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Malnutrition continues to place a great burden on human health and development in Sub-Saharan Africa now and in the foreseeable future. The potential economic opportunities in reverting malnutrition are huge. But, solid information on cost and benefits of the various policy options, and how these differ, across regions and countries remain scarce. In filling this gap, this study made a contribution to better understand the potential for using agronomic fortification to revert malnutrition. Even though we argue that our approach provides realistic and robust insights into the potential of agronomic fortification, it remains second-best to urgently needed on the ground experimental approaches. Hence, the results from this study point to areas-high population density and low micronutrient densities-that most likely harbour the greatest potential for using agricultural fortification as a means to combat malnutrition. Such locations should be targeted first with actual field trials in which micronutrient enriched fertilizers are distributed and impact on both agricultural productivity and health indicators are monitored. Moreover, combining such trials with **data** collection on actual food consumption will allow for a better understanding on the precise causal channel through which changes in malnutrition may come about. | Is data availability statement | no |
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In this paper , we investigate a complementary method where we train models to detect unmodeled data by learning cues for whether an input is unmodeled . While it is difficult to model the full data distribution , we can learn effective heuristics for detecting out - of - distribution inputs by exposing the model to OOD examples , thus learning a more conservative concept of the inliers and enabling the detection of novel forms of anomalies . We propose leveraging diverse , realistic datasets for this purpose , with a method we call Outlier Exposure ( OE ) . OE provides a simple and effective way to consistently improve existing methods for OOD detection . | Is data availability statement | no |
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In order to study the accuracy of results with different interpolation method, this thesis used the 10 years' average rainfall **data** per month in three weather stations and eleven rainfall observation sites in the area, respectively with inverse weighting method, ordinary Kriging interpolation method, the most neighboring interpolation method and radial basis function interpolation method to do **data** interpolation to rainfall, and with verified and analysis to the different interpolation results, to obtain the interpolation precision and interpolation equivalence value maps of different interpolation methods, and consequently get the space variability of rainfall in the research area. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The multiplex single base extension (SBE) reaction was performed as described by Geppert et al (26) Capillary electrophoresis of the SBE fragments was run on an ABI Prism Genetic Analyzer (3130xl; Applied Biosystems) and the **data** were analyzed using GeneMapper ® ID Analysis software v3.2. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The overview of the model shown in Figure 6 illustrates the **data** set used, the target, and influencing parameters, as well as the quality of the model. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Conventional static force - sensing mechanisms in e - skins mainly consist of resistive and capacitive sensing . Due to its simple mechanism and convenient data collection strategy , resistive pressure sensing has been extensively applied using various recording mechanisms . [ 111 ] Bulky piezoresistive e - skins , like sponge - based sensors , rely primarily on pressure - induced changes in the number of conductive pathways [ 112 ] or in the shape of the sensing material . [ 113 ] Meanwhile , other resistive sensors may analyze the changes in the contact resistance , like the quantum tunneling effect ( Figure 4A ) . [ 114,115 ] This type is much more sensitive and thinner than the bulky option . An e - skin based on bilayer microdome arrays can use microstructures to maximize the changes in surface contact resistance based on the tunneling effect ( Figure 4B ) . [ 115 ] Nevertheless , some drawbacks , like large hysteresis , [ 116 ] large confounding temperature sensitivity , [ 117 ] and varying pressure sensitivity [ 118 ] have limited the performance of resistive sensors . Compared with resistive sensors , capacitive sensors have excellent linearity with lower power consumption . [ 119 ] For piezocapacitive e - skins , capacitance changes are mainly based on the deformation of the dielectric layer . Normal pressure and tangential strain can be measured through a capacitive sensor as the dielectric layer can be deformed under tensile and external pressure ( Figure 4C ) . As demonstrated in Figure 4D , [ 120 ] a capacitive pressure sensing array with cross - arranged electrodes was fabricated using CNTs as the electrode material and PDMS as the dielectric layer . | Is data availability statement | no |
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Moreover, some peptides produced by translation of uORFs have been reported to interact with the ribosome, further diminishing the efficiency of protein translation (47,48). In contrast, regulation of yeast GCN4 translation by nutrient levels was independent of the peptide sequences encoded by its uORFs (49,50). Our current study showed that introduction of stop codon constructs (þS), thereby changing the sequence of peptide encoded by the uORF, exhibited changes similar to those seen in the translation of the downstream cistron ( Figure 5B). Furthermore, mutating the uAUGs while also introducing the stop codon (M þ S) caused a marked increase in the translation of the downstream cistron ( Figure 5D). These **data** show that regulation of the MOR uORF is independent of the peptide sequence of the uORF. Thus, the inhibitory effect of the uORF during MOR translation is a protein-independent mechanism. Although the mechanisms involved in explaining the inhibitory effects of the uORF peptide on translation are not understood, several models could be proposed. For example, the peptide of the uORF could be synthesized and have the ability to inhibit translation only at high concentrations in the local microenvironment (51). | Is data availability statement | no |
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The array was designed to cover the previously sequenced strain C. difficile 630, the preliminary 454 sequence **data** of the 027 strain R20291 and the unannotated sequence of the Canadian 027 isolate QCD32g58 in a strategy similar to that used by Witney et al [49]. The R20291 genome sequence was generated by 454/Roche GS20 as discussed in Stabler et al [32]. Genome annotation of strain R20291 and QCD32g58 was based on previously published annotations of C. difficile strain 630 [17]. The genomic sequences were compared against the database of strain 630 proteins by blastx, and a CDS feature in the query genome was created when a hit of over 90% identity was found. Glimmer3 was used to predict CDSs in genomic regions where no significant hits were found [50]. Any unique genomic regions left were examined and annotated manually in Artemis [51]. The genome comparisons were visualized in Artemis and ACT (Artemis Comparison Tool; [52]. In silico comparison against the Canadian strain QCD32g58 was also performed. | Is data availability statement | no |
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More advanced studies such as high - resolution imaging and changes in protein expression have recently shown that on different topographies or within the same , some bacteria can be impaled or deformed on nanopillars , and some exhibit an enhanced oxidative stress response , resulting in mechanically ruptured and lysed cells or not . [ 44,46 ] This multitude of scenarios suggests that either several mechanisms exist at once for some structures , or one dominates , driven by a particularity of the topography - bacterium pair ( and likely environment ) . Therefore , to elucidate the underlying mechanism , we further probe the surface by SEM imaging ( Figure 5d - f ) and discover the significantly lower number of adhered bacteria to the nanostructures than to the controls , also observing that ≈50 % of those attached cells are ruptured / lysed ( see the Experimental Section ) . Amongst the bacteria that appear intact on the nanostructures , we note they appear flattened / deformed when resting on nanopillars , yet there are no clear signs of their disintegration ( debris or cytosolic content visible ) . This can be attributed to cellular leakage ( washed away ) , loss of turgor pressure , and/or . The photopic response of the human eye is shown with light blue shaded area . c ) Measured and calculated transmission of C and DS samples as a function of incident angle for incoherent , unpolarized light , for photopic calibrated data . d ) Top : Sequential images of a droplet impacting a surface with an initial diameter D 0 = 2.7 mm , expanding to a maximum diameter D max = 9.45 mm as it spreads on the surface , followed by retraction and take - off . The corresponding plot of drop diameter versus time with the y - axis normalized to D 0 is shown for P100 ( gray ) and P400 ( pink ) at two impacting velocities : 1.0 m s −1 ( dots ) and 2.0 m s −1 ( circles ) . The average contact time < τ > of the droplet with the surface is indicated to be 13.4 ms and 17.8 ms for P100 and P400 , respectively . e ) Calculated capillary pressure P c plotted for nanocones of pitch 50 , 100 , and 200 nm , as a function of the penetration percentage ( z / h ) , where z is the depth of meniscus penetration and h is the total height . The water hammer pressure generated at impacts of 20 and 110 kph are marked on the graph , with varying values for the water hammer pressure coefficient K WH . The bottom row of schematics serves as a representation of the penetration depth z / h. stretching deformation upon adhesion ( which likely is pre-(full ) rupture provided the number of dead bacteria found by fluorescent imaging which scores viability based on the membrane integrity ) . Analysis of the average cell surface area and its distribution ( Figure 5f ; see the Experimental Section ) reveals an increase , further confirming the bacteria are flattened . Nonetheless , although made of glass , we can not exclude the role of pillar flexibility due to their fine size , evidenced in Figure S23 in the Supporting Information , to contribute to the overall performance via a recently proposed energy storage - release mechanism . [ 48 ] Overall , this demonstration of antibacterial glass indicates that at p ≈ 100 nm , S. aureus is killed with an efficiency matching the best reported structures in silicon , leading to bacteria lysis through stretch - and - rupturing and likely piercing , enhanced by the deflection of nanopillars . Further gains in performance are anticipated by adjusting the AR , however we reserve this investigation for future studies , and instead place emphasis on the potential of RSML as a fabrication tool in controllable nanoscale glass etching to achieve such functionalities . | Is data availability statement | no |
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The simplest possibility for the dark energy component is cosmological constant Λ or equivalently vacuum energy [6]. In the past, a nonzero cosmological constant has been advocated and then with the improved observational **data** discarded several times [7]. Due to this checked history and the difficulty in understanding the observed Λ in the framework of modern quantum field theory, now most physicists and astronomers prefer other candidates for dark energy, including a frustrated network of topological defects such as strings or walls [8] and an evolving scalar field referred to by some as quintessence [9] etc. As shown in literatures, it is difficult to discriminate against these different possibilities either by the SNeIa **data** alone [10] or only by the CMBR **data** [11]. This led some authors to consider the combination of the SNeIa measurements with the anisotropy of CMBR [12] or the large scale structures [13]. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Andrew Gelman, John B Carlin, Hal S Stern, David B Dun-
son, Aki Vehtari, and Donald B Rubin. Bayesian **data**
analysis. CRC press, 2013. | Is data availability statement | no |
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• Can we optimise **data** rate as well as energy consumption? | Is data availability statement | no |
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This perturbative data can be connected to non - perturbative data with the help of the perturbative - non - perturbative relation ( 2.9 ) . The difference from the SUSY double - well example , with broken SUSY , discussed in section 2.1 is that in the SUSY Sine - Gordon system , with unbroken SUSY , there are two saddles contributing to the non - perturbative ground - state energy : a real bion and a complex bion [ 18,19 ] . The real bion reduces the ground state energy , while the complex bion increases it by exactly same amount , resulting in a cancellation : | Is data availability statement | no |
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To explain Fig. 10, we present the GLK equation (56) as
w(z, t) − CF (X) 2 z −zf (t − τ )w(z, τ )dτ = 1 2 , t ∈ [−z, z], ∀z ∈ [0, T /2].(61)
In (61) f (t) is the pre-preprocessed **data** as in in subsection 2.3.1 andf (t) is the odd extension of f (t). Denote β := z · CF (X) sup |t|<T /2 f (t) . If β ∈ (0, 1), then one can solve integral equation (61) via the resolvent series, see, e.g. the book [35]. It is clear from this series that the solution w(z, t) changes almost with an exponential speed when the calibration factor CF (X) changes. This explains, at least partially, the exponential behavior of GLK curves of Fig. 10. This is because the **data** for the inverse problem are introduced in the operator. On the other hand, almost linear behavior of AGCM curves on Fig. 10 can be explained by the fact that AGCM uses the logarithm of the solution w of the problem (13), (14), see (18).
