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Notes and References

72 Election Laws

Representation of the People Act, 1950

Representation of the People Act, 1951

Delimitation Act, 2002

Other Acts Relating to Elections

Rules Relating to Elections

Orders Relating to Elections

Notes and References

73 Electoral Reforms

Committees Related to Electoral Reforms

Electoral Reforms Before 1996

Electoral Reforms of 1996

Electoral Reforms After 1996

Electoral Reforms Since 2010

Notes and References

74 Voting Behaviour

Meaning of Voting Behaviour

Significance of Voting Behaviour

Determinants of Voting Behaviour

Role of Media in Elections and Voting Behaviour

Notes and References

75 Coalition Government

Meaning of Coalition Government

Features of Coalition Government

Formation of Coalition Governments

Merits of Coalition Government

Demerits of Coalition Government

Notes and References

76 Anti-Defection Law

Provisions of the Act

Evaluation of the Act

91st Amendment Act (2003)

Notes and References

77 Pressure Groups

Meaning and Techniques

Pressure Groups in India

Notes and References

78 National Integration

Meaning of National Integration

Obstacles to National Integration

National Integration Council

National Foundation for Communal Harmony

Notes and References

79 Foreign Policy

Principles of Indian Foreign Policy

Objectives of Indian Foreign Policy

Gujral Doctrine of India

Nuclear Doctrine of India

Connect Central Asia Policy of India

Act East Policy of India

Notes and References

PART-XI

Working of the Constitution

80 National Commission to Review the Working of the

Constitution

I. Terms of Reference of the Commission

II. Fifty Years of Working of the Constitution

III. Areas of Concern: Commission’s Perception

IV. Recommendations of the Commission

V. Earlier Efforts to Review the Constitution

Notes and References

Appendices

Appendix I: Articles of the Constitution (1–395)

Appendix II: Subjects of Union, State and Concurrent Lists

Appendix III: Table of Precedence

Appendix VI: Chairpersons of the National Commissions

Appendix VII: UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies

—Prelims 2010–2019)

Appendix VIII: Practice Questions on Indian Polity (General

Studies—Prelims)

Appendix IX: UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies

—Mains 2010–2019)

Appendix X: Practice Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies

—Mains)

Additional reading material available at the weblink given below:

http://www.mhhe.com./indianpolity6e

1. Oath by the Constitutional and Other Authorities

2. Definitions Under the Constitution

3. Allied Amending Acts at a Glance

4. Model Code of Conduct Relating to Elections

5. Representation of the People Act, 1950 at a Glance

6. Representation of the People Act, 1951 at a Glance

7. Flag Code of India

8. UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—

Prelims 2000–2009)

9. UPSC Questions on Indian Polity (General Studies—Mains

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Interim Government (1946)

Table 1.2 First Cabinet of Free India (1947)

Table 2.1 Allocation of seats in the Constituent Assembly of

India (1946)

Table 2.2 Results of the Elections to the Constituent Assembly

(July–August 1946)

Table 2.3 Community-wise Representation in the Constituent

Assembly (1946)

