jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
1. After the expiration of ten years from the date on which the	Act comes into force, there shall be constituted a Committee	on Official Language, on a resolution to that effect being
moved in either House of Parliament with the previous	sanction of the President and passed by both Houses.	2. The Committee shall consist of thirty members, of whom
twenty shall be members of the House of the People and ten	shall be members of the Council of States to be elected	respectively by the members of the House of the People and
the members of the Council of States in accordance with the	system of proportional representation by means of the single	transferable vote.
3. It shall be the duty of the Committee to review the progress	made in the use of Hindi for the official purposes of the	Union and submit a report to the President making
recommendations thereon and the President shall cause the	report to be laid before each House of Parliament and sent it	to all the State Governments.
4. The President may, after consideration of the report, and the	views, expressed by the State Governments thereon, issue	directions in accordance with the whole or any part of the
report.	The Chairman of the Committee is elected by the members of	the Committee. As a convention, the Union Home Minister has
been elected as Chairman of the Committee from time to time.	The Committee is required to submit its report alongwith its	recommendations to the President after reviewing the position
regarding the use of Hindi in Central Government Offices on the	basis of its observations. Apart from adopting other methods for	assessing the factual position, the Committee decided to inspect
certain Central Government offices representing various fields of	activities to motivate the Central Government offices to adopt	maximum usage of Hindi so that the objectives of the Constitution
and Official Languages Act provisions could be achieved. With	this end in view, the Committee set up three sub-Committees and	for the purpose of inspection by the three sub-Committees, the
various Ministries/Departments etc. were divided into three	different groups.	Further, in order to assess the use of Official Language for
various purposes and other matters connected therewith, it was	also decided to invite eminent persons from various fields such as	from education, judiciary, voluntary organizations and the
Secretaries of the Ministries/Departments etc., for oral evidence.	The progressive use of Hindi in the Central Government offices	is being reviewed by the Committee in the background of the
provisions relating to Official Language as provided by the	Constitution; the Official Languages Act, 1963 and the Rules	framed thereunder. The Committee also takes note of the
circulars/ instructions etc. issued by the Government in this regard	from time to time. The terms of reference of the Committee being	comprehensive, it has also been examining other relevant aspects
like the medium of instructions in schools, colleges and the	universities; mode of recruitment to Central Government services	and medium of departmental examination etc. Taking into
consideration the magnitude of various aspects of the Official	Language policy and keeping in view the present circumstances,	the Committee in its meeting held in June, 1985 and August, 1986
decided to present its report to the President in parts; each part	relating to a particular aspect of the Official Language policy.	The Secretariat of the Committee is headed by the Secretary of
required assistance in performing the various activities of the	Committee. For administrative purposes, this office is subordinate	office of Department of Official Language, Ministry of Home
CLASSICAL LANGUAGE STATUS	In 2004, the Government of India decided to create new category	of languages called as “classical languages”. In 2006, it laid down
the criteria for conferring the classical language status.	So far (2019), the six languages are granted the classical	language status. This is shown below in Table 65.1.
Benefits	Once a language is declared classical, it gets financial assistance	for setting up a centre of excellence for the study of that language
and also opens up an avenue for two major awards for scholars of	eminence. Besides, the University Grants Commission can be	requested to create - to begin with at least in Central Universities -
a certain number of professional chairs for classical languages for	scholars of eminence in the language.10	Table 65.1 Languages conferred with Classical Language Status
Sl. No. Languages Year of Declaration	1. Tamil 2004	2. Sanskrit 2005
3. Telugu 2008	4. Kannada 2008	5. Malayalam 2013
6. Odia 2014	Table 65.2 Articles Related to Official Language at a Glance	Article No. Subject-matter
Language of the Union	343. Official language of the Union	344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on
Regional Languages	345. Official language or languages of a state	346. Official language for communication between one