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The object schemas act as discrete entities for the purposes of language and planning. Organizing continuous processes into object schemas allows incoming sensory **data** to be readily sorted for rapid interaction with language and planning, and vice versa. It should be noted that the term "schema" is used here in a psychological sense, as used by Piaget [25], or Figure 1: Simplified block diagram of the system, showing **data** flow between the five parts of the system. Note that most of the **data** flow occurs by virtue of object schemas and plan trees being composed of interaction processes, which is not depicted. computationally by Drescher [14] or Roy [28], in that incoming continuous sensory percepts are organized into discrete structures. In this case, incoming sensory **data** is regarded as being signs of objects in the environment. Our object schemas are an implementation based on our interpretation of the term in this context. | Is data availability statement | no |
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ARIMA differs from other longitudinal analysis techniques in the social sciences such as latent growth modelling ( LGM ) and multi - level modelling ( MLM ) in a number of ways . First , it focuses on a singleunit dependent variable over time . It is suitable in situations where there is suitable aggregate data for a phenomenon , but where individual data may be sparse or incomplete ( as is the case in this study ) . Second , while LGM and MLM tend to be applied on data sets with only a few time periods , ARIMA is most suitable for time series with more than 50 time points ( Yanovitzky and VanLear , 2007 ) . Third , neither LGM or MLM adequately reflect the time series character of a data set and do not capture trends that are caused by the internal dynamics of the variable under study ( Hollanders and Vliegenthart , 2008 ) . This limitation is typically addressed via research designs with a small number of distinct time data points ( often two , three or four ) or with panel data sets ( Shin , 2017 ) . Notwithstanding , a key problem in such designs is that variables are expected to vary at random , so the common practice of selecting data every three or four time units ( Wilson et al . , 2006 ) , can easily result in the incorrect identification of a trend ( Kelly and McGrath , 1988 ) . ARIMA is designed to account for the complex internal dynamics of time series variables through the different mechanisms it employs , as explained above . | Is data availability statement | no |
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For each measurement , we can estimate a minimum image size by finding the equivalent Gaussian that achieves the same quotient on the corresponding baselines . This criterion is motivated by the property that long baselines will tend to measure more flux density than extrapolated by the equivalent Gaussian on short baselines , reflecting small - scale power from image substructure . This criterion also makes the simplifying assumption that the source has isotropic size ; this assumption is both supported by our data ( see Section 3.2 ) and is not especially problematic because the ALMA - LMT and SMT - LMT baselines sample similar orientation angles ( see Figure 1 ) . | Is data availability statement | no |
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These data have important implications for patient care . Special regulatory designations allow drugs to be approved at earlier stages based on less rigorous clinical testing ; for example , one review showed drugs with orphan designations or granted accelerated approval are also more likely than drugs without these designa- tions to be tested in single arm studies without placebo or active comparators . 4 While many physicians and patients trust that FDA approved products are effective and safe for use , products approved on the basis of more limited data are at greater risk for later changes to their effectiveness or safety profiles . 31 Ponatinib ( Iclusig , Ariad Pharmaceuticals , Cambridge , MA)-designated for priority review and orphan status , and granted accelerated approval - was approved for refractory chronic myeloid leukemia in 2012 and its approval was suspended a year later as emerging data showed it to be less safe than it originally appeared . The suspension was lifted a few months later , with a stronger warning label and limitations to prescribing . 32 Given the increased likelihood of post - approval changes in the prescribing information for these therapeutics , regulators may want to ensure that the provisional nature of these drugs is well communicated to patients and physicians . Currently , only drugs approved through accelerated approval have this information integrated into their official labels . In addition , the FDA may want to consider new guidance on advertising practices to ensure that all advertisements prominently feature the limited nature of the data supporting agents approved through these pathways . | Is data availability statement | no |
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The remote edge server is equipped with high-performance CPUs and GPUs, allowing the acceleration of the object detection tasks in comparison with edge devices that are equipped with a lightweight hardware. After pretraining the object detection DNN models, the edge server creates a DNN runtime module that executes the DNN model inference by sequentially processing micro-kernels generated by a deep learning compiler such as the Nvidia TensorRT and Apache TVM 1 [25]. Then, the edge server opens a port and waits This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. for an object detection offloading request sent by the edge devices. Once the request arrives, the edge server executes the DNN runtime to extract the detection results. Subsequently, the edge server applies the NMS filter to extract the final detection results, which are eventually returned to the corresponding edge device. It is necessary to establish **data** communication between the mobile edge devices and the edge server in the object detection offloading framework. In particular, the latency incurred by **data** communication affects the detection latency of the object detection offloading method. Thus, a singlehop WLAN is appropriate for establishing **data** communication links to minimize the degradation. Here, the mobile edge devices are associated with a single WLAN AP where the remote edge server is attached. When the edge devices request the object detection offloading, the frames including the pre-processed image **data** are transmitted to the remote edge server through the uplink transmission. Afterward, the frames including the detection results are transmitted to the corresponding mobile edge devices through the downlink transmission when the detection results are delivered from the remote edge server to the edge devices. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The pursuit of good quality FIO data does need to be complemented with continued efforts to understand the differential behaviour of FIOs and pathogens , and the associated implications for modelling the efficacy of mitigations designed to reduce microbial watercourse pollution . Thus , while we have focussed our discussion on FIO modelling it is important for resource managers and policy makers to recognise that FIO models do not necessarily inform on specific pathogen behaviour . However , the nexus of FIO modelling and risk assessment is gaining significant momentum and the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment ( QMRA ) offers another modelling framework with which to estimate human infection risk from exposure to pathogen contaminated waters ( Soller et al . , 2015 ) . Benefits of FIO modelling will be further enhanced if the research community promotes a consistent message to model developers calling for any future model performance criteria to include , as a minimum , an uncertainty analysis of modelled predictions . Thus , the pedigree of uncertainty associated with model outputs needs to be transparent and included as standard in the reporting of any FIO modelling . There are mechanisms that can help deliver this drive for greater awareness of model uncertainty . For example , there are more frequent opportunities to promote knowledge exchange ( KE ) across the science - policy interface enabling scientists and policy - makers to debate the role and impact of model uncertainty . Research Councils in the UK , and in other nations too , are increasingly funding policy - placement opportunities whereby scientists are embedded within government departments thus providing an important route for aiding KE . This should be encouraged in the general field of environmental decision - making using models . In addition , those responsible for funding research could improve model transparency by ensuring that projects with a modelling component fulfil basic uncertainty analysis criteria . Indeed , several academic journals , whose remit includes environmental modelling , now stipulate uncertainty analysis of any modelling as a prerequisite for publication . This template should also be adopted at the funding stage for research projects . | Is data availability statement | no |
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. This type of surrogate does not assume Gaussianity and preserves the whole statistical structure of the original time series . We use a nonparametric kernel distribution representation of the probability density function of the surrogate values of C , and compare the fraction of area of that distribution above the value of the NDTE flow of the original data , C original I , with the total area , and compute the corresponding P value . Supplementary Fig . 2 shows all the P values for all the pairs of time series across all the participants in each of the eight conditions coming from the surrogates . | Is data availability statement | no |
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(ii) For fixed Ψ(u 0 ) and δ,
P(u 0 , u 1 ) → |I δ | = β δ − α δ ,
is strictly increasing, and we have the limit values lim P(u0,u1)→∞
α δ = 0 = lim P(u0,u1)→∞ β δ − 1 2 Φ(u 0 , u 1 ) , lim P(u0,u1)→∞ ν * = ∞, lim P(u0,u1)→∞ λ * = r − 2 − δ/ √ c r − δ/ √ c .
