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[ "what is crypton fabric", "what is dash cryptocurrency", "what is cryptosporidiosis", "what is decentralized cryptocurrency", "what is cryptocurrency backed by", "what is a crypt used for", "what is cryptocurrency paper", "what is the most profitable crypto currency", "definition of cryptid", "what are cryptographers" ]
[ "CF Stinson Sumatran Palm Grain Crypton Botanical Design Upholstery Fabric. CF Stinson Sumatran Palm Grain Crypton Botanical Design Upholstery Fabric. $7.25 $29.00. Crypton® is a specially engineered fabric with an integrated moisture barrier that promises permanent performance.", "This is something the Dash community feels Bitcoin has lost. Dash changed its name so as to distance itself from the growing notoriety of the DarkWeb. Dash uses X11, which is a chained hashing algorithm, instead of SHA-256 like Bitcoin, or Scrypt like Litecoin. This method allows CPUs and GPUs to both compete in mining.", "Cryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite. A protozoan is a microscopic, single-celled organism. Cryptosporidium can infect humans, cattle and other animals, particularly farm animals. There are two main species of cryptosporidium that cause infection in humans - Cryptosporidium hominis ( C. hominis) and Cryptosporidium parvum ( C. parvum ).", "Inside Look At The Top 70 Alternative Cryptocurrencies & Token Projects. Many cryptocurrency experts argue that we are currently experiencing a bull market that is benefiting from a high amount of optimism about the future of cryptocurrencies and the potential applications of decentralized assets.", "Ibrahim Mohammed the founder of OneGram has answered our questions about his creation. The ICO of OneGram starts on May 27th 2017. What is OneGram? OneGram is an organisation based in Dubai, which plans to launch a blockchain based cryptocurrency backed by gold.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Key derivation function (\"password hash\") This article is about the Unix C library function. For the Unix utility, see Crypt (Unix). crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the \"traditional\" one explained below).", "It contains the information to both verify and retrieve digital currency loaded onto it. Digital currency is placed at an address in the currencies digital block chain, and the paper wallet has the only key to acquire and spend it. More on Digital Currency...", "Crypto Currency Coins. Win the CoinWarz and determine which crypto currency is the most profitable to mine and trade on the most popular crypto currency exchanges: MtGox, BTCe, Coinbase, Vircurex, Cryptsy, Bter, Coins-E, and CoinEx.", "Cryptid. In cryptozoology and sometimes in cryptobotany, a cryptid is a creature or plant whose existence has been suggested but is not recognized by scientific consensus. Well known examples include the Yeti in the Himalayas, the Loch Ness Monster in Scotland, and Sasquatch in North America.", "Daniel Liden. Crytographers study different ways of keeping information secret. A cryptographer is one who practices or studies cryptography, a field primarily involved with keeping secret information secret. Modern cryptography is mostly concerned with encrypting digital information, such as e-mail, to protect it as it's sent from one digital source to another." ]
[ [ "Amadeus Natural Floral Pattern Beige Upholstery Fabric. $8.00 $32.00. Arc-Com Allegra Chestnut Crypton Brown Upholstery Fabric. Arc-Com Allegra Chestnut Crypton Brown Upholstery Fabric. $9.50 $38.00. Arc-Com Atomic Coal Geometric Design Gray Upholstery Fabric.", "Sort by. Featured Best Selling Alphabetically, A-Z Alphabetically, Z-A Price Under $10 Price $10 - $20 Price Over $20 Date, new to old Date, old to new. Fabric. All home decor upholstery. Color. All beige black blue brown gold green grey multi orange red tan taupe turquoise yellow. Pattern.", "9 yards available. Architex Bittersweet Nightshade Stripe Crypton Upholstery Fabric. $11.00 $44.00. Architex Bittersweet Petal Foliage Stripe Crypton Upholstery Fabric. Architex Bittersweet Petal Foliage Stripe Crypton Upholstery Fabric. $11.00 $44.00. Architex Brook Habitat Crypton Blue Upholstery Fabric.", "Architex Ripples Eucalyptus Gray Crypton Upholstery Fabric. $11.00 $44.00. 61 yards available. Bernhardt Wing Mica Stripe Crypton Upholstery Fabric. $10.65 $42.59. Bernhardt Wing Twilight Metallic Stripe Blue Upholstery Fabric. Bernhardt Wing Twilight Metallic Stripe Blue Upholstery Fabric. $12.25 $49.00.", "Architex Brook Habitat Crypton Blue Upholstery Fabric. $14.25 $57.00. 27 yards available. Architex Coalesce Together Crypton Grey Upholstery Fabric. $14.75 $59.00. Architex Honeycomb The Plateau Geometric Green Upholstery Fabric. Architex Honeycomb The Plateau Geometric Green Upholstery Fabric. $10.25 $41.00.", "Arc-Com Monte Carlo Amethyst Horizontal Barcode Stripe Crypton Upholstery Fabric. Arc-Com Monte Carlo Amethyst Horizontal Barcode Stripe Crypton Upholstery Fabric. $11.25 $45.00. 3 yards available. Arc-Com Monte Carlo Sky Horizontal Barcode Stripe Crypton Upholstery Fabric. $11.25 $45.00.", "No stains, no spills, no worries- this is our most durable fabric for furniture upholstery. With no liquid penetration between threads, Crypton® is the perfect fabric for pet furniture, healthcare industry, food service, and your home. ←. 1. 2.", "20 yards available. Arc-Com Cascade Fog Crypton Gray Upholstery Fabric. $13.19 $52.75. Arc-Com Cascade Twilight Crypton Blue Upholstery Fabric. Arc-Com Cascade Twilight Crypton Blue Upholstery Fabric. $13.19 $52.75. Arc-Com Cirque Butterscotch Crypton Gold Upholstery Fabric.", "Arc-Com Cirque Cocoa Crypton Sliced Circles Brown Upholstery Fabric. $10.00 $40.00. 43 yards available. Arc-Com Cirque Fog Geometric Crypton Gray Upholstery Fabric. $10.00 $40.00. Arc-Com Cirque Truffle Geometric Circles Brown Upholstery Fabric. Arc-Com Cirque Truffle Geometric Circles Brown Upholstery Fabric.", "Arc-com Palatine Fog Stripe Gray Crypton Upholstery Fabric. Arc-com Palatine Fog Stripe Gray Crypton Upholstery Fabric. $12.25 $49.00. Arc-com Palatine Grass Stripe Green Crypton Upholstery Fabric. Arc-com Palatine Grass Stripe Green Crypton Upholstery Fabric.", "What is cryptocurrency? The ultimate beginner's guide. Cryptocurrency — also known as crypto — is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography (the practice of securing communication under a third party) to secure and verify transactions, as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency.", "Cryptocurrency exchanges are platforms/websites where you can buy/sell or exchange your cryptocurrency or fiat (money) with other cryptocurrencies. When joining an exchange, you should check out for the fees, reputation in the industry, the platform performance and whether they support new, emerging cryptocurrencies.", "Cryptid. In cryptozoology and sometimes in cryptobotany, a cryptid is a creature or plant whose existence has been suggested but is not recognized by scientific consensus. Well known examples include the Yeti in the Himalayas, the Loch Ness Monster in Scotland, and Sasquatch in North America.", "Ibrahim Mohammed the founder of OneGram has answered our questions about his creation. The ICO of OneGram starts on May 27th 2017. What is OneGram? OneGram is an organisation based in Dubai, which plans to launch a blockchain based cryptocurrency backed by gold.", "cryptography. 1. the science or study of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems. 2. the procedures and methods of making and using secret languages, as codes or ciphers. — cryptographer, cryptographist, n. — cryptographic, cryptographical, cryptographal, adj. See also: Writing.", "But the number of cryptocurrencies and investment dollars going into them is no surprise considering the staggering gains these coins can bring. And that's just the start of how profitable the cryptocurrency market could be…. Currently, cryptocurrencies have a market cap of $658 billion.", "Inside Look At The Top 70 Alternative Cryptocurrencies & Token Projects. Many cryptocurrency experts argue that we are currently experiencing a bull market that is benefiting from a high amount of optimism about the future of cryptocurrencies and the potential applications of decentralized assets.", "Conclusion. Cryptopia is a New Zealand based cryptocurrency exchange, which offers a lot of altcoins and some other services, like an online store where you can buy items. The company also offers New Zealanders a relatively easy access to the world of cryptocurrencies, via its banking service.", "This is something the Dash community feels Bitcoin has lost. Dash changed its name so as to distance itself from the growing notoriety of the DarkWeb. Dash uses X11, which is a chained hashing algorithm, instead of SHA-256 like Bitcoin, or Scrypt like Litecoin. This method allows CPUs and GPUs to both compete in mining.", "Additionally, cryptocurrency can be used to avoid corruption in charitable organizations. Because of its ability to keep companies accountable, blockchain can eliminate many problems occurring with charities, such as fund leaks." ], [ "If consensus cannot be reached, the transaction falls back on standard verification. This process also allows Dash to solve the double spending problem without the long wait times of Bitcoin. You can learn more about Dash at their website, https://www.dashpay.io/, or Wikipedia.org, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_ (cryptocurrency). Dash is also known as DASH.", "This process can be done multiple times to increase the obfuscation of the transactions. Dash is near-instant due to the InstantX service. This is a service that allows one to lock inputs to only specific transactions and verify through consensus.", "DASH Mining with Eobot. Eobot is the easiest, cheapest, and best way to mine DASH. You can mine and hash cryptocurrency with Cloud Mining, or you can use any CPU or GPU for any coin, SHA-256 or Scrypt, any computer, as many computers, and with immediate mining results. \n.", "Dash uses Darksend as a method of achieving privacy in transactions. For this, it uses Masternodes. These are similar to Bitcoin tumblers, in a way. Transactions are all sent to a Masternode. Identical inputs are all into one transaction with various outgoing transactions.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Key derivation function (\"password hash\") This article is about the Unix C library function. For the Unix utility, see Crypt (Unix). crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the \"traditional\" one explained below).", "Conclusion. Cryptopia is a New Zealand based cryptocurrency exchange, which offers a lot of altcoins and some other services, like an online store where you can buy items. The company also offers New Zealanders a relatively easy access to the world of cryptocurrencies, via its banking service.", "Algorithms. A cryptographic algorithm (also known as a cipher) is a step by step sequence of mathematical calculations used to encrypt and decrypt information. There are currently three different types of cryptographic algorithms; hashing algorithms, symmetric-key algorithms and asymmetric key algorithms.", "It contains the information to both verify and retrieve digital currency loaded onto it. Digital currency is placed at an address in the currencies digital block chain, and the paper wallet has the only key to acquire and spend it. More on Digital Currency...", "Crypto Currency Coins. Win the CoinWarz and determine which crypto currency is the most profitable to mine and trade on the most popular crypto currency exchanges: MtGox, BTCe, Coinbase, Vircurex, Cryptsy, Bter, Coins-E, and CoinEx.", "Passwords are usually encrypted by the browser to prevent anyone other than the recipient from being able to access it. Cryptology or cryptography is the study and process of encoding and decoding plain text messages so that they cannot be read by anyone without a guide or key.", "cryptography. 1. the science or study of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems. 2. the procedures and methods of making and using secret languages, as codes or ciphers. — cryptographer, cryptographist, n. — cryptographic, cryptographical, cryptographal, adj. See also: Writing.", "Additionally, cryptocurrency can be used to avoid corruption in charitable organizations. Because of its ability to keep companies accountable, blockchain can eliminate many problems occurring with charities, such as fund leaks.", "crypt. n. 1. An underground vault or chamber, especially one beneath a church that is used as a burial place. 2. Anatomy A small pit, recess, or glandular cavity in the body. [Latin crypta, from Greek kruptē, from feminine of kruptos, hidden, from kruptein, to hide .] American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.", "Ibrahim Mohammed the founder of OneGram has answered our questions about his creation. The ICO of OneGram starts on May 27th 2017. What is OneGram? OneGram is an organisation based in Dubai, which plans to launch a blockchain based cryptocurrency backed by gold.", "CryptoLocker is a ransomware virus created by cyber criminals. The virus is distributed using 'exploit kits', which infiltrate users' computers using security vulnerabilities detected within outdated software. Common sources of exploit kits are infected email messages, malicious websites, and drive-by downloads.", "Cryptid. In cryptozoology and sometimes in cryptobotany, a cryptid is a creature or plant whose existence has been suggested but is not recognized by scientific consensus. Well known examples include the Yeti in the Himalayas, the Loch Ness Monster in Scotland, and Sasquatch in North America.", "Inside Look At The Top 70 Alternative Cryptocurrencies & Token Projects. Many cryptocurrency experts argue that we are currently experiencing a bull market that is benefiting from a high amount of optimism about the future of cryptocurrencies and the potential applications of decentralized assets.", "What Is Cryptocurrency? A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers.", "Daniel Liden. Crytographers study different ways of keeping information secret. A cryptographer is one who practices or studies cryptography, a field primarily involved with keeping secret information secret. Modern cryptography is mostly concerned with encrypting digital information, such as e-mail, to protect it as it's sent from one digital source to another.", "What is cryptocurrency? The ultimate beginner's guide. Cryptocurrency — also known as crypto — is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography (the practice of securing communication under a third party) to secure and verify transactions, as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency." ], [ "Note: if you suspect that you are dehydrated, you should contact a doctor. Symptoms of dehydration in adults include tiredness, dizziness or light-headedness, headache, muscular cramps, sunken eyes, passing little urine, a dry mouth and tongue, weakness and becoming irritable.", "This is commonly through contact with infected animals in farms or zoos or through contact with infected animal dung. You may also become infected if you drink contaminated water. In fact, the largest outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis have occurred when drinking water becomes contaminated with sewage or manure.", "Symptoms can include joint pain, eye pain, headaches and tiredness. It is thought that cryptosporidium infection may also cause a flare-up of symptoms in those with inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.", "Some people who become infected with cryptosporidium actually have no symptoms. However, they can still pass on the infection to others. But usually infection with cryptosporidium causes a gastroenteritis-type illness. Gastroenteritis is infection of the bowels (intestines).", "Cryptosporidium. Authored by Dr Laurence Knott, Reviewed by Dr Hayley Willacy | Last edited 23 Nov 2020 | Meets Patient’s editorial guidelines. In this series. In this series: Diarrhoea Gastroenteritis Food Poisoning Norovirus Campylobacter Salmonella C Diff E. Coli Diarrhoea Medicine. Cryptosporidium is a parasite.", "Human-to-human transmission of infection is possible - for example, by not washing your hands after changing the nappy of an infected child and then putting your hands in your mouth. Outbreaks can occur within a household or, for example, within nurseries. Animal-to-human transmission is also possible.", "If you can manage to drink plenty of fluids then dehydration is unlikely to occur, or is only likely to be mild, and will soon recover as you drink. Severe dehydration can lead to a drop in your blood pressure. This can cause reduced blood flow to your vital organs.", "Note: if you suspect that your child is dehydrated, or is becoming dehydrated, you should seek medical advice. Symptoms of dehydration in children include passing little urine, a dry mouth, a dry tongue and lips, fewer tears when crying, sunken eyes, weakness, being irritable or lacking in energy (lethargic).", "Most people with cryptosporidiosis do not need any specific medication or treatment. Their immune system will usually work to clear the infection. Some studies have shown that medicines such as nitazoxanide may help clear symptoms more quickly in some people. However, this medicine is not routinely used in the UK.", "How do you develop cryptosporidiosis? As a living thing (organism) that lives in, or on another organism (a parasite), cryptosporidium passes out in the stools (faeces) of infected humans and animals. It can then be found in soil, water, and food, or on surfaces that have been contaminated with the infected faeces.", "The main symptoms are watery diarrhoea with tummy (abdominal) cramps. Being sick (vomiting), high temperature (fever) and loss of appetite are also common. Symptoms usually last around 12 to 14 days but can sometimes last for as long as one month.", "Symptoms usually last for up to two weeks, sometimes longer. Symptoms can be very severe in people whose immune system is not working properly. No specific treatment is needed for most people but you should drink plenty of fluids to avoid lack of body fluid (dehydration).", "This is a living thing (organism) that lives in, or on, another organism. It can infect your bowels (intestines) and cause cryptosporidiosis. This is a form of bowel infection called gastroenteritis, which leads to diarrhoea and being sick (vomiting). Infection can occur in humans and animals and is spread by contact with soil, water, food or surfaces that have been contaminated by infected stools (faeces) containing the parasite.", "A parasite is a general term for any living thing (organism) that lives in, or on, another living organism. It may feed off its host, or obtain shelter using its host but contributes nothing to its host's well-being or welfare. Human parasites include fungi, protozoa and worms.", "Eating contaminated food is a less common way that you may become infected with cryptosporidium. For example, food that is washed in contaminated water or fruit or vegetables that are contaminated by infected manure that has been used to encourage them to grow. Unpasteurised milk may also be a source of infection.", "There were 3,000 confirmed cases of infection with cryptosporidium in England and Wales in 2011, down from 4,000 in 2008. However, the actual number of infected people is likely to be higher, as a stool (faeces) sample may not be tested in the laboratory in all cases.", "Sometimes a child may need to be admitted to hospital for treatment if they are dehydrated. Treatment in hospital usually involves giving rehydration solution via a special tube called a 'nasogastric tube'. This tube passes through your child's nose, down their throat and directly into their stomach.", "What is cryptosporidium? Cryptosporidium is a living thing (organism) that lives in, or on, another organism (a parasite). It can infect your bowels (intestines) and cause cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidiosis is an infection of your bowels (gastroenteritis) which can lead to diarrhoea and sometimes being sick (vomiting).", "Adequate filtration of water is needed to remove the parasite. Swimming in contaminated water (for example, in lakes or rivers) can also cause infection. Outbreaks have also occurred through swimming pool contamination, as chlorination doesn't always kill the parasite.", "Cryptosporidiosis is usually diagnosed when cryptosporidium is found in your stool (faeces) after a sample is sent to the laboratory. Occasionally, in people with a weakened immune system and a negative stool sample, cryptosporidium may be detected after a biopsy of the stomach or bowel.", "This can depend on the age and the weight of your child. If you are breastfeeding, you should continue with this during this time. Otherwise, don't give your child any other drinks unless the doctor or nurse has said that this is OK.", "As with any infection of the bowels (gastroenteritis), cryptosporidiosis can lead to lack of fluid (dehydration) and salt (electrolyte) imbalance in your body. This occurs if the water and salts that are lost in your stools (faeces) are not replaced by you drinking adequate fluids.", "Summary. Cryptosporidiosis (crypto) is an illness caused by a parasite. The parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with feces (poop). You can become infected by swallowing the parasite, if it is in your food, drinking water, or water that you swim in. You can also get it by touching your mouth with contaminated hands." ], [ "Also released in 2011 and very similar to Bitcoin, this cryptocurrency uses SHA-256d for its hash algorithm. The main difference between Bitcoin and Namecoin is the ability to store date within its own blockchain transaction database.", "Dogecoin. This cryptocurrency was initially created as a joke on December 8 th, 2013. However, the meme based currency quickly generated a community and reached a value of $60 million USD by January 2014. Today, this currency is worth nearly $440 million USD.", "Bitcoin and many other cryptocurrencies are opening the doors to a new type of digital money, which we think has the potential to someday become a leading currency of the world. At the moment, even the oldest of cryptocurrencies are still maturing and only time will tell where this genius invention is heading.", "Nakamoto worked on the Bitcoin system up until December of 2010, at which point he handed over the network alert key and the source code repository to Gavin Andresen while distributing some of the key domains linked to Bitcoin amongst notable members of the Bitcoin community.", "It wasn’t until 2009 that the first, decentralized cryptocurrency was launched and developed by none other than the famously reclusive Satoshi Nakamoto. Simply put, his digital form of currency was a work of art. It used cryptography and proof of work functions just as described by Nick Szabo.", "Litecoin was originally created to complement Bitcoin with a specialized focus on concentrated mining pools and speeding up transaction timings. Unlike Bitcoin, which functions as a secure form of holding and storing wealth, Litecoin is intended to revolutionize the process of transferring monetary value.", "Yes, Nakamoto was awarded Bitcoins as he was the first and a sole miner for some time, but this continued only for about 10 days after the launch of the Bitcoin network. The only thing that Nakamoto used his Bitcoins for was a few test transactions.", "Although there aren’t many mainstream applications designed to use Dogecoin as a method of payment, many online users have been using this form of digital currency as a way to tip others for their creative content or services. Dogecoin is very popular amongst the social media networks.", "The more time passes since the occurrence of the transaction, the more validated it becomes. It is estimated that once a transaction has been verified 6 times, its validity is equivalent to a 6 month old credit card transaction.", "They described an anonymous digital currency titled “b-money.”. Not long after, another developer by the name of Nick Szabo created what they call “Bit Gold,” the first cryptocurrency that used a proof of work function to validate and authenticate each transaction.", "To a long term investor, volatility might be a bad idea and promotes instability. However, day to day traders can benefit enormously with the amount of volatility which is seen in Bitcoin every day. We are all aware of the reason for this volatility as well, as all new currencies experience it.", "The main reason many developers choose to address their new currency in such a way is to avoid paying all the expenses that come alongside legal sales. In a similar matter, a developer of a newfound cryptocurrency might choose to say that his or her investors are ‘donating’ coins to their cause and what not.", "The best part is that you don’t need to know anything about the way it works, simply plug it in and watch it do its magic. However, having a general understanding of the blockchain gives you the ability to fully comprehend the security and stability that blockchains bring to the table.", "Counterparty. Bitcoin is a powerful cryptocurrency, but is limited in the amount of assets that can be issued on top of it. Counterparty aims to provide users with the ability to issue assets and smart contracts on top of cryptocurrency.", "Created around 2012, this cryptocurrency is one of the first to use both proof-of-work and proof-of-stake systems. The inventor of Peercoin, known as Sunny King, saw a flaw in the proof-of-work system because the rewards for mining are designed to decline over time.", "The whole code was released as open source for anyone to see and work on in 2009. Bitcoin was the first currency of its kind. Each transaction between Bitcoin users was designed in a peer-to-peer method, meaning that all transactions were direct and without an intermediary.", "When the first block of Bitcoin was mined, it read ‘The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks.’. This quote is the headline for The Times newspaper which was published on January 3rd, 2009.", "There is truly no limit to the blockchain. For instance, imagine using the blockchain to host every website on the internet. Instead of connecting to one specific host which has all the files stored on their computer, the blockchain can have the website stored on all computers at the same time.", "Starting from around mid-January of 2009, those Bitcoins were left unspent. Anyone can check the public log of Nakamoto’s Bitcoin address, which shows roughly 1 million Bitcoins. This amount of Bitcoins is roughly equal to about $2.8 billion USD. Needless to say, Nakamoto’s invention was a success.", "This ledger is called the “ blockchain .”. As time goes on, more and more users see the transaction in the blockchain and are able to verify it again. The more times each transaction is verified, the more secured it becomes. The idea behind the blockchain comes with two main principals.", "Reddcoin. Cryptocurrency is experiencing widespread adoption worldwide, but has yet to hit the social media ecosystem. Reddcoin intends to provide social media users with the ability to transmit currency on social media platforms.", "With the help of crowdfunding, the community managed to schedule a delivery of a gold coin which represents the official currency to reach the Moon’s surface by 2019. Created by Jackson Palmer and Billy Markus, Dogecoin uses Scrypt as a hash algorithm alongside a POW system to solidify all transactions.", "The volatile nature of the cryptocurrency ecosystem, however, means that it’s likely we’ll experience more highs and lows in the months and years to come. The vast amount of different altcoins and tokens that flood the cryptocurrency market today make it virtually impossible to give each option the time it deserves.", "The father of Bitcoin was able to not only code an exceptionally well built system, but also found clever ways to ensure his work was validated and not misunderstood for some sort of a scheme by others. For example, Nakamoto left a message inside this first manually altered code.", "Developers and coders have been seeking the perfect way to implement cryptography into a digital asset since the birth of the internet. The idea is to use cryptography to secure all transactions of the specific digital asset, as well as control the creation of that same asset through the same means. First descriptions of a functional Cryptocurrency appeared around 1998, and were written by a person named Wei Dai.", "This was also overwhelmingly rejected by the community. The Dash community is one of the most active around the cryptocurrency side of the internet, and the current capitalization of Dash is over $500 million USD.", "In order for Bitcoin to work correctly, each version of the Bitcoin Core software has to be compatible with each other, so everyone has to make the decision regarding all updates to the software, otherwise those who do not agree with the update will not be able to be a part of the Bitcoin network.", "Just because the system works doesn’t mean it is working the right way. Yes, in a certain alternative way ICOs are exactly what the whole cryptocurrency world is all about, but security is something that all cryptocurrencies focus on as well. We don’t see this same concept being implemented with ICOs.", "Because Bitcoin has no repository or single administrator, and since all of the code used for its own functionally is open source, it is considered to be a truly decentralized system. The Bitcoin community itself makes decisions on what needs to be implemented in the code and what needs to be rectified.", "This coin was launched in 2014 and uses Scrypt as a hash algorithm and POW for transaction authentication. The creator of Auroracoin attempted to boost the knowledge of Auroracoin amongst the general public and increase its network effect by distributing 50% of all generated Auroracoins to the population of Iceland.", "Then there is the all-time hated “margin call.”. This is a system put in place to prevent the client balances from going deep into negatives. Since Bitcoin offers high volatility and most exchanges give you high leverage, the possibility of negative balances is a real risk and a threat to the exchange.", "Originally introduced to the cryptocurrency market as Darkcoin, this currency was renamed Dash on March 25 th, 2015. Unlike other currencies, Dash uses X11 as a chain hashing algorithm for its proof-of-work system.", "Steem. Steem is a unique social networking that aims to provide content creators with reward in the form of cryptocurrency. Steemit, the website that drives steem, provides currency to content creators in the form of the eponymous steem tokens, which can then be traded on the crypto market.", "It seems silly, but somehow these ICO transactions are actually making a huge buzz in the cryptocurrency world. It is estimated that nearly $240 million has already been invested into such ICOs, of which about $110 million was invested this year.", "Furthermore, since all of the code is open source, it is practically impossible to shift any power over Bitcoin to a single user or a group of users because this part of the code would be identified quickly and brought to light, making most of the users very unhappy with an attempt to centralize the currency.", "But the number of cryptocurrencies and investment dollars going into them is no surprise considering the staggering gains these coins can bring. And that's just the start of how profitable the cryptocurrency market could be…. Currently, cryptocurrencies have a market cap of $658 billion." ], [ "OneGram: A Gold Backed Cryptocurrency. By. InvestItIn. -. May 22, 2017. OneGram is creating a gold backed cryptocurrency. I am particularly interested in Onegram, because this is the first product that potentially can offer yield on gold.", "GoldGuard is launching a number of products such as liquid gold where investors can hold spot gold in their account and through our MasterCard issued debit card utilise gold for conventional daily payments instantly.", "All Gold backing OneGram will be kept in Dubai. We have the option to decentralise the gold if required but our long term goal is to build our own hi-tech vault where we can store our gold and our members can have access to view and audit it if they so wish.", "OneGram has a lot of unique features primarily that it is the first Islamic Shariah compliant cryptocurrency. Approved by sharia advisors. It is also unique in the reward transaction structure where we add new gold to the coin by sharing the transaction fees with our investors.", "Blackcoin developers are the ones who invented Proof of Stake v3, and OGC will have similar consensus mechanism. We are still debating whether we should have masternodes or not. At the moment we are arguing against it, and implementing an alternative way to address the fungibility issue (similar to Monero or Zcash).", "Address: GoldGuard FZCO · 2E MO17 East Side, DAFZ · Dubai · United Arab Emirates. GoldGuard is at the intersection of Al Quds Street and Damascus Street, right next to Dubai Airport. More information here: About Gold guard.", "In order to participate in the ICO, investors need to first buy gold on GoldGuard. We have used gold as the payment method during the ICO to acquire OGC because this is a requirement to maintain our shariah Islamic regulation. People can buy gold with Bitcoin or Wire Transfers. Then they can redeem their OG tokens.", "The gold backing OneGram will be stored by GoldGuard with Loomis a vault provider in Dubai. Each coin will represent a share of the gold stored. Each coin will represent a share of the gold stored. When OneGram tokens are bought and sold a 1% fee will be charged.", "The start date of the ICO is 27th May and will run for approximately 120 days. The maximum supply of OGC is 12,400,786. If the tokens do not sell out, there will be a new total supply of OGC equal to the amount of OGC sold in the ICO. After that, no more coins will ever be issued.", "What Is Cryptocurrency? A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers.", "Conclusion. Cryptopia is a New Zealand based cryptocurrency exchange, which offers a lot of altcoins and some other services, like an online store where you can buy items. The company also offers New Zealanders a relatively easy access to the world of cryptocurrencies, via its banking service.", "What is cryptocurrency? The ultimate beginner's guide. Cryptocurrency — also known as crypto — is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography (the practice of securing communication under a third party) to secure and verify transactions, as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency.", "But the number of cryptocurrencies and investment dollars going into them is no surprise considering the staggering gains these coins can bring. And that's just the start of how profitable the cryptocurrency market could be…. Currently, cryptocurrencies have a market cap of $658 billion.", "Inside Look At The Top 70 Alternative Cryptocurrencies & Token Projects. Many cryptocurrency experts argue that we are currently experiencing a bull market that is benefiting from a high amount of optimism about the future of cryptocurrencies and the potential applications of decentralized assets.", "Additionally, cryptocurrency can be used to avoid corruption in charitable organizations. Because of its ability to keep companies accountable, blockchain can eliminate many problems occurring with charities, such as fund leaks.", "This is something the Dash community feels Bitcoin has lost. Dash changed its name so as to distance itself from the growing notoriety of the DarkWeb. Dash uses X11, which is a chained hashing algorithm, instead of SHA-256 like Bitcoin, or Scrypt like Litecoin. This method allows CPUs and GPUs to both compete in mining.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Key derivation function (\"password hash\") This article is about the Unix C library function. For the Unix utility, see Crypt (Unix). crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the \"traditional\" one explained below).", "Summary. Cryptosporidiosis (crypto) is an illness caused by a parasite. The parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with feces (poop). You can become infected by swallowing the parasite, if it is in your food, drinking water, or water that you swim in. You can also get it by touching your mouth with contaminated hands.", "Cryptocurrency exchanges are platforms/websites where you can buy/sell or exchange your cryptocurrency or fiat (money) with other cryptocurrencies. When joining an exchange, you should check out for the fees, reputation in the industry, the platform performance and whether they support new, emerging cryptocurrencies.", "It contains the information to both verify and retrieve digital currency loaded onto it. Digital currency is placed at an address in the currencies digital block chain, and the paper wallet has the only key to acquire and spend it. More on Digital Currency..." ], [ "The crypt () scheme is designed to be expensive to calculate, to slow down dictionary attacks. The printable form of MD5 password hashes starts with $1$ . This scheme allows users to have any length password, and they can use any characters supported by their platform (not just 7-bit ASCII).", "This output string forms a password record, which is usually stored in a text file. More formally, crypt provides cryptographic key derivation functions for password validation and storage on Unix systems.", "SHA2-based scheme. The commonly used MD5 based scheme has become easier to attack as computer power has increased. Although the Blowfish-based system has the option of adding rounds and thus remain a challenging password algorithm, it does not use a NIST -approved algorithm.", "The particular hash algorithm used can be identified by a unique code prefix in the resulting hashtext, following a de facto standard called Modular Crypt Format. The crypt () library function is also included in the Perl, PHP, Pike, Python, and Ruby programming languages.", "A well-defined subset of the Modular Crypt Format was created during the Password Hashing Competition. The format is defined as: $<id> [$<param>=<value> (,<param>=<value>)*] [$<salt> [$<hash>]] where. id: an identifier representing the hashing algorithm (such as 1 for MD5, 5 for SHA-256 etc.)", "It proceeds in this fashion, using a progressively modified state to hash the key and replace bits of state, until all subkeys have been set. The number of rounds of keying is a power of two, which is an input to the algorithm. The number is encoded in the textual hash, e.g. $2y$10...", "BSDi extended the salt to 24 bits and made the number of rounds variable (up to 2 24 -1). The chosen number of rounds is encoded in the stored password hash, avoiding the incompatibility that occurred when sites modified the number of rounds used by the original scheme.", "This also made it reasonably resistant to dictionary attacks in that era. At that time password hashes were commonly stored in an account file ( /etc/passwd) which was readable to anyone on the system. (This account file was also used to map user ID numbers into names, and user names into full names, etc.).", "The printable form of these hashes starts with $5$ (for SHA-256) or $6$ (for SHA-512) depending on which SHA variant is used. Its design is similar to the MD5-based crypt, with a few notable differences: It avoids adding constant data in a few steps.", "Rather than encrypting the password with a key, which would have allowed the password to be recovered from the encrypted value and the key, it used the password itself as a key, and the password database contained the result of encrypting the password with this key.", "Inspired by Sun's crypt () implementation, functionality to specify the number of iterations (rounds) the main loop in the algorithm performs was added. The number of iterations is 5000 by default, with a minimum of 1000, and a maximum of 999,999,999.", "In detail, the user's password is truncated to eight characters, and those are coerced down to only 7-bits each; this forms the 56-bit DES key. That key is then used to encrypt an all-bits-zero block, and then the ciphertext is encrypted again with the same key, and so on for a total of 25 DES encryptions.", "The traditional DES-based crypt algorithm was originally chosen because DES was resistant to key recovery even in the face of \"known plaintext\" attacks, and because it was computationally expensive. On the earliest Unix machines it took over a full second to compute a password hash.", "Details. This same crypt function is used both to generate a new hash for storage and also to hash a proffered password with a recorded salt for comparison. Modern Unix implementations of the crypt library routine support a variety of hash schemes.", "Over time various algorithms have been introduced. To enable backward compatibility, each scheme started using some convention of serializing the password hashes that was later called the Modular Crypt Format (MCF). Old crypt (3) hashes generated before the de facto MCF standard may vary from scheme to scheme.", "Previous versions of the algorithm have a problem with long passwords. By design, long passwords are truncated at 72 characters, but there is a byte integer wraparound problem with certain password lengths resulting in weak hashes. $2x$ – A flag added after the crypt_blowfish bug discovery.", "MD5-based scheme. Poul-Henning Kamp designed a baroque and (at the time) computationally expensive algorithm based on the MD5 message digest algorithm. MD5 itself would provide good cryptographic strength for the password hash, but it is designed to be quite quick to calculate relative to the strength it provides.", "Relationship to Unix crypt utility. There is an unrelated crypt utility in Unix, which is often confused with the C library function. To distinguish between the two, writers often refer to the utility program as crypt (1), because it is documented in section 1 of the Unix manual pages, and refer to the C library function as crypt (3), because its documentation is in manual section 3.", "This had the side effect of making their crypt () incompatible with the standard crypt (): the hashes had the same textual form, but were now calculated using a different algorithm. Some sites also took advantage of this incompatibility effect, by modifying the initial block from the standard all-bits-zero.", "Blowfish is notable among block ciphers for its expensive key setup phase. It starts off with subkeys in a standard state, then uses this state to perform a block encryption using part of the key, and uses the result of that encryption (really, a hashing) to replace some of the subkeys.", "Then a new digest is constructed, hashing together the passphrase, the salt, and the first digest, all in a rather complex form. Then this digest is passed through a thousand iterations of a function which rehashes it together with the passphrase and salt in a manner that varies between rounds.", "Linux. The GNU C Library used by almost all Linux distributions provides an implementation of the crypt function which supports the DES, MD5, and (since version 2.7) SHA-2 based hashing algorithms mentioned above. Ulrich Drepper, the glibc maintainer, rejected bcrypt (scheme 2) support since it isn't approved by NIST.", "Blowfish-based scheme. Niels Provos and David Mazières designed a crypt () scheme called bcrypt based on Blowfish, and presented it at USENIX in 1999. The printable form of these hashes starts with $2$, $2a$, $2b$, $2x$ or $2y$ depending on which variant of the algorithm is used: $2$ – Obsolete.", "Algorithms. A cryptographic algorithm (also known as a cipher) is a step by step sequence of mathematical calculations used to encrypt and decrypt information. There are currently three different types of cryptographic algorithms; hashing algorithms, symmetric-key algorithms and asymmetric key algorithms." ], [ "Ahead of the Curve. Now is an exciting time, the beginnings of a true digital currency used by millions around the world and growing. Digital Crypto currency offers a lot of benefits in terms of it's speed and cost savings.", "All Of Our Wallets Are: -Printed Offline For Maximum Security. -Printed in a Tri-Fold Design For Private Key Security. -Printed On Archival Paper For Durability. -Printed With Waterproof Ink. -Sealed with \"Tamper\" Tape. -Packaged and Sealed in Plastic Case.", "Safe and Secure. Protect your Digital Crypto Currency from computer hackers with, offline \"cold\" storage, secure digital paper wallets. These wallets are printed offline on a non-networked computer in the standard tri-fold format with the key address hidden inside and closed with a tamper proof foil tab. more on security.", "What Is Cryptocurrency? A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers.", "What is cryptocurrency? The ultimate beginner's guide. Cryptocurrency — also known as crypto — is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography (the practice of securing communication under a third party) to secure and verify transactions, as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency.", "Daniel Liden. Crytographers study different ways of keeping information secret. A cryptographer is one who practices or studies cryptography, a field primarily involved with keeping secret information secret. Modern cryptography is mostly concerned with encrypting digital information, such as e-mail, to protect it as it's sent from one digital source to another.", "Crypto Currency Coins. Win the CoinWarz and determine which crypto currency is the most profitable to mine and trade on the most popular crypto currency exchanges: MtGox, BTCe, Coinbase, Vircurex, Cryptsy, Bter, Coins-E, and CoinEx.", "This is something the Dash community feels Bitcoin has lost. Dash changed its name so as to distance itself from the growing notoriety of the DarkWeb. Dash uses X11, which is a chained hashing algorithm, instead of SHA-256 like Bitcoin, or Scrypt like Litecoin. This method allows CPUs and GPUs to both compete in mining.", "Algorithms. A cryptographic algorithm (also known as a cipher) is a step by step sequence of mathematical calculations used to encrypt and decrypt information. There are currently three different types of cryptographic algorithms; hashing algorithms, symmetric-key algorithms and asymmetric key algorithms.", "crypt. n. 1. An underground vault or chamber, especially one beneath a church that is used as a burial place. 2. Anatomy A small pit, recess, or glandular cavity in the body. [Latin crypta, from Greek kruptē, from feminine of kruptos, hidden, from kruptein, to hide .] American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.", "Cryptid. In cryptozoology and sometimes in cryptobotany, a cryptid is a creature or plant whose existence has been suggested but is not recognized by scientific consensus. Well known examples include the Yeti in the Himalayas, the Loch Ness Monster in Scotland, and Sasquatch in North America.", "Passwords are usually encrypted by the browser to prevent anyone other than the recipient from being able to access it. Cryptology or cryptography is the study and process of encoding and decoding plain text messages so that they cannot be read by anyone without a guide or key.", "Ibrahim Mohammed the founder of OneGram has answered our questions about his creation. The ICO of OneGram starts on May 27th 2017. What is OneGram? OneGram is an organisation based in Dubai, which plans to launch a blockchain based cryptocurrency backed by gold.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Key derivation function (\"password hash\") This article is about the Unix C library function. For the Unix utility, see Crypt (Unix). crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the \"traditional\" one explained below).", "cryptography. 1. the science or study of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems. 2. the procedures and methods of making and using secret languages, as codes or ciphers. — cryptographer, cryptographist, n. — cryptographic, cryptographical, cryptographal, adj. See also: Writing.", "Inside Look At The Top 70 Alternative Cryptocurrencies & Token Projects. Many cryptocurrency experts argue that we are currently experiencing a bull market that is benefiting from a high amount of optimism about the future of cryptocurrencies and the potential applications of decentralized assets.", "But the number of cryptocurrencies and investment dollars going into them is no surprise considering the staggering gains these coins can bring. And that's just the start of how profitable the cryptocurrency market could be…. Currently, cryptocurrencies have a market cap of $658 billion.", "CF Stinson Sumatran Palm Grain Crypton Botanical Design Upholstery Fabric. CF Stinson Sumatran Palm Grain Crypton Botanical Design Upholstery Fabric. $7.25 $29.00. Crypton® is a specially engineered fabric with an integrated moisture barrier that promises permanent performance.", "Conclusion. Cryptopia is a New Zealand based cryptocurrency exchange, which offers a lot of altcoins and some other services, like an online store where you can buy items. The company also offers New Zealanders a relatively easy access to the world of cryptocurrencies, via its banking service.", "Additionally, cryptocurrency can be used to avoid corruption in charitable organizations. Because of its ability to keep companies accountable, blockchain can eliminate many problems occurring with charities, such as fund leaks." ], [ "I have been using CoinWarz since I started mining cryptocurrencies. I now mine bitcoins and scrypt coins, and always have a tab opened for CoinWarz. I have written a bitcoin mining article on how I use the site as well as others to make even more profits.", "Mine and Trade the Most Profitable AltCoin. Great, easy to use site. Step one, enter in your hash power and electricity rates, hit calculate. Then find the most profitable crypto coin to mine. It’s just that simple.", "What is cryptocurrency? The ultimate beginner's guide. Cryptocurrency — also known as crypto — is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography (the practice of securing communication under a third party) to secure and verify transactions, as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency.", "It contains the information to both verify and retrieve digital currency loaded onto it. Digital currency is placed at an address in the currencies digital block chain, and the paper wallet has the only key to acquire and spend it. More on Digital Currency...", "But the number of cryptocurrencies and investment dollars going into them is no surprise considering the staggering gains these coins can bring. And that's just the start of how profitable the cryptocurrency market could be…. Currently, cryptocurrencies have a market cap of $658 billion.", "What Is Cryptocurrency? A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers.", "Summary. Cryptosporidiosis (crypto) is an illness caused by a parasite. The parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with feces (poop). You can become infected by swallowing the parasite, if it is in your food, drinking water, or water that you swim in. You can also get it by touching your mouth with contaminated hands.", "Daniel Liden. Crytographers study different ways of keeping information secret. A cryptographer is one who practices or studies cryptography, a field primarily involved with keeping secret information secret. Modern cryptography is mostly concerned with encrypting digital information, such as e-mail, to protect it as it's sent from one digital source to another.", "This is something the Dash community feels Bitcoin has lost. Dash changed its name so as to distance itself from the growing notoriety of the DarkWeb. Dash uses X11, which is a chained hashing algorithm, instead of SHA-256 like Bitcoin, or Scrypt like Litecoin. This method allows CPUs and GPUs to both compete in mining.", "Cryptocurrency exchanges are platforms/websites where you can buy/sell or exchange your cryptocurrency or fiat (money) with other cryptocurrencies. When joining an exchange, you should check out for the fees, reputation in the industry, the platform performance and whether they support new, emerging cryptocurrencies.", "Conclusion. Cryptopia is a New Zealand based cryptocurrency exchange, which offers a lot of altcoins and some other services, like an online store where you can buy items. The company also offers New Zealanders a relatively easy access to the world of cryptocurrencies, via its banking service.", "Ibrahim Mohammed the founder of OneGram has answered our questions about his creation. The ICO of OneGram starts on May 27th 2017. What is OneGram? OneGram is an organisation based in Dubai, which plans to launch a blockchain based cryptocurrency backed by gold.", "CryptoLocker is a ransomware virus created by cyber criminals. The virus is distributed using 'exploit kits', which infiltrate users' computers using security vulnerabilities detected within outdated software. Common sources of exploit kits are infected email messages, malicious websites, and drive-by downloads.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Key derivation function (\"password hash\") This article is about the Unix C library function. For the Unix utility, see Crypt (Unix). crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the \"traditional\" one explained below).", "cryptography. 1. the science or study of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems. 2. the procedures and methods of making and using secret languages, as codes or ciphers. — cryptographer, cryptographist, n. — cryptographic, cryptographical, cryptographal, adj. See also: Writing.", "Inside Look At The Top 70 Alternative Cryptocurrencies & Token Projects. Many cryptocurrency experts argue that we are currently experiencing a bull market that is benefiting from a high amount of optimism about the future of cryptocurrencies and the potential applications of decentralized assets.", "Cryptid. In cryptozoology and sometimes in cryptobotany, a cryptid is a creature or plant whose existence has been suggested but is not recognized by scientific consensus. Well known examples include the Yeti in the Himalayas, the Loch Ness Monster in Scotland, and Sasquatch in North America.", "Additionally, cryptocurrency can be used to avoid corruption in charitable organizations. Because of its ability to keep companies accountable, blockchain can eliminate many problems occurring with charities, such as fund leaks.", "CF Stinson Sumatran Palm Grain Crypton Botanical Design Upholstery Fabric. CF Stinson Sumatran Palm Grain Crypton Botanical Design Upholstery Fabric. $7.25 $29.00. Crypton® is a specially engineered fabric with an integrated moisture barrier that promises permanent performance.", "crypt. n. 1. An underground vault or chamber, especially one beneath a church that is used as a burial place. 2. Anatomy A small pit, recess, or glandular cavity in the body. [Latin crypta, from Greek kruptē, from feminine of kruptos, hidden, from kruptein, to hide .] American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition." ], [ "Don't keep it to yourself... The ASL fingerspelling provided here is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment.", "Close. × Close. Note. The ASL fingerspelling provided here is most commonly used for proper names of people and places; it is also used in some languages for concepts for which no sign is available at that moment.", "Numerology. Chaldean Numerology. The numerical value of cryptid in Chaldean Numerology is: 5. Pythagorean Numerology. The numerical value of cryptid in Pythagorean Numerology is: 5.", "Wiktionary (5.00 / 3 votes) Rate this definition: Any creature that may or may not exist. Sightings of various cryptids have been reported, but their reality has not been proved. Etymology: From (English usage 1983; coined by John E. Wall in the ISC Newsletter).", "Wiktionary (5.00 / 3 votes) Rate this definition: cryptid (Noun) Any creature that may or may not exist. Sightings of various cryptids have been reported, but their reality has not been proved. Etymology: From (English usage 1983; coined by John E. Wall in the ISC Newsletter).", "Discuss these cryptid definitions with the community: × Close. Report Comment. We're doing our best to make sure our content is useful, accurate and safe. If by any chance you spot an inappropriate comment while navigating through our website please use this form to let us know, and we'll take care of it shortly.", "What is cryptocurrency? The ultimate beginner's guide. Cryptocurrency — also known as crypto — is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography (the practice of securing communication under a third party) to secure and verify transactions, as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency.", "Summary. Cryptosporidiosis (crypto) is an illness caused by a parasite. The parasite lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with feces (poop). You can become infected by swallowing the parasite, if it is in your food, drinking water, or water that you swim in. You can also get it by touching your mouth with contaminated hands.", "Algorithms. A cryptographic algorithm (also known as a cipher) is a step by step sequence of mathematical calculations used to encrypt and decrypt information. There are currently three different types of cryptographic algorithms; hashing algorithms, symmetric-key algorithms and asymmetric key algorithms.", "It contains the information to both verify and retrieve digital currency loaded onto it. Digital currency is placed at an address in the currencies digital block chain, and the paper wallet has the only key to acquire and spend it. More on Digital Currency...", "Ibrahim Mohammed the founder of OneGram has answered our questions about his creation. The ICO of OneGram starts on May 27th 2017. What is OneGram? OneGram is an organisation based in Dubai, which plans to launch a blockchain based cryptocurrency backed by gold.", "This is something the Dash community feels Bitcoin has lost. Dash changed its name so as to distance itself from the growing notoriety of the DarkWeb. Dash uses X11, which is a chained hashing algorithm, instead of SHA-256 like Bitcoin, or Scrypt like Litecoin. This method allows CPUs and GPUs to both compete in mining.", "But the number of cryptocurrencies and investment dollars going into them is no surprise considering the staggering gains these coins can bring. And that's just the start of how profitable the cryptocurrency market could be…. Currently, cryptocurrencies have a market cap of $658 billion.", "cryptography. 1. the science or study of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems. 2. the procedures and methods of making and using secret languages, as codes or ciphers. — cryptographer, cryptographist, n. — cryptographic, cryptographical, cryptographal, adj. See also: Writing.", "Inside Look At The Top 70 Alternative Cryptocurrencies & Token Projects. Many cryptocurrency experts argue that we are currently experiencing a bull market that is benefiting from a high amount of optimism about the future of cryptocurrencies and the potential applications of decentralized assets.", "Crypto Currency Coins. Win the CoinWarz and determine which crypto currency is the most profitable to mine and trade on the most popular crypto currency exchanges: MtGox, BTCe, Coinbase, Vircurex, Cryptsy, Bter, Coins-E, and CoinEx.", "Daniel Liden. Crytographers study different ways of keeping information secret. A cryptographer is one who practices or studies cryptography, a field primarily involved with keeping secret information secret. Modern cryptography is mostly concerned with encrypting digital information, such as e-mail, to protect it as it's sent from one digital source to another.", "Conclusion. Cryptopia is a New Zealand based cryptocurrency exchange, which offers a lot of altcoins and some other services, like an online store where you can buy items. The company also offers New Zealanders a relatively easy access to the world of cryptocurrencies, via its banking service.", "Additionally, cryptocurrency can be used to avoid corruption in charitable organizations. Because of its ability to keep companies accountable, blockchain can eliminate many problems occurring with charities, such as fund leaks.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Key derivation function (\"password hash\") This article is about the Unix C library function. For the Unix utility, see Crypt (Unix). crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the \"traditional\" one explained below)." ], [ "Often, it was important to keep certain information, such as strategies and technological information, away from the enemy forces. In modern times, it is important to keep information stored on computers and digital communications secret from enemy forces.", "One wishing to become a cryptographer generally studies computer science in college. If one wishes to keep data in computer systems encrypted, it is essential to know and understand the workings of such computer systems.", "Learn about a little known plugin that tells you if you're getting the best price on Amazon. LEARN MORE. 0 3. Minutes. 4 0. Seconds. Crytographers study different ways of keeping information secret. Mathematics and probability is a core principle behind cryptanalysis.", "This little known plugin reveals the answer. Upon receiving a degree, a cryptographer can seek work in a variety of places, as many kinds of companies and government agencies hire cryptographers on a regular basis.", "The cryptographer must also ensure that a secure message is not altered in any way between the sender and the receiver. He must be able to determine with certainty the identity of the sender so that one cannot send a message and claim it came from someone else.", "Government agencies, such as the National Security Agency (NSA), tend to hire many cryptographers; such agencies are responsible for encrypting important government data transmissions. A cryptographer might also find work at a bank, as banks go to great lengths to ensure their clients' transactions are secure.", "The cryptographer ensures that only people with the right authorization can view certain data. Mathematics and probability is a core principle behind cryptanalysis. A cryptographer has several goals when working to encrypt data. One goal is authentication, the process of proving the identity of one attempting to access a given piece of information.", "cryptography. 1. the science or study of secret writing, especially code and cipher systems. 2. the procedures and methods of making and using secret languages, as codes or ciphers. — cryptographer, cryptographist, n. — cryptographic, cryptographical, cryptographal, adj. See also: Writing.", "Algorithms. A cryptographic algorithm (also known as a cipher) is a step by step sequence of mathematical calculations used to encrypt and decrypt information. There are currently three different types of cryptographic algorithms; hashing algorithms, symmetric-key algorithms and asymmetric key algorithms.", "It contains the information to both verify and retrieve digital currency loaded onto it. Digital currency is placed at an address in the currencies digital block chain, and the paper wallet has the only key to acquire and spend it. More on Digital Currency...", "Passwords are usually encrypted by the browser to prevent anyone other than the recipient from being able to access it. Cryptology or cryptography is the study and process of encoding and decoding plain text messages so that they cannot be read by anyone without a guide or key.", "What is cryptocurrency? The ultimate beginner's guide. Cryptocurrency — also known as crypto — is a digital currency designed to work as a medium of exchange. It uses cryptography (the practice of securing communication under a third party) to secure and verify transactions, as well as to control the creation of new units of a particular cryptocurrency.", "What Is Cryptocurrency? A cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit or double-spend. Many cryptocurrencies are decentralized networks based on blockchain technology—a distributed ledger enforced by a disparate network of computers.", "crypt. n. 1. An underground vault or chamber, especially one beneath a church that is used as a burial place. 2. Anatomy A small pit, recess, or glandular cavity in the body. [Latin crypta, from Greek kruptē, from feminine of kruptos, hidden, from kruptein, to hide .] American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition.", "Additionally, cryptocurrency can be used to avoid corruption in charitable organizations. Because of its ability to keep companies accountable, blockchain can eliminate many problems occurring with charities, such as fund leaks.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Key derivation function (\"password hash\") This article is about the Unix C library function. For the Unix utility, see Crypt (Unix). crypt is a POSIX C library function. It is typically used to compute the hash of user account passwords. The function outputs a text string which also encodes the salt (usually the first two characters are the salt itself and the rest is the hashed result), and identifies the hash algorithm used (defaulting to the \"traditional\" one explained below).", "Crypto Currency Coins. Win the CoinWarz and determine which crypto currency is the most profitable to mine and trade on the most popular crypto currency exchanges: MtGox, BTCe, Coinbase, Vircurex, Cryptsy, Bter, Coins-E, and CoinEx.", "CryptoLocker is a ransomware virus created by cyber criminals. The virus is distributed using 'exploit kits', which infiltrate users' computers using security vulnerabilities detected within outdated software. Common sources of exploit kits are infected email messages, malicious websites, and drive-by downloads.", "Inside Look At The Top 70 Alternative Cryptocurrencies & Token Projects. Many cryptocurrency experts argue that we are currently experiencing a bull market that is benefiting from a high amount of optimism about the future of cryptocurrencies and the potential applications of decentralized assets.", "This is something the Dash community feels Bitcoin has lost. Dash changed its name so as to distance itself from the growing notoriety of the DarkWeb. Dash uses X11, which is a chained hashing algorithm, instead of SHA-256 like Bitcoin, or Scrypt like Litecoin. This method allows CPUs and GPUs to both compete in mining." ] ]
