthu vaechi untam. meshtaaru aayana chebutoonna vakyanni porthi chessi, aayana paathamlo yakkada unnaro pustakamlo gurtu petkuni, mana prasna koraku yeduru chustharu. adae vidhamgaa tana daggara dattaamsam okati undani cheppadaniki antaraaya niyantraki (interrupt controller) parikarmariki ooka “antaraaya vaaketham” (interrupt signal) pamputundi. ituvante vaaketham kunchikapalaka nundi raavacchu, mooshikam (mouse) nundi raavacchu, modem nundi raavacchu, marekkadanundaina raavacchu. kanuka antaraaya vaaketham andagaane parikarmarini naduputoonna niravaaki (ledha upadrashta ledha operating system) tana paniki antharaayam evarivalla kaligindo ardham cheesukuni, aa sandarbhaaniki uchitamiena kaaryakramaalani neraverchaali.
7. vidhyaardhi cheyyi ettina samayamlone prinsipaalu garu gummam daggara nilabadi talupu medha takataka kotteranukundam. adi maroka antharaayam. ila kampyuutaru anno antaaraayaalani edurkuntune umtumdi. e antaraayaaniki e paricharya (service) cheyyaalo upadrashtaki thelusu. okokka paricharyani nadapadaniki okokka kramanika (interrupt service program) umtumdi. ippudu taruvaayi karyakram chittulo unna M aney aksharanni kotlo rasukovadam kanuka yea pania cheyyadaniki kaavalasina aadesaalalo modhatidhi kotlo yakkada undhoo akkadaki vellhi akada nundi kalanam konasaagistundi.
8. udaaharanaki manam vindows (Windows) vento bahulabahu (multi-tasking) upadrashtani vaadutunaam anukundam. appudu mana upadrashta pai panulannititopatu manam M aney aksharam e “vindo”loo panichestunnappudu nokkemo kudaa gnaapakam pettukuntundi. (ikda “vindo” antey aemito sandarbhaanusaaramgaa meeru ardham chesukunnarane anukuntunanu.)
9. manam katho, vyaasamo raasthuu M aney meeta nokkemu kanuka, antha savyangaa jarigithe tera medha M aney aksharam mana “vindo”loo kanipinchaali. ila kanipinchetatlu cheyyalante drushyakapu kottu (video store) aney maroka kotloki mana M ni badilee cheyyali.
10. drushyakapu kotlo Hansi vunte dhaanini sekanduki 100 sarlu choppuna upadrashta manki chupistundi.
okka chinna pania cheyyadaniki inta hadavida? paipechu idantha truti kaalamlo jarigipoyinatlu manki bhrama kalugutundhi. kalanakalasam mana gnaanendriyaala kante anno retlu jorugaa pania cheyyadamay yea bhramaki kaaranam.
piena rasinadi kevalam ooka nakhachitram ani maracha pokandi. yea okka pania cheyyadaniki lopala jarigee thathamgam koolankashamgaa varninchaalante anno kagitalu kharabu cheyyali. ilanti panlu sekanduki veyyiki paibadi kalasham chesthu umtumdi.
idantha chadhivi kampyootarulani ardham chesukovaalane aasha vadalukokandi. e okka vyaktiki, annii ardham kaavu. kampyuutarulatoe roejuu pania chesevallaki kudaa koddhi bhaagame ardham avuthundi.
kampyuutaru loo bhaagaalu
ganita-tharka vibhaagam - arithmetic und logically unit (e emle yu)
e emle yu. idi remdu takala panlu nirvartinchunu: ganita karyakalapalu anagaa kuudikalu (additions), teesivetalu (subtractions), gunintamulu (multiplications), bhaagaahaaramulu (divisions). rendava rakamayina kaaryamulu tarkamunaku (logic) sanbandhinchinavi. idi central prosessing unit loo
(sea.p.yu) mukhyamaina bhaagam.
niyantrinchu vibhaagam - kantrolu unit
niyanthrana vyvasta. deeniki ketaayinchina mukhyamayina panlu: aadesamulanu, deetaanu memary nundi ledha ai/oa nundi chadvatam, aa aadesamulanu ardam chesukovatam, e emle yuku aadesaanusaaramu sariayina sankhyalanu andincatam, e emle yuku aa sankhyalatho emi cheyalo cheppatam, vacchina phalitamulanu terigi memary vadaku gaanii ai/oa vadaku gaanii pampinchatam. yea vibhagamulo kountaru anu ooka lekkapette parikaramu pratuta aadaesamu nilwa unna chirunaamaa yokka jaadanu allappuduu teluputuu umtumdi. saadharanamga ooka aadaesamu nirvartinchagaane yea kountaru yokka lekka perugunu. deeni valana tharuvaathi aadesamunu chaduvutaku veelagunu. appudappudu prasuta aadesame tharuvaathi aadaesamu yokka chirunamanu telupunu. atuvanti samayaalaloe kountaru yokka lekkanu saricheyatame aadesamugaa bhaavinchavalenu. 1980l nundi e emle yu, niyantrinchu vibhaagamu boutikangaa oche chinna intigraeted sarkyootulo unchabadinavi. dhaanini kendriiya samvidhaana vibhaagamu - central prosessing unit (sea p yu) antaruu.
kottu- jnaapaka vibhaagam - memory unit
kampyuutaru yokka jnaapakasaktini varusaga paerchina gadula pettelugaa bhaavinchavachchu. prathee gadikee ooka pratyeka sanka chirunamaga umtumdi. prathee gadhiloo samaachaaramunu bhadraparachavachhu. yea samacharamu kampyootaruku ivvavalasina aadesamulu ayi vumdavacchu, ledha dattaamsaalu (deetaa, antey aadheshaalanu nirvartinchutaku kaavalsina samacharamu) ayinava ayiundavachhu. saastra prakaaram manamu aadheshaalanu conei dattaamsaalanu conei bhadraparuchutaku e gadi nayina upayoeginchavachchu.ka
pravesa/bahirga vibhaagam - inputt /hauteputt unit -(ai/oa)
yea vibhaagamu bayta prapanchamu nundi samacharamu sekarinchutaku,, phalitamulanu bayta prapanchamunaku teluputaku ooka saadhanamuga upayogapadunu. ooka mamulu vyaktigata computerulo samaachaaramunu pravesapettutaku keyboardu, mousulanu, bahirgaparuchutaku kampyuutaru maanitaru, printaru modhalagu vatini upayogistamu. ivi kaaka enka anno saadhanamulanu kampyutaruku bayta prapanchamunaku Madhya maarpidiki upayogistaaru.
saadharanamga ituvante kampyuutaru yokka panicheeyu vidhanamu chaaala sootiga umtumdi. kountaru yokka lekka perigina prateesaari ooka crotha aadesamunu, danki sambamdhinchina deetaanu memary nundi chadhivi dhaanini nirvartinchadamu, tirigi phalitamulanu memarilo badraparachatam, malli tharuvaathi aadesamunu sweekakarinchatam. yea vidhamugaa halt (agumu) anu aadaesamu ochhu varku jaruguthoone umtumdi.
peddha peddha computerulalo yea namunalo konchem teedaa undunu. vatilo ooka cpu badhuluga anek mayina sipiyulu undunu. suuparu computerulalo yea nirmaanamu marinta thaedaagaa undunu. vatilo konni vaela sipiyulu undunu, atti nirmaanamulu pratyekamayina kaaryamulaku Bara upayoginchuthaaru.
kampyuutaru saastra vidya
konni vishwavidyaalayaalalo kampyuutaru shaasthraanni thearitical stady af computation gaaa, algaridamic reejaningugaa bhoodhistaaru. yea bodhanalo maamoolugaa theari af computation, algarithamla visleshana, formal padhathulu, concorens, databesulu, kampyuutaru graphicsu, cyst visleshana vento korsulu cheputhaaru. enka kampyuutaru prograamingu kudaa cheputhaaru, conei dheenini itara vibhagalaku sahayakariga ekkuvaga bhaawistaaru, unnanatha korsuga kakunda! eeka konni kaalejeelu, vishvavidyaalayalu, secondery schoollu kampyuutaru shaasthraanni vrutthi vidyagaa cheputhaaru, yea courselalo kampyuutaru theari algarithamla pai kakunda kampyuutaru prograamingupai ekkuvaga drhushti kendrikaristaru. yea silabasu kampyuutaru vidyanu saftuver industriki upayogapade udhyogulanu tayyaru cheyadampainane ekkuvaga drhushti kendrikaristundi. kampyuutaru sastramu yokka practical vishayalanu saadharanamga saftuver enginerring ani pilustharu. kakapothe daenini saftuver engineeringu ana ochhu aney vishyamu pai ekaabhipraayamu ledhu. udaharanaku chudandi pieter j. jenning kampyuutaru syllabusloo goppa sutralu , technical symposium aan kampyuutaru sciencu edukeshan, 2004.
bhartia bhashala kampyuutaru procedure kampyootarulanu bhaaratheeyabhaashalalo vaadataaniki kaavaalasina praamaanika paddhatulanu vivaristundi.
computingu vruttulu , niyamaalu
pratuta samaajamuloe dhaadhaapugaa anni vruttula varu kampyootarulanu upayoginchuchunnaaru. kakapothe vidyaalayaalalo, kampyootarulanu upayoginchutakugaanu, vatini naduputaku kaavalsina prograamulanu vraayutaku pratyeka paddhatulanu neerputaku gaand, pratyeka vruttividyalu avatarinchinaayi. conei prastutaaniki yea vruttividyalaku unna namamulu, padajaalamu nilakadagaalevu ani cheppavachchunu, kothha kothha vibhaagamulu puttuku vastuunee unnayi. veetilo mukhyamayinaviga yea krindhi vatini perkona ochhu:
kampyuutaru engineeringu
dheenini elctronic engineeringuku ooka saakhagaa bhaavinchavachchu. yea vibhagamulo manamu kampyootarula yokka bhautika lakshanhaalu, vaati nirmaana procedure, nirmaanamunaku kaavalsina vidibhaagamula girinchi vivaramulu neerchukonavacchunu.
kampyuutaru sciencu
saphtuveru engineeringu kampyootarucheta panlu cheeyinchee prograamulaku sambamdhinchina padhathulu neerchukonutaku,, yea prakriyanu vegavantamu chaeyutaku, karchu tagginchutaku maargamulu, praamaanikamayina ledha naanhyamayina prograamula vyavasthanu srustinchutaku, avasaramaina vividha acharaneeyamayina paddhatula guurchina adhyyanamu jarugunu.
saftvary pariksha udyogaalu: yea udyogaalani sthuulamgaa remdu muudu vidhamuluga cheppavacchu।
swahasta pareekshakulu: sadarana viniyogadaarulu prograamunu elaa upayogistaaro ola anni samyojanaalaloonuu upayoginchi pareekshistaaru।
yantrika pareekshakulu: prograamunu yaantrikangaa pareekshinchenduku avasaramaina prograamulanu viiru raastaru
tesht tools devalaparu viiru pareekshakula brundaaniki kaavalasina raka takala panimutlani tayyaru chesthu untaruu। udaharanaku memary leeku teshtulu, sekyuuritii teshtulu modalagunnavi। yea toolsunu anni prograamulavaaruu upayoeginchavachchu।
kampyuutaru praathamikaamsaala pusthakaalu,prajanteshanlu
aitilo praathamikaamsaalu
sea-dack vaari "kampyuutaru parignaanam" i-shikshak pustakam
computerulalo telegu vaadakam vividha saft vaerla parichayamlo kampyuutaru parichayam
kampyuutaru patrikalu
kampyuutaru era
kampyootarula charithraloo mailuraallu
1823loo charless babbage Buxar dwara panichaesae caliculating yantraanni ruupomdimchaadu. adhunika kampyootaruku dheenini tolimettugaa bhaawistaaru.
tolisari binery arithmeticnu upayoginchinadi konrad usa. eeyana 1934loo binery arithmeticnu upayoginchi konni takala kampyootarulanu ruupomdimchaadu.
kampyuutaru science pitaamahudigaa alen turingnu pilustharu. 1937loo turing- “On computable Numbers, with an application to the Entsheidungsproblem” aney siddhaamta vyaasaanni prachurincharu.
kampyootaruku sambandhinchi tholi hylewel progaming langwage fotron. dheenini 1956loo ibm companyki chendina jeanne bakes, aayana brundam abhivruddhi chesindi. idi 1957loo andharikii andubaatuloki vacchindi.