state and another or between a state and the	Union	347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a
section of the population of a state	Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, etc.	348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in
the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.	349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws	relating to language
Special Directives	350. Language to be used in representation for redress	of grievances
350A. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at	primary stage	350B. Special Officer for linguistic minorities
351. Directive for development of the Hindi language	Criteria	The criteria for declaring a language as classical mandates high
antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1,500–	2,000 years, a body of ancient lit-erature/texts which is considered	a valuable heritage by generations of speakers and a literary
tradition that is original and not borrowed from another speech	community. Also since the classical language and literature is	distinct from the modern, there can also be a discontinuity
between the classical language and its later forms or its	offshoots.11	NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. The Commission was to consist of a chairman and	other members representing the different languages	specified in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
2. The Committee was to consist of 30 members (20 from	Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha), to be elected in	accordance with the system of proportional
representation by means of the single transferable vote.	3. These include: (a) resolutions, general orders, rules,	notifications, administrative or other reports or press
communications issued by the Central government; (b)	administrative and other reports and official papers laid	before Parliament; and (c) contracts and agreements
executed, licences, permits, notices, etc, issued by the	Central government or by a corporation or a company	owned by the Central government.
4. For language in Parliament and a state legislature, see	the respective Chapters (i.e., 22 and 33).	5. This provision was added by the 7th Amendment Act of
1956 on the recommendation of the States	Reorganisation Commission.	6. Ibid.
7. In 1976, the Supreme Court declared Tamil Nadu’s	pension scheme to anti-Hindi agitators as	unconstitutional.
8. The 96th Amendment Act of 2011 substituted “Odia” for	“Oriya”.	9. This information is down loaded from the website of the
Committee of Parliament on Official Language, Ministry	of Home Affairs, Government of India.	10. The Hindu, “Odia gets classical language status”,
66 Public Services	CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICES	The public services (civil services or government services) in India
are classified into three categories–all-India services, Central	services and state services. Their meaning and composition are	explained below:
All-India Services	All-India services are those services which are common to both	Central and state governments. The members of these services
occupy top positions (or key posts) under both the Centre and the	states and serve them by turns.	At present, there are three all-India services. They are:
1. Indian Administrative Service (IAS)	2. Indian Police Service (IPS)	3. Indian Forest Service (IFS)
In 1947, the Indian Civil Service (ICS) was replaced by IAS,	and the Indian Police (IP) was replaced by IPS and were	recognised by the Constitution as all-India services. In 1966, the
Indian Forest Service was established as the third all-India	service1 .	The All-India Services Act of 1951 authorised the Central
government to make rules in consultation with the state	governments for the regulation of recruitment and service	conditions of the members of all-India services. The members of
these services are recruited and trained by the Central	government but are assigned to different states for work. They	belong to different state cadres; the Centre having no cadre of its
own in this regard. They serve the Central government on	deputation and after completing their fixed tenure they go back to	their respective states. The Central government obtains the
services of these officers on deputation under the well-known	tenure system. It must be noted here that irrespective of their	division among different states, each of these all-India services
form a single service with common rights and status and uniform	scales of pay throughout the country. Their salaries and pensions	are met by the states.
The all-India services are controlled jointly by the Central and	state governments. The ultimate control lies with the Central	government while the immediate control is vested in the state
governments. Any disciplinary action (imposition of penalties)	against these officers can only be taken by the Central	government.
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the chief protagonist of all-India	services in the Constituent Assembly. Hence, he came to be	regarded as the ‘Father of all-India Services’.
