jbp123/hello · Datasets at Hugging Face

instruction stringlengths 1 84	input stringlengths 1 85	output stringlengths 1 83
bodies in the state. They are transferable between the local bodies in	the state. This system is prevalent in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,	Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and so on.
3. Integrated Personnel System: Under this system, the personnel	of the state government and those of the local bodies form part of the	same service. In other words, the municipal personnel are the
members of the state services. They are transferable not only	between the local bodies in the state but also between local bodies	and departments of state government. Thus, there is no distinction
between local civil service and state civil service. This system is	prevalent in Odisha, Bihar, Karnataka, Punjab, Haryana and others.	The various national level institutions providing training to the
municipal personnel are	1. All-India Institute of Local SelfGovernment (Mumbai) constituted	in 1927; it is a private registered society
2. Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies (New Delhi) set up	in 1967 on the recommendation of Nur-uddin Ahmed Committee	on Training of Municipal Employees (1963–1965)
3. Regional Centres for Urban and Environmental Studies (Kolkata,	Lucknow, Hyderabad and Mumbai) set up in 1968 on the	recommendation of Nur-ud-din Ahmed Committee on Training of
Municipal Employees (1963–1965)	4. National Institute of Urban Affairs, established in 1976	5. Human Settlement Management Institute, established in 1985
MUNICIPAL REVENUE	There are five sources of income of the urban local bodies. These are	as follows:
1. Tax Revenue: The revenue from the local taxes include	property tax, entertainment tax, taxes on advertisements,	professional tax, water tax, tax on animals, lighting tax, pilgrim
tax, market tax, toll on new bridges, octroi and so on. In addition,	the municipal bodies imposes various cesses like library cess,	education cess, beggary cess and so on. Octroi (i.e., taxes on
the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale	therein) has been abolished in most of the states. Property tax is	the most important tax revenue.
2. Non-Tax Revenue: This source include rent on municipal	properties, fees and fines, royalty, profits and dividends, interest,	user charges and miscellaneous receipts. The user charges (i.e.,
payment for public utilities) include water charges, sanitation	charges, sewerage charges and so on.	3. Grants: These include the various grants given to municipal
bodies by the Central and State Governments for several	development programmes, infrastructure schemes, urban reform	initiatives and so on.
4. Devolution: This consists of the transfer of funds to the urban	local bodies from the state government. This devolution is made	on the basis of the recommendations of the state finance
commission.	5. Loans: The urban local bodies raise loans from the state	government as well as financial institutions to meet their capital
CENTRAL COUNCIL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT	The Central Council of Local Government was set up in 1954. It was	constituted under Article 263 of the Constitution of India by an order of
the President of India. Originally, it was known as the Central Council	of Local Self-Government. However, the term ‘selfgovernment’ was	found to be superfluous and hence was replaced by the term
‘government’ in the 1980s. Till 1958, it dealt with both urban as well as	rural local governments, but after 1958 it has been dealing with	matters of urban local government only.
The Council is an advisory body. It consists of the Minister for	Urban Development in the Government of India and the ministers for	local self government in states. The Union minister acts as the
Chairman of the Council.	The Council performs the following functions with regard to local	government:
(i) Considering and recommending the policy matters	(ii) Making proposals for legislation	(iii) Examining the possibility of cooperation between the Centre and
the states	(iv) Drawing up a common programme of action	(v) Recommending Central financial assistance
(vi) Reviewing the work done by the local bodies with the Central	financial assistance	Table 39.3 Articles Related to Municipalities at a Glance
Article No. Subject-matter	243P Definitions	243Q Constitution of municipalities
243R Composition of municipalities	243S Constitution and composition of wards committees,	and so on
243T Reservation of seats	243U Duration of municipalities, and so on	243V Disqualifications for membership
municipalities, and so on	243X Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the	municipalities
243Y Finance commission	243Z Audit of accounts of municipalities	243ZA Elections to the municipalities
243ZB Application to union territories	243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas	243ZD Committee for district planning