Table 2.4 State-wise Membership of the Constituent Assembly

of India as on December 31, 1947

Table 2.5 Sessions of the Constituent Assembly at a Glance

Table 2.6 Time Taken by the Framers of Other Constitutions

Table 2.7 Articles Related to Short Title, Commencement, Hindi

Text and Repeals at a Glance

Table 3.1 The Constitution of India at a Glance

Table 3.2 Important Articles of the Constitution at a Glance

Table 3.3 Schedules of the Constitution at a Glance

Table 3.4 Sources of the Constitution at a Glance

Table 5.1 Territory of India in 1950

Table 5.2 Original Parts of the Constitution Dealing with States

and Territories

Table 5.3 Territory of India in 1956

Table 5.4 Territory of India in 2019

Table 5.5 Laws Made by Parliament Under Article 3 of the

Constitution

Table 5.6 Articles Related to Union and its Territory at a Glance

Table 6.1 Comparing NRI, PIO and OCI Cardholder

Table 6.2 Articles Related to Citizenship at a Glance

Table 7.1 Fundamental Rights at a Glance

Table 7.3 Martial Law Vs National Emergency

Table 7.4 Articles Related to Fundamental Rights at a Glance

Table 8.1 Distinction Between Fundamental Rights and

Directive Principles

Table 8.2 Articles Related to Directive Principles of State Policy

at a Glance

Table 11.1 Evolution of the Basic Structure of the Constitution

Table 12.1 Comparing Parliamentary and Presidential Systems

Table 13.1 Comparing Features of Federal and Unitary

Governments

Table 14.1 Articles Related to Centre-State Legislative Relations

at a Glance

Table 14.2 Articles Related to Centre-State Administrative

Relations at a Glance

Table 14.3 Articles Related to Centre-State Financial Relations

at a Glance

Table 15.1 Inter-State Water Dispute Tribunals Set-up So Far

Table 15.3 Articles Related to Inter-State Relations at a Glance

Table 15.2 Zonal Councils at a Glance

Table 16.1 Comparing National Emergency and President’s

Rule

Table 16.2 Imposition of President’s Rule (1951–2019)

Table 16.3 Articles Related to Emergency Provisions at a

Glance

Table 17.1 Elections of the Presidents (1952–2017)

Table 17.2 Veto Power of the President At a Glance

Table 17.3 Articles Related to President at a Glance

Table 18.1 Elections of the Vice-Presidents (1952–2017)

Table 18.2 Articles Related to Vice-President at a Glance

Table 19.1 Articles Related to Prime Minister at a Glance

Table 20.1 Distinction Between Council of Ministers and Cabinet

Table 20.2 Articles Related to Central Council of Ministers at a

Glance

Table 22.2 Censure Motion vs No Confidence Motion

Table 22.3 Public Bill vs Private Bill

Table 22.4 Ordinary Bill vs Money Bill

Table 22.5 Allocation of Seats in Parliament for States and

Union Territories (2019)

Table 22.6 Seats Reserved for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha

(2019)

Table 22.7 Durations of the Lok Sabha (from First Lok Sabha to

Present Lok Sabha)

Table 22.8 Speakers of the Lok Sabha (from First Lok Sabha to

Present Lok Sabha)

Table 22.9 Articles Related to Parliament at a Glance

Table 23.1 Departmental Standing Committees and their

Jurisdiction (2019)

Table 26.1 Comparing Indian and American Supreme Courts

Table 26.2 Articles Related to Supreme Court at a Glance

Table 27.1 Number of Acts and Regulations Included in the

Ninth Schedule

Table 30.1 Comparing Veto Powers of President and Governor

Table 30.2 Comparing Ordinance-Making Power of President

and Governor

Table 30.3 Comparing Pardoning Powers of President and

Governor

Table 30.4 Articles Related to Governor at a Glance

Table 31.1 Articles Related to Chief Minister at a Glance

Table 32.1 Articles Related to State Council of Ministers at a

Glance

Table 33.1 Comparing Legislative Procedure in the Parliament

and State Legislature

Table 33.2 Strength of Legislative Assemblies and Legislative

Councils (2019)

Table 33.3 Seats Reserved for SCs and STs in the Legislative

Assemblies (2019)

Table 33.5 Laws made by Parliament under Article 169 of the

Constitution

Table 34.1 Name and Jurisdiction of High Courts

Table 34.2 Articles Related to High Courts at a Glance

Table 35.1 Name and Jurisdiction of Benches of CAT

Table 35.2 Circuit Sittings of Benches of CAT

Table 35.3 Articles Related to Tribunals at a Glance

Table 36.1 Articles Related to Subordinate Courts at a Glance

Table 37.1 Articles Related to Special Provisions for some

States at a Glance

Table 38.1 Study Teams and Committees on Panchayati Raj

Table 38.2 Articles Related to Panchayats at a Glance

Table 38.3 Name of Panchayati Raj Institutions in the States

(2019)

Table 38.4 Milestones in the Evolution of Panchayati Raj

Table 38.5 Committees Related to Panchayati Raj (After

Constitutionalisation)

Table 39.1 Committees and Commissions on Urban Local

Governments

Table 39.2 Classification of Cantonment Boards

Table 39.3 Articles Related to Municipalities at a Glance

Table 39.4 Name of Urban Local Bodies in the States (2019)