Corollary 1. Assume that hypotheses of Theorem 3.1 are met. For every number K > 0, we can choose initial **data** with P(u 0 , u 1 ) large enough, so that K ∈ I δ , and then the corresponding solution with E 0 = K exists only up to a finite time. | Is data availability statement | no |
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O.R. Tambo district was selected for the study mainly due to the recurring drought events and was reported as one of the most affected district in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Moreover, communal farming is the major agricultural practice in the district. The study used a survey **data** of 87 respondents from August to September 2014 and social vulnerability index (SoVI). Two separate interviews were held to collect **data** from farmers and extension officers during group discussions. The number of sample size of the study was influenced by the number of communal farmers who attended the workshops as well as their literacy levels. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The error models been specified, their effects on system harm risk have to be studied. To handle this activity, we tuned the FMECA array [10] (originally devoted to functional analysis). This section proposes to introduce the following elements into the FMECA array for a message failure mode analysis (see figure 7): the interaction or the message name, the failure modes or the errors identified thanks to the previous error models, the causes of those failure modes, the effects at a local, higher or system level, the **data** to estimate the risk (severity is the harm seriousness, and failure mode occurrence is noted as probability), the on-line means to detect failure modes and their effects, the possible means for risk prevention and protection and other pieces of information. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Clean **data** (127.29 Gb in total) were obtained from 18 libraries (2 treatments × 3 biological replicates × 3 developmental stages). According to the paraffin sectioning results, flower buds of either the control or GA 3 -treated group collected at 40, 80, and 140 DABT were in stage 3, 4, and 5, respectively (Fig. 2). Hence, we named these two sets of samples CK3-5 and GA3-5. Overall, the Q30 of all clean reads was >91%, with a GC content of 46.66-52.37. Detailed statistics of the clean reads are listed in Supplementary Data Table S1. Lacking a reference genome sequence of P. callosum, we de novo assembled the total clean reads, thus obtaining 157 463 unigenes having an average length and N50 length of 811.51 and 1282 bp, respectively (Supplementary Data Table S2). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for all samples spanning the flower developmental stages (Supplementary Data Fig. S3a). Except for stage 3, the other samples from different biological replicates clustered separately in the PCA biplot, following their distinct developmental stages. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Consecutive age and sex matched COVID-19 patients presenting during the same period with no current or past history of diagnosis of TB were included as controls for these patients (Fig. 1). The medical records of all the subjects included were retrieved and clinical **data** entered in a pre-determined proforma, elucidating the sociodemographic characteristics, details of clinical severity at presentation, clinical course during stay (severity of COVID-19 infection, type of respiratory support, site of TB and duration of hospital stay) and eventual outcome. | Is data availability statement | no |
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These results are well within the range of the expected mortality results for rodent stroke models [66][67][68][69][70]. Intriguingly, the mortality results in these experimental models also somewhat mirror human **data** where mortality within 28 days of stroke has been described to range up to ~28% [71,72]. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Let us now treat the case that Y is VG, using terminology and results from Section 5. Let us first suppose that the definable functions which take values in VG and which appear in the build-up of f (namely in the forms of generators (2) and (3) of Section 3.1) are linear over X, that W is the definable set
(4.1.2) {(x, y) ∈ X × VG | α(x) ≤ y β(x)}
where is < or no condition and where α, β : X → VG are definable functions, and that all other build-up **data** of f (namely, generators (4) of Section 3.1 and h and e as in (3.2.1)) factor through the projection W → X. Then the conclusion follows from Lemma 4.1.2. Indeed, for any K in Loc 0 , any x ∈ X K and any ψ in D K , f K,ψ (x, y) is a finite sum of terms T i of the form
(4.1.3) c i,K,ψ (x)y a i q b i y K
for integers a i ≥ 0, rational numbers b i and c i in C exp (X). The integrability of f K,ψ (x, y) over y in W K,x is automatic when is < and we get g from Lemma 4.1.2. When is no condition, we regroup the terms if necessary, so that the pairs (a i , b i ) are mutually different for different i. By observing different asymptotic behavior of these terms for growing y, we may consider the subsum i∈J T i with i ∈ J if b i < 0. This time we apply Lemma 4.1.2 to this sub-sum to find g. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Such methods also provide new metrics for comparing predictions of different models. Moreover, with efficient analytics and effective visualizations, their **data** reduction capabilities support understanding and forecasting of material transport, thereby aiding decision making strategies. | Is data availability statement | no |
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A weakness of this study is the retrospective data collection of residential address history , which can be prone to recall bias . We were also limited by the numbers available for the analysis sample due to the criteria for eligibility being based on continued lifetime residence in a small geographic area . It was necessary to dichotomise OSC as to provide greater statistical power for stratified models ( i.e. to keep cell sizes to an appropriate size ) . This dichotomisation was also appropriate when this variable was used as a covariate , as previous research found that significant differences in health outcomes were only found between " professional or managerial occupations " compared to the rest ( Gale et al . , 2016 ) . We dichotomised other covariates ( e.g. smoking status ) as they were not recorded in the same way for childhood and adulthood and therefore dichotomisation was used to aid interpretation of change over time . The analysis sample was broadly similar in terms of selected characteristics compared with the full cohort at age 70 , but selection bias may have caused a higher number of participants from lower socioeconomic groups being included . The issue of selection bias was partly addressed by running the sensitivity analysis using a sample with different assumptions . For addresses within the Edinburgh area , the precision of the addresses supplied varied and therefore , for a small number of addresses that did not have a house number , the error between actual participant residence and geocoded address was larger as we took the centre of their street . In addition , by geocoding using contemporary sources , we have assumed that the street layout was the same as it is today for the majority of the addresses , with only minor changes to the street content . However we acknowledge that these small changes could have affected the precision of the park exposure estimate for the earlier time periods . Given that we were geocoding a relatively small number of addresses , we were able to employ a system to detect information lost compared with what was supplied , so that if the results were unsatisfactory they would be geocoded manually . This ensured that addresses that had changed significantly ( e.g. demolished ) would be geocoded to the same accuracy as those that were able to be geocoded with contemporary sources ( < 3 m ) . Given the complexity of the existing analysis , with multiple exposures from different time points , we were unable to include the examination of non - linearity . However , we would encourage this in future analyses , especially using the forthcoming cognitive data waves in the LBC1936 . | Is data availability statement | no |
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Using the three classifiers, we obtained the best result using Random Forest with 80.29% accuracy and 74.12% for F-measure as can be seen in Table 2. The imbalanced dataset made most of the **data** to be classified into the majority class, which is the In order to handle the imbalance **data** problem, we also try to apply two resampling techniques, Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) for increasing the minority classes and Random Under-sampling (RUS) for decreasing the majority classes in training data. By applying the two resampling techniques, we manage to increase the ability of the classifiers in detecting deception. However, it also decreases the ability in detecting truth as well. This causes the F-measure score for each classifier to decrease as can be seen in Table 3. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Table 1 .
1Estimation of test reliability and separation index (N = 350) **data** points. log-likelihood chi-square: 24102.35 with 9988 d.f. p=.0000 Global Root-Mean-Square Residual (excluding extreme scores): .8093Estimation
Measure
Items reliability
Person reliability
Cronbach alpha (KR-20) person raw score "test" reliability
Item separation index
Person separation index | Is data availability statement | no |
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Preprocessed functional **data** were decomposed into 25 spatially independent components using the Group ICA fMRI Toolbox (GIFT v2.0a) with the Infomax algorithm (http://icatb.source forge.net/gift/gift_startup.php; Calhoun et al., 2001Calhoun et al., , 2004
(S4).
ICA is a **data** driven technique which decomposes fMRI **data** from linear mixed signals into spatially independent components. Components consist of a time course showing the temporal fluctuations of that component and a spatial map that shows the contribution of every voxel. A strength of ICA is that it is able to separate true neural networks and noise artifacts occurring in similar frequency ranges (Calhoun et al., 2001;van de Ven et al., 2004;Beckmann et al., 2005). Further, it has been shown that group ICA is able to characterize individual variation such that might occur across sessions and participants (Calhoun et al., 2001;Allen et al., 2012). The number of components was set to 25, in line with previous reports on low-order ICA for examining robust resting-state networks Zuo et al., 2010). The set of spatial maps from the groupaverage analysis was used to generate subject-specific versions of the spatial maps and associated time-series using spatiotemporal regression (Beckmann et al., 2009;Filippini et al., 2009). The analysis resulted in subject-specific spatial maps of two sessions per subject, and one spatial map per group-level. Components were scaled to percent signal change for comparison between subjects. | Is data availability statement | no |
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We multiply the contamination estimate by a data-driven coefficient to take into account the low strangeness yield in the Monte Carlo compared to **data** [24]. The coefficient is derived from a fit of the discrepancy between **data** and Monte Carlo strangeness yields in the tails of the DCA XY distribution which are predominantly populated by secondaries. The factor has a maximum value of 1.07 for tracks with p T < 0.5 GeV/c and is equal to 1 for p T > 1.5 GeV/c. This factor is included in the Contamination entry in table 3. | Is data availability statement | no |
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• LSTM: This approach is a Long Short Term Memory Recurrent Neural Network (LSTMRNN or just LSTM) based on Summerville and Mateas (2016), recreated in Tensorflow from the information given in the paper and training **data** supplied by the authors. It takes as input a game level represented as a sequence and outputs the next tile type. We modified this approach to a bidirectional Figure 2: Examples of six final levels from our study, each pair of levels from a specific co-creative agent: Markov Chain (top), Bayes Net (middle), and LSTM (bottom). These levels were selected at random from the set of final levels, split by co-creative agent. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Information about the status of women in contemporary Ghana can be gleaned from a plethora of sources, using a variety of methodological approaches. Our decision to use survey **data** was shaped by the demonstrated advantages of this research method including efficiency, generalizability, and versatility (Fowler, 2014). While several waves of the Ghana national census **data** are available, the items covered therein do not allow for an in-depth examination of the day-to-day experiences in the lives of Ghanaian women, especially in the area of empowerment. This is largely because demographic **data** typically tends to focus simply on the outcomes of processes that may have relevance for the empowerment of women, rather than on the empowerment dynamic of such processes or interpersonal interactions. For instance, while national surveys do provide information about number of children living in a household, they do not examine related sexuality issues such as the extent to which sex is viewed as a source of pleasure vs. simply as a procreational process (Pereira, 2003). Feminist scholars such as McFadden (2003) have (i) argued that sexuality needs to be conceptually distinguished from reproduction, (ii) demonstrated the relationship between power and sexual pleasure, and (iii) implied that the importance ascribed to female sexual pleasure, even in the context of legallysanctioned long-term, heterosexual, committed relationships, is an index of feminist choice. Furthermore, the national census does not explore the adherence with traditional values such as those captured by proverbs. As such, detailed information about the state of affairs in the lives of contemporary Ghanaian women is best gleaned from surveys designed to explore decision-making and empowerment, such as the Ghana Everyday Lives Survey. | Is data availability statement | no |