243ZE Committee for metropolitan planning	243ZF Continuance of existing laws and municipalities	243ZG Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters
Table 39.4 Name of Urban Local Bodies in the States (2019)8	Sl. No. State Urban Local Bodies	1. Andhra Pradesh 1. Municipal Corporations
2. Municipalities	3. Nagar Panchayats	2. Arunachal Pradesh (ULBs do not exist)
3. Assam 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities	3. Town Panchayats
4. Bihar 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipal Councils	3. Nagar Panchayats
5. Chattisgarh 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities	3. Town Panchayats
6. Goa 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipal Councils	7. Gujarat 1. Municipal Corporations
8. Haryana 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipal Councils	3. Municipal Committees
9. Himachal Pradesh 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipal Councils	3. Nagar Panchayats
10. Jharkhand 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities / Municipal	Councils
3. Town Panchayats / Notified	Area Councils	11. Karnataka 1. Municipal / City Corporations
2. Municipal / City Councils	3. Town Panchayats	12. Kerala 1. Municipal Corporations
2. Municipalities	13. Madhya Pradesh 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities
3. Nagar Panchayats	14. Maharashtra 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipal Councils
3. Nagar Panchayats	15. Manipur 1. Municipal Councils	2. Nagar Panchayats
16. Meghalaya 1. Municipalities	17. Mizoram 1. Municipalities	18. Nagaland 1. Municipal Councils
2. Town Councils	19. Odisha 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities
3. Notified Area Councils	20. Punjab 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities
3. Nagar Panchayats	21. Rajasthan 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipal Councils
3. Municipal Boards	22. Sikkim 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipal Councils
3. Nagar Panchayats	23. Tamil Nadu 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities
3. Town Panchayats	24. Telangana 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities
3. Nagar Panchayats	25. Tripura 1. Municipal Councils	2. Nagar Panchayats
26. Uttar Pradesh 1. Nagar Nigam	2. Nagar Palika Parishads	3. Nagar Panchayats
27. Uttarakhand 1. Nagar Nigam	2. Nagar Palika Parishads	3. Nagar Panchayats
28. West Bengal 1. Municipal Corporations	2. Municipalities	3. Notified Area Authorities
NOTES AND REFERENCES	1. ‘Local Government’ is a subject mentioned in the State List	under the 7th Schedule of the Constitution.
2. The bill was passed in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya	Sabha in December 1992. After that, the bill was approved	by the required number of state legislatures. It was
assented by the president in April 1993.	3. A transitional area means an area which is in transition from	a rural area to an urban area.
4. At present (2019), ten states of India have scheduled areas.	These are: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jharkhand,	Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,
four states of Assam (3), Meghalaya (3), Tripura (1) and	Mizoram (3).	5. Metropolitan area means an area having a population of 10
lakh or more, in one or more districts and consisting of two	or more municipalities or panchayats or other contiguous	areas.
6. The Rural-Urban Relationship Committee (1963–66)	headed by A.P. Jain recommended that small town area	committees should be merged with the panchayati raj
institutions to avoid multiplicity in the pattern of local bodies.	7. A cantonment area is a delimited area where the military	forces and troops are permanently stationed.
PART-VI	UNION TERRITORIES AND SPECIAL AREAS	40. Union Territories
40 Union Territories	U	nder Article 1 of the Constitution, the territory of India
comprises three categories of territories: (a) territories of	the states; (b) union territories; and (c) territories that may	be acquired by the Government of India at any time. At present,
there are twenty-nine states, seven union territories and no	acquired territories.	The states are the members of the federal system in India and
share a distribution of power with the Centre. The union territories,	on the other hand, are those areas which are under the direct	control and administration of the Central government. Hence, they
are also known as ‘centrally administered territories’. ‘In this way,	existence of these territories constitutes a conspicuous departure	from federalism in India; the Government of India is plainly unitary
CREATION OF UNION TERRITORIES	During the British Rule, certain areas were constituted as	‘scheduled districts’ in 1874. Later, they came to be known as