‘personel kampyuutaru’ aney padm 1976loo tolisari bite magizineloo prachuritamayindi. aa tarwata idi prapanchamantaa vyaapinchindi.
tolisari personel kampyootarunu ibm kompany 1981loo tayaaruchesindi. deenilooni opeerating sistomnu, besik kampyuutaru bhaashan maikroe saft ruupomdimchimdi.
‘buug’ aney padaanni kampyuutaru sambandhitha vishayallo tolisari vaadindi admiral grays hoper. America naavikaadalaaniki chendina ooka sthavaramlo boddinka will kampyuutaru paadaipoyindi. appudu aayana tolisari yea padaanni vaadaaru.
tcp, aipeela girinchi 1973loo winton serf, raabart cohnlu ooka parisoedhanaa pathraanni raashaaru. idi internet aavirbhavaaniki kaaranamayindi. anduvalle winton serfnu internet pitaamahunigaa pilustharu.
1973loo nuyaark ku chendina computers shaastraveettha lawrie tessler katt, qaapi, past lanty kamaandlunu ruupomdimchaadu.
ivi kudaa chudandi
saftware
haardware
haard disick drive
elctronic numerically und kampyuutaru
vemuri nighantuvu (inglishu-telegu)
moolaalu
vanarulu
vemuri venkateshwararao, kampyootarulu, telegu basha pathrika, atlanta (America) nundi 1967 nundi ayidella paatu, yedadiki nalaugu sanchikala choppuna, veluvadda vygnaanika (raata) pathrika. yea patrikalo remdunnara ella paatu kampyootarulu elaa panichestayo telugulo vivarinchabadindi.
vemuri venkateshwararao, kampyuutaru pania chese vidhaanam, lolakam, lolakam.blogspot.com/, Aug 30, 2013
vemuri venkateshwararao, opeerating cyst antey emti?, lolakam, lolakam.blogspot.com/, Aug 24, 2013
vemuri venkateshwararao, kalana yantraalu: ooka vihamgaavalokanam, lolakam, lolakam.blogspot.com/, Aug 03, 2013
computers
sanketikam
aamgla padajaalamu |
vuragaaya dakshinha bharatadesa aahaara padaartham. dheenini aavakaaya ani kudaa antaruu.anek takala kayala nundi yea uuragaayalu tayaaruchestaaru. yea ooragaayanu AndhraPradesh, TamilNadu raashtraalalo ekkuvaga upayogistaaru.
upodhghaatam
teluguvariki aavakaaya girinchi upodhkaatam avasaramledu. variki intinta suparichitamaina vamta. America vellae teluguvaaru chaalaamandi Behar teesukuvelle padaartham. thimtunna annaniki veruveru ruchulu kalapadaaniki nanjukune vantakaanni "vuragaaya" antaruu. udaharanaku, kotthaga thodupettina tiyyati perugannam tinetappudu dabbakaya vuragaaya nanjukunte pulupu, kaaram, uppu, koddhiga dabbatokka cheedu kalisi jihvaku entho sukam kaligisthundhi. pachchadi, pikilu. prachina grandhaalalo oorugaaya ani kudaa umtumdi.
rakaalu
pulla pachchi mamidi mukkalatho chese aavakaaya, maagaaya, leka dani korutho chese mamidikoru vuragaaya; nimma, dabba, usiri, gongoora, chintakaya, pandumirapa, ulli, vellulli ooragaayaluu tharatharaala nunchee teluguvaallu vaadthunnaru. yea Madhya tamota, doosa, kaarattu, kaliflavaru ooragaayallaantivi guda vadudam modhalupettaaru.
mamidi aavakaaya thayaarii vidhaanam
kaavalasina padaarthaalu
mamidikaaya mukkalu – 1 ki.gra
nuvvula nune – 1/4 ki.gra
aloe, vellulli midda – 1/4 ki.gra
kaaram podi – 125 grams
uppu – 250 grams
jiilakarra podi – 25 grams
mentipodi – 10 grams ( 1 table spn)
pasupu – 10 grams (1 table spn)
inguva – chitikedu
aavaalu – 1 tsp
jiilakarra – 1 tsp
thayaarii paddathi
maamidikaayalanu tadibattatho tudichi, mukkalu chessi andhulo jeedi teeseyali. ooka gginnelo karampodi, uppu, jiilakarra, mentipodi, pasupu vaysi undalu lekunda bagaa kaliyabettali. mro gginnelo nuvvulanuune vaedi cheyale . yea nune bagaa kagina tarwata inguva vaysi chitapataladaka aavaalu, jiilakarra kudaa vaysi popu pettali. ginnenu poyyi meedanundi dimpeyali. nune challaranivvali. nune kasta challari goruvechagaa unnappudu aloe, vellulli midda vaysi bagaa kaliyabettali. dheenivalla andulooni thadi poeyi kammagaa umtumdi. purtiga challaraka kalipi unchukunna podula mishramaanni vaysi motham kalapali. tarwata mamidi mukkalu vaysi motham masaalaa mukkalaku pattetattugaa kalapali. motham kalipi shubhramaina, tadileni jaadiiloo aavakaaya vaysi jagrataga mootha petti unchaali. muudu rojula tarwata marosari aavakaayanantaa kaliyabettali. antey norurinche kammani aavakaaya tinadaniki tayaravtundi.
charithra
palurakaala uuragaayalu (mukhyamgaa aavakaaya, maagaaya, gongoora uuragaayalu) tayaruchese vidhanaanni teluguvare modhata kanipettaaru. uuragaayalu vadudam praachiinakaalamnumchii jarugutondani cheppadaanikii chaaala nidarsanaalunnaayi. ippudu ooragaayalavaadakam india antataa vyaapinchindi. prachina telegu saahityamlo ooragaayala girinchi prasthavana Pali kudaa.
18va saataabdamlo prasthaavana
prachina saahityamnunchi ooragaayala girinchi ooka manchi padyam:
sea. mamidikayayayu, maaredugaayayu,
gondamukkidikaya, kommikaya
garugukayayayu, molgukaya, yandugukaaya,
lusirikekaayalu, nustekaaya,
lekarakkayayu, vaakalvikaayu,
jeanellikaayayayu, jillakaya,
kalabandha, gajanimmakaya, nardapukaya,
chinanimmakayayu, jeedikaya,
thee.g. kundenapukommu, mamenakommu, budama
kaya, yallamu, miriyampukaaya, kalivi
kaya, kambaalu, karivepakaya laadi
yeyna yoorugaayalu gala vatani yinta.
yea padyam nunchi 18va sataabdamloo teluguvaallu anno takala ooragaayalani cheskoni tinevaarani telustundhi. yea padyam chadivinappudalla e teluguvaarikainaa noru oorutundi.
16va sataabdamloo prasthaavana
16va sataabdamloo sreekrushnadevaraayalu rachinchina amuktamalyada grandhamlo kudaa ooragaayala girinchi Pali.
godhadevi katha
amuktamalyada shreekrsnudi bhakturaalaina godhadevi katha, chaaala vichitramainadi. tana jeevithanni sreekrushnudike ankitham cheyyadalachukoni eevida pelli cheskoledu. eevidane modati aandaal antaruu. eevida vishnuchittudi koothuru. vishnuchittudu pratiroju ooka kothha pooladanda tayaruchesi, shreekrsnudi vigrahaniki veyyamani koothuriki ichhevaadu. godadeviki tana naathudaina sreekrushnudiki damda manchidaithenegaanii veyyadam ishtamledu. adimanchido kaado telusukovadaniki daanni mundhu tanu dharinchi, manchidanipinchinatravathe srikrushnudi vigrahaniki vaesaedi. okarooju vishnuchittudu puuja chese samayamlo vigrahaniki vesiyunna dandalo podugaati ventrukanu choostadu. koothuru dandanu tanu mundhu dharinchi tarwata daanni vigrahaammeeda vesindani athanu appudu telsukuntadu. vaadina pooladandanu devudiki veyyadam mahapapam anatu koothurni kopaginchi, aa vaadina damda theesesi, okakottadanda tayaruchesi tanae vesthadu. aa ratri vishnuchittudiki krishnudu kalalo kanipinchi "anaku ivvaala nuvu vaesina damda aemee bagaledu. malli repatinunchii anaku mee ammay intakumunduvese dandallantive veyyamanu" ani hecharistadu.
vyshnu chittulavaari atidhi bhojanaala vamtakaalu
aa kaalamlo vishnuchittidu tana atidhula bhojananiki vividha rutuvullo e e vamtakaalu vaddana cheshevado, yea vamtakaalu cheyyadaniki atani bhaarya yelanti vantacheruku (kattelu, kobbarichippalu) vadedo, yea grandhamlo 3 padyaallo varnistaadu sreekrushnadevaraayalu. pratipadyam krinda brackettlo dani tatparyankuda yivvabadindi.
cham. gaganamu neetibugga kenagaa jadi vattina naallu bhaarya ka
npoga sorakunda narikedapum boai ldagilinchi vanda na
yyagavala munchipettu galamaannamu, nolchina prappu, naalu gee
npogavina kooralu, nvadiyamula, varugu, lperugu, nghrutaplutin
(vari annamu, olichina pappu, naalugaidu kooralu, vadiyamu, varugu, perugu, neyyi- ivi varshaakaalapu vamtakaalu.)
cham. telinuli veccha yogiramu, diyyani chaarulu, dimmanambulun,
baluchani yambalu, lchecupa, ledaneellu, rasavalu, lphalam-
bulunu, sugandhi sheethajalamu, lwadapindelu, neerujallayu,
nvelayaga bettu bhojanamu veasavi jandanacharcha munnugan
(vecchani annamu, chaaru, theeyani chaaru, ambali, cheaku plu, kobbarineellu, itara rasamulu, pandlu, challani neella, vadamaamidipindelu, neerumajjiga- ivi vesavikaalapu vamtakaalu.)
ma. punugundavi navodanambu, miriyampum bollatho jatti chu-
yyanu naadaemikuuragumpu mukumandai, yerchunavam, jigu-
rkonu pachchallunu, baayasaannamulu, noorungaayalun, j suy-
kkanu neyum, jirupaalu velluvaga naharambidu nseetunan
(punugu vasanagala annamu, miriyala podulu, ghamaghamaladu vaedi kooralu, aava, chiguru pachchallu, payasamu, oorugaayalu, karigina neeyi, plu- ivi sheetaakaalapu vamtakaalu.) irapamokkalu bharatadesaaniki amerikakhandam nunchi vacchai. kaaram ruchiki miriyaalanu vaadinatlu cheppaadu. yea gramtham vraasina kalaniki mirapamokkalu enka bharatadesaaniki raledemo!)