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One of the major limitations of our study is that it is mainly descriptive, ecological and uses only county-level data, which does not allow us to account for individual characteristics that may drive COVID-19 outcomes in socially vulnerable communities. In addition, we used **data** collected from different **data** sources, each of which was gathered at slightly varying timepoints and as such may not completely represent the features of the community at the time of our analysis. We attempted to account for as many confounders as possible but recognise that we may not have been able to adjust for all confounders (including vaccinations) driving the associations seen in this analysis. In terms of controlling for countylevel comorbidity, we use the HCC risk score, which was designed to reflect healthcare access and hospital admissions in a geographical area, as a proxy which may impact the associations seen. Therefore, studies incorporating individual patient-level **data** which include more confounders are needed to further delineate the associations seen in this ecological study. Finally, we focused our analysis on county-level proportion of black and Hispanic residents within the USA and do not extend it to include Asian or Native American residents. Future studies that encompass other minority groups and examine trends presented in our study on a worldwide basis are needed. Map disclaimer The inclusion of any map (including the depiction of any boundaries therein), or of any geographical or locational reference, does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of BMJ concerning the legal status of any country, territory, jurisdiction or area or of its authorities. Any such expression remains solely that of the relevant source and is not endorsed by BMJ. Maps are provided without any warranty of any kind, either express or implied. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Analyses involving top quarks -the heaviest of all fundamental particles in the SM -allow for rigorous tests of recent NNLO and NNLL pQCD predictions. An unprecedented number of top quarks have been produced at the centres of the main LHC experiments in recent years; previously statistically limited searches for rare SM processes featuring top quarks are now within reach based on the √ s = 13 TeV Run 2 **data** collected so far. For some less rare and previously measured processes, such as the differential tt cross-section, statistical limitations are now being relegated to the extremes of kinematic regions of phase space, where deviations from the SM may eventually be exhibited. One set of rare processes of particular interest involves the associated production of tt pairs with W /Z or H bosons. Moreover, with the top quark as the heaviest of all SM particles, techniques to identify top quarks with highly collimated decay products could prove vital in searches for new physics: any enhancement in the rates of boosted top quarks could provide hints of as-ofyet undiscovered BSM particles. Finally, SM processes featuring top quarks often represent the dominant source of background to many searches for BSM physics; a better understanding of the kinematics of top quark events in general will lead to improved sensitivity in such searches. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The simplest interpretation for the resonance at 27.5 cm À1 in an S = 1 system would be axial ZFS with D = 27.5 cm À1 and vanishing E. However , simulations with these parameters did not reproduce the field dependence of the FD - FT THz - EPR spectra ( Supporting Information , Figure S5 ) . The alternative scenario , where D is negative and the rhombicity in the ZFS lifts the degeneracy of the m s = AE 1 levels is well in accordance with the experimental data . This assumption predicts two EPR transitions at j D j+j E j and 2 j E j . The observed transition at 27.5 cm À1 then corresponds to 2 j E j % 27.5 cm À1 . This yields j E j % 13.5 cm À1 and ( due to j E j j D j /3 ) creates a constraint on D < À41 cm À1 . The second EPR transition is then expected at j D j+j E j , which would be above 54 cm À1 and therefore outside the spectral window of the data in Figure 9 . | Is data availability statement | no |
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This research has used quantitative descriptive approach which pointed to theory and concept examination through variable measurement in matrix and number. That is according to **data** analysis procedure and statistic tools to measure and examine hypothesis. Processing statistical **data** has an important role in research because the results of **data** processing will be concluded by research. Data analysis methods will be discussed regarding descriptive analysis and path analysis using SPSS 22.0. Based on the above research framework and hypothesis, this study uses the PLS software for statistical analysis and research hypothesis verification for **data** collection. | Is data availability statement | no |
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All items include fields to track the repository of origin, and fields for hierarchical organization of repositories. SortingHat provides a unified view of all contributors, by merging identities in different **data** sources, mapping all of them to the same uuid which is used in enriched indexes. When **data** sources are similar, common fields are identified, so that **data** can be merged and to some extent compared. For example, for issue trackers there are fields with opening and closing dates. Finally, the fact that **data** is stored in Elasticsearch may allow for merging directly when querying, such as "all **data** for all projects from date A to date B, authored by person P". Consumer-agnostic. It is very difficult to know how some person will exploit the **data** in the future. Since our approach is "retrieve and store", stored **data** may be useful even long after it was retrieved, or by a different team. GrimoireLab makes as few assumptions about analysis or visualization tools as possible. Enriched indexes are usually flat because then they are easier to import in visualization and analysis tools (for example, import into a Pandas **data** frame), but this is most of it. Thanks to this approach, we have tested the exploitation of **data** with several visualization tools, and the most common toolsets used for analysis. Anything that can consume JSON documents from Elasticsearch can be easily used to visualize or further analyze **data** produced by GrimoireLab. Performance and efficiency. When retrieving **data** from many repositories, performance is an issue. From one point of view, **data** sources should be used efficiently to avoid unnecessary stress. From another, we want the **data** as soon as possible. To address the first approach, GrimoireLab builds on an extensive research of **data** source APIs and retrieval options, to avoid those that could cause trouble. This is one of the reasons for using a toolset like this if you are not familiar enough with the details of **data** retrieval: avoiding causing unnecessary pain to the **data** source. Incremental access, and storage of **data** in raw indexes to avoid recurrent retrievals are a consequence of this goal. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Recovering positive examples for data that mixes disjoint sparsity with popularity - based positive structure For our final synthetic experiment , we construct a scenario that combines aspects of our two previous experiments . In this experiment , we consider three disjoint groups . For each disjoint group we use a categorical distribution with nonuniform event probabilities for sampling items within baskets , which induces a positive correlation structure within each group . Therefore , the oracle will expect to see a high negative correlation for disjoint pairs , compared to all other non - disjoint pairs within a particular disjoint group . For items with a high co - occurrence probability , we expect the symmetric DPP to recover a near zero negative correlation , and the nonsymmetric DPP to recover a positive correlation . Furthermore , we expect both the nonsymmetric and symmetric models to recover higher marginal probabilities , or K ii values , for more popular items . The determinantal volumes for positive pairs containing popular items will thus tend to be larger than the volumes of negative pairs . Therefore , for baskets containing popular items , we expect that both the nonsymmetric for high - sparsity data . 14 disjoint groups are used for data generation . and symmetric models will be able to easily discriminate between positive and negative baskets . When constructing positive baskets , popular items are sampled with high probability , proportional to their popularity . We therefore expect that both models will be able to recover some signal about the correlation structure of the data within each disjoint group , resulting in a predictive AUC higher than 0.5 , since the popularity - based positive correlation structure within each group allows the model to recover some structure about correlations among item pairs within each group . However , we expect that the nonsymmetric model will provide better predictive performance than the symmetric model , since its properties enable recovery of disjoint structure ( as discussed previously ) . We see the expected results in Figure 3 , which are further confirmed by the predictive AUC results : 0.7 for the symmetric model , and 0.75 for the nonsymmetric model . | Is data availability statement | no |
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The assessment of barriers and facilitators to implementation is critical to identifying implementation strategies. 13 14 While barriers and facilitators have typically been assessed at the individual level, there is growing recognition that for large-scale organisational change efforts, it is critical to understand factors that influence the collective behaviour change that results in systems redesign. 15 This is particularly relevant to QI initiatives, which involve multiple interdisciplinary team members, such as physicians, nurses, administrative staff and **data** managers. Understanding aspects of readiness allows one to determine an organisation's capacity and willingness to implement evidence-based interventions, such as PC-QIs, into practice. 16 Moreover, an exploration of the implementation context is also important for identifying barriers and facilitators to change. 17 As part of a programme of research developing and implementing PC-QIs for system-level use in Canada, our study aimed to assess readiness of organisations to implement PC-QIs and explore barriers and facilitators to implementation from the perspective of Canadian provincial/regional/territorial QI leads (representing a 'system-level' perspective) and healthcare providers (clinical perspective). The specific objectives included: (1) assessing readiness of system-level organisations to implement PC-QIs, and (2) exploring potential barriers and facilitators to implementing PC-QIs for use at both system and clinical levels. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Figure 2 .
2The kC temperature as a function of time during the printing stages: (a) cooling down from the loading temperature to the extruding temperature (the experiment at 40 • C is shown); (b) cooling down of the generated droplet (see text) after extrusion, during the self-supporting stage. The droplet was printed at 40 • C on the printer plate kept at 25 • C. Lines correspond to the best fit of the **data** to Equation(1).
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The current investigations present the numerical investigations of an infection-based fractional order nonlinear prey-predator system using the stochastic procedures of the scaled conjugate gradient and the artificial neuron networks. The stochastic computational procedure SCGNNs is applied to solve three different cases using different fractional-order values. The **data** proportions applied 75%, 10, and 15% for training, validation, and testing to solve the infection FONPPS. Ten numbers of neurons have been used to solve the nonlinear biologicalbased differential model. The numerical simulations of the infectious disease FONPPS are accomplished using the SCGNNs, while the competitive performances have been presented using the Adams-Bashforth-Moulton approach. The numerical results of the nonlinear fractional-order biological system are calculated using the computational SCGNNs to reduce the mean square error. To ratify the exactness, reliability, capability, and aptitude of the proposed SCGNNs, the numerical measures are plotted using the regression, MSE, STs, correlation, and Ehs. The identical performances designate the precision and accuracy of the proposed stochastic scheme and the AE values found in suitable ranges based on the nonlinear fractional-order biological system. The AE values, and the plots of other performances represent the dependability and consistency of the proposed approach. In future studies, the stochastic SCGNNs are pragmatic to achieve the results of the lonngren-wave systems and fractional order nonlinear systems [37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. | Is data availability statement | no |
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PC-QIs, some were more ready to implement, given the organisation's capacity to collect the **data** and to use the **data** to stimulate improvements in PCC. Notably, only 5 of 26 PC-QIs were considered highly feasible to implement. These PC-QIs included: 'Structures to report PCC performance'; 'Communication between patient and nurse'; 'Coordination of care'; 'Patient and caregiver involvement in decisions about care'; and 'Overall experience'. Regarding general capacity for implementation, survey respondents indicated staff time to be a major constraint, a need for training in new methods/QI and dissatisfaction with electronic **data** systems. | Is data availability statement | no |
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[ Figure 2 : Characterization data of the EMI films with 1D fillers ] | Is data availability statement | no |
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While we will herein focus on emerging and future material applications of synthetic sequence - defined macromolecules , we briefly highlight contemporary synthetic processes to sequencedefined polymers as they critically influence the building block variety and achievable chain length , which in turn dictate the resulting material properties and thus applications . The synthetic approaches toward sequence - defined macromolecules were recently summarized and can generally be divided into liquid - phase approaches , solid - phase approaches , and fluorous - phase or polymer - tethered methodologies , [ 2 ] with all their individual advantages and disadvantages . Linear synthetic approaches can install one monomer unit per iterative cycle ( Figure 2 ) , be it in a submonomer strategy or by installing the monomer completely , for instance , via single unit monomer insertion ( SUMI ) . By contrast , bidirectional growth ( Figure 2 ) commences from not only one reactive site but two , thus leading to higher degrees of polymerization more rapidly , and symmetric macromolecules . Of course , also multidirectional approaches , leading to star - shaped macromolecules , are possible . The strategy leading to the fast build - up of molecular weight is the so - called iterative exponential growth ( IEG , Figure 2 ) , often termed divergent / convergent approach , which , however , offers the least control over the obtained sequence ( i.e. , only one type of monomer is usually used ) . The latter two approaches are not well - suited for solid - phase or fluorous - phase synthesis and the linear approach offers the highest possible degree of definition . Thus , several prime examples following this linear Emerging applications of a new class of materials , sequence - defined macromolecules , are explored . Such molecularly highly defined macromolecules require stringent synthesis and purification procedures , yet offer unprecedented application possibilities . The first examples of molecular data storage and related technologies are already starting to emerge today . From a more fundamental point of view , such macromolecules offer a unique opportunity to determine quantitative structure - property relationships ( QSPR ) , which critically aids in designing materials with applications ranging from catalysis to artificial enzymes . | Is data availability statement | no |
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Figure 1 .Figure 2 .
12Effects of haloperidol (A,B), bromperidol (C,D) and benperidol (E,F) on AChE and BuChE in vitro activity, respectively. Each **data** point represents mean ± standard deviation (SD) for at least three independent experiments conducted in duplicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, Effects of penfluridol (A,B), pimozide (C,D), quetiapine (E,F) and promazine (G,H) onAChE and BuChE in vitro activity, respectively. Each **data** point represents mean ± SD for at least three independent experiments conducted in duplicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 vs. control.