Central Services	The personnel of Central services work under the exclusive	jurisdiction of the Central government. They hold specialised
(functional and technical) positions in various departments of the	Central government.	Before Independence, the Central services were classified into
class-I, class-II, subordinate and inferior services. After	Independence, the nomenclature of subordinate and inferior	services was replaced by class-III and class-IV services. Again in
1974, the classification of Central services into class-I, class-II,	class-III and class-IV was changed to group A, group B, group C	and group D, respectively2 .
At present, there are 62 group A Central services. Some of	them are:	1. Central Engineering Service.
2. Central Health Service.	3. Central Information Service.	4. Central Legal Service.
5. Central Secretariat Service.	6. Indian Audit and Accounts Service.	7. Indian Defence Accounts Service.
9. Indian Foreign Service.	10. Indian Meteorological Service.	11. Indian Postal Service.
12. Indian Revenue Service (Customs, Excise and Income Tax)	13. Indian Statistical Service.	14. Overseas Communication Service.
15. Railway Personnel Service.	Most of the above cadres of group A Central services have also	corresponding group B services. The group C Central services
consists of clerical personnel while group D consists of manual	personnel. Thus group A and group B comprises of gazetted	officers while group C and group D are non-gazetted.
Among all, the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) is the highest	central service in terms of prestige, status, pay and emoluments.	In fact, it (though a central service) competes with the all-India
services in position, status and pay scales. It comes next to the	IAS in ranking and its pay scale is higher than the IPS.	State Services
The personnel of state services work under the exclusive	jurisdiction of the state government. They hold different positions	(general, functional and technical) in the departments of the state
government. However, they occupy lower positions (in the	administrative hierarchy of the state) than those held by the	members of the all-India services (IAS, IPS and IFS).
The number of services in a state differ from state to state. The	services that are common to all the states are:	1. Civil Service.
2. Police Service.	3. Forest Service.	4. Agricultural Service.
5. Medical Service.	6. Veterinary Service.	7. Fisheries Service.
8. Judicial Service.	9. Public Health Service.	10. Educational Service.
12. Registration Service.	13. Sales Tax Service.	14. Jail Service.
15. Service of Engineers.	Each of these services is named after the state, that is, name of	the state is added as a prefix. For example, in Andhra Pradesh
(AP), they are known as AP Civil Service, AP Police Service, AP	Forest Service, AP Agricultural Service, AP Medical Service, AP	Veterinary Service, AP Fisheries Service, AP Judicial Service, and
so on. Among all the state services, the civil service (also known	as the administrative service) is the most prestigious.	Like the Central services, the state services are also classified
into four categories: class I (group I or group A), class II (group II	or group B), class III (group III or group C) and class IV (group IV	or group D).
Further, the state services are also classified into gazetted	class and non-gazetted class. Usually, Class I (Group-A) and	Class-II (Group-B) Services are gazetted classes while Class-III
(Group-C) and Class-IV (Group-D) services are non-gazetted	classes. The names of the members of gazetted class are	published in the Government Gazette for appointment, transfer,
promotion and retirement, while those of the non-gazetted are not	published. Further, the members of the gazetted class enjoy some	privileges which are denied to the members of non-gazetted class.
Also, the members of the gazetted class are called ‘officers’ while	those of non-gazetted are called ‘employees’.	The All-India Services Act of 1951 specifies that senior posts
not exceeding thirty-three and one third per cent in the Indian	Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS) and	Indian Forest Service (IFS) are required to be filled in by
promotion of officers employed in the state services. Such	promotions are made on the recommendation of selection	committee constituted for this purpose in each state. Such a
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS	Articles 308 to 314 in part XIV of the Constitution contain	provisions with regard to all-India services, Central services and
state services.	1. Recruitment and Service Conditions	Article 309 empowers the Parliament and the state legislatures to
regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of the	persons appointed to public services and posts under the Centre	and the states, respectively. Until such laws are made, the
president or the governor can make rules to regulate these	matters.	Recruitment includes any method provided for inducting a
person in public service like appointment, selection, deputation,	promotion and appointment by transfer.	The conditions of service of a public servant includes pay,