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[ "Carl Santos Cansino. If what you're asking is about deposit account fraud, then the answer to your question is that if the face amount of the check was less than $500.00 then it is a misdemeanor. The maximum possible jail time for a misdemeanor is 12 months in the county jail and the minimum is a monetary fine.", "A 12-year-old with the capabilities of a 24-year-old is said to have a 200 IQ. Such an IQ score will not necessarily be stable as the individual grows older. Other types of IQ scores measure test-taking ability, such as the ability to perform well on IQ tests.", "I am involved in a sexual assault case. My daughter was raped and it took 3 years for it to finally come to the hearing. He was found guilty on all 4 counts. So we waited our 90 days for any appeals, sentencing was scheduled for January and it got postponed because the parole office was back logged, rescheduled for February, got postponed again because the DA had to have a medical procedure done...", "Ten years. Life. Arkansas law does not require being armed to be convicted of aggravated robbery. If the offender claims to have a weapon or inflicts or attempts to inflict serious injury or death aggravated robbery can be charged. aggravated robbery: Colorado. Four years and $3,000 fine. 16 years and $750,000 fine.", "Alpert says the choice that misdemeanor defendants make usually comes down to money. For a first DWI offense, a Class B misdemeanor, the range of punishment includes a $2,000 fine, between three days and six months in jail, and up to 100 hours of community service. Probation for the same offense can last up to two years and requires a monthly fee of $60 to $100.", "The judge will issue a warrant for the defendant’s arrest and the bond will be forfeited (defaulted). If you post a cash bond for the defendant, there are only two ways you can get your money back: 1) You must find the defendant and turn him or her back to the jail within 180 days of the bench warrant; 2) If the defendant is arrested and put back in jail within 180 days of the warrant, you can request your cash bond back.", "For example, sentences of \"15 years to life,\" \"25 years to life,\" or \"life with mercy\" are called \"indeterminate life sentences\", while a sentence of \"life without the possibility of parole\" or \"life without mercy\" is called a \"determinate life sentence\". Any potential for parole is not guaranteed but discretionary, making it an indeterminate sentence.", "Wayne's rock -influenced album titled Rebirth was released in 2010. In March 2010, Lil Wayne began serving an 8-month jail sentence in New York after being convicted of criminal possession of a weapon stemming from an incident in July 2007.", "First Degree Petty Theft. Stolen property valued between $100 and $299. Maximum penalty of 1 year in jail and a $1000 fine. If defendant convicted twice of any theft crime, will be charged with elevated third degree felony. Second Degree Petty Theft.", "Jail time for DUI – California Laws. On a first time DUI, you do not face any jail time unless there is an aggravating circumstance. On a second DUI, the law requires that you go to jail (local county jail) for a minimum of 96 hours. On a third DUI within 10 years, the law requires that you go to jail for a minimum of 120 days." ]
[ [ "James Wrixam McIlvaine. It depends on the nature of the charges. If the charge is based on a forged check, i.e. forgery, that charge carries a prison sentence between 1 and 10 years. However, forgery sentences can be probated. Therefore, if it is your first forgery, and you have no prior felony record, than you...", "Criminal defense Crime classifications Felony crime. Misdemeanor crime Criminal charges for forgery Fraud Criminal sentencing Victim compensation and criminal conviction Criminal record Probation for criminal conviction. Show 7 more.", "Jail time for DUI – California Laws. On a first time DUI, you do not face any jail time unless there is an aggravating circumstance. On a second DUI, the law requires that you go to jail (local county jail) for a minimum of 96 hours. On a third DUI within 10 years, the law requires that you go to jail for a minimum of 120 days.", "Jail time for DUI – California Laws. On a first time DUI, you do not face any jail time unless there is an aggravating circumstance. On a second DUI, the law requires that you go to jail (local county jail) for a minimum of 96 hours. On a third DUI within 10 years, the law requires that you go to jail for a minimum of 120 days.", "Alpert says the choice that misdemeanor defendants make usually comes down to money. For a first DWI offense, a Class B misdemeanor, the range of punishment includes a $2,000 fine, between three days and six months in jail, and up to 100 hours of community service. Probation for the same offense can last up to two years and requires a monthly fee of $60 to $100.", "1st Degree Petit Theft (First Degree Petty Theft) If the property stolen is valued between $100 and $299, then the defendant will be charged with a 1st Degree Misdemeanor, which carries a maximum penalty of 1 year in jail and a $1000 fine.", "For example, possession of any amount of most controlled substances is punishable with 16 months, 2, or 3 years in county jail. A judge can take into consideration that the defendant has voluntarily enrolled in a treatment program and enforce the lesser, 16-month sentence.", "Many drug possession convictions result in fines. These can range from very minor fines of $100 or less to significant fines of $100,000 or more. Incarceration. Jail or prison time is also possible when a person is convicted of possession of a controlled substance. Jail sentences range widely depending on the crime charged, the type of drugs involved, and the state's laws, but can range from a few days or weeks to 10 years or more in prison.", "Possession With Intent to Sell: 3-15 years in jail and a fine of $2000 to $300,000. Possession for Personal Use (typically more than 3 tabs): 1-3 years in jail and a fine of $1000 to $25,000 (some states now have diversionary treatment plans that supplement jail time).", "The judge will issue a warrant for the defendant’s arrest and the bond will be forfeited (defaulted). If you post a cash bond for the defendant, there are only two ways you can get your money back: 1) You must find the defendant and turn him or her back to the jail within 180 days of the bench warrant; 2) If the defendant is arrested and put back in jail within 180 days of the warrant, you can request your cash bond back.", "First Degree Petty Theft. Stolen property valued between $100 and $299. Maximum penalty of 1 year in jail and a $1000 fine. If defendant convicted twice of any theft crime, will be charged with elevated third degree felony. Second Degree Petty Theft.", "Wayne's rock -influenced album titled Rebirth was released in 2010. In March 2010, Lil Wayne began serving an 8-month jail sentence in New York after being convicted of criminal possession of a weapon stemming from an incident in July 2007.", "Anonymous. 9 years ago. Depends. One charge, simple assault, can be up to one year jail if first offense.Can also be probation on top of that, community service, diversion classes ($), fines, even restitution to victim and civil suit.", "A 12-year-old with the capabilities of a 24-year-old is said to have a 200 IQ. Such an IQ score will not necessarily be stable as the individual grows older. Other types of IQ scores measure test-taking ability, such as the ability to perform well on IQ tests.", "A 12-year-old with the capabilities of a 24-year-old is said to have a 200 IQ. Such an IQ score will not necessarily be stable as the individual grows older. Other types of IQ scores measure test-taking ability, such as the ability to perform well on IQ tests.", "For example, sentences of \"15 years to life,\" \"25 years to life,\" or \"life with mercy\" are called \"indeterminate life sentences\", while a sentence of \"life without the possibility of parole\" or \"life without mercy\" is called a \"determinate life sentence\". Any potential for parole is not guaranteed but discretionary, making it an indeterminate sentence.", "Sentencing Depends on the Class of Felony. Sentencing guidelines provide a framework for judges to determine an appropriate punishment for various types of crimes. In general, felony offenses, whether state or federal, carry a minimum sentence of one year in prison.", "Ten years. Life. Arkansas law does not require being armed to be convicted of aggravated robbery. If the offender claims to have a weapon or inflicts or attempts to inflict serious injury or death aggravated robbery can be charged. aggravated robbery: Colorado. Four years and $3,000 fine. 16 years and $750,000 fine.", "Armed Robbery Sentence in GA. In Georgia, armed robbery is considered a violent felony offense and comes with a min of 10 years & a max of 20 years with the option for the death penalty depending on the case.", "For instance, in Georgia, violent offenders sentenced for murder may be eligible for parole after 30 years. It is ultimately up to the parole board that reviews the case whether or not to release the prisoner sentenced to life on parole." ], [ "Continue Reading. Many believe it is Marilyn vos Savant, a living woman who is married to Richard Jarvik, one of the developers of the Jarvik artificial heart. Her IQ was reportedly measured at 228. While many dispute the accuracy of that measurement, it is, none-the-less, the highest IQ score ever measured.", "Impossible to say. There over 15 IQ tests out there. The difficulty is comparing the findings of each test. For instance, Marilyn vos Savant ( /ˌvɒs səˈvɑːnt/; born August 11, 1946) is an American who is known for having the highest recorded IQ according to the Guinness Book of Records.", "Here is the list of ten most intelligent people. Stephen Hawking ( IQ score -154) Despite of being diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis (ALC) wch has paralyzed him , his brain had recorded an Iq of 154 which took the world by surprise. He made major and remarkable contributions in the.", "No matter how much brain power he had, he was limited to whatever books the Medicis bought, and the limited comprehension of the world during his time. Quora User. , Member of Triple Nine Society. Updated 3 years ago · Author has 368 answers and 876.2K answer views.", "Alan Muller. , Self-taught. Answered 4 years ago · Author has 165 answers and 1.2M answer views. William James Sidis is another individual whose exact IQ score is unknown. Experts have pegged his IQ somewhere in the range of 250 to 300, which would give him the highest IQ score in history.", "After his death, his sister made the unverifiable claim that his IQ was \"the very highest that had ever been obtained\", but any records of any IQ testing that Sidis actually took have been lost to history. He entered Harward at age 11 and, as an adult, was claimed to be conver. Continue Reading.", "But that doesn't include people whose IQ’s are not known such as Bill Gates, Donald Trump, Larry Ellison etc. All high functioning genius’. I have a number of friends who tst above 180, one is a very successful investor who used to design nuclear power stations. Another is a billionaire I sold a business of mine to.", "Just to get a 202 you have to be smarter than ten times all the people who ever lived. Yet we have tales of a half dozen people who are that smart. It’s not possible, if you find TWO such people it is a wildly improbable coincidence. Indeed if you find one person at IQ 202 it appears to be a wildly improbable event.", "IQ is nothing but the number that a person scores after taking one of the many standardized tests to measure the intelligence level of individuals. The general score of 95% of the population from these tests ranges between 70 and 130.", "She is thought to be one of the youngest test takers ever to achieve a perfect score, partly because participants have to be at least 10 and a half to take it. Although Legend goes to: William James Sidis (IQ Level- 250-300) Sidis had exceptional mathematical abilities.", "To extend the idea of the normal curve to TEN SD is to presume that it is possible for a human brain to operate at that level. I highly doubt that it can, even though we don’t know all the things that go into superior working brains. Two, three, maybe as much as five SD sure, we’ve actually measured most of that.", "We’re getting smarter and smarter, with every generation. So someone out there among the 7 billion people who live today, probably a kid, is the smartest person in the history of humanity. Just because he’s intelligent *and* he inhabits a smarter, more complex world.", "The highest theoretical IQ possible is partly a function of the number of people currently/previously in existence. The more people there are in the world, the more people there will likely be in the tail end, and the more likely it is that there will be someone far out in the extreme tail.", "The WAIS I think has been renormed to extend to 220. I may have that wrong as to the specific test or number, it isn’t really important. To speak of people with an IQ of 210 or 220 you are speaking of people who would place above all the humans who have existed in all time 50 times over. Probably more; much, much more.", "WAIS-V (2014) has added some new stuff (2015), but not sure what scores go up to.”. I stand corrected: assuming Mitchell’s numbers are correct, the highest IQ possible today is 210 on the WAIS-IV (possibly higher on the WA.", "He decided to pursue a PhD in civil engineering; He's right now on the faculty in Chungbuk National University. Christopher Hirata; his IQ level was 225; he was definitely an ou. Continue Reading. Historically the highest IQ score that was ever recorded was Kim Ung Yong with an IQ score of 210.", "IQ is nothing but the number that a person scores after taking one of the many standardized tests to measure the intelligence level of an individual. The general score of 95% of the population from these test ranges between 70 to 130. Although there are some people who have IQ higher than this.", "This is not the whole story though, because (1) there will be many people with the same rank, (2) the IQ score assumes a normal distribution of intelligence, and (3) IQ tests have ceilings. What point (1) above means in real terms is that an IQ of 100 doesn't actually mean you're the exact centre of the universe.", "Marilyn vos Savant. Marilyn vos Savant (Born August 11, 1946) is an author known for receiving a Guinness Record for having the highest recorded I.Q. from 1986-1989, entering the Guinness Hall of Fame in 1988. According to her she took took two I.Q. tests. The Stanford-Binet Test and The Mega Test.", "I have heard that Terence Tao has the highest I.Q. (230). He is from Australia, and has an Erdős number of 2, meaning he is in the stratosphere of recent and cited mathematicians. Perhaps there are others who go untested or prefer to remain in secret.", "Here is the list of ten most intelligent people. Stephen Hawking ( IQ score -154) Despite of being diagnosed with Amyotrophic lateral Sclerosis (ALC) wch has paralyzed him , his brain had recorded an Iq of 154 which took the world by surprise.", "5. Garry kasparov (IQ score-194) He is a Russian-Croatian chess grandmaster,former world chess champion,writer and political activist. 6. Christopher Michael Langan (IQ score 190–210) He is known to be the smartest man in USA. He is an intellectual, independent,researcher,scholar. 7.", "Experts have pegged his IQ somewhere in the range of 250 to 300, which would give him the highest IQ score in history. William James Sidis was an american child prodigy with exceptional mathematical abilities and a claimed mastery of many languages.", "She doesn’t try to communicate with us humans other than in the most rudimentary ways on concrete matters (mostly about food) because we are so impossibly slow and boring she can’t be arsed. On this and many similar questions the name William James Sidis often turns up with an estimated IQ of 250 to 300.", "By trying to measure someone’s intelligence, a debate has. Continue Reading. The highest IQ ever recorded is of William James Sidis with an IQ score between 250-300. At the age of 5, he could use a typewriter and had learnt to speak Latin, Greek, Russian, French, German and Hebrew.", "Continue Reading. Marilyn vos Savant (Ask Marilyn) has the highest recorded IQ. The testing is contesting as there are serious reliability issues for each subsequent standard deviation. That is, within the first SD, reliability is highest, with the 2nd SD, reliability is less, and becomes less and less with each SD.", "Therefore, the larger the population, the higher the highest possible IQ can probably be. Of course, there may be a \"hidden\" upper limit to human intelligence that the species may never cross. If so, then that's our absolute theoretical highest IQ. The highest recorded IQ of all time.", "It is possible that some of these people (if they are people) have taken the test many times, and sometimes score higher than their publicly-disclosed number. Once I heard that an I.Q. of 200 was common in the Ivy League, but from my position it'. Continue Reading.", "It is possible that some of these people (if they are people) have taken the test many times, and sometimes score higher than their publicly-disclosed number. Once I heard that an I.Q. of 200 was common in the Ivy League, but from my position it's sheer conjecture. I don't hear that very often.", "IQ tests generally taken by adults have a standard deviation of 15, but some tests (more often, it seems, taken by children), have a standard deviation closer to 24. i.e. an IQ of 130 with the first test is equivalent to 148 with the second.", "For example, possession of any amount of most controlled substances is punishable with 16 months, 2, or 3 years in county jail. A judge can take into consideration that the defendant has voluntarily enrolled in a treatment program and enforce the lesser, 16-month sentence." ], [ "Posted on Mar 17, 2016. Your daughter does have rights. However, the sentencing needs to be done based on accurate information that has to be gathered by the parole office. You want the DA there to advocate for an appropriate punishment.", "Criminal defense Criminal charges for sexual assault Criminal sentencing. Parole for criminal conviction Appealing a criminal conviction Appeals. Show 3 more. Show 3 less. Ask a lawyer - it's free! Browse related questions.", "Profile. Posted on Mar 17, 2016. Your daughter does have rights, but sometimes there are some things with court that just can't simply be avoided. If the judge determines there is good cause, any court date can be postponed.", "The offender will be charged with murder and will most likely receive a life sentence if they are not sentenced to capital punishment. Sexual battery and rape are crimes that are punishable by life in prison in numerous states.", "For instance, in Georgia, violent offenders sentenced for murder may be eligible for parole after 30 years. It is ultimately up to the parole board that reviews the case whether or not to release the prisoner sentenced to life on parole.", "Armed Robbery Sentence in GA. In Georgia, armed robbery is considered a violent felony offense and comes with a min of 10 years & a max of 20 years with the option for the death penalty depending on the case.", "For example, sentences of \"15 years to life,\" \"25 years to life,\" or \"life with mercy\" are called \"indeterminate life sentences\", while a sentence of \"life without the possibility of parole\" or \"life without mercy\" is called a \"determinate life sentence\". Any potential for parole is not guaranteed but discretionary, making it an indeterminate sentence.", "The judge will issue a warrant for the defendant’s arrest and the bond will be forfeited (defaulted). If you post a cash bond for the defendant, there are only two ways you can get your money back: 1) You must find the defendant and turn him or her back to the jail within 180 days of the bench warrant; 2) If the defendant is arrested and put back in jail within 180 days of the warrant, you can request your cash bond back.", "Many drug possession convictions result in fines. These can range from very minor fines of $100 or less to significant fines of $100,000 or more. Incarceration. Jail or prison time is also possible when a person is convicted of possession of a controlled substance. Jail sentences range widely depending on the crime charged, the type of drugs involved, and the state's laws, but can range from a few days or weeks to 10 years or more in prison.", "3 Scottish courts. 4 English/Welsh courts. 5 Canadian courts. 6 UK courts. v. t. e. Life imprisonment is any sentence of imprisonment for a crime under which convicted people are to remain in prison either for the rest of their natural lives or until pardoned, paroled or otherwise commuted to a fixed term.", "Alpert says the choice that misdemeanor defendants make usually comes down to money. For a first DWI offense, a Class B misdemeanor, the range of punishment includes a $2,000 fine, between three days and six months in jail, and up to 100 hours of community service. Probation for the same offense can last up to two years and requires a monthly fee of $60 to $100.", "Anonymous. 9 years ago. Depends. One charge, simple assault, can be up to one year jail if first offense.Can also be probation on top of that, community service, diversion classes ($), fines, even restitution to victim and civil suit.", "Jail time for DUI – California Laws. On a first time DUI, you do not face any jail time unless there is an aggravating circumstance. On a second DUI, the law requires that you go to jail (local county jail) for a minimum of 96 hours. On a third DUI within 10 years, the law requires that you go to jail for a minimum of 120 days.", "Jail time for DUI – California Laws. On a first time DUI, you do not face any jail time unless there is an aggravating circumstance. On a second DUI, the law requires that you go to jail (local county jail) for a minimum of 96 hours. On a third DUI within 10 years, the law requires that you go to jail for a minimum of 120 days.", "For example, possession of any amount of most controlled substances is punishable with 16 months, 2, or 3 years in county jail. A judge can take into consideration that the defendant has voluntarily enrolled in a treatment program and enforce the lesser, 16-month sentence.", "A 12-year-old with the capabilities of a 24-year-old is said to have a 200 IQ. Such an IQ score will not necessarily be stable as the individual grows older. Other types of IQ scores measure test-taking ability, such as the ability to perform well on IQ tests.", "A 12-year-old with the capabilities of a 24-year-old is said to have a 200 IQ. Such an IQ score will not necessarily be stable as the individual grows older. Other types of IQ scores measure test-taking ability, such as the ability to perform well on IQ tests.", "Possession With Intent to Sell: 3-15 years in jail and a fine of $2000 to $300,000. Possession for Personal Use (typically more than 3 tabs): 1-3 years in jail and a fine of $1000 to $25,000 (some states now have diversionary treatment plans that supplement jail time).", "Ten years. Life. Arkansas law does not require being armed to be convicted of aggravated robbery. If the offender claims to have a weapon or inflicts or attempts to inflict serious injury or death aggravated robbery can be charged. aggravated robbery: Colorado. Four years and $3,000 fine. 16 years and $750,000 fine.", "Sentencing Depends on the Class of Felony. Sentencing guidelines provide a framework for judges to determine an appropriate punishment for various types of crimes. In general, felony offenses, whether state or federal, carry a minimum sentence of one year in prison." ], [ "As such, in certain cases, items like stationary objects, canes, animals, parts of the human body, and motor vehicles could constitute dangerous weapons. Finally, the perpetrator does not have to actually use the dangerous weapon.", "The Federal Bank Robbery Act punishes bank robbers and includes additional penalties for the use of deadly weapons. There is a statute that punishes theft of government property , and another that addresses the theft or receipt of stolen mail. The Hobbs Act comes closest to a federal aggravated robbery statute.", "The argument is that aggravated robbery involves circumstances where the victims are normally under great emotional distress, and as such, it is entirely possible that they misidentified the perpetrator. If there is video surveillance or fingerprint evidence, then a mistaken identity defense will be less effective.", "Stealing someone’s property is robbery if any force is used to obtain it. Pushing someone down, hitting someone, or wrestling something from the victim’s grasp are all examples of force. Even slight force, like a light shove or the snapping of a purse strap, will do.", "The lesser potential sentence is for robbery where the presence of a deadly weapon is merely implied or threatened. Having a deadly weapon or causing bodily injury qualifies the offender for the higher maximum sentence. aggravated robbery: Ohio. Three years.", "A person can be charged with robbery if they committed the theft by violent, threatening, or intimidating means, even though an actual weapon was not used. Classic aggravated robbery examples include the robber who uses a toy gun, sticks a finger in his pocket to look like a gun, or uses a note that says he has a gun.", "11 years and $20,000 fine. Aggravated robbery in the ORC (Ohio Revised Code) includes removing or attempting to remove a weapon from a police officer. aggravated robbery: Tennessee. Eight years or 15 years. 30 years to 60 years.", "Aggravated robbery is a robbery that is committed with aggravating factors that increase the severity of the crime, such as a weapon being used, the victim suffering injury, or other aggravating circumstances that make the crime more heinous.", "In most states, armed robbery, i.e., the commission of a robbery while carrying a dangerous weapon, is not a distinct crime. Instead, the perpetrator would be charged with aggravated robbery because using a dangerous weapon constitutes an aggravating factor and makes the crime more serious than simple robbery.", "The maximum sentence in Colorado doubles to 32 years if the offender injures anyone with a deadly weapon or puts anyone in reasonable fear of injury during the commission. aggravated robbery: Kansas. 55 months. 247 months and $300,000.", "For example, under Ohio’s felony sentencing table, aggravated robbery carries the possible sentence of 3-11 years of prison time and fines up to $20,000. Someone convicted of this crime as a Class 1 felony in Illinois will spend 4-15 years imprisoned and have to pay a fine of $25,000.", "Theft is a broadly-used term for stealing another person’s property, but, like most issues in criminal law, there are different levels or degrees of theft-related offenses. The latter is an example of aggravated robbery, which is classified as a violent crime and is harder to defend.", "The value of the property stolen, the presence of an accomplice, and the location of the aggravated robbery specifically whether it was in close proximity to a daycare facility, school, public park, or church, or was part of a home invasion also will be factored into the sentence.", "Robbery is the unauthorized and permanent taking of someone else’s property by violent or intimidating means. Unlike simple theft crimes, robbery is classified as a violent crime because it involves taking something from a person by force, or the threat of force. https://www.youtube.com/embed/4FcPyhwAI78.", "Our goal is to be an objective, third-party resource for everything legal and insurance related. We update our site regularly, and all content is reviewed by experts. Aggravated robbery involves the use of a weapon, the victims suffering bodily injury, or circumstances that make the crime more heinous.", "If you or a loved one has been charged with a theft crime, it is crucial to understand how the crime of aggravated robbery is classified, punished, and defended. If you need specific guidance, you should contact a local criminal defense attorney, and you can begin your search right now by entering your ZIP code above.", "Aggravated robbery is a very serious offense. Because it is considered a violent crime, which is why aggravated robbery is referred to as a felony. Felonies are the highest level of criminal offenses and result in higher sentencing ranges than misdemeanors.", "Aggravated Robbery (Meaning, Charge, & Classification) Aggravated robbery happens when a person threatens or uses physical force to steal or take something from someone else while carrying a dangerous weapon or offensive instrument. Anyone accompanying the assailant will also be liable to an aggravated robbery sentence.", "Like many crimes, aggravated robbery is different across jurisdictions. Though the answer to what is aggravated robbery in Texas isn’t much different to what is aggravated robbery in Oregon, the answer to questions like what is the minimum sentence for aggravated robbery in Texas versus in Oregon is significant. State.", "Kansas employs a sentencing grid that increases severity based on criminal history, but a judge can deviate from the sentencing range. aggravated robbery: Minnesota. 41 months. 15 to 20 years and $30,000 to $35,000. Minnesota has two different degrees of aggravated robbery.", "Armed Robbery Sentence in GA. In Georgia, armed robbery is considered a violent felony offense and comes with a min of 10 years & a max of 20 years with the option for the death penalty depending on the case." ], [ "Richard Alpert has been a prosecutor for 23 years in Tarrant County, and for 17 of those, he has led the misdemeanor division. It used to be, he says, that about 70 percent of the defendants charged with DWI would choose probation and the rest would take jail time. “What we currently have going on is just the opposite,” he says.", "And if people get the treatment they need and are less likely to re-offend and land back in jail, the state saves more money, she says. “This is an example of why just having sanctions does not work and why people should be given incentives to be successful,” she says.", "But county jails don’t provide drug and alcohol abuse treatment programs, and they don’t offer counseling to prevent violent behavior. “The problem is [that] these people are not get counseling, they’re not getting treatment,” Alpert says. That means the problems that landed them behind bars persist.", "Ana Yañez-Correa, executive director of the Texas Criminal Justice Coalition, suggests that lawmakers approve a good-time credit policy for probationers similar to the policy used in jails. Probationers’ sentences could be reduced if they do things like attend counseling or continue their education.", "Illustration by Jacob Villanueva. Mark William Ivey really, really did not want to be on probation. He wanted to do his jail time and get on with his life — and his drinking. At his trial in Travis County, where he was charged with driving while intoxicated, Ivey declined to give the jury the option to sentence him to probation. He contended he didn’t need treatment, and despite blood-alcohol tests that showed he was over twice the legal limit, Ivey told jurors he was not too impaired to drive.", "About 16 percent of inmates serving time in Texas county jails in September were in on misdemeanor charges, according to data from the Texas Commission on Jail Standards. In Tarrant County, misdemeanor offenders accounted for nearly 19 percent of inmates, and in Travis County, about 22 percent were misdemeanor cases.", "The defendant can sign a contract with the district attorney agreeing to terms that often include drug and alcohol treatment along with other restrictions in exchange for avoiding conviction and keeping a clean record. More than 2,000 DWI defendants have completed the program since August 2009, Palmer says.", "A lower appeals court disagreed and ruled that the judge could assign a punishment in the best interests of public safety. And in February 2009, the Court of Criminal Appeals issued a similar ruling, concluding that the judge had discretion.", "But Reposa agrees with prosecutors and others who want to allow deferred adjudication in first-time DWI cases. It’s nonsensical, he says, that people accused of serious sex crimes can get deferred adjudication and have the crimes stricken from their records, but someone charged with drunken driving cannot.", "Texas law does not allow defendants in DWI cases to get deferred adjudication, which is similar to probation except that the offense is stricken from the person’s criminal record if the terms are successfully completed. Alpert says he plans to lobby legislators in the 2011 session to allow deferred adjudication for first-time DWI offenders.", "Take me to jail, please. All too often, Alpert says, he sees defendants like Mark Ivey who simply don’t want treatment. Ivey was arrested after officers found his blood-alcohol level was 0.165, more than double the legal limit of 0.08.", "Go Directly to Jail. Across Texas, defendants charged with misdemeanor offenses are choosing to spend time in the local lockup rather than endure months on probation. They don’t want to deal with the hassle of probation's conditions, and they can’t afford the thousands of dollars in fees that it requires. People on both sides of the criminal justice system agree that the trend is troubling: It’s helping to fill local jails beyond capacity, and even worse, it means that people charged with DWI, possession of small amounts of drugs and family violence are not getting the treatment they need.", "It costs state and local governments about $1.25 a day to keep a person on probation. Most of the money for the programs comes from the fees probationers pay. It costs the state and county about $45 a day to keep someone in a county jail. So, if more people choose probation instead of jail, it saves the state money.", "Under his proposal, judges could consider the DWI offense only if the person accrued a second DWI offense. “We as prosecutors would now have something we could offer … that would be appealing to them from a consequence standpoint,” Alpert says. Harris County prosecutors have already started a similar program.", "In the end, individuals charged with a first DWI face the choice of two years' worth of fees, drug tests and the authorities in their business or a one-time fine and a few days or weeks in the clink. “To be quite honest, it’s a very rational decision,” Jermstad says.", "When the judge tried to force Ivey to serve probation time and get substance-abuse treatment, he appealed, and eventually his case went all the way to the state’s top criminal court. Across Texas, defendants like Ivey who are charged with misdemeanor offenses are choosing to spend time in the local lockup rather than endure months on probation.", "Add it all up and probation costs significantly more than the fine. Then consider that defendants get credit for time served in jail before trial and could be eligible for “good time” credit of up to three days for each day that they work or do other good deeds in jail.", "Rachel Palmer, assistant Harris County district attorney in charge of misdemeanors, says the department started a pretrial diversion program for misdemeanor defendants, including those charged with DWI, who have no criminal history.", "He chose to take his case to a jury, and he declined a provision that would allow them to sentence him to probation. The jury found Ivey guilty and sentenced him to 35 days in jail and a $2,000 fine. But Travis County Judge Nancy Hohengarten decided Ivey needed more treatment than he could get behind bars.", "She suspended the jury’s sentence — and told Ivey he would have to serve two years on probation, pay a $500 fine, spend 30 days in jail, serve 60 hours of community service and get some counseling. Ivey argued on appeal that Hohengarten didn’t have the authority to override the jury’s decision.", "Anonymous. 9 years ago. Depends. One charge, simple assault, can be up to one year jail if first offense.Can also be probation on top of that, community service, diversion classes ($), fines, even restitution to victim and civil suit." ], [ "If the defendant misses a court date, you may be expected to help the bondsman find the defendant, to pay the bondsman’s expenses for finding the defendant, and to pay the full amount of the bond if the defendant cannot be found.", "Example: A $500 cash bond would cost a total of $525 ($500 plus $25). How do I post a cash bond? For instructions on how to post a cash bond, call your local Sheriff’s Office. Note: You do not need to pay a bail bond agent to post a cash bond because you or another person can post a cash bond.", "You will not get the surety bond fee or the Sheriff’s fee back. Whether you get the rest of your money or your collateral back depends on what you and your bondsman agreed to in the contract. Every contract is different. BEFORE SIGNING ANY CONTRACTS OR PROMISSORY NOTES, MAKE SURE YOU READ THROUGH THEM CAREFULLY.", "There has to be enough cash or collateral to cover the full amount of the bond in case the defendant misses his or her court date. Only a person who has been licensed by the State Department of Insurance may post a surety bond.", "What is a bail bondsman? Bondsman, bondsperson, bail agent, and bond agent are all names used for a person who is licensed by the State Department of Insurance to sell surety bonds and is authorized to conduct business in the State of Idaho. He or she is an agent for an insurance company that sells surety bonds.", "If you don't have the cash to cover the full bond amount and the Sheriff's fee, you may wish to hire a bondsman to bond yourself or someone else out of jail. Also, as mentioned above, sometimes the Court keeps a cash bond. If you are bonding someone out of jail and you don't want to take the chance that all or part of your cash will be used to pay the defendant's court fines, fees and restitution, you might want to hire a bail bondsman.", "Can I change my mind after I post a cash bond for someone? You may have the defendant turn himself or herself in to jail any time before the defendant misses a court date. If the defendant is returned to the jail, you will need to file the required paperwork with the court.", "If the defendant attends all court appearances and the charges are dismissed or dropped, the person whose name is on the cash bond receipt will receive the refund of the cash bond. It takes about two weeks for the refund to be mailed to the person who posted the cash bond.", "Other information regarding the posting of bonds may be directed to your local court personnel, Sheriff’s personnel, or to the Trial Court Administrator’s Office, Room 336 at the Canyon County Courthouse, 1115 Albany Street in Caldwell, 454-7360. \n.", "This fee can be different from company to company and their amounts should be listed with the Idaho Department of Insurance. Example: a $5000 bail bond could cost a total of $560 ($500 surety bondsman’s fee plus $35 and the $25 Sheriff Fee).", "The law lets the Court use the cash bond to pay any fine or costs which might be assessed the defendant. If you post a surety bond, you will not get the surety bondsman’s fee or the Sheriff’s fee back.", "Fill out the required paperwork and give it to the Court. The judge will review it and if approved, the cash bond will be mailed back to you. If the defendant isn’t found or arrested within 180 days, the Court will keep all of your cash bond.", "Cash Bonds. What is a cash bond? A cash bond is the full amount of the bond required, paid in cash, to release a defendant from jail. How much does a cash bond cost? A cash bond costs the full amount of the bond AND a nonrefundable $25 Sheriff's fee if the bond is posted after regular office hours with the jail.", "Bond allows an arrested person (defendant) to be released from jail until his or her case is completed. Who can post bond? Any person can post his or her own bond. If the defendant can’t afford to bond himself or herself out of jail, any other person age 18 or older can post the bond.", "Never bond someone out of jail if you cannot afford to lose that money or if you can't afford to wait for several months to get it back. Remember, even if the defendant makes all court appearances, the Court can use the cash bond to pay fines and fees. In the world of bonding people out of jail, there are no guarantees.", "What is a surety bond? A surety bond is an agreement made between a person and a bondsman. The bondsman agrees to post the necessary bond so the defendant can be released from jail. This agreement is backed by an insurance company contract signed by the person and the bondsman on behalf of the insurance company.", "If I bond someone out of jail, when will I get my money back? It could take months. If you post a cash bond, you might get some or all of your cash bond back, but it won't be until the case is finished and the necessary paperwork has been processed.", "If you are using the defendant’s own money to post the cash bond, tell the clerk or jailer that the bond money should be receipted in the defendant’s name. The bond receipt should be made for the person whose money is being used for the cash bond. If there is any money left, it will be returned to the person whose name is on the bond receipt.", "You will not get any of the surety bondsman’s fee or the $25 back because it is nonrefundable. The surety bondsman’s fee, set by the insurance company, may cost about 10% of the total bond plus $25 or $35 dollars.", "Jail time for DUI – California Laws. On a first time DUI, you do not face any jail time unless there is an aggravating circumstance. On a second DUI, the law requires that you go to jail (local county jail) for a minimum of 96 hours. On a third DUI within 10 years, the law requires that you go to jail for a minimum of 120 days." ], [ "A life sentence from a federal court will therefore result in imprisonment for the life of the defendant unless a pardon or reprieve is granted by the President or if, upon appeal, the conviction is quashed. Over 3,200 people nationwide are serving life terms without a chance of parole for nonviolent offenses.", "The University of San Francisco School of Law ’s Center for Law & Global Justice conducted international research on the use of the sentence of life without parole for juveniles, and has found no cases outside the U.S. in which the sentence is actually imposed on juveniles.", "Schick's case and life imprisonment without parole. In 1954, Master Sergeant Maurice L. Schick was convicted by military court-martial of the murder of nine-year-old Susan Rothschild at Camp Zama in Japan.", "After Furman v. Georgia, the constitutionality of the death penalty in question as life imprisonment without parole received increased attention from lawmakers and judges, as an alternative to the death penalty. Such penalties predate Schick.", "Alabama was to be applied retroactively to offenders convicted before 2012. The United Nations General Assembly has called upon governments to: \"abolish by law, as soon as possible...life imprisonment without possibility of release for those below the age of 18 years at the time of the commission of the offense\".", "The appeal eventually reached the U.S. Supreme Court in 1974. It examined the constitutional basis of the punishment: life imprisonment without parole. Had Schick been given an ordinary life sentence, he would have been eligible for parole in 1969.", "Eric Rudolph – 1996 Olympic bomber, who killed 4 and injured 111 others. Faisal Shahzad – The Times Square Bomber, who attempted to detonate a car bomb in Times Square. Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab – The \"Underwear Bomber\", explosives hidden in his underwear while on a flight.", "In June 2012, the Court ruled that it could never be automatically used as a sentence for a minor (under 18), although the Court left room for it as a sentence that can eventually be given (for now) in certain first-degree murder cases once the judge has taken mitigating circumstances and other factors into account.", "Some of the crimes that led to life sentences include stealing gas from a truck and shoplifting but only for those with a pattern of habitual criminal offenses. A large number of those imprisoned for life had no prior criminal history but were given the sentence because of the aggravated nature of their crimes.", "Notably, the U.S. Supreme Court has on several occasions upheld lengthy sentences for petty theft including life with the possibility of parole and 50 years to life and stated that neither sentence conflicted with the ban on \" cruel and unusual punishment \" in the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.", "Henry Montgomery - Convicted of a murder committed at age 17 which eventually resulted in the end to automatic life without parole sentences for juveniles retroactively. Josh Phillips - Convicted of the murder of 8-year-old Maddie Clifton which he committed at age 14. Courtney Schulhoff - Murdered her father at age 16.", "One early American case was Ex parte Wells (1856); Wells was convicted of murder in 1851 and sentenced to be hanged. On the day of his execution, President Millard Fillmore gave him a conditional pardon commuting his sentence to \"imprisonment for life in the penitentiary at Washington.\".", "At the Louisiana State Penitentiary, for instance, more than 3,000 of the 5,100 prisoners are serving life with a chance of parole, and most of the remaining 2,100 are serving sentences so long that they cannot be completed in a typical lifetime.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (June 2020) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Overview of life imprisonment in the United States.", "Statistics. Over 200,000 people, or about 1 in 7 prisoners in the United States, were serving life or virtual life sentences in 2019. Over 50,000 are serving life without a chance of parole. In 1993, the Times survey found, about 20 percent of all lifers had no chance of parole. By 2004, that had risen to 28 percent.", "The concepts of parole and indeterminate sentencing were regarded as forward-looking in the 1870s. The initial concept of parole came from the idea that prisoners began their path to rehabilitation during their sentence, and their successful rehabilitation could be recognizable by a parole board.", "Samuel Little - A serial killer who murdered 50 women across several states. Lee Boyd Malvo – Accomplice of the Beltway sniper attacks. Terry Nichols – Main accomplice to Timothy McVeigh in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995. Gary Ridgway – A serial killer who murdered 49 women in and around Seattle.", "Retrieved November 20, 2019. ^ See Rummel v. Estelle, 445 U.S. 263 (1980) (upholding life sentence for fraudulent use of a credit card to obtain $80 worth of goods or services, passing a forged check in the amount of $28.36, and obtaining $120.75 by false pretenses) and Lockyer v.", "Lee Boyd Malvo - A serial killer convicted in connection with the Beltway sniper attacks in the Washington Metropolitan Area over a three-week period in October 2002. Evan Miller - Convicted of a murder committed at age 14 which resulted in end to automatic life without parole sentences for juveniles.", "Debates. Increased use of the life imprisonment sentence, especially life without parole, came in response to debates on capital punishment. In fact, many politicians, especially in the Democratic election, expressed their emphasis on replacing the death penalty with life without parole.", "Countries that allow life imprisonment without a possibility of parole for juveniles include Antigua and Barbuda, Cuba, Dominica, Israel, Nigeria, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tanzania and the United States. Of these, only the U.S. currently has minors serving such sentences.", "Life imprisonment is a possibility for aggravated mayhem and torture in California. Life imprisonment is mandatory for kidnapping in Nebraska. Other specifics about life sentences in the United States continue to vary widely by individual states. Also, the sentence may be given for \"drug kingpins\" and \"habitual criminals.\".", "By April 2021, 25 states and the District of Columbia have completely banned life without parole sentences for all juvenile offenders while five states have not banned the sentence but do not have any juvenile offenders serving life without parole.", "The United Nations Convention Against Torture; the oversight Committee warned the U.S. that juvenile life sentences without a possibility of parole could constitute \"cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment\" for youth.", "In the United States, 1 in every 2,000 inhabitants are imprisoned for life. There are many U.S. states in which a convict can be released on parole after a decade or more has passed, but in California, people sentenced to life imprisonment can normally apply for parole after seven years. The laws in the United States divide life sentences between \"determinate life sentences\" and \"indeterminate life sentences,\" the latter indicating the possibility of an abridged sentence, usually through the process of parole.", "About 150 inmates have died there in the time period between the years of 2000 and 2005. The United States holds 40% of the world’s prisoners with life sentences, more than in any other country.", "Additionally, seeking the death penalty is more costly to the state and taxpayer than seeking life without parole. A common argument against life without parole is that it is equally as immoral as the death penalty, as it still sentences one to die in prison.", "In Alaska, the maximum term of imprisonment is for 99 years, but that is almost always considered to be a practical life sentence as a sentence of 99 years' imprisonment, especially without parole, generally lasts beyond a normal lifespan.", "For instance, in Georgia, violent offenders sentenced for murder may be eligible for parole after 30 years. It is ultimately up to the parole board that reviews the case whether or not to release the prisoner sentenced to life on parole." ], [ "2007–2010: Tha Carter III, We Are Young Money, and Rebirth. Lil Wayne performing in concert at Rogers Arena in Vancouver, Canada, January 2009. In 2007, Carter stated that he would reunite with Hot Boys, with plans to release an album after B.G.'s solo album Too Hood to Be Hollywood was completed.", "At the end of 2007, an MTV poll selected Lil Wayne as \" Hottest MC in the Game \", The New Yorker magazine ranked him \"Rapper of the Year\", and GQ magazine named him \"Workaholic of the Year\". In 2008 he was named \"Best MC\" by Rolling Stone.", "Wayne and B.G. soon joined the southern hip hop group Hot Boys, with Cash Money label-mates Juvenile and Turk in 1997; they released their debut album Get It How U Live! in October that year. The Hot Boys became popular following the release of the album Guerrilla Warfare (1999) and the song \" Bling Bling \".", "Other singles included \"Grown Man\" with Currensy, \" Hustler Musik \", and \" Shooter \" with R&B singer Robin Thicke. Carter also appeared on a remix of Bobby Valentino 's \" Tell Me \", which rose to number 13 on the U.S. R&B Charts.", "On January 20, 2015, Carter self-released Sorry 4 the Wait 2, a sequel to his 2011 mixtape, to compensate for the continued delay of Tha Carter V. Upon Sorry for the Wait 2 ' s release, it was said Wayne disses Birdman and Cash Money Records, several times throughout the mixtape.", "Rick Ross. T-Pain. T.I. Website. thacarterv .com. \n. \n. Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. (born September 27, 1982), known professionally as Lil Wayne, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record executive, entrepreneur, and actor. He is regarded by many contemporaries as one of the most influential hip hop artists of his generation, and often cited as one of the greatest rappers of all time.", "All these singles charted within the top 20 spots on the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Rap Tracks, and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. On Birdman's 2007 album, 5 * Stunna, Carter appeared on the singles \" 100 Million \" and \" I Run This \" among several other tracks.", "His career began in 1995, at the age of 12, when he was signed by rapper Birdman, joining Cash Money Records as the youngest member of the label. For many years, Lil Wayne was the flagship artist of Cash Money Records, before ending his association with the company in June 2018.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. \"Dwayne Carter\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Duane Carter. American rapper from Louisiana. Lil Wayne. Wayne performing in December 2015. Born. Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. ( 1982-09-27)", "Carter was released from the hospital late on March 18, following a six-day stay. Lil Wayne addressed his condition via a vlog, on March 21 saying he was more than good. Carter had two seizures in June 2016, during a cross-country flight from Wisconsin to California, and landed in Omaha, Nebraska.", "1999–2004: Tha Block Is Hot, Lights Out, and 500 Degreez. Carter's debut solo album, Tha Block Is Hot, was released when he was 17 and featured significant contributions from the Hot Boys. It debuted at number 3 on the Billboard 200 and was later certified platinum by the RIAA.", "T-Pain released T-Wayne in 2017. According to an interview with Drake, in the December 2011 issue of XXL, plans for an upcoming album with Carter had been scrapped for the time being because of the Jay-Z and Kanye West collaboration album Watch the Throne (2011).", "The album earned Carter a 1999 Source magazine nomination for \"Best New Artist\", and also became a Top Ten hit. The lead single was \" Tha Block Is Hot \". After the release of Tha Block is Hot, Carter was featured on the single \" Bling Bling \", with B.G., Juvenile, and Big Tymers.", "Vibe magazine ranked a list of 77 of Lil Wayne's songs from 2007 and ranked his verse in DJ Khaled's \"We Takin Over\" as his best of 2007, with \"Dough Is What I Got\" (a freestyle over the beat of Jay-Z's \" Show Me What You Got \") from Da Drought 3.", "However, in late November, Pusha T dissed Wayne and Birdman on a new Ludacris song titled \"Tell Me What They Mad For\". However, once the feud between Lil Wayne and Birdman arose, Pusha T sent out a tweet encouraging Lil Wayne to sign to G.O.O.D. Music, which also insulted Birdman for his hand-rubbing habit.", "On April 24, 2020, Lil Wayne along with Dash Radio, launched his own radio show, Young Money Radio, on Apple Music. Wayne described the show as having \"heavyweights calling in discussing sports, music, comedy, everything!\".", "In the summer of 1991, he met rapper and Cash Money Records cofounder Bryan \"Birdman\" Williams, who mentored him and encouraged his love of hip-hop; Birdman included Carter on several Cash Money tracks, and Carter would often record freestyle raps on Williams' answering machine.