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Relationship between how bug reports are closed and developer retention. Research objective: To explore how the timing, or other features, related to how bug reports are closed, could influence core developer retention in a FOSS (free, open source software) project. Example of RQ: Does a longer time-to-close for bug reports cause developers to stop earlier contributing to the source code of a project? Method: Retrieve **data** about the issues (including bug reports) for a large and diverse set of FOSS projects, if possible with different issue tracking systems, so that specific features of it don't affect the results. Retrieve **data** from the source code management system of the same projects. Once all the **data** retrieved is stored in a database, use it to explore different proxies for time-to-close bug reports and for estimating periods of continuous contribution. For estimating time-to-close, explore different strategies for telling bug reports apart from other issues (machine learning on title and description, tags, etc). For estimating periods of contribution explore different approaches (maximum period without contributions, number of contributions over a certain period, etc.) to tell apart frequent (likely core) contributors from casual contributors. Then, explore how to estimate the period until stopping contributions (considering extending temporary periods, such as vacation). Once the most reliable method is exactly defined, conduct the study in as many repositories as possible. Personal trajectories in software development. Research objective: Explore ways to track trajectories of developers, by analyzing their footprints in different kinds of software development repositories. Example of RQ: Do core contributors usually follow a path from messages in communication channels to issue submitters, to code review submitters? Method: Retrieve **data** from mailing lists, GitHub issues and pull requests, and GitHub Git repositories, for a large collection of projects. Merge identities using email addresses for linking identities in email messages to identities in Git commits, and the GitHub commit API to link email addresses to GitHub user IDs. If possible, improve identities **data** by manually merging and de-merging identities using other **data** sources (for example, public Internet profiles). Once the identities **data** is curated, use it to identify contributions by persons in all **data** sources, and explore the different tracks followed. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Unlike most studies that use 2D-DIGE to identify exclusively those proteins that are differentially expressed between different samples, we were also interested in the expression profiles of proteins/isoforms whose abundance did not change significantly (ANOVA, P > 0.01) across the four different TP samples. We therefore employed a second statistical measure of variation, the relative standard deviation (defined as standard deviation divided by arithmetic mean), to assess explicitly the reproducibility of protein abundance measurements. The relative standard deviation was calculated for each protein spot for each of the four TP samples, and the median of these four values was taken as a measure of experimental reproducibility for that spot (see Figure 2c and Table 2 [35]). Comparison of these values with the graphical representation of the raw **data** (see Additional **data** file 1) illustrates the spread of the data. For the 278 proteins/isoforms that do exhibit significant abundance change across the four TP samples and a fold change in excess of 1.4×, the average value of their median relative standard deviations was 11.0%. Interestingly, this value also corresponds to the shoulder of the bimodal distribution of the median relative standard deviations of those Representative two-dimensional DIGE gels of P. falciparum schizont-stage proteins , and in the second dimension on an 11% polyacrylamide gel. Proteins/protein isoforms identified by tandem mass spectrometry are highlighted in color. In instances where more than one spot was identified as the same protein, the spots were numbered in numerical order from left to right (not shown), except for enolase, for which spot numbers are denoted in the figure. The molecular weight marker is indicated in kDa. DIGE, differential gel electrophoresis. OAT OAT | Is data availability statement | yes |
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where k c is the cut - off frequency of wide - field imaging , and k ex is the spatial frequency of the excitation pattern . With Eq . ( 1 ) , at least in principle , SR - SIM could achieve perfect imaging without sidelobe ( blue lines in Fig . 1a ) . Inspired by the above , we developed a high - fidelity SIM reconstruction algorithm by engineering the equivalent PSF of SR - SIM into an ideal form , called " HiFi - SIM " . The flowchart of HiFi - SIM is shown in Fig . S1 , which contains three main steps . In preprocessing , the raw data was deconvoluted 26 using a theoretical OTF . In reconstruction parameter estimation , an improved normalized crosscorrelation method was used to estimate the pattern wave vectors . In short , a notch filter was applied to the normalized cross - correlation calculation 8,23 , which can effectively suppress contributions from low - frequency signal and local periodic structures to the cross - correlation map , such that the peaks corresponding to the wave vectors protruded enough to be automatically determined from most of raw data , including low SNR data , TIRF - SIM data , and even data with obvious periodic structures ( Fig . S2 ) . Thus , a pre - set mask or hand - correction was not required as before . Once the reconstruction parameters were correctly determined , the 0 - and ±1 - order spectrum components were separated , shifted , and combined to yield a directly combined spectrumS directlyÀcombined ðkÞ ( Eq . ( 9 ) in Supplementary Note 1 ) , using a method similar to fairSIM . After that , HiFi - SIM performs a two - step spectrum optimization onS directlyÀcombined ðkÞ. | Is data availability statement | no |
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A concrete example of how statistical noise may impede the detection of linear response breakdown from observations is shown in Figure 7 for an observable A(x) = x. Shown is the observed sample averageĀ (7) as a function of the perturbation size. The error bars are calculated from the standard deviation as calculated for the single available time series, which is the situation for scientists analyzing observations. For insufficient **data** length N = 10 5 a linear response is consistent within the available statistical significance levels (top of Figure 7). Only for significantly larger time series with **data** length N = 10 6 , does the breakdown become detectable in a statistically significant way (bottom of Figure 7). | Is data availability statement | no |
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Several Docker container images are also provided to run pre-configured versions of GrimoireLab, with all services already pre-installed. They can produce complete dashboards, with raw and enriched **data** for all repositories, just by running the container with the appropriate configuration data. They can also be used with official container images for services, via docker-compose (see the companion dataset, described in Section "A companion package and other information", for an example of running the toolset this way, including configuration files). Docker images for GrimoireLab are stored in DockerHub, so that they can be recovered later (for any GrimoireLab release). They are also produced from Dockerfile configuration files, publicly available from GrimoireLab repositories. | Is data availability statement | no |
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It is necessary to consider the functions for accessing to learning content within LMS. e.g.1) Is streaming service of video contents provided? e.g.2) Are various functions for protecting copyright (E.g., no use of the right button of the mouse, no exposure of absolute path, etc.) provided? Data creation among teachinglearning It is necessary to consider the functions of **data** produced by teachers and learners. e.g.1) Can teachers provide feedback on submitted works and **data** to learners? e.g.2) Is it possible to confirm the version (or date) or author of LMS created data? e.g.3) Is it possible to upload created **data** without system error? | Is data availability statement | no |
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Virtually all natural concepts are vague and various scholars have argued that vagueness plays an important role in grammar . 20 Our claim is that if we integrate singular / plural structures with vagueness , we ca n't really miss where the mass / count distinction comes from and the mass / count contrast gets to be explained in terms of independently needed notions . This will constitute the main argument , I submit , for the present proposal . In what follows , I first present the idea in informal terms , then I spell it out with supervaluations / data semantics . | Is data availability statement | no |
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Often, the simplifying assumptions of the previous section doesn't hold. This section discuss method that use prior probabilities estimated on the source **data** to regularize the model. We first cover priors in the bayesian sense, and then some examples of discriminative methods. Ei( | Is data availability statement | no |
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Community acceptance - The community acceptance measure consisted of six items assessing the way participants perceived general manifestations of acceptance from others in the community . The measure included items such as " since the war , people in this community have been good to you " and ' since the war , you feel you have been welcomed back into the community where you live . " As opposed to the daily discrimination scale discussed below , these items were not phrased to specifically refer to the experience of being a child soldier . Items were scored on a Likert scale with response options of " not true " to " sometimes true " or " very true . " This measure was administered at both waves of data collection and exhibited strong internal reliability ( Cronbach 's α = .90 at T1 and Cronbach 's α = .89 at T2 ) . For each child , we computed a subscale score for community acceptance at T1 and T2 . We also computed a " change in community acceptance " by subtracting the T1 score from the score at T2 . An increase in the community acceptance score between baseline and follow - up would thus indicate a positive change in community acceptance . Because change in community acceptance differed for those starting at higher or lower levels at baseline , all analyses were adjusted for T1 community acceptance . Baseline scores and scores for change in community acceptance were treated as continuous measures in analyses . | Is data availability statement | no |
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Clue 3: It should be investigated whether the input **data** points tend to scatter such that the number of these **data** points seen to lie significantly outside the uncertainty bands defined by the population standard deviation (irrespective of the uncertainties assigned by the original experimenters) is larger (or smaller) than should be expected from applicable statistical criteria. For example, if the **data** are assumed to be normally distributed, as is generally the default assumption, then (as mentioned earlier) approximately two-thirds of the points should lie within the above-mentioned uncertainty bands. Excessive numbers of **data** points (or too few of them) seen to lie outside these limits would suggest that a problem exists with the assumption that these **data** are normally distributed. Then, evaluation by conventional methods, e.g., the least squares method, that assume normally distributed **data** could generate misleading results. Some of the rogue **data** points actually may be discrepant for physical reasons that transcend statistics, and this could lead to inappropriate reliance on statistical interpretation. Furthermore, most statistical rules become meaningful only when fairly large numbers of **data** points are involved. | Is data availability statement | no |
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-The need to develop computer thinking -CT allowing students to think and solve problems in a similar way to how the computer solves them. This is an important skill in today's digital world. Computer thinking is a problem-solving process that includes, but also exceeds, our ability to code. The basis is solving problems with computer applications, but the methods can be applied in a variety of situations and approaches. CT combines logic and deep knowledge of how computers "think". It is an important, contemporary knowledge that fosters the creativity of all students, not just those who can become programmers or computer graphics. Even if some students are not pursuing a career as a programmer, they should be familiar with vocabulary and processes specific to such a job so that they can communicate effectively with their colleagues using technical vocabulary in the future, and have knowledge not only about how the computer works but also how it influences their lives. Some CT basics include breaking down problems into smaller parts to analyze their solutions (problem distribution). Relevant here become skills such as: (1) identifying patterns and connections; (2) the automation of solutions through a number of orderly steps (algorithms); (3) the use of abstraction to represent **data** such as models or simulations; (4) organizing and analyzing logical data; (5) generalizing the problem solving process to solving those problems. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Figure 2 :
2c(r). c pert (r) : 1-loop perturbation theory. β = 12.5 closest to **data** and β = 5 farthest.