14va sataabdamloo prasthaavana
aamuktamaalyadaku mundhey 14va sataabdamloo rachimpabadina kreedaabhiraamamlo kudaa ooragaayala girinchi okapadyam ruupamloe prasthavana Pali.
u. kappurabhogi vantakamu, kammani godhumapindi vantayun,
guppedu panchadaarayunu, grottaga gaachina yala naa, pesa-
rpappunu, gommu nallanati pandlunu, nalaugu naidu nanjulun,
lappalathoda gromberugu, lakshmanavajjala yinta rookakun.
(manchi sannannamu, godhumapindi vamta (rotthe), panchadaara, avu neeyi, pesarapappu, arati pandlu, naalugaidu oorugaayalu, perugu ivanniyu ooka rukaku labhinchunu.)
chese vidhaanam
migta vantakaalakuu, ooragaayalakuu mukhya bheedam aemitante uuragaayalu cheyyadaniki vaedi avsaram ledhu. vuragaaya chese paddathi ila umtumdi: ooragaayagaa cheyyabothunna kaayalanu bagaa shubhranchesi, thadi aaraaka vatini mukkalugaa koyyali (mukkala vuragaaya cheyyadaniki), leka koruga turamali (koru vuragaaya cheyyadaniki). appudu vatilo uppu, pasupu, kaaram, aava Kullu, jiilakarra Kullu, aavaalu, vellulli, verusanaga pappu, nuvvula nune, bellam modalaina dinusulu saraina motadulalo bagaa kalipi, mishramaanni ooka jaadiiloo unchaali. konnirojulu voori, kayamukkalu mettabaddaaka adi vuragaaya avuthundi. kalipina dinusula samoohamlo kaya ooradamvalla tayaarayindi kanuka danki "vuragaaya" ani peruu pettaaru.
takuva upputho uuragaayalu cheyyadam
nilava unchinappudu buuju pattakunda undadaaniki kabolu ooragaayallo uppu mareee ekuva vese varu puurva kaalamlo. conei uppu ekuva thinta blad prejaru peruguthundani telusukunnam gadaa ippudu. andukane takuva upputho uuragaayalu chese vidhaanaalu amaluloeki vacchai. conei ila chosen uuragaayalu ekuva kaalam niluvajeyaalante vatini refrigeratorlo unchaali.
ooragaayalakuu, migatavalla pikilsukuu teedaa
indiyanlu chese ooragaayalakuu, migta deshasthulu chese pikilsu aney vantakaalakuu chaaala bhedaalunnaayi. America, eurupllo chese kukumbar pikilu, kukumbarni vinegarloo naanabettadamtho tayaravtundi. jarmanlu cheshe savercrout turimina kaabejini vinagarlo naanabettadamtho tayaravtundi. alanay korenlu chese kimchi kudaa, turimina kaabeji, chepaluu, maamsam mukkaluu vinagarlo naanabettadamtho tayaravtundi. viilhlha pikilsannitiloonuu mukhyamgaa tagile ruchi pulupu Bara. mana ooragaayallo aava pindy, kaaram, pasupu, nuvvula nune (konnitlo koddhiga bellam) modalaina dinisulu undadam ooka goppa visaesham. dheenivalla mana ooragaayallo anniruchuluu tagultai.
pachchallu, uuragaayalu
saadharanamga manam idley, doshallantivi tinetappudu nanchukoovadaaniki "pachchallu" (kobbari pachchadi, dosapachadi, beeratokku pachchadi vagaira) vaadataam. yea pachchallu niluva undavu, vatini saadharanamga chosen rojune vaadestaaru (mukhyamgaa refrigeratorlu laeni puurva kaalamlo). uuragaayalu ola kakunda chalarojulu niluva untai. idee pachchallakuu, ooragaayalakuu mukhya bheedam. conei yea Madhya ooragaayalanu kudaa pachchallani pilavadam paripaati aypoyindi.
pikilu aney peruu elaa vacchindi?
inglishu vaallu bhaaratadaesam modhata vacchinappudu mana ooragaayalanu ruchi chuushaaru. ilanti vantakaanni yeppudu chudakapovadam chetha, vatini inglishulo emani pilavaalo variki teliyalaedu appudu. conei vaari pikilsulaagaa pulupugaa undadancheta ooragaayalanu "pikilsu" ani pilavadam modalubettaaru. indialo inglishu vaadakam perigina koddi ooragaayalanu pikilsu ani cheppukoovadam vaadukaloeki vacchindi.
marketulo ooragaayala labhimpu
ippudu chinnichinni palluturullo thappinchi chaalaamandi ooragaayalni swayangaa chesukune badhulu, tayarucheyyabadda ooragaayalni marketulo konukkuntunnaru. dheenivalla ooragaayala thayaarii, ammakam peddha businesses aypoyindi. ippudu indialo uuragaayalu cheshe peddapedda companylu unnayi. vaallu ooragaayalni seesaalloonuu, plaastic pouchilloonuu pock cheshi prapanchamantataa sarafara chesthunnaaru. aarogyamgaa undadaaniki chaalaamandi uppu, nune vaadakam tagginchaalanukuntunna yea roojulloo. yea remdu dinusulnee thakkuvaga vaadi ooragaayalni cheyyadam modalupettite yea companylu vaari businesses vaalyuumuni enka bagaa penchukovachchu.
ooragaayalni gurinchina moodanammakaalu
kontamandi, ooragaayalni thinta aaroogyam chedipotundano, leka daantlooni kaaramvalla thinna marnadu toilet vaadinappudu kadupunoppi leka manta kalgutundano apoha padtaru. nijaniki, ila bhayapadanavasaram ledhu. anni aahaarapadaardhaalanii tagumotadulalone tinaalannadi mathram sathyam. e aahaarapadaardhamainaasare, motaduminchitinte sareeraaniki apayam kalgavacchu. utti manchineellainaa sarae takkuvakaalamlo vipareetamgaa tageste sareeraniki chaaala haani kalgutundi. ooragaayalo uppu ekkuvaga vunte, daanni athiga thinadamvalla bladprejaru peragavacchu. conei kaaramgaanii, kaaramunna ooragaayalugaanii moetaaduloe roejuu thinadamvalla aaroogyam chedipodani kachitanga cheppavacchu. nijaniki daanivalla merugavutundikuda. roejuu moetaaduloe uuragaayalu tinadam jeernashaktini penchutundanii, manishilooni chalaakeetanaannii, saradaatanaannii penchutundanii parisoedhanalavalla telisindi. inkokari matalu nammadamemduku. meeku uuragaayalu tiney alvatu lekapote, nacchina ooragaayalni koddhiga pratiroju tinadam modalubetti chudandi. konni roojulloo meeke telustundhi vativalla mee jeevitam merugavutondani.
ooragaayaluu, aadyatmika chintana
uppu, kaaram vagaira ruchulatho umdae uuragaayalu manishilo chalaakeetanam, churukudanam, hushaarutanam pempondistaayani cheppaanu kada. kanuka uuragaayalu thinadamvalla moha, kaamodrekaaluu; laingikavaanchaluu perugutaayanni anukovdam sahajam. 1979-loo rileesu ayina ``intinti raamaayanam'' cinma nunchi yea aalochanani samardhinche "uppoo kaaram tinakatappaduu-tappo opo nadaka tappaduu" aney paata paadutar. cinemalo yea paatanu, preminchukoni pellikani uvvillurutunna ooka janta paadataaru. paatalo, uppu, kaaram tinadam moolana sareeravaanchalu perugutaayane Bodh grahinchandi. uuragaayalu cheyyadaniki wade migta spaisudinisulaku guda yea lakshanam unnatlu prateeti. deentloo aavaginjantha sathyam lekapoledu. andukane kabolu, daivabhakti, bhagavachintanaa, aadyaatmikachintanaa alavarachukomani bodhinche swaamulu saadharanamga uuragaayalu tinavaddani cheptuntaaru. Mon salahaa mathram deeniki purtiga bhinnam. jeevithanni anno vidhaaluga prabhaavitam cheshe uppu, kaaram ruchulugala ooragaayallaanti padaardhaalani visarjinchamanadam kanna, chinnathanam lonae pillalandarikee; praapamchika, aihika, sareera vaanchalanu adhupuloo pettukogalge cramasikshana naerpimchadam chaaala mukhyamani neenu cheptanu. ilanti cramasikshana neerchukunnavaaru moetaaduloe ooragaayaluu, spaisuluu thinta vaari jeevitam chaaala merugavutundi.
sametalu
vachiiraani maata oori oorani vuragaaya ruchi.
gongoora gidasabarina ooragaayalo ruchi taggadu.
uppu vuragaaya kadhu.
uppuleni pappu, ooragaayaleni saddi.
sivarathriki jeedikaya, ugaadiki vuragaaya.
cinma paatalu
remdu jella sathe cinemalo ‘kobbari neellaa jalakalada’ paatalo vachey vuragaaya stothra
magaye mahaa pachchadi
perugesthe mahattari
adi vesthe adda vistari
maninyam mahaa sundari.
moolaalu
itara linkulu
gaayatri vantillulo aavakaaya thayaarii
andhra aavakaaya thayaarii paddathi
maagaaya chese vidhaanam
andhra aavakaaya thayaarii vidhaanam-yootyuub loo
colliplower aavakaaya thayaarii
telugudanam
saakaahaara vamtalu
uuragaayalu
mamidikaaya
yea vaaram vyasalu |
saadharanamga telegu vaari pravarthanalo kanipincha alavaatlanuu, vaallu paatimchae achaaraalanu telugudanaalu antaruu.