‘chief commissioners provinces’. After independence, they were	placed in the category of Part ‘C’ States and Part ‘D’ Territories2.	In 1956, they were constituted as the ‘union territories’ by the 7th
Constitutional Amendment Act (1956) and the States	Reorganisation Act (1956). Gradually, some of these union	territories have been elevated to statehood. Thus, Himachal
Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa,	which are states today were formerly union territories. On the	other hand, the territories that were acquired from the Portuguese
(Goa, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli) and the	French (Puducherry) were constituted as the union territories.	At present, there are nine Union Territories. They are (along
with the year of creation): (1) Andaman and Nicobar Islands–	1956, (2) Delhi–1956, (3) Lakshadweep–1956, (4) Dadra and	Nagar Haveli–1961, (5) Daman and Diu–1962, (6) Puducherry–
1962, (7) Chandigarh–1966, (8) Jammu and Kashmir–2019 and	(9) Ladakh–2019. Till 1973, Lakshadweep was known by the	name of Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands. In 1992, Delhi
was redesignated as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Till	2006, Puducherry was known as Pondicherry.	The union territories have been created for a variety of reasons.
These are mentioned below3 :	1. Political and administrative consider-ation–Delhi and	Chandigarh.
2. Cultural distinctiveness–Puducherry, Dadra and Nagar	Haveli, and Daman and Diu.	3. Strategic importance–Andaman and Nicobar Islands and
Lakshadweep.	4. Special treatment and care of the backward and tribal	people–Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh
which later became states.	In 2019, the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir was	bifurcated into two separate union territories, namely, the Union
territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and the Union territory of Ladakh.	While introducing the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill,	2019, in the Parliament, the central government gave the following
reasons for the creation of these two new union territories:	1. The Ladakh division of the state of Jammu and Kashmir has	a large area but is sparsely populated with a very difficult
terrain. There has been a long pending demand of people of	Ladakh, to give it the status of a Union territory to enable	them to realize their aspirations. The Union territory of
Ladakh will be without a legislature.	2. Further, keeping in view the prevailing internal security	situation, fuelled by cross border terrorism in the existing
state of Jammu and Kashmir, a separate Union territory for	Jammu and Kashmir is being created. The Union territory of	Jammu and Kashmir will be with a legislature.
ADMINISTRATION OF UNION TERRITORIES	Articles 239 to 241 in Part VIII of the Constitution deal with the	union territories. Even though all the union territories belong to
one category, there is no uniformity in their administrative system.	Every union territory is administered by the President acting	through an administrator appointed by him. An administrator of a
union territory is an agent of the President and not head of state	like a governor. The President can specify the designation of an	administrator; it may be Lieutenant Governor or Chief
Commissioner or Administrator. At present, it is Lieutenant	Governor in the case of Delhi, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar	Islands, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh and Administrator in the
case of Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu	and Lakshadweep. The President can also appoint the governor	of a state as the administrator of an adjoining union territory. In
that capacity, the governor is to act independently of his council of	ministers.	The Union Territories of Puducherry (in 1963), Delhi (in 1992)
and Jammu and Kashmir (in 2019) are provided with a legislative	assembly4 and a council of ministers headed by a chief minister.	The remaining six union territories do not have such popular
political institutions. But, the establishment of such institutions in	the union territories does not diminish the supreme control of the	president and Parliament over them.
The Parliament can make laws on any subject of the three lists	(including the State List) for the union territories. This power of	Parliament also extends to Puducherry, Delhi and Jammu and
Kashmir, which have their own local legislatures. This means that,	the legislative power of Parliament for the union territories on	subjects of the State List remain unaffected even after
establishing a local legislature for them. But, the legislative	assembly of Puducherry can also make laws on any subject of the	State List and the Concurrent List. Similarly, the legislative
assembly of Delhi can make laws on any subject of the State List	(except public order, police and land) and the Concurrent List.	Likewise, the legislative assembly of Jammu and Kashmir can