Table 40.1 Administrative System of Union Territories at a

Glance

Table 40.2 Comparing States and Union Territories

Table 40.3 Articles Related to Union Territories at a Glance

Table 41.1 Tribal Areas at a Glance (2019)

Table 41.2 Articles Related to Scheduled and Tribal Areas at a

Glance

Table 41.3 Parliamentary Laws Related to the Fifth and Sixth

Schedules of the Constitution

Table 43.1 Articles Related to UPSC at a Glance

Table 44.1 Articles Related to SPSC at a Glance

Table 45.2 Articles Related to Finance Commission at a Glance

Table 51.1 Articles Related to Comptroller and Auditor-General

of India at a Glance

Table 52.1 Articles Related to Attorney-General of India at a

Glance

Table 53.1 Articles Related to Advocate-General of the state at a

Glance

Table 53.2 Articles Related to Constitutional Bodies at a Glance

Table 57.1 National Commissions / Central Bodies and the

Related Ministries

Table 61.1 Establishment of Lokayukta in States (Chronological

Order)

Table 64.1 Articles Related to Co-operative Societies at a

Glance

Table 65.1 Languages conferred with Classical Language

Status

Table 65.2 Articles Related to Official Language at a Glance

Table 66.1 Articles Related to Public Services at a Glance

Table 67.1 Articles Related to Rights and Liabilities of the

Government at a Glance

Table 68.1 Articles Related to Special Provisions for Certain

Classes at a Glance

Table 69.1 Recognised National Parties and State Parties (First

to Seventeenth General Elections)

Table 69.2 Recognised National Parties and their Symbols

(2019)

Table 69.3 Recognised State Parties and their Symbols (2019)

Table 69.4 Formation of Political Parties (Chronological Order)

Table 71.1 Results of Lok Sabha Elections

Table 71.2 Prime Ministers after each Lok Sabha General

Election

Table 71.3 Participation in Lok Sabha Elections

Table 71.4 Women in Lok Sabha Elections

Table 71.6 Largest and Smallest (Area-wise) Lok Sabha

Constituencies in Fourteenth General Elections

(2004)

Table 71.7 Largest and Smallest (Electors-wise) Lok Sabha

Constituencies in Sixteenth General Elections (2014)

Table 71.8 Articles Related to Elections at a Glance

Table 73.1 Limit on Election Expenditure (As declared in 2014)

Table 75.1 Formation of Coalition Governments at the Centre

Table 78.1 Meetings of the National Integration Council

PART-I

CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

1. Historical Background

2. Making of the Constitution

3. Salient Features of the Constitution

4. Preamble of the Constitution

5. Union and its Territory

6. Citizenship

7. Fundamental Rights

8. Directive Principles of State Policy

9. Fundamental Duties

10. Amendment of the Constitution

1 Historical Background

T

he British came to India in 1600 as traders, in the form of

East India Company, which had the exclusive right of

trading in India under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth

I. In 1765, the Company, which till now had purely trading

functions obtained the ‘diwani’ (i.e., rights over revenue and civil

justice) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.1 This started its career as a

territorial power. In 1858, in the wake of the ‘sepoy mutiny’, the

British Crown assumed direct responsibility for the governance of

India. This rule continued until India was granted independence

on August 15, 1947.

With Independence came the need for a Constitution. Hence, a

Constituent Assembly was formed for this purpose in 1946 and on

January 26, 1950, the Constitution came into being. However,

various features of the Indian Constitution and polity have their

roots in the British rule. There were certain events in the British

rule that laid down the legal framework for the organisation and

functioning of government and administration in British India.

These events have greatly influenced our constitution and polity.

They are explained here in a chronological order under two major

headings :

1. The Company Rule (1773 – 1858)

2. The Crown Rule (1858 – 1947)

THE COMPANY RULE (1773–1858)

Regulating Act of 1773

This act was of great constitutional importance as (a) it was the

first step taken by the British Government to control and regulate

the affairs of the East India Company in India; (b) it recognised,

for the first time, the political and administrative functions of the