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Corrected Proof two-day, once in 10 year rainfall **data** were used. As there is no backwater effect, water flows through the canals by gravity. The drainage capacity of the Pungi canal is insufficient in some places, which contributes to flooding in a number of areas. The drainage capacity of the Kerunga canal is sufficient to carry the storm water it receives and hence no flooding occurs in the Kerunga canal catchment. The simulated inundated area is around 166 ha, which falls mainly in the Pungi canal catchment under this scenario (Figure 14). canals and the construction of some new drains in the Pungi canal system were incorporated into scenario Sc-2. The bottom level of the canal becomes silted up in some places, or the channel sections become narrow due to encroachment. While designing the section, a gentle slope is maintained along the canal and widened at places where necessary. These improvement works would increase the canal's water-carrying capacity and would make 94 ha land free of waterlogging in the Pungi catchment area, and the simulated inundated area would be about 72 ha (Figure 14). The areas that are flooded are mainly agricultural lands at a lower elevation. | Is data availability statement | no |
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propose an important role for SSPN within the DGC, **data** from the SSPN-deficient mice (Lebakken et al., 2000) has not provided much insight into SSPN's function. SSPN-null mice exhibit wild-type levels of DGC protein expression and possess normal force and power generation capabilities (Lebakken et al., 2000). It is feasible that SSPN is replaced by a functionally similar tetraspanin during muscle development, which does not clarify the interpretation of SSPN's role in muscle physiology. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The origin of the knee in the all-particle spectrum of CRs is inextricably connected with the issue of the end of the Galactic CR spectrum and the transition to extragalactic CRs: in Ref. [6], the authors try to model the transition region by summing the Galactic SNR contribution and the flux of nuclei of extragalactic origin, required to fit the Auger **data** [4]. The authors reach the conclusion that in order to satisfy the observational requirement of a predominantly light composition in the EeV region [4,2,3,60], an extra component of extragalactic protons is required. Such an extra component appears to be in good agreement with the proton spectrum as measured by KASCADE-Grande [10]. However, both the proton and iron spectra measured by KASCADE-Grande in the energy region 10 16 −10 18 eV suggest that either the injection spectra are not cut off exponentially at the maximum energy (namely the number of particles decreases more slowly than an exponential at energies E ≫ EM ), or there is some, as yet unknown, class of sources with maximum energy much in excess of the knee energy. | Is data availability statement | no |
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At age 12 , the children who attended the clinic were more likely to be girls , have a higher birth weight , be from a higher social class , have older and taller mothers , and have mothers with higher levels of education compared with non - attenders . 17 There was a similar pattern of differences between clinic attenders who provided valid measures of physical activity and attenders who did not . The differences between attenders and non - attenders were similar at age 14 . However , the differences between children who did and did not provide valid accelerometer data were markedly reduced at age 14 , with the exception of mother 's level of education . | Is data availability statement | no |
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LD interlinking describes the task of determining whether a named resource (an entity identified by a URI) can be linked to another named resource in order to indicate that they both describe the same thing or that they are related in some capacity (Ferrara et al. 2011). The purpose of LD interlinks is to provide additional information about an entity in order to improve **data** discovery (Kim and Hausenblas 2015). | Is data availability statement | no |
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We have demonstrated an all - optical , fast , and non - invasive method to resolve , with unprecedented resolution , the crystalline integrity of atomically thin WS 2 crystals via experimentally probing and theoretically interpreting their nonlinear optical properties . In particular , we showed that PSHG raster - scanning imaging microscopy enables highresolution pixel - by - pixel ( pixel size of 120 × 120 nm 2 ) mapping of the armchair crystal axis orientation , which can be used to provide firstorder information on crystallographic imperfections stemming from inhomogeneities in the distribution of armchair orientations . Moreover , the measured pixel - by - pixel PSHG data were fit to a new theoretical model based on the nonlinear optical response of such crystals , which was utilized as a second - order filter that effectively enhances the optical contrast and provides quantification of the crystal quality in terms of the standard deviation of the calculated armchair orientational distributions . Consequently , we demonstrate an ultrahigh - resolution nonlinear optical method that can be used to identify small variations in the crystal armchair direction . This information with such a high resolution is unattainable by conventional SHG imaging as well as by Raman and photoluminescence mapping . | Is data availability statement | no |
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To compile a large-scale map of the vegetation of the key area during the growing season, aerial photography was performed. Aerial photography was carried out with the help of a radio-controlled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) -drone DJI Phantom 3 Pro in 2017 and DJI Mavic Pro in 2018. Both devices are equipped with a high-resolution RGB camera mounted on a gyro-stabilized gimbal that provides additional stabilization of the camera. The survey was performed from a height of 500 m, which gives a spatial resolution of 0.5 m. Each image is geo-referenced. The program Agisoft PhotoScan was used to create the mosaic. It allows to automatically carry out the entire cycle of necessary operations from the geometric correction of lens distortion to the construction of a geolocated orthophotomap. The orthophotoplans obtained in this way served as a cartographic basis for geobotanical mapping of the steppes. Taking into account the **data** of the field geobotanical survey of the territory in the ArcGIS 10.0 software carried out a visual decoding of a geolocated orthophotomap. | Is data availability statement | no |
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However, few Brazilian studies have addressed the **data** related to users with speech and language complaints aiming to observe the success achieved via the implementation of such a programme at the municipal level to improve the logic of and seeking greater efficiency in HCS. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the social and clinical profiles of users with speech and language complaints of anHCSin João Pessoa, PB, Brazil. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Then the average long-term treatment effect is identifiable:
τ = a∈{0,1} (−1) 1−a E h E (a, X) | G = O + E P (G = E) P (G = O | X) P (G = O) P (G = E | X) I [A = a] P (A = a | X, G = E) h (S 3 , S 2 , A, X) −h E (A, X) | G = E + E P (G = E | A = a) P (G = O | X) P (G = O | A = a) P (G = E | X) I [A = a] P (A = a | X, G = E) q (S 2 , S 1 , A, X) (Y − h (S 3 , S 2 , A, X)) | G = O
Theorem 7 shows that even under weaker Assumptions 10 and 11, outcome and selection bridge functions can be still used to identify the average long-term treatment effect. This again has the doubly robust property in that it only requires one of the bridge functions to be correct rather than both. Compared to Theorem 3, Theorem 7 additionally incorporates the ratios P (G = O | X) /P (G = E | X) to adjust for the covariate distribution discrepancy in the two types of **data** (Assumption 10). It also uses the propensity score P (A = a | X, G = E) to account for the dependence between treatment A and covariates X in the experimental **data** (Assumption 11). | Is data availability statement | no |
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It has been reported that following nerve injury, MMP-9 is transiently upregulated in injured DRG and participates in neuropathic pain induction, whereas MMP-2 displays a delayed increase in DRG and DHSC and is involved in a later phase of neuropathic pain maintenance [10]. So far, no characterization of MMPs expression in the CFA model of inflammatory pain has been carried out. Thus, we first examined MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression patterns in the DRG and DHSC during CFA-induced inflammatory pain. As shown in Figure 8A and 8B, MMP-9 mRNA levels were transiently upregulated in DRG on days 15 (×3.95 ± 0.55, **P < 0.01, n = 4) and 21 (×2 ± 0.36, *P < 0.05, n = 4) as well as in the DHSC 15 days (×2.8 ± 0.6, *P < 0.05, n = 4) after CFA injection, and returned to levels of sham rats thereafter. Markedly, MMP-2 expression showed no variation in DRG, but a mean 2-fold persistent upregulation in DHSC at late stages (×3.45 ± 0.66 on day 15; ×2 ± 0.66 on day 21 and × 1.94 ± 0.36 on day 60 post-CFA, *P < 0.05, n = 4). Moreover, dexamethasone treatment at late stages of inflammatory pain repressed MMP-2/-9 expression in DRG and DHSC of CFA rats ( Figure 8C and 8D, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, n = 4). Thus, the induction of MMP-2 and MMP-9 mirrors reduced NOV expression at late stages in the establishment of inflammatory pain ( Figure 3A and 3B). In an acute model of inflammatory pain, carrageenaninduced mechanical allodynia is partially prevented in MMP-9-null mice [ [10], suppl. data]. To test whether MMP-9 could impact CFA-induced persistent inflammatory pain, the mechanical allodynia of CFA rats treated with an MMP-9 inhibitor (MMP-9i) was evaluated using the von Frey filament test. As shown in Figure 8E, repeated intrathecal injections of MMP-9 inhibitor from day 9 to day 12 post-CFA injection significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia (5.5 ± 0.8 g in CFA rats treated with MMP-9i compared to 2.7 ± 0.3 g in CFA rats injected with vehicle, **P < 0.01, n = 6). Altogether, these **data** suggest a role for MMP-9 in the maintenance of CFA-induced inflammatory pain. | Is data availability statement | no |
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In order to define a physiological function for cell-to-cell communication in ensembles of bone cells, we examined hormonal responsiveness in uncoupled transfectants that maintained phenotypic characteristics typical of osteoblastic cells. PTH was chosen because it is a potent regulator of bone metabolism exerting a direct effect on osteoblastic behavior (42). In osteoblastic cells such as ROS, PTH, via binding to its receptor, activates multiple second messenger systems, including the cAMP-protein kinase A cascade (43). Indeed, we found that PTH stimulated cAMP accumulation in a concentrationdependent manner in ROS, as has been previously demonstrated (39,41). However, in antisense transfectants RCx4 and RCx16, cells exhibiting decreased Cx43 and, consequently, decreased coupling, PTH-stimulated cAMP accumulation was dramatically attenuated. Additionally, we found that subconfluent ROS and bG, cells that display decreased coupling, similarly demonstrated decreased cAMP responses to PTH. However, the cAMP response to PTH was greater in subconfluent ROS and bG than in antisense transfectants, probably because coupling was greater in subconfluent ROS and bG relative to antisense transfectants. Taken together, these **data** indicate that a decrease in cell-to-cell coupling contributes to decreased hormonal responsiveness in ROS. | Is data availability statement | no |
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where u : I × R n → R n for some time strip I = [0, T ), ν > 0 is a constant due to the viscosity of the fluid, p : I × R n → R n denotes the fluid pressure, and u 0 : R n → R n . The requisite differential operators are defined by △ = n i=1
∂ 2 ∂ 2 x i and ∇ = ∂ ∂x i
, ..., ∂ ∂x n . In dimension n = 2, local and global existence of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equation are well known (see [9]; for a more modern reference, see Chapter 17 of [15]). For dimension n ≥ 3, the problem is significantly more complicated. There is a robust collection of local existence results, including [5], in which Kato proves the existence of local solutions to the Navier-Stokes equation with initial **data** in L n (R n ); [7], where Kato and Ponce solve the equation with initial **data** in the Sobolev space H n/p−1,p (R n ); and [8], where Koch and Tataru establish local existence with initial **data** in the space BMO −1 (R n ) (for a more complete accounting of local existence theory for the Navier-Stokes equation, see [10]). In all of these local results, if the initial datum is assumed to be sufficiently small, then the local solution can be extended to a global solution. However, the issue of global existence of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equation in dimension n ≥ 3 for arbitrary initial **data** is one of the most challenging open problems remaining in analysis. | Is data availability statement | no |