bodies in the state. They are transferable between the local bodies in

the state. This system is prevalent in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu,

Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and so on.

3. Integrated Personnel System: Under this system, the personnel

of the state government and those of the local bodies form part of the

same service. In other words, the municipal personnel are the

members of the state services. They are transferable not only

between the local bodies in the state but also between local bodies

and departments of state government. Thus, there is no distinction

between local civil service and state civil service. This system is

prevalent in Odisha, Bihar, Karnataka, Punjab, Haryana and others.

The various national level institutions providing training to the

municipal personnel are

1. All-India Institute of Local SelfGovernment (Mumbai) constituted

in 1927; it is a private registered society

2. Centre for Urban and Environmental Studies (New Delhi) set up

in 1967 on the recommendation of Nur-uddin Ahmed Committee

on Training of Municipal Employees (1963–1965)

3. Regional Centres for Urban and Environmental Studies (Kolkata,

Lucknow, Hyderabad and Mumbai) set up in 1968 on the

recommendation of Nur-ud-din Ahmed Committee on Training of

Municipal Employees (1963–1965)

4. National Institute of Urban Affairs, established in 1976

5. Human Settlement Management Institute, established in 1985

MUNICIPAL REVENUE

There are five sources of income of the urban local bodies. These are

as follows:

1. Tax Revenue: The revenue from the local taxes include

property tax, entertainment tax, taxes on advertisements,

professional tax, water tax, tax on animals, lighting tax, pilgrim

tax, market tax, toll on new bridges, octroi and so on. In addition,

the municipal bodies imposes various cesses like library cess,

education cess, beggary cess and so on. Octroi (i.e., taxes on

the entry of goods into a local area for consumption, use or sale

therein) has been abolished in most of the states. Property tax is

the most important tax revenue.

2. Non-Tax Revenue: This source include rent on municipal

properties, fees and fines, royalty, profits and dividends, interest,

user charges and miscellaneous receipts. The user charges (i.e.,

payment for public utilities) include water charges, sanitation

charges, sewerage charges and so on.

3. Grants: These include the various grants given to municipal

bodies by the Central and State Governments for several

development programmes, infrastructure schemes, urban reform

initiatives and so on.

4. Devolution: This consists of the transfer of funds to the urban

local bodies from the state government. This devolution is made

on the basis of the recommendations of the state finance

commission.

5. Loans: The urban local bodies raise loans from the state

government as well as financial institutions to meet their capital

CENTRAL COUNCIL OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The Central Council of Local Government was set up in 1954. It was

constituted under Article 263 of the Constitution of India by an order of

the President of India. Originally, it was known as the Central Council

of Local Self-Government. However, the term ‘selfgovernment’ was

found to be superfluous and hence was replaced by the term

‘government’ in the 1980s. Till 1958, it dealt with both urban as well as

rural local governments, but after 1958 it has been dealing with

matters of urban local government only.

The Council is an advisory body. It consists of the Minister for

Urban Development in the Government of India and the ministers for

local self government in states. The Union minister acts as the

Chairman of the Council.

The Council performs the following functions with regard to local

government:

(i) Considering and recommending the policy matters

(ii) Making proposals for legislation

(iii) Examining the possibility of cooperation between the Centre and

the states

(iv) Drawing up a common programme of action

(v) Recommending Central financial assistance

(vi) Reviewing the work done by the local bodies with the Central

financial assistance

Table 39.3 Articles Related to Municipalities at a Glance

Article No. Subject-matter

243P Definitions

243Q Constitution of municipalities

243R Composition of municipalities

243S Constitution and composition of wards committees,

and so on

243T Reservation of seats

243U Duration of municipalities, and so on

243V Disqualifications for membership

municipalities, and so on

243X Powers to impose taxes by, and funds of, the

municipalities

243Y Finance commission

243Z Audit of accounts of municipalities

243ZA Elections to the municipalities

243ZB Application to union territories

243ZC Part not to apply to certain areas

243ZD Committee for district planning

243ZE Committee for metropolitan planning

243ZF Continuance of existing laws and municipalities

243ZG Bar to interference by courts in electoral matters

Table 39.4 Name of Urban Local Bodies in the States (2019)8

Sl. No. State Urban Local Bodies

1. Andhra Pradesh 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Nagar Panchayats

2. Arunachal Pradesh (ULBs do not exist)

3. Assam 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Town Panchayats

4. Bihar 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipal Councils

3. Nagar Panchayats

5. Chattisgarh 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Town Panchayats

6. Goa 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipal Councils

7. Gujarat 1. Municipal Corporations

8. Haryana 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipal Councils

3. Municipal Committees

9. Himachal Pradesh 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipal Councils

3. Nagar Panchayats

10. Jharkhand 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities / Municipal

Councils

3. Town Panchayats / Notified

Area Councils

11. Karnataka 1. Municipal / City Corporations

2. Municipal / City Councils

3. Town Panchayats

12. Kerala 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

13. Madhya Pradesh 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Nagar Panchayats

14. Maharashtra 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipal Councils

3. Nagar Panchayats

15. Manipur 1. Municipal Councils

2. Nagar Panchayats

16. Meghalaya 1. Municipalities

17. Mizoram 1. Municipalities

18. Nagaland 1. Municipal Councils

2. Town Councils

19. Odisha 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Notified Area Councils

20. Punjab 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Nagar Panchayats

21. Rajasthan 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipal Councils

3. Municipal Boards

22. Sikkim 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipal Councils

3. Nagar Panchayats

23. Tamil Nadu 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Town Panchayats

24. Telangana 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Nagar Panchayats

25. Tripura 1. Municipal Councils

2. Nagar Panchayats

26. Uttar Pradesh 1. Nagar Nigam

2. Nagar Palika Parishads

3. Nagar Panchayats

27. Uttarakhand 1. Nagar Nigam

2. Nagar Palika Parishads

3. Nagar Panchayats

28. West Bengal 1. Municipal Corporations

2. Municipalities

3. Notified Area Authorities

NOTES AND REFERENCES

1. ‘Local Government’ is a subject mentioned in the State List

under the 7th Schedule of the Constitution.

2. The bill was passed in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya

Sabha in December 1992. After that, the bill was approved

by the required number of state legislatures. It was

assented by the president in April 1993.

3. A transitional area means an area which is in transition from

a rural area to an urban area.

4. At present (2019), ten states of India have scheduled areas.

These are: Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Jharkhand,

Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh,

four states of Assam (3), Meghalaya (3), Tripura (1) and

Mizoram (3).

5. Metropolitan area means an area having a population of 10

lakh or more, in one or more districts and consisting of two

or more municipalities or panchayats or other contiguous

areas.

6. The Rural-Urban Relationship Committee (1963–66)

headed by A.P. Jain recommended that small town area

committees should be merged with the panchayati raj

institutions to avoid multiplicity in the pattern of local bodies.

7. A cantonment area is a delimited area where the military

forces and troops are permanently stationed.

PART-VI

UNION TERRITORIES AND SPECIAL AREAS

40. Union Territories

40 Union Territories

U

nder Article 1 of the Constitution, the territory of India

comprises three categories of territories: (a) territories of

the states; (b) union territories; and (c) territories that may

be acquired by the Government of India at any time. At present,

there are twenty-nine states, seven union territories and no

acquired territories.

The states are the members of the federal system in India and

share a distribution of power with the Centre. The union territories,

on the other hand, are those areas which are under the direct

control and administration of the Central government. Hence, they

are also known as ‘centrally administered territories’. ‘In this way,

existence of these territories constitutes a conspicuous departure

from federalism in India; the Government of India is plainly unitary

CREATION OF UNION TERRITORIES

During the British Rule, certain areas were constituted as

‘scheduled districts’ in 1874. Later, they came to be known as

‘chief commissioners provinces’. After independence, they were

placed in the category of Part ‘C’ States and Part ‘D’ Territories2.