1. After the expiration of ten years from the date on which the

Act comes into force, there shall be constituted a Committee

on Official Language, on a resolution to that effect being

moved in either House of Parliament with the previous

sanction of the President and passed by both Houses.

2. The Committee shall consist of thirty members, of whom

twenty shall be members of the House of the People and ten

shall be members of the Council of States to be elected

respectively by the members of the House of the People and

the members of the Council of States in accordance with the

system of proportional representation by means of the single

transferable vote.

3. It shall be the duty of the Committee to review the progress

made in the use of Hindi for the official purposes of the

Union and submit a report to the President making

recommendations thereon and the President shall cause the

report to be laid before each House of Parliament and sent it

to all the State Governments.

4. The President may, after consideration of the report, and the

views, expressed by the State Governments thereon, issue

directions in accordance with the whole or any part of the

report.

The Chairman of the Committee is elected by the members of

the Committee. As a convention, the Union Home Minister has

been elected as Chairman of the Committee from time to time.

The Committee is required to submit its report alongwith its

recommendations to the President after reviewing the position

regarding the use of Hindi in Central Government Offices on the

basis of its observations. Apart from adopting other methods for

assessing the factual position, the Committee decided to inspect

certain Central Government offices representing various fields of

activities to motivate the Central Government offices to adopt

maximum usage of Hindi so that the objectives of the Constitution

and Official Languages Act provisions could be achieved. With

this end in view, the Committee set up three sub-Committees and

for the purpose of inspection by the three sub-Committees, the

various Ministries/Departments etc. were divided into three

different groups.

Further, in order to assess the use of Official Language for

various purposes and other matters connected therewith, it was

also decided to invite eminent persons from various fields such as

from education, judiciary, voluntary organizations and the

Secretaries of the Ministries/Departments etc., for oral evidence.

The progressive use of Hindi in the Central Government offices

is being reviewed by the Committee in the background of the

provisions relating to Official Language as provided by the

Constitution; the Official Languages Act, 1963 and the Rules

framed thereunder. The Committee also takes note of the

circulars/ instructions etc. issued by the Government in this regard

from time to time. The terms of reference of the Committee being

comprehensive, it has also been examining other relevant aspects

like the medium of instructions in schools, colleges and the

universities; mode of recruitment to Central Government services

and medium of departmental examination etc. Taking into

consideration the magnitude of various aspects of the Official

Language policy and keeping in view the present circumstances,

the Committee in its meeting held in June, 1985 and August, 1986

decided to present its report to the President in parts; each part

relating to a particular aspect of the Official Language policy.

The Secretariat of the Committee is headed by the Secretary of

required assistance in performing the various activities of the

Committee. For administrative purposes, this office is subordinate

office of Department of Official Language, Ministry of Home

CLASSICAL LANGUAGE STATUS

In 2004, the Government of India decided to create new category

of languages called as “classical languages”. In 2006, it laid down

the criteria for conferring the classical language status.

So far (2019), the six languages are granted the classical

language status. This is shown below in Table 65.1.

Benefits

Once a language is declared classical, it gets financial assistance

for setting up a centre of excellence for the study of that language

and also opens up an avenue for two major awards for scholars of

eminence. Besides, the University Grants Commission can be

requested to create - to begin with at least in Central Universities -

a certain number of professional chairs for classical languages for

scholars of eminence in the language.10

Table 65.1 Languages conferred with Classical Language Status

Sl. No. Languages Year of Declaration

1. Tamil 2004

2. Sanskrit 2005

3. Telugu 2008

4. Kannada 2008

5. Malayalam 2013

6. Odia 2014

Table 65.2 Articles Related to Official Language at a Glance

Article No. Subject-matter

Language of the Union

343. Official language of the Union

344. Commission and Committee of Parliament on

Regional Languages

345. Official language or languages of a state

346. Official language for communication between one

state and another or between a state and the

Union

347. Special provision relating to language spoken by a

section of the population of a state

Language of the Supreme Court, High Courts, etc.

348. Language to be used in the Supreme Court and in

the High Courts and for Acts, Bills, etc.

