metadata

dataset_info:
  - config_name: azerbaijani
    features:
      - name: question
        dtype: string
      - name: answer
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      - name: subject
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      - name: CoT
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  - config_name: karakalpak
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      - name: subject
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  - config_name: kazakh
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      - name: choices
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      - name: subject
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      - name: CoT
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  - config_name: tatar
    features:
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      - name: subject
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      - name: choices
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      - name: CoT
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  - config_name: turkish
    features:
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      - name: question
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      - name: choices
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      - name: answer
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  - config_name: uyghur
    features:
      - name: subject
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      - name: question
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      - name: answer
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      - name: CoT
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  - config_name: uzbek
    features:
      - name: question
        dtype: string
      - name: choices
        sequence: string
      - name: answer
        dtype: string
      - name: subject
        dtype: string
      - name: CoT
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      - name: test
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    dataset_size: 225252
configs:
  - config_name: azerbaijani
    data_files:
      - split: dev
        path: azerbaijani/dev-*
      - split: test
        path: azerbaijani/test-*
  - config_name: crimean-tatar
    data_files:
      - split: dev
        path: crimean-tatar/dev-*
      - split: test
        path: crimean-tatar/test-*
  - config_name: karakalpak
    data_files:
      - split: dev
        path: karakalpak/dev-*
      - split: test
        path: karakalpak/test-*
  - config_name: kazakh
    data_files:
      - split: dev
        path: kazakh/dev-*
      - split: test
        path: kazakh/test-*
  - config_name: tatar
    data_files:
      - split: dev
        path: tatar/dev-*
      - split: test
        path: tatar/test-*
  - config_name: turkish
    data_files:
      - split: dev
        path: turkish/dev-*
      - split: test
        path: turkish/test-*
  - config_name: uyghur
    data_files:
      - split: dev
        path: uyghur/dev-*
      - split: test
        path: uyghur/test-*
  - config_name: uzbek
    data_files:
      - split: dev
        path: uzbek/dev-*
      - split: test
        path: uzbek/test-*
license: cc-by-4.0
task_categories:
  - multiple-choice
language:
  - az
  - tr
  - tt
  - uz
  - ug
  - kk

TUMLU: A Unified and Native Language Understanding Benchmark for Turkic Languages

This repo contains the TUMLU-mini dataset from TUMLU paper. Code repository is hosted on GitHub.

Dataset

TurkicMMLU spans 8 Turkic languages, with plans to add more.

Azerbaijani
Crimean Tatar
Karakalpak
Kazakh
Tatar
Turkish
Uyghur
Uzbek
Kyrgyz

All questions are at middle- and high-school level. All questions are native, i.e., not translated or synthetically generated. There can be some difference in difficuly levels across languages.

Results

5-shot results

Model	Mean	aze	crh	kaa	kaz	tat	tur	uig	uzb
Claude 3.5 Sonnet	79.3	84.4	81.2	75.3	83.0	84.0	85.7	71.3	69.1
GPT-4o	75.1	82.4	70.5	70.8	81.0	80.5	83.7	66.5	65.4
Gemini 1.5 Pro	74.0	78.6	70.3	68.2	78.4	80.5	80.0	71.0	65.1
Gemini 1.5 Flash	65.6	72.4	68.0	61.2	68.6	68.3	76.6	57.8	52.1
Claude 3.5 Haiku	63.9	70.6	62.9	55.2	69.9	67.5	78.0	56.6	50.3
Llama- 3.1 405B	62.9	65.9	69.5	60.0	69.0	70.4	59.7	58.2	50.4
Qwen2.5 72B	61.5	70.1	61.8	54.6	62.6	62.5	73.9	56.0	50.4
Llama 3.3 70B	58.4	66.0	58.7	49.2	60.0	69.5	68.4	51.6	44.1
Llama 3.1 70B	57.6	68.1	57.3	49.9	56.4	66.2	64.9	52.4	45.3
Gemma 2 27b	51.6	58.1	49.8	47.6	58.4	54.9	64.3	42.2	37.6
Gemma 2 9b	46.8	53.7	46.8	40.8	49.1	51.8	60.4	35.8	36.1
Qwen2.5 7B	42.1	48.0	42.6	37.2	45.0	40.5	55.6	33.4	34.6
Llama 3.1 8B	40.1	48.4	35.7	33.4	46.4	44.1	47.7	35.0	29.9

5-shot chain-of-thought results

Model	Mean	aze	kaz	tur	uzb
Claude 3.5 Sonnet	83.0	87.1 (+2.7)	84.1 (+1.1)	87.9 (+2.1)	72.9 (+3.7)
GPT-4o	78.5	82.9 (+0.4)	80.7 (-0.3)	84.0 (+0.3)	66.3 (+0.9)
Gemini 1.5 Pro	75.8	80.0 (+1.4)	75.1 (-3.3)	81.0 (+1.0)	67.0 (+1.9)
Llama 3.1 405B	69.8	73.4 (+7.6)	68.7 (-0.3)	80.7 (+21.0)	56.4 (+6.0)
Claude 3.5 Haiku	69.4	77.0 (+6.4)	74.0 (+4.1)	77.6 (-0.4)	49.0 (-1.3)
Gemini 1.5 Flash	67.6	73.9 (+1.4)	69.0 (+0.4)	73.6 (-3.0)	54.1 (+2.0)
Qwen2.5 72B	67.0	72.1 (+2.0)	63.9 (+1.3)	78.4 (+4.6)	53.6 (+3.1)
Llama 3.3 70B	66.9	70.6 (+4.6)	69.3 (+9.3)	77.4 (+9.0)	50.4 (+6.3)
Gemma 2 27B	59.0	63.0 (+4.9)	61.6 (+3.1)	66.4 (+2.1)	44.9 (+7.3)
Llama 3.1 70B	55.6	59.4 (-8.7)	61.7 (+5.3)	73.3 (+8.4)	27.9 (-17.4)
Gemma 2 9B	52.4	57.3 (+3.6)	52.7 (+3.6)	62.3 (+1.9)	37.4 (+1.3)
Qwen2.5 7B	47.2	48.1 (+0.1)	46.4 (+1.4)	56.3 (+0.7)	38.0 (+3.4)
Llama 3.1 8B	37.8	40.7 (-7.7)	38.9 (-7.6)	45.1 (-2.6)	26.6 (-3.3)

Contributions

All issues and PRs are welcome! We are particularly grateful for any feedback on data quality, even if it is a simple typo that we have missed.

Our team consists of the following people, in alphabetical order:

Abdullatif Köksal
Amina Alisheva
Anar Rzayev
Ariana Kenbayeva
Arofat Akhundjanova
Aizirek Turdubaeva
Dmitry Gaynullin
Duygu Ataman
Ilshat Saetov
Jafar Isbarov
Kavsar Huseynova
Mammad Hajili
Osman Tursun
Rinat Kharisov
Samir Rustamov
Saule Belginova

Citation

If you use this dataset in your work, please, cite us:

@misc{isbarov2025tumluunifiednativelanguage,
    title={{TUMLU: A Unified and Native Language Understanding Benchmark for Turkic Languages}}, 
    author={Jafar Isbarov and Arofat Akhundjanova and Mammad Hajili and Kavsar Huseynova and Dmitry Gaynullin and Anar Rzayev and Osman Tursun and Ilshat Saetov and Rinat Kharisov and Saule Belginova and Ariana Kenbayeva and Amina Alisheva and Aizirek Turdubaeva and Abdullatif Köksal and Samir Rustamov and Duygu Ataman},
    year={2025},
    eprint={2502.11020},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL},
    url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.11020}, 
}