visheshaalu
vastradharana
langaa onhi lato unna ammaini chusi telugudanam utti paduthundi antaruu, roopaayiki vandha piecelu ledha padaharu anaalu anevalla vandasaatam telugudanamto achchamaina telegu samskruthi alavatlu kalabosukunna telegu ammaini ‘padahaaranaala telugammaayi’ antaruu.
purushulu dhovatuluchokkalu, aadavaalluu cheeralu ravikelu vastradharana cheeyadam telegu vaari sampradaayaalalo Pali.
telegu bhaasha puurva aunnatyam annappudu manaku gidugu ramamoorthy garu kandukuuri , gurazada ,rayaproolu, devulapally, jashuva veerandaroo manasuloe medulutaaru. varandaru dhovatulu, chokkaalu dharinchina vaare. telegu bhashabhimanam saampradaya vaeshabhaashalatoo modalavuthundi. muppavarapu venkayyanaayudu vupa rastrapathi padavini pondina sarae telugudanam uttipadela saampradaayaka dhoovathi, chokkanu dharistaadu. subhsh chandrabose kudaa konni samayaalaloe dhoovathi kattevaadu.
aachaaralu, saampradaayaalu
telegu varu thama gadapalaku pasupu raadam, inti mundara muggulu pettedam, gummaniki thoranaalu kattadam, kunkuma bottu pettukovadam, saampradaayaka dustulu dhirinchadam vento aachaaralu unnayi. peddalu kanapadam gaane namaskaram cheytam .bayatanunchi vachinapudu kaallu kadukkuni intloki raavatam modalainavi kudaa telegu vaari sampradayale. kavitvam antey padyaalaloonae rayali. vyaakaranam patinchaali.
aahaara padaarthaalu
teluguvaari achchatelugudanam telegu vaari vantakaallone uttipadutuu umtumdi. manavantakaallone manapratyekata undhanna wasn drudhangaa teliyaalante telegu vaari tinubandaaraalu tinadam chetanavali. telegu varu garvinchadagga vamtakaalu evani adigithe evarainaa idley, masaladose vento anek vamtakaala perlu chebuthaaru. conei teluguvaarini gurtinche vantakam "dibbarotte". ippudu yea dibbarotteni konni marpulu chessi "oothappam" gaaa dakshinaadivaaru marcharu. ippudu teluguvallaki ootappame thelusu gaanii dibbarotte theliyakunda poindhi.
pesarattu telegu vaadi tinubandaaram. pesarattulone telugudanam kottochinattu kanapadutundi. telegu vaadu tappa marokadu vandalenidi pesarattu. pesarattu eloorulo pavarupeta loo puttindi. kaalava odduna kaaki vaari veedhilo pesaratla ramya gaari kotlo pesarattu puttindi. kaalaanugunyamgaa pesarattu itara costa jillala vallaki alavataiyindi.
uuragaayalu tinadam ooka mukhya telugudanam. ekkadunna sarae, teluguvaaru tinadaniki ooragaayala koraku uvvillurutuntaaru. inkoka praanthamlo conei, desamlo conei sthirapadadaaniki veltunnaa teluguvaaru thama ooragaayalani tappakunda tamatho teesuku veltaaru. prapanchamloo ekkadaina sarae teluguvaaru nivasinchadam modalupedithe, aa praanthamlo tvaralo vuragaaya seesaalu ammee shaapulu velustaayani kachitanga cheppavacchu.
pandagalu
panduga poota vekuvane lechi sunnipinditho nalugu petkuni talantu posukovadam teluguvaari sampradaayam. chalipoddulu, gangireddulu, bhogimantalu, talantulu, pindivantalu, jadagantalu, kothha pantalu, haridaasulu, gobbemmalu, bantipulu, bhogipallu, paasuraalu, dasari sankeertana, pillari aaragimpulu, saataani jiyyarlu, rangavallulu, ratham muggulu, bommala koluvulu annii kaliste... sankranthi.
kanumarugavutunna telugudanam
attayya, mavayya, tataya, babaiah, bamma, pinni vento kammani varusalalo bandhuvulani piluchukovadam teluguvaari sampradaayam. bandhuvula varasa laemiti, amma annana kammani pilupe nedu karuvayindi. cellsphonlu, kampyuutarlatoonee tappa- picchukalu, paavuraalu, thooneegalu, goruvankalu, legadudalu, kukkapillala vento sajiiva sahajeevulatoo saavaasaalanu balyam marichepoyindi. asalavi human parivaaramlonche tappukonnaayi. chetlatho, etigatlatho, pairagaalito Kalaburagi chedipoyindi. pasivaalla batukulu boensaiee mokkalaipoyayi. modallu gidasabaripoyayi. nirantharam yanthraalathone gadipestuu, pillalu taamuu vatilo bhaagam ayipotunnaru. maatrubhaashalo vidyabodhana e dasalonchi karavaipoyindo appudee vidyavyavasthalonchi telugudanam tappukondi. pasitanamlone aadarsa jeevanaaniki, vyaktithwa nirmananiki, samskaara vikaasaniki dhohadham koorche shathaka vanmayam voose lekundapoyindi. vyavasthaloo naitika vidyarjana, bodhana adugantipoyayi. okka maatalo cheppalantey- mana timdi manadhi kadhu. mana aalochanlu manavi kaavu. mana matalu manavi kaavu. mana cinemalu manavi kaavu. mana batukae manadhi kaakundaapoyindi. anninta telugudanaanni, manalni maname pogottukuntunnam.
telugudanam pemchae ansaalu
sabhalloo, samaveshallo, utsavaallo telugujaati pratyeka kalaaruupaannokadaanni vidhigaa vyaaptiloki tevaali. swachchamaina jaanapadha sahityam, aachara vyavaharaalu, viswaasaalu, vibhinnamaina kattubaatlanu punaruddharinchaali. vaari aushadha vignaanam praachuryamloki ravali.
itharamulu
kotikommachhulu, gotimbillalu, godaareetalu, isukagullu, paakanjeellu, pappubellaalu, tokkudubillalu, vaamanaguntalu, vallanki pittalu, pattuparikiniilu, vendipattilu, vaikuntapaaliilu, rukmini kalyaanaalu...vantivi teluguvaari sampradayaka vidhaanaalu.
cinemalalo telugudanam
‘siitamma vakitlo sirimalle chettu’ cinemalo achchamaina telugudanam uttipade sannivesaalunnaayi. yea cinma aney peruu vinagaane telegu kongottagaa gubhalinchinattu anipinchindhi chitrasiimaku.
telugudanaalaki sambamdhinchina aaropaalu
vuragaaya
godakurchi
garelu
gongoora
vugaadi pachchadi
talapaagaa
panchekattu
116 chadiveeyadam
perlu, intiperlu
moolaalu
baahya lankelu
telegu samskruthi |
khagola sastramu (astronomy) antey nabhomandalam gurinchina adhyayanam. antey antarikshashaastram. akaasamlo manki kanipincha suryah, chandra graha, nakshatraadulatopaatu viswamloe unna anek khagola vastuvulu/ padaardhaala utpatthi, uniki, lakshanhaalu, naasanamulanu saastrabaddhamgaa vivaristundi.
khagolasastrarm athantha prachina vijnana shaasthraalalo okati. dooradarsini (teliscopu) kanugonna taruvaata khagolasastrarm kothha saankethika parignaanamthoo anantamgaa vistarimchimdi. 20va sataabdamloo khagolasastram remdu upasaastraalugaa vibhajinchabadindhi. avi:
parasheelaka khagolasastram (Observational Astronomy): telescopulu, kampyootarlu vagaira parikaraalato khagola vastuvulanu parisodhinchi sangrahinchina vishayalanu praadhimika bhautikasastra suuthraalathoo vivarimchadam, vaati phalithaalanu vislaeshinchadamu.
saiddhaantika khagolabhoutika shaastram (Theoretical astrophysics): viswa rahasyalanu vivarinchadaaniki ganita sambhootamaina vislaeshaka namunalanu kanukkovadamu/ abhivruddhi cheeyadam.
khagolasastraniki unna pratyekata yemante, autsaahika shaasthrajnulu (utsaahavantulaina, nuuthana, anubhavamu laeni shaasthrajnulu) kudaa chaaala mukhyamaina vishayalu kanukkunnaru.(teliscopu, utsaahamu vunte Basti mari). lakshala galexi(nakshthra kuutami) lato, kotladi nakshatraalato yea vishvamu anantamainadi kanuka enka telusukovalasina vishayalu chaaala unnayi.
charithra
bhartia jyoothisha sastramu(astrology)loo khagolasastraniki vishesha praamukhyata Pali. suuryasiddhaantamu athi prachina khagolasastra gramtham. deeni rachayita yevaro theliyadu. aryabhatta, varaahamihirudu prakyatha bhartia khagola shaasthrajnulu.
prachina khagolasastram mamulu kantiki kanipincha khagola vasthuvula gamananni parisilinchadam dwara vesukuna anchanaalatho undedi. bharathamdesamtho paatu prachina babilonia, paeshiya, eejiptu, greesu, chainaa lalo khagola vedhashaala(astronomical observatories)lu nirminchabaddaayi. suryah, chandra, nakshatraadula gamanamu aadhaaramga rutuvulu, varshaalanu nirdharinchi vatini batti pantalanu vesukunevaaru. bhuumii vishwakendramani, bhuumii chuttuu nakshatras grahalu paribhramistunnaayani nammee varu (talemy bhookendra/geocentric siddhaantamu)
teliscopu kanugonaka mundhu kudaa rodhasi (space) girinchi chaaala mukhyamaina vishayalu kanugonabaddaayi. vaati loo konni bhuumii sooryuni chuttuu trige kakshya yokka konamu, suryah, chandra grahanaalu vachey kollanni mundhey anchana veyyadamu, chandruni vaisaalyamu, bhoomiki chandruniki unna dhooramu.
pariseelaka khagolasastramulo 13 va shataabdapu paeshiya(percian saamraajyamu) loo, itara mahmadiya saamraajyamulalo khagola sastramu loo anno nuuthana vishayalu kanugonabaddaayi. muslio khagolasastrajnulu pettina nakshatramula perlu enka vaadukalo unnayi.
vijnana saastra viplavamu
renasans kaalamulo, nicolaus copernicus sourakutumbaaniki sourakendra/heliocentric namuunaanu pratipaadinchenu. copernicus parisoodhanalanu geleelio geleeli, yohans keplarlu parirakshinchi, savarinchi, vistarinchaaru. geleelio modati saree parisodhanala kosamu telescopulu tayaruchesi vaadenu. keplers graha gatulanu vaati kakshya lanu modatisari kacchitamugaa kanugonenu. keplers nyayamu lanu rujuvu chese siddhaantaalanu kanugonadaniki matuku izac newton chetha kanugonabadina aakaasa yantrasastramu, guruthwakarshana sakta upayogapaddavi. newton reflecting teliscopunu kanugonenu. aa taruvaata jargina ennoparisodhanalu teliscopu parimaanamunu, nanyathanu penchaayi. nicolaas luyi di lakaye vippalmaina nakshthra suuchii patty (ketalaagu) lanu tayyaru chesenu. viliam herschelle vistaaramaina nebula, cluster ketalaagulanu tayyaru chesenu. aayana 1781 loo eurenus grahamunu kanugonenu. 1838 loo frederick bessel modatisari ooka nakshatramu naku dooramunu kanugonenu.
pandommidava sataabdamloo leonard oiler, alexis claude clyrat, jeanne le rand dealembertlu gurtinchina 3 baadii problem, chandrudu, grahamulagatulanu kacchitamugaa kanugonenu. viiri parisoodhanalanu josep luyi lagrange, pier simon laplaslu krodikarinchi grahamula, upagrahamula kampanamu batti vaati baruvulanu kanugone vidhamunu kanugoniri.
nuuthana saankethika parignaanamutoe paatu khagola shaasthramulo kudaa visheeshamaina abhivruddhi sambhavinchenu. spectroscopu, photographylu khagolasastraniki bagaa upayogapaddavi. josep wan fran hofar 1814-15 l loo suuryakaanti loo 600 patty (bands) lanu kanugonenu. yea patteelaku kaaranamu 1859 loo gustav kirkoff 'sooryuni loo vividha muulakaalu umdadamu' ani telchenu. itara nakshathramulu kudaa sooryuni vale undunu kanni vividha vushogratalu, baruvulu kaligi undunani kanugonnaru.
bhuumii, sourakutumbamu unna palapuntha nakshatrakuutami (milkyway galexi)vale antarikshamu (space)loo itara nakshatrakuutamulu unnavani 20va sataabdamuloo kanugonadamu jargindi. vishvamu vistaristunnadani migta galaxylu mana gelakseeku dooramgaa jarugutunnaayani kanugonnaru. nuuthana khagola shaasthramulo kwaajaarlu, palsarlu, blajarlu, rdi galaxylu vento vishesha vastuvulu kanugonabaddaayi. yea parisodhanala nundi vidudalaina siddhaamtaala will kaalabilamu(black hol) lu, newtron starr lanu vivarinchadamu jargindi. Physical cosmology 20va sataabdamuloo sadhinchina abhivruddhotoe mahavisphota(big byaang) vaadamu naku bhautika,khagola sastramula nundi cosmic microwave background radiation, habul niyamamu, cosmological abundances of elements maddatu vachchenu.
rodhasi vastuvulanu gamaninchadamu
babilonia, prraacheena greesudesamu lalo khagolasastramu loo chaaala matuku austrometry ( aakaasamloonaksha traalu,grahaala unikini kanukkovadamu) Bara undedi. aa taruvaata johannes keplers, izac newton lavalla rodhasi gati sastramu (celestial mechanics) abhivruddhi chendhindhi. khagola sastramu loo ganitaanni upayoginchi rodhasi vastuvavulaku guruthwakarshana balaalatho galigina gamanalanu anchana veyadamu jarigedhi. souramandalam loo gala grahamulu, upagrahamulu, asteroids vagaira medha drhushti kendrikarinchadamu jarigedhi. yea roojulloo, adhunika saankethika parignaanamu will rodhasi vasthuvula sthiti gatulu kanukkovadamu telikaindi kanuka, nuuthana khagola sastramu rodhasi vasthuvula bhautika dharmamulanu ardhamu chesukovadamu loo nimagnamai Pali.
samacharamu sangrahinchu vidhaanamulu
khagola sastramu loo samaachaaramunu sekarinchadamu kanthi, itara vidyudayaskaanta vikiranaalanu kanugonadamu, vaati pariseelanala will saadhyamavutundi. ayithe neutrino detectors will sooryuni nundi vachey neutrino lu, suupar novaa l nundi neutrinola will kudaa enka samacharamu sekarinchavachhu. casmic kiranaala prabhaavamunu kanukkone parikaraalu kudaa unnayi. guruthwakarshana tarangamu lanu kanukkone prayogamulu kudaa jarugutunnai.
vidyudayaskaanta varnhamaala(spectrum) loo unna tarangadairghya (wow length) vibhajanala vale khagola shaasthramulo kudaa vibhajanalu unnayi.
spectrum loo takuva pounahpunyaala oddha rdi khagola sastramu, millimeetaru-decometeru l Madhya umdae taramga dairghya lanu gamanistundi. yea rdi telescopu riseevarulu manamu roejuu vinae rdi loo wade riseevarula laage undunu kanni chaaala sunnitamugaa undunu.
microvevulu rdi loo millimeetaru paridhi loo pania chaeyunu. microvevu l will casmic microvevu byaak groundu rediyeshan girinchi thelusthunnadi.
paraaruna khagola sastramu, athi paraaruna khagola sastramu lalo paraaruna kiranaala (yerupu rangu kanthi kante ekuva tarangadairghyamu kala kanthi]nu kanugonadamu adhyyanamu cheyyadamu jargutondhi. yea parisodhanalaku pratyeka teliscopu (paraaruna kiranalanu kachitanga gurtinchedi). paraaruna kiranaalu vaataavaranamulooni neeti aavirini piilchukuntaayi kanuka, paraaruna abjarvetary lanu chaaala ettaina, chaaala podigaa unna (neeti Buxar laeni) pradeeshaalaloo kanni, antarikshamu loo (bhuumii vaataavaranaaniki aavatala kanni) unchadamu jarudutundhi. antariksha telescopu l will chaaala prayojanalu unnayi. vaathaavaranamu loo umdae ushna prasaaraalu,mabbulu itara aswachchata, vaataavarana prabhavamu lanu nirodhinchavacchunu. paraaruna kiranaalu nakshthra kootamula Madhya umdae dhooli, itara anuvula pariseelana loo upayogapadunu.
ippati varku, chaaala varku samacharamu drusya kanthi/common khagola sastramu loo sekarinchadamu jargindi. darpanamulu, katakamulu,chharge-coupled devices, photographic fillm lu upyoga padunu. sadarana kantiki kanapade 1 E-7 m|400 - 700 nm kanthi tarangadairghyamu upyoga padunu. sadarana telescopu spectrograph lu, electrronic imagerlu kaligina teleskopunu saadharanamga vaadedaru;
adhika sakta khagola sastramu loo ex Rae khagola sastramu, ainama Rae khagola sastramu, athi neelalohita khagola sastramu l upayogamuto vishvamu loni athantha sakta kendralanu adhyyanamu cheyyadamu, nootrino lu, casmic kiranalanu adhyyanamu cheyyadamu jaruguthunnadhi.
rodhasi nouka (space ship), rodhasi vaahanaala (spacecraft) will grahaala adhyyanamu mundamja vesindhi. veetilo grahaala chuttuu paribhramistuu reedingulu teesukune cassini hygens vento human nirmita upagrahalu, marts path finder vento landing vehicle lu(itara grahamu meedaku digagalige vahanamu) l will grahalu, vupa grahaala girinchi chaaala samacharamu grahinchabadindi. discovary, columbia vento antariksha vahanamu (spaces shatil) (antarikshamu loki velli malli yea bhuummeedaku venakku ragalige vahanamu) l will antarikshamu loo parisoedhanalu saadhyamavutunnaayi
sambandhitha vignaanasaastramulu
khagola sastramu itara vijnana shaasthramulatho chaaala sannihitha sanbandhaalanu penchukuntunnadi. aa vidhamugaa kanugona badda upasaastramulu
khagola bhautika sastramu
khagola jiva sastramu
chaarithraka khagola sastramu
khagola rasayana saastrramu
ivikuda chudandi
visvam
habul antariksha teliscopu
james webb spaces teliskoop
chadavadagga grandhaalu
vemuri venkateshwararao, vishwaswaroopam, i-pustakam, kinige pracurana, https://web.archive.org/web/20181025164023/http://kinige.com/kbook.php?id=4247
moolaalu
khagola shaastram
visvam
vijnana shaastram |
sastramu anede ooka samskrutha padm. deeni ardham "sutram, niyamaalu, nibandhanala pathram, sankalanam, pustakam ledha gramtham". yea padaanni saadharanamga bhartia saahityamlo, nirvachimchina pradeesamloo saankethika ledha pratyeka gnanam choose pratyayam vale upayogistaaru.
sastraaniki aanglapadamaina -laji (logy) ki samaanamaina ardam Pali. udaa. ecology, saikaalaji. antey pratyekamaina amshampai shaastreeya, praadhimika jnaanamunu shaastram anavacchu. aanglamlo unna rakarakaala matlaki samanaardhakamgaa telugulo shaastram annana okka maata vadathara. udaaharanaki aanglamlo mathametics ku telugulo ganitham ledha ganithasastram antaruu. aanglamlo "fysics" annana matani bhouthikam ani anakundaa bhautika shaastram antaruu. alaage "chemistri" ni rasayanam anesi oorukokunda rasayana shaastram antaruu. aanglapadaalaina "biologi", "jualaji" padalalo unna "laji" ( -logy) ni kudaa shaastram aney padamgaa vagutharu. ikda "laji" annana padm ardham "adhyyana saakha". eeka genetics, statistics, ekanamiks vento padealu -ics thoo antamavutaayi. ikda yea padm "shaastam" gaaa piluvabadi ayah padhaalaku arthaalu janyusaastram, ganankasastram,ardhashaastramgaa maarutaayi. astronomy, ekaanami vento -nomy thoo antamayye padalalo -nomy kudaa shaastramgaa piluvabadutundi. vatini khagolasastram, aardika shaastram aney anuvadistaamu. jagraphy aney padamlo "geo" anagaa bhuumii, "grafi" anagaa giyyadam, raadam ani ankunte jagraphiki bhumini girinchi bommalu giyyadam aney ardham spuristundi. dinni kudaa manam bhoogolashaastram aney teligistunnam.
sastramu anagaa sciencu ani ooka ardhamu. rayabadinadi ani maroka ardamu kudaa cheppukonavacchu. udaharanaku manamu saastra baddamugaa anu padhaniki according to science ani ardamu cheppukonadamu chudavachu. alaage puraanhaalu, vedalu modalaina vatini annintini sastralu ani antaruu.
pai udaaharanalani batti "sastramu" annana maataki biguvaina nirvachanam ledani thelusthondi. okanokappudu undedi. yea Madhya poindhi. yea paristiti telugulone kadhu, inglishulo kudaa Pali. politically sciencu, social sciencu modalaina matalu yea paristhithiki udaaharanalu. yea vyatyaasaalani gurtistuu, prasthutham pabbam gadavali kanuka, yea shirshika kindha vachey "sciencu" annana maata yokka ardham ganita, bhautika, rasayinaka, jiva sastralu, vaatimeeda adharapadda anuvarthitha (applied) shaasthraalaki parimitam chessi, migilina vatini veetitho kalabettakunda vunte sandigdhataki taavu undadhu.