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All the complexity upper bounds for the instance-level problem carry over straightforwardly using the simple approach of substituting in each potential output a tuple from V and utilizing the prior algorithms on the resulting Boolean queries. The complexity for each substitution preserves the upper bounds since they hold in the presence of constants, and the iteration over tuples can be absorbed in the complexity classes given in our upper bounds: for **data** complexity the iteration is polynomial, while for combined complexity the number of tuples can be exponential, but our bounds are at least exponential. Further, GFP-Datalog definability for negative implications also extends straightforwardly to the non-Boolean case: Theorem 27 extends with the same statement and proof, while the argument in Theorem 28 is easily extended to show that there is a GFP-Datalog program that returns the complement of NQI(Q, C, S) within the active domain. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The application of ANN architecture varies, depending on specific investigation as desired. The **data** are processed by ANN selection, number of neurons in the hidden layer and transfer functions. Kamyar et al. successfully researched the effect of operational parameters on CRDI engine using backpropagation network with Bayesaian training algorithm [19]. For Similar applications, in order to attain accurate results, a modified network was developed by Togun and Baysec. Other researchers are fruitfully developed a model for segregation of **data** based on the physical processes, to attain accurate ANN predictions for measurement of cylinder pressure [18]. Harun Mohamed Ismail et al. modeled a diesel engine powered with blends of biodiesel to predict engine output response using back-propagation feed forward ANN. The Tansig / Purelin transfer functions, TRAINLM training algorithm is used with 10 neuron, to predict the correlations between engine control parameters and engine output responses [20]. Sayin and Ertunc applied ANN for modeling the parameters of spark ignition engine such as brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, burnt gas temperature and emissions. They found that maximum MRE reached for whole set of training **data** and test **data** was within 2 to 7% [21]. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Relative quantitation of drug levels within caseum and cellular lesion regions was performed using MSiReader 37 . The proprietary Thermo * RAW data format was converted to imzML using Raw to imzML converter to enable importation into MSiReader 38 . Regions of interest ( ROIs ) were drawn in each image covering either cellular lesion or caseum and the mean drug signal intensity within that region ( normalized to the corresponding drug internal standard ) was calculated following exportation of the ROI peak list into Excel . | Is data availability statement | no |
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These parameters are typically obtained through a regression of experimental or computational information for a specific quantity. Sometimes all available **data** sets are leveraged by converting them to a common quantity. Conversions between quantities may be performed by direct differentiation and integration of the raw quantities or by first fitting models to the **data** followed by differentiation or integration. Unfortunately, such conversions are subject to unavoidable errors. | Is data availability statement | no |
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intriguing since high levels of transgenic dystrophin or utrophin protein in skeletal muscle increase expression of the other DGC components without toxicity (Rafael et al., 1996;Rafael et al., 1994;Rafael et al., 1998). SSPN protein expression was not stoichiometric with respect to the other DGC components. This observation suggests that the molar ratio of SSPN to the other DGC components is important and that regulating the levels of SSPN within the myofiber is critical for normal muscle function. Such findings support the hypothesis that SSPN regulates protein interactions within the DGC and that increasing the stoichiometry of SSPN relative to the DGC is highly toxic. Taken together, our **data** are the first to suggest that SSPN may indeed play an important role in muscle physiology. Previous searches for patients with genetic mutations in the SSPN gene have focused on sarcoglycandeficient muscular dystrophies. Despite extensive efforts, SSPN mutations have not been identified in cases of AR-LGMD . In light of the apparent role of SSPN-mediated stability of ␣-DG and the extracellular matrix, the current report provides evidence to suggest that SSPN may also be involved in congenital muscular dystrophies. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The spring constant of the PEG micropillars was determined using an AFM cantilever as a reference . First , the cantilevers spring constant was determined using the integrated tool of a JPK BioAFM ( atomic force microscope , JPK Instruments AG ) . To calibrate the micropillars , the AFM cantilever was vertically fi xed in a custom - made micromanipulator such that its tip was situated approximately 1 μ m below the top of the PEG pillar . Both the cantilever and pillar were made to bend by moving highlighting the differences observed in Figure 2 ( a ) . The comparison in Figure 2 ( b ) illustrates that for forces smaller than 7 nN only a few more maximum force counts are observed on the α v β 3 -integrin antagonist than on the α 5 β 1 -integrin antagonist . In contrast , at forces above 7 nN the number of maximum force counts on the α 5 β 1 -integrin antagonist is up to four times greater than on the α v β 3 -integrin antagonist . In general , the data shows a trend towards higher maximum force counts at higher force levels for cells on the α 5 β 1 -integrin specifi c antagonist , suggesting that these cells must exert a greater pulling force on the pillars when adhering to them . | Is data availability statement | no |
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As PSCs have demonstrated a photoconversion energy as high as other commercial solar devices ( CdTe , CIGS , polycrystalline Si ) , one of the key challenges is achieving their long term stable performance when exposed to outdoor conditions . It can be seen from Table 3 and 5 that PSCs are fabricated with a wide variety of materials and design architectures , many of which are intrinsically unstable . It can also be noted that even the similar PSC architectures fabricated at different laboratories resulted in different stability , which is because the durability of these devices largely depends on the purity of starting materials , fabrication methods and conditions , and also the characteristics of the device interfaces . Unlike silicon and thin film solar cells where decades of research has brought them to deliver a stable performance over 20 years with negligible intrinsic degradation , these materials resembles OPVs where instability mostly arises from the materials components itself such as photo - oxidation , change in morphologies over time , and interfacial degradation . [ 273 ] We therefore believe that stability protocols of PSCs are more likely to follow the consensus being developed for OPVs [ 274 ] and DSCs [ 12,243 ] as the device degradation involves chemical modifications . For a detailed overview of the protocols that may be adopted while reporting stability of PSCs , we refer to the comprehensive reports highlighting various ISOS protocols to be adopted while measuring and reporting operational stability ( indoor and outdoor ) . [ 12,243,274 ] Although so far , not many reports have followed any standard protocol while reporting stability of PSCs , we recommend that the perovskite community should follow few considerations while reporting such data . Most importantly the overestimation in PV performance of PSCs due to anomalous hysteresis and their erroneous efficiency reporting ( missing IV data for reverse and forward scan , stabilized maximum power output and statistical analysis ) must be carefully looked at . [ 275 ] For a reliable device characterization , we suggest a measurement protocol developed by Zimmermann et al . [ 276 ] The protocol is derived from standard J - V measurements , power point tracking and stabilized PV parameters as well as characteristics extracted from time resolved current density - voltage measurements . The PSCs research community needs to report stabilized PV performance for both scan directions and preferably the J - V curves at various scan conditions ( delay time , scan rate etc . ) in order to provide a clearer picture of device performance . We recommend a recently published checklist while reporting the PV performance , [ 275 ] ( ii ) while reporting the stability of PSCs , the protocols such as those for dark or indoor testing ( ISOS - D-1 , shelf - life , ISOS - D-2 , high temperature storage , and ISOS - D-3 , damp heat ) or those for outdoor ( ISOS - O-1 - 3 ) [ 273 ] must be followed so that a consensus on the stability is made and a true picture of device performance is obtained . | Is data availability statement | no |
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Results for the average front position and front roughness are provided in Fig. 12. The time evolution of the average front position turns out to be of the expected power-law form, h (t) ∼ t δ , with δ 0.58. Hence, the average velocity of the front decays with time, as expected due to the time-decreasing KPZ coupling in Eq. (16). However, the amplitude of front fluctuations does increase with time as indicated by the powerlaw behavior of the roughness, w(t) ∼ t β with β 0.35, seen in Fig. 12. For reference, recall that for the 1D KPZ universality class one has β KPZ = 1/3 [15][16][17]. However, we believe closeness of the growth exponent to the KPZ value is coincidental, as it does not occur for other exponents. This is confirmed by Fig. 13, which shows the structure factor S(k, t) for different times. Note that the large-k behavior of the various curves is time-independent and exhibits no anomalous shift with time, in contrast with the kMC results shown e.g. in Fig. 9. Hence, scaling behavior is standard Family-Vicsek type for Eq. (16), as further confirmed by the **data** collapse performed in Fig. 13(b) according to Eq. (12), whereby the u-independent behavior obtained for large u in the numerical scaling function implies α = α loc 1. Hence, neither α = 1 nor the z 2.65 value implied by the collapse, are anywhere close to the 1D KPZ values (α KPZ = 1/2 and z KPZ = 3/2), in spite of the fact that their ratio β = α/z 0.37 is not so far from β KPZ . | Is data availability statement | no |
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The last two algorithms considered in this paper are presented by Cuomo et al. [7]. In their quest to find a way to improve the ADR, Cuomo et al. [7] exposed that in some cases, forcing an end device to use a lower **data** rate can reduce collisions in a LoRa net-work. Accordingly, they proposed two implementations of the ADR. The simpler of the two, EXPLoRa-SF, was built to reduce network collisions by segregating end devices into channels based on their distance from the gateway. The second approach, EXPLoRa-AT, was built on the functionalities of EXPLoRa-SF and included an intelligence mechanism to equalize airtimes for all traffic in different transmission channels and to enforce channel usage fairness. Both algorithms were implemented and tested using LoRaSim and compared against the native ADR algorithm in terms of throughput and **data** extraction rate. The simulation environment was a network operating in the European ISM band consisting of 500 to 2000 end devices each transmitting a 160-byte packet every 5 to 3600 s. The overall results showed superior performances of both algorithms over the native ADR. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Genotyping the progeny of miR-142 +/− intercrosses at embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) revealed the predicted Mendelian distribution of miR-142 +/+ , miR-142 +/− , and miR-142 −/− embryos. However, postnatal survival at 3 weeks of age of miR-142 homozygous offsprings was lower than expected (18% instead of 25%), demonstrating that roughly a third of miR-142 −/− mice died perinatally (Figure 1-source **data** 1). Surviving miR-142 −/− mice did not display overt physical abnormalities, were fertile, and bred normally. | Is data availability statement | no |
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By inference, the recovery of inserts affecting other genes in the IGF-II signalling pathway suggests that mutations in multiple genes may affect the same phenotype by acting on a common pathway. The insert in Igf2r was found to decrease the expression of the gene as assayed by northern blot analysis (data not shown). As IGF-II targets the igf2r to lysosomal degradation, mutations in the genes encoding either the receptor (Igf2r) or its ligand (Igf2) will affect the activity of the other, and result in a reduced endosomal trafficking of hydrolases necessary for reovirus disassembly [24]. Our **data** indicates there is a decrease in virus disassembly in 6B72 cells, consistent with a block at Anchorage-independent growth phenotypes of RIE-1 cell clones Figure 9 Anchorage-independent growth phenotypes of RIE-1 cell clones. 10 5 cells were suspended in media containing 1% agarose and plated in 6 well culture dishes. RIE-1 cells acquire the ability to grow in soft agar after being transfected with a vector expressing pro-IGF2 but not the IGF2 SV splice-variant (a). The vector inserted in the Ctcf gene (6B72) confers the ability to grow in soft agar, but the phenotype is suppressed by expression of IGF2 SV (b). Clones selected for reovirus resistance with gene trap vectors inserted into the Prss11, Igf2r and Anxa2 genes failed to grow in soft agar (c). RIE-1 cells expressing native IGF-II protein without the E-peptide grew in soft agar but the colonies were smaller (d) than produced by pro-IGF-2 (a), while the corresponding IGF-II A62T protein (E-peptide) did not transform RIE-1 cells to anchorage independence (d). Colonies were photographed (20×) after 7 days except (d) where the cells were photographed after 10 days. | Is data availability statement | no |
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The event selection discussed in Sec. VI relies on the reconstruction of electrons, muons, jets, and missing transverse momentum (with magnitude E miss T ). Although the requirements vary for the different channels, the general algorithms are introduced below. The small differences between the efficiencies measured in **data** and MC simulation are corrected for by applying scale factors to the MC simulation so that it matches the data. | Is data availability statement | no |
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All resulting **data** in Winkler et al. (2019) | Is data availability statement | no |
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In the course of test, in order to avoid the friction of the end of the specimen and the ambient noise, the test result has a great influence, the threshold voltage is 3.1V, the main amplifier gain is 40dB, the **data** acquisition time interval is 0.2s, the loading mode adopts the displacement control mode to 0.002mm/s and 0.003mm/s. The test process is controlled by computer and automatically collects data. | Is data availability statement | no |
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We thank A. Sachraida, C. Gould and P. J. Kelly for providing us with the experimental **data** and helpful comments, and S. Tomsovic for a critical discussion. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Window evaluation may give **data** also for technology evaluation. Assume that an MT technology has been used for building an MT system for the language pair a-b and the question is raised how good a quality that technology would provide for another language pair c-d. Polished rough translations show the final quality for the pair a-b for a given text type. If a and b are structurally more distant from each other than c and d, window evaluation tells indirectly how good a quality is achievable for the pair c-d for a similar text type. If, on the other hand, c and d are more distant from each other than a and b, window evaluation remains silent. | Is data availability statement | no |
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A common criticism of neural networks is that they are hard to engineer, hence this section attempts to provide insights on how good MLP architectures may be designed for our problem, as well as intuition regarding the amount of training **data** necessary to achieve good performance. We used matrix multiplication for our analysis, but the same qualitative behavior was observed in convolutions. Table 2 shows the cross-validation MSE of several MLP architectures, as measured on a fixed set of 10, 000 data-points separate from the 200, 000 samples used for training. Unsurprisingly, deeper networks seem to perform much better than shallower one (given a fixed amount of parameters). The accuracy of the network can be adjusted by adding (moderately wider) layers, at the cost of longer training and higher runtime latency. We emphasize the importance of the logarithmic feature transformation exposed in the previous subsection, without which our system would converge to much worse solutions -if at all. Figure 5 shows the evolution of our most accurate MLP's accuracy as the amount of training **data** available grows. As expected, collecting more **data** does not seem to provide much benefits beyond a certain point (150,000 samples for GEMM, or ∼ 6 hours of **data** collection). | Is data availability statement | no |
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In this study , we explore the application of our laser - guided cell micropatterning ( LGCM ) system 15 in combination with surface patterning methods 16 to investigate stem cell differentiation at the single - cell level in a cardiomyocyte microculturing environment . In previous studies , we determined the effect of cell - cell contact on MSC cardiogenic differentiation by creating a microenvironment with only one MSC and one cardiomyocyte using the LGCM system . 17 In the study reported here , we first constructed a cardiomyocyte culture model with the controlled alignment of cardiomyocyte constructs , and then utilized LGCM to trap and deposit individual MSCs into the constructed model . Next , we evaluated cell differentiation at the single - cell level through single - cell RT - qPCR and patch - clamp assays . Consequently , we report ( i ) the construction of a laser - patterned , biochip - based , stem cell - cardiomyocyte coculture model with controlled cell alignment ; and ( ii ) single - cell - level data on stem cell cardiogenic differentiation under an in vivo - like cardiomyocyte alignment conditions . | Is data availability statement | no |
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Fig. 12
12Contours of (a) axial velocity and crossflow streamlines, and (b) TKE at x 5 0.4 for b 5 20 deg. Subplots show: experimental **data** (left), S2 (middle), and S6 (right). | Is data availability statement | no |
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• From the simulation the quantities α, A(t), B(t) and Γ(t) are calculated using the filtered elements. Numerical forward differentiation with four **data** points was used to computeṗ andq. | Is data availability statement | no |
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Theorem 6. 5 .
5Suppose that A, B have property (i) of Theorem 5.4, and that A, B are linked. Suppose that A is an Euler **data** with deg α A d ≤ −2 for all d ≺ 0, and that there exists power series f ∈ R[[K ∨ ]], g = (g 1 , .., g m ), g j ∈ R[[K ∨ ]], all without constant term,such thate f /α HG[B](t) = Ω − Ω H · (t + g) α + O(α −2 ) (6.5)when expanded in powers of α −1 . ThenHG[A](t + g) = e f /α HG[B](t). Proof: By Theorem 6.4, f, g define two mirror transformations µ f , ν g , with HG[B](t) = e f /α HG[B](t) HG[Ã](t) = HG[A](t + g) (6.6) whereB = µ f (B),Ã = ν g (A). Now bothB,Ã have property (i) of Theorem 5.4. (See remark after Theorem 6.4.) Since deg α A d ≤ −2, HG[Ã](t) has the same asymtotic form as HG[B](t) in eqn. (6.5) mod O(α −2 ). It follows that e H·t/α HG[Ã −B](t) ≡ O(α −2 ), or equivalently deg α (Ã d −B d ) ≤ −2. ThusÃ,B satisfy condition (ii) of Theorem 5.4.
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) and laser-off (trials) as well as the respective indifference point for each condition. (B), Transitivity plots are shown for the blocked (left) and patent (right) fiber types. Transitivity measures represent the consistency of food pellet preferences across six sessions in which animals experienced each of the possible pairs of three pellets (A-C,A-B,B-C) for both fiber-type conditions. Stable and consistent preferences should be in accordance with the relation: IP A:C » IP A:B Â IP B:C which can be visualized in the scatterplots as points falling close to the identity line. The Y-and X-axes show the IP, in log scale, for the pellet pair with the largest preference difference, IP A:C , and the product of the IPs from the other two pairs (IP A:B Â IP B:C ). The within-session pairs of laser-on trials (yellow symbols) and laser-off trials (grey symbols) are indicated by a dark grey line connecting the scatterplot pairs. Histograms comparing laser-on and -off trials are shown in the background for each of the plots. The six sessions shown in (A) are marked with a red outline on the respective scatter points in (B) Data is provided in Supplementary file 3 andFigure 5-source **data** 1. (C) The distances between within-session pairs (the lengths of the grey lines connecting the scatterplot pairs in (B) plotted as the cumulative empirical distribution function for each of the fiber-type conditions (blocked: yellow, patent: brown). For **data** seeFigure 5-source **data** 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38963.011The following source **data** is available for figure 5:Source **data** 1. Text File Containing the Source Data forFigure 5with the Same Layout as in Supplementary file 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38963.012
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The best fit parameters we find in order to reproduce the ARGO **data** with our model are ESN = 10 51 erg, ℜ = 1/15 yr −1 , EM ∼ = 507 TeV and ξCR ∼ = 5.2%. While it is clear that the spectrum of light nuclei (H+He) is easily accounted for, it is equally clear that the all-particle spectrum knee cannot be reproduced within a simple approach such as the one discussed here. [26,28], with k = 9, ESN = 10 51 erg, ℜ = 1/15 yr −1 , EM ∼ = 507 TeV and ξCR ∼ = 5.2%. | Is data availability statement | no |
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This system proved to detect anomalies and create geospatial **data** visualization to represent the condition of the streets on two tested avenues. While the proposed research hypothesis proved true, this project has vast areas of opportunity, potential improvements, and further research to scale a system to a whole-city level. One of the new aspects of this project is the cloud solution. The design and implementation of cloud services to host the website are needed for the visualization tools and the creation and maintenance of a database, relational or not, as well as the complementary systems necessary for the operation of the proposed **data** recovery and analysis platform. | Is data availability statement | no |
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SortingHat uses a very conservative approach to merging identities: it uses algorithms that are quite likely to only merge identities that really correspond with the same person. This approach is used because in production environments, experience has shown how erroneously merging identities causes much more problems than failing to merge some identities, and because it can more easily be complemented with manual curation of the data. For example, the naive algorithm of "merge two identities if the email address is present in both, and it is exactly equal", fails in large datasets for common cases such as "root@localhost", merging for example "John Smith <root@localhost>" with "Mary Williams <root@localhost>". SortingHat provides this algorithm, which can be activated, but we had to include a deny list with common addresses such as this "root@localhost" to make it useful. SortingHat periodically merges identities using these conservative algorithms, that can also be activated (or not) in its configuration. If more detail is needed, ingestion of identities **data** from reliable sources (such as company records, or FOSS Foundation **data** about its developers), or manual curation (usually via HatStall) can be used. However, since SortingHat offers an API to manage the identities it stores, more aggressive automatic algorithms for merging them could be easily implemented. | Is data availability statement | no |
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For both ImageNet and CIFAR-10, we trained the base classifier with random horizontal flips and random crops (in addition to the Gaussian **data** augmentation discussed in Section 3.2). | Is data availability statement | no |
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• To establish the contribution to the systematic uncertainty from the simulation of R 2 , the number of φ mesons from BB events is estimated again without the R 2 requirement, and the same procedure is applied to the Monte Carlo. The fraction of φ mesons from B decays with R 2 < 0.25 in **data** is (78.18±0.80)% while this fraction in Monte Carlo is (78.00±0.09)%, in agreement within statistical errors. We also investigate the two decay models mentioned above for their effect on the R 2 selection. We find that the largest difference between the models and our Monte Carlo distribution is 0.5%, and we take this difference as a systematic uncertainty. | Is data availability statement | no |
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