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Lil Wayne discography) Jump to navigation Jump to search. \"Dwayne Carter\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Duane Carter. American rapper from Louisiana. Lil Wayne. Wayne performing in December 2015.", "Lil Wayne's solo debut album Tha Block Is Hot (1999) was his solo breakthrough, and he reached higher popularity with his fourth album Tha Carter (2004) and fifth album Tha Carter II (2005), as well as several mixtapes and collaborations throughout 2006 and 2007.", "Dwayne Michael Carter Jr. was born on September 27, 1982, and spent his first few years in the impoverished Hollygrove neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana. His mother, a cook, gave birth to him when she was 19 years old. His parents divorced when he was two and his father permanently abandoned the family.", "Lil Wayne in 2011. In July 2011, Carter confirmed in an interview with MTV that Tha Carter IV was finished, and was released on August 29, 2011. For preparation for Tha Carter IV, Carter released a mixtape, Sorry 4 the Wait, with all the beats coming from other artist's songs, similar to his mixtape No Ceilings.", "On September 27, 2012, he became the first male artist to surpass Elvis Presley with the most entries on the Billboard Hot 100, with 109 songs. Lil Wayne also currently serves as the chief executive officer (CEO) of his own label, Young Money Entertainment .", "The album charted at number 77 on the Billboard 200 the following week. On May 29, Wayne released the deluxe edition of Funeral featuring artists such as Doja Cat, Tory Lanez, Lil Uzi Vert, Benny The Butcher, Conway the Machine and Jessie Reyez.", "At age 14, Carter was the youngest member at the time. Hot Boys' debut album Get It How U Live! was released the same year, followed in 1999 by the group's major-label debut Guerrilla Warfare, which reached No. 1 on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 5 on the Billboard 200.", "2004–2006: Tha Carter, Tha Carter II, and Like Father, Like Son. In the summer of 2004, Carter's fourth studio album, Tha Carter, was released, marking what critics considered advancement in his rapping style and lyrical themes. In addition, the album's cover art featured the debut of Wayne's now-signature dreadlocks.", "Carter featured on Lil Baby 's track \"Forever\", a track from Baby's second studio album, My Turn, which was released on February 28, 2020. Carter also participates in the music video for the song, which was released on March 3, 2020.", "On June 7, 2018 it was announced that Carter had been released from Cash Money Records and will be releasing Tha Carter V via Universal Records. On Christmas 2017, Carter released the mixtape Dedication 6, the sixth instalment of the \"Gangsta Grillz\" chronology. The second part was released on January 26, 2018.", "The second single, which received less attention, was \"Shine\" featuring the Hot Boys. Near the release of Lights Out, Carter was featured on the single, \" Number One Stunna \" with Big Tymers and Juvenile, which peaked at number 24 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. Carter's third album, 500 Degreez, was released in 2002.", "On July 14, 2008, the Recording Industry Association of America certified Tha Carter III two times platinum. In October 2008, Lil Wayne announced plans to MTV News to re-release the album with new tracks, including a duet with Ludacris and remixes of \"A Milli\".", "During their career, the Hot Boys had two charting singles, \" We on Fire \" from Get It How U Live! and \" I Need a Hot Girl \" from Guerrilla Warfare. Carter was also featured on Juvenile's single \" Back That Azz Up \", which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 5 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.", "Many drug possession convictions result in fines. These can range from very minor fines of $100 or less to significant fines of $100,000 or more. Incarceration. Jail or prison time is also possible when a person is convicted of possession of a controlled substance. Jail sentences range widely depending on the crime charged, the type of drugs involved, and the state's laws, but can range from a few days or weeks to 10 years or more in prison." ], [ "Florida Theft Definition. A person commits theft if they: knowingly obtains or uses the property of another. with the intent to, either temporarily or permanently: deprive the person of a right to the property or a benefit from the property, OR. appropriates the property to his or her own use or to the use of any person not entitled to use of the property.", "Grand Theft. First Degree Grand Theft: Stolen property value is $100,000 or more. maximum penalty of 30 years in prison and fines of up to $10,000. Second Degree Grand Theft: Stolen property value between $20,000 and $99,999. Maximum penalty of 15 years in prison and fines of up to $10,000. Third Degree Grand Theft.", "In general, theft involves the unauthorized taking or use of another person's property. In a theft case, the prosecutor must prove several elements of the crime. The prosecutor must establish the defendant's specific intent to take or use property belonging to another person.", "Florida Theft Laws. Created by FindLaw's team of legal writers and editors | Last updated March 19, 2018.", "Maximum sentence of 60 days in jail and a $500 fine. Enhancements. Prosecution of grand theft in the first degree for a crime during which the defendant used a motor vehicle as an instrumentality during the commission of the crime, for a purpose other than using the motor vehicle as a getaway car.", "The defendant must have intended to temporarily or permanently deprive the owner of possession or use of the property. The prosecutor must show that the defendant had the criminal intent at the time when the defendant took or attempted to take the property. Florida state laws distinguish between petit theft and grand theft.", "The type of theft determines whether the state will prosecute an offense as a misdemeanor or a felony. The type of theft often depends on the value of the property. The box below contains important information about Florida theft laws, penalties, and possible sentences. Statutes. Florida Statutes Section 812.005 et. seq.", "Stolen property valued between $300 and $19,999 or. the property take is a firearm, a motor vehicle, a commercially farmed animal, a fire extinguisher, any amount of fruit consisting of 2,000 or more individual pieces, any stop sign, construction signs, or anhydrous ammonia. Maximum of 5 years in jail and a $5,000 fine.", "Prosecution of grand theft in the first degree when a defendant caused over $1,000 in damage to property or the premises while carrying out the theft. Possible Defenses. Good faith belief of ownership or right to possess the property. Consent given by the property owner. Involuntary intoxication.", "FindLaw Newsletters\nStay up-to-date with how the law affects your life. Learn more about FindLaw’s newsletters, including our terms of use and privacy policy. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.", "1st Degree Petit Theft (First Degree Petty Theft) If the property stolen is valued between $100 and $299, then the defendant will be charged with a 1st Degree Misdemeanor, which carries a maximum penalty of 1 year in jail and a $1000 fine.", "Many drug possession convictions result in fines. These can range from very minor fines of $100 or less to significant fines of $100,000 or more. Incarceration. Jail or prison time is also possible when a person is convicted of possession of a controlled substance. Jail sentences range widely depending on the crime charged, the type of drugs involved, and the state's laws, but can range from a few days or weeks to 10 years or more in prison.", "Alpert says the choice that misdemeanor defendants make usually comes down to money. For a first DWI offense, a Class B misdemeanor, the range of punishment includes a $2,000 fine, between three days and six months in jail, and up to 100 hours of community service. Probation for the same offense can last up to two years and requires a monthly fee of $60 to $100.", "Jail time for DUI – California Laws. On a first time DUI, you do not face any jail time unless there is an aggravating circumstance. On a second DUI, the law requires that you go to jail (local county jail) for a minimum of 96 hours. On a third DUI within 10 years, the law requires that you go to jail for a minimum of 120 days.", "Jail time for DUI – California Laws. On a first time DUI, you do not face any jail time unless there is an aggravating circumstance. On a second DUI, the law requires that you go to jail (local county jail) for a minimum of 96 hours. On a third DUI within 10 years, the law requires that you go to jail for a minimum of 120 days.", "Armed Robbery Sentence in GA. In Georgia, armed robbery is considered a violent felony offense and comes with a min of 10 years & a max of 20 years with the option for the death penalty depending on the case.", "Anonymous. 9 years ago. Depends. One charge, simple assault, can be up to one year jail if first offense.Can also be probation on top of that, community service, diversion classes ($), fines, even restitution to victim and civil suit.", "Possession With Intent to Sell: 3-15 years in jail and a fine of $2000 to $300,000. Possession for Personal Use (typically more than 3 tabs): 1-3 years in jail and a fine of $1000 to $25,000 (some states now have diversionary treatment plans that supplement jail time).", "Sentencing Depends on the Class of Felony. Sentencing guidelines provide a framework for judges to determine an appropriate punishment for various types of crimes. In general, felony offenses, whether state or federal, carry a minimum sentence of one year in prison.", "Ten years. Life. Arkansas law does not require being armed to be convicted of aggravated robbery. If the offender claims to have a weapon or inflicts or attempts to inflict serious injury or death aggravated robbery can be charged. aggravated robbery: Colorado. Four years and $3,000 fine. 16 years and $750,000 fine." ], [ "Jail time for first DUI. On a first-time misdemeanor DUI, you are not facing any jail time unless there were “aggravated circumstances” such as being involved in a bad accident with someone injured, driving over 100 mph, having little children in the car, being on probation for another case, etc. Jail is not mandatory on a first-time DUI and even if there are aggravating circumstances such as an accident, etc., there are jail alternatives that often can be worked out to avoid going to jail.", "Law Office of Pardoe & Associates. More from this Author. This website has been created by the Law Office of Pardoe & Associates, DUI Attorneys in Los Angeles. We can help with your DUI problems in Los Angeles County. Call us at (310) 285-1516 for a free legal consultation.", "Mandatory jail time for DUI. Jail is not mandatory on a first DUI and even if there are aggravating circumstances such as an accident, etc., there are jail alternatives that often can be worked out to avoid going to jail. However, jail time is mandatory for a second, third or fourth DUI within 10 years.", "Some unscrupulous attorneys tell people they are facing a maximum of 6 months in jail on a first time DUI, ostensibly in order to scare people into hiring them. Technically that is true (6 months is the maximum punishment) but in reality, most people do not face jail time on a first time DUI.", "Local Police Departments such as the following offer pay to stay jail facilities:-. In pay-to-stay jail facilities, the person convicted can often serve their sentences on weekends with the Judge’s permission so as not to miss work. Prices per day at private city jails can vary with the average rate about $100/day.", "Jail time for second DUI. With a second DUI, jail time is mandatory and by law, you must spend a minimum of 96 hours in jail. “Jail” refers to the local county jail. If you were arrested in Los Angeles County, “jail” is the local county jail in Los Angeles County run by the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department.", "Prison vs county jail. Any misdemeanor jail-time would be spent in the local county jail (and not in prison). For a felony, time would be usually be spent in a California State Prison although you could be sentenced to do time in the Los Angeles County Jail. Jails are county facilities run by the local county Sheriff’s Department.", "Alternatives to Jail in LA. Our DUI law office has a very successful track record of obtaining alternatives to Los Angeles County Jail which allows people to keep working and stay out of jail. Please call us immediately if you face any jail time in Los Angeles County for DUI, to discuss your alternatives on (310) 285-1516. Print-Friendly Page.", "County jails generally house inmates that are serving sentences of less than a year. County Jails also offer and manage alternatives to jail such as work release programs, and house arrest /electronic monitoring program. California State Prisons, on the other hand, are federal facilities and are only for people convicted of a Felony. Someone arrested for a DUI does not face prison unless it is their 4th DUI or they are charged with a Felony DUI because someone was seriously injured in a DUI.", "Private City Jails. If you are facing jail time for a DUI in the Los Angeles County Jail you can ask the Judge if you can serve your jail time in a private city jail instead of the Los Angeles County Jail. Private City Jails are pay-to-stay jail facilities run by local Police Departments. This means you pay a daily fee to do your jail time in a much smaller and usually nicer jail facility located at a city police department.", "The Prosecutor normally makes the decision on how much jail time if any you are facing after he or she reviews the evidence and determines if you have any DUIs on your record or if you are on probation in another case. Requests for County Jail Alternatives can be made to both the Prosecutor and the Judge.", "Alternatives to jail in Los Angeles County. Fortunately, there are alternatives to doing jail time for DUI in the Los Angeles County Jail. Alternatives include:-. House arrest / Electronic Monitoring Program. Work release.", "Carl Santos Cansino. If what you're asking is about deposit account fraud, then the answer to your question is that if the face amount of the check was less than $500.00 then it is a misdemeanor. The maximum possible jail time for a misdemeanor is 12 months in the county jail and the minimum is a monetary fine.", "The judge will issue a warrant for the defendant’s arrest and the bond will be forfeited (defaulted). If you post a cash bond for the defendant, there are only two ways you can get your money back: 1) You must find the defendant and turn him or her back to the jail within 180 days of the bench warrant; 2) If the defendant is arrested and put back in jail within 180 days of the warrant, you can request your cash bond back.", "Many drug possession convictions result in fines. These can range from very minor fines of $100 or less to significant fines of $100,000 or more. Incarceration. Jail or prison time is also possible when a person is convicted of possession of a controlled substance. Jail sentences range widely depending on the crime charged, the type of drugs involved, and the state's laws, but can range from a few days or weeks to 10 years or more in prison.", "Ten years. Life. Arkansas law does not require being armed to be convicted of aggravated robbery. If the offender claims to have a weapon or inflicts or attempts to inflict serious injury or death aggravated robbery can be charged. aggravated robbery: Colorado. Four years and $3,000 fine. 16 years and $750,000 fine.", "First Degree Petty Theft. Stolen property valued between $100 and $299. Maximum penalty of 1 year in jail and a $1000 fine. If defendant convicted twice of any theft crime, will be charged with elevated third degree felony. Second Degree Petty Theft.", "Possession With Intent to Sell: 3-15 years in jail and a fine of $2000 to $300,000. Possession for Personal Use (typically more than 3 tabs): 1-3 years in jail and a fine of $1000 to $25,000 (some states now have diversionary treatment plans that supplement jail time).", "Alpert says the choice that misdemeanor defendants make usually comes down to money. For a first DWI offense, a Class B misdemeanor, the range of punishment includes a $2,000 fine, between three days and six months in jail, and up to 100 hours of community service. Probation for the same offense can last up to two years and requires a monthly fee of $60 to $100.", "For example, possession of any amount of most controlled substances is punishable with 16 months, 2, or 3 years in county jail. A judge can take into consideration that the defendant has voluntarily enrolled in a treatment program and enforce the lesser, 16-month sentence." ] ]
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[ "It is on its way of realizing its goal of making television ratings obsolete. Some of its TV shows such as Hemlock Grove, House of Cards, and Arrested Development have even earned Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the category original online only web television. Here are the 10 most watched television series on Netflix.", "Amy and Maya, The Sweet Scientists, win The Amazing Race 25 in the Season Finale on Friday, December 19, 2014. Rob Cesternino and Jessica Liese are live on Friday December 19th, recapping the finale of The Amazing Race 25, where we saw the sweet scientists become the third all female team to win The Amazing Race.", "On Air: September 24, 1968–present. The longest-running U.S. show airing during primetime, 60 Minutes was the first newsmagazine to eschew host-centric fluff for reporter-driven investigative journalism. Yet many viewers still tune in for Andy Rooney's colorful commentaries about everyday things that irritate him.", "The Empire Strikes Back (1980) was voted the best film of all time by over 250,000 readers of the Empire film magazine in 2015. The Shawshank Redemption (1994) was voted the greatest film of all time by Empire readers in \"The 201 Greatest Movies of All Time\" poll undertaken in March 2006.", "January 8, 2015. Getty Images. If you watched ESPN’s new college football playoffs on New Year’s Day, you were part of a record-making group. According to Nielsen, 28.2 million viewers tuned in to the Rose Bowl game between Oregon and Florida State, and another 28.3 million watched the Ohio State-Alabama game, pushing them into the top two spots for the largest audiences in cable television history.", "2 Sesame Street Sesame Street is a long-running American children's television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. I simply adore and embrace Sesame Street! This show has been around since November 10th, 1969, and it is still on T.V.!", "This content is imported from YouTube. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Sir Patrick Moore hosted this monthly astronomy series until he died aged 89, making him the longest-serving TV host with the same programme of all time.", "Bazinga! The Big Bang Theory narrowly beat out NCIS to be named this past season's most-watched series in all of television. With final season averages that include \"live plus 7\" time-shifted viewing data now available, Bang averaged 23.1 million viewers for the season ending May 24, while NCIS averaged 22.4 million.", "FNC's former prime time lineup included programs such as The O'Reilly Factor, hosted by Bill O'Reilly, which had been a top rated program since the early 2000s when considered among major cable news channels. The channel's longtime slogans are \" Fair and Balanced \" and \"We Report.", "The best Cartoon Network TV programs of all time include the most viewed shows on Cartoon Network, as this list covers the entire history of the network. From old Cartoon Network shows like Courage the Cowardly Dog and Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy to new series like We Bear Bears, Infinity Train, and DC Super Hero Girls are included on this list along with many more." ]
[ [ "The plot focuses on its major characters: the rude, abused, and tense hotel owner Basil Fawlty played by Cleese, his bossy wife called Sybil played by Prunella Scales, the hapless Spanish waiter named Manuel played by Andrew Sachs, and the comparatively normal chambermaid called Polly played by Booth.", "The show often ends up with an unexpected, ironic, or chilling twist that shows the guilty character being punished. The popularity of the show led to a radio series, a magazine, a comic book, and a feature film. It stars Robert McCord, Vaughn Taylor, Jay Overholts, and Sterling himself.", "In the show, the United States and China are the only remaining superpowers and they joined forces to form Alliance, a central federal government, which results in the merger of the two cultures. It stars Morena Baccarin, Nathan Fillion, Alan Tudyk, and Gina Torres.", "Next Outside Business Ventures For YouTube's Most Successful Stars. About The Author. Sammy Said (1512 Articles Published) Sammy is a real estate tycoon but is also a fanatic of editorial production. Having managed a powerhouse content production team in the past, he launched TheRichest as a passion project.", "By Sammy Said Published Sep 03, 2013. Share. Share. Tweet. Email. Comment. More and more people depend on the Internet for different needs, including television show viewing. Thus, it is not surprising that the number of subscribers to companies like Netflix has also been increasing. Netflix is a U.S.-based provider of on-demand streaming television network service to a number of countries.", "The show is set in the year 2517 or 500 years into the future. It follows the lives of the renegade crew aboard a small spacecraft called Serenity as they try to survive while traveling to unknown parts of the galaxy and evading the authority agents out to get them coupled with some warring factions.", "This 90-minute show revolves around the story of consulting detective Holmes and his assistant and flat mate, Dr. John Watson, as they assist the Metropolitan Service in solving different 21 st century crimes in London. A recurring feature in the show is Holmes’ archenemy, Jim Moriarty.", "The story is based on the novel written by Michael Dobbs. The first season was released in 2013 and the second season is currently on production. This 60-minute show tells the story of a congressman who connives with his equally scheming wife to take revenge on the people who have betrayed them.", "3 Arrested Development. Arrested Development is a 2003 American television sitcom series created by Mitchell Hurwitz. It originally aired on Fox until 2006. In May this year, Netflix released the fourth season of the series.", "7 Twilight Zone. Twilight Zone is a 1959 American television anthology series created by Rod Serling. The show presents a series of different and unrelated stories. It is popular for combining different genres like psychological thriller, science fiction, horror, drama, fantasy, and suspense.", "9 Fawlty Towers. Fawlty Towers is a 1975 British television sitcom produced by BBC Television. It was written by the then married John Cleese and Connie Booth who both starred in the show. The TV show is set in a fictional hotel called Fawlty towers located in Torquay, a seaside town on the English Riviera.", "1 Breaking Bad. Breaking Bad is a 2008 American television crime drama series produced and created by Vince Gilligan. This 45-minute show set in Albuquerque, New Mexico revolves around the story of Walter White, a struggling high school chemistry teacher who is diagnosed with an incurable and inoperable lung cancer.", "The group runs a dilapidated Irish bar in South Philadelphia called Paddy’s Pub. The friends are known for their slightly arrogant attitudes, dishonesty, selfishness, big egos, greed, ignorance, unethical behavior, pettiness, and laziness.", "6 Freaks and Geeks. Freaks and Geeks is a 1999 American teen comedy and drama television series produced by Judd Apatow and Paul Feig. Feig was the creator of the show. This 60-minute series follows two unique groups of teenagers as they deal with high school life in the 80’s.", "The group is not so solid as the friends often plot against each other and even use blackmail to manipulate each other. It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia, a 30-minute show, stars Kaitlin Olson, Charlie Day, Rob McElhenney, and Glenn Howerton.", "Cooper investigates the murder of the young homecoming queen named Laura Palmer, played by Sheryl Lee, in the even more eccentric town of Twin Peaks. The story is set in a small and fictional town in Washington. Apart from MacLachlan and Lee, Twin Peaks also stars Michael Ontkean, Dana Ashbrook, and Madchen Amick.", "What is the longest-running scripted primetime TV show of all-time? One more impressive feat to add to The Simpsons portfolio. Beginning in 1989 and nowhere near its ending, The Simpsons are not only the longest running cartoon of all time but also the longest running primetime television scripted show. Period.", "In the end, the characters on television's longest-running soap opera lived happily ever after. The US show Guiding Light aired its final episode today, 72 years and more than 15,000 episodes after its first broadcast as a CBS radio programme in 1937.", "It is one of the highest-rating shows on RTÉ Television in Ireland and TVNZ 2 in New Zealand. In Australia, Home and Away is the most awarded program at the Logie Awards, with a total of forty-six wins, including Best Drama Program.", "12 Answers. Relevance. Shellie. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. Meet the Press has the most episodes, over 2,500 episodes have aired since 1947. Here's some other long-running shows: Gunsmoke (1955-1975) - 633 episodes. Lassie (1954-1973) - 588 episodes." ], [ "Jess feels that is the worst possible concept for a season that she could think of and Jess would not be surprised if The Amazing Race gets cancelled after this season. Jess does not remember a final task as hard as the final task this season since season 12 where we say a multi layer logic puzzle.", "Jess found the stunt roadblock underwhelming because there was not skill involved, it reminded rob of the David Copperfield task from last season where there was no opportunity to gain any time on other teams. Rob thought the search and rescue task was for Adam and Bethany but Jess does not believe that.", "Amazing Race 2014: Season 25 Finale Recap & Winner Reactions. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. Videos you watch may be added to the TV's watch history and influence TV recommendations. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer. An error occurred while retrieving sharing information.", "Subscription Options for Rob Has a Podcast: Click to Subscribe or Give Ratings to the RHAP All Show Feed on iTunes. Click to Subscribe or Give Ratings to the The Amazing Race ONLY Podcast Feed on iTunes. Rob Cesternino. Six-time podcast award winner, zero-time Survivor winner.", "Both Jess was really excited when Amy and Maya turned the corner first. Jess was really happy with their win because they are an all female team, they are fans of the race and they are a nerdy team. Jess would rank Amy and Maya above Jenna and Keash but below Nat and Kat in the all female team winner rankings.", "Listen to the Podcast. Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Use Up/Down Arrow keys to increase or decrease volume. Watch the Show on YouTube – SUBSCRIBE on YouTube – RSVP for the LIVE Event. LIVE at 9:15 pm ET / 6:15 pm PT, Rob Cesternino and Jessica Liese recap the season finale of The Amazing Race 25 LIVE on Friday, December 19th, 2014.", "Rob does not think that Brooke’s and Robbie should be annoyed that Amy and Maya were in this leg as Brooke and Robbie would of had no chance of winning. Rob feels that it should be Jim and Misty who should be annoyed that Amy and Maya did not get eliminated.", "Rob is really surprised that Amy and Maya won tonight because there was three really strong teams: The Cyclists, The Dentists and Adam and Bethany. Rob notes that they never had them higher than fourth on their power rankings but Jess points out that she was never disappointed that Amy and Maya were still in the race.", "If Jess had to put an Amazing Race team on Survivor Blood vs Water she would pick Jim and Misty and if she had to pick a Survivor pair to go on the race Jess would pick Kelley and Dale so Dale will become less bitter against racers but her real pick is Keith and Wes to go on the race.", "Podcast: Play in new window | Download (Duration: 1:13:32 — 34.0MB) | Embed. Subscribe: Apple Podcasts | Google Podcasts | Spotify | Android | RSS | More. Audio Player. http://media.blubrry.com/rob_has_a_podcast_survivor/p/podone.noxsolutions.com/launchpod/robhasapodcast/mp3/20141219-tar-25_mixdown.mp3. 00:00.", "Rob has to give a lot of credit to Amy after doing really well in this challenge after Maya getting the more positive edit this season. Jess was really happy that Amy was the MVP this leg especially because she had the injury and was the weaker team member for most of the race.", "Bazinga! The Big Bang Theory narrowly beat out NCIS to be named this past season's most-watched series in all of television. With final season averages that include \"live plus 7\" time-shifted viewing data now available, Bang averaged 23.1 million viewers for the season ending May 24, while NCIS averaged 22.4 million.", "In the end, the characters on television's longest-running soap opera lived happily ever after. The US show Guiding Light aired its final episode today, 72 years and more than 15,000 episodes after its first broadcast as a CBS radio programme in 1937.", "Who. Sabado Gigante. Where. United States (Miami) When. 19 September 2015. The longest running TV variety show is Sabado Gigante (Univision Television Network, USA) hosted by Mario Kreutzberger aka 'Don Francisco' (Chile) running for 53 years and 42 days, from 8 August 1962 to 19 September 2015.", "It is one of the highest-rating shows on RTÉ Television in Ireland and TVNZ 2 in New Zealand. In Australia, Home and Away is the most awarded program at the Logie Awards, with a total of forty-six wins, including Best Drama Program.", "The 20 Longest Running American TV Shows of All-Time. Aiden Mason 5 years ago. In today’s day and age it’s extremely difficult for a show to run for more than a few seasons, let alone 5, or 10, or even more. There’s just so much on TV that’s it’s difficult to get people to commit to watching any one program for an extended period of time. So we decided to comb through the TV universe to locate the shows that have stood the test of time.", "The 20 Longest Running American TV Shows of All-Time. Aiden Mason 5 years ago. In today’s day and age it’s extremely difficult for a show to run for more than a few seasons, let alone 5, or 10, or even more. There’s just so much on TV that’s it’s difficult to get people to commit to watching any one program for an extended period of time. So we decided to comb through the TV universe to locate the shows that have stood the test of time.", "If you take the number of seasons (or the length of time a show has aired) as your benchmark, NBC's \"Meet the Press\" is the winner, with 66 seasons and 67 years on air [source: Today ]. Advertisement.", "Super Bowl XLIX, a thrilling contest that came down to an unbelievable interception in the fourth quarter, has become the most watched show in television history. According to numbers released by the ratings agency Nielsen, 114.4 million Americans tuned in to watch the Patriots beat the Seahawks 28 to 24 on Sunday.", "The best Cartoon Network TV programs of all time include the most viewed shows on Cartoon Network, as this list covers the entire history of the network. From old Cartoon Network shows like Courage the Cowardly Dog and Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy to new series like We Bear Bears, Infinity Train, and DC Super Hero Girls are included on this list along with many more." ], [ "And that's to say nothing of the talent that SNL chieftain Lorne Michaels has unearthed and delivered to the masses: Bill Murray, Eddie Murphy, Will Ferrell, Tina Fey and the list goes on. Good Morning America on ABC. On Air: November 3, 1975–present.", "The one show in our top 10 that no longer airs, Bandstand offered a dance-party experience for viewers at home. The banter was deliberately cheesy and the \"live\" performances were canned, but it still introduced more pop and rock acts to a broad audience than any other music-themed show in history.", "By Larry Dobrow. Apr 3, 2013. You'd think that the list of the longest-running shows in U.S. television history would begin with something like Law & Order or The Simpsons, right? But those shows are mere pups compared to the following lions of the American TV landscape.", "On Air: September 21, 1970–present. As iconic an institution as anything that exists in sports media, this show continues to be a football fan favorite, despite ESPN's attempts to broaden its appeal by recruiting nonathletes, like Drew Carey and Miley Cyrus, for the broadcast booth. Sesame Street on PBS.", "What started out as a variety program morphed into the model for all late-night gabfests that would follow. Its current caretaker, Conan O'Brien, is only the show's fifth permanent host—fairly remarkable when you consider that it has aired somewhere in the neighborhood of 8,350 episodes. Today on NBC.", "Luckily, the original on-air chimp mascot, J. Fred Muggs, was dropped from the lineup and the show's title was changed from The Rise and Shine Revue. This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses.", "More than 7,000 episodes into its current incarnation, The Price Is Right has given away some $800 billion in prizes. Kudos go to longtime host Bob Barker and newbie replacement Drew Carey for keeping the show's often hysterical contestants focused on decimal-point placement in the price of just about anything.", "SportsCenter doesn't really air around the clock; it just feels that way, owing to its numerous highlights. It has added Asian, Canadian and Brazilian versions of the show in recent years, and, to paraphrase one of the many catchphrases SportsCenter has spawned, you can't stop it; you can only hope to contain it.", "Longest Running TV Shows at WomansDay.com - Television History. Type keyword (s) to search. Today's Top Stories. 1. 11 Indoor Activities To Do With Your Dog. 2.", "On Air: November 10, 1969–present. Aired in 125 different countries and the recipient of over 100 Emmys, Sesame Street is one of the most feted shows of all time. This is likely due to its progression with the times, addressing difficult-to-explain situations like death, pregnancy and divorce over the years.", "Yes, it exists in Today 's big shadow—but so does just about every other news/lifestyle show, morning or otherwise. While GMA started as a fluffier version of Today, it has added gravitas in recent years owing to the death of longtime movie critic Joel Siegel and cohost Robin Roberts' battle with cancer.", "In the end, the characters on television's longest-running soap opera lived happily ever after. The US show Guiding Light aired its final episode today, 72 years and more than 15,000 episodes after its first broadcast as a CBS radio programme in 1937.", "Who. Sabado Gigante. Where. United States (Miami) When. 19 September 2015. The longest running TV variety show is Sabado Gigante (Univision Television Network, USA) hosted by Mario Kreutzberger aka 'Don Francisco' (Chile) running for 53 years and 42 days, from 8 August 1962 to 19 September 2015.", "What is the longest-running scripted primetime TV show of all-time? One more impressive feat to add to The Simpsons portfolio. Beginning in 1989 and nowhere near its ending, The Simpsons are not only the longest running cartoon of all time but also the longest running primetime television scripted show. Period.", "If you take the number of seasons (or the length of time a show has aired) as your benchmark, NBC's \"Meet the Press\" is the winner, with 66 seasons and 67 years on air [source: Today ]. Advertisement.", "This content is imported from YouTube. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Sir Patrick Moore hosted this monthly astronomy series until he died aged 89, making him the longest-serving TV host with the same programme of all time.", "12 Answers. Relevance. Shellie. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. Meet the Press has the most episodes, over 2,500 episodes have aired since 1947. Here's some other long-running shows: Gunsmoke (1955-1975) - 633 episodes. Lassie (1954-1973) - 588 episodes.", "FNC's former prime time lineup included programs such as The O'Reilly Factor, hosted by Bill O'Reilly, which had been a top rated program since the early 2000s when considered among major cable news channels. The channel's longtime slogans are \" Fair and Balanced \" and \"We Report.", "Super Bowl XLIX, a thrilling contest that came down to an unbelievable interception in the fourth quarter, has become the most watched show in television history. According to numbers released by the ratings agency Nielsen, 114.4 million Americans tuned in to watch the Patriots beat the Seahawks 28 to 24 on Sunday.", "2 Sesame Street Sesame Street is a long-running American children's television series, produced by Sesame Workshop and created by Joan Ganz Cooney and Lloyd Morrisett. I simply adore and embrace Sesame Street! This show has been around since November 10th, 1969, and it is still on T.V.!" ], [ "Vertigo (1958) was ranked number one in the most recent Sight & Sound critics' poll. Every decade, starting in 1952, the British film magazine Sight & Sound asks an international group of film critics to vote for the greatest film of all time. Since 1992, they have invited directors to vote in a separate poll.", "Stagecoach (1939) was voted the best western film of all time with 54 votes in a 1996 poll of 100 experts organized by Spanish film magazine Nickel Odeon [ es]. Johnny Guitar (1954) was the most cited film in the \"Ten Best Westerns\" lists of 27 French critics in Le Western.", "Tale of Tales (1979) was ranked number 1 with 17 votes in a poll at the Olympiad of Animation in 1984 where an international panel of 35 journalists, scholars, festival directors, and animation programmers voted for the best animated films.", "Egypt. See also: Cinema of Egypt. The Night of Counting the Years (1969) was voted the best Arab film of all time (i.e. the best film made in an Arab country) in a 2013 poll of 475 film critics, writers, novelists, academics, and other arts professionals organized by the Dubai International Film Festival.", "Lawrence of Arabia (1962) was voted the \"best British film of all time\" by Great Britain's leading filmmakers. See also: Cinema of the United Kingdom. The Third Man (1949) was voted the best British film ever by 1000 industry professionals, academics, and critics in a British Film Institute poll conducted in 1999.", "Sixty-three critics participated in 1952, 70 critics in 1962, 89 critics in 1972, 122 critics in 1982, 132 critics and 101 directors in 1992, 145 critics and 108 directors in 2002, and 846 critics and 358 directors in 2012. This poll is regarded as one of the most important \"greatest ever film\" lists.", "Christian (1939) was voted best Czech film of all time in a poll held by Media Desk and Týden magazine in 2010. Marketa Lazarova (1967) was voted the best Czech film of all time by Czech journalists during the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival in 1994.", "Apocalypse Now (1979) was voted number 1 by a group of 3,760 film critics and personalities on the Channel 4 program 50 Films to See Before You Die. The Piano (1993) was voted the best film made by a female director in a 2019 BBC poll of 368 film experts from 84 countries.", "Hoop Dreams (1994) was ranked as the greatest documentary of all time by the International Documentary Association (IDA) in 2007. Voters selected from a list of over 700 films. Bowling for Columbine (2002) heads the list of 20 all-time favorite non-fiction films selected by members of the IDA in 2002.", "Pather Panchali (1955) is the highest-ranking Indian film on any Sight & Sound poll at number 6 in the 1992 Critics' Poll. It also topped the British Film Institute 's user poll of \"Top 10 Indian Films\" of all time in 2002.", "Romance. Casablanca (1942) was voted the best romance film of all time with 56 votes in a 1996 poll of 100 experts organized by Spanish film magazine Nickel Odeon [ es]. Brief Encounter (1945) was voted the best romance film of all time with 25 votes in a 2013 poll of 101 experts conducted by Time Out London.", "It is also the only science fiction film to make the Sight & Sound critics' poll for the ten best movies (number 10 in 1992, number 6 in 2002 and 2012). Blade Runner (1982) was voted the best science fiction film by a panel of 56 scientists assembled by the British newspaper The Guardian in 2004.", "Baji (1963) topped the British Film Institute 's critics' poll of \"Top 10 Pakistani Films\" of all time in 2002. Aina (1977) topped the British Film Institute's user poll of \"Top 10 Pakistani Films\" of all time in 2002.", "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) was ranked number 1 on British film magazine Total Film ' s 2005 list of the greatest horror films. In 2010 it was voted into first place in an additional Total Film poll of leading directors and stars of horror films.", "Sight & Sound magazine: The 50 Greatest Films of All Time. The BFI 100: A selection of the favourite British films of the 20th century at the Wayback Machine (archived 29 June 2011) Village Voice 250 best films of the 20th century list at the Wayback Machine (archived 9 February 2008) v.", "Some Like It Hot (1959) was voted the best comedy film of all time in a poll of 253 film critics from 52 countries conducted by the BBC in 2017. Blazing Saddles (1974) was voted the funniest movie of all time in a 2014 readers' poll by Rolling Stone magazine.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Wikimedia list article. Citizen Kane (1941), starring and directed by Orson Welles, has topped several international polls, including five Sight & Sound critics' polls.", "See also: Cinema of Croatia. Tko pjeva zlo ne misli ( One Who Sings Means No Harm, 1970) was voted the best Croatian film of all time by 44 Croatian film critics in 1999, in a poll organized by the Croatian magazine Hollywood.", "See also: Cinema of Sri Lanka. Ananta Rathiriya (1995) topped the British Film Institute 's user poll of \"Top 10 Sri Lankan Films\" of all time in 2002. Pura Handa Kaluwara (1997) topped the British Film Institute 's critics' poll of \"Top 10 Sri Lankan Films\" of all time in 2002.", "Greece. See also: Cinema of Greece. O Drakos (1956) was voted the best Greek film of all time by members of the Greek Film Critics Association in 2006. Evdokia (1971) was voted the best Greek film of all time by members of the Greek Film Critics Association in 1986.", "It was also ranked number 1 when the Brussels World's Fair polled 117 experts from 26 countries in 1958. Citizen Kane (1941) was ranked number 1 with 48 votes when French film magazine Cahiers du cinéma asked 78 French critics and historians to vote for the best films in 2007.", "Action. Mad Max 2 (1981) was voted the greatest action film of all time in a readers' poll by American magazine Rolling Stone in 2015. Die Hard (1988) was voted the best action film of all time with 21 votes in a 2014 poll of 50 directors, actors, critics, and experts conducted by Time Out New York.", "Canada. See also: Cinema of Canada. Mon oncle Antoine (1971) was named first in the Toronto International Film Festival 's Top 10 Canadian Films of All Time in 1984, 1993 and 2004. The Sweet Hereafter (1997) was voted the best Canadian film by readers of Playback in 2002 in an online poll.", "Castle in the Sky (1986) was voted first place in a 2008 animation audience poll conducted by Oricon in Japan. Toy Story (1995) was voted number 1 on the \"Top 100 Animated Features of All Time\" list by the Online Film Critics Society (published March 2003). Voters chose from a reminder list of more than 350 films.", "The American Film Institute polled 1,500 film community leaders for the lists 100 Years...100 Movies and 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) in 1998 and 2007 respectively, asking voters to choose from a list of 400 nominations. Both polls identified Citizen Kane as the best American film ever.", "Battleship Potemkin (1925) was ranked number 1 with 32 votes when the Festival Mondial du Film et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique asked 63 film professionals around the world, mostly directors, to vote for the best films of the half-century in 1951.", "Vertigo (1958) was ranked number 1 with 39 votes when German film magazine Steadycam [ de] asked 174 critics and filmmakers to vote for their favorite films in 2007. It was also ranked number 1 with 25 votes when Iranian film magazine Film asked 92 Iranian critics to vote for the best films in 2009.", "See also: Cinema of Germany. Nosferatu (1922) was voted the best European film of all time with 56 votes (tied with the French film The Rules of the Game) in a 1994 poll of 70 critics and film historians organized by Cinemateca Portuguesa.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Films considered the greatest ever) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Wikimedia list article. Citizen Kane (1941), starring and directed by Orson Welles, has topped several international polls, including five Sight & Sound critics' polls.", "Science fiction. 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) was ranked as the best science fiction film in several polls. 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) was voted the best science fiction film of all time with 73 votes in a 2014 poll of 136 science fiction experts, filmmakers, science fiction writers, film critics, and scientists conducted by Time Out London.", "The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003) was voted the most popular film of all time by an audience poll for the Australian television special My Favourite Film in 2005 and by a poll cast by 120,000 German voters for the TV special Die besten Filme aller Zeiten (\"The best films of all time\") in 2004.", "The Exorcist (1973) was voted the best horror film of all time with 53 votes in a 2012 poll of 150 experts conducted by Time Out London. It was also voted the best horror film with 67 votes in a 2015 poll of 104 horror professionals conducted by HitFix, and topped a readers' poll by Rolling Stone magazine in 2014.", "See also: Cinema of Croatia. Tko pjeva zlo ne misli ( One Who Sings Means No Harm, 1970) was voted the best Croatian film of all time by 44 Croatian film critics in 1999, in a poll organized by the Croatian magazine Hollywood. It was also voted the best Croatian film by Hollywood ' s readers.", "Spring in a Small Town (小城之春; 1948) was ranked number 1 on the Hong Kong Film Awards Association's Best 100 Chinese Motion Pictures list in 2005. It was also voted the best Chinese film of all time with 25 votes in a 2010 poll of 37 critics organized by the Hong Kong Film Critics Society.", "Gone with the Wind (1939) was voted the favorite film of Americans in a poll of 2,279 adults undertaken by Harris Interactive in 2008, and again in a follow-up poll of 2,276 adults in 2014. It was also voted the best American film of all time by 35,000 members of the American Film Institute in 1977.", "What is the longest-running scripted primetime TV show of all-time? One more impressive feat to add to The Simpsons portfolio. Beginning in 1989 and nowhere near its ending, The Simpsons are not only the longest running cartoon of all time but also the longest running primetime television scripted show. Period." ], [ "The NFL wild card game between the Arizona Cardinals and the Carolina Panthers that aired on ESPN the following Saturday landed at eighth overall, drawing 21.7 milion viewers. If you're sensing a trend, that's because there is one. Sports have long been the biggest draw on cable.", "9. 10. The only non-ESPN program to crack the top 20 was the season five premiere of AMC’s The Walking Dead. With 17.3 million viewers, it replaced a 2007 airing of High School Musical 2 in the top spot for non-sports cable television audience.", "Following these recent record-breakers, ESPN is responsible for the largest 19 audiences in cable television history, and 37 of the top 40. Check out the chart below for the top ten cable audiences of all time. Or, put another way, the most popular ESPN broadcasts of all time. Rank. Date.", "Super Bowl XLIX, a thrilling contest that came down to an unbelievable interception in the fourth quarter, has become the most watched show in television history. According to numbers released by the ratings agency Nielsen, 114.4 million Americans tuned in to watch the Patriots beat the Seahawks 28 to 24 on Sunday.", "Like the New England Patriots, NBC's broadcast of the Super Bowl was a champion on Sunday night. NBC announced on Monday that the Patriots 28-24 last second victory over the Seattle Seahawks drew an average audience of 114.4 million viewers.", "With 106 million viewers, Super Bowl 2010 topped M*A*S*H as the most viewed program in television history. What are the other top TV telecasts of all time?", "Who. Sabado Gigante. Where. United States (Miami) When. 19 September 2015. The longest running TV variety show is Sabado Gigante (Univision Television Network, USA) hosted by Mario Kreutzberger aka 'Don Francisco' (Chile) running for 53 years and 42 days, from 8 August 1962 to 19 September 2015.", "This content is imported from YouTube. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Sir Patrick Moore hosted this monthly astronomy series until he died aged 89, making him the longest-serving TV host with the same programme of all time.", "FOX News Channel (FNC) is a 24-hour all-encompassing news service dedicated to delivering breaking news as well as political and business news. A top five cable network, FNC has been the most watched news channel in the country for ten years and according to Public Policy Polling, is the most trusted television news source in the country.", "Bazinga! The Big Bang Theory narrowly beat out NCIS to be named this past season's most-watched series in all of television. With final season averages that include \"live plus 7\" time-shifted viewing data now available, Bang averaged 23.1 million viewers for the season ending May 24, while NCIS averaged 22.4 million.", "If you take the number of seasons (or the length of time a show has aired) as your benchmark, NBC's \"Meet the Press\" is the winner, with 66 seasons and 67 years on air [source: Today ]. Advertisement.", "It is on its way of realizing its goal of making television ratings obsolete. Some of its TV shows such as Hemlock Grove, House of Cards, and Arrested Development have even earned Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the category original online only web television. Here are the 10 most watched television series on Netflix.", "It is one of the highest-rating shows on RTÉ Television in Ireland and TVNZ 2 in New Zealand. In Australia, Home and Away is the most awarded program at the Logie Awards, with a total of forty-six wins, including Best Drama Program.", "The best Cartoon Network TV programs of all time include the most viewed shows on Cartoon Network, as this list covers the entire history of the network. From old Cartoon Network shows like Courage the Cowardly Dog and Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy to new series like We Bear Bears, Infinity Train, and DC Super Hero Girls are included on this list along with many more.", "The 20 Longest Running American TV Shows of All-Time. Aiden Mason 5 years ago. In today’s day and age it’s extremely difficult for a show to run for more than a few seasons, let alone 5, or 10, or even more. There’s just so much on TV that’s it’s difficult to get people to commit to watching any one program for an extended period of time. So we decided to comb through the TV universe to locate the shows that have stood the test of time.", "The 20 Longest Running American TV Shows of All-Time. Aiden Mason 5 years ago. In today’s day and age it’s extremely difficult for a show to run for more than a few seasons, let alone 5, or 10, or even more. There’s just so much on TV that’s it’s difficult to get people to commit to watching any one program for an extended period of time. So we decided to comb through the TV universe to locate the shows that have stood the test of time.", "FNC's former prime time lineup included programs such as The O'Reilly Factor, hosted by Bill O'Reilly, which had been a top rated program since the early 2000s when considered among major cable news channels. The channel's longtime slogans are \" Fair and Balanced \" and \"We Report.", "On Air: September 24, 1968–present. The longest-running U.S. show airing during primetime, 60 Minutes was the first newsmagazine to eschew host-centric fluff for reporter-driven investigative journalism. Yet many viewers still tune in for Andy Rooney's colorful commentaries about everyday things that irritate him.", "The Empire Strikes Back (1980) was voted the best film of all time by over 250,000 readers of the Empire film magazine in 2015. The Shawshank Redemption (1994) was voted the greatest film of all time by Empire readers in \"The 201 Greatest Movies of All Time\" poll undertaken in March 2006.", "In the end, the characters on television's longest-running soap opera lived happily ever after. The US show Guiding Light aired its final episode today, 72 years and more than 15,000 episodes after its first broadcast as a CBS radio programme in 1937." ], [ "Levar Burton Rocks! 13 Martha Speaks Martha Speaks is an American-Canadian children's animated television series based on the 1992 children's book of the same name by Susan Meddaugh, about a talking dog named Martha (voiced by Tabitha St. I think this and Arthur are one of the greatest PBS Kids shows of all time.", "Personally, it give kids a relatable kid hero to look up too. Plus, it adds humor for the whole family. It is an AMAZING show! 18 Bill Nye the Science Guy William Sanford \"Bill\" Nye, popularly known as Bill Nye the Science Guy, is an American science educator, television presenter, and mechanical engineer.", "Mike C. THANKS! 4 Curious George Curious George is an American animated television series based on the children's book series of the same name which features Jeff Bennett as the voice of The Man with the Yellow Hat. I really like this show, especially the episodes taking place at the country house.", "It even shows you how to apply that math in nature and pretty much everyday life, and if you don't know how it will help you, you got those funny For Real segments to give you an example. Cyberchase is pretty much the only PBS Kids show that I still watch, and it still airs new episodes, even if they take a long time.", "Donkey Hodie. The Contenders. 11 Odd squad Odd Squad is a Canadian/American children's live action television series that premiered on TVOKids in Canada and PBS Kids in the United States on November 26, 2014, both on the same day. This is one of the only PBS shows worth watching.", "It deserves to be in the top ten for sure, it is educational, and keeps everyone entertained. 21 Zoboomafoo Zoboomafoo is an American/Canadian zoological children's television series that originally aired from January 25, 1998 to November 21, 2001.", "The show is great for the whole family, and takes me back to a simpler time. I've learned a few things from watching George with my kids, that I was really surprised to learn. This is the best show ever I am under 18, and this is one of the best shows ever so cute and heartwarming.", "I love this show. 8 Clifford the Big Red Dog Clifford the Big Red Dog is an American-British educational animated children's television series, based upon Norman Bridwell's children's book series of the same name. Produced by Scholastic Productions, it originally aired on PBS Kids from September 4, 2000 to February 25, 2003.", "This series is based of a Movie that was shown in theaters in Feburary 2006. I really enjoy this show. The characters are very nice and the animation is well drawn. 5 Cyberchase Cyberchase is an American–Canadian animated television series on PBS Kids.", "Sesame Street is a truly globally historic piece of artwork for television, it helps kids learn about everything around the world and helps kids know about it, it makes kids smarter and it has comedy at the same time, there's no replacement for Sesame Street because it changed the way we watch television forever.", "Arthur helped me recognize unpleasant realities and illnesses, such as cancer, asthma, dyslexia, and even autism. When I was in second and third grade, my class would watch Arthur VHS tapes on Fridays, and it was the best thing I have ever experienced during my youth.", "This show tackles subjects such as cancer, dyslexia, 9/11, and Aspergers. This is also one of the few PBS Kids shows that doesn't shove some sort of lesson into your face (math, science, reading,) instead, it shows you how to be a good person and how to be a good friend.", "1 Arthur Arthur is a Canadian/American animated educational television series for children, created by Cookie Jar Group and WGBH for PBS. This show is unlike most other PBS Kids shows because of the fact that it doesn't specifically aim towards little kids. In fact, I think people of all ages could learn something from this show.", "The show is aimed ...read more. This show deserves to be in the Top Ten, it's good to know and realize that PBS Kids has finally made something good for once after all those years, when there were no good shows. First of all, There's a good plot. Also there's no laugh track.", "My favorite character is sis six. 14 Between the Lions Between the Lions is an American children's television series designed to promote reading. The show was a co-production between WGBH in Boston and Sirius Thinking, Ltd., in New York City, in association with Mississippi Public Broadcasting, in Mississippi.", "This one will always one of the greatest kids shows of all time. 15 The Magic School Bus The Magic School Bus is a Canadian/American Saturday morning animated children's television series, based on the book series of the same name by Joanna Cole and Bruce Degen.", "Who wouldn't like Clifford the big red dog! Clifford is so loveable! Just like they say in the theme song, \"I love Clifford the big red dog\". 9 Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman, sometimes shortened as Fetch!, is an American animated television series that was on PBS Kids.", "In my opinion, this show is much better than Sesame Street and deserves the number 1 spot. Unlike many other shows, it teaches life lessons over \"educational\" things, which in my opinion life lesson are more important. Arthur was one of the highest ranked PBS kids shows I grew up with.", "12 Reading Rainbow Reading Rainbow is an American half-hour children's television series that aired on PBS Kids from June 6, 1983, to November 10, 2006, with a total of 155 half-hour episodes spanning over 21 seasons. My Favorite PBS program of all time!", "I preferred the books but its still a good show. This was one of the best shows ever. 17 WordGirl WordGirl is an American children’s animated television series produced by the Soup2Nuts animation unit of Scholastic Entertainment for PBS Kids. This show has always been so useful for me!", "This show is the crown jewel of PBS, this shows longevity are one of the things that make Sesame Street special. Before voting on this item, consider voting Arthur. Sure, Sesame Street helps kids get ready for school, but Arthur helps kids deal with cancer, dyslexia, and even 9/11.", "3 Wild Kratts Wild Kratts is an American-Canadian educational children's animated series created by Chris and Martin Kratt. Wild Kratts is for sure one of the best PBS shows. I've learned so much from this show, and each episode is beautifully crafted, and all the elements are smoothly integrated into each frame of this wonderful show.", "Keep Cyberchase as long as Arthur stuck around! 18 years and counting! 6 Dragon Tales Dragon Tales is a Canadian-American animated pre-school fantasy adventure children's television series created by Jim Coane and Ron Rodecker and developed by Coane, Wesley Eure, Jeffrey Scott, Cliff Ruby and Elana Lesser.", "12 Answers. Relevance. Shellie. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. Meet the Press has the most episodes, over 2,500 episodes have aired since 1947. Here's some other long-running shows: Gunsmoke (1955-1975) - 633 episodes. Lassie (1954-1973) - 588 episodes." ], [ "The world's longest current affairs programme is also the UK's longest show ever. Richard Dimbleby, Robin Day, David Dimbleby and Jeremy Vine have been among its hosts over the decades, and it still has a primetime slot on the BBC today.", "We haven't included shows that finished then got significantly rebooted, but we have included shows that had a few years off (like Doctor Who ). We'll countdown numbers 100 to 11 first, and then get to the business end (current shows in bold): 100. Blockbusters - 18 years. 99.", "BBC. Match of the Day remains a national institution and a must-watch for all football fans getting in late on a Saturday evening. It disappeared for a few years after ITV poached the rights in the 2000s, but thankfully it returned and we no longer had to hear U2's 'Beautiful Day' every week. 8.", "Ben Cawthra. Songs of Praise is the ultimate Sunday programme. You know it's nearly back to school/work time when this is on. Even if you're not remotely religious, the world just wouldn't seem right if you knew this wasn't on air anymore.", "But what are the longest-running TV shows ever? We've trawled through the archives and compiled a definitive list of shows on British TV (ie including a few made overseas but shown in Britain) in order of how long it is between the first and most recent episode.", "Doctor Who - 53 (1963 to present) BBC. The longest-running scripted non-soap of all time is still going strong today. The TARDIS may have been lost in time and space for several years until its return in 2005, but it's remarkable that such a complex and cult series is still popular in 2016. 