moolaalu
jnaanamu
sastralu |
haardware aney maataki computers paribhaashalo ooka pratyekamaina ardam Pali. chetito muttukodaanikigaani, pattukodaanikikaani veelaina bhaagaalannii sthulakaayam (hardware) nirvachanamlo imudutaayi. udaaharanaki, balla medha imide sonta kampyuutaru (desk-top personal computer) konagane mana chetulato thadimi chudadaaniki veelainavi mukhyamgaa muudu: (1) computers yokka antarbhaagaalannitini kapputhoo pyki kanipincha reku Pusa lantidi okati, (2) manam rasevi, chusevi kanapadadaniki veeluga ooka Kanchrapara tera (dheennee monitor antaruu), daanithopaatu typu cheyyadaniki veelaina ooka meetala falakamu (deeninay keyboard antaruu), vagaira, (3) viitannitini anusandhinchadaaniki theegalu. ivi baytaki kanipincha sthulakaayam yokka mukhya bhaagaalu.
computers haardware anunadhi kampyootaruku sambamdhinchina ooka bhautika vibhaagam. ooka kampyuutaru loni vidi bhaagaalu, vatini kalipa saankethika parikaraala samudaayame haardware. aithe idi kampyuutaru saftverku purtiga bhinnam. endhukante saftware anede haardware lonae antargatamgaa panichestundi. saftware lonae mro rakam furm ware. vitini eppatikappudu marchavalasina avsaram undadhu. kabaadi ivi reed-onlee memory (ROM) lanty haardware bhagala lonae nikshiptham cheyabadathaai.
konni minahaa chaaala varku kampyuutaru haardware sadarana prajalu chusi undaru. endhukante avanni cpu ani piluvabadee ooka caabinet loo untai.
telegu perlu
haardware ki, safttwareki inthavaraku manchi telegu peruu yevvaru pettalekapoyaru. ippativaraku jargina prayatnalu:
telugulo yantram, tantram ani remdu matalu unnayi. haardware= yantram aney, safttware = tantram aney ardam cheppukoovacchu.
hindeelo 'khanaa' aney Uttar pratyayam Pali. deeni ardam 'dorike chootu' ani. kanuka 'dawakhana' antey mandula kottu. idhey oravadilo haardware = yantarkhanaa, safttware = tantarkhanaa ani telegu perlu pettavacchu.
telugulo saamaanu, saamagri ani remdu matalu unnayi. ingleeshulooni 'ware' ki yea rendoo samanardhakalu. kanuka haardware = yantrapu saamaanu = yantramaanu, safttware = tantrapu saamaanu = tantramaanu ani telegu perlu pettavacchu.
maroka dhooraniloo aalochinchavachchu. kantiki kanipinchaedhi bode. bodeki ooka vyaktitvam ichedi medha. kanuka haardware = bode, safttware = medha.
idhey dhooraniloo haardware = sthulakaayam aney safttware = suukshmakaayam aney prayatninchavacchu
mukhya bhaagaalu
Pusa mootha jagrataga theesi, telisi theliyakunda deninee muttukokunda jagrataga parisheelistae yea dhiguva varninchina bhaagaalukanipistaayi. mana shariirapu charmanni olichi loopaliki tongi chusthe gunde, medadu modalaina avayavaalalaage, yea pettelo anno mukhyamaina avayavalu untai. vaati girinchi telusukundam.
microprosessor (microprocessor): antey athi suukshma mynah kampyuutaru ani ardam. poorvam gadanta aakraminchesina kampyuutaru ippudu vely goranta mera aakramistundi kanuka deeniki yea peruu vacchindi. dheenini mana medadutoe polchavacchu. nijaniki idee asalaina sisalaina kampyuutaru. pyki chudadaaniki chinna palaka mukkala, chinna chilla penkula umtumdi kanni deeni kattadi adhyayanam cheyyadaniki chaala dekshith vundali.
kottu (store)ni memary (memory) ani kood antaruu. dheenilo dattaamsaalu (data), aadesaalu (commands) dachutam. indhulo remdu rakaalu. okati raam (ROM = Read Only Memory), rendodi rem (RAM = Random Access Memory). ROM achu pustakam lantidi. dheenilo unna dattaamsaalani kampyuutaru chadava galadu conei, cheripesi kottavi raaya ledhu. RAM palaka lantadi. deentloo dattaamsaalani raayanuu ochhu, rasi vunte chadavanuu ochhu, unna vatini cheripesi kottavi raayanuu ochhu. chinna upamanam. manam puttinappudu mana lalata phalakam medha brahmadhevudu rasinadani prakaaram mana jeevitam nadustundani manam anukuntam kada. yea lalata likhitam ROM lantidi. adae evarainaa varintiki dhaari cheppinappudu kanni, vaari teliphonu numberu cheppinappudu kanni adi manam medadulo dachukuntam. avsaram teeripoyina tarwata adi cheripesi (marachipoyi), aa sthaanamloo maroka wasn “rasukuntam”. kanuka idi RAM lantidi annamaata.
theegala katta (bus): pai rendinti tarwata cheppukodaggadi theegalu. yea theegala kattalane inglishulo bus antaruu. vitini manam pattalu ledha patakalu andaam. oolla Madhya prayanam cheyyadaniki railu pattalu upayogapaddatle reku pettelo unna microprosessor ni, ramya ny rem ny kalapadanike kakunda, Pusa bayta unna Kanchrapara teranee, meetala falakaannii kalapadaanikii, enka anek kaaryaalaki yea theegala rahadaarini vadathara.
vidyut sarafara (Power Supply): kampyootaruki kaavalasina vidyuttu antha yea Pusa sarafara chesthundu. yea pettelo mukhyamgaa ooka transformer umtumdi. mana intloo unna voltejini avsaram meraki tagginchi migilina bhagalaki sarafara cheyyadamay yea Pusa chese pania.
Hard Drive: pyki kanipinchadu conei, lopalaki chudagaligithe idi ooka dontigaa amarchina gramaphone pallela madhiri umtumdi. gramaphone recordula medha manam paatalu “rasukuni” avsaram vacchinappudu tirigi paadinchukuni elaa vintamo alaage yea palleelameeda dattaamsaalu rasukuni avsaram vembadi tirigi "chaduvukuni" vaadukoevachchu. nithyam avasaramaina amshalani annimtini deeni medha rasi dachukuntam.
Floppy Drive: yea rojulalo deeni vaadakam bagaa taggi poindhi. deenikee hard drive kee oche ooka chinna teedaa. deentloo pallelani manam baytaki theesi manatho pattuku poeyi, mro computersloo dopi vaadukoevachchu. ooka computers nundi maroka computerski dattaamsaalu ravaanhaa cheyyataniki idi anukuulamgaa umtumdi. dheenilo wade pallelu pulchagaa, onchithe onge rakamgaa untai kanuka vatini floppy disks antaruu.
CD-ROM Drive: ikda CD antey compact disk ani ardam. cinemalu chuuchutaku,gemulu loaded chaeyutaku upayogapadunu. bajaarulo konukkunna software loaded chaeyutaku upayogapadunu. yea pallelalo uramaragaa 650 MB varku dattaamsaalu dachavachu.
CD-ROM/ DVD Drive: ikda DVD antey digital versatile disk ani ardam. yea pallelalo 8-16 GB varku dattaamsaalu dachavachu.
Ports: nadulameeda, samudram medha revulu chese pania emti? jalabhagam meedhi rahadaarulani bhoobhaagam meedhi rahadaarulatoo kalapadam. adae vidhamgaa kampyuutaru lopaliki rahadaarulani bayati maargaalato anusandhinchadaaniki wade saadhanaale portulu. vitini telugulo revulu ani anocchu. gooda medha vidyut plag chese pania kudaa idhey – intloo unna vidyut upakaranaalani bayati nundi sarafara aye vidyuttutoe kalapadaaniki plag vaadataam. adae vidhamgaa computersni bayta unna printerthoo, meetala phalakamtho, moodem thoo, internett thoo, kalapadaaniki yea revulani vadathara. veetilo mukyamainavi konni --
(1) meetala falakaanni (keyboard) tagilinche repu
(2) gajutera (monitor) ki bommala (video) vaaketaalani (signal) tagilinche repu
(3) chunchu (mouse) ni tagilinche repu
(4) Universal Serial Bus (USB)
(5) printerni tagilinchataaniki samatara repu (Parallel Port)
(6) Sound cards
(7) moodem tagilinchataaniki
BIOS: ledha Basic Input/Output System. computers yokka sthoolakaayaanikii, suukshma kaayaanikii Madhya umdae madhyavarti lantidi. suukshma kaayamlo mukhyaati mukhyamaina opeerating sistom (Operating System) ledha (O.S.) uttarvulu jaarii chesthu vunte yeye uttarvulu yeye suukshma kaayapu bhaganni cheraalo yea BIOS paryavekshanalo jaruguthai.
amambapatulu: piena cheppina mukhya bhagalekakunda computersloo enka anno chinna chinna antarbhaagaalu untai.
vanarulu
Ron White, How Computers Work, Que: MacMillan Computer Publishing, Indianapolis, IN, USA, 1999
kampyuutaru harduver |
janaranjaka shaastram (janaranjaka vignaanasaastram ) (aamglam:popular science) sadarana prekshakula choose uddeeshinchina vijnana saastra vivarana. science journalism itivali shaastreeya parinaamaalapai drhushti saarinchinappatikii, janaadarana pondina shaastram marinta vistrutamainadi. dheenini vrutthiparamaina vignaanasaastra jarnalistulu ledha shaasthravetthalu raayavachhu. idi pusthakaalu, chalanachithraalu, television documentarilu, pathrika kadhanaalu, webb paejeelatoo sahaa anek roopalloo pradarsinchabadutundi.
patra
janaranjaka shaastram anede shaastreeya parisodhanala yokka vrutthiparamaina maadhyamamgaa shaastreeya saahityaaniki Madhya vaaradhi. idi prajaadaranha pondina rajakeeya, samskruthika upanyaasam. bhaasha yokka praapyatanu, vijnana saastra paddhatula khachitatvanni sangrahinchadam yea kalaa procedure lakshyam. prasidha saastra pusthakaalu, prachuranalalo anek saastra-sambandhitha vivaadaalu charchinchabaddaayi. jeevasambandhamaina nirnayaatmakata, medhassu yokka jeevasambandhamaina amsaalapai deerghakaala charchaloo, dhi mismiser af human , dhi bel karv vento gurthimpu pondina pustakaalalo prachurinchabaddaayi.
pariseelanalu, siddhaamtaala praamaanikata, paddhatula vyavahaarikamaina samarthatha girinchi sahacharulaku teliyajeyadam, oppinchadam shaastreeya sahityam mukhya uddhesyam. praacuryam pondina saastra samachaaraanni, phalithaala praamukhyatanu saastriiyamgaa bayati vyaktulaku (konnisarlu itara rangaalalooni shaastraveetthalathoo paatu) teliyajeyadaaniki, oppinchadaaniki, phalithaalanu parirakshinchadaaniki prayatnistundi. janaadarana pondina vignaanam pratyekata, saadhaaranatanu nillaki chebutundi.
janaadarana pondina vijnana saahithyaanni shaasthravetthalu kanni varu vraasae vishayampai parimitha avagaahana kaligi vumdavacchu. nipunhulu kaanivaaru tappudova pattinche prasidha vijnana shaasthraanni gurtimchadam kashtamavutundi. idi nijamaina shaastram, kalpitha saastraala Madhya sarihaaddulanu kudaa aspashtam chesthundu. yedemaina, konnisarlu manchi shaastreeya nepathyam, balamaina saankethika comunication naipunhyaalu kaligina varu shaasthravetthalu kaanappatiki manchi janaadarana pondina vijnana rachanalanu chestaaru.
telugulo vignaanasaastra prachaarakulu
anaadi nunchi meedhoo sampatthi gala goppa vyaktulu kondaru nirantharam sraminchi, pranamulaku saitam teginchi, jeevitam dhaaraposthuu vasthunaru. thama tharaaniki, bhaavi taralaku kottabaatalu veasthunnaru. kothha dvaralu terustunnaru. gnaanaanni vedajalli nagarikatha abhivruddhiki paatu padutunnaru. veelle vividha rangaalalo panichestunna shaasthravetthalu, science rachayitalu. yea vidhamgaa saastrajnudiki, saamaanyudikii Madhya dooraanni taggistuu vacchina sugama vijnana rachayitalu entomandi unnare.
goteti jogiraju - vyavasaya sambandhitha pusthakaalu rachinchadu. 'paadipantalu' aney pathrikaku sampadakathvam vahinchaaru.
1947-50lalo andhra vishwavidyaalayam vidyaarthulu 'parisoedhana' aney pathrika nadipaaru. danki yam.ene.shastry aadhvaryam vahinchaadu.
1950-58lalo gunturuku chendina raavi venkataadri chaaala pusthakaalu raashaadu.
vasantarao venkatarao padhaartha vijnana shaasthraanni padyaalloonuu, paatalloonuu kuurchaaru.
Una v ios ramarao raasina khagolasastra granthaniki madraasu vishwavidyaalayam bahumati prakatinchindhi.
1950loo vissa appaaraavu anusakti medha pustakam raashaaru. nakshatraala girinchi pellala choose ooka pustakam raashaadu.
1951-53lalo harry aadisheshuvu, vidyut sakta, apliaid chemistri, khagola shaastram aney pusthakaalu raashaadu.
machilipatnaniki chendina kamchi sheshagirirao 'vidyuttu' aney pustakam raashaadu.
1957-60 praanthamlo ganita shaastram medha pusthakaanni bhetanabhatla vishwanatham raashaadu.
aandhra vishvavidyaalayanloo daa.z. gopaalaraavu shaastreeya vishaayaalapai upanyaasaalistuu jana chaitanyaniki dhohadham cheeseevaadu.
nandoori ramamohanaravu saamaanyudiki sciencu visheshaalu andinchaalanna badhyatanu tanapai vaesukuni entho vishishtamaina gramddhaalanu rachinchadu.
shripad gopalakrishnamoorthy 'anuvulu - nedu - repunu' 'adhunika vijnana vijayamulu' aney remdu pustakaalni raashaadu.
orr.v.z. sundararao 'sastramu - vignaanamu - nagarikatha' nu raasadu.
nityajeevitamlo bhautika sastramu, pragathi prachuranaalayam, maascow prachurinchindi. dheenilo v.shela yell; ene. rikov rashyanloo raasina jantusaastraanni daa. vuppala lakshmanarao anuvadinchaadu.
'sciencu makes sens - reechi calder' pusthakaanni 'saastra vignaanamu - human jeevithamu' (1971) aney paerutoe ayyagari veerabhadraraavu anuvadinchaadu.
vissa appaaraavu "vignaanam - visheshaalu"( (1964) aney sheershikathoo ooka pusthakaanni anuvadinchaadu.
''andharikii avasyamaina jeevasastra vignaanam'' (1960) daa.p. dakshinaamoorthi anuvaadham Akola.
saastra vignananni jana saamaanyaaniki andajeyaalanna utsaahamto raavoori bharadhvaaja kudaa sulabha style 'plaastic prapamcham' (1966) vento anno pusthakaalu raashaadu.
1966lonae daa|| gaalani balasundararao 'vaitaminulu' raasadu.
1967loo arvy, zammi konetirao vyaasaalni 'pustakam prapamcham' masa pathrika seeriyalgaaa prachurinchindi. veeriruvuruu jantusastra visaeshaalni raashaaru.
'microbo hunters' pal di croof pustakam prapancha vyaaptangaa goppaperu sampaadinchukundi. dhaanini 'krimi anveshakulu' sheershikathoo zammi konetirao telegu chesudu.
1970lalo manaku telisina vignaanam mana bhashalone raase lakshyangaa, America andhrulu prachurinchina ardhasamvatsara pathrika 'telegu basha pathrika' konni samchikalu vacchai. epril 1975: samputi-5 vijnana patrikagaa veluvadindi.
telegu akaadami varu 'telegu' aney vygnaanika pathrikanu konthakaalam nadipaaru.
daa.yam. subbaaraavu 'sciencevaani' aney pathrika nirvahimchaadu.
maheedhara ramamohanaravu sampadakatvamlo kontha kaalam velupadina 'avanti' pathrika peruu marchukuni 'science prapamcham'gaaa marikonta kaalam veluvadindi.
tirupurna ramaswami chaudhary, taapii dharmaaraavu, kodavatiganti kutumabarao, narla, gaura, daa.kovur (anuvaadaalu) daa.mitra, hemalata lavanam, nandoori prasaadaraavu, ravipudu venkataadri, eeswara prabhu modalaina rachayitala upanyaasaalu, rachanalu muuda nammakaalni chedhinchadamlo upayogapaddayi.
vruttireetyaa vaidyudayina daa.z. samaram "sexy science" janaanni visheshangaa akarshinchindi. eeyana manastatva shaastram piena kudaa vyasalu raashaadu.
dr venkateswarulu, dr harshith modalaina varu vydya vishyaala medha vyasalu raashaaru.
dr vishwanatha Arunachal, kandula naghabushan ganita sastraaniki sambamdhinchina vyasalu raashaaru.
vijnana visaeshaalni sea.v. sarveshwara sarma chaaala kaalamgaa vaaram vaaram raastunnaadu. konaseema science associetion sthaapinchi, upanyaasaalu, seminaarlu virivigaa nirvahistunnaadu.
muddukrishna, yam.kao.raao modalainavaaru science vyasalu raashaaru.
moolaalu
grandhaavali
McRae, Murdo William (editor). The Literature of Science: Perspectives on Popular Scientific Writing. The University of Georgia Press: Athens, 1993. ISBN 0-8203-1506-0 |
kaaramu ooka pradhaanamiena ruchi. idi shadruchululo okati. idi gaadhamyna ruchini, vaasananu kaligi umtumdi. yea ruchi ekkuvaga mirapakaayala aahaara padaarthaalalo umtumdi. adhika kaaram ruchi kala padaarthaalu tiney variki ayishtatanu kalpistaayi. yea ruchini konni sandarbhaalalo "spiceines" ledha "hatness" ledha "hate" vento padalalo kudaa chuuchistaaru.
pikwansi aney padm takuva stayi kaaram ruchikala aahaara padaardhaala vishayamlo vagutharu. udaharanaku aavaalu, curry kaligina aahaara padaarthaalu.
kaarapu padaarthaalu
gummadikaya kaya curry vedigaa (poyyi velupala), kaaramgaa umtumdi. deeniki kaaranam andhulo kalipa dalchina chekka, jajikaya, masaalaa dinusulu, japatri, lavamgaalu vento sugandha dravyaalu chaerchabadataayi. aahaara vimarshakudu atuvanti kuuralanu vivarinchadaaniki "pickwant" aney padaanni upayoeginchavachchu,
itara vishayalu
kaaram thinta pottalo pundu pudutundane gaatha okati aadhretara raashtraalaloonuu – mukhyamgaa tamilhanaaduloo – itara deshaalaloonuu chalaamaneelo Pali. idi entha varku vachindante tamila sodharulu cheppina matalani viny kabolu telegu daaktarlu kudaa sye antey sye antunaru. evanni punaadulu laeni pekamedalani dr grame antunaru. eeyana texus rashtramloni hustan nagaramlo unna baylor collge af medicin loo ooka peruu moesina ghanapati. texus mxico deeshapu sarihaddulo Pali kabaadi kabolu mxico deeshapu kaaram tiney alvatu texuslonoo kanipistundhi. anduakni eeyanaki kaaram antey ishtamo yemo anaku theliyadu kanni eeyana kood yea pukaaruluu vadantuluu vinnaadu. visigette varakuu vinnaadu. taado, pedo telcheddamani ooka prayoogam chesedu.
aarogyamgaa unna manushyulani kontamandini kood gatti vallani muudu jatlu gaaa vidagottedu. andhulo ooka jattuki kaaram aemee laeni chappidi timdi pettedu. rendava jattuki adae chappidi tindilo aradajanu espirin maatralu kalipi pettedu. mudava jattuki bagaa kaaram kalipina timdi pettedu. marunaadu ooka bulli video kemerani ooka gottaniki tagilinchi aa gottaanni yea muudu jatla vaalla pottalaloki dimpi kshunnamgaa potta godalani pariseelinchedu. espirin thinna rendava jattu vaalla potta goodalaloo chinna chinna chillula gunda raktham sravinchadam chuuseedu tappa kaaram thinna vaalla pottalu, chappidi timdi thinna vaalla pottalu okka laage, e dhoosham lekunda unnayita.
ilanti prayogame bhartiya desamlo kood yevaro remdu jatla medha cheseruta. okari tindilo mirapa podi bagaa jalleruta. maroka jattu tindilo mirapa podi poda kudaa laedhuta. yea remdu jatla Madhya aemee teedaa kanipincha laedhuta.
yea remdu prayoogaala will telindemitante mirapakaayala will pottalo pundu puttadani. neenu kuurchunna kurchee lomchi kadalakundaa spurana prayoogam (that experiment) okati chesenu. dani saransham idi. sarva saadharanamga vaedi deeshalaloo unna prajalu kaaram ekuva tinadam neenu gamaninchenu. vaedi deeshalaloo unna vallaki charmam nallaga undadam will upyogam unnatle, kaaram tinaalane korika undam will kudaa manugadaki panikocche laabham edaina undhemo? darvin ni adigi chudaali.
vivarana
deeniki ooka chakkani vivarana okasari neenu television kaaryakramamulo vinnaanu - vaedi praantaalaloo prajalu kaaramu ekkuvaga tinadam will tappanisariga manchiniru ekkuvaga traagutaaru. idi variki chaaala avsaram. endhukante vedigaa unnappudu mana shareeram lomchi neee ekkuvaga Buxar ayi pothu umtumdi.
moolaalu
ruchulu |
homamlo darbalu, itara homa vastuvulu dahinchagaa migilina homabhasmaanni vibhuti ani kudaa antaruu. chaaala pavitramgaa bhavinchabade vibhuti (vibhudhi) prathi sivaalayamloonuu Behar umtumdi.
vaedamulu, puraanhamulu ekakantamuto vibhuti yokka mahimanu chatuchunnavi. bhasma snanamu chesinavaru sarvateerdhaalu chesinavaarito samanamu. bhasmadhaarana chosen variki dhushta grahamulu, pisaachamulu, sarvarogamulu, papamulu sameepinchavu. dharmabuddhi kalugnu. baahya prapancha gnanam kalugunu. vibhudhi nosata dharinchi shivapanchakshari mantras pratidinamu patichuchundina lalatamun brahmavraasina vraata kudaa taarumaaragunu.
agniki dahinche gunam Pali. kattelu, pidakalu modalaina vatiki dahanamayye gunam Pali. yea rendinti sammeelhanamthoo vudbavimchina vibhuti, aa remdu gunaalanuu thyajinchi saswata rupaanni santarinchukundi. vibhuti dahinchadu, dahanamavadu. idi nirgunatvaanni santarinchukundi.
hoemagumdamloe hoemam cheesinappudu, dhunilo kobbarikayalu modalainavi bhasmam aynappudu vacchina buudidanu vibhuti antaruu. homagundam, dhuni – rendoo parama pavitramainavi.
hoemagumdamloe moduga, raavi samidhalu, aavuneyyi upayogistaaru.
dhunilo peechu theeyani kobbarikayalu (Hairy Coconuts), pidakalu (cakes made of cows dung), raavi, thulasi, medi chetla kommalu (Pieces of Peepal, Tulasi and Medi), navadhanyalu (Nine different grains), gandhapuchekkalu (Pieces of Sandal wood), neredu (Camphor ), sambrani (Sambrani), aavuneyyi (Cows ghee ), sambrani sambrani powder), agarottulu (Incense Sticks) vestaaru. evanni kaalagaa migilina budida vibhuti. vibhootini visheshamaina aishwaryamu ani antaruu.
vibhuti dharimchee vidhaanam
kudicheti madhyama, anamica vaella saayamtho vibhootini chetiloki teesukoovaali. nudutipai pettukovadam kudaa adamavaipu nundi kudivaipuku vibhuti rekhalu teerchididdaali. appudu angushtamutho vibhuti rekhalapai kudivaipu nundi adamavaipuku muudu rekhalugaa dharinchadaanni tripundram antaruu. tripundram antey addabottu ani ardham. vibhuti dharinchinapudu nuditipai kanubommalu daati prakkalaku gaani kanubommala krindikigaani dharinchakudadu. vibhootidhaarana devatapuja, japamu, yajnjamu, homamu, subhakaaryamullo dharinchina kaaryamulu siddhinchunu. Behar dharinchavalenu. vibhuti bhasmam, tilakam kanni nosata dharinchanide bhagavanthuni teerdhaprasaadamulu sweekarincha kudadu.
vibhuti perlu - varnamulu
1. bhasmam - shweta varnamu
2. vibhuti - kapila varnamu,
3. bhasitamu -krishna varnamu
4. ksharamu - aakaasa varnamu
5. rakshayani - rakta varnamu
konni viswaasaalu
homa bhasmam (vibhuti) dhaaranatho navagraha abadhalu tolagipotaayi.
homa bhasma dhaaranatho manishilo umdae anni takala doshaalu nivaarinchabadataayi.
homa bhasma dhaaranatho devuni anugraham kaligi anni panlu niraatakamgaa jaruguthai.
bhasma dhaaranatho anni takala gochara, agochara, drusya, adrushya roogalu tolagipotaayi.
vividha homabhasmalu chese maelu:
shree mahaganapathi homamloni bhasmanni upayogisthe anni panlu niraatamkamgaa jaruguthai.
shree subramanian swamy homamloni bhasmanni dharisthe intloo umdae kalahalu tolagi andharikii shanthi labisthundhi.
shree durga homamloni bhasmanni dharisthe sakala shathruvula nasanam jarigi prasaanthata gala jeevithanni saaginchavachchu.
shree dhanwantari homamloni bhasmanni dharisthe anni roogalu nivaarinchabadi deeyam vajrasamaanamgaa maarutundi.
shree navagraha homamloni bhasmanni dharisthe entuvanti grahaala chedu prabavam undadhu.
shree mahaa mritunjay homamloni bhasmamtho anni takala akaala mrutyuvulu tolagipotaayi
shree lalita Tripura sundari, shree rajarajeswari divi, shree gaayatri divi hoemam, shree chakra homalloni bhasmanni dharisthe anni panullo vision siddhinchadamtho paatu jeevithaantham soukhyadaayaka jeevithanni kaligi vunadaru.
shree sudarshana hoemam bhasmadhaaranato shathruvula nirmuulanam jarudutundhi.
shree lakshmi naryana homamloni bhasmanni dharisthe bhaaryaabhartala Madhya spardhalu tolagipotaayi.
homa bhasmadhaaranato etuvanti maantrikula baadha, drhushti, shaapam, graha abadhalu vedhinchavu.
gamanika: homabhasmaanni etty paristhitulloonuu naelapai unchakudadu.
vibhuti snanam
snanam antey onti medha neella posukovadam. onti nindaa vibhuti poosukunte dhaanini vibhuti snanam antaruu.
e vastuvainaa sampuurnamgaa kaalithe migiledi bhasmam, ledha budida. kaaladaaniki muudu hangulu kavaali. okati, kaalagalige padaartham. remdu, adi rajukuni antukodaniki thaginantha vaedi vundali. muudu, aa vasthuvu mandadaaniki thaginantha aamlajani sarafara vundali. appudu aa vasthuvu kaalutundi. kaalagaa migilina dhaanini budida antaam. vibhudhi ooka rakam boodide. kanni neelluu kudaa maroka rakam boodide. vudajani vayuvunu aamlajani samakshamlo mandinchagaa migilina boodide neee. kanuka, mandavalasina padaartham antha mandipoga migilinave budida, neelluunu.
moolaalu
himduumatam |
ushnamandalamlo unna aandhradesamlo chetlu aakulu ralchadam antagaa kanipinchadukaani, samasheetala deshaalalonu, sheetla mandalaalalonu chalikaalam vachey sariki konni chetlu aakulannitini purtiga ralchesi modulala bodiga kanipistaayi. mana desamlo kuloo loeya loanu, kaashmeeru loanu yea visaesham chudavachu. sheetla deeshalaloo kudaa anni chetluu aakulani ralchavu. painu, far modalaina chetla aakulu sannaga suudulalaa untai; ivi aakulani ralchavu. allappuduu pachchagaane untai. kanni vedalpati aakulu unna chetlanni chalikaalamlo aakulani ralchutayi. yea pravartanaki chaala kaaranaalu choopinchavachhu.
modati kaaranam. aakulu vedalpugaa unna chettu vaishaalyam ekkuvaga umtumdi. ekuva vaishaalyam unna chettu ekuva veedini nashtapotundi. yea vishayaanne maroka vidhamgaa cheppalantey, ekuva vaisaalyamgaa unna chettuki ekuva chali vesthundi. manki chali vaesinappudu mana vaishaalyam tagginchadaaniki muduchukuni kurchuntam. alaage chali kaalamlo chetlu thama vaisaalyaanni tagginchadaaniki aakulani raalchivestaayi.
rendava kaaranam. aakulu aahaarapadaardhaalani tayaruchese karmagarallantivi. veasavi kaalamlo yenda mendugaa unna rojulalo aa suuryarasmini peelchukodaaniki ekuva vaishaalyam unna aakulu kavaali. sheetaakaalam vachesariki yenda taggipothundi kanuka aakulaki saripadaa suryarasmi tagaladu. kanuka avi puurvamlaa pania cheyyalevu. pania cheyyani aakulatho naakem pania ani chettu aa aakulani ralchestundi.
kaalam |
mana bhuumii putti 4 500 000 000 samvatsaraala chillara ayindhi. bhuumii puttina daggaranundi bhoogarbham lonundi nirantharam vaedi ola baytaki vastuunee Pali. agni parvataalu pagilinappudu, bhoogarbham nundi vaedi ootalu baytaki ubhiki vacchinappudu, lopala vaedi undani dakhala avtondi kada. ila vaedi baytaki vachestu vunte bhuumii kontha kakapoina kontainaa challarali kada. bhuumii nundi satatam vaedi baytaki prasaaramavutuunae umtumdanae sathyam vijnana shaasthrapu vidyaardhulaki eruke. nalaugu vandala ebhai kotla samvatsaraalanundi ila challaarutuunna bhuumii eepaatiki purtiga challari poeyi undodduu? enka lopala endukee kutakutalu?
mundastugaa agni parvataalu manam anukunnantagaa peladam ledhu. pelenupo, paelina agni parvatalavalla bhuumii challaredi bahu koddhiga. remdu. rodasiloki prasaaritamaye vaedi kanna bhoogarbhamlo rdi dharmika muulakaala vicchitti will putte vaedi chaala ekuva. aakharuga marokka mukhya wasn. paarku loni pachika medha kurchuni kaburlu cheppukuntunna manki bhoogarbhamlo unna 1760 celsius degreela vaedi yokka dhaati yemathram theliyadam ledante danki kaaranam bhuumii paipechu. idi entho samardhavantamgaa lopala veedini baytaki pokunda aaputondi.
nijaniki mana adhrushtam bagundabatti bhuumii putti nalugunnara biliyanu samvatsaraalainaa bahu koddigaane challarindi. eepaatiki bhuumii purtiga challaripoyi undunte mana putti muligi undedi. bhuumii purtiga challaripothe marinka bhookampaalu raao. agni parvataalu paelavu. samudra garbhamlo bhuumii uparitalam medha unna phalakaalu vistarana chendavu. bhoophalakaala payanalu aagipotaayi. tadroopena sarikotha parvataalu puttavu. unna parvataalu edagavu. antey bhuumiloe chaitanyam purtiga challari potundanna maata.
agni parvataalu pelaka pothenu, bhookampaalu raaka pothenu vacchina nashtam emitani meeru adagochu. jvaram oste kastamani kaalluu, chetuluu challabadi poovaalani korukuntama? bhuumiloe chaitanyam chachipothe emitavutundo okka nimisham aalochinchandi. inkoka padi kotla samvatsaraalalo mana parvataalanni gaalani potuki varshapu dhaatiki arigipotayi. etthu pallaalannii chadunuga aipothayi. appudu samudram nemmadigaa bhuubhaagaanni kappestundi. appudu mana manugadake muppu.
bhoogolashaastram |
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