349. Special procedure for enactment of certain laws

relating to language

Special Directives

350. Language to be used in representation for redress

of grievances

350A. Facilities for instruction in mother-tongue at

primary stage

350B. Special Officer for linguistic minorities

351. Directive for development of the Hindi language

Criteria

The criteria for declaring a language as classical mandates high

antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1,500–

2,000 years, a body of ancient lit-erature/texts which is considered

a valuable heritage by generations of speakers and a literary

tradition that is original and not borrowed from another speech

community. Also since the classical language and literature is

distinct from the modern, there can also be a discontinuity

between the classical language and its later forms or its

offshoots.11

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. The Commission was to consist of a chairman and

other members representing the different languages

specified in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.

2. The Committee was to consist of 30 members (20 from

Lok Sabha and 10 from Rajya Sabha), to be elected in

accordance with the system of proportional

representation by means of the single transferable vote.

3. These include: (a) resolutions, general orders, rules,

notifications, administrative or other reports or press

communications issued by the Central government; (b)

administrative and other reports and official papers laid

before Parliament; and (c) contracts and agreements

executed, licences, permits, notices, etc, issued by the

Central government or by a corporation or a company

owned by the Central government.

4. For language in Parliament and a state legislature, see

the respective Chapters (i.e., 22 and 33).

5. This provision was added by the 7th Amendment Act of

1956 on the recommendation of the States

Reorganisation Commission.

6. Ibid.

7. In 1976, the Supreme Court declared Tamil Nadu’s

pension scheme to anti-Hindi agitators as

unconstitutional.

8. The 96th Amendment Act of 2011 substituted “Odia” for

“Oriya”.

9. This information is down loaded from the website of the

Committee of Parliament on Official Language, Ministry

of Home Affairs, Government of India.

10. The Hindu, “Odia gets classical language status”,

66 Public Services

CLASSIFICATION OF SERVICES

The public services (civil services or government services) in India

are classified into three categories–all-India services, Central

services and state services. Their meaning and composition are

explained below:

All-India Services

All-India services are those services which are common to both

Central and state governments. The members of these services

occupy top positions (or key posts) under both the Centre and the

states and serve them by turns.

At present, there are three all-India services. They are:

1. Indian Administrative Service (IAS)

2. Indian Police Service (IPS)

3. Indian Forest Service (IFS)

In 1947, the Indian Civil Service (ICS) was replaced by IAS,

and the Indian Police (IP) was replaced by IPS and were

recognised by the Constitution as all-India services. In 1966, the

Indian Forest Service was established as the third all-India

service1 .

The All-India Services Act of 1951 authorised the Central

government to make rules in consultation with the state

governments for the regulation of recruitment and service

conditions of the members of all-India services. The members of

these services are recruited and trained by the Central

government but are assigned to different states for work. They

belong to different state cadres; the Centre having no cadre of its

own in this regard. They serve the Central government on

deputation and after completing their fixed tenure they go back to

their respective states. The Central government obtains the

services of these officers on deputation under the well-known

tenure system. It must be noted here that irrespective of their

division among different states, each of these all-India services

form a single service with common rights and status and uniform

scales of pay throughout the country. Their salaries and pensions

are met by the states.

The all-India services are controlled jointly by the Central and

state governments. The ultimate control lies with the Central

government while the immediate control is vested in the state

governments. Any disciplinary action (imposition of penalties)

against these officers can only be taken by the Central

government.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was the chief protagonist of all-India

services in the Constituent Assembly. Hence, he came to be

regarded as the ‘Father of all-India Services’.

Central Services

The personnel of Central services work under the exclusive

jurisdiction of the Central government. They hold specialised

(functional and technical) positions in various departments of the

Central government.