7.", "Not advised for binge-watching. If it ain't broke, don't fix it. That's certainly the mantra for many iconic TV shows that have gone on to become a national institution. ( Or should have been .)", "The 100 longest-running TV shows on British telly of all time. Type keyword (s) to search. We earn a commission for products purchased through some links in this article.", "3. Blue Peter - 58 (1958 to present) The longest children's TV show of all time will probably never end. Even when kids only communicate via the use of holographic emoticons, there will still be Blue Peter to keep the peace and make us all feel sane.", "4. Coronation Street - 56 (1960 to present) ITV Rex/Shutterstock. And here is the longest-running scripted show of any kind, ever. It may have changed sets and styles over the decades, but it still has that nostalgic feeling everytime you hear the theme tune and see those cobbles.", "January 8, 2015. Getty Images. If you watched ESPN’s new college football playoffs on New Year’s Day, you were part of a record-making group. According to Nielsen, 28.2 million viewers tuned in to the Rose Bowl game between Oregon and Florida State, and another 28.3 million watched the Ohio State-Alabama game, pushing them into the top two spots for the largest audiences in cable television history.", "The 20 Longest Running American TV Shows of All-Time. Aiden Mason 5 years ago. In today’s day and age it’s extremely difficult for a show to run for more than a few seasons, let alone 5, or 10, or even more. There’s just so much on TV that’s it’s difficult to get people to commit to watching any one program for an extended period of time. So we decided to comb through the TV universe to locate the shows that have stood the test of time.", "The 20 Longest Running American TV Shows of All-Time. Aiden Mason 5 years ago. In today’s day and age it’s extremely difficult for a show to run for more than a few seasons, let alone 5, or 10, or even more. There’s just so much on TV that’s it’s difficult to get people to commit to watching any one program for an extended period of time. So we decided to comb through the TV universe to locate the shows that have stood the test of time.", "Bazinga! The Big Bang Theory narrowly beat out NCIS to be named this past season's most-watched series in all of television. With final season averages that include \"live plus 7\" time-shifted viewing data now available, Bang averaged 23.1 million viewers for the season ending May 24, while NCIS averaged 22.4 million.", "Who. Sabado Gigante. Where. United States (Miami) When. 19 September 2015. The longest running TV variety show is Sabado Gigante (Univision Television Network, USA) hosted by Mario Kreutzberger aka 'Don Francisco' (Chile) running for 53 years and 42 days, from 8 August 1962 to 19 September 2015.", "On Air: September 24, 1968–present. The longest-running U.S. show airing during primetime, 60 Minutes was the first newsmagazine to eschew host-centric fluff for reporter-driven investigative journalism. Yet many viewers still tune in for Andy Rooney's colorful commentaries about everyday things that irritate him.", "The best Cartoon Network TV programs of all time include the most viewed shows on Cartoon Network, as this list covers the entire history of the network. From old Cartoon Network shows like Courage the Cowardly Dog and Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy to new series like We Bear Bears, Infinity Train, and DC Super Hero Girls are included on this list along with many more.", "It is on its way of realizing its goal of making television ratings obsolete. Some of its TV shows such as Hemlock Grove, House of Cards, and Arrested Development have even earned Primetime Emmy Award nominations for the category original online only web television. Here are the 10 most watched television series on Netflix.", "What is the longest-running scripted primetime TV show of all-time? One more impressive feat to add to The Simpsons portfolio. Beginning in 1989 and nowhere near its ending, The Simpsons are not only the longest running cartoon of all time but also the longest running primetime television scripted show. Period.", "If you take the number of seasons (or the length of time a show has aired) as your benchmark, NBC's \"Meet the Press\" is the winner, with 66 seasons and 67 years on air [source: Today ]. Advertisement." ], [ "Among new series, NBC's The Blacklist was the most-watched, with 16.9 million viewers (good enough to land in the top 5). ABC's Resurrection (13.0 million) also made it into the Top 20. Fox's Sleepy Hollow was No.1 with adults 18-49.", "America's Most Watched: The Top 50 Shows of the 2013-2014 TV Season - TV Guide.", "The Big Bang Theory narrowly beat out NCIS to be named this past season's most-watched series in all of television. With final season averages that include \"live plus 7\" time-shifted viewing data now available, Bang averaged 23.1 million viewers for the season ending May 24, while NCIS averaged 22.4 million. Michael Schneider June 6, 2014, 6:28 a.m. PT.", "TV Guide editors handpick the shows that are actually worth watching and deliver daily recommendations straight to your inbox. By signing up, you agree to our Terms of Use and acknowledge the data practices in our Privacy Policy. You may unsubscribe at any time.", "On the flip side, CBS' The Crazy Ones was canceled after one season, despite doing better (10.5 million) than many new and returning shows. Here's reason for TV executives to cheer: Most of the year's top shows saw a healthy rise in viewership vs. last year.", "With seven days' worth of DVR usage included in their season averages, here are the 50 most-watched shows — encompassing both broadcast and cable — of the 2013-14 TV season. 1. The Big Bang Theory (CBS) 23.1 million. 2.", "But when it comes to adults 18-49, The Walking Dead annihilates everything. Dead's most recent season averaged 12.2 million viewers in the demo, compared to second-place Sunday Night Football's 10.2 million.", "Like the New England Patriots, NBC's broadcast of the Super Bowl was a champion on Sunday night. NBC announced on Monday that the Patriots 28-24 last second victory over the Seattle Seahawks drew an average audience of 114.4 million viewers.", "With 106 million viewers, Super Bowl 2010 topped M*A*S*H as the most viewed program in television history. What are the other top TV telecasts of all time?", "Super Bowl XLIX, a thrilling contest that came down to an unbelievable interception in the fourth quarter, has become the most watched show in television history. According to numbers released by the ratings agency Nielsen, 114.4 million Americans tuned in to watch the Patriots beat the Seahawks 28 to 24 on Sunday.", "Amy and Maya, The Sweet Scientists, win The Amazing Race 25 in the Season Finale on Friday, December 19, 2014. Rob Cesternino and Jessica Liese are live on Friday December 19th, recapping the finale of The Amazing Race 25, where we saw the sweet scientists become the third all female team to win The Amazing Race.", "If you take the number of seasons (or the length of time a show has aired) as your benchmark, NBC's \"Meet the Press\" is the winner, with 66 seasons and 67 years on air [source: Today ]. Advertisement.", "The best Cartoon Network TV programs of all time include the most viewed shows on Cartoon Network, as this list covers the entire history of the network. From old Cartoon Network shows like Courage the Cowardly Dog and Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy to new series like We Bear Bears, Infinity Train, and DC Super Hero Girls are included on this list along with many more.", "January 8, 2015. Getty Images. If you watched ESPN’s new college football playoffs on New Year’s Day, you were part of a record-making group. According to Nielsen, 28.2 million viewers tuned in to the Rose Bowl game between Oregon and Florida State, and another 28.3 million watched the Ohio State-Alabama game, pushing them into the top two spots for the largest audiences in cable television history.", "In the end, the characters on television's longest-running soap opera lived happily ever after. The US show Guiding Light aired its final episode today, 72 years and more than 15,000 episodes after its first broadcast as a CBS radio programme in 1937.", "The 20 Longest Running American TV Shows of All-Time. Aiden Mason 5 years ago. In today’s day and age it’s extremely difficult for a show to run for more than a few seasons, let alone 5, or 10, or even more. There’s just so much on TV that’s it’s difficult to get people to commit to watching any one program for an extended period of time. So we decided to comb through the TV universe to locate the shows that have stood the test of time.", "The 20 Longest Running American TV Shows of All-Time. Aiden Mason 5 years ago. In today’s day and age it’s extremely difficult for a show to run for more than a few seasons, let alone 5, or 10, or even more. There’s just so much on TV that’s it’s difficult to get people to commit to watching any one program for an extended period of time. So we decided to comb through the TV universe to locate the shows that have stood the test of time.", "This content is imported from YouTube. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site. Sir Patrick Moore hosted this monthly astronomy series until he died aged 89, making him the longest-serving TV host with the same programme of all time.", "FOX News Channel (FNC) is a 24-hour all-encompassing news service dedicated to delivering breaking news as well as political and business news. A top five cable network, FNC has been the most watched news channel in the country for ten years and according to Public Policy Polling, is the most trusted television news source in the country.", "What is the longest-running scripted primetime TV show of all-time? One more impressive feat to add to The Simpsons portfolio. Beginning in 1989 and nowhere near its ending, The Simpsons are not only the longest running cartoon of all time but also the longest running primetime television scripted show. Period." ], [ "Nexstar Media Group ’s NewsNation is a news channel that replaced general entertainment channel WGN America on March 1, 2021. The NewsNation brand was introduced for a prime time news block on WGN on September 1, 2020, six months before the scheduled rebranding of the channel as a whole.", "Newsmax TV. Newsmax TV debuted June 15, 2014 as a television arm of Newsmax Media, a media company better known for its magazine and website. The channel runs a mix of rolling news coverage in the afternoons, video simulcasts of conservative talk radio programs, talk shows, and reruns of documentaries.", "BBC World News is the BBC's international news and current affairs television channel. While the channel does not specifically target the U.S., the BBC has a bureau in Washington, D.C., and produces two programs that cover U.S. news and politics: BBC World News America and BBC News with Katty and Christian.", "CNBC was created in 1989, taking control of FNN in 1991. Through the 1990s and beyond, the cable news industry continued to grow, with the establishment of several other networks, including, Fox News Channel (FNC), MSNBC, and specialty channels such as Bloomberg Television, Fox Business Network, and ESPN News.", "Ratings. FNC has been number one among cable news audiences since supplanting CNN in 2002. Until the start of 2002, CNN was the number one cable news network in the ratings. Starting in 2013, a major ratings decline at MSNBC has pushed that network to fourth place in March 2015.", "Fox News Channel (FNC) launched on October 7, 1996, and was formed under the ownership of News Corporation (founded by Australian -born media mogul Rupert Murdoch ), the fifth largest media company in the United States behind Sony, the original Viacom (now ViacomCBS ), Time Warner (now WarnerMedia ), The Walt Disney Company, Seagram and MGM.", "CNNSI, a partnership between CNN and Sports Illustrated, attempted to counter the rising success of ESPNews in covering sports news. While the network was shut down, CNN and Sports Illustrated continue to maintain their partnership, with Sports Illustrated operating a sports section on CNN's website.", "When the network was launched, its leading hosts included Jodi Applegate, John Gibson, Tim Russert and Brian Williams. For over a decade, the network's ratings were consistently in last place among the cable news channels until February 2021 when MSNBC became the highest watched news channel.", "FNC marked its 15th year as the highest-rated cable news channel in the same demographic, posting 2.8 million average total viewers in January 2017. MSNBC beat CNN in total primetime viewers, ranking sixth among all cable networks in January.", "The channel is carried on Cablevision, Comcast, Spectrum, Verizon FiOS and AT&T U-Verse, as well as internet TV providers YouTube TV and Sling TV. A 2018 survey for Research Intelligencer by Brand Keys found that the BBC was the most trusted TV news brand among American viewers, beating out Fox News and PBS.", "Main article: Fox News. See also: Fox News controversies. Fox News Channel (FNC) launched on October 7, 1996, and was formed under the ownership of News Corporation (founded by Australian -born media mogul Rupert Murdoch ), the fifth largest media company in the United States behind Sony, the original Viacom (now ViacomCBS ), Time Warner (now WarnerMedia ), The Walt Disney Company, Seagram and MGM.", "ESPNU. Main article: ESPNU. ESPNU is a 24-hour sports news network dedicated to college sports. ESPN airs a customized version of SportsCenter, SportsCenter U, covering college sports, as well as documentaries about college teams and players.", "Main article: ESPNews. See also: Criticism of ESPN. ESPN launched a 24-hour sports news channel named ESPNews on November 1, 1996, which is carried by most cable and satellite providers, although usually only on dedicated sports and information tiers.", "CNN launched a special service on January 20, 1992 called CNN Airport Network which is available exclusively in United States airports; the service simulcasts programs from CNN and HLN, but with inserts of information of interest to air travelers. CNN also operates a Spanish language service, CNN en Español.", "Bloomberg Television was unusual in that its Internet stream, one of the few television networks to continuously offer a video feed over the Internet since the 1990s, was free to the public; the feed was placed behind a soft paywall along with the rest of Bloomberg's Internet ventures in May 2018.", "i24News. Main article: i24NEWS (United States) i24NEWS is an English language international news television channel that is owned by Altice USA. It is the English version of i24NEWS, a news service based in Israel and operated as a joint venture by Israel's two most prominent commercial broadcasters.", "Main article: Newsmax TV. Newsmax TV debuted June 15, 2014 as a television arm of Newsmax Media, a media company better known for its magazine and website. The channel runs a mix of rolling news coverage in the afternoons, video simulcasts of conservative talk radio programs, talk shows, and reruns of documentaries.", "Blaze TV is explicitly conservative in perspective, with popular hosts on the network including Beck, Mark Levin, Pat Gray, Steve Deace, Steven Crowder and Phil Robertson. Blaze TV is available via Dish Network and Verizon FiOS, various smaller cable providers, and through subscription Internet television .", "Main article: Free Speech TV. Free Speech TV (FSTV) is a national, independent, progressive news network that reaches more than 40 million television households in the United States. The network brands itself as \"the alternative to television networks owned by billionaires, governments and corporations.\".", "Fusion. Main article: Fusion TV. Fusion is owned by Univision Communications, The channel was created as a joint venture between Univison and Disney-ABC Television Group subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company and relies in part on the resources of their respective news divisions, ABC News and Noticias Univision.", "Cable news channels are television networks devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television . In the United States, the first nationwide cable TV news channel to launch was CNN in 1980, followed by Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982.", "More recent additions to the cable news business have been CBSN, Newsmax TV, TheBlaze, Fusion, One America News Network, NewsNation, part-time news network RFD-TV, Black News Channel, and—for a time— Al Jazeera America .", "However, FS2 does air live sports as well, most often from outside the United States. Fox Sports has, three times in its history, attempted to launch a national sportscast. The first two aired on Fox Sports Net: the National Sports Report from 1996 to 2002, and Final Score from 2006 to 2011.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. News disseminated through cable television networks. Cable news channels are television networks devoted to television news broadcasts, with the name deriving from the proliferation of such networks during the 1980s with the advent of cable television . In the United States, the first nationwide cable TV news channel to launch was CNN in 1980, followed by Financial News Network (FNN) in 1981 and CNN2 (now HLN) in 1982.", "Television portal. United States portal. Big Three television networks. Cable television in the United States. Communications in the United States. Fourth television network. High-definition television in the United States. International broadcasting. List of television stations in the United States.", "Main articles: Black News Channel (American TV channel) and Black News Channel. Black News Channel launched on February 10, 2020 as a cable news network targeting Black Americans. It available on several cable providers such as DirecTV, Spectrum, and several streaming platforms such as Roku TV, Pluto TV .", "While the networks are usually referred to as 24-hour news networks, reruns of news programs and analysis or opinion programming are played throughout the night, with the exception of breaking news. NewsNation was created to change the landscape of the primetime cable news lineup. Regional 24-hour cable news television channels that are primarily concerned with local programming and cover some statewide interest have included Spectrum News (a brand used for multiple networks including in upstate New York, North Carolina, Florida and Texas), NY1 (which operates from New York City), News 12 Networks, FiOS1, and the former Northwest Cable News (NWCN) (which operated from Seattle).", "Bloomberg Television. Main article: Bloomberg Television. CNBC gained a competitor in the financial news genre with Bloomberg Television, which was created in 1994 by Bloomberg L.P., led by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg.", "Throughout the 1990s, CNN (which was at the time the only major cable news channel) became very influential, an influence later coined as the CNN effect . CNN was the first cable news network to begin broadcasting in high definition in September 2007.", "List of United States cable and satellite television networks. List of United States over-the-air television networks. List of United States television markets. Satellite television in the United States. Television in the United States. Television news in the United States. Category:24-hour television news channels in the United States.", "Main article: AccuWeather Network. AccuWeather Network is a national version of the AccuWeather channel. The network broadcasts pre-recorded national and regional weather forecasts, analysis of ongoing weather events, and weather-related news, along with local weather segments for mostly the Northeastern United States.", "The network began broadcasting its programming in high definition in May 2008. Since the network's launch, FNC has gradually grown to become the highest-rated cable network until January 2021 when MSNBC surpassed FoxNews briefly, before returning to the number one position, in February 2021.", "FOX News Channel (FNC) is a 24-hour all-encompassing news service dedicated to delivering breaking news as well as political and business news. A top five cable network, FNC has been the most watched news channel in the country for ten years and according to Public Policy Polling, is the most trusted television news source in the country." ], [ "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy. Greg Eagles, Richard Steven Horvitz. More The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy. #14 of 46 The Most Crude and Classic '90s Adult Cartoons #16 of 48 The Best Children's Cartoons with Adult Humor #83 of 165 TV Shows Most Loved by African-Americans. 8.", "This list of the top Cartoon Network TV series (even classic CN shows), both current and canceled series, includes the date when each cartoon first aired as well as lists of the casts of actors.", "Courage the Cowardly Dog. Thea White, Marty Grabstein. Premiered: 1999-11-12. More Courage the Cowardly Dog. This Fan Theory Has The Internet Convinced Courage The Cowardly Dog Was All In The Dog's Head #45 of 83 The Best After School Shows from the '90s #6 of 15 The Greatest Nick Cartoons from the '90s. 3.", "Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! Don Messick, Casey Kasem. More Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! #1 of 81 The Best Hanna-Barbera Cartoons You're Dying to Watch Again #17 of 42 The Greatest Cartoon Shows on Kids' WB #1131 of 1,313 The Best Guilty Pleasure TV Shows. 17.", "Originally by Voteable. Updated May 17, 2021 478.5k votes 46.5k voters 1.1m views 99 items. List Rules Vote up the best original TV shows that have ever debuted on Cartoon Network. Cartoon Network shows have been bringing some of the funniest and most action-packed cartoons that both kids and adults can enjoy since the '90s.", "This list of the top Cartoon Network TV series (even classic CN shows), both current and canceled series, includes the date when each cartoon first aired as well as lists of the casts of actors. The best Cartoon Network TV programs of all time include the most viewed shows on Cartoon Network, as this list covers the entire history of the network.", "Chowder. Tara Strong, Dwight Schultz. More Chowder. #19 of 46 The Best Animated Series On HBO Max #4 of 18 The Best Cartoon Network Shows of the 2000s #7 of 20 The Most Overlooked Cartoon Network Shows.", "Adventure Time might top your list of CN shows. Adventure Time follows the epic adventures of Jake the Dog and Finn the Human throughout the Land of Ooo. These two best friends fight evil, save princesses, and still have time to chow down and chill out.", "Jacob Hopkins, Terrell Ransom Jr. Premiered: 2011-05-03. More The Amazing World of Gumball. #299 of 467 The Funniest TV Shows of All Time #87 of 255 The Best TV Shows Streaming On Hulu #119 of 277 The Most Overrated TV Shows Of All Time.", "Courage the Cowardly Dog. This Fan Theory Has The Internet Convinced Courage The Cowardly Dog Was All In The Dog's Head #6 of 15 The Greatest Nick Cartoons from the '90s #1 of 13 The Greatest Cartoon Cartoons Ever.", "The Amazing World of Gumball. Jacob Hopkins, Terrell Ransom Jr. More The Amazing World of Gumball. #119 of 277 The Most Overrated TV Shows Of All Time #87 of 254 The Best TV Shows Streaming On Hulu #296 of 465 The Funniest TV Shows of All Time.", "Dexter's Laboratory. Kath Soucie, Jeff Bennett. More Dexter's Laboratory. #17 of 636 The Best Cartoons of All Time #2 of 115 The Best Cartoons of the '90s #31 of 242 The Best Saturday Morning Cartoons for Mid-'80s — '90s Kids.", "Ed, Edd n Eddy. Matt Hill, Tommy Karlsen. Premiered: 1999-01-04. More Ed, Edd n Eddy. Ed, Edd N Eddy Fan Theories That Will Make You Rethink The Show #19 of 95 The Best Trios Of All Time #2 of 13 The Greatest Cartoon Cartoons Ever.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Keith Ferguson, Grey Griffin. Premiered: 2004-08-13. More Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. #83 of 140 The Worst TV Series Finales Ever #115 of 145 The TV Shows Most Loved by Hipsters #18 of 42 The Greatest Cartoon Shows on Kids' WB.", "Don Messick, Casey Kasem. Premiered: 1969-09-13. More Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! #2 of 114 The Best, Most Fab Cartoons from the '70s #1 of 81 The Best Hanna-Barbera Cartoons You're Dying to Watch Again #1130 of 1,313 The Best Guilty Pleasure TV Shows.", "From old Cartoon Network shows like Courage the Cowardly Dog and Ed, Edd 'n' Eddy to new series like We Bear Bears, Infinity Train, and DC Super Hero Girls are included on this list along with many more. With so many great cartoons in the 2000s and 2010s what's your favorite Cartoon Network show?", "Johnny Bravo. Jeff Bennett, Brenda Vaccaro. More Johnny Bravo. #25 of 54 The Best '90s Cartoon Theme Songs #5 of 18 The Best Cartoon Network Shows of the '90s #106 of 191 The Greatest Shows of the 1990s, Ranked.", "Greg Eagles, Richard Steven Horvitz. Premiered: 2003-06-13. More The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy. #83 of 165 TV Shows Most Loved by African-Americans #10 of 12 12 Super Creepy Animated Shows And Movies Technically For Kids #13 of 46 The Most Crude and Classic '90s Adult Cartoons. 9.", "Tara Strong, Dwight Schultz. Premiered: 2007-11-02. More Chowder. #19 of 46 The Best Animated Series On HBO Max #69 of 312 The Best TV Shows You Can Watch On HBO Max #4 of 18 The Best Cartoon Network Shows of the 2000s.", "Dexter's Laboratory. Kath Soucie, Jeff Bennett. Premiered: 1996-05-04. More Dexter's Laboratory. #31 of 242 The Best Saturday Morning Cartoons for Mid-'80s — '90s Kids #2 of 115 The Best Cartoons of the '90s #30 of 343 The Best Kids Cartoons of All Time.", "Tom and Jerry. Tom Kenny, Rick Zieff. More Tom and Jerry. #25 of 112 The Greatest TV Title Sequences Ever #2 of 20 Here's Everything The CIA Found On Osama Bin Laden's Computer #1 of 191 The Very Best Cartoon TV Shows. 2.", "Tom and Jerry. Tom Kenny, Rick Zieff. Premiered: 1940. More Tom and Jerry. #25 of 112 The Greatest TV Title Sequences Ever #2 of 20 Here's Everything The CIA Found On Osama Bin Laden's Computer #1 of 192 The Very Best Cartoon TV Shows.", "Scooby-Doo. Casey Kasem, Don Messick. More Scooby-Doo. #36 of 293 The Greatest Sitcoms in Television History #5 of 13 The Cheapest Stuff Our Favorite Childhood TV Shows Got Away With #35 of 184 The Most Important TV Sitcoms.", "Ed, Edd n Eddy. Matt Hill, Tommy Karlsen. More Ed, Edd n Eddy. Ed, Edd N Eddy Fan Theories That Will Make You Rethink The Show #19 of 95 The Best Trios Of All Time #141 of 158 Shows With The Best Freakin' Series Finales Of All Time. 6.", "More Scooby-Doo. #36 of 294 The Greatest Sitcoms in Television History #5 of 13 The Cheapest Stuff Our Favorite Childhood TV Shows Got Away With #13 of 14 The Existentially Bleak Observations About 14 Classic Cartoons. 5.", "Originally by Voteable. Updated March 22, 2021 476.4k votes 46.3k voters 1.1m views 98 items. List Rules Vote up the best original TV shows that have ever debuted on Cartoon Network. Cartoon Network shows have been bringing some of the funniest and most action-packed cartoons that both kids and adults can enjoy since the '90s.", "Jeff Bennett, Brenda Vaccaro. Premiered: 1997-07-07. More Johnny Bravo. #24 of 54 The Best '90s Cartoon Theme Songs #5 of 18 The Best Cartoon Network Shows of the '90s #106 of 191 The Greatest Shows of the 1990s, Ranked.", "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. Keith Ferguson, Grey Griffin. More Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends. #60 of 312 The Best TV Shows You Can Watch On HBO Max #52 of 222 The Greatest Cartoon Theme Songs of All Time #82 of 140 The Worst TV Series Finales Ever. 11.", "Mel Blanc, June Foray. Premiered: 1930. More Looney Tunes. Facts We Just Learned About Mel Blanc, The Voice Of The 'Looney Tunes' #3 of 637 The Best Cartoons of All Time #1 of 489 The Greatest Animated Series Ever Made.", "Looney Tunes. Mel Blanc, June Foray. More Looney Tunes. Facts We Just Learned About Mel Blanc, The Voice Of The 'Looney Tunes' #1 of 340 The Best Kids Cartoons of All Time #1 of 114 The Best, Most Fab Cartoons from the '70s.", "Other classic shows include Mordecai and Rigby, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Dexter's Laboratory, and all of your other childhood favorites. Vote up the best Cartoon Network TV shows below. Photo: Metaweb / GNU Free Documentation License.", "With 106 million viewers, Super Bowl 2010 topped M*A*S*H as the most viewed program in television history. What are the other top TV telecasts of all time?" ] ]
[ "what is nco content", "what is ncc", "what is ncfc reinsurance", "ncv definition", "who is the main group of nct", "what is ncid", "does ncsa work", "what is nca laboratory certification", "what is nctue accounts", "what is a gold level ncrc" ]
[ "More D01.33 Standards Related Products Standard References. Significance and Use. 4.1 The percent NCO is used to establish unit ratios for stoichiometric reactions with co-reactants. 1. Scope. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the isocyanate group (NCO) content of a urethane intermediate or prepolymer.", "Website. https://indiancc.nic.in. Commanders. Director General. Lt Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich. Notable. commanders. LT Gen. Rajeev Chopra. National Cadet Corps is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India.", "NON CONTROLLED FOREIGN CORPORATION (NCFC) Along with our F&I partners, Dealer Protection Group (DPG) can help you form and manage dealership-owned reinsurance companies to accept after-market products such as Gap, Anti-Theft, and Tire & Wheel, among others.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Nerve conduction velocity ( CV) is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies. It is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway.", "2016: Debut with \"The 7th Sense\" and \"Without You\". On April 4, NCT U was announced with pictures announcing members Mark and Jaehyun, later adding members Taeil, Taeyong, Doyoung, and Ten. NCT U was described as the main group of NCT.", "The National Initiative for Democracy (NCID) is a proposal which will permit the People to make or change laws by initiative at all levels of government, including at the federal level. Concise and publically vetted, over 100 years in the making. Builds on experience with state-level procedures. Becomes a new check in our system of checks and balances.", "We are looking for people who are athletic minded, team-orientated, driven, and passionate about giving back and helping others achieve their dreams. Plus we are looking for teammates who will embrace NCSA’s core values! In order to be considered for a position, you must submit your resume online. Once you have submitted your resume you have begun the process!", "22 Jul 2009. The American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Registry (BOR) and the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel (NCA) on July 21, 2009, signed an agreement forming a single certification agency for medical laboratory professionals.", "NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. The NCTUE is a credit report agency (CRA) that specializes in collecting data on cell phone accounts, cable TV accounts, cable internet service provider accounts, electricty and other utility accounts. The name stands for the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange. Their database is managed by Equifax, though it appears (?) to be distinct from the traditional EQ database.", "NCRC is awarded at four levels: Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze. Each is an objective validation to employers anywhere in the U.S. that an individual has met or exceeded the necessary foundational skills for a percentage of the 16,000 occupations in the WorkKeys database." ]
[ [ "The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard. ASTM Standards. D841 Specification for Nitration Grade Toluene. Keywords. Carbamates - Chemical Analysis - Electrical Conductance - Electrical Conductivity - Electrical Insulating Materials - Electrical Insulation - Electrical Resistivity - Insulation Test - Organic Matter Content - Plastics - Surface Insulation Resistivity - Surface Resistivity - Volume Resistivity.", "It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.", "Referencing This Standard. Link Here. Link to Active (This link will always route to the current Active version of the standard.) \nDOI: 10.1520/D2572-19. Citation Format. ASTM D2572-19, Standard Test Method for Isocyanate Groups in Urethane Materials or Prepolymers, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019, www.astm.org. Back to Top.", "Standard Test Method for Isocyanate Groups in Urethane Materials or Prepolymers. Active Standard ASTM D2572 | Developed by Subcommittee: D01.33. Book of Standards Volume: 06.03. \nFormat.", "Enterprise Solutions. Proficiency Testing. Training Courses. Certification. Cement & Concrete Reference Lab. ASTM D2572 - 19. An ASTM designation number identifies a unique version of an ASTM standard. D2572 - 19. D = miscellaneous materials;", "ASTM D2572 - 19 Standard Test Method for Isocyanate Groups in Urethane Materials or Prepolymers. Products and Services / Standards & Publications / Standards Products. Products and Services. Standards & Publications. Standards Products. Standards & Publications.", "1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Diagnostic test for nerve function. Nerve conduction study. Nerve conduction study. Purpose. evaluate the motor and sensory nerves. A nerve conduction study ( NCS) is a medical diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body.", "The NCTM Standards evolved over several years, beginning with the 1980 report An Agenda for Action (NCTM, 1980), an important precursor to the NCTM Standards documents. A set of events and circumstances took place in the 1980s that spurred the need for standards and for national direction in mathematics education.", "NON CONTROLLED FOREIGN CORPORATION (NCFC) Along with our F&I partners, Dealer Protection Group (DPG) can help you form and manage dealership-owned reinsurance companies to accept after-market products such as Gap, Anti-Theft, and Tire & Wheel, among others.", "About NCCAP. NCCAP is the only national, non-profit, independent standards and certification body recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for quality of life, activities and engagement certification across all care settings.", "Board Certification. Home. Certification. National Certified Counselor (NCC) is the premier counseling board certification. Earning board certification demonstrates to your colleagues and the public that you have voluntarily met high national standards for the practice of counseling.", "2016: Debut with \"The 7th Sense\" and \"Without You\". On April 4, NCT U was announced with pictures announcing members Mark and Jaehyun, later adding members Taeil, Taeyong, Doyoung, and Ten. NCT U was described as the main group of NCT.", "Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2010-09-10 06:06:49. National Capital Territory (NCT) refers to the geographical boundaries of the country capital of Delhi. It is where the state government operates. The NCT does not have control over the satellite towns near Delhi.", "A credit union may not end its federal insurance without first notifying members. Federally Versus Privately Insured Credit Unions. Federally Insured Credit Unions. Federally chartered credit unions are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration and insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.", "Description. NCJRS is a federally sponsored information clearinghouse for people around the country and the world involved with research, policy, and practice related to criminal and juvenile justice and drug control. NCJRS cooperates with many federal agencies including the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Clearinghouses, and the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Resource Center.", "NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. The NCTUE is a credit report agency (CRA) that specializes in collecting data on cell phone accounts, cable TV accounts, cable internet service provider accounts, electricty and other utility accounts. The name stands for the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange. Their database is managed by Equifax, though it appears (?) to be distinct from the traditional EQ database.", "The National Initiative for Democracy (NCID) is a proposal which will permit the People to make or change laws by initiative at all levels of government, including at the federal level. Concise and publically vetted, over 100 years in the making. Builds on experience with state-level procedures. Becomes a new check in our system of checks and balances.", "ncr .com. NCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that also makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.", "We are looking for people who are athletic minded, team-orientated, driven, and passionate about giving back and helping others achieve their dreams. Plus we are looking for teammates who will embrace NCSA’s core values! In order to be considered for a position, you must submit your resume online. Once you have submitted your resume you have begun the process!" ], [ "The cadet must have attended two Annual Training Camps or one Annual Training Camp and one of the following: RD Camp Delhi, Centrally Organised Camp, Para Training Camp, Attachment Training with service units, National Integration Camp, Youth Exchange Programme, or Foreign Cruise (Navy Wing only).", "RDC is held at Cariappa Parade Ground, Delhi Cantt from 01 to 29 Jan. 1850 Selected NCC Cadets from 17 directorates attend the Camp. Every directorate has 5 to 7 units under them. The Camp is inaugurated by the Vice President of India and culminates with Prime Minister's Rally on 28 Jan.", "Grading in Certificate. Three certificates are awarded (1) A grade, (2) B grade, (3) C grade. The best grade is A, which has the highest value. (i) A cadet has to obtain 45% marks in each paper & 50% marks in the aggregate to pass the examination.", "Advance Leadership Camp (ALC) Advance Leadership Camp is conducted 6 times in various places throughout India. A cadet must have completed Basic Leadership Camp in order to qualify for this camp. In this camp the officers give cadets training for SSB screening and entrance.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. National Cadet Corps. Emblem of National Cadet Corps. Active. July 16, 1948 – present. Country. India. Allegiance.", "Every cadet (in case of JD, who has completed one full year of training and is in his second year) attends an annual training camp of 9–10 days, also known as National Combined Annual Training Camp. For SD/SW the duration is usually for up to 30 days.", "Competitions are keenly contested in various events such as National Integration Awareness presentation, Drill, Line & Flag Area, Cultural Programs i.e. (group song, group dance & ballet), Best Cadet of Senior Division (Boys) and Senior Wing (Girls) in each Service – Army, Navy & Air Discipline and Best Cadet Boys and Girls each from Junior Wing.", "For junior division boys and junior wing girls each troop has 100 cadets and each BN has at least one troop. Navy: For senior division boys each BN or unit consists of 4 to 8 divisions and each division consists of 50 cadets. For senior wing girls similar arrangement exists as of senior division boys.", "This led to the idea that some better schemes should be formed, which could train more young men in a better way, even during peace. A committee headed by H N Kunzru recommended a cadet organization to be established in schools and colleges at a national level.", "For senior division boys each platoon consists of 52 cadets and each coy consists 160 cadets. Each BN has 4 to 7 coys so each BN carries around 640 to 1120 cadets. A senior wing girls BN consists of 2 to 7 coy means a total of 320 to 1120 cadets.", "So each unit known as Squadron carries around 200 cadets. For junior wing girls and junior division boys each squadron has a troop consisted of 100 cadets. However, each unit can have up to 24 troops of senior division boys expanding their strength to 2400 cadets but this is maximum limit.", "Only SD boys and SW girls are given ranks above CSM in the Army Wing. In the Air Force and Navy Wings JD boys and JW girls are given ranks up to Cadet Warrant Officer/Petty Officer Cadet only and SD boys and SW girls are given ranks above Cadet Warrant Officer/Petty Officer Cadet.", "Regular officers. The NCC directorates are headed by service officers of the rank of major general and equivalent; group headquarters are headed by service officers of the rank of brigadiers and equivalent, and units are headed by service officers of the rank of colonel (TS)/lieutenant colonel/major or equivalent.", "The UTC Officers and cadets dressed like the army. It was a significant step towards the Indianisation of armed forces. It was rechristened as UOTC so the National Cadet Corps can be considered as a successor of the University Officers Training Corps (UOTC) which was established by British Government in 1942.", "Cadets who possess Certificate - A will be awarded 10 bonus marks. An air wing cadet must do a minimum 10 Glider launches. Certificate – C : Is the highest level certificate for NCC cadets. It can be taken in the 3rd year of training, in the 3rd year of degree course.", "Nau Sainik Camp (NSC) This centrally organised Naval Camp is conducted annually for selected Naval Wing Cadets. Boat pulling, semaphore, whaler rigging, drill competitions are the main attraction of the camp.", "Rather than just being a second line of defence, the revised syf syllabus laid greater stress on developing qualities of leadership and officer like qualities. The military training which the syf cadets received was reduced and greater importance was given to social service and youth management.", "They are taught certain skills pertaining specifically to their Wing for e.g., a Naval cadet is trained in boat-rowing, oaring, Semaphore, etc. Another activity in the camp is the \"dogwatch\" wherein two cadets are to stay on sentry duty for two hours at any time given time of the day.", "The soldier youth foundation in India is a voluntary organization which recruits cadets from high schools, higher secondary, colleges and universities all over India. The Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and drill.", "Rock Climbing Camps (RCC) Eight rock climbing camps are held each year to expose the cadets to the basics of elementary rock climbing and to inculcate spirit of adventure amongst cadets. Four of these camps are held at Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh and other four camps at Nayyardam near Trivandrum in Kerala.", "At that time there were many mottos in mind like \"Duty and Discipline\"; \"Duty, Unity and Discipline\"; \"Duty and Unity\"; \"Unity and Discipline\". later, at the 12th CAC meeting on 12 Oct 1980 they selected and declared \"Unity and Discipline\" as motto for the syf.", "History. NCC parade. NCC cadets in off-parade uniforms (left to rightː Air Force, Navy and Army) The in India was formed theAct of 1950 . It can be traced back to the ‘University Corps’, which was created under the Indian Defence Act 1917, with the objective to make up for the shortage in the Army. In 1920, when the Indian Territorial Act was passed, the ‘University Corps’ was replaced by the University Training Corps (UTC).", "Whole time lady officers. A cadre of whole time lady officers (WTLO) with cadre strength 110 officers has been sanctioned in 1995. They are to be commissioned partly through departmental channel and partly through UPSC in a phased manner.", "The soldier youth foundation Act was accepted by the Governor General and on 15 July 1950 the soldier youth foundation came into existence. Female Cadets of the NCC during Republic Day Preparations. In 1949, the Girls Division was raised in order to give equal opportunities to school and college going girls.", "Head Training Development. Ms. Elena Cheang. Head Partnership & Engagement. CPT (NCC) Jasmine Chua. District Commanders. CPT (NCC) Aqilah Binte Juma’in. CPT (NCC) Ivan Lee Thim Soon CPT (NCC) Chong Zi Yi MAJ (NCC) Wang Choon Kiat. CPT (NCC) Lee Heng Hiang. The National Cadet Corps ( NCC) is a military cadet corps youth organisation supported by the Singapore Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Education." ], [ "NCFCs often have the financial strength to produce long-term economic benefits. DPG and its partners’ high level of expertise will provide you with the necessary guidance and support you need to participate in an NCFC.", "There are participation options available when forming a reinsurance company, including a Non Controlled Foreign Corporation (NCFC). Under an NCFC, the dealer owns stock in a reinsurance company with many other participants. It’s designed to hold numerous segregated cells which house the individual dealer portfolio participating in the corporation.", "ncr .com. NCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that also makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.", "We are looking for people who are athletic minded, team-orientated, driven, and passionate about giving back and helping others achieve their dreams. Plus we are looking for teammates who will embrace NCSA’s core values! In order to be considered for a position, you must submit your resume online. Once you have submitted your resume you have begun the process!", "More D01.33 Standards Related Products Standard References. Significance and Use. 4.1 The percent NCO is used to establish unit ratios for stoichiometric reactions with co-reactants. 1. Scope. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the isocyanate group (NCO) content of a urethane intermediate or prepolymer.", "Army Values To begin with there are seven army values, of these seven we have loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and personal courage. As you read this you will learn the army definitions as well as what these values mean in my own words.", "2016: Debut with \"The 7th Sense\" and \"Without You\". On April 4, NCT U was announced with pictures announcing members Mark and Jaehyun, later adding members Taeil, Taeyong, Doyoung, and Ten. NCT U was described as the main group of NCT.", "NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. The NCTUE is a credit report agency (CRA) that specializes in collecting data on cell phone accounts, cable TV accounts, cable internet service provider accounts, electricty and other utility accounts. The name stands for the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange. Their database is managed by Equifax, though it appears (?) to be distinct from the traditional EQ database.", "About. Get pricing for your project: NCT is a national provider of communications, network infrastructure and security surveillance systems: NCT offers comprehensive communications and infrastructure solutions. Find out what we can do for you: Explore NCT Services. We provide cost effective wireless and cloud solutions that deliver clear reliable voice and data transmissions.", "About NCCAP. NCCAP is the only national, non-profit, independent standards and certification body recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for quality of life, activities and engagement certification across all care settings.", "22 Jul 2009. The American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Registry (BOR) and the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel (NCA) on July 21, 2009, signed an agreement forming a single certification agency for medical laboratory professionals.", "The National Initiative for Democracy (NCID) is a proposal which will permit the People to make or change laws by initiative at all levels of government, including at the federal level. Concise and publically vetted, over 100 years in the making. Builds on experience with state-level procedures. Becomes a new check in our system of checks and balances.", "Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2010-09-10 06:06:49. National Capital Territory (NCT) refers to the geographical boundaries of the country capital of Delhi. It is where the state government operates. The NCT does not have control over the satellite towns near Delhi.", "Description. NCJRS is a federally sponsored information clearinghouse for people around the country and the world involved with research, policy, and practice related to criminal and juvenile justice and drug control. NCJRS cooperates with many federal agencies including the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Clearinghouses, and the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Resource Center.", "Board Certification. Home. Certification. National Certified Counselor (NCC) is the premier counseling board certification. Earning board certification demonstrates to your colleagues and the public that you have voluntarily met high national standards for the practice of counseling.", "The NCTM Standards evolved over several years, beginning with the 1980 report An Agenda for Action (NCTM, 1980), an important precursor to the NCTM Standards documents. A set of events and circumstances took place in the 1980s that spurred the need for standards and for national direction in mathematics education.", "Head Training Development. Ms. Elena Cheang. Head Partnership & Engagement. CPT (NCC) Jasmine Chua. District Commanders. CPT (NCC) Aqilah Binte Juma’in. CPT (NCC) Ivan Lee Thim Soon CPT (NCC) Chong Zi Yi MAJ (NCC) Wang Choon Kiat. CPT (NCC) Lee Heng Hiang. The National Cadet Corps ( NCC) is a military cadet corps youth organisation supported by the Singapore Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Education.", "A credit union may not end its federal insurance without first notifying members. Federally Versus Privately Insured Credit Unions. Federally Insured Credit Unions. Federally chartered credit unions are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration and insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Diagnostic test for nerve function. Nerve conduction study. Nerve conduction study. Purpose. evaluate the motor and sensory nerves. A nerve conduction study ( NCS) is a medical diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body.", "Website. https://indiancc.nic.in. Commanders. Director General. Lt Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich. Notable. commanders. LT Gen. Rajeev Chopra. National Cadet Corps is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India." ], [ "Anthropometric and other individualized factors. Baseline nerve conduction measurements are different for everyone, as they are dependent upon the individual's age, sex, local temperatures, and other anthropometric factors such as hand size and height.", "Studies have shown that the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway is more active in individuals with diabetes and that this signaling activity occurs mainly in the nodes of Ranvier and Schmidt-Lanterman incisures. Therefore, over-activity of the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway may inhibit nerve conduction.", "Conduction velocities are affected by a wide array of factors, which include; age, sex, and various medical conditions. Studies allow for better diagnoses of various neuropathies, especially demyelinating diseases as these conditions result in reduced or non-existent conduction velocities. Saltatory Conduction.", "Yes. 4–24 m/s. Intrafusal muscle fibers. Different sensory receptors are innervated by different types of nerve fibers. Proprioceptors are innervated by type Ia, Ib and II sensory fibers, mechanoreceptors by type II and III sensory fibers, and nociceptors and thermoreceptors by type III and IV sensory fibers.", "Severe CTS: Absence of sensory responses and prolonged motor latencies (reduced motor conduction velocities). Extreme CTS: Absence of both sensory and motor responses. One common electrodiagnostic measurement includes the difference between sensory nerve conduction velocities in the pinkie finger and index finger.", "Motor nerve conduction velocity studies revealed that conductance in diabetic rats was about 30% lower than that of the non-diabetic control group. In addition, activity along the Schmidt-Lanterman incisures was non-continuous and non-linear in the diabetic group, but linear and continuous in the control.", "The disease can progress very rapidly once symptoms present (severe damage can occur within as little as a day). Because electrodiagnosis is one of the fastest and most direct methods of determining the presence of the illness and its proper classification, nerve conduction studies are extremely important.", "Electrical impulses are sent through one electrode to stimulate the nerve. The second electrode records the impulse sent through the nerve as a result of stimulation. The time difference between stimulation from the first electrode and pick-up by the downstream electrode is known as the latency.", "Without proper electrodiagnostic assessment, GBS is commonly misdiagnosed as Polio, West Nile virus, Tick paralysis, various Toxic neuropathies, CIDP, Transverse myelitis, or Hysterical paralysis. Two sets of nerve conduction studies should allow for proper diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome.", "Negative associations were also found between age and the conduction velocities and latencies in the Median sensory, Median motor, and Ulnar sensory nerves. However, conduction velocity of the Sural nerve is not associated with age. In general, conduction velocities in the upper extremities decrease by about 1 m/s for every 10 years of age.", "However, before subjecting a patient to nerve conduction studies, both Tinel's test and Phalen's test should be performed. If both results are negative, it is very unlikely that the patient has CTS, and further testing is unnecessary. Carpal tunnel syndrome presents in each individual to different extents.", "Nerve conduction studies performed on the Ulnar motor and sensory, Median motor and sensory, Tibial motor, and Peroneal motor nerves in patients with LEMS have shown that the conduction velocity across these nerves is actually normal. However, the amplitudes of the compound motor action potentials may be reduced by up to 55%, and the duration of these action potentials decreased by up to 47%.", "The best method of establishing a confident diagnosis is via electrodiagnostic evaluation. To be specific, motor nerve conduction studies of the Median, Ulnar, and peroneal muscles should be performed, as well as sensory nerve conduction studies of the Ulnar and Sural nerves.", "Carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a form of nerve compression syndrome caused by the compression of the median nerve at the wrist. Typical symptoms include numbness, tingling, burning pains, or weakness in the hand. CTS is another condition for which electrodiagnostic testing is valuable.", "Measurements of nerve conduction velocity are critical to determining the degree of severity. These levels of severity are categorized as: Mild CTS: Prolonged sensory latencies, very slight decrease in conduction velocity. No suspected axonal degeneration.", "Circumference of the index finger appears to be negatively associated with conduction amplitudes in the Median and Ulnar nerves. In addition, people with larger wrist ratios (anterior-posterior diameter : medial-lateral diameter) have lower Median nerve latencies and faster conduction velocities.", "S2CID 18623599. ^ a b c d Ntani, Georgia; Palmer, Keith T.; Linaker, Cathy; Harris, E Clare; Van der Star, Richard; Cooper, Cyrus; Coggon, David (15 August 2013). \"Symptoms, signs and nerve conduction velocities in patients with suspected carpal tunnel syndrome\".", "49+ m/s. Peroneal Motor. 44+ m/s. Tibial Motor. 41+ m/s. Sural Sensory. 46–64 m/s. Normal impulses in peripheral nerves of the legs travel at 40–45 m/s, and 50–65 m/s in peripheral nerves of the arms. Largely generalized, normal conduction velocities for any given nerve will be in the range of 50–60 m/s.", "Ultimately, conduction velocities are specific to each individual and depend largely on an axon 's diameter and the degree to which that axon is myelinated, but the majority of 'normal' individuals fall within defined ranges. Nerve impulses are extremely slow compared to the speed of electricity, where the electric field can propagate with a speed on the order of 50–99% of the speed of light; however, it is very fast compared to the speed of blood flow, with some myelinated neurons conducting at speeds up to 120 m/s (432 km/h or 275 mph).", "Nerve conduction studies. Nerve Conduction Velocity is just one of many measurements commonly made during a nerve conduction study (NCS). The purpose of these studies is to determine whether nerve damage is present and how severe that damage may be. Nerve conduction studies are performed as follows:", "Contents. 1 Normal conduction velocities. 2 Testing methods. 2.1 Nerve conduction studies. 2.1.1 Micromachined 3D electrode arrays. 3 Causes of conduction velocity deviations. 3.1 Anthropometric and other individualized factors. 3.1.1 Age. 3.1.2 Sex.", "Temperature. In general, the conduction velocities of most motor and sensory nerves are positively and linearly associated with body temperature (low temperatures slow nerve conduction velocity and higher temperatures increase conduction velocity). Conduction velocities in the Sural nerve seem to exhibit an especially strong correlation with the local temperature of the nerve.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Diagnostic test for nerve function. Nerve conduction study. Nerve conduction study. Purpose. evaluate the motor and sensory nerves. A nerve conduction study ( NCS) is a medical diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body." ], [ "The \"Boss\" lineup consisted of Taeyong, Doyoung, Jaehyun, Winwin, Jungwoo, Lucas, and Mark. Meanwhile, the \"Baby Don't Stop\" lineup consists of Taeyong and Ten. The \"Yestoday\" lineup consisted of Taeyong, Doyoung, Lucas, and Mark.", "It was announced that there will be two NCT U groups, each having different member organization. On April 9, they released the song \" The 7th Sense \" and \" Without You \" as digital singles, Jaehyun, Mark, Ten, Taeyong, and Doyoung participated in producing \"The 7th Sense\" which is described as having a hip-hop groove with a heavy base sound. As for “Without You,” members Taeil, Jaehyun, and Doyoung worked to create the dance EDM song.", "2019: \"STATION X 4 LOVEs for Winter Part.2\". On December 13, NCT U released the single \" STATION X 4 LOVEs for Winter Part.2 \" as part of STATION X. The single which includes the song \"Coming Home\" featured Taeil, Doyoung, Jaehyun, and Haechan, latter of whom making his debut in the unit.", "Website. The 7th Sense. Without You. NCT U is the first sub-unit of NCT. They debuted with two singles that were released on April 9 and 10, 2016. Their name stands for 'Neo Culture Technology United'.", "2018: \"Timeless\" and NCT 2018. On January 12, NCT U released the single \" Timeless \" as part of STATION 2 and featured members Taeil, Doyoung, and Jaehyun. On March 14, the NCT 2018 album NCT 2018 Empathy was released and gave the unit three new songs, as well as new members, such as \"Boss,\" \"Yestoday,\" and \"Baby Don't Stop.\".", "About. Get pricing for your project: NCT is a national provider of communications, network infrastructure and security surveillance systems: NCT offers comprehensive communications and infrastructure solutions. Find out what we can do for you: Explore NCT Services. We provide cost effective wireless and cloud solutions that deliver clear reliable voice and data transmissions.", "Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2010-09-10 06:06:49. National Capital Territory (NCT) refers to the geographical boundaries of the country capital of Delhi. It is where the state government operates. The NCT does not have control over the satellite towns near Delhi.", "A credit union may not end its federal insurance without first notifying members. Federally Versus Privately Insured Credit Unions. Federally Insured Credit Unions. Federally chartered credit unions are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration and insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.", "NON CONTROLLED FOREIGN CORPORATION (NCFC) Along with our F&I partners, Dealer Protection Group (DPG) can help you form and manage dealership-owned reinsurance companies to accept after-market products such as Gap, Anti-Theft, and Tire & Wheel, among others.", "We are looking for people who are athletic minded, team-orientated, driven, and passionate about giving back and helping others achieve their dreams. Plus we are looking for teammates who will embrace NCSA’s core values! In order to be considered for a position, you must submit your resume online. Once you have submitted your resume you have begun the process!", "More D01.33 Standards Related Products Standard References. Significance and Use. 4.1 The percent NCO is used to establish unit ratios for stoichiometric reactions with co-reactants. 1. Scope. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the isocyanate group (NCO) content of a urethane intermediate or prepolymer.", "Army Values To begin with there are seven army values, of these seven we have loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and personal courage. As you read this you will learn the army definitions as well as what these values mean in my own words.", "Board Certification. Home. Certification. National Certified Counselor (NCC) is the premier counseling board certification. Earning board certification demonstrates to your colleagues and the public that you have voluntarily met high national standards for the practice of counseling.", "NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. The NCTUE is a credit report agency (CRA) that specializes in collecting data on cell phone accounts, cable TV accounts, cable internet service provider accounts, electricty and other utility accounts. The name stands for the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange. Their database is managed by Equifax, though it appears (?) to be distinct from the traditional EQ database.", "The NCTM Standards evolved over several years, beginning with the 1980 report An Agenda for Action (NCTM, 1980), an important precursor to the NCTM Standards documents. A set of events and circumstances took place in the 1980s that spurred the need for standards and for national direction in mathematics education.", "About NCCAP. NCCAP is the only national, non-profit, independent standards and certification body recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for quality of life, activities and engagement certification across all care settings.", "The National Initiative for Democracy (NCID) is a proposal which will permit the People to make or change laws by initiative at all levels of government, including at the federal level. Concise and publically vetted, over 100 years in the making. Builds on experience with state-level procedures. Becomes a new check in our system of checks and balances.", "ncr .com. NCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that also makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.", "22 Jul 2009. The American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Registry (BOR) and the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel (NCA) on July 21, 2009, signed an agreement forming a single certification agency for medical laboratory professionals.", "Website. https://indiancc.nic.in. Commanders. Director General. Lt Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich. Notable. commanders. LT Gen. Rajeev Chopra. National Cadet Corps is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India." ], [ "ncr .com. NCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that also makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.", "A credit union may not end its federal insurance without first notifying members. Federally Versus Privately Insured Credit Unions. Federally Insured Credit Unions. Federally chartered credit unions are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration and insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.", "NCRC is awarded at four levels: Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze. Each is an objective validation to employers anywhere in the U.S. that an individual has met or exceeded the necessary foundational skills for a percentage of the 16,000 occupations in the WorkKeys database.", "Description. NCJRS is a federally sponsored information clearinghouse for people around the country and the world involved with research, policy, and practice related to criminal and juvenile justice and drug control. NCJRS cooperates with many federal agencies including the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Clearinghouses, and the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Resource Center.", "Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2010-09-10 06:06:49. National Capital Territory (NCT) refers to the geographical boundaries of the country capital of Delhi. It is where the state government operates. The NCT does not have control over the satellite towns near Delhi.", "The NCTM Standards evolved over several years, beginning with the 1980 report An Agenda for Action (NCTM, 1980), an important precursor to the NCTM Standards documents. A set of events and circumstances took place in the 1980s that spurred the need for standards and for national direction in mathematics education.", "Board Certification. Home. Certification. National Certified Counselor (NCC) is the premier counseling board certification. Earning board certification demonstrates to your colleagues and the public that you have voluntarily met high national standards for the practice of counseling.", "About NCCAP. NCCAP is the only national, non-profit, independent standards and certification body recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for quality of life, activities and engagement certification across all care settings.", "Website. https://indiancc.nic.in. Commanders. Director General. Lt Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich. Notable. commanders. LT Gen. Rajeev Chopra. National Cadet Corps is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India.", "NON CONTROLLED FOREIGN CORPORATION (NCFC) Along with our F&I partners, Dealer Protection Group (DPG) can help you form and manage dealership-owned reinsurance companies to accept after-market products such as Gap, Anti-Theft, and Tire & Wheel, among others.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Nerve conduction velocity ( CV) is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies. It is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway.", "About. Get pricing for your project: NCT is a national provider of communications, network infrastructure and security surveillance systems: NCT offers comprehensive communications and infrastructure solutions. Find out what we can do for you: Explore NCT Services. We provide cost effective wireless and cloud solutions that deliver clear reliable voice and data transmissions.", "We are looking for people who are athletic minded, team-orientated, driven, and passionate about giving back and helping others achieve their dreams. Plus we are looking for teammates who will embrace NCSA’s core values! In order to be considered for a position, you must submit your resume online. Once you have submitted your resume you have begun the process!", "Who is National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange? The National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange or NCTUE is a reporting agency that collects data such as, payment history, account history, from paid tv services, utilities, and telecommunications services.", "22 Jul 2009. The American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Registry (BOR) and the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel (NCA) on July 21, 2009, signed an agreement forming a single certification agency for medical laboratory professionals.", "NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. The NCTUE is a credit report agency (CRA) that specializes in collecting data on cell phone accounts, cable TV accounts, cable internet service provider accounts, electricty and other utility accounts. The name stands for the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange. Their database is managed by Equifax, though it appears (?) to be distinct from the traditional EQ database.", "Head Training Development. Ms. Elena Cheang. Head Partnership & Engagement. CPT (NCC) Jasmine Chua. District Commanders. CPT (NCC) Aqilah Binte Juma’in. CPT (NCC) Ivan Lee Thim Soon CPT (NCC) Chong Zi Yi MAJ (NCC) Wang Choon Kiat. CPT (NCC) Lee Heng Hiang. The National Cadet Corps ( NCC) is a military cadet corps youth organisation supported by the Singapore Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Education.", "More D01.33 Standards Related Products Standard References. Significance and Use. 4.1 The percent NCO is used to establish unit ratios for stoichiometric reactions with co-reactants. 1. Scope. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the isocyanate group (NCO) content of a urethane intermediate or prepolymer.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Diagnostic test for nerve function. Nerve conduction study. Nerve conduction study. Purpose. evaluate the motor and sensory nerves. A nerve conduction study ( NCS) is a medical diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body.", "2016: Debut with \"The 7th Sense\" and \"Without You\". On April 4, NCT U was announced with pictures announcing members Mark and Jaehyun, later adding members Taeil, Taeyong, Doyoung, and Ten. NCT U was described as the main group of NCT." ], [ "For nearly 20 years, TeamWork Online has hosted the sports recruiting software for these NFL Teams and suppliers. If you are interested in a position with one of the teams listed below, please click “View” then press “Apply” for a job. In order to be considered, you must complete the whole application process.", "It’s important to remember that each position may have additional steps along the way. Those that do will be discussed during the interview process. Show all categories Event Management Facility Operations/Event Staff Player Operations Sponsorship Sales & Activation Technical Services.", "NBA Team Jobs. From ticket sales, to digital media and marketing, to business analytics, basketball operations and more, our teams have positions for passionate and accomplished candidates.", "Search Sports Jobs. From hundreds of your favorite sports team and event employment pages hosted by TeamWork Online. powered by GeoNames. Non-US Jobs Only. Remote Jobs Only.", "Incomplete records may not appear to the hiring manager. For questions, contact [email protected]. Show all categories Accounting and Finance Administration/General Management Communications/Community Relations Event Management Facility Operations/Event Staff Food and Beverage Human Resources Internship Job/Career Fair Marketing Other (consulting, membership, non-profit, real estate) Player Operations Retail/Licensing Sponsorship Sales & Activation Technical Services Ticket Operations Ticket Sales and Services Web/Creative Services.", "Show all organizations Arizona Cardinals Atlanta Falcons Buffalo Bills Carolina Panthers Centerplate - Hard Rock Stadium Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Dallas Cowboys Denver Broncos Detroit Lions Houston Texans Houston Texans Jacksonville Jaguars Kansas City Chiefs Kraft Sports and Entertainment Las Vegas Raiders Los Angeles Chargers Los Angeles Rams Lucas Oil Stadium MetLife Stadium Miami Dolphins Minnesota Vikings New York Giants New York Jets NFL Football Team Jobs Philadelphia Eagles Pittsburgh Steelers San Francisco 49ers Tennessee Titans USA Football Washington Football Team.", "Whether you are performing data analysis for an NBA club or producing digital content for an NBA G League or WNBA team, every member of the NBA family serves an important role to help others experience the NBA like never before. If you are interested in a position with one of the teams listed below, feel free to apply!", "All resumes will be reviewed by a recruiter or hiring manager. Those who meet the basic qualification for the position will be contacted for a phone screen. After the phone screen, candidates who move on will be brought in for a face to face interview.", "Army Values To begin with there are seven army values, of these seven we have loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and personal courage. As you read this you will learn the army definitions as well as what these values mean in my own words.", "About. Get pricing for your project: NCT is a national provider of communications, network infrastructure and security surveillance systems: NCT offers comprehensive communications and infrastructure solutions. Find out what we can do for you: Explore NCT Services. We provide cost effective wireless and cloud solutions that deliver clear reliable voice and data transmissions.", "Board Certification. Home. Certification. National Certified Counselor (NCC) is the premier counseling board certification. Earning board certification demonstrates to your colleagues and the public that you have voluntarily met high national standards for the practice of counseling.", "NON CONTROLLED FOREIGN CORPORATION (NCFC) Along with our F&I partners, Dealer Protection Group (DPG) can help you form and manage dealership-owned reinsurance companies to accept after-market products such as Gap, Anti-Theft, and Tire & Wheel, among others.", "Who is National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange? The National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange or NCTUE is a reporting agency that collects data such as, payment history, account history, from paid tv services, utilities, and telecommunications services.", "2016: Debut with \"The 7th Sense\" and \"Without You\". On April 4, NCT U was announced with pictures announcing members Mark and Jaehyun, later adding members Taeil, Taeyong, Doyoung, and Ten. NCT U was described as the main group of NCT.", "Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2010-09-10 06:06:49. National Capital Territory (NCT) refers to the geographical boundaries of the country capital of Delhi. It is where the state government operates. The NCT does not have control over the satellite towns near Delhi.", "ncr .com. NCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that also makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.", "About NCCAP. NCCAP is the only national, non-profit, independent standards and certification body recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for quality of life, activities and engagement certification across all care settings.", "A credit union may not end its federal insurance without first notifying members. Federally Versus Privately Insured Credit Unions. Federally Insured Credit Unions. Federally chartered credit unions are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration and insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.", "The National Initiative for Democracy (NCID) is a proposal which will permit the People to make or change laws by initiative at all levels of government, including at the federal level. Concise and publically vetted, over 100 years in the making. Builds on experience with state-level procedures. Becomes a new check in our system of checks and balances.", "NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. The NCTUE is a credit report agency (CRA) that specializes in collecting data on cell phone accounts, cable TV accounts, cable internet service provider accounts, electricty and other utility accounts. The name stands for the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange. Their database is managed by Equifax, though it appears (?) to be distinct from the traditional EQ database." ], [ "The agency will be called the ASCP Board of Certification (BOC). The agreement is effective on Friday, October 23, 2009. At that time, the NCA will be dissolved as a corporation. Click Here for the Complete Press Release.", "Board Certification. Home. Certification. National Certified Counselor (NCC) is the premier counseling board certification. Earning board certification demonstrates to your colleagues and the public that you have voluntarily met high national standards for the practice of counseling.", "ncr .com. NCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that also makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.", "Who is National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange? The National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange or NCTUE is a reporting agency that collects data such as, payment history, account history, from paid tv services, utilities, and telecommunications services.", "About NCCAP. NCCAP is the only national, non-profit, independent standards and certification body recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for quality of life, activities and engagement certification across all care settings.", "NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. The NCTUE is a credit report agency (CRA) that specializes in collecting data on cell phone accounts, cable TV accounts, cable internet service provider accounts, electricty and other utility accounts. The name stands for the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange. Their database is managed by Equifax, though it appears (?) to be distinct from the traditional EQ database.", "Description. NCJRS is a federally sponsored information clearinghouse for people around the country and the world involved with research, policy, and practice related to criminal and juvenile justice and drug control. NCJRS cooperates with many federal agencies including the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Clearinghouses, and the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Resource Center.", "NON CONTROLLED FOREIGN CORPORATION (NCFC) Along with our F&I partners, Dealer Protection Group (DPG) can help you form and manage dealership-owned reinsurance companies to accept after-market products such as Gap, Anti-Theft, and Tire & Wheel, among others.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Diagnostic test for nerve function. Nerve conduction study. Nerve conduction study. Purpose. evaluate the motor and sensory nerves. A nerve conduction study ( NCS) is a medical diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body.", "A credit union may not end its federal insurance without first notifying members. Federally Versus Privately Insured Credit Unions. Federally Insured Credit Unions. Federally chartered credit unions are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration and insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.", "Website. https://indiancc.nic.in. Commanders. Director General. Lt Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich. Notable. commanders. LT Gen. Rajeev Chopra. National Cadet Corps is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India.", "The NCTM Standards evolved over several years, beginning with the 1980 report An Agenda for Action (NCTM, 1980), an important precursor to the NCTM Standards documents. A set of events and circumstances took place in the 1980s that spurred the need for standards and for national direction in mathematics education.", "The National Initiative for Democracy (NCID) is a proposal which will permit the People to make or change laws by initiative at all levels of government, including at the federal level. Concise and publically vetted, over 100 years in the making. Builds on experience with state-level procedures. Becomes a new check in our system of checks and balances.", "Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2010-09-10 06:06:49. National Capital Territory (NCT) refers to the geographical boundaries of the country capital of Delhi. It is where the state government operates. The NCT does not have control over the satellite towns near Delhi.", "About. Get pricing for your project: NCT is a national provider of communications, network infrastructure and security surveillance systems: NCT offers comprehensive communications and infrastructure solutions. Find out what we can do for you: Explore NCT Services. We provide cost effective wireless and cloud solutions that deliver clear reliable voice and data transmissions.", "Head Training Development. Ms. Elena Cheang. Head Partnership & Engagement. CPT (NCC) Jasmine Chua. District Commanders. CPT (NCC) Aqilah Binte Juma’in. CPT (NCC) Ivan Lee Thim Soon CPT (NCC) Chong Zi Yi MAJ (NCC) Wang Choon Kiat. CPT (NCC) Lee Heng Hiang. The National Cadet Corps ( NCC) is a military cadet corps youth organisation supported by the Singapore Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Education.", "More D01.33 Standards Related Products Standard References. Significance and Use. 4.1 The percent NCO is used to establish unit ratios for stoichiometric reactions with co-reactants. 1. Scope. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the isocyanate group (NCO) content of a urethane intermediate or prepolymer.", "We are looking for people who are athletic minded, team-orientated, driven, and passionate about giving back and helping others achieve their dreams. Plus we are looking for teammates who will embrace NCSA’s core values! In order to be considered for a position, you must submit your resume online. Once you have submitted your resume you have begun the process!", "2016: Debut with \"The 7th Sense\" and \"Without You\". On April 4, NCT U was announced with pictures announcing members Mark and Jaehyun, later adding members Taeil, Taeyong, Doyoung, and Ten. NCT U was described as the main group of NCT.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Nerve conduction velocity ( CV) is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies. It is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway." ], [ "I had never pulled my NCTUE report before, and didn't know whether there were errors on it. I pulled it a few days ago and I am glad I did. There was a cell phone account on it that did not belong to me at all.", "Re: NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. Thanks because of you, I ordered my report. Will be interested to see what's on it. Thanks! Ordered mine on an automated line here: As a consumer, you can contact NCTUE® to determine if NCTUE maintains information about you.", "Re: NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. No I did not! It was free. My understanding is that NCTUE is a defacto CRA, and as such is bound by the Fair Credit Reporting Act. In particular, everyone gets one free report from them a year.", "Re: NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. You are welcome, Kenny. Let me know how yours turns out. Aside from having one record that didn't belong to me at all, my file was remarkably incomplete. It missed my current cell phone and my Comcast account, as well as a few past accounts.", "Furthermore, it was an open account, so should that person have started making late payments later this year, the derogatory data would have gone onto my NCTUE report. I disputed it today, and the agent told me it would take the usual 30 days to resolve.", "Who is National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange? The National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange or NCTUE is a reporting agency that collects data such as, payment history, account history, from paid tv services, utilities, and telecommunications services.", "About. Get pricing for your project: NCT is a national provider of communications, network infrastructure and security surveillance systems: NCT offers comprehensive communications and infrastructure solutions. Find out what we can do for you: Explore NCT Services. We provide cost effective wireless and cloud solutions that deliver clear reliable voice and data transmissions.", "NCRC is awarded at four levels: Platinum, Gold, Silver, and Bronze. Each is an objective validation to employers anywhere in the U.S. that an individual has met or exceeded the necessary foundational skills for a percentage of the 16,000 occupations in the WorkKeys database.", "A credit union may not end its federal insurance without first notifying members. Federally Versus Privately Insured Credit Unions. Federally Insured Credit Unions. Federally chartered credit unions are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration and insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.", "The NCTM Standards evolved over several years, beginning with the 1980 report An Agenda for Action (NCTM, 1980), an important precursor to the NCTM Standards documents. A set of events and circumstances took place in the 1980s that spurred the need for standards and for national direction in mathematics education.", "ncr .com. NCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that also makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.", "NON CONTROLLED FOREIGN CORPORATION (NCFC) Along with our F&I partners, Dealer Protection Group (DPG) can help you form and manage dealership-owned reinsurance companies to accept after-market products such as Gap, Anti-Theft, and Tire & Wheel, among others.", "22 Jul 2009. The American Society for Clinical Pathology Board of Registry (BOR) and the National Credentialing Agency for Laboratory Personnel (NCA) on July 21, 2009, signed an agreement forming a single certification agency for medical laboratory professionals.", "About NCCAP. NCCAP is the only national, non-profit, independent standards and certification body recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for quality of life, activities and engagement certification across all care settings.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Nerve conduction velocity ( CV) is an important aspect of nerve conduction studies. It is the speed at which an electrochemical impulse propagates down a neural pathway.", "Description. NCJRS is a federally sponsored information clearinghouse for people around the country and the world involved with research, policy, and practice related to criminal and juvenile justice and drug control. NCJRS cooperates with many federal agencies including the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Clearinghouses, and the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Resource Center.", "We are looking for people who are athletic minded, team-orientated, driven, and passionate about giving back and helping others achieve their dreams. Plus we are looking for teammates who will embrace NCSA’s core values! In order to be considered for a position, you must submit your resume online. Once you have submitted your resume you have begun the process!", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Diagnostic test for nerve function. Nerve conduction study. Nerve conduction study. Purpose. evaluate the motor and sensory nerves. A nerve conduction study ( NCS) is a medical diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body.", "Army Values To begin with there are seven army values, of these seven we have loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity and personal courage. As you read this you will learn the army definitions as well as what these values mean in my own words.", "Board Certification. Home. Certification. National Certified Counselor (NCC) is the premier counseling board certification. Earning board certification demonstrates to your colleagues and the public that you have voluntarily met high national standards for the practice of counseling." ], [ "Throughout most of the year, students are expected to complete 30 minutes of KeyTrain tutorials per week, logging into the system while at TCD or at home. The NCRC examination takes place during the second semester. For more information about the NCRC, visit www.NationalCareerReadiness.org.", "869 seniors took the NCRC at TCD last spring -- 86% earned a National Career Readiness Certificate! Below are sample careers in each of TCD's programs and their average recommended NCRC scores, median Illinois salary, and projected rate of growth in Illinois through 2018. [ModuleInstance->Description]", "For example, a Gold certificate verifies that an individual has the necessary skills for 93% of occupations. An employer may use NCRC scores for baseline applicant screening; hiring and promotion decisions; and targeting employee training and development.", "What is the National Career Readiness Certificate (NCRC)? The National Career Readiness Certificate examination assesses an individual’s skill level in three areas deemed critical for employability: Reading for Information, Applied Mathematics, and Locating Information.", "Whatever a student’s post-secondary educational plans – college/university, technical school, apprenticeship, or industry training – the NCRC is a critical addition to a student’s portfolio and résumé. Every senior enrolled in a TCD program will prepare for and take the NCRC.", "You need at least version 7 of Flash player. Download latest version here! Right click on the data to zoom in -- the slideshow will continue. To stop the slideshow and zoom in, hit the \"Pause\" icon first, then right click on the data to zoom in.", "Just as the ACT score indicates the college readiness of all students, the NCRC assesses the career readiness of all students and serves as a reliable predictor for workplace success of any applicant, student or adult. Thousands of private and public employers now ask for or require NCRC scores as part of the application process.", "The National Initiative for Democracy (NCID) is a proposal which will permit the People to make or change laws by initiative at all levels of government, including at the federal level. Concise and publically vetted, over 100 years in the making. Builds on experience with state-level procedures. Becomes a new check in our system of checks and balances.", "NCTUE report -- just pulled mine. The NCTUE is a credit report agency (CRA) that specializes in collecting data on cell phone accounts, cable TV accounts, cable internet service provider accounts, electricty and other utility accounts. The name stands for the National Consumer Telecom & Utilities Exchange. Their database is managed by Equifax, though it appears (?) to be distinct from the traditional EQ database.", "Board Certification. Home. Certification. National Certified Counselor (NCC) is the premier counseling board certification. Earning board certification demonstrates to your colleagues and the public that you have voluntarily met high national standards for the practice of counseling.", "ncr .com. NCR Corporation, previously known as National Cash Register, is an American software, managed and professional services, consulting and technology company that also makes self-service kiosks, point-of-sale terminals, automated teller machines, check processing systems, and barcode scanners.", "The NCTM Standards evolved over several years, beginning with the 1980 report An Agenda for Action (NCTM, 1980), an important precursor to the NCTM Standards documents. A set of events and circumstances took place in the 1980s that spurred the need for standards and for national direction in mathematics education.", "About NCCAP. NCCAP is the only national, non-profit, independent standards and certification body recognized by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) for quality of life, activities and engagement certification across all care settings.", "NON CONTROLLED FOREIGN CORPORATION (NCFC) Along with our F&I partners, Dealer Protection Group (DPG) can help you form and manage dealership-owned reinsurance companies to accept after-market products such as Gap, Anti-Theft, and Tire & Wheel, among others.", "We are looking for people who are athletic minded, team-orientated, driven, and passionate about giving back and helping others achieve their dreams. Plus we are looking for teammates who will embrace NCSA’s core values! In order to be considered for a position, you must submit your resume online. Once you have submitted your resume you have begun the process!", "Head Training Development. Ms. Elena Cheang. Head Partnership & Engagement. CPT (NCC) Jasmine Chua. District Commanders. CPT (NCC) Aqilah Binte Juma’in. CPT (NCC) Ivan Lee Thim Soon CPT (NCC) Chong Zi Yi MAJ (NCC) Wang Choon Kiat. CPT (NCC) Lee Heng Hiang. The National Cadet Corps ( NCC) is a military cadet corps youth organisation supported by the Singapore Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Education.", "Description. NCJRS is a federally sponsored information clearinghouse for people around the country and the world involved with research, policy, and practice related to criminal and juvenile justice and drug control. NCJRS cooperates with many federal agencies including the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS), Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Clearinghouses, and the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC) Resource Center.", "Website. https://indiancc.nic.in. Commanders. Director General. Lt Gen. Tarun Kumar Aich. Notable. commanders. LT Gen. Rajeev Chopra. National Cadet Corps is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India.", "A credit union may not end its federal insurance without first notifying members. Federally Versus Privately Insured Credit Unions. Federally Insured Credit Unions. Federally chartered credit unions are regulated by the National Credit Union Administration and insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF), which is backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Diagnostic test for nerve function. Nerve conduction study. Nerve conduction study. Purpose. evaluate the motor and sensory nerves. A nerve conduction study ( NCS) is a medical diagnostic test commonly used to evaluate the function, especially the ability of electrical conduction, of the motor and sensory nerves of the human body." ] ]
[ "how much money do you get for wrongful incarceration", "is privatization of prisons cost effective", "how much does it cost to keep someone in prison", "cost for death penalty", "what is a colonel in the air forces salary", "death penalty vs. prison cost", "how much does it cost to house a prisoner for life", "cost of death penalty", "inmate cost per day california", "cost to put inmate to death" ]
[ "Even in the states that do offer compensation to the innocent, standards vary wildly. Some pay $50,000 per year. Two pay more (Texas and Vermont), but others less. Wisconsin pays $5,000 per year while Missouri pays $50 per day.", "The debate on the use and growth of private prisons in the latter 20th and early 21st centuries has given rise to several advantages (pros) and disadvantages (cons) of the use of private prisons and detention facilities today.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "How much does an O-5 Lieutenant Colonel in the Air Force get paid? A Lieutenant Colonel is a field officer in the United States Air Force at DoD paygrade O-5.", "Petition $238,000. Misc. Petitions ? = $1,028,700+ MORE than a non-death penalty case. With the exception of a man convicted last year, the seven Washington inmates on death row now have been there an average of 14 years; add over another half million in prison costs not counting the extra expense of death row.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "Cost of death penalty defense: $127,363.58 per case. What it is: The amount the Missouri State Public Defender System spends, on average, to represent a criminal defendant facing the death penalty. The figure, from the agency's Fiscal Year 2013 Annual Report, was calculated by dividing the amount the Public Defender System spent defending capital cases ($2,674,635) by the number of cases that were resolved that year (21).", "Inmate Support. To house an inmate and provide inmate support, it costs $2,562 per year. That is $1,475 for food, $439 for activities, $407 for canteen and employment, $171 for clothing and $70 for religious activities. That amounts to $7.02 per day per year.", "The eventual cost to taxpayers in Maryland for pursuing capital cases between 1978 and 1999 is estimated to be $186 million for five executions. Perhaps the most extreme example is California, whose death row costs taxpayers $114 million a year beyond the cost of imprisoning convicts for life." ]
[ [ "Alan Northrop was playing pool in 1993 when his life changed forever. He was lining up a bank shot when he felt something on his wrist: a handcuff. Northrop was arrested for the rape and kidnapping of a housekeeper.", "In 2000, he contacted the Innocence Project Northwest at the University of Washington School of Law in Seattle. For years, prosecutors denied the project’s requests to use more advanced DNA testing on the evidence in Northrop’s case. In 2005, a new state law gave judges the power to order additional testing.", "Washington state agencies “just say flat out they’re not eligible because they weren’t actually guilty so they don’t qualify, they don’t fit our criteria,” Zarowsky said. Nationwide, 10 states provide social services to help the innocent recover from their time in prison. “It’s not all about the money,” Northrop said.", "She is lobbying for a law in Washington state that would provide not only compensation for exonerated prisoners but also counseling, job training and other benefits that are currently available only to guilty former prisoners, not exonerees like Northrop.", "But it took five more years for Northrop’s testing to be completed and for a court to consider the results that conclusively showed another man’s DNA was on the victim. In 2010, Northrop, still sitting in prison, got a letter with news he thought he might never get.", "Today, five states have the same standard. Money would give Northrop a chance to “just get started over again and have a normal life again,” he said. He works full-time but lives in a small room in a friend’s house because he can’t afford his own apartment.", "Brian Rokus/CNN. Alan Northrop served 17 years for a rape and kidnapping he didn't commit. He received no compensation for his time behind bars. Northrop left prison with less than $2,500, money he had been sent while in prison and wages from his 42-cent-an-hour prison job.", "After 17 years behind bars, Alan Northrop released with funds from prison job, gifts. Almost half of all states fail to compensate people wrongly imprisoned. Other states pay ranges from $5,000 a year to nearly $100,000 a year. Innocence Project is lobbying for increased compensation, job training, counseling.", "Inmate Support. To house an inmate and provide inmate support, it costs $2,562 per year. That is $1,475 for food, $439 for activities, $407 for canteen and employment, $171 for clothing and $70 for religious activities. That amounts to $7.02 per day per year.", "Inmate Support. To house an inmate and provide inmate support, it costs $2,562 per year. That is $1,475 for food, $439 for activities, $407 for canteen and employment, $171 for clothing and $70 for religious activities. That amounts to $7.02 per day per year.", "And by nearly any measure, New York City spends more than every other state or city. The Vera Institute of Justice released a study in 2012 that found the aggregate cost of prisons in 2010 in the 40 states that participated was $39 billion. The annual average taxpayer cost in these states was $31,286 per inmate.", "Cost of death penalty defense: $127,363.58 per case. What it is: The amount the Missouri State Public Defender System spends, on average, to represent a criminal defendant facing the death penalty. The figure, from the agency's Fiscal Year 2013 Annual Report, was calculated by dividing the amount the Public Defender System spent defending capital cases ($2,674,635) by the number of cases that were resolved that year (21).", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million." ], [ "Larger prisons such as New York’s Auburn and Sing Sing prisons, established in 1816 and 1925, respectively, both returned profits to the state, and Auburn was in turn a model for several other pris- ons in the north.", "Prisons that had maintained fairly sta- ble inmate populations for decades were suddenly overcrowded, conditions deteriorated, and state legislatures in particular were faced with the need to build more facilities within the reality of decreasing revenues.", "Between 1998 and 2005, the number of private correctional and deten- tion facilities within the United States almost doubled, and the most recent national census by the DOJ in 2005 put the number of private prisons, jails, juvenile facilities, and detention facilities at 415.", "First, policymakers and legislatures increasingly adopted “tough on crime” laws that increased the length of prison sentences and criminalized drug use in a way that radically grew the number of nonviolent offenders (in particular minority offenders) in prisons and jails.", "Michael Hallet in particular has argued that (1) both time periods evidenced substantial economic and social changes that led to increased imprisonment rates and subsequent fis- cal strain on governments; (2) during both periods, the majority of crimes f. Download pdf. Download pdf.", "Antje Deckert. William R Wood. CORRECTIONS GENERAL EDITOR William J. Chambliss George Washington University KEY ISSUES IN Crime AND PUNISHMENT f-69u000305-694 (;065!u0003 *VW`YPNO [u0003u0003u0019u0017u0018u0018u0003I`u0003: (.,u00037\\ISPJH [PVUZu0013u00030UJu0015u0003 : (.,u00037\\ISPJH [PVUZu0013u00030UJu0015 u0019u001bu001cu001cu0003;LSSLYu00039VHK (SSu0003YPNO [Zu0003YLZLY]LKu0015u00035Vu0003WHY [u0003VMu0003 [OPZu0003IVVRu0003TH`u0003ILu0003YLWYVK\\JLKu0003VYu0003 ;OV\\ZHUKu00036HRZu0013u0003*HSPMVYUPHu0003 u0018u001au0019u0017 \\ [PSPaLKu0003PUu0003HU`u0003MVYTu0003VYu0003I`u0003HU`u0003TLHUZu0013u0003LSLJ [YVUPJu0003VYu0003TLJOHUPJHSu0013u0003 PUJS\\KPUNu0003WOV [VJVW`PUNu0013u0003YLJVYKPUNu0013u0003VYu0003I`u0003HU`u0003PUMVYTH [PVUu0003 ,u0014THPS!u0003VYKLY'ZHNLW\\Iu0015JVT Z [VYHNLu0003HUKu0003YL [YPL]HSu0003Z`Z [LTu0013u0003^P [OV\\ [u0003WLYTPZZPVUu0003PUu0003^YP [PUNu0003 MYVTu0003 [OLu0003W\\ISPZOLYu0015u0003 : (.,u00037\\ISPJH [PVUZu00030UKPHu00037] [u0015u00033 [Ku0015u0003 7YPU [LKu0003PUu0003 [OLu0003<UP [LKu0003: [H [LZu0003VMu0003 (TLYPJHu0015u0003 )u0003u0018u00160u0003u0018u00034VOHUu0003*VVWLYH [P]Lu00030UK\\Z [YPHSu0003 (YLH 4H [O\\YHu00039VHKu0013u00035L^u0003+LSOPu0003u0018u0018u0017u0003u0017u001bu001bu0003 3PIYHY`u0003VMu0003*VUNYLZZu0003*H [HSVNPUNu0014PUu00147\\ISPJH [PVUu0003+H [Hu0003 0UKPH 2L`u0003PZZ\\LZu0003PUu0003JYPTLu0003HUKu0003W\\UPZOTLU [u0003u0016u0003>PSSPHTu0003*OHTISPZZu0013u0003 NLULYHSu0003LKP [VYu0015 : (.,u00037\\ISPJH [PVUZu00033 [Ku0015u0003 u0018u00036SP]LY»Zu0003@HYK u0003u0003u0003u0003u0003u0003u0003]u0015u0003JTu0015 u001cu001cu0003*P [`u00039VHK u0003u0003*VU [LU [Z!u0003]u0015u0003u0018u0015u0003*YPTLu0003HUKu0003JYPTPUHSu0003ILOH]PVYu0003·u0003]u0015u0003u0019u0015u00037VSPJLu0003 HUKu0003SH^u0003LUMVYJLTLU [u0003·u0003]u0015u0003u001au0015u0003*V\\Y [Zu0013u0003SH^u0013u0003HUKu0003Q\\Z [PJLu0003·u0003]u0015u0003u001bu0015u0003 3VUKVUu0003,*u0018@u0003u0018:7 *VYYLJ [PVUZu0003·u0003u001cu0015u00031\\]LUPSLu0003JYPTLu0003HUKu0003Q\\Z [PJLu0015 <UP [LKu00032PUNKVT u0003u00030UJS\\KLZu0003IPISPVNYHWOPJHSu0003YLMLYLUJLZu0003HUKu0003PUKL_u0015 : (.,u00037\\ISPJH [PVUZu0003 (ZPHu00147HJPÄJu00037 [Lu0015u00033 [Ku0015 u0003u00030:)5u0003 u001eu001fu0014u0018u0014u001bu0018u0019 u0014u001eu001fu001cu001cu0014u0019u0003u000f]u0015u0003u0018u0003!u0003JSV [Ou0010u0003·u00030:)5u0003 u001eu001fu0014u0018u0014u001bu0018u0019 u0014 u001eu001fu001c u0014u0017u0003u000f]u0015u0003u0019u0003!u0003JSV [Ou0010u0003·u00030:)5u0003 u001eu001fu0014u0018u0014u001bu0018u0019 u0014u001eu001fu001cu001eu0014u001du0003u000f]u0015u0003u001au0003!u0003JSV [Ou0010u0003 u001au001au00037LRPUu0003: [YLL [u0003 u0017u0019u0014u0017u0018 ·u00030:)5u0003 u001eu001fu0014u0018u0014u001bu0018u0019 u0014u001eu001fu001cu001du0014 u0003u000f]u0015u0003u001bu0003!u0003JSV [Ou0010u0003·u00030:)5u0003 u001eu001fu0014u0018u0014u001bu0018u0019 u0014 -HYu0003,HZ [u0003:X\\HYL u001eu001fu001cu001fu0014u001au0003u000f]u0015u0003u001cu0003!u0003JSV [Ou0010 :PUNHWVYLu0003u0017u001bu001fu001eu001du001au0003 u0003u0018u0015u0003u0003*YPTLu0015u0003u0019u0015u0003u00033H^u0003LUMVYJLTLU [u0015u0003u001au0015u0003u0003*YPTPUHSu0003Q\\Z [PJLu0013u0003 (KTPUPZ [YH [PVUu0003VMu0015u0003u001bu0015u0003u0003*VYYLJ [PVUZu0015u0003u001cu0015u0003u00031\\]LUPSLu0003KLSPUX\\LUJ`u0015u0003u0003 0u0015u0003*OHTISPZZu0013u0003>PSSPHTu00031u0015u0003 u0003u0003/=u001du0017u0019u001cu00152u001au001fu0003u0019u0017u0018u0018 =PJLu00037YLZPKLU [u0003HUKu00037\\ISPZOLY!u00039VSMu0003 (u0015u00031HURL u0003u0003u001au001du001b·KJu0019u0019u0003 u0019u0017u0018u0017u0017u001cu001bu001cu001e :LUPVYu0003,KP [VY!u00031PTu0003)YHJLu0014;OVTWZVU 7YVQLJ [u0003,KP [VY!u0003;YHJ`u0003)\\`HU u0018u0018u0003u0018u0019u0003u0018u001au0003u0018u001bu0003u0018u001cu0003u0018u0017u0003 u0003u001fu0003u001eu0003u001du0003u001cu0003u001bu0003u001au0003u0019u0003u0018u0003 *V]LYu0003+LZPNULY!u0003*HUKPJLu0003/HYTHU ,KP [VYPHSu0003 (ZZPZ [HU [!u00034PJOLSLu0003;OVTWZVU 9LMLYLUJLu0003:`Z [LTZu00034HUHNLY!u00033L [PJPHu0003.\\ [PLYYLa 9LMLYLUJLu0003:`Z [LTZu0003*VVYKPUH [VY!u00033H\\YHu00035V [ [VU .VSZVUu00034LKPH 7YLZPKLU [u0003HUKu0003,KP [VY!u00031u0015u0003.LVMMYL`u0003.VSZVU (\\ [OVYu00034HUHNLY!u00033PZIL [Ou00039VNLYZ 3H`V\\ [u0003HUKu0003*VW`u0003,KP [VY!u0003: [LWOHUPLu00033HYZVU 7YVVMYLHKLY!u00034HY`u00033Lu00039V\\NL 0UKL_LY!u00031u0003:u0003,KP [VYPHS f 16 Prison Privatization and Contract Facilities Antje Deckert University of Auckland William R. Wood University of Auckland I n 1984, the newly formed Corrections Corporation of America (CCA) opened the first adult detention facility to be fully managed and run by a private corporation in the United States in over a century.", "The three primary ways that innovation and increased efficiency have been applied specifically to reduce costs in private prisons has been in the areas of labor costs, construction costs, the application of newer technolo- gies in prison design, and procurement of prison services and goods.", "This was primarily a reaction to growing crime rates, recessions, state fiscal crises, and the loss of public support for correctional rehabilitation programs. The deinstitution- alization of mental health facilities in the 1970s and 1980s also contributed to the growth of prison populations.", "Between f222 Corrections 1929 and 1940, a series of state and federal prison labor laws—most nota- bly, the Hawes-Cooper Bill (1929) and the Ashurst-Sumners Act (1935)— effectively ended the sale of prison-made goods for private profit.", "For example, the costs of proposals, negotiating contracts, and auditing perfor- mance standards compliance are borne by public agencies, although they are rarely figured into comparative studies. Costs of tax reductions and eco- nomic incentives (particularly in rural and poorer areas) are also frequently overlooked.", "The term private prison refers either to the process of transferring the opera- tion of an existing public prison to a for-profit organization (usually referred to as an asset sale), or to the process of contracting a for-profit organization to design, build, and operate a new facility.", "Rather, they see private prisons as a larger part of the growth of prison populations over the last 30 years that has targeted black and minor- ity populations—largely within an economic and ideological shift that has resulted in the creation of what William J. Wilson has called a class of the “truly disadvantaged.”.", "As late as 1970, approximately 60 percent of federal and state inmates in the United States were white. By 2000, this number had decreased to around 30 percent, and in the mid- 1990s, the DOJ reported that about one out of every four black men in the United States would spend time in prison at some point in his life.", "Moreover, argue opponents, there are several studies that sug- gest either no net decrease, or slight increases in recidivism, which they see as leading to further external costs in the form of increased victimization, policing and court costs, and further correctional costs.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012." ], [ "According to the California Legislative Analyst’s Office, the annual cost of incarceration in the Golden State in 2009 was $47,102 per year.", "Watchdog groups that keep an eye on the American judicial and penal systems often arrive at higher figures than those of the U.S. Bureau of Prisons or state agencies. The reason for this discrepancy is that watchdog groups tend to factor in court costs and other expenditures.", "The cost of incarceration climbs according to the level of security. The? Supermax? the federal prison in Colorado spends about $60,000 per year to keep inmates in permanent isolation.", "It costs anywhere between $20,000 and $40,000 per year to house inmates in federal and state correctional facilities; the considerable spread is due to the criteria used by government agencies and prison system watchdogs.", "The penal system is intrinsically tied to law enforcement and criminal justice; a sudden, sharp reduction in crime and incarceration rates could affect the economy created by the prison-industrial complex.", "Calculating Costs Per Inmate. According to the U.S. Bureau of Prisons, the average annual cost of incarceration in Federal prisons in 2010 was $28,284 per inmate. That cost is reduced at the Federal Community Corrections Centers; in 2010 the annual cost was $25,838.", "What is the Average Cost to House Inmates in Prison. The average cost of incarceration in the United States is determined by different methods.", "To arrive at this figure, California analysts took into account: The cost of security. Healthcare. Operations. Administration. Support. Rehabilitation programs. Annual costs per inmate in California have almost doubled since the beginning of the 21st century.", "The Prison-Industrial Complex. Since the U.S. already has the highest incarceration rate in the world, critics of the American criminal justice system warn that the rising prison costs prove the prison-industrial complex theory.", "The funds allocated to corrections departments across the U.S. take up a significant portion of state budgets. One of the most significant challenges that the prison-industrial complex poses to Americans is its systemic nature.", "And by nearly any measure, New York City spends more than every other state or city. The Vera Institute of Justice released a study in 2012 that found the aggregate cost of prisons in 2010 in the 40 states that participated was $39 billion. The annual average taxpayer cost in these states was $31,286 per inmate.", "Inmate Support. To house an inmate and provide inmate support, it costs $2,562 per year. That is $1,475 for food, $439 for activities, $407 for canteen and employment, $171 for clothing and $70 for religious activities. That amounts to $7.02 per day per year.", "Inmate Support. To house an inmate and provide inmate support, it costs $2,562 per year. That is $1,475 for food, $439 for activities, $407 for canteen and employment, $171 for clothing and $70 for religious activities. That amounts to $7.02 per day per year.", "Petition $238,000. Misc. Petitions ? = $1,028,700+ MORE than a non-death penalty case. With the exception of a man convicted last year, the seven Washington inmates on death row now have been there an average of 14 years; add over another half million in prison costs not counting the extra expense of death row.", "The eventual cost to taxpayers in Maryland for pursuing capital cases between 1978 and 1999 is estimated to be $186 million for five executions. Perhaps the most extreme example is California, whose death row costs taxpayers $114 million a year beyond the cost of imprisoning convicts for life.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "Over three-quarters of these costs are for security and inmate health care. Since 2010-11, the average annual cost has increased by about $32,000 or about 58 percent. This includes an increase of $11,300 for security and $12,200 for inmate health care." ], [ "A for­mer Utah defense lawyer has received a $ 250, 000 set­tle­ment after suing Weber County for alleged­ly fir­ing him in retal­i­a­tion for his pub­lic crit­i­cism of the county’s refusal to prop­er­ly fund a death-row prison….", "New Voices: Woman Who Lost Mother and Husband in Separate Murders Calls on Wyoming to Repeal Death Penalty. A Wyoming woman whose moth­er and hus­band were mur­dered in sep­a­rate inci­dents is call­ing on the state to repeal its death penal­ty for the ben­e­fit of vic­tims’ fam­i­ly mem­bers.", "Wyoming Senate Committee Passes Bill to Repeal State’s Death Penalty. A Wyoming state sen­ate com­mit­tee has advanced to the full Senate a bill to repeal the state’s death penal­ty. After tak­ing tes­ti­mo­ny from wit­ness­es includ­ing the state pub­lic defender’s office, fam­i­ly mem­bers of mur­der vic…. Costs.", "To rein in the social and eco­nom­ic costs caused by the over­ly aggres­sive use of the death penal­ty by pros­e­cu­tors, a California legal schol­ar is propos­ing a plan he believes will reduce mis­car­riages of jus­tice and increase pros­e­cu­to­r­i­al accountabil…. Costs. Oct 21, 2020.", "DPIC Report: The 2% Death Penalty. How a Minority of Counties Produce Most Death Cases at Enormous Costs to All.", "Many people assume that the state saves money by employing the death penalty since an executed person no longer requires confinement, health care, and related expenses. But in the modern application of capital punishment, that assumption has been proven wrong.", "Pre-trial costs: Capital cases are far more complicated than non-capital cases and take longer to go to trial. Experts will probably be needed on forensic evidence, mental health, and the background and life history of the defendant. County taxpayers pick up the costs of added security and longer pre-trial detention.", "The 2% Death Penalty: How a Minority of Counties Produce Most Death Cases at Enormous Costs to All.", "Some of the reasons for the high cost of the death penalty are the longer trials and appeals required when a person’s life is on the line, the need for more lawyers and experts on both sides of the case, and the relative rarity of executions. Most cases in which the death penalty is sought do not end up with the death penalty being imposed.", "And once a death sentence is imposed, the most likely outcome of the case is that the conviction or death sentence will be overturned in the courts. Most defendants who are sentenced to death essentially end up spending life in prison, but at a highly inflated cost because the death penalty was involved in the process.", "Many such studies have been conducted and their conclusions are consistent: the death penalty imposes a net cost on the taxpayers compared to life without parole. The question is whether the assumed benefits of the death penalty are worth its costs and whether other systems might provide similar benefits at less cost.", "In a wide-rang­ing six-part edi­to­r­i­al series ana­lyz­ing sys­temic flaws in the admin­is­tra­tion of the death penal­ty, the edi­to­r­i­al board of the South Florida Sun Sentinel has called for the abo­li­tion of cap­i­tal pun­ish­ment. “ [I]t is past time …. Arbitrariness. Mar 19, 2021.", "These require more security and other accommodations as the prisoners are kept for 23 hours a day in their cells. Appeals: To minimize mistakes, every prisoner is entitled to a series of appeals. The costs are borne at taxpayers’ expense.", "As a state leg­is­la­tor in 1981, Jim Petro (pic­tured) sup­port­ed a bill to rein­state Ohio’s death penal­ty after the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the state’s pre­vi­ous cap­i­tal pun­ish­ment statute. Later, as Ohio Attor….", "What DPIC Offers. This section contains summaries of each of the main cost studies on the death penalty and links to many of the entire studies. In addition, DPIC has prepared a number of reports that relate to the question of costs and to the opinions of police chiefs and other experts in this field.", "Legal costs: Almost all people who face the death penalty cannot afford their own attorney. The state must assign public defenders or court-appointed lawyers to represent them (the accepted practice is to assign two lawyers), and pay for the costs of the prosecution as well.", "At a time in which the Arizona Department of Corrections is fac­ing crit­i­cism for crum­bling infra­struc­ture, sub­stan­dard med­ical care, and under­staffing, the depart­ment has spent $ 1. 5 mil­lion to pur­chase the lethal-injec­tion drug pe…. Arbitrariness. Apr 07, 2021.", "Former Ohio Governor, Two Attorneys General Call for Repeal of State’s Death Penalty. The move­ment to repeal cap­i­tal pun­ish­ment in Ohio has gained addi­tion­al steam as for­mer Governor Robert Taft and for­mer state attor­neys gen­er­al Jim Petro and Lee Fisher. Costs. Mar 05, 2021.", "A fed­er­al dis­trict court judge has issued an order mov­ing clos­er to tri­al a law­suit filed against a Utah coun­ty for the alleged retal­ia­to­ry fir­ing of a lawyer who had pub­licly crit­i­cized the coun­ty for refus­ing to ade­quate­ly fund …. Costs. Aug 24, 2020.", "The death penalty is a moral issue for some and a policy issue for others. However, it is also a government program with related costs and possible benefits.", "Petition $238,000. Misc. Petitions ? = $1,028,700+ MORE than a non-death penalty case. With the exception of a man convicted last year, the seven Washington inmates on death row now have been there an average of 14 years; add over another half million in prison costs not counting the extra expense of death row." ], [ "In addition to basic pay and allowances, active-duty airmen, veterans, and even their families are eligible for hundreds of discounts and additional benefits offered by organizations and private companies like JetBlue , United Airlines , Verizon , and hundreds more. Learn more about Military Discounts.", "A Lieutenant Colonel receives a monthly basic pay salary starting at $5,778 per month, with raises up to $9,817 per month once they have served for over 22 years. In addition to basic pay, Lieutenant Colonels may receive additional pay allowances for housing and food, as well as special incentive pay for hostile fire and dangerous duties.", "Hazard Pay / Hostile Fire Pay. A Lieutenant Colonel may receive hazard pay of $250.00 / mo while serving in an active combat zone or subject to hostile fire or other hazards.", "Additional Pay & Allowances for an O-5. In addition to Basic Pay, a Lieutenant Colonel may be eligible to receive several types of allowances and incentive pay.", "Lieutenant Colonel Pay Calculator for 2021. As this page shows, the total compensation paid to an Air Force Lieutenant Colonel is significantly more than just basic pay.", "This simple pay calculator can estimate the total compensation for a Lieutenant Colonel by adding basic pay to housing allowance (BAH) and subsistance allowance (BAS), the two largest payments received by most airmen.", "Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Salary Calculator. The Government civilian employee equivalent of a Lieutenant Colonel is paid under the General Schedule paygrade. To learn more, see this Air Force ranks to civilian General Schedule grades conversion table .", "Including the most common pay allowances, the average total compensation for a Lieutenant Colonel may range from $95,085.08 to $143,548.28 per year as of 2021.", "Basic Allowance for Housing is a monthly payment meant to subsidize a servicemember's housing while deployed. The amount of BAH received each month depends on the location in which they live. The average Basic Housing Allowance for a Lieutenant Colonel with dependants is $2,349.26, or $1,892.13 with no dependants.", "Basic Allowance for Subsistance (BAS) All Air Force officers receive a monthly allowance for food and drink of $253.63. Officers' BAS is lower than the enlisted BAS rate, as officers generally have access to subsidized meals in the Officers' Mess.", "And by nearly any measure, New York City spends more than every other state or city. The Vera Institute of Justice released a study in 2012 that found the aggregate cost of prisons in 2010 in the 40 states that participated was $39 billion. The annual average taxpayer cost in these states was $31,286 per inmate.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "Even in the states that do offer compensation to the innocent, standards vary wildly. Some pay $50,000 per year. Two pay more (Texas and Vermont), but others less. Wisconsin pays $5,000 per year while Missouri pays $50 per day.", "Cost of death penalty defense: $127,363.58 per case. What it is: The amount the Missouri State Public Defender System spends, on average, to represent a criminal defendant facing the death penalty. The figure, from the agency's Fiscal Year 2013 Annual Report, was calculated by dividing the amount the Public Defender System spent defending capital cases ($2,674,635) by the number of cases that were resolved that year (21).", "Inmate Support. To house an inmate and provide inmate support, it costs $2,562 per year. That is $1,475 for food, $439 for activities, $407 for canteen and employment, $171 for clothing and $70 for religious activities. That amounts to $7.02 per day per year." ], [ "While the death penalty is the most final of punishments it's far from a quick process. And using a 2006 study by the state bar association the costs add up. For example.", "In the alternative, first-degree aggravated murder would be punished with life in prison without the possibility of parole. Washington taxpayers pay about $35,897 a year per prisoner. That would be about $1,256,395 million to house a 29-year-old like Kevin Harper for life.", "So what costs more? capital punishment or life behind bars? It's impossible to be exact because there are a lot unpredictable circumstances and costs that no state agency has calculated. However, from our calculations, the death penalty from beginning to end would have cost more, but just how much more is hard to say.", "So the ballpark price tag of the death penalty in Washington State is $1.7 million, not including some appeals and petitions. Total Estimated Death Penalty Costs. Court $1,028,700. Prison $606,928. Execution $97,815.", "It gets expensive because it's more intensive from a security standpoint and a security staffing standpoint\", says Dan Patcholke, Directors of Prisons for the Washington state Department of Corrections. Last year's execution of Cal Brown cost nearly $100,000. Execution Costs. (2010 Cal Brown Execution)", "What costs more the death penalty or life in prison? YAKIMA, Wash- Many were outraged at the announcement that the man accused of killing three West Valley people would not face the death penalty. Some comments on our website and Facebook page asked about the costs involved.", "However even leaving out some death penalty costs, the death penalty ($1.7 million) would still likely have been the more expensive option than life in prison ($1.3 million) for a hypothetical guilty verdict for Kevin Harper.", "To clarify, the Yakima County Prosecutor said that the costs of a capital case did not figure into his decision. He told us he did not believe he had a strong enough case to pursue the death penalty.", "The eventual cost to taxpayers in Maryland for pursuing capital cases between 1978 and 1999 is estimated to be $186 million for five executions. Perhaps the most extreme example is California, whose death row costs taxpayers $114 million a year beyond the cost of imprisoning convicts for life.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Cost of death penalty defense: $127,363.58 per case. What it is: The amount the Missouri State Public Defender System spends, on average, to represent a criminal defendant facing the death penalty. The figure, from the agency's Fiscal Year 2013 Annual Report, was calculated by dividing the amount the Public Defender System spent defending capital cases ($2,674,635) by the number of cases that were resolved that year (21).", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012." ], [ "You can sign in to vote the answer. jurydoc. Lv 7. 1 decade ago. Here are the figures for my state. Cost of Supervision. for fiscal year ending June 30, 2008. Cost of Prison Incarceration. yearly cost per inmate.", "Anonymous. 1 decade ago. Average cost in the UK is around £40,000 per year. But here, life does not mean life in prison. It means life on licence, so you could be out in under 10years. Source (s): http://www.civitas.org.uk/pubs/prisonValue.php. joel. 7 years ago.", "11 Answers. Relevance. Tara. Lv 4. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. Quote: \"Prisons cost taxpayers more than $32 billion a year. Every year that an inmate spends in prison costs $22,000.", "Close Custody $32,547. Average $27,911. Note that the issue with costs associated with imposition of the death penalty are more directly related to the judicial part of the process and NOT the incarceration part, although costs for death row cells are more expensive than costs for lower custody cells., For more on costs specifically related to death penalty cases see:", "How much does it cost to keep 1 person in prison on a life sentence? doing a debate on death penalty, and I cant find anywhere data about the costs involved in keeping one single prisoner locked up for a life sentence. ...Show more. Source (s): cost 1 person prison life sentence: https://tr.im/ilG1w. MARK.", "7 years ago. A life sentence should be no longer than 24 hours. Straight to the Guillotine or Rope. Old wore out rope, don't bother shining the blade more than 0nce a wee, it would be to busy, give it a break on Sundays between 1pm and 3pm.", "And by nearly any measure, New York City spends more than every other state or city. The Vera Institute of Justice released a study in 2012 that found the aggregate cost of prisons in 2010 in the 40 states that participated was $39 billion. The annual average taxpayer cost in these states was $31,286 per inmate.", "Petition $238,000. Misc. Petitions ? = $1,028,700+ MORE than a non-death penalty case. With the exception of a man convicted last year, the seven Washington inmates on death row now have been there an average of 14 years; add over another half million in prison costs not counting the extra expense of death row.", "The eventual cost to taxpayers in Maryland for pursuing capital cases between 1978 and 1999 is estimated to be $186 million for five executions. Perhaps the most extreme example is California, whose death row costs taxpayers $114 million a year beyond the cost of imprisoning convicts for life.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Cost of death penalty defense: $127,363.58 per case. What it is: The amount the Missouri State Public Defender System spends, on average, to represent a criminal defendant facing the death penalty. The figure, from the agency's Fiscal Year 2013 Annual Report, was calculated by dividing the amount the Public Defender System spent defending capital cases ($2,674,635) by the number of cases that were resolved that year (21).", "Even in the states that do offer compensation to the innocent, standards vary wildly. Some pay $50,000 per year. Two pay more (Texas and Vermont), but others less. Wisconsin pays $5,000 per year while Missouri pays $50 per day.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "Over three-quarters of these costs are for security and inmate health care. Since 2010-11, the average annual cost has increased by about $32,000 or about 58 percent. This includes an increase of $11,300 for security and $12,200 for inmate health care." ], [ "That depends, said Anthony Rodebush, the county's full-time jury supervisor. In the past, Greene County residents summoned for jury duty received $6 a day, plus mileage reimbursement. The policy was changed about a decade ago, he said. Now, jurors are paid nothing for the first two days they serve.", "Based on past experience, room and board for a two- to three-week trial is likely to mount into the tens of thousands of dollars. A location for Wood's trial has yet to be determined. His defense attorneys have asked for the trial to be moved outside Greene County.", "They receive $50 a day on the third and subsequent days. \"At $6 a day, you were not really getting paid anyway ... so it's worked out pretty well,\" Rodebush said. \"The jurors that are here longer are happier with that.\". Rodebush said the new payment policy has also helped the county save money.", "The cost to defend someone like Craig Michael Wood, who faces possible execution if convicted of kidnapping and killing 10-year-old Hailey Owens in February, is much higher. What it pays for: The Public Defender System includes a special Capital Division that handles first-degree murder cases in which the state is seeking the death penalty, as well as direct appeals in cases in which a defendant has been sentenced to die.", "Michael Barrett pointed me to the Public Defender System's annual report and provided additional detail. Joclynn Brown and Anthony Rodebush provided information about county costs. Complications: The cost of prosecutors, judges and other courthouse staff are not included.", "The division has offices in St. Louis, Kansas City and Columbia. Division attorneys, who are limited to working on no more than six open capital cases at a time, occasionally take on non-capital cases for overloaded divisions as their schedules allow.", "Not including the costs associated with paying judges and prosecutors and staffing the courthouse, Greene County has budgeted to spend about $130,000 on jury trials in 2014, according to Assistant Budget Officer Joclynn Brown. That total includes: • $60,000 for paying jurors.", "Other costs: The money the county budgets for jury trials is meant to cover typical cases, Brown said — costs associated with sequestering a jury or moving a trial elsewhere aren't included. In a case such as Wood's, the county's general fund could be tapped to cover additional expenses.", "The idea: Soon after Craig Michael Wood was arrested and charged, reader Darrell Arnett contacted me. Arnett, from Raymore, wanted to know how much it costs to represent defendants in death penalty cases and how their public defenders are chosen and paid.", "Rather than paying a relatively small amount to a large number of jurors, it pays a higher rate to relatively few, at an overall cost that is about half what it was before. Jury payments from August 2013 to August 2014 totaled $33,093, he said, less than the $60,000 budgeted.", "Prosecutor Dan Patterson wants to keep the case here, but bring a jury in from elsewhere. Patterson said there's no estimate yet on what either option would cost. Another hearing is scheduled Oct. 2. \"It's a very serious case and it's gonna take resources to try and prosecute,\" he said. How we did it.", "Brown said other court expenses in 2013 included about $11,000 for meals and coffee in the jury room, but she didn't have an updated number for 2014. And while past budgets have included funding for training and computer maintenance related to jury operations, no funds were set aside this year.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs.", "Petition $238,000. Misc. Petitions ? = $1,028,700+ MORE than a non-death penalty case. With the exception of a man convicted last year, the seven Washington inmates on death row now have been there an average of 14 years; add over another half million in prison costs not counting the extra expense of death row.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "The eventual cost to taxpayers in Maryland for pursuing capital cases between 1978 and 1999 is estimated to be $186 million for five executions. Perhaps the most extreme example is California, whose death row costs taxpayers $114 million a year beyond the cost of imprisoning convicts for life." ], [ "Security and Administration. To have someone on duty for security, it costs $19,663 per inmate per year. That amounts to $53.87 a day. Administration costs are $3,493 per inmate per year. That amounts to $9.56 a day.", "Rehabilitation. The cost per year for rehabilitation programs per inmate are $1,612. Broken down, that is $944 for academic education, $354 for vocational training and $313 for substance abuse programs. That amounts to $4.41 per day per year.", "Final Count. All told, it costs an average of $129.04 a day to house an inmate in the prison system. Although these figures come from California corrections, it is slightly lower in other parts of the country, but not by much. References. California Annual Costs to House an Inmate. Writer Bio.", "The Average Cost to House Inmates in Prison. What Are The Advantages of Probation & Parole? Most people have little idea what the average cost is to house inmates in prison. For example, in California, an average bill per day to house an inmate in state prisons is about $129. The bill at some prisons is a little less depending on the cost of living in the particular state, but these figures will likely increase every year.", "Final Count. All told, it costs an average of $129.04 a day to house an inmate in the prison system. Although these figures come from California corrections, it is slightly lower in other parts of the country, but not by much.", "For example, in California, an average bill per day to house an inmate in state prisons is about $129. The bill at some prisons is a little less depending on the cost of living in the particular state, but these figures will likely increase every year.", "Operations. The operations costs per inmate per year are $7,214. Broken down, that is $4,503 for facility operations, classification services is $1,773, maintenance of records is $660, assignment, testing and reception costs $261 and transportation costs $18. That amounts to $19.76 per day per year.", "References. California Annual Costs to House an Inmate. Writer Bio. Pamela Gardapee is a writer with more than seven years experience writing Web content. Being functional in finances, home projects and computers has allowed Gardapee to give her readers valuable information.", "Pamela Gardapee is a writer with more than seven years experience writing Web content. Being functional in finances, home projects and computers has allowed Gardapee to give her readers valuable information. She studied accounting, computers and writing before offering her tax, computer and writing services to others.", "Health Care. The cost for inmate health care can be high. Because every inmate is entitled to health care, the cost per inmate for health care per year is $12,442. Broken down, that is $8,768 for medical care, $1,928 for psychiatric services, $998 for pharmaceuticals and $748 for dental care. That amounts to $38.04 per day per year.", "Related. What Are The Advantages of Probation & Parole? Learn More →. Related Articles. What Are The Advantages of Probation & Parole? Requirements for Federal Halfway Houses. Activities in Prison. Mississippi Laws for House Arrest. Most people have little idea what the average cost is to house inmates in prison.", "To have someone on duty for security, it costs $19,663 per inmate per year. That amounts to $53.87 a day. Administration costs are $3,493 per inmate per year. That amounts to $9.56 a day. That amounts to $23,156 per year for security and administration.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "Even in the states that do offer compensation to the innocent, standards vary wildly. Some pay $50,000 per year. Two pay more (Texas and Vermont), but others less. Wisconsin pays $5,000 per year while Missouri pays $50 per day.", "Cost of death penalty defense: $127,363.58 per case. What it is: The amount the Missouri State Public Defender System spends, on average, to represent a criminal defendant facing the death penalty. The figure, from the agency's Fiscal Year 2013 Annual Report, was calculated by dividing the amount the Public Defender System spent defending capital cases ($2,674,635) by the number of cases that were resolved that year (21).", "And by nearly any measure, New York City spends more than every other state or city. The Vera Institute of Justice released a study in 2012 that found the aggregate cost of prisons in 2010 in the 40 states that participated was $39 billion. The annual average taxpayer cost in these states was $31,286 per inmate.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million." ], [ "A Republican state senator in Kansas, Carolyn McGinn, pointed out that her state, which restored the death penalty in 1994, had not executed anybody in more than 40 years. In February, she introduced a bill to replace capital punishment with life without parole. The bill gained considerable attention but stalled.", "States waste millions of dollars on winning death penalty verdicts, which require an expensive second trial, new witnesses and long jury selections. Death rows require extra security and maintenance costs.", "The state has executed 13 people since 1976 for a total of about $250 million per execution. This is a state whose prisons are filled to bursting (unconstitutionally so, the courts say) and whose government has imposed doomsday-level cuts to social services, health care, schools and parks.", "According to the organization, keeping inmates on death row in Florida costs taxpayers $51 million a year more than holding them for life without parole. North Carolina has put 43 people to death since 1976 at $2.16 million per execution.", "But this year, only New Mexico went all the way, abolishing executions in March. If lawmakers cannot find the moral courage to abolish the death penalty, perhaps the economic case will persuade them to follow the lead of New Mexico. Advertisement. Continue reading the main story.", "High Cost of Death Row. Sept. 27, 2009. To the many excellent reasons to abolish the death penalty — it’s immoral, does not deter murder and affects minorities disproportionately — we can add one more. It’s an economic drain on governments with already badly depleted budgets.", "Money spent on death rows could be spent on police officers, courts, public defenders, legal service agencies and prison cells. Some lawmakers, heeding law-enforcement officials who have declared capital punishment a low priority, have introduced bills to abolish it.", "There is also a 15-to-20-year appeals process, but simply getting rid of it would be undemocratic and would increase the number of innocent people put to death. Besides, the majority of costs are in the pretrial and trial.", "It is far from a national trend, but some legislators have begun to have second thoughts about the high cost of death row. Others would do well to consider evidence gathered by the Death Penalty Information Center, a research organization that opposes capital punishment.", "Petition $238,000. Misc. Petitions ? = $1,028,700+ MORE than a non-death penalty case. With the exception of a man convicted last year, the seven Washington inmates on death row now have been there an average of 14 years; add over another half million in prison costs not counting the extra expense of death row.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "Thus it would cost about $17,340 to house an inmate for a year and $693,500 for 40 years, far less than even part of the death penalty costs. The regional public defender’s office estimates that just the legal costs for a death penalty case from indictment to execution are $1.2 million.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "An individual sentenced to five years for a $300 theft costs the public more than $100,000. The cost of a life term averages $1.5 million. States are spending more money on prisons than education.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "The most expensive American prison is located in Cuba: Housing an inmate in Guantanamo Bay costs taxpayers approximately $900,000 per year. According to the Vera Institute of Justice, the average cost of housing an inmate in the U.S. was $31,286 in 2012.", "Cost of death penalty defense: $127,363.58 per case. What it is: The amount the Missouri State Public Defender System spends, on average, to represent a criminal defendant facing the death penalty. The figure, from the agency's Fiscal Year 2013 Annual Report, was calculated by dividing the amount the Public Defender System spent defending capital cases ($2,674,635) by the number of cases that were resolved that year (21).", "Jury selection: Because of the need to question jurors thoroughly on their views about the death penalty, jury selection in capital cases is much more time consuming and expensive. Trial: Death-penalty trials can last more than four times longer than non-capital trials, requiring juror and attorney compensation, in addition to court personnel and other related costs." ] ]
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[ "Appraising the brain's energy budget. In the average adult human, the brain represents about 2% of the body weight. Remarkably, despite its relatively small size, the brain accounts for about 20% of the oxygen and, hence, calories consumed by the body ( 1 ). This high rate of metabolism is remarkably constant despite widely varying mental and motoric activity ( 2 ).", "Allow fresh air to permeate all the rooms of your office, home and car. Open the windows in your bedroom before you go to sleep. Eat foods high in Vitamin F (essential fatty acids). This vitamin increases the oxygen holding capacity of the hemoglobin (the chemical that holds oxygen) in your red blood cells.", "Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. Medical condition. Hypoxemia. Other names. Hypoxaemia. Specialty. Pulmonology. Hypoxemia is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood.", "Climbers use supplemental oxygen to give them an edge while pushing to the summit of a mountain like Everest at 8850 meters. At that altitude, the available oxygen is 33% of that at sea level. It is like running up a staircase while holding your breath 2 out 3 steps.", "Measuring dissolved oxygen in water. DO is measured using a dissolved oxygen meter (or DO meter). The best method is to take the measurement in the field at the same time each day, because DO concentrations can vary throughout a 24 hour period.", "But beware of deeper breathing that actually restricts optimal breathing . Aerobic exercise is any exercise that increases the level of oxygen in the body. This exercise, whether it be breathing more, walking, jogging, cycling, dancing, kundalini breath of fire or swimming, conditions the heart and lungs to work more efficiently.", "A pulse oximeter uses light to measure the oxygen saturation level, the percentage of hemoglobin in your red blood cells carrying oxygen. Normal oxygen saturation levels fall between 95 and 99 percent.", "If you are working out strenuously, they may be higher because your body requires more oxygen to function properly. Understanding your blood oxygen levels when you are at rest is something that you need to do if you want to make the most of the oxygen that's entering your body.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 28, 2020 2:27:28 AM ET. Humans breathe approximately 432 liters of oxygen per day, and that oxygen helps the tissues in the human body function properly. The body needs approximately 352.8 liters of oxygen per day when the body is at rest." ]
[ [ "Shulman and his colleagues ( 9, 10) in a very different approach using MRS in anesthetized rats have shown remarkably converging evidence that a very large fraction (≈80%) of the energy use in the brain is correlated with glutamate cycling and, hence, active signaling processes. Thus, in contemplating the functional significance of the high fixed cost of brain function (i.e., 10 times that expected on the basis of its weight alone), activities directly associated with this ongoing neuronal activity must be strongly considered.", "Researchers have come to appreciate the spatial uniformity of the OEF measured in a resting state (e.g., lying quietly in a scanner with eyes closed but awake) when ongoing metabolic activity is relatively constant (for an introduction to this literature, see refs. 11 and 12 ).", "In terms of functional brain imaging, LFPs are thought to have a much greater influence on the signals generated than spiking activity of neurons ( 25, 26 ), which is consistent with the very high metabolic demands of the cell processes thought to be involved in the LFPs ( 27, 28 ).", "The metabolic activity of the brain is remarkably constant over time. Despite these well-known facts about the brain's large energy budget, a clear understanding of how it is apportioned among the many ongoing functional processes in neurons and glial cells has not been clearly spelled out.", "This spatial uniformity in the OEF exists despite considerable variation in the ongoing oxygen consumption and blood flow within gray matter and an almost 4-fold difference between gray and white matter in both oxygen consumption and blood flow.", "The two reported studies in this issue of PNAS ( 4, 5) combined magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) techniques with the extracellular recording of neuronal activity in the cerebral cortex of the anesthetized rat. With MRS, the investigators were able to assess changes in brain oxygen consumption as well as changes in the flux of the excitatory amino acid glutamate, the brain's primary excitatory transmitter during somatosensory stimulation.", "This phenomenon has been of great practical value in enabling us to view changes in brain activity with fMRI ( 17, 18) because aspects of the MR signal intensity are sensitive to the amount of oxygen carried by hemoglobin ( 19–21 ).", "These changes are very small relative to the ongoing hemodynamic and metabolic activity of the brain. Attempts to measure whole brain changes in blood flow and metabolism during intense mental activity have failed to demonstrate any change ( 2 ).", "The papers from the Yale group in this issue of PNAS ( 4, 5 ), along with the work of others (for a summary, see ref. 12 ), provide a stimulus to extend our inquiry into the nature of this ongoing functional activity. Several lines of investigation provide clues to the road ahead.", "Estimates from their approach indicate that most of the energy used in the brain is required for the propagation of action potentials and for restoring postsynaptic ion fluxes after receptors have been stimulated by the neurotransmitter.", "In this issue of PNAS, two papers from investigators at Yale University ( 4, 5) provide important new information on the relationship between brain energy metabolism and cellular activity. This information, when understood in the context of other extant information, allows new insights into the manner in which we employ both neuroimaging and neurophysiological techniques to probe the functions of the human brain.", "PNAS August 6, 2002 99 (16) 10237-10239; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.172399499. Marcus E. Raichle. Find this author on Google Scholar. Find this author on PubMed. Search for this author on this site. Debra A. Gusnard. Find this author on Google Scholar. Find this author on PubMed. Search for this author on this site.", "It can be measured quantitatively with PET as the fraction of available oxygen (i.e., the arterial oxygen concentration) used by the brain. This measurement is usually referred to as the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and represents the balance between oxygen delivery (i.e., blood flow) and oxygen consumption.", "E-mail: [email protected]. See companion articles on pages 10765 and 10771. ↵ † LFPs are the electric fields recorded from microelectrodes in the brain and are thought to reflect a weighted average of input signals on the dendrites and cell bodies of neurons in the vicinity of the electrode.", "In both instances, researchers correlate elements of task performance with ERPs or changes in spike frequency. Recently, interest in the spontaneous electrical activity of the brain has accelerated (e.g., see refs. 29 and 31–35 ).", "This ongoing activity is observed broadly in the electroencephalogram (EEG) recorded from the scalp, as well as in the firing of individual neurons (i.e., “spikes”) and local field potentials (LFPs) † both recorded from microelectrodes within the brain.", "To understand the unique qualitative features of brain activation, it is important, first, to recall how blood flow and oxygen consumption are related to each other in the human brain. This relationship is striking for its spatial consistency.", "A possible step in the direction of answering that question is first to examine what is meant by the term “activations” (i.e., transient changes in brain activity) used in the context of modern functional brain imaging with PET and fMRI.", "Understanding these relationships has assumed new importance because of the rapidly increasing use of modern imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study the functions of the living human brain in both health and disease.", "Both have focused on the metabolic requirements associated with glutamate signaling in the brain. This focus would seem reasonable, considering that greater than 80% of neurons are excitatory and greater than 90% of synapses release glutamate ( 6, 7 ).", "Thus, we may entertain the possibility that the very high baseline or ongoing metabolic activity of the brain not only supports processes necessary for the maintenance of the proper responsiveness of neurons for the transient and ever changing functions of the brain but also instantiates a sustained functionality.", "The Cost of Ongoing or Baseline Activity. As already mentioned, the metabolic activity of the brain is remarkably constant over time. This ongoing metabolic activity consists largely of the oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water resulting in the production of large amounts of energy in the form of ATP.", "It should be noted that most of the neurophysiology discussed above concerns synaptic activity at the input to neurons. Because the highest energy-demanding processes in the brain are centered at these sites ( 27, 28 ), it suggests that much of the ongoing or baseline metabolism is devoted to processes occurring there.", "Although changes in spiking activity and changes in LFPs can be correlated, the latter may sometimes vary independently ( 29 ). ↵ ‡ Greicius, M. D., Krasnow, B., Reiss, A. L. & Menon, V., Eighth International Conference on Functional Mapping of the Human Brain, June 2–6, 2002, Sendai, Japan.", "Thus, if the baseline level of activity of the brain is artificially suppressed, as it was in this case by anesthesia, it must be “restored” to the level found in the awake state as a necessary component of the functionally related activity.", "Central to this work are attempts to understand how functional connections arise within neural circuits and how temporally correlated activity affects this process. A crucial component in establishing these functional connections is the sensitivity of the involved neurons to correlations in their inputs.", "It has been known for more than a century that increased neuronal activity in a region of the brain is associated with an increase in blood flow (for a historical review, see ref. 16 ). Surprisingly, these changes in blood flow are accompanied by significantly smaller changes in oxygen consumption ( 13–15 ).", "Both of these techniques and their derivatives [e.g., single photon emission tomography (SPECT) and various optical imaging techniques] use measurements related to the brain's metabolism and circulation to draw inferences about brain function in terms of its cellular activity (for review, see ref. 3 ).", "This relationship is altered to a measurable degree in the normal brain only when areas briefly change their activity (i.e., so-called “activations”) during specific behaviors ( 13–15 ). The signal used to map activations in the brain with PET or fMRI is based on local changes in blood flow.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia." ], [ "Foods rich in Vitamin F include avocados, walnuts and soybeans. Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images. Exercise frequently. Exercising increases your heart’s capacity to pump more blood into your lungs, enabling more oxygen to be distributed to your tissues. Perform aerobic exercises every day.", "However, you apply many natural methods to increase your oxygen intake on a daily basis to maintain optimal cellular health. Jupiterimages/Pixland/Getty Images. Consume foods high in antioxidants.", "Oxygen enters your body through your mouth and gets processed by your lungs and distributed throughout your body via blood with the aid of your heart. A decrease of oxygen in your blood can lead to respiratory problems and if prolonged, can cause cell dysfunction and death of brain cells.", "Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images. Do deep breathing exercises, such as those utilized in yoga. Improper breathing deprives your body of oxygen. Yoga breathing can increase your lung capacity which increases the oxygen in your blood. Do these exercises every day (See Resources).", "How to Increase Oxygen in the Blood. Your body is a collection of cells which depend on oxygen in order to stay alive. Being able to think and move require your body to possess oxygen. Oxygen is present in the air around you, along with nitrogen and other gases.", "Antioxidants help your body utilize oxygen more efficiently by dilating your blood vessels, enabling blood to release more oxygen to your different tissues. Kim Carson/Photodisc/Getty Images. Breathe fresh air. You can increase blood oxygen by breathing fresher air.", "You may even gasp for breath as you complete different exercises. Here's how your oxygen consumption rate works: As you work out or perform certain exercises, your body needs to feed your muscles with blood and oxygen in order to keep them functioning properly. This oxygen helps you to keep going during your workouts.", "If you are working out strenuously, they may be higher because your body requires more oxygen to function properly. Understanding your blood oxygen levels when you are at rest is something that you need to do if you want to make the most of the oxygen that's entering your body.", "A pulse oximeter uses light to measure the oxygen saturation level, the percentage of hemoglobin in your red blood cells carrying oxygen. Normal oxygen saturation levels fall between 95 and 99 percent.", "Climbers use supplemental oxygen to give them an edge while pushing to the summit of a mountain like Everest at 8850 meters. At that altitude, the available oxygen is 33% of that at sea level. It is like running up a staircase while holding your breath 2 out 3 steps.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "saturation. the state of being saturated, or the act of saturating. oxygen saturation the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the blood, expressed as a percentage of the maximal binding capacity. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.", "Under most circumstances, breathing room air, normal readings range from 95 to 100 percent. Levels above 90 percent are not considered low, so you probably are worrying unnecessarily. Oxygen levels are best measured with an arterial blood gas test that also measures carbon dioxide and pH or, less precisely, with an oximeter, a device that clips on the end of a finger and shines a light through it.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia.", "Appraising the brain's energy budget. In the average adult human, the brain represents about 2% of the body weight. Remarkably, despite its relatively small size, the brain accounts for about 20% of the oxygen and, hence, calories consumed by the body ( 1 ). This high rate of metabolism is remarkably constant despite widely varying mental and motoric activity ( 2 ).", "4. It promotes healthy lungs. Oxygen therapy might also be beneficial to people suffering from lung diseases, which often increases the risk of heart problems. Long term benefits of oxygen therapy include reduced risk of heart diseases, lung complications and other illnesses.", "But beware of deeper breathing that actually restricts optimal breathing . Aerobic exercise is any exercise that increases the level of oxygen in the body. This exercise, whether it be breathing more, walking, jogging, cycling, dancing, kundalini breath of fire or swimming, conditions the heart and lungs to work more efficiently.", "Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. Medical condition. Hypoxemia. Other names. Hypoxaemia. Specialty. Pulmonology. Hypoxemia is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood." ], [ "Serious hypoxemia typically occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen in blood is less than 60 mmHg (8.0 kPa), the beginning of the steep portion of the oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve, where a small decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen results in a large decrease in the oxygen content of the blood.", "Diving. Hypoxia in diving can result from sudden surfacing. The partial pressures of gases increases when diving by one ATM every ten metres. This means that a partial pressure of oxygen sufficient to maintain good carriage by hemoglobin is possible at depth, even if it is insufficient at the surface.", "Exercise. Whilst modest activity and exercise improves ventilation-perfusion matching, hypoxemia may develop during intense exercise as a result of preexisting lung diseases. During exercise, almost half of the hypoxemia is due to diffusion limitations (again, on average). Aging.", "Physiology. Main article: Hypoxia (medical) § Physiological compensation. Key to understanding whether the lung is involved in a particular case of hypoxemia is the difference between the alveolar and the arterial oxygen levels; this A-a difference is often called the A-a gradient and is normally small.", "Structural deformities of the chest, such as scoliosis and kyphosis, which can restrict breathing and lead to hypoxia. Muscle weakness, which may limit the ability of the diaphragm, the primary muscle for drawing new air into lungs, to function.", "Respiration is controlled by centers in the medulla, which influence the rate of breathing and the depth of each breath. This is influenced by the blood level of carbon dioxide, as determined by central and peripheral chemoreceptors located in the central nervous system and carotid and aortic bodies, respectively.", "Ventilation. If the alveolar ventilation is low, there will not be enough oxygen delivered to the alveoli for the body's use. This can cause hypoxemia even if the lungs are normal, as the cause is in the brainstem's control of ventilation or in the body's inability to breathe effectively.", "Suffocation. Decreased concentration of oxygen in inspired air caused by reduced replacement of oxygen in the breathing mix. Anaesthetics. Low partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs when switching from inhaled anesthesia to atmospheric air, due to the Fink effect, or diffusion hypoxia.", "Hyperventilation followed by prolonged breath-holding. This hyperventilation, attempted by some swimmers, reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the lungs. This reduces the urge to breathe. However, it also means that falling blood oxygen levels are not sensed, and can result in hypoxemia.", "Pathological shunts such as patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, and atrial septal defects or ventricular septal defects. These states are when blood from the right side of the heart moves straight to the left side, without first passing through the lungs. This is known as a right-to-left shunt, which is often congenital in origin.", "While there is general agreement that an arterial blood gas measurement which shows that the partial pressure of oxygen is lower than normal constitutes hypoxemia, there is less agreement concerning whether the oxygen content of blood is relevant in determining hypoxemia. This definition would include oxygen carried by hemoglobin.", "Physiological shunts, occur due to the effect of gravity. The highest concentration of blood in the pulmonary circulation occurs in the bases of the pulmonary tree compared to the highest pressure of gas in the apexes of the lungs. Alveoli may not be ventilated in shallow breathing.", "Signs and symptoms. Main article: Hypoxia (medical) § Signs and symptoms. In an acute context, hypoxemia can cause symptoms such as those in respiratory distress. These include breathlessness, an increased rate of breathing, use of the chest and abdominal muscles to breathe, and lip pursing.", "After training, the capillary volume is still the same however cardiac output is increased, resulting in a decreased capillary transit time, reducing to around 0.16s in trained individuals at maximal work rates. This does not give sufficient time for gas diffusion and results in a hypoxemia.", "As well as these respiratory causes, cardiovascular causes such as shunts may also result in hypoxemia. Hypoxemia is caused by five categories of etiologies: hypoventilation, ventilation/perfusion mismatch, right-to-left shunt, diffusion impairment, and low PO 2 .", "Physical states. A variety of conditions that physically limit airflow can lead to hypoxemia. Suffocation, including temporary interruption or cessation of breathing as in obstructive sleep apnea, or bedclothes may interfere with breathing in infants, a putative cause of SIDS.", "Definition. Hypoxemia refers to the low level of oxygen in blood, and the more general term hypoxia is an abnormally low oxygen content in any tissue or organ, or the body as a whole. Hypoxemia can cause hypoxia (hypoxemic hypoxia), but hypoxia can also occur via other mechanisms, such as anemia. Hypoxemia is usually defined in terms of reduced partial pressure of oxygen (mm Hg) in arterial blood, but also in terms of reduced content of oxygen (ml oxygen per dl blood) or percentage saturation of hemoglobin (the oxygen-binding protein within red blood cells) with oxygen, which is either found singly or in combination.", "These diseases can be acute in onset (such as obstruction by inhaling something or a pulmonary embolus) or chronic (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ). Cirrhosis can be complicated by refractory hypoxemia due to high rates of blood flow through the lung, resulting in ventilation-perfusion mismatch.", "The alveolar oxygen is transferred to hemoglobin, a carrier protein inside red blood cells, with an efficiency that decreases with the partial pressure of oxygen in the air. Altitude. The external partial pressure of oxygen decreases with altitude, for example in areas of high altitude or when flying.", "Causes. Hypoxemia refers to insufficient oxygen in the blood. Thus any cause that influences the rate or volume of air entering the lungs ( ventilation) or any cause that influences the transfer of air from the lungs to the blood may cause hypoxemia.", "A decreased respiratory drive can also be the result of metabolic alkalosis, a state of decreased carbon dioxide in the blood. Central sleep apnea. During sleep, the breathing centers of the brain can pause their activity, leading to prolonged periods of apnea with potentially serious consequences.", "There must be a corresponding increase in VCO 2 thus a necessity to clear the carbon dioxide to prevent a metabolic acidosis. Hypoxemia occurs in these individuals due to increased pulmonary blood flow causing: Reduced capillary transit time due to an increased blood flow within the pulmonary capillary.", "This is particularly seen as a cause of cerebral hypoxia and mountain sickness in climbers of Mount Everest and other peaks of extreme altitude. For example, at the peak of Mount Everest, the partial pressure of oxygen is just 43 mmHg, whereas at sea level the partial pressure is 150 mmHg.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia." ], [ "Guy Cotter, Adventure Consultants, had a good experience as he used a mix of TopOut and Summit Oxygen masks. He did experience a noisy valve and some dripping of the climber’s condensation down the front of their jacket causing zippers to get completely frozen up with the Summit Oxygen masks.", "One of the great debates on whether Mallory and Irvine summited in 1924 was around their oxygen system. Irvine was brought onto the expedition for, amongst other reasons, his expertise on these systems and modifications were made until they left for the summit.", "Once again, improvement is needed. On my descent from the summit of Everest in 2011, the tube going to my TopOut mask froze shutting off all oxygen to my mask. Of all places to occur, it was on the Hillary Step where I was exerting all my remaining strength to get down safely.", "Too much and there is waste of a precious gas, too little and a climber might die. The basic principle used by all systems is to transfer oxygen held in a metal cylinder usually carried in a backpack through a rubber tube to a mask covering the climber’s mouth and nose.", "The Hornbein Mask. In the 1960’s, more progress was made by Navy doctor and mountaineer Tom Hornbein who updated masks used by Navy pilots to be more efficient and easier to use. The appliance company, Maytag, produced a limited number of these masks for use in the 1963 America climb.", "One of the significant improvements was that the Hornbein mask had only one valve that prevented breathing back into the rubber bladder into which oxygen flowed from the tank so when the climber breathed, he took oxygen from the bladder, not directly from the tank.", "Coaching by Alan Arnette. Summit Coach is a consulting service that helps aspiring climbers throughout the world achieve their goals through a personalized set of consulting services based on Alan Arnette’s 25 years of high altitude mountaineering experience and 30 years as a business executive.", "An adjustable regulator attached to the top of the cylinder controls the oxygen flow to some type of reservoir where it is delivered as the climber inhales. A complicated valve prevents a climber’s exhale from going into the reservoir.", "The Early Designs. In the early 1900s it was unknown if a human could live at extreme altitudes including climbing Everest. Serious efforts were made to design “breathing” systems but they were heavy, bulky and sometimes didn’t work.", "Update. I successful used the complete Summit Oxygen (cylinder, regulator and mask) on my September 25, 2013 summit of Manaslu, 26,759 feet 8156 meters peak in Nepal. It was outstanding – the oxygen system I have ever used including Poisk or TopOut. It was efficient and supplied steady oxygen throughout the climb.", "The system makes a slight ‘humming’ noise, but I did not notice that much…. I give it a double-thumbs-up!!! Summit Oxygen commented on the noisy valve saying it can be addressed during servicing of the masks. They will also be offering the mask in three sizes for 2014.", "Having a choice for oxygen system on 8000m mountains is good in that it the competition encourages manufactures to improve their product. There is no doubt that supplemental oxygen is one the key contributors in the hundred who summit Everest each season.", "In the 1950’s when the Swiss and British restarted attempts on Everest, the technology had advanced based on two World Wars. In 1953, almost thirty years after the first attempts, Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay reached the summit with a much improved and lighter (22 lb/10 kg) system.", "Also, the Poisk mask continued to bring oxygen into the mask as the climber exhaled thus increasing the waste. Alan with Top Out oxygen mask on Everest in 2011. The Topout mask aimed to solve those issue by using the equivalent of a plastic pop bottle as a reservoir.", "It was used then and today in military applications but the flow was not sufficient to meet the demands above 8000m for the typical Everest climber. They needed a system that provided more of a steady flow. Greenwood focused on the more traditional system for climbers with a more traditional mask, regulator and cylinder.", "Summit Oxygen. Summit Oxygen Mask. Another UK company has been trying to break into the market for almost ten years. Neil Greenwood’s Summit Oxygen entered the market in 2003 with a true on-demand system that used tubes placed directly into a climber’s nostril, similar to a hospital environment.", "Oxygen on Everest – Reviewing the Options – Updated. Aug 192013. 2013 IMG Climbers on Lhotse with TopOut (right) and Summit Oxygen (left) masks. Climbing Everest with supplemental oxygen has become standard for 97.1% of all climbers starting with Mallory and Irvine in 1924. As with all mountaineering technologies, oxygen systems have seen many changes but in 2013, there was perhaps a game changer that enabled several teams to enjoy record summit success.", "His approach was based on frustration with the Poisk mask. Atkins said the Poisk masks leaked, provided oxygen at a steady flow regardless of the needs of the climber, was uncomfortable and often froze in the harsh extreme of 8000 meter expeditions.", "In addition, they provided regulators that could be adjusted in 1/4 liter per minute increments up to 4 liters per minute. Alan with Poisk oxygen mask on Everest in 2002. A climber could go for 6 hours with this system at 2 l/m. But this system was not perfect as I experienced on my first climb on Everest in 2002.", "To summit Everest without using any supplemental oxygen anytime on the climb is rare, it is estimated less than 100 out of the over 6500 summits have been accomplished in this pure manner. Providing supplemental oxygen at 8000 meters in high winds and extreme temperatures is not simple.", "Himalayan Experience, Himex, only used the Summit Oxygen mask and regulator as did Jagged Globe. While not attributing their perfect summit success record in 2013 to the Summit Oxygen mask and regulator, the companies give credit to the Summit Oxygen system.", "The valve in the original mask design often allowed a climber’s exhale to enter the rubber reservoir preventing new oxygen from refilling the reservoir thus sending oxygen directly to the mask where it leaked out or was unused as the climber exhaled.", "However, even if the seal has been broken, and so long as it has all been removed, it is still possible to use this regulator. And finally on the oxygen cylinder: I continue to use Poisk, some new and most of which have been refilled in India. I have never had a problem with these cylinders.", "Please click for more information on signing up, services, pricing and why select Alan as your coach. Alan Arnette is the oldest American to summit K2 in 2014 and has 6 expeditions on Everest or Lhotse with a summit of Everest in 2011. He climbs to raise money and awareness of Alzheimer's disease.", "For 2013, he moved the flow indicator and controller from the regulator attached to the oxygen cylinder located in the climber’s pack, to an in-line device within the delivery tube allowing for easier adjusting and monitoring by the climber themselves.", "The original oxygen systems designed for climbing began with a device created by George Finch in 1922. Finch and his teammate Geoffrey Bruce reached an altitude on Everest of 27,250 ft (8175 m) setting a record using their open circuit system that weighed 33 pounds (15kg).", "You may even gasp for breath as you complete different exercises. Here's how your oxygen consumption rate works: As you work out or perform certain exercises, your body needs to feed your muscles with blood and oxygen in order to keep them functioning properly. This oxygen helps you to keep going during your workouts." ], [ "By measuring the delay of the returned red photons with respect to the blue excitation, it is possible to determine the level of DO present. The optical dissolved oxygen meter comes as standard with all Aquaread Aquaprobes, as it’s one of the most commonly measured parameters during water monitoring.", "Dissolved oxygen testing equipment usually allows oxygen concentrations to be measured in both milligrams per litre (mg/)l and percentage saturation (% sat), which allows direct comparison between results from sites with different salinity and temperature values.", "Ongoing low dissolved oxygen in a water body will harm most aquatic life, because there will not be enough to sustain life. Conversely, too much oxygen in water (supersaturated) can also be dangerous. Dissolved oxygen in water comes from two main sources: the atmosphere and photosynthesis.", "Measurement Range. The parameter is capable of measuring dissolved oxygen in water in the range of 0 – 500% or 0 – 50 mg/l. Our DO meter is multifunctional because it also measures electrical conductivity of the water, which means that the sensor automatically compensates for salinity.", "The concentration of DO is an important indicator of the health of an aquatic ecosystem because oxygen is essential for almost all forms of life. Oxygen is necessary for respiration and for some chemical reactions.", "The concentration of DO is affected by numerous variables, including water temperature (colder water holds more oxygen than warmer water), salinity (freshwater holds more oxygen than saltwater) and atmospheric pressure (the amount of DO absorbed in water decreases as altitude increases).", "If oxygen molecules collide with the luminophore the red photons will be quenched or delayed. Dynamic quenching is when the collision of the excited luminophore and the oxygen causes the energy to be transferred to the oxygen, preventing the luminophore from emitting light.", "Aquaread's dissolved oxygen meter can measure in both formats. The AquaPlus Optical DO measurement system works on the principle of Dynamic Luminescence Quenching. Short bursts of blue light are emitted to increase the energy levels of a chemical known as a luminophore, causing the molecules to enter an excited state.", "Dissolved oxygen is measured at the end of the electrode by the components behind the removable cap, and electrical conductivity (EC) is measured on the side of the electrode by the four stainless steel contacts.", "Under most circumstances, breathing room air, normal readings range from 95 to 100 percent. Levels above 90 percent are not considered low, so you probably are worrying unnecessarily. Oxygen levels are best measured with an arterial blood gas test that also measures carbon dioxide and pH or, less precisely, with an oximeter, a device that clips on the end of a finger and shines a light through it.", "If you are working out strenuously, they may be higher because your body requires more oxygen to function properly. Understanding your blood oxygen levels when you are at rest is something that you need to do if you want to make the most of the oxygen that's entering your body.", "A pulse oximeter uses light to measure the oxygen saturation level, the percentage of hemoglobin in your red blood cells carrying oxygen. Normal oxygen saturation levels fall between 95 and 99 percent.", "Climbers use supplemental oxygen to give them an edge while pushing to the summit of a mountain like Everest at 8850 meters. At that altitude, the available oxygen is 33% of that at sea level. It is like running up a staircase while holding your breath 2 out 3 steps.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 28, 2020 2:27:28 AM ET. Humans breathe approximately 432 liters of oxygen per day, and that oxygen helps the tissues in the human body function properly. The body needs approximately 352.8 liters of oxygen per day when the body is at rest.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 28, 2020 2:27:28 AM ET. Humans breathe approximately 432 liters of oxygen per day, and that oxygen helps the tissues in the human body function properly. The body needs approximately 352.8 liters of oxygen per day when the body is at rest.", "Appraising the brain's energy budget. In the average adult human, the brain represents about 2% of the body weight. Remarkably, despite its relatively small size, the brain accounts for about 20% of the oxygen and, hence, calories consumed by the body ( 1 ). This high rate of metabolism is remarkably constant despite widely varying mental and motoric activity ( 2 ).", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. Medical condition. Hypoxemia. Other names. Hypoxaemia. Specialty. Pulmonology. Hypoxemia is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia." ], [ "Deep coordinated inhalation brings oxygen to the tissues, while deep PASSIVE exhalation moves wastes from the body. By consciously replacing that habit by deeper EASIER breathing, we can bring partial benefits to both the mind and body. But beware of deeper breathing that actually restricts optimal breathing .", "Both work to maintain our maximal oxygen uptake. When the lungs give the heart the oxygen it needs it does not have to over work and make it more susceptible to heart attacks. Most fitness experts recommend a minimum of 30 minutes a day three to five times a week.", "Visit a Raw foods Potluck or Gourmet Feast function to get a great sample of state of the art recipes prepared without cooking. Choose foods rich in chlorophyll such as dark green leafy foods like spinach, broccoli, kale, mustard greens, spirulina, chlorella and aqua botanicals. Juice them for optimal results.", "Breathing is the primary, easiest, cheapest most effective way of getting adequate oxygen, even while you sleep BUT the vast majority breathe at about 20% capacity. I strongly suggest you learn to breathe optimally before you spend needless dollars on expensive alternatives to healthy breathing.", "More effective when combined with better breathing and increased raw live foods. Massage increases circulation which carries more oxygen to the individual cells of the body. Massage enhances all essential body processes by opening the passageways of liquid and energy movement within the body.", "These units range from sink top to whole house size. Over 3,000 cities, including Los Angeles, use ozone water purifiers to disinfect their water supplies. Ozone intravenously is one of the best ways to boost the human body with oxygen but sadly it is mostly illegal or unused in the USA.", "Ozone (O3) is oxygen with a third oxygen atom. This third atom is unstable, and ozone will readily give up that extra atom which attaches itself to airborne pollutants and pathogenic organisms. This oxidizes and destroys them.", "Lymph massages cause highly dense tissue (lymph must be moved) to circulate more oxygen. Exercise. Enough said. Ozone air-purifying machines are extremely effective in destroying and eliminating airborne pollutants, fumes, cigarette smoke, chemicals, odors, fungi, mold, bacteria, and viruses from the air.", "Oxygen: Increasing Your Body's Oxygen Easily And Naturally. by michael white 0 comment (s) Respiratory Chemistry. What increases our body's oxygen? Without proper breathing coordination, built up tensions cause our breathing to become erratic and shallow.", "Deep breathing in a slow and EASY relaxed way oxygenates and relaxes the body. Deep coordinated inhalation brings oxygen to the tissues, while deep PASSIVE exhalation moves wastes from the body. By consciously replacing that habit by deeper EASIER breathing, we can bring partial benefits to both the mind and body.", "Those using these machines report the elimination of allergies, nasal congestion, headaches, sinusitis, and brain fog. I recommend against having them running when a human is in the area. Ozone water-purification units are units that not only purify the water but increase the oxygen level of the water itself.", "An oxygen-depleting diet would consist of one high cooked foods, red meat, sugar, saturated fats, white bread, processed and frozen foods, and carbonated beverages. Switching to an oxygen-rich diet often brings immediate energy and a more vibrant face, skin and positive attitude.", "Ozone purifiers are commonly used in hotels, bars, restaurants, and fitness clubs – anywhere odors and fumes are a problem. Portable ozone purifiers are relatively inexpensive and clean as much as 1500 square feet. Since ozone is heavier than air, place your purifying machine on a high surface.", "by Michael Grant White. Stress Management in the Workplace QUICKLY OCCURRING - LASTING BENEFITS... 0 comment (s) 22 feb. Offsetting Panic Attacks (Severe Anxiety) That May Cause Heart Attacks. by Michael Grant White. Scared to Death Panic Attacks (Severe Anxiety) May Cause Heart...", "Stabilized oxygen electrolytes are sold as a liquid to be added to water by drops. The oxygen contained within the solution is released when it comes in contact with stomach acid and is then absorbed, acting as an antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal substance.", "Allergies to some nuts aside, the best diet to increase oxygen naturally is a raw food diet with a high concentration of fruits, green vegetables and sprouted seeds and nuts. This is partly because live fruits, green vegetables and sprouted/soaked seeds and nuts are composed of water, which is hydrogen and oxygen and mostly oxygen by weight.", "How to Increase Oxygen Levels Naturally | Breathing.com. ​. close. + Shop. + Ewot. Oxygen Machines. Turbo Oxygen System. Mega Flow Mask. Oxygen Reservoir Bags.", "You may even gasp for breath as you complete different exercises. Here's how your oxygen consumption rate works: As you work out or perform certain exercises, your body needs to feed your muscles with blood and oxygen in order to keep them functioning properly. This oxygen helps you to keep going during your workouts.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body." ], [ "Blood Oxygen Saturation. When you take a breath, oxygen enters your lungs and attaches to a carrier protein called hemoglobin inside your red blood cells. Those same red blood cells release carbon dioxide into your lungs, which leaves your body when you exhale. Newly oxygenated red blood cells carry oxygen to your body.", "Arterial Blood Oxygen. While a pulse oximeter is the most common device used to determine your blood oxygen level, it is sometimes necessary to analyze blood taken directly from an artery to assess your oxygen level. This measurement is called an arterial blood oxygen.", "Normal Range of Blood Oxygen Level. Image Credit: seedviva/iStock/Getty Images. Blood oxygen level is an important medical tool used to determine how effectively you are taking oxygen into your body. If you're in good health, normal blood oxygen levels almost always fall within a very predictable range. Values outside of the expected levels can occur with a variety of medical conditions, most often involving the lungs or heart.", "Medical professionals use two primary measurements for determining your blood oxygen level: oxygen saturation and arterial oxygen. The normal values differ for these measurements.", "Examples of lung-related causes include severe pneumonia, a severe asthma attack, a collapsed lung, a blood clot in the lungs, multiple rib fractures and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A low oxygen level can also occur due to congestive heart failure, with which fluid accumulates in the lungs.", "Normal Range of Blood Oxygen Level. Angus Kerkhoff lives in Massachusetts and is a veteran EMS professional. An award-winning writer and paramedic, he holds multiple certifications and has over 10 years of experience in the field of pre-hospital emergency medicine.", "A normal arterial blood oxygen level typically falls between 75 and 100 mmHg. Your blood carbon dioxide level and pH -- a measure of acidity or alkalinity -- are usually measured along with the arterial blood oxygen level.", "Pulse oximetry offers an easy, noninvasive way of determining the oxygen saturation level. However, there are limitations with this measurement that could lead to erroneous results. Black, brown or blue fingernail polish, for example, can cause falsely decreased oxygen saturation levels. Fluorescent lighting, movement and certain abnormalities of the hemoglobin molecules, such as sickle cell disease, can also interfere with the test results.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia.", "Under most circumstances, breathing room air, normal readings range from 95 to 100 percent. Levels above 90 percent are not considered low, so you probably are worrying unnecessarily. Oxygen levels are best measured with an arterial blood gas test that also measures carbon dioxide and pH or, less precisely, with an oximeter, a device that clips on the end of a finger and shines a light through it.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "saturation. the state of being saturated, or the act of saturating. oxygen saturation the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the blood, expressed as a percentage of the maximal binding capacity. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.", "Normal arterial oxygen is approximately 75 to 100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Values under 60 mm Hg usually indicate the need for supplemental oxygen. Normal pulse oximeter readings usually range from 95 to 100 percent. Values under 90 percent are considered low. Causes.", "Normal arterial oxygen is approximately 75 to 100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Values under 60 mm Hg usually indicate the need for supplemental oxygen. Normal pulse oximeter readings usually range from 95 to 100 percent. Values under 90 percent are considered low. Causes.", "Allow fresh air to permeate all the rooms of your office, home and car. Open the windows in your bedroom before you go to sleep. Eat foods high in Vitamin F (essential fatty acids). This vitamin increases the oxygen holding capacity of the hemoglobin (the chemical that holds oxygen) in your red blood cells.", "If you are working out strenuously, they may be higher because your body requires more oxygen to function properly. Understanding your blood oxygen levels when you are at rest is something that you need to do if you want to make the most of the oxygen that's entering your body.", "Climbers use supplemental oxygen to give them an edge while pushing to the summit of a mountain like Everest at 8850 meters. At that altitude, the available oxygen is 33% of that at sea level. It is like running up a staircase while holding your breath 2 out 3 steps.", "Measuring dissolved oxygen in water. DO is measured using a dissolved oxygen meter (or DO meter). The best method is to take the measurement in the field at the same time each day, because DO concentrations can vary throughout a 24 hour period." ], [ "Smoking is a big culprit when it comes to healthy blood oxygen levels. Smoking alone can bring them down and not permit your body to get the oxygen it needs. Your geographic elevation can also play a role.", "Experts are also starting to find that obesity can have a dramatic impact on them as well. Therefore, you may be able to help regulate your levels better by eating better and getting more exercise in order to get your resting blood oxygen level back to a healthy percentage.", "Fitday Editor. Fitness. Cardio. Keeping you blood oxygen at a healthy level is something that you need to be concerned about if you exercise regularly. Every breath that you take in affects these levels. When your levels are right, your body is able to deliver oxygen to your muscles and help them to function properly.", "Normal Blood Oxygen Levels. Normal blood oxygen levels for the average American is about 90 to 100 percent oxygen saturation. This means that your body is getting enough oxygen if your levels fall somewhere in this range.", "But the only way you'll know whether or not your low levels are the result of something outside of your control is to see a doctor. Low Blood Oxygen Levels. If you work out regularly with no problems, there's a good chance that your blood oxygen levels are good enough both during exercise and at rest. But if you notice that you often struggle with mustering up the energy it takes to do simple tasks at home--like take out the trash or even just get up off the couch--your blood oxygen levels are probably at risk.", "By understanding your blood oxygen levels at rest, you can help your body to recover from exercise and help keep it in an overall healthy state. If you neglect signs that you may be suffering from low blood oxygen, you could ultimately pay the price later. 1. /.", "Your body is getting the oxygen it needs to perform basic functions and your internal organs are likely performing at their best when you keep your blood oxygen levels this high. If they are not this high normally, it could be because you're suffering from an ailment that's preventing your body from getting enough oxygen. In these cases, you need to take a look at what could be hurting your blood oxygen levels.", "When they are low, your blood does not contain as much oxygen. This may result in dizziness, fatigue and a lack of overall energy. However, there are actually a number of different factors that can affect your blood oxygen levels. For instance, if you are at a high elevation, your blood oxygen levels may be very low.", "You may even gasp for breath as you complete different exercises. Here's how your oxygen consumption rate works: As you work out or perform certain exercises, your body needs to feed your muscles with blood and oxygen in order to keep them functioning properly. This oxygen helps you to keep going during your workouts.", "Allow fresh air to permeate all the rooms of your office, home and car. Open the windows in your bedroom before you go to sleep. Eat foods high in Vitamin F (essential fatty acids). This vitamin increases the oxygen holding capacity of the hemoglobin (the chemical that holds oxygen) in your red blood cells.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 28, 2020 2:27:28 AM ET. Humans breathe approximately 432 liters of oxygen per day, and that oxygen helps the tissues in the human body function properly. The body needs approximately 352.8 liters of oxygen per day when the body is at rest.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 28, 2020 2:27:28 AM ET. Humans breathe approximately 432 liters of oxygen per day, and that oxygen helps the tissues in the human body function properly. The body needs approximately 352.8 liters of oxygen per day when the body is at rest.", "Under most circumstances, breathing room air, normal readings range from 95 to 100 percent. Levels above 90 percent are not considered low, so you probably are worrying unnecessarily. Oxygen levels are best measured with an arterial blood gas test that also measures carbon dioxide and pH or, less precisely, with an oximeter, a device that clips on the end of a finger and shines a light through it.", "Climbers use supplemental oxygen to give them an edge while pushing to the summit of a mountain like Everest at 8850 meters. At that altitude, the available oxygen is 33% of that at sea level. It is like running up a staircase while holding your breath 2 out 3 steps.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "A pulse oximeter uses light to measure the oxygen saturation level, the percentage of hemoglobin in your red blood cells carrying oxygen. Normal oxygen saturation levels fall between 95 and 99 percent.", "But beware of deeper breathing that actually restricts optimal breathing . Aerobic exercise is any exercise that increases the level of oxygen in the body. This exercise, whether it be breathing more, walking, jogging, cycling, dancing, kundalini breath of fire or swimming, conditions the heart and lungs to work more efficiently.", "Measuring dissolved oxygen in water. DO is measured using a dissolved oxygen meter (or DO meter). The best method is to take the measurement in the field at the same time each day, because DO concentrations can vary throughout a 24 hour period.", "Measuring dissolved oxygen in water. DO is measured using a dissolved oxygen meter (or DO meter). The best method is to take the measurement in the field at the same time each day, because DO concentrations can vary throughout a 24 hour period." ], [ "The device uses light-emitting diodes of different colours in conjunction with a light-sensitive sensor to measure the absorption of red and infrared light in the extremity. The difference in absorption between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin makes the calculation possible.", "Oxygenation occurs when oxygen molecules ( O. 2) enter the tissues of the body. For example, blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygenation is commonly used to refer to medical oxygen saturation.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Oxygenation (medical)) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin in the blood. For oxygen saturation in general, see Oxygen saturation. Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)", "Medical significance. Healthy individuals at sea level usually exhibit oxygen saturation values between 96% and 99%, and should be above 94%. At 1,600 meters' altitude (about one mile high) oxygen saturation should be above 92%. An SaO 2 (arterial oxygen saturation) value below 90% causes hypoxia (which can also be caused by anemia ).", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia.", "2) enter the tissues of the body. For example, blood is oxygenated in the lungs, where oxygen molecules travel from the air and into the blood. Oxygenation is commonly used to refer to medical oxygen saturation. Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)", "Definition. In medicine, oxygen saturation, commonly referred to as \"sats\", measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. At low partial pressures of oxygen, most hemoglobin is deoxygenated. At around 90% (the value varies according to the clinical context) oxygen saturation increases according to an oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and approaches 100% at partial oxygen pressures of >11 kPa.", "Definition. Hemoglobin saturation curve. In medicine, oxygen saturation, commonly referred to as \"sats\", measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. At low partial pressures of oxygen, most hemoglobin is deoxygenated. At around 90% (the value varies according to the clinical context) oxygen saturation increases according to an oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and approaches 100% at partial oxygen pressures of >11 kPa.", "Definition. In medicine, oxygen saturation, commonly referred to as \"sats\", measures the percentage of hemoglobin binding sites in the bloodstream occupied by oxygen. At low partial pressures of oxygen, most hemoglobin is deoxygenated.", "SpO 2 = HbO 2 HbO 2 + Hb {\\displaystyle {\\ce {SpO_2}}= {\\frac { {\\ce {HbO2}}} { {\\ce { {HbO2}+Hb}}}}}. where HbO 2 is oxygenated hemoglobin ( oxyhemoglobin) and Hb is deoxygenated hemoglobin.", "A lower value indicates that the body is in lack of oxygen, and ischemic diseases occur. This measurement is often used under treatment with a heart lung machine ( extracorporeal circulation ), and can give the perfusionist an idea of how much flow the patient needs to stay healthy.", "Although the measurements are still widely discussed, they give an idea of tissue oxygenation in various conditions. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO 2) is an estimation of the oxygen saturation level usually measured with a pulse oximeter device. It can be calculated with pulse oximetry according to the formula.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Oxygenation (medicine)) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin in the blood. For oxygen saturation in general, see Oxygen saturation. Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Oxygen saturation in medicine) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin in the blood. For oxygen saturation in general, see Oxygen saturation. Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)", "Arterial blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed. Continued low oxygen levels may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest. Oxygen therapy may be used to assist in raising blood oxygen levels. Oxygenation occurs when oxygen molecules ( O.", "The needs of the body's blood oxygen may fluctuate such as during exercise when more oxygen is required or when living at higher altitudes. A blood cell is said to be \"saturated\" when carrying a normal amount of oxygen. Both too high and too low levels can have adverse effects on the body.", "This measurement is often used under treatment with a heart lung machine ( extracorporeal circulation ), and can give the perfusionist an idea of how much flow the patient needs to stay healthy. Tissue oxygen saturation (StO 2) can be measured by near infrared spectroscopy.", "COVID-19. In the coronavirus disease COVID-19, arterial oxygen saturation can become very low without causing symptoms; some patients have presented with \" silent hypoxia \", blood oxygen levels that experts have described as \"incompatible with life\", although lung scans did not show abnormalities.", "Oxygen is more readily released to the tissues (i.e., hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen) when pH is decreased, body temperature is increased, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2) is increased, and 2,3-DPG levels (a byproduct of glucose metabolism also found in stored blood products) are increased.", "When the hemoglobin has greater affinity for oxygen, less is available to the tissues. Conditions such as increased pH, decreased temperature, decreased PaCO 2, and decreased 2,3-DPG will increase oxygen binding to the hemoglobin and limit its release to the tissue.", "At around 90% (the value varies according to the clinical context) oxygen saturation increases according to an oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve and approaches 100% at partial oxygen pressures of >11 kPa. A pulse oximeter relies on the light absorption characteristics of saturated hemoglobin to give an indication of oxygen saturation.", "Venous oxygen saturation (SvO 2) is the percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin returning to the right side of the heart. It can be measured to see if oxygen delivery meets the tissues' demands. SvO 2 typically varies between 60% and 80%.", "Arterial blood oxygen levels below 80 percent may compromise organ function, such as the brain and heart, and should be promptly addressed. Continued low oxygen levels may lead to respiratory or cardiac arrest. Oxygen therapy may be used to assist in raising blood oxygen levels.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Blood oxygen level) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin in the blood. For oxygen saturation in general, see Oxygen saturation. Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)", "Venous oxygen saturation (SvO 2) is the percentage of oxygenated hemoglobin returning to the right side of the heart. It can be measured to see if oxygen delivery meets the tissues' demands. SvO 2 typically varies between 60% and 80%. A lower value indicates that the body is in lack of oxygen, and ischemic diseases occur.", "Hypoxia due to low SaO 2 is indicated by cyanosis, but oxygen saturation does not directly reflect tissue oxygenation. The affinity of hemoglobin to oxygen may impair or enhance oxygen release at the tissue level.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin in the blood. For oxygen saturation in general, see Oxygen saturation. Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)", "Pulse oximetry. Main article: Pulse oximetry. Example pulse oximeter. Pulse oximetry is a method used to estimate the percentage of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in the blood. This approximation to SaO 2 is designated SpO 2 (peripheral oxygen saturation).", "Measurement. An SaO 2 (arterial oxygen saturation, as determined by an arterial blood gas test) value below 90% indicates hypoxemia (which can also be caused by anemia ). Hypoxemia due to low SaO 2 is indicated by cyanosis. Oxygen saturation can be measured in different tissues:", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from SpO2) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin in the blood. For oxygen saturation in general, see Oxygen saturation. Blood circulation: Red = oxygenated (arteries), Blue = deoxygenated (veins)", "A pulse oximeter uses light to measure the oxygen saturation level, the percentage of hemoglobin in your red blood cells carrying oxygen. Normal oxygen saturation levels fall between 95 and 99 percent." ], [ "Humans need oxygen to provide nutrients to all of the cells in their bodies. If tissues and cells go without oxygen, then they begin to die quickly. For example, brain cells can only go without oxygen for three minutes before they begin to die.", "One side reaction that occurs during the synthesis of ATP provides the body with excess hydrogen ions. These ions go to the mitochrondria in the cell and utilize oxygen from the air humans breathe to form electron transport chains that power the synthesis of ATP.", "Cells must synthesize the ATP that they need in order to function properly, and they do so through a variety of biochemical pathways inside the cell. Each cell in the human body has the ability to create ATP during aerobic periods and during anaerobic periods of time.", "After three minutes of no oxygen, permanent brain damage begins to spread throughout the brain's tissues. The body also needs energy in order to function properly. The human body uses the compound ATP for chemical energy for all of its cells and tissues.", "If you are working out strenuously, they may be higher because your body requires more oxygen to function properly. Understanding your blood oxygen levels when you are at rest is something that you need to do if you want to make the most of the oxygen that's entering your body.", "You may even gasp for breath as you complete different exercises. Here's how your oxygen consumption rate works: As you work out or perform certain exercises, your body needs to feed your muscles with blood and oxygen in order to keep them functioning properly. This oxygen helps you to keep going during your workouts.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia.", "Oxygen saturation is the fraction of oxygen -saturated hemoglobin relative to total hemoglobin (unsaturated + saturated) in the blood. The human body requires and regulates a very precise and specific balance of oxygen in the blood. Normal arterial blood oxygen saturation levels in humans are 95–100 percent. If the level is below 90 percent, it is considered low and called hypoxemia.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "Physiology. The body maintains a stable level of oxygen saturation for the most part by chemical processes of aerobic metabolism associated with breathing. Using the respiratory system, red blood cells, specifically the hemoglobin, gather oxygen in the lungs and distribute it to the rest of the body.", "Appraising the brain's energy budget. In the average adult human, the brain represents about 2% of the body weight. Remarkably, despite its relatively small size, the brain accounts for about 20% of the oxygen and, hence, calories consumed by the body ( 1 ). This high rate of metabolism is remarkably constant despite widely varying mental and motoric activity ( 2 ).", "Normal arterial oxygen is approximately 75 to 100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Values under 60 mm Hg usually indicate the need for supplemental oxygen. Normal pulse oximeter readings usually range from 95 to 100 percent. Values under 90 percent are considered low. Causes.", "Normal arterial oxygen is approximately 75 to 100 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Values under 60 mm Hg usually indicate the need for supplemental oxygen. Normal pulse oximeter readings usually range from 95 to 100 percent. Values under 90 percent are considered low. Causes.", "Effects of altitude and lower oxygen levels. On arrival at altitude, there are a number of physiological changes that occur, which enable the body to function optimally in the low oxygen environment. The process by which individuals gradually adjust is known as acclimatisation.", "But beware of deeper breathing that actually restricts optimal breathing . Aerobic exercise is any exercise that increases the level of oxygen in the body. This exercise, whether it be breathing more, walking, jogging, cycling, dancing, kundalini breath of fire or swimming, conditions the heart and lungs to work more efficiently.", "Measuring dissolved oxygen in water. DO is measured using a dissolved oxygen meter (or DO meter). The best method is to take the measurement in the field at the same time each day, because DO concentrations can vary throughout a 24 hour period.", "Measuring dissolved oxygen in water. DO is measured using a dissolved oxygen meter (or DO meter). The best method is to take the measurement in the field at the same time each day, because DO concentrations can vary throughout a 24 hour period.", "Climbers use supplemental oxygen to give them an edge while pushing to the summit of a mountain like Everest at 8850 meters. At that altitude, the available oxygen is 33% of that at sea level. It is like running up a staircase while holding your breath 2 out 3 steps.", "Under most circumstances, breathing room air, normal readings range from 95 to 100 percent. Levels above 90 percent are not considered low, so you probably are worrying unnecessarily. Oxygen levels are best measured with an arterial blood gas test that also measures carbon dioxide and pH or, less precisely, with an oximeter, a device that clips on the end of a finger and shines a light through it.", "Abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. Medical condition. Hypoxemia. Other names. Hypoxaemia. Specialty. Pulmonology. Hypoxemia is an abnormally low level of oxygen in the blood. More specifically, it is oxygen deficiency in arterial blood." ] ]
[ "how to implement workflow in java", "who is the database owner sql", "can javascript create cookies", "what is sql express management tools", "what is java.lang.exception", "what is the name of edit mean", "function examples sql server", "visual studio how to format code", "what is java hibernate used for", "what is queue in java" ]
[ "Resolution. A Workflow Precess Step implementation in Java is a Class which implements the Interface JavaProcessExt (or JavaProcess if no external attributes are used). This Class must be a OSGI Service and implement the method execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session, String [] args). In this method the provided objects item ( WorkItem) and session ( WorkflowSession) can be used to implement the business logic of the process step.", "That login is, you guessed it, the database owner: So while securables created by the database owner actually are owned by dbo, this is still the user that created them. Also, most objects are probably not created by the database owner itself, so this still does not explain why most securables end up with dbo as owner.", "Create a Cookie with JavaScript. JavaScript can create, read, and delete cookies with the document.cookie property. With JavaScript, a cookie can be created like this: document.cookie = \"username=John Doe\"; You can also add an expiry date (in UTC time). By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed:", "By. Jessica Sirkin. Adam Hughes, Site Editor. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is an integrated environment to manage a SQL Server infrastructure. It provides a user interface and a group of tools with rich script editors that interact with SQL Server.", "It's only the Storyline courses that do this, so we're thinking it has to be something with the software. The only way to resolve the error is to clear the LMS of any status the student has for the course, so that it appears the student has never accessed the course at all. We are all running version 3:1305.2012.", "The name Edit is of Hungarian origin. The meaning of Edit is \"fortune and strife\". Edit is generally used as a girl's name. It consists of 4 letters and 2 syllables and is pronounced E-dit.", "Perform calculations based on input values provided as parameters to the functions, and return numeric values. Return information about the database and database objects. Return information about users and roles. Perform operations on a string (char or varchar) input value and return a string or numeric value.", "Provided by Dave Juth, Senior Systems Architect. The Visual Studio 2005 HTML editor has a feature that lets you automatically format HTML code with your preferences. From the Visual Studio Edit menu, select \"Advanced\", and then choose \"Format Document\" or \"Format Selection\" (or use the shortcuts \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+D\" or \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+F\" respectively):", "What is Hibernate: Hibernate is the ORM tool given to transfer the data between a java (object) application and a database (Relational) in the form of the objects. Hibernate is the open source light weight tool given by Gavin King.", "Check if Queue Contains Element. Iterate All Elements in Queue. More Details in the JavaDoc. \nJakob Jenkov. Last update: 2020-04-20. The Java Queue interface, java.util.Queue represents a data structure designed to have elements inserted at the end of the queue, and elements removed from the beginning of the queue." ]
[ [ "Please note that the user for all steps is admin, so this has to be adapted with the corresponding users or groups the translations should executed for the corresponding language... package com.day.cq.examples.wf; import com.day.cq.workflow.WorkflowException; import com.day.cq.workflow.WorkflowSession;", "Example Implementation of a Workflow Process Step. Applies to: CQ. Last Published: January 18, 2018. 某些 Creative Cloud 应用程序、服务和功能在中国不可用。.", "log.info (item.getId () + \" advanced from \" + fromTitle + \" to \" + toTitle); }. } catch (WorkflowException e) {. log.error (\"Could not advance workflow.\", e); }. }. public void execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session, String args []) throws Exception {. log.info (\"Process Arguments\" + Arrays.toString (args));", "Examples. Note: The following examples are just very simple examples not to be used in production as they are. You have to include the example Class into one of your bundles and mark the package com.day.cq.examples.wf external to make the service available in the system...", "As soon as this Service is available in the system (for example when you include it in a bundle and install it) you can select it in the Workflow GUI (workflow model - process step - Implementation)...", "Translation Workflow Process Step Example: With this it's possible to define parallel XOR steps for the translation job for every language. Every step can belong to another user or group. As Process Arguments you can set the default language (for example de) and the language hierarchy level (default is 3)", "Note: As the Workfow GUI is not able to display more than two XOR (or AND) steps you have to manage workflows with more parallel XOR steps (so more than two languages) directly in CRX, please see How to add more than two \"AND\" Steps to a Workflow.", "import com.day.cq.workflow.exec.Route; import com.day.cq.workflow.exec.WorkItem; import com.day.cq.workflow.exec.JavaProcessExt; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; import java.util.List; /**. * <code>TranslationProcessStep</code> checks the language label the current page is related to.", "public void execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session) throws Exception {. try {. log.info (\"executing: \" + session.toString ()); boolean advanced = false; List<Route> routes = session.getRoutes (item); for (Route route : routes) {.", "Simple Workflow Process Step Example: The following Workflow Process Step just checks the available routes to the next step (s) and process the route marked as defaut or the first rout if no route was marked as default and writes some logging. package com.day.cq.examples.wf; import com.day.cq.workflow.WorkflowException;", "import java.util.List; import java.util.Arrays; /**. * <code>WorkflowProcessStep</code> simply shows how to advance to the next step. *. * @scr.component metatype=\"false\". * @scr.service. */. public class WorkflowProcessStep implements JavaProcessExt {.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "Python. ? Last updated in June 2020. Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries. Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.", "Perform calculations based on input values provided as parameters to the functions, and return numeric values. Return information about the database and database objects. Return information about users and roles. Perform operations on a string (char or varchar) input value and return a string or numeric value.", "What is Javadoc? Javadoc is a tool which comes with JDK and it is used for generating Java code documentation in HTML format from Java source code, which requires documentation in a predefined format. Following is a simple example where the lines inside /*….*/ are Java multi-line comments.", "Sarah Lewis, Technical Writer. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), also known as Java Runtime, is the part of the Java Development Kit ( JDK) that contains and orchestrates the set of tools and minimum requirements for executing a Java application.", "The advantages of Java are as follows: Java is simple, easy to design , easy to write, and therefore easy to compile, debug, and learn than any other programming languages. Java is object-oriented, that is used to build modular programs and reusable code in other application. Java is platform-independent and flexible in nature.", "By. Jessica Sirkin. Adam Hughes, Site Editor. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is an integrated environment to manage a SQL Server infrastructure. It provides a user interface and a group of tools with rich script editors that interact with SQL Server." ], [ "Creating a Schema with Default Owner. Before we can dive right into creating schemata, we first need a few principals. For that, we can use the following SQL batch: [sql] CREATE LOGIN TestLogin1 WITH PASSWORD='********',CHECK_POLICY=OFF; CREATE USER TestUser1 FROM LOGIN TestLogin1; CREATE LOGIN TestLogin2 WITH PASSWORD='********',CHECK_POLICY=OFF;", "Categories: General, Security. Tags: database principals, dbo, owner, Permission, security, security management, server principals, SQL Server, sysadmin. « The Unexpected Security Implications for Role Owners. Finding table pages with DBCC IND (A Storage Wednesday Post) ».", "The Default Owner for Server Scope Securables. There is no dbo concept for server scope securables. They are always owned by the login that created them, no matter of any server roles that the login might be a member of. That behavior can lead to problems if the owner is a windows login, particularly if the newly created securable is a database.", "GO. EXECUTE AS LOGIN='TestLogin1'; GO. CREATE SCHEMA TestSchema1; GO. REVERT. [/sql] The GRANT statement grants the required permissions to create a schema in the database. The EXECUTE AS than switches the security context to TestLogin1 before creating the schema TestSchema1 .", "Let us go one step further and look at members of the sysadmin fixed server role: And here we have a good explanation. Most members of the sysadmin fixed server role do not have an associated user in each database. However, the owner of a securable with database scope has to be a user, so it makes sense for SQL Server to default the owner to dbo, a user that always exists, when such a securable is created by a sysadmin.", "CREATE USER TestUser2 FROM LOGIN TestLogin2; CREATE LOGIN TestLogin3 WITH PASSWORD='********',CHECK_POLICY=OFF; CREATE USER TestUser3 FROM LOGIN TestLogin3; CREATE LOGIN TestLogin4 WITH PASSWORD='********',CHECK_POLICY=OFF; CREATE LOGIN TestLogin5 WITH PASSWORD='********',CHECK_POLICY=OFF; [/sql] There are five logins and three users created. You will see later why two of the logins did not get a user associated with them.", "Who is the Default Owner of your Database and Server Objects? 2014-03-04 - General, Security.", "Well, almost every securable: Logins and users cannot have a user specified, but you could consider them as being owned by themselves. Today I would like to look at, what happens if you do not explicitly specify an owner during or after the creation of a securable.", "The next step then is to check which principal ended up being the owner of that newly created schema. We can use this query for that: [sql] SELECT S.name,USER_NAME (S.principal_id) AS owner_name. FROM sys.schemas AS S WHERE name = 'TestSchema1';", "Summary. In most circumstances, the owner of a newly created securable is the principal executing the create statement (or their associated user in the database). However, if a member of the sysadmin fixed server role creates a database scope securable like a schema, the owner is set to dbo . Related.", "Not totally unexpected, the executing principal ended up being the owner of the new schema: To be exact, the owner is not TestLogin1 but the associated user in the database, TestUser1 . It makes sense for the creator to also be the owner of a securable. However, when you look at a real life system, most database securables are owned by dbo.", "No luck there, the creator is still the owner. dbo stands for \"database owner\", so maybe adding the creator to the db_owner role will change the behavior? Again, no luck. But the actual database owner should work. It did, or did it? dbo is actually a standard user in the database and it has an associated login.", "Create a Cookie with JavaScript. JavaScript can create, read, and delete cookies with the document.cookie property. With JavaScript, a cookie can be created like this: document.cookie = \"username=John Doe\"; You can also add an expiry date (in UTC time). By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed:", "Perform calculations based on input values provided as parameters to the functions, and return numeric values. Return information about the database and database objects. Return information about users and roles. Perform operations on a string (char or varchar) input value and return a string or numeric value.", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "What is Hibernate: Hibernate is the ORM tool given to transfer the data between a java (object) application and a database (Relational) in the form of the objects. Hibernate is the open source light weight tool given by Gavin King.", "It's only the Storyline courses that do this, so we're thinking it has to be something with the software. The only way to resolve the error is to clear the LMS of any status the student has for the course, so that it appears the student has never accessed the course at all. We are all running version 3:1305.2012.", "When capitalized, the term generally refers to either of two database management products from Sybase and Microsoft. Both companies offer client-server DBMS products called SQL Server.", "Java Stack Basics. A Stack is a data structure where you add elements to the \"top\" of the stack, and also remove elements from the top again. This is also referred to as the \"Last In First Out (LIFO)\" principle. In contrast, a Java Queue uses a \"First In First Out (FIFO)\" principle, where elements are added to the end of the queue, and removed from the beginning of the queue.", "By. Jessica Sirkin. Adam Hughes, Site Editor. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is an integrated environment to manage a SQL Server infrastructure. It provides a user interface and a group of tools with rich script editors that interact with SQL Server." ], [ "JavaScript Cookie Example. In the example to follow, we will create a cookie that stores the name of a visitor. The first time a visitor arrives to the web page, he/she will be asked to fill in his/her name. The name is then stored in a cookie.", "Change a Cookie with JavaScript. With JavaScript, you can change a cookie the same way as you create it: document.cookie = \"username=John Smith; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2013 12:00:00 UTC; path=/\"; The old cookie is overwritten.", "What are Cookies? Cookies are data, stored in small text files, on your computer. When a web server has sent a web page to a browser, the connection is shut down, and the server forgets everything about the user. Cookies were invented to solve the problem \"how to remember information about the user\":", "cookie1 = value; cookie2 = value; Display All Cookies. Create Cookie 1. Create Cookie 2. Delete Cookie 1. Delete Cookie 2. If you want to find the value of one specified cookie, you must write a JavaScript function that searches for the cookie value in the cookie string.", "Delete a Cookie with JavaScript. Deleting a cookie is very simple. You don't have to specify a cookie value when you delete a cookie. Just set the expires parameter to a passed date: document.cookie = \"username=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;\"; You should define the cookie path to ensure that you delete the right cookie.", "Example explained: The parameters of the function above are the name of the cookie (cname), the value of the cookie (cvalue), and the number of days until the cookie should expire (exdays). The function sets a cookie by adding together the cookiename, the cookie value, and the expires string.", "A Function to Check a Cookie. Last, we create the function that checks if a cookie is set. If the cookie is set it will display a greeting. If the cookie is not set, it will display a prompt box, asking for the name of the user, and stores the username cookie for 365 days, by calling the setCookie function:", "When a user visits a web page, his/her name can be stored in a cookie. Next time the user visits the page, the cookie \"remembers\" his/her name. Cookies are saved in name-value pairs like: username = John Doe. When a browser requests a web page from a server, cookies belonging to the page are added to the request.", "Read a Cookie with JavaScript. With JavaScript, cookies can be read like this: var x = document.cookie; document.cookie will return all cookies in one string much like: cookie1=value; cookie2=value; cookie3=value;", "Function explained: Take the cookiename as parameter (cname). Create a variable (name) with the text to search for (cname + \"=\"). Decode the cookie string, to handle cookies with special characters, e.g. '$'. Split document.cookie on semicolons into an array called ca (ca = decodedCookie.split (';')).", "The Cookie String. The document.cookie property looks like a normal text string. But it is not. Even if you write a whole cookie string to document.cookie, when you read it out again, you can only see the name-value pair of it. If you set a new cookie, older cookies are not overwritten.", "document.cookie = \"username=John Doe; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2013 12:00:00 UTC\"; With a path parameter, you can tell the browser what path the cookie belongs to. By default, the cookie belongs to the current page. document.cookie = \"username=John Doe; expires=Thu, 18 Dec 2013 12:00:00 UTC; path=/\";", "That login is, you guessed it, the database owner: So while securables created by the database owner actually are owned by dbo, this is still the user that created them. Also, most objects are probably not created by the database owner itself, so this still does not explain why most securables end up with dbo as owner.", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "What is Javadoc? Javadoc is a tool which comes with JDK and it is used for generating Java code documentation in HTML format from Java source code, which requires documentation in a predefined format. Following is a simple example where the lines inside /*….*/ are Java multi-line comments.", "Java Stack Basics. A Stack is a data structure where you add elements to the \"top\" of the stack, and also remove elements from the top again. This is also referred to as the \"Last In First Out (LIFO)\" principle. In contrast, a Java Queue uses a \"First In First Out (FIFO)\" principle, where elements are added to the end of the queue, and removed from the beginning of the queue.", "Python. ? Last updated in June 2020. Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries. Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.", "Provided by Dave Juth, Senior Systems Architect. The Visual Studio 2005 HTML editor has a feature that lets you automatically format HTML code with your preferences. From the Visual Studio Edit menu, select \"Advanced\", and then choose \"Format Document\" or \"Format Selection\" (or use the shortcuts \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+D\" or \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+F\" respectively):" ], [ "SSMS combined features come from Enterprise Manager, Query Analyzer and Analysis Manager, along with features included in previous releases of SQL Server. It supports most of SQL Server's administrative tasks and maintains a single, integrated environment for SQL Server Database Engine management and authoring.", "SSMS components customize keyboard shortcuts and viewing property pages; connect to instances of the Database Engine and Analysis Services; visual design tools; and interactively build and debug queries and scripts.", "SSMS components. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio features include Object Explorer, which can view and manage all objects in a SQL Server instance; Template Explorer, which builds and manages files of text that can be reused to speed up query and script development; Solution Explorer, which builds the projects used to manage administration items, such as queries and scripts.", "SSMS tools. SSMS provides tools to configure, manage and administer instances of Microsoft SQL Server, and it brings together a range of graphical and visual design tools and rich script editors to simplify working with SQL Server.", "Windows Server 2012. Windows Server 2008 R2. As of November 2016, while SSMS runs only on Windows, it can also be used to remotely connect to Linux SQL Server instances. After connecting, a user must run a Transact-SQL query to verify communication with the database. This was last updated in February 2017.", "It is also possible to administer Azure SQL Databases and servers using SSMS. On Azure, SSMS can create and manage logins and monitor SQL databases through dynamic management views. In 2016, Microsoft switched from monthly-branded SSMS releases -- August 2016 release -- to numerically-branded SSMS releases -- 16.3 release.", "SSMS versions and updates. The first SSMS version was released alongside SQL Server 2005, and it has continued to be a part of management for Microsoft SQL Server 2008, SQL Server 2012, and SQL Server 2016. It also provides support for Azure SQL Database and Azure SQL Data Warehouse.", "When capitalized, the term generally refers to either of two database management products from Sybase and Microsoft. Both companies offer client-server DBMS products called SQL Server.", "Provided by Dave Juth, Senior Systems Architect. The Visual Studio 2005 HTML editor has a feature that lets you automatically format HTML code with your preferences. From the Visual Studio Edit menu, select \"Advanced\", and then choose \"Format Document\" or \"Format Selection\" (or use the shortcuts \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+D\" or \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+F\" respectively):", "Sarah Lewis, Technical Writer. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), also known as Java Runtime, is the part of the Java Development Kit ( JDK) that contains and orchestrates the set of tools and minimum requirements for executing a Java application.", "Java is a both a programming language and a platform for development of applications that work on multiple operating systems, such as Windows or Mac OS or Linux. Java consists of many software components that work together to provide a \"cross-platform environment\".", "Perform calculations based on input values provided as parameters to the functions, and return numeric values. Return information about the database and database objects. Return information about users and roles. Perform operations on a string (char or varchar) input value and return a string or numeric value.", "Resolution. A Workflow Precess Step implementation in Java is a Class which implements the Interface JavaProcessExt (or JavaProcess if no external attributes are used). This Class must be a OSGI Service and implement the method execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session, String [] args). In this method the provided objects item ( WorkItem) and session ( WorkflowSession) can be used to implement the business logic of the process step.", "Result: A message similar to the following indicates that Java is installed and you are ready to use MITSIS via the Java Runtime Environment. Java version \"1.4.x_xx\" (or a higher version) Java<TM> SE Runtime Environment <build .....>. Java hotspot<TM> Client VM <build .....>.", "What is Hibernate: Hibernate is the ORM tool given to transfer the data between a java (object) application and a database (Relational) in the form of the objects. Hibernate is the open source light weight tool given by Gavin King.", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "That login is, you guessed it, the database owner: So while securables created by the database owner actually are owned by dbo, this is still the user that created them. Also, most objects are probably not created by the database owner itself, so this still does not explain why most securables end up with dbo as owner.", "Check if Queue Contains Element. Iterate All Elements in Queue. More Details in the JavaDoc. \nJakob Jenkov. Last update: 2020-04-20. The Java Queue interface, java.util.Queue represents a data structure designed to have elements inserted at the end of the queue, and elements removed from the beginning of the queue.", "What is Javadoc? Javadoc is a tool which comes with JDK and it is used for generating Java code documentation in HTML format from Java source code, which requires documentation in a predefined format. Following is a simple example where the lines inside /*….*/ are Java multi-line comments.", "Python. ? Last updated in June 2020. Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries. Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing." ], [ "I'm getting the same error. Will post more if I find a solution. After uploading a project (about 3 mb in size), I received the Java.Lang.Exception: Failed to get cmi entry error when I attempted to preview the content. The error subsided after I logged out of Saba, waited about 5 minutes and logged back in again.", "Bookmark. Marty Deutsch. almost 7 years ago07/22/14 at 12:56 pm (UTC) Ashley -- the course runs fine in SCORM cloud, but of course that doesn't buy us anything because the issue is with the attempts being recognized and the SCO status and transcript in Saba.", "By Karessa Torgerson. Hello, Storyline courses connected to our Saba LMS sometimes give users an error when they try to open the course. The error text is: Java.Lang.Exception: Failed to get cmi entry.", "almost 7 years ago07/22/14 at 12:22 pm (UTC) Ashley, I'm afraid that doesn't apply in OUR situation. I get this error regardless of whether I hit OK or cancel on upload. I get this error pretty frequently, both as content admin in saba and as an end user, but I haven't been able to find out much about it. Reply.", "Author. 7 years ago02/26/14 at 10:39 am (UTC) Hello! Our team found a solution to this problem and we wanted to share it in case anyone else has the Saba LMS and experiences this error. The error that students will sometimes get when trying to access a course in Saba is: Java.Lang.Exception: Failed to get cmi entry.", "Staff. over 7 years ago01/16/14 at 12:46 pm (UTC) Hi Karessa, You may want to review the troubleshooting steps here on working with your LMS, specifically even testing it within SCORM Cloud. We're currently on update 4, so if you're able to update you may want to and resolve any other conflicts. Reply.", "That login is, you guessed it, the database owner: So while securables created by the database owner actually are owned by dbo, this is still the user that created them. Also, most objects are probably not created by the database owner itself, so this still does not explain why most securables end up with dbo as owner.", "Provided by Dave Juth, Senior Systems Architect. The Visual Studio 2005 HTML editor has a feature that lets you automatically format HTML code with your preferences. From the Visual Studio Edit menu, select \"Advanced\", and then choose \"Format Document\" or \"Format Selection\" (or use the shortcuts \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+D\" or \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+F\" respectively):", "Check if Queue Contains Element. Iterate All Elements in Queue. More Details in the JavaDoc. \nJakob Jenkov. Last update: 2020-04-20. The Java Queue interface, java.util.Queue represents a data structure designed to have elements inserted at the end of the queue, and elements removed from the beginning of the queue.", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "Result: A message similar to the following indicates that Java is installed and you are ready to use MITSIS via the Java Runtime Environment. Java version \"1.4.x_xx\" (or a higher version) Java<TM> SE Runtime Environment <build .....>. Java hotspot<TM> Client VM <build .....>.", "Java is a both a programming language and a platform for development of applications that work on multiple operating systems, such as Windows or Mac OS or Linux. Java consists of many software components that work together to provide a \"cross-platform environment\".", "The advantages of Java are as follows: Java is simple, easy to design , easy to write, and therefore easy to compile, debug, and learn than any other programming languages. Java is object-oriented, that is used to build modular programs and reusable code in other application. Java is platform-independent and flexible in nature.", "Create a Cookie with JavaScript. JavaScript can create, read, and delete cookies with the document.cookie property. With JavaScript, a cookie can be created like this: document.cookie = \"username=John Doe\"; You can also add an expiry date (in UTC time). By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed:", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "By using table aliases in your FROM clause, you could make the query easier to type. Your FROM clause, with table aliases, might resemble the following: FROM [tblCustomer] AS [C], [tblOrder] AS [O] You could then use those table aliases in your SELECT clause, as follows: SELECT [C]. [ID], [O]. [ID]", "Resolution. A Workflow Precess Step implementation in Java is a Class which implements the Interface JavaProcessExt (or JavaProcess if no external attributes are used). This Class must be a OSGI Service and implement the method execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session, String [] args). In this method the provided objects item ( WorkItem) and session ( WorkflowSession) can be used to implement the business logic of the process step.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "What is Javadoc? Javadoc is a tool which comes with JDK and it is used for generating Java code documentation in HTML format from Java source code, which requires documentation in a predefined format. Following is a simple example where the lines inside /*….*/ are Java multi-line comments.", "Sarah Lewis, Technical Writer. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), also known as Java Runtime, is the part of the Java Development Kit ( JDK) that contains and orchestrates the set of tools and minimum requirements for executing a Java application." ], [ "Then just follow the diagram below. Be creative with the name Edit. Just for fun, see the name Edit in Hieroglyphics, learn about ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphics and write a Hieroglyphic message. Learn about nautical flags and see your name or message written in nautical flags, on the Edit in Nautical Flags page.", "Edit Popularity. In the U.S. in 2018, less than 5 girls were given the name. Less than 5 boys were given the name. In contrast, the year before less than 5 girls were given the name. Less than 5 boys were given the name. The trend's your friend.", "See Edith for further details. Embraced by many parents, the name Edit, is one of warmth and distinction. A name fit for a child full of brilliance and cheerfullness, a little pathfinder. A name that will flow off your tongue.", "Provided by Dave Juth, Senior Systems Architect. The Visual Studio 2005 HTML editor has a feature that lets you automatically format HTML code with your preferences. From the Visual Studio Edit menu, select \"Advanced\", and then choose \"Format Document\" or \"Format Selection\" (or use the shortcuts \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+D\" or \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+F\" respectively):", "Python. ? Last updated in June 2020. Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries. Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "Java is a both a programming language and a platform for development of applications that work on multiple operating systems, such as Windows or Mac OS or Linux. Java consists of many software components that work together to provide a \"cross-platform environment\".", "When capitalized, the term generally refers to either of two database management products from Sybase and Microsoft. Both companies offer client-server DBMS products called SQL Server.", "By using table aliases in your FROM clause, you could make the query easier to type. Your FROM clause, with table aliases, might resemble the following: FROM [tblCustomer] AS [C], [tblOrder] AS [O] You could then use those table aliases in your SELECT clause, as follows: SELECT [C]. [ID], [O]. [ID]", "Resolution. A Workflow Precess Step implementation in Java is a Class which implements the Interface JavaProcessExt (or JavaProcess if no external attributes are used). This Class must be a OSGI Service and implement the method execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session, String [] args). In this method the provided objects item ( WorkItem) and session ( WorkflowSession) can be used to implement the business logic of the process step.", "Result: A message similar to the following indicates that Java is installed and you are ready to use MITSIS via the Java Runtime Environment. Java version \"1.4.x_xx\" (or a higher version) Java<TM> SE Runtime Environment <build .....>. Java hotspot<TM> Client VM <build .....>.", "What is Javadoc? Javadoc is a tool which comes with JDK and it is used for generating Java code documentation in HTML format from Java source code, which requires documentation in a predefined format. Following is a simple example where the lines inside /*….*/ are Java multi-line comments.", "The advantages of Java are as follows: Java is simple, easy to design , easy to write, and therefore easy to compile, debug, and learn than any other programming languages. Java is object-oriented, that is used to build modular programs and reusable code in other application. Java is platform-independent and flexible in nature.", "Java Stack Basics. A Stack is a data structure where you add elements to the \"top\" of the stack, and also remove elements from the top again. This is also referred to as the \"Last In First Out (LIFO)\" principle. In contrast, a Java Queue uses a \"First In First Out (FIFO)\" principle, where elements are added to the end of the queue, and removed from the beginning of the queue.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "Create a Cookie with JavaScript. JavaScript can create, read, and delete cookies with the document.cookie property. With JavaScript, a cookie can be created like this: document.cookie = \"username=John Doe\"; You can also add an expiry date (in UTC time). By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed:", "It's only the Storyline courses that do this, so we're thinking it has to be something with the software. The only way to resolve the error is to clear the LMS of any status the student has for the course, so that it appears the student has never accessed the course at all. We are all running version 3:1305.2012.", "By. Jessica Sirkin. Adam Hughes, Site Editor. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is an integrated environment to manage a SQL Server infrastructure. It provides a user interface and a group of tools with rich script editors that interact with SQL Server.", "That login is, you guessed it, the database owner: So while securables created by the database owner actually are owned by dbo, this is still the user that created them. Also, most objects are probably not created by the database owner itself, so this still does not explain why most securables end up with dbo as owner." ], [ "Scalar Functions. Scalar Functions. Function category. Description. Configuration Functions. Return information about the current configuration. Conversion Functions. Support data type casting and converting. Cursor Functions.", "Date and Time Data Types and Functions. Perform operations on a date and time input values and return string, numeric, or date and time values. Logical Functions. Perform logical operations. Mathematical Functions.", "Types of Functions. Scalar Functions. Function Determinism. Function Collation. See Also. SQL Server provides many built-in functions and also lets you create user-defined functions. The categories of built-in functions are listed on this page.", "Types of Functions. Types of Functions. Function. Description. Rowset Functions. Return an object that can be used like table references in an SQL statement. Aggregate Functions. Operate on a collection of values but return a single, summarizing value. Ranking Functions.", "Function Collation. Functions that take a character string input and return a character string output use the collation of the input string for the output. Functions that take non-character inputs and return a character string use the default collation of the current database for the output.", "Functions are deterministic when they always return the same result any time they are called by using a specific set of input values. Functions are nondeterministic when they could return different results every time they are called, even with the same specific set of input values.", "Return a ranking value for each row in a partition. Scalar Functions (Described below) Operate on a single value and then return a single value. Scalar functions can be used wherever an expression is valid.", "Perform operations and return information about values, objects, and settings in an instance of SQL Server. System Statistical Functions. Return statistical information about the system. Text and Image Functions. Perform operations on text or image input values or columns, and return information about the value.", "That login is, you guessed it, the database owner: So while securables created by the database owner actually are owned by dbo, this is still the user that created them. Also, most objects are probably not created by the database owner itself, so this still does not explain why most securables end up with dbo as owner.", "Resolution. A Workflow Precess Step implementation in Java is a Class which implements the Interface JavaProcessExt (or JavaProcess if no external attributes are used). This Class must be a OSGI Service and implement the method execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session, String [] args). In this method the provided objects item ( WorkItem) and session ( WorkflowSession) can be used to implement the business logic of the process step.", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "What is Hibernate: Hibernate is the ORM tool given to transfer the data between a java (object) application and a database (Relational) in the form of the objects. Hibernate is the open source light weight tool given by Gavin King.", "Python. ? Last updated in June 2020. Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries. Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.", "Java is a both a programming language and a platform for development of applications that work on multiple operating systems, such as Windows or Mac OS or Linux. Java consists of many software components that work together to provide a \"cross-platform environment\".", "When capitalized, the term generally refers to either of two database management products from Sybase and Microsoft. Both companies offer client-server DBMS products called SQL Server.", "By. Jessica Sirkin. Adam Hughes, Site Editor. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is an integrated environment to manage a SQL Server infrastructure. It provides a user interface and a group of tools with rich script editors that interact with SQL Server.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "Provided by Dave Juth, Senior Systems Architect. The Visual Studio 2005 HTML editor has a feature that lets you automatically format HTML code with your preferences. From the Visual Studio Edit menu, select \"Advanced\", and then choose \"Format Document\" or \"Format Selection\" (or use the shortcuts \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+D\" or \"Ctrl+K, Ctrl+F\" respectively):", "The advantages of Java are as follows: Java is simple, easy to design , easy to write, and therefore easy to compile, debug, and learn than any other programming languages. Java is object-oriented, that is used to build modular programs and reusable code in other application. Java is platform-independent and flexible in nature." ], [ "The following options are available on the HTML Format pane: Capitalization options for Server tag, Server attributes, Client tag, and Client attributes. Automatic formatting options to insert attribute value quotes when typing, insert attribute value quotes when formatting, and automatically insert close tags.", "Text wrapping options to let you specify whether to wrap text, and to specify the length before wrapping. Tag-specific options to customize how the HTML designer formats markup for individual tags. Additional options are available on the other HTML panes:", "Alternately, you can highlight the code that you want to format, right-click, and select “Format Selection”: This applies the rules defined in Visual Studio for HTML code. You can customize the rules to suit your preferences by choosing the “Formatting and Validation” option from the right-click menu. This opens the Options dialog to the HTML Format pane:", "What is Javadoc? Javadoc is a tool which comes with JDK and it is used for generating Java code documentation in HTML format from Java source code, which requires documentation in a predefined format. Following is a simple example where the lines inside /*….*/ are Java multi-line comments.", "By using table aliases in your FROM clause, you could make the query easier to type. Your FROM clause, with table aliases, might resemble the following: FROM [tblCustomer] AS [C], [tblOrder] AS [O] You could then use those table aliases in your SELECT clause, as follows: SELECT [C]. [ID], [O]. [ID]", "By. Jessica Sirkin. Adam Hughes, Site Editor. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is an integrated environment to manage a SQL Server infrastructure. It provides a user interface and a group of tools with rich script editors that interact with SQL Server.", "The name Edit is of Hungarian origin. The meaning of Edit is \"fortune and strife\". Edit is generally used as a girl's name. It consists of 4 letters and 2 syllables and is pronounced E-dit.", "Java is a both a programming language and a platform for development of applications that work on multiple operating systems, such as Windows or Mac OS or Linux. Java consists of many software components that work together to provide a \"cross-platform environment\".", "Create a Cookie with JavaScript. JavaScript can create, read, and delete cookies with the document.cookie property. With JavaScript, a cookie can be created like this: document.cookie = \"username=John Doe\"; You can also add an expiry date (in UTC time). By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed:", "It's only the Storyline courses that do this, so we're thinking it has to be something with the software. The only way to resolve the error is to clear the LMS of any status the student has for the course, so that it appears the student has never accessed the course at all. We are all running version 3:1305.2012.", "Java Stack Basics. A Stack is a data structure where you add elements to the \"top\" of the stack, and also remove elements from the top again. This is also referred to as the \"Last In First Out (LIFO)\" principle. In contrast, a Java Queue uses a \"First In First Out (FIFO)\" principle, where elements are added to the end of the queue, and removed from the beginning of the queue.", "The advantages of Java are as follows: Java is simple, easy to design , easy to write, and therefore easy to compile, debug, and learn than any other programming languages. Java is object-oriented, that is used to build modular programs and reusable code in other application. Java is platform-independent and flexible in nature.", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "Resolution. A Workflow Precess Step implementation in Java is a Class which implements the Interface JavaProcessExt (or JavaProcess if no external attributes are used). This Class must be a OSGI Service and implement the method execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session, String [] args). In this method the provided objects item ( WorkItem) and session ( WorkflowSession) can be used to implement the business logic of the process step.", "Result: A message similar to the following indicates that Java is installed and you are ready to use MITSIS via the Java Runtime Environment. Java version \"1.4.x_xx\" (or a higher version) Java<TM> SE Runtime Environment <build .....>. Java hotspot<TM> Client VM <build .....>.", "When capitalized, the term generally refers to either of two database management products from Sybase and Microsoft. Both companies offer client-server DBMS products called SQL Server.", "Perform calculations based on input values provided as parameters to the functions, and return numeric values. Return information about the database and database objects. Return information about users and roles. Perform operations on a string (char or varchar) input value and return a string or numeric value.", "Check if Queue Contains Element. Iterate All Elements in Queue. More Details in the JavaDoc. \nJakob Jenkov. Last update: 2020-04-20. The Java Queue interface, java.util.Queue represents a data structure designed to have elements inserted at the end of the queue, and elements removed from the beginning of the queue.", "That login is, you guessed it, the database owner: So while securables created by the database owner actually are owned by dbo, this is still the user that created them. Also, most objects are probably not created by the database owner itself, so this still does not explain why most securables end up with dbo as owner.", "Python. ? Last updated in June 2020. Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries. Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing." ], [ "What is Hibernate – Hibernate Introduction. Hibernate » on May 4, 2011 { 76 Comments } By Sivateja. I n this tutorial am going to explain, why Hibernate came into picture though we have JDBC for connecting to the database, and what is this hibernate frame work first let us see what are the draw backs of JDBC.", "JDBC used to generate database related error codes if an exception will occurs, but java programmers are unknown about this error codes right. In the Enterprise applications, the data flow with in an application from class to class will be in the form of objects, but while storing data finally in a database using JDBC then that object will be converted into text.", "In JDBC we need to write Sql commands in various places, after the program has created if the table structure is modified then the JDBC program doesn’t work, again we need to modify and compile and re-deploy required, which is tedious.", "Draw Backs of JDBC: In JDBC, if we open a database connection we need to write in try, and if any exceptions occurred catch block will takers about it, and finally used to close the connections. here as a programmer we must close the connection, or we may get a chance to get our of connections message…!", "What is Javadoc? Javadoc is a tool which comes with JDK and it is used for generating Java code documentation in HTML format from Java source code, which requires documentation in a predefined format. Following is a simple example where the lines inside /*….*/ are Java multi-line comments.", "Sarah Lewis, Technical Writer. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), also known as Java Runtime, is the part of the Java Development Kit ( JDK) that contains and orchestrates the set of tools and minimum requirements for executing a Java application.", "The advantages of Java are as follows: Java is simple, easy to design , easy to write, and therefore easy to compile, debug, and learn than any other programming languages. Java is object-oriented, that is used to build modular programs and reusable code in other application. Java is platform-independent and flexible in nature.", "That login is, you guessed it, the database owner: So while securables created by the database owner actually are owned by dbo, this is still the user that created them. Also, most objects are probably not created by the database owner itself, so this still does not explain why most securables end up with dbo as owner.", "Python. ? Last updated in June 2020. Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries. Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing.", "Perform calculations based on input values provided as parameters to the functions, and return numeric values. Return information about the database and database objects. Return information about users and roles. Perform operations on a string (char or varchar) input value and return a string or numeric value.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "Java (programming language) \"Java language\" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Javanese language. Not to be confused with JavaScript. Java is a class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible.", "By. Jessica Sirkin. Adam Hughes, Site Editor. Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) is an integrated environment to manage a SQL Server infrastructure. It provides a user interface and a group of tools with rich script editors that interact with SQL Server.", "Java is a both a programming language and a platform for development of applications that work on multiple operating systems, such as Windows or Mac OS or Linux. Java consists of many software components that work together to provide a \"cross-platform environment\".", "Lists are iterable objects, meaning all the items in the object can be iterated over within a function. You can also pinpoint the exact index of an item in a list and interact with it directly. Lists have many built-in functions and uses, and one of the most common functions is the append function. You can use the \"append ()\" function to add items to the end of a list.", "Check if Queue Contains Element. Iterate All Elements in Queue. More Details in the JavaDoc. \nJakob Jenkov. Last update: 2020-04-20. The Java Queue interface, java.util.Queue represents a data structure designed to have elements inserted at the end of the queue, and elements removed from the beginning of the queue.", "Resolution. A Workflow Precess Step implementation in Java is a Class which implements the Interface JavaProcessExt (or JavaProcess if no external attributes are used). This Class must be a OSGI Service and implement the method execute (WorkItem item, WorkflowSession session, String [] args). In this method the provided objects item ( WorkItem) and session ( WorkflowSession) can be used to implement the business logic of the process step.", "Java Stack Basics. A Stack is a data structure where you add elements to the \"top\" of the stack, and also remove elements from the top again. This is also referred to as the \"Last In First Out (LIFO)\" principle. In contrast, a Java Queue uses a \"First In First Out (FIFO)\" principle, where elements are added to the end of the queue, and removed from the beginning of the queue.", "When capitalized, the term generally refers to either of two database management products from Sybase and Microsoft. Both companies offer client-server DBMS products called SQL Server.", "Result: A message similar to the following indicates that Java is installed and you are ready to use MITSIS via the Java Runtime Environment. Java version \"1.4.x_xx\" (or a higher version) Java<TM> SE Runtime Environment <build .....>. Java hotspot<TM> Client VM <build .....>." ], [ "Queue queueA = new LinkedList (); Queue queueB = new PriorityQueue (); In most Queue implementations the head and tail of the queue are at opposite ends. It is possible, however, to implement the Queue interface so that the head and tail of the queue is in the same end. In that case you would have a stack.", "Queue<MyObject> queue = new LinkedList<MyObject> (); MyObject myObject = queue.remove (); for (MyObject anObject : queue) { //do someting to anObject... }. Notice how no cast is needed on the first line, and how the for-each loop can cast each element of the Queue directly to a MyObject instance.", "Add Element to Queue. The Java Queue interface contains two methods you can use to add elements to a Queue. These methods are the add () method and the offer () method. These two methods add an element to the end of the Queue.", "This is done via the Queue element () or peek () methods. The element () method returns the first element in the Queue. If the Queue is empty, the element () method throws a NoSuchElementException . Here is an example of peeking at the first element of a Java Queue using the element () method:", "Queue<String> queue = new LinkedList<> (); queue.add (\"element 1\"); queue.add (\"element 2\"); queue.add (\"element 3\"); String firstElement = queue.element (); After running this Java code the firstElement variable will contain the value element 1 which is the first element in the Queue .", "It represents an ordered sequence of objects just like a Java List, but its intended use is slightly different. Because the Java Queue interface is a subtype of the Java Collection interface, all methods in the Collection interface are also available in the Queue interface.", "Check if Queue Contains Element. You can check if a Java Queue contains a certain element via its contains () method. The contains () method will return true if the Queue contains the given element, and false if not.", "Here are two examples of taking an element from a Java Queue using its poll () and remove () methods: Queue<String> queue = new LinkedList<> (); queue.add (\"element 1\"); queue.add (\"element 2\"); String element1 = queue.poll (); String element2 = queue.remove ();", "You can choose between the following Queue implementations in the Java Collections API: java.util.LinkedList. java.util.PriorityQueue. LinkedList is a pretty standard queue implementation. Elements in the queue are stored internally in a standard linked list data structure. This makes it fast to insert elements at the end (tail) of the list, and remove elements from the beginning (head) of the list.", "By default you can put any Object into a Queue, but from Java 5, Java Generics makes it possible to limit the types of object you can insert into a Queue. Here is an example: Queue<MyObject> queue = new LinkedList<MyObject> (); This Queue can now only have MyObject instances inserted into it.", "You can read the number of elements stored in a Java Queue via its size () method. Here is an example of obtaining the size of a Java Queue via its size () method: Queue<String> queue = new LinkedList<> (); queue.add (\"element 1\"); queue.add (\"element 2\"); queue.add (\"element 3\"); int size = queue.size ();", "The call to poll () will remove the first element of the Queue - which is the first Java String instance added - \"element 1\". The call to rmove () will remove the second element of the Queue - which after the first poll () call is now the String instance added - \"element 2\".", "Remove All Elements From Queue. You can remove all elements from a Java Queue using its clear () method. The clear () method is actually inherited from the Collection interface. Here is an example of removing all elements from a Java Queue via its clear () method: queue.clear ();", "Instead it just returns null. Here is an example of peeking at the first element of a Queue using the peek () method: Queue<String> queue = new LinkedList<> (); queue.add (\"element 1\"); queue.add (\"element 2\"); queue.add (\"element 3\"); String firstElement = queue.peek ();", "Remove Element From Queue. To remove elements from a Java Queue, you call the remove () method. This method removes the element at the head of the Queue . Here is an example of removing an element from a Java Queue :", "It is considered good practice to always specify a generic type for a Queue if you know it. That helps the Java compiler check the types, it helps you write more compact code, and it helps the next reader of your code understand what types of objects this Queue contains.", "The add () and offer () methods differ in how the behave if the Queue is full, so no more elements can be added. The add () method throws an exception in that case, whereas the offer () method just returns false. Here are two examples of adding elements to a Java Queue via its add () and offer () methods:", "Take Element From Queue. To take an element from a Java Queue you can call either its poll () or remove () method. The poll () and remove () both removes the first element in the Queue. They differ in how they behave if the Queue is empty. The poll () method returns null if the Queue is empty.", "Java Stack Basics. A Stack is a data structure where you add elements to the \"top\" of the stack, and also remove elements from the top again. This is also referred to as the \"Last In First Out (LIFO)\" principle. In contrast, a Java Queue uses a \"First In First Out (FIFO)\" principle, where elements are added to the end of the queue, and removed from the beginning of the queue.", "Python. ? Last updated in June 2020. Python is a general-purpose language, which means it can be used to build just about anything, which will be made easy with the right tools/libraries. Professionally, Python is great for backend web development, data analysis, artificial intelligence, and scientific computing." ] ]
[ "is lichen on trees bad", "what is polygonum cuspidatum root in chinese", "what is a lichen moth", "what biome is lichens found", "what does lichened mean", "is spanish moss a lichen", "is lichen fungus", "are wolf lichen a fungus", "what is lichen scolosis", "is lichen on trees bad" ]
[ "Posted by Mark Lewis on April 30, 2013 at 10:29pm in Forest Health. View Discussions. I received this question, and wanted to post it here so the answer can be shared. I was once told that if a tree has lichen growing on the bark it was a indication that the tree was stressed and was in decline and destined to die.", "16 December 2012 By superfoods Leave a Comment. Japanese knotweed ( Polygonum cuspidatum) is, herbaceous perennial plant, native to eastern Asia in Japan, Korea and China. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the plant is known as huzhang.", "Introduction. The black and yellow lichen moth, Lycomorpha pholus (Drury), is a member of the subfamily Arctiinae, tiger moths and woolly bears. The common names of the subfamily refer to the bright wing color patterns found in adults and the long setae covering many of its caterpillars. Figure 1.", "The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition and food chains. Vegetation: lichens, mosses, sedges, perennial forbs, and dwarfed shrubs, (often heaths, but also birches and willows). Growthforms: typical are ground-hugging and other warmth-preserving forms including: tussock-forming graminoids.", "1. any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks. 2. any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.", "Manual Removal. Certain types of lichens and mosses -- such as Spanish moss -- can be manually removed from small trees and shrubs. Manual removal may require a ladder if the lichen or moss is growing in a hard-to-reach area. A friend should be present to hold the ladder steady while you are on it.", "Each lichen specie is one alga species plus one fungus. The alga, a microscopic green plant, makes the food for the duo, while the fungus, a non-green plant, gives the pair support and soaks up moisture.", "Parmeliaceae. Genus: Letharia. Species: L. vulpina. Binomial name. Letharia vulpina. ( L.) Hue (1899) Letharia vulpina, commonly known as the wolf lichen (although the species name vulpina, from vulpine relates to the fox ), is a fruticose lichenized species of fungus in the family Parmeliaceae.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "The lichen need sunlight and do better on the trees which are not healthy, so they are more apparent on the \"sick\" trees. A sick tree will also \"leak\" nutrients and sometimes sugars and other things which the lichens can use to grow. This causes increased growth of lichen on the \"sick\" trees." ]
[ [ "That would indicate there is a water storage reservoir (read heartrot) in the tree that is supplying water to the mosses through dry spells. Be careful with this as a diagnostic. You would need to find the crack or wound that might be seeping. Often I've seen perfectly healthy trees with moss around the base.", "Is this true? I ask because last week I went to a tree farm to buy a crimson maple and all the trees the fellow had had lichen on the bark. I asked him the question and he said he had never heard that it meant a dieing tree.", "I have never seen, nor heard or read, of any connection between the presence of lichens and a decline in tree health. Rather, on a health perspective, the presence of lichens indicates good air quality (because lichens can’t grow under air pollution).", "I grew up in Washington state and seeing moss on a hardwood makes me shrug my shoulders but out east (i've only been here for 25 years) I think Pete has a point. The presence of moss on a tree can indicate where there may be water seeping from the interior of the tree to the outside via a crack or wound.", "The converse, the absence of lichens means bad air quality, doesn’t hold true. It is important to differentiate between lichens which are rather dry, thin and coarse, and mosses. I’ve seen mosses growing in areas with poor drainage and on trees that are dying.", "Permalink Reply by Lewis E. Ward on May 7, 2013 at 10:09am. A good question and a great answer. Will have to remember this for the RNYW-Woodswalk on Wild Mushroom and Forest Health Woods Walk Saturday May 11th at the Arnot Forest 1-4pm. ▶ Reply.", "There are often rumors of the ill-effects that lichens convey to trees, but they are not true that I have known. I have heard of one experience where a woodlot owner liquidated his nice, not quite mature, sugar maples because he thought the lichens were an indication of \"sick trees.\".", "Deer stand damage help. Started by Joanne Vaughn in Woodlot Management. Last reply by Joanne Vaughn Dec 27, 2020. 1 Reply 0 Likes. My son left his deer stands up for 3 years and the screw in metal foot pegs have been partially encased in the bark.", "One thing is certain about forest health, nothing is simple. There are usually multiple causes for decline that can involve abiotic influences, like water relations, and biotic influences that sometimes cannot be easily seen, like root rots.", "The moss is an indicator of a problem, and an increase in sunlight, and not the causal mechanism of the tree’s decline. Perhaps others have more to share. Peter. ▶ Reply. Permalink Reply by Mark Whitmore on May 7, 2013 at 6:53pm. Thanks for the great reply Pete.", "Replies to This Discussion. Permalink Reply by Peter Smallidge on May 1, 2013 at 8:17am. Lichens are a symbiotic result of merging (not quite the right word) a fungus and algae or bacterium ( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen ).", "The lichen need sunlight and do better on the trees which are not healthy, so they are more apparent on the \"sick\" trees. A sick tree will also \"leak\" nutrients and sometimes sugars and other things which the lichens can use to grow. This causes increased growth of lichen on the \"sick\" trees.", "Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks, while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements.", "The definition of a lichen is a plant found on rocks or trees made of both a specific fungus and a specific algae that help one another. An example of a lichen is the colored patch growing on a tree branch. noun. 15. 2.", "Manual Removal. Certain types of lichens and mosses -- such as Spanish moss -- can be manually removed from small trees and shrubs. Manual removal may require a ladder if the lichen or moss is growing in a hard-to-reach area. A friend should be present to hold the ladder steady while you are on it.", "1. any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks. 2. any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.", "Lichen. Lichen is a structure that commonly grows on trees; it is a result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. The fungus provides a structure that collects water and nutrients that the algae takes advantage of; the algae in turn uses its chlorophyll to produce food for both itself and the fungus.", "lichen. ( ˈlaɪkən; ˈlɪtʃən) n. 1. (Plants) an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, bare ground, etc. Lichens are now classified as a phylum of fungi ( Mycophycophyta) 2. (Pathology) pathol any of various eruptive disorders of the skin.", "Lichen sclerosus. Lichen sclerosus is a skin condition that causes itchy white patches on the genitals or other parts of the body. There's no cure, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred." ], [ "Antioxidants prevent and repair cell damage caused by free radicals in the body. According to “ Whole Foods Magazine Online “, Japanese knotweed contains important concentrations of the powerful antioxidant resveratrol.", "In November 2008, scientists at the “ Weill Medical College of Cornell University ” reported dietary supplementation with resveratrol important reduced plaque formation in animal brains, a critical part of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.", "During the 1800s, Polygonum cuspidatum was introduced to Europe and America as an ornamental plant. Japanese knotweed is used to produce resveratrol supplements because it is easy and quick to grow.", "Resveratrol is a compound produced naturally by several plants when under attack by pathogens such as fungi or bacteria, and is found in the skin of red grapes. At the same time, is produced by chemical synthesis derived primarily from Japanese knotweed and is sold as a supplement.", "Resveratrol was first isolated from the roots of white hellebore ( Veratum grandiflorum) in 1940, and after, in 1963 from the roots of Polygonum Cupsidatum, a plant used in traditional Japanese and Chinese medicine.", "Japanese Knotweed Benefits. • Resveratrol, has antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antimutagenic effects. • Polyphenols comprise a large class of antioxidants and include flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, stilbenes and lignans.", "Each lichen specie is one alga species plus one fungus. The alga, a microscopic green plant, makes the food for the duo, while the fungus, a non-green plant, gives the pair support and soaks up moisture.", "The definition of a lichen is a plant found on rocks or trees made of both a specific fungus and a specific algae that help one another. An example of a lichen is the colored patch growing on a tree branch. noun. 15. 2.", "1. any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks. 2. any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.", "lichen. ( ˈlaɪkən; ˈlɪtʃən) n. 1. (Plants) an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, bare ground, etc. Lichens are now classified as a phylum of fungi ( Mycophycophyta) 2. (Pathology) pathol any of various eruptive disorders of the skin.", "Parmeliaceae. Genus: Letharia. Species: L. vulpina. Binomial name. Letharia vulpina. ( L.) Hue (1899) Letharia vulpina, commonly known as the wolf lichen (although the species name vulpina, from vulpine relates to the fox ), is a fruticose lichenized species of fungus in the family Parmeliaceae.", "The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition and food chains. Vegetation: lichens, mosses, sedges, perennial forbs, and dwarfed shrubs, (often heaths, but also birches and willows). Growthforms: typical are ground-hugging and other warmth-preserving forms including: tussock-forming graminoids.", "Lichen. Lichen is a structure that commonly grows on trees; it is a result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. The fungus provides a structure that collects water and nutrients that the algae takes advantage of; the algae in turn uses its chlorophyll to produce food for both itself and the fungus.", "Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the ascus. Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names.", "Manual Removal. Certain types of lichens and mosses -- such as Spanish moss -- can be manually removed from small trees and shrubs. Manual removal may require a ladder if the lichen or moss is growing in a hard-to-reach area. A friend should be present to hold the ladder steady while you are on it.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks, while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements.", "Main article: Symbiosis in lichens. Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture. — Trevor Goward. A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyanobacteria living among the filaments ( hyphae) of the fungi in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.", "Main article: Symbiosis in lichens. Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture. — Trevor Goward. A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyanobacteria living among the filaments ( hyphae) of the fungi in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship.", "Lichen sclerosus. Lichen sclerosus is a skin condition that causes itchy white patches on the genitals or other parts of the body. There's no cure, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms." ], [ "Others, such as the caterpillar of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (Linnaeus), are beneficial. The cinnabar moth caterpillar is used as a successful biological control agent of tansy ragwort in the Pacific Northwest. Figure 6. Fall webworm larvae, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), in protective webbing.", "Mimicry. The color pattern found on adult black and yellow lichen moths occurs on other species in the tiger moth subfamily: members of the genera Dycladia and Correbia, the orange-patched smoky moth in the family Zygaenidae, and in some net-wing beetles in the family Lycidae.", "The compounds are often obtained from the hosts on which the caterpillars feed. The compounds are transferred to the adults when the caterpillar pupates. For the black and yellow lichen moth, these chemicals are lichen phenolics, defensive compounds produced by the fungal component of the lichen.", "Black and yellow lichen moth (suggested common name) Lycomorpha pholus (Drury) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini) 1. Black and yellow lichen moth (suggested common name) Lycomorpha pholus. (Drury) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)", "Description. Adults: Both male and female adult black and yellow lichen moths are similar in appearance. Their wingspan ranges from 2.5 to 3.2 cm (1 to 1.3 inches) (Covell 1984). The head, thorax (chest), legs, and abdomen are all black with an iridescent blue sheen.", "Life Cycle. The black and yellow lichen moth flies from July to September in Eastern North America (Covell 1984) and from late June to August in Western North America (Powell and Opler 2009). This moth is only active during the day.", "Figure 5. Adult giant leopard moth, Hypercompe scribonia (Stoll), a tiger moth. Photograph by: USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org. [Click thumbnail to enlarge.] Some caterpillars in the tiger moth subfamily are considered nuisance species, including the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury).", "This document is EENY479, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2010. Reviewed January 2014 and December 2017. This document is also available on Featured Creatures website at http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/.", "Figure 7. Adult cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (Linnaeus), nectar feeding on tansy ragwort. Photograph by: Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org. [Click thumbnail to enlarge.] Figure 8. Caterpillar of a cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae (Linnaeus), feeding on tansy ragwort.", "Distribution. The range of the black and yellow lichen moth is restricted to North America. It occurs as far north as Ontario and Quebec, Canada. It is found in the eastern United States from Maine to Florida and as far west as the Rocky Mountains (Powell and Opler 2009).", "Figure 2. The banded woolly bear caterpillar, Pyrrharctia isabella (Smith). Photograph by: Whitney Crenshaw, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org. [Click thumbnail to enlarge.] Tiger moths are found in all of the zoogeographical regions (six geographical divisions of the world that are used to study the occurrence of land animals) including the Nearctic (North America).", "However, they are most common in the Neotropics (Mexico south of the Tropic of Cancer, Central and South America, and the West Indies) (Scoble 1995). Species found in Florida include the bella moth, Utetheisa bella (Linnaeus); the oleander moth, Syntomeida epilais (Walker); and the giant leopard moth, Hypercompe scribonia (Stoll). Figure 3.", "This is a period of no growth that can only be broken by receiving an appropriate number of cold hours. The adults and caterpillars of the subfamily, Arctiinae, are often defended from predators, including birds and bats, and from parasitoids, such as some flies and wasps, by chemical compounds.", "The black and yellow lichen moth is also a member of the tribe Lithosiini (subfamily Arctiinae), the lichen moths. The common name of the tribe refers to the frequent choice of lichens as food sources by the caterpillars. Like other tiger moths, the lichen moths are also most common in the Neotropics.", "The definition of a lichen is a plant found on rocks or trees made of both a specific fungus and a specific algae that help one another. An example of a lichen is the colored patch growing on a tree branch. noun. 15. 2.", "Parmeliaceae. Genus: Letharia. Species: L. vulpina. Binomial name. Letharia vulpina. ( L.) Hue (1899) Letharia vulpina, commonly known as the wolf lichen (although the species name vulpina, from vulpine relates to the fox ), is a fruticose lichenized species of fungus in the family Parmeliaceae.", "Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the ascus. Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names.", "Lichen. Lichen is a structure that commonly grows on trees; it is a result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. The fungus provides a structure that collects water and nutrients that the algae takes advantage of; the algae in turn uses its chlorophyll to produce food for both itself and the fungus.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred." ], [ "The arctic-alpine zone is clearly visible on Mt. Washington, NH, where the weather station on the summit has recorded some of the harshest conditions on Earth, including wind speeds in excess of 200 mph. Usually enveloped in clouds, the mountain top experiences an average 44 sunny days a year. Flag trees of the krummholz.", "Alpine Tundra. Many tundra species can be found at high elevations in the mountains of the northern hemisphere. The arctic-alpine lifezone of high elevations experiences a different climate–in terms of daylength and seasons–than does the true tundra of the Arctic.", "Aperiodic emigration from the tundra is exhibited by the snowy owl during those years that the lemming populations have crashed. Those winters see snowy owl irruptions as far south as Virginia. Most owls are found with empty stomachs and do not survive to return to the Arctic.", "The sorting of particles by freeze-thaw activity results in a waterlogged center to the polygons, a microhabitat conducive to sphagnum moss and sedges; and an outer ring that is drier and provides a microhabitat favorable to forbs and some dwarf heaths.", "The arctic-alpine zone’s vegetation is dominated by dwarfed heaths, including Labrador tea, Lapland rosebay, alpine azalea, cranberries, alpine bearberry, and diaspensia. Perennial forbs such as mountain sandwort find shelter among the rocks of the felsenmeer that characterizes the summit regions.", "Fat acts as insulation and as a store of energy for use during the winter, when animal species remain active. Population adaptations such as cyclical fluctuations in population size, best seen perhaps in the lemming, a small rodent which is the major herbivore in the tundra’s simple food chain. Predator populations and plant populations respond in kind to the peaks and crashes of the herbivore populations.", "Along streams willows and alders may be 10 feet high. On south-facing slopes needleleaf evergreen trees (spruce and fir) are established and represent the northernmost extensions of the great boreal forest to the south. (Such areas where two biomes interdigitate are known as ecotones.)", "Often endemic species derived from a tropical flora or from Antarctic flora create the unique communities of tropical high mountain tops. Read more under Life Zones. Note: Johanne Teerink provides a translation of this page into Estonian at https://www.autonvaraosatpro. fi/blogi/2018/02/26/2-10/.", "Mountain sandwort. In the tropics, the climate of very high elevations is extremely different than that of the Arctic. Freeze-thaw, instead of following a seasonal cycle, follows a diurnal cycle. Also, the peaks are isolated from the Arctic tundra.", "Low Arctic Tundra: the majority of the tundra lies on better drained slopes with greater depth to permafrost than is encountered on the Arctic coastal plain. Here there is a greater frequency of woody shrubs: willow, birch, and various berry-bearing members of the heath family.", "Migratory species such as waterfowl, shorebirds and caribou adapt to the tundra by avoiding the most severe conditions of winter. Each year at the end of the short growing season they move southward into the boreal forest or beyond, but return to the tundra to breed.", "High Arctic Tundra: essentially confined to the islands of the Arctic Ocean and characterized by scattered lichens and mosses on care rock surfaces and perennial forbs growing in protected crannies among sharp, ice-fractured rock debris.", "Morphological adaptations such as. large, compact bodies following Bergmann’s and Allen’s rules. a thick insulating cover of feathers or fur. pelage and plumage that turns white in winter, brown in summer. Physiological adaptations such as ability to accumulate thick deposits of fat during the short growing season.", "However, thin soils and cold temperatures create an environment that many middle latitude trees cannot tolerate and thus allow tundra species to invade and thrive. In the northeastern US, in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, New Hampshire, treeline occurs at approximately 4,500 ft asl.", "In addition to the Presidential Range, in which New England’s highest peak—Mt. Washington (6,288 ft asl)—is located, Mt. Katahdin in Maine (5,267 ft), Mt. Mansfield in Vermont (4,393 ft), and Mt. Marcy in New York (5,343 ft) also host arctic-alpine tundra.", "Even so, climbers are cautioned to turn back if conditions deteriorate. Some 140 people have died on the mountain due to accidents or exposure. Many of the deaths have occurred during summer months, when climbers suddenly experience temperatures below freezing and strong winds above the headwalls of the several cirques.", "Distribution: The tundra biome is restricted to the high latitudes of the northern hemisphere in a belt around the Arctic Ocean. Many of its species, both plant and animal, have circumpolar distribution areas. Within the tundra biome a latitudinal zonation of communities is realized:", "mats or cushion plants, often evergreen members of the heath family. rosettes. dwarf shrubs, some of which are deciduous in habit. Climate: The high latitude conditions of Koeppen’s ET climate type that impact life in this biome include. extremely short growing season (6 to 10 weeks)", "Furthermore, freeze-thaw activity, a thin active layer, and solifluction during the warmer months contribute to strong controls on vegetation patterns and create a mosaic of microhabitats and plant communities. Soil: No true soil is developed in this biome due to the edaphic factors mentioned above.", "long, cold, dark winters (6 to 10 months with mean monthly temperatures below 32° F or. 0° C.) low precipitation (less than five inches/year) coupled with strong, drying winds. Snowfall is actually advantageous to plant and animal life as it provides an insulating layer on the ground surface.", "lichen. ( ˈlaɪkən; ˈlɪtʃən) n. 1. (Plants) an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, bare ground, etc. Lichens are now classified as a phylum of fungi ( Mycophycophyta) 2. (Pathology) pathol any of various eruptive disorders of the skin." ], [ "Cetraria islandica; Iceland lichen; Iceland moss (lichen with branched flattened partly erect thallus that grows in mountainous and Arctic regions; used as a medicine or food for humans and livestock; a source of glycerol)", "It clings to the mind when it has once seized on it like a lichen on the rock. (Frankenstein, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley) Limestone surfaces are also more likely to harbor lichens — symbiotic communities composed of fungi and photosynthesizing cyanobacteria or algae.", "arctic moss; Cladonia rangiferina; reindeer lichen; reindeer moss (an erect greyish branching lichen of Arctic and even some north temperate regions constituting the chief food for reindeer and caribou and sometimes being eaten by humans)", "Hypernyms (\"lichen\" is a kind of...): fungus (an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia)", "Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of \"lichen\"): ascolichen (a lichen in which the fungus component is an ascomycete) basidiolichen (a lichen in which the fungus component is a basidiomycete) lecanora (any lichen of the genus Lecanora; some used in dyeing; some used for food)", "Holonyms (\"lichen\" is a member of...): division Lichenes; Lichenes (comprising the lichens which grow symbiotically with algae; sometimes treated as an independent group more or less coordinate with algae and fungi)", "Hyponyms (each of the following is a kind of \"lichen\"): lichen planus; lichen ruber planus (an eruption of shiny flat-topped purplish (usually itchy) papules on the wrist and forearms and thighs) Sense 2.", "lichen. ( ˈlaɪkən; ˈlɪtʃən) n. 1. (Plants) an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, bare ground, etc. Lichens are now classified as a phylum of fungi ( Mycophycophyta) 2. (Pathology) pathol any of various eruptive disorders of the skin.", "The definition of a lichen is a plant found on rocks or trees made of both a specific fungus and a specific algae that help one another. An example of a lichen is the colored patch growing on a tree branch. noun. 15. 2.", "Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks, while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements.", "Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the ascus. Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "The lichen need sunlight and do better on the trees which are not healthy, so they are more apparent on the \"sick\" trees. A sick tree will also \"leak\" nutrients and sometimes sugars and other things which the lichens can use to grow. This causes increased growth of lichen on the \"sick\" trees.", "Manual Removal. Certain types of lichens and mosses -- such as Spanish moss -- can be manually removed from small trees and shrubs. Manual removal may require a ladder if the lichen or moss is growing in a hard-to-reach area. A friend should be present to hold the ladder steady while you are on it.", "Lichen sclerosus. Lichen sclerosus is a skin condition that causes itchy white patches on the genitals or other parts of the body. There's no cure, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms.", "Posted by Mark Lewis on April 30, 2013 at 10:29pm in Forest Health. View Discussions. I received this question, and wanted to post it here so the answer can be shared. I was once told that if a tree has lichen growing on the bark it was a indication that the tree was stressed and was in decline and destined to die.", "Each lichen specie is one alga species plus one fungus. The alga, a microscopic green plant, makes the food for the duo, while the fungus, a non-green plant, gives the pair support and soaks up moisture.", "16 December 2012 By superfoods Leave a Comment. Japanese knotweed ( Polygonum cuspidatum) is, herbaceous perennial plant, native to eastern Asia in Japan, Korea and China. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the plant is known as huzhang.", "Lichen. Lichen is a structure that commonly grows on trees; it is a result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. The fungus provides a structure that collects water and nutrients that the algae takes advantage of; the algae in turn uses its chlorophyll to produce food for both itself and the fungus." ], [ "Lichens have two or more organisms living together as one -- called symbiosis -- while mosses are non-flowering plants without a true root system. When lichen and moss begin growing on trees and shrubs, they may lower the aesthetic value of the plant and force gardeners to seek out ways of killing them.", "Chemical Removal. Certain species of lichen and moss can be controlled with a mixture of 6 tablespoons of liquid copper sulfate diluted in 1 gallon of water when applied during the dormant season. When applying the copper sulfate, thoroughly cover the entire lichen or moss to the point of runoff.", "What Kills Lichen & Moss on Trees & Shrubs? Despite have several characteristics in common, lichens and mosses are two separate entities that can grow on trees and shrubs.", "In addition, ensure the tree or shrubs are growing in fertile soil, which will stimulate growth and help to inhibit lichens and mosses. Many times, merely improving the health and vigor of the infested tree or shrub will control the lichen or moss growing on the plant.", "Lichens and mosses provide many benefits, such as a nesting, cover and food source for wildlife. For example, lacewing larvae -- beneficial predators that feed on undesirable insects -- use lichens as a protective cover. Despite providing many beneficial aspects, lichen and moss can become problematic in cases of heavy growth.", "Benefits and Downfalls. Lichens and mosses get a bad rap and are often accused of causing trees and shrubs to decline. The truth is that lichen and moss typically begin to grow on plants that are all ready experiencing poor health.", "For example, lichen and moss growing on trees and shrubs add extra weight -- which can lead to branch breakage -- and block the leaves' ability to process sunlight into energy.", "When removing the lichen or moss, refrain from pulling it off the tree or shrub and instead gently lift it up off the plant. This will avoid damage that can occur from jerking the lichen or moss off the branches. Furthermore, wait until the dormant stage of the tree or shrub to manually remove the lichens or moss.", "Alternatively, you can lightly prune the tree and shrub limbs covered in lichen and moss to help stop them from spreading. Removing lichen and moss from large trees can be a difficult task that requires a cherry picker or bucket truck.", "The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition and food chains. Vegetation: lichens, mosses, sedges, perennial forbs, and dwarfed shrubs, (often heaths, but also birches and willows). Growthforms: typical are ground-hugging and other warmth-preserving forms including: tussock-forming graminoids.", "Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks, while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "1. any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks. 2. any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.", "The lichen need sunlight and do better on the trees which are not healthy, so they are more apparent on the \"sick\" trees. A sick tree will also \"leak\" nutrients and sometimes sugars and other things which the lichens can use to grow. This causes increased growth of lichen on the \"sick\" trees.", "Posted by Mark Lewis on April 30, 2013 at 10:29pm in Forest Health. View Discussions. I received this question, and wanted to post it here so the answer can be shared. I was once told that if a tree has lichen growing on the bark it was a indication that the tree was stressed and was in decline and destined to die.", "The definition of a lichen is a plant found on rocks or trees made of both a specific fungus and a specific algae that help one another. An example of a lichen is the colored patch growing on a tree branch. noun. 15. 2.", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the ascus. Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names." ], [ "Since lichens are able to make their own food with moisture and sunlight, they have no need to parasitize other plants. Lichens grow on the surface of your tree, and do not penetrate any tissue. Instead, they make use of the trunk or branches for support.", "This cooperative arrangement benefits both creatures and the surrounding system, but raises a frequently asked question…. Are lichens harmful to your trees? No. Those grayish-green patches, usually one to three inches in diameter, are not feeding on your trees.", "Although a lichen is able to withstand harsh conditions, such as freezing, thawing, high light and heat intensities, when an area is polluted, lichens will become scarce and eventually stop growing. Lichens also help regulate the composition of gases in the earth’s atmosphere.", "Each creature acts as a sponge to catch and store excess gases, one of which is carbon dioxide. In essence, lichens help filter the air we breathe. Some lichen also have the ability to return valuable nitrogen to the soil.", "Most people don’t mind having lichens on their tree’s bark. They can add color, contrast, texture, and natural beauty to your landscape. Lichens play a very significant role in our biological world. For one, they act as air pollution indicators.", "They do not cause plant diseases either, with one exception: in certain wet, tropical areas, lichens have grown in such thick layers over trees that their shade alone has caused leaves to die. Believe it or not, lichens are often viewed as making a tree more picturesque.", "What comes to mind when you hear the word lichen? Perhaps a plant or some sort of algae? A fungus, or a moss? Actually, lichens are combinations of green algae and fungal tissue.", "Click or call today to arrange a complimentary consultation from our fully trained and certified arborists for emergency tree service, tree disease and residential lawn care services from SavATree. Click here to contact the office nearest you. \n. \n.", "The definition of a lichen is a plant found on rocks or trees made of both a specific fungus and a specific algae that help one another. An example of a lichen is the colored patch growing on a tree branch. noun. 15. 2.", "Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks, while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements.", "Lichen. Lichen is a structure that commonly grows on trees; it is a result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. The fungus provides a structure that collects water and nutrients that the algae takes advantage of; the algae in turn uses its chlorophyll to produce food for both itself and the fungus.", "Parmeliaceae. Genus: Letharia. Species: L. vulpina. Binomial name. Letharia vulpina. ( L.) Hue (1899) Letharia vulpina, commonly known as the wolf lichen (although the species name vulpina, from vulpine relates to the fox ), is a fruticose lichenized species of fungus in the family Parmeliaceae.", "lichen. ( ˈlaɪkən; ˈlɪtʃən) n. 1. (Plants) an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, bare ground, etc. Lichens are now classified as a phylum of fungi ( Mycophycophyta) 2. (Pathology) pathol any of various eruptive disorders of the skin.", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition and food chains. Vegetation: lichens, mosses, sedges, perennial forbs, and dwarfed shrubs, (often heaths, but also birches and willows). Growthforms: typical are ground-hugging and other warmth-preserving forms including: tussock-forming graminoids.", "16 December 2012 By superfoods Leave a Comment. Japanese knotweed ( Polygonum cuspidatum) is, herbaceous perennial plant, native to eastern Asia in Japan, Korea and China. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the plant is known as huzhang.", "1. any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks. 2. any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.", "Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the ascus. Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names.", "Overview. Lichen planus. Open pop-up dialog box. Close. Lichen planus. Lichen planus. Lichen planus is an inflammatory disorder that appears as purplish, flat-topped bumps when it affects the skin. Bumps may appear in clusters or lines. Lichen planus of nails." ], [ "Dyeing. The Klamath Indians in California soaked porcupine quills in a chartreuse-colored extract of Letharia vulpina that dyed them yellow; the quills were woven into the basket patterns. Vulpinic acid, poisonous dye in L. vulpina.", "Gallery. Letharia growing with Bryoria sp. on pine branches near Blackpine Lake, Washington. Soredia and isidia are present in this species, however it lacks apothecia of Letharia columbiana . Magnified view (approximately 1 cm width) of a wolf lichen found near Mt Hood in Oregon.", "Description. The thallus, or vegetative body, has a fructicose shape — that is, shrubby and densely branched — and a bright yellow to yellow-green, or chartreuse color, although the color will fade in drier specimens. Its dimensions are typically 2 to 7 cm (0.8 to 3 in) in diameter. The vegetative reproductive structures soredia and isidia are present on the surface of the thalli, often abundantly.", "Physiology. Like most lichens, L. vulpina is highly tolerant of freezing and low temperatures. In one set of experiments, the lichen was able to reactivate its metabolism after 15 hours of cold storage and resume photosynthesis within 12 minutes of thawing.", "According to British lichenologist Annie Lorrain Smith, reindeer carcasses were stuffed with lichen and powdered glass, and suggests that the sharp edges of the glass would make the animals' internal organs more susceptible to the effects of the lichen poison.", "However, it is known that the lichen itself is also effective—powdered lichen added to fat and inserted into reindeer carcasses will also be fatal to wolves that consume it. The toxic chemical is the yellow dye vulpinic acid, which is poisonous to all meat-eaters, but not to mice and rabbits.", "L. vulpina occurs throughout the Pacific Northwest. It is often abundant on exposed branches that have lost their bark. In old, moist forests, it is typically found in drier areas. This species has an intermediate air pollution sensitivity.", "Letharia vulpina. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Species of fungus. Letharia vulpina. Photographed in the San Gabriel Mountains, Los Angeles USA. Scientific classification. Kingdom: Fungi.", "Poison. The use of this species for poisoning wolves and foxes goes back at least hundreds of years, based on the mention of the practice in Christoph Gedner 's \"Of the use of curiosity\", collected in Benjamin Stillingfleet, Miscellaneous Tracts Relating to Natural History, Husbandry and Physics (London, 1759).", "This species is somewhat toxic to mammals due to the yellow pigment vulpinic acid, and has been used historically as a poison for wolves and foxes. It has also been used traditionally by many native North American ethnic groups as a pigment source for dyes and paints.", "Each lichen specie is one alga species plus one fungus. The alga, a microscopic green plant, makes the food for the duo, while the fungus, a non-green plant, gives the pair support and soaks up moisture.", "Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks, while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements.", "Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the ascus. Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names.", "Introduction. The black and yellow lichen moth, Lycomorpha pholus (Drury), is a member of the subfamily Arctiinae, tiger moths and woolly bears. The common names of the subfamily refer to the bright wing color patterns found in adults and the long setae covering many of its caterpillars. Figure 1.", "The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition and food chains. Vegetation: lichens, mosses, sedges, perennial forbs, and dwarfed shrubs, (often heaths, but also birches and willows). Growthforms: typical are ground-hugging and other warmth-preserving forms including: tussock-forming graminoids.", "Lichen. Lichen is a structure that commonly grows on trees; it is a result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. The fungus provides a structure that collects water and nutrients that the algae takes advantage of; the algae in turn uses its chlorophyll to produce food for both itself and the fungus.", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "16 December 2012 By superfoods Leave a Comment. Japanese knotweed ( Polygonum cuspidatum) is, herbaceous perennial plant, native to eastern Asia in Japan, Korea and China. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), the plant is known as huzhang.", "Main article: Symbiosis in lichens. Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture. — Trevor Goward. A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyanobacteria living among the filaments ( hyphae) of the fungi in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship." ], [ "Website: https://www.fda.gov. Drugs @ FDA is a searchable catalog of FDA-approved drug products. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Website: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs (en inglés) American Academy of Dermatology.", "Patches on the arms or upper body usually go away after time without treatment. The disease may also go away after puberty. Patches of the genital skin should be treated, even if they aren’t painful or itchy. These patches can scar, causing problems with urination or sex.", "Lichen sclerosus is treated by: Dermatologists (doctors who treat the skin). Gynecologists (doctors who treat the female reproductive system). Urologists (doctors who treat the urinary or urogenital tract). Primary health care providers.", "Treatment with creams or ointments can help. Surgery to remove skin patches at the genitals may be an option in men, but not women. Women with severe scarring in the vagina may need surgery. You should see your doctor every six to 12 months in order to follow and treat any skin changes.", "There is also a very small chance that skin cancer may develop in the patches. You should see your doctor every six to 12 months in order to follow and treat any skin changes. Possible treatments for the disease include: Ointments and creams, which can help with itching and to keep the disease from coming back.", "Información en español. If you need more information about available resources in your language or other languages, please visit our webpages below or contact the NIAMS Information Clearinghouse at [email protected]. Asian Language Health Information. Spanish Language Health Information.", "Lichen sclerosus. Lichen sclerosus is a skin condition that causes itchy white patches on the genitals or other parts of the body. There's no cure, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms.", "Overview. Lichen planus. Open pop-up dialog box. Close. Lichen planus. Lichen planus. Lichen planus is an inflammatory disorder that appears as purplish, flat-topped bumps when it affects the skin. Bumps may appear in clusters or lines. Lichen planus of nails.", "1. any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks. 2. any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.", "The lichen need sunlight and do better on the trees which are not healthy, so they are more apparent on the \"sick\" trees. A sick tree will also \"leak\" nutrients and sometimes sugars and other things which the lichens can use to grow. This causes increased growth of lichen on the \"sick\" trees.", "Manual Removal. Certain types of lichens and mosses -- such as Spanish moss -- can be manually removed from small trees and shrubs. Manual removal may require a ladder if the lichen or moss is growing in a hard-to-reach area. A friend should be present to hold the ladder steady while you are on it.", "lichen. ( ˈlaɪkən; ˈlɪtʃən) n. 1. (Plants) an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, bare ground, etc. Lichens are now classified as a phylum of fungi ( Mycophycophyta) 2. (Pathology) pathol any of various eruptive disorders of the skin.", "The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition and food chains. Vegetation: lichens, mosses, sedges, perennial forbs, and dwarfed shrubs, (often heaths, but also birches and willows). Growthforms: typical are ground-hugging and other warmth-preserving forms including: tussock-forming graminoids.", "Introduction. The black and yellow lichen moth, Lycomorpha pholus (Drury), is a member of the subfamily Arctiinae, tiger moths and woolly bears. The common names of the subfamily refer to the bright wing color patterns found in adults and the long setae covering many of its caterpillars. Figure 1.", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the ascus. Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names.", "Posted by Mark Lewis on April 30, 2013 at 10:29pm in Forest Health. View Discussions. I received this question, and wanted to post it here so the answer can be shared. I was once told that if a tree has lichen growing on the bark it was a indication that the tree was stressed and was in decline and destined to die.", "Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks, while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements.", "Main article: Symbiosis in lichens. Lichens are fungi that have discovered agriculture. — Trevor Goward. A lichen is a composite organism that emerges from algae or cyanobacteria living among the filaments ( hyphae) of the fungi in a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship." ], [ "Lichen (the plural as well as singular spelling) do not take food from the plant on which they are growing. You noted that the trees with the most lichen were looking sick. These lichen are a \"result\" rather than the \"cause\".", "Lichen are interesting but not harmful. Unfortunately, they prefer situations which make them look guilty of harming trees, when they are not the guilty culprit. They are only innocent bystanders taking advantage of the habitat provided by conditions which have harmed the trees.", "As for the use of an herbicide on the trees, it may kill the lichen, but will also kill the trees. The best you can do is be sure that the trees receive extra water in the driest times. If there are many trees in the area, you can thin the weak trees by removing them so that the healthy trees can receive extra sunlight and less competition for soil nutrients and water.", "The ones on the trees may be closely attached to the branches, or may be foliose, that is leafy-looking. The ones on the rocks will usually be just closely attached and not foliose. In climates with more moisture, they will even coat the telephone lines in some areas.", "Answer: The \"moss\" on the branches of your tree is an interesting symbiotic combination of fungus and algae. Symbiotic means that they live closely together and help each other. The fungus creates a moist environment and catches nutrients for the algae which uses the water and nutrients to create sugar and other food for itself and for the fungus.", "Gray, green, and yellow \"moss\" (lichen) on sick trees. I have gray, green, and yellow moss growing on dead branches of my piñon trees and am having a disagreement with my husband about it. He says it does no harm, but the trees it is in are all thin and look sick. Some of the living branches have the moss, so I think they are dying.", "Posted by Mark Lewis on April 30, 2013 at 10:29pm in Forest Health. View Discussions. I received this question, and wanted to post it here so the answer can be shared. I was once told that if a tree has lichen growing on the bark it was a indication that the tree was stressed and was in decline and destined to die.", "Lichen. Lichen is a structure that commonly grows on trees; it is a result of a symbiotic relationship between algae and fungi. The fungus provides a structure that collects water and nutrients that the algae takes advantage of; the algae in turn uses its chlorophyll to produce food for both itself and the fungus.", "Different species of lichens prefer, or only grow on different substrates. Thus some species will be found on smooth barked trees, some on rough barked and some on only one species of tree. Also some lichens grow on basic rocks, while others only grow on acidic rocks and some have particular mineral requirements.", "The definition of a lichen is a plant found on rocks or trees made of both a specific fungus and a specific algae that help one another. An example of a lichen is the colored patch growing on a tree branch. noun. 15. 2.", "1. any of several eruptive skin diseases characterized by hard thick lesions grouped together and resembling lichens growing on rocks. 2. any thallophytic plant of the division Lichenes; occur as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks or rocks or bare ground etc.", "Manual Removal. Certain types of lichens and mosses -- such as Spanish moss -- can be manually removed from small trees and shrubs. Manual removal may require a ladder if the lichen or moss is growing in a hard-to-reach area. A friend should be present to hold the ladder steady while you are on it.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "Lichen sclerosus is a long-term problem that usually affects the skin of the genital and anal areas. The disease can also appear on the upper body, breasts, and upper arms. The disease does not cause skin cancer but may increase your risk for cancer if your skin is scarred.", "Lichen fungi belong to several different groups of fungi. Most common (over 40%) are Ascomycetes, which produce spores in a