In 1956, they were constituted as the ‘union territories’ by the 7th

Constitutional Amendment Act (1956) and the States

Reorganisation Act (1956). Gradually, some of these union

territories have been elevated to statehood. Thus, Himachal

Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa,

which are states today were formerly union territories. On the

other hand, the territories that were acquired from the Portuguese

(Goa, Daman and Diu, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli) and the

French (Puducherry) were constituted as the union territories.

At present, there are nine Union Territories. They are (along

with the year of creation): (1) Andaman and Nicobar Islands–

1956, (2) Delhi–1956, (3) Lakshadweep–1956, (4) Dadra and

Nagar Haveli–1961, (5) Daman and Diu–1962, (6) Puducherry–

1962, (7) Chandigarh–1966, (8) Jammu and Kashmir–2019 and

(9) Ladakh–2019. Till 1973, Lakshadweep was known by the

name of Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands. In 1992, Delhi

was redesignated as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Till

2006, Puducherry was known as Pondicherry.

The union territories have been created for a variety of reasons.

These are mentioned below3 :

1. Political and administrative consider-ation–Delhi and

Chandigarh.

2. Cultural distinctiveness–Puducherry, Dadra and Nagar

Haveli, and Daman and Diu.

3. Strategic importance–Andaman and Nicobar Islands and

Lakshadweep.

4. Special treatment and care of the backward and tribal

people–Mizoram, Manipur, Tripura and Arunachal Pradesh

which later became states.

In 2019, the erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir was

bifurcated into two separate union territories, namely, the Union

territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and the Union territory of Ladakh.

While introducing the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill,

2019, in the Parliament, the central government gave the following

reasons for the creation of these two new union territories:

1. The Ladakh division of the state of Jammu and Kashmir has

a large area but is sparsely populated with a very difficult

terrain. There has been a long pending demand of people of

Ladakh, to give it the status of a Union territory to enable

them to realize their aspirations. The Union territory of

Ladakh will be without a legislature.

2. Further, keeping in view the prevailing internal security

situation, fuelled by cross border terrorism in the existing

state of Jammu and Kashmir, a separate Union territory for

Jammu and Kashmir is being created. The Union territory of

Jammu and Kashmir will be with a legislature.

ADMINISTRATION OF UNION TERRITORIES

Articles 239 to 241 in Part VIII of the Constitution deal with the

union territories. Even though all the union territories belong to

one category, there is no uniformity in their administrative system.

Every union territory is administered by the President acting

through an administrator appointed by him. An administrator of a

union territory is an agent of the President and not head of state

like a governor. The President can specify the designation of an

administrator; it may be Lieutenant Governor or Chief

Commissioner or Administrator. At present, it is Lieutenant

Governor in the case of Delhi, Puducherry, Andaman and Nicobar

Islands, Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh and Administrator in the

case of Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu

and Lakshadweep. The President can also appoint the governor

of a state as the administrator of an adjoining union territory. In

that capacity, the governor is to act independently of his council of

ministers.

The Union Territories of Puducherry (in 1963), Delhi (in 1992)

and Jammu and Kashmir (in 2019) are provided with a legislative

assembly4 and a council of ministers headed by a chief minister.

The remaining six union territories do not have such popular

political institutions. But, the establishment of such institutions in

the union territories does not diminish the supreme control of the

president and Parliament over them.

The Parliament can make laws on any subject of the three lists

(including the State List) for the union territories. This power of

Parliament also extends to Puducherry, Delhi and Jammu and

Kashmir, which have their own local legislatures. This means that,

the legislative power of Parliament for the union territories on

subjects of the State List remain unaffected even after

establishing a local legislature for them. But, the legislative

assembly of Puducherry can also make laws on any subject of the

State List and the Concurrent List. Similarly, the legislative

assembly of Delhi can make laws on any subject of the State List

(except public order, police and land) and the Concurrent List.

Likewise, the legislative assembly of Jammu and Kashmir can