Before Independence, the Central services were classified into

class-I, class-II, subordinate and inferior services. After

Independence, the nomenclature of subordinate and inferior

services was replaced by class-III and class-IV services. Again in

1974, the classification of Central services into class-I, class-II,

class-III and class-IV was changed to group A, group B, group C

and group D, respectively2 .

At present, there are 62 group A Central services. Some of

them are:

1. Central Engineering Service.

2. Central Health Service.

3. Central Information Service.

4. Central Legal Service.

5. Central Secretariat Service.

6. Indian Audit and Accounts Service.

7. Indian Defence Accounts Service.

9. Indian Foreign Service.

10. Indian Meteorological Service.

11. Indian Postal Service.

12. Indian Revenue Service (Customs, Excise and Income Tax)

13. Indian Statistical Service.

14. Overseas Communication Service.

15. Railway Personnel Service.

Most of the above cadres of group A Central services have also

corresponding group B services. The group C Central services

consists of clerical personnel while group D consists of manual

personnel. Thus group A and group B comprises of gazetted

officers while group C and group D are non-gazetted.

Among all, the Indian Foreign Service (IFS) is the highest

central service in terms of prestige, status, pay and emoluments.

In fact, it (though a central service) competes with the all-India

services in position, status and pay scales. It comes next to the

IAS in ranking and its pay scale is higher than the IPS.

State Services

The personnel of state services work under the exclusive

jurisdiction of the state government. They hold different positions

(general, functional and technical) in the departments of the state

government. However, they occupy lower positions (in the

administrative hierarchy of the state) than those held by the

members of the all-India services (IAS, IPS and IFS).

The number of services in a state differ from state to state. The

services that are common to all the states are:

1. Civil Service.

2. Police Service.

3. Forest Service.

4. Agricultural Service.

5. Medical Service.

6. Veterinary Service.

7. Fisheries Service.

8. Judicial Service.

9. Public Health Service.

10. Educational Service.

12. Registration Service.

13. Sales Tax Service.

14. Jail Service.

15. Service of Engineers.

Each of these services is named after the state, that is, name of

the state is added as a prefix. For example, in Andhra Pradesh

(AP), they are known as AP Civil Service, AP Police Service, AP

Forest Service, AP Agricultural Service, AP Medical Service, AP

Veterinary Service, AP Fisheries Service, AP Judicial Service, and

so on. Among all the state services, the civil service (also known

as the administrative service) is the most prestigious.

Like the Central services, the state services are also classified

into four categories: class I (group I or group A), class II (group II

or group B), class III (group III or group C) and class IV (group IV

or group D).

Further, the state services are also classified into gazetted

class and non-gazetted class. Usually, Class I (Group-A) and

Class-II (Group-B) Services are gazetted classes while Class-III

(Group-C) and Class-IV (Group-D) services are non-gazetted

classes. The names of the members of gazetted class are

published in the Government Gazette for appointment, transfer,

promotion and retirement, while those of the non-gazetted are not

published. Further, the members of the gazetted class enjoy some

privileges which are denied to the members of non-gazetted class.

Also, the members of the gazetted class are called ‘officers’ while

those of non-gazetted are called ‘employees’.

The All-India Services Act of 1951 specifies that senior posts

not exceeding thirty-three and one third per cent in the Indian

Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS) and

Indian Forest Service (IFS) are required to be filled in by

promotion of officers employed in the state services. Such

promotions are made on the recommendation of selection

committee constituted for this purpose in each state. Such a

CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS

Articles 308 to 314 in part XIV of the Constitution contain

provisions with regard to all-India services, Central services and

state services.

1. Recruitment and Service Conditions

Article 309 empowers the Parliament and the state legislatures to

regulate the recruitment and the conditions of service of the

persons appointed to public services and posts under the Centre

and the states, respectively. Until such laws are made, the

president or the governor can make rules to regulate these

matters.

Recruitment includes any method provided for inducting a

person in public service like appointment, selection, deputation,

promotion and appointment by transfer.

The conditions of service of a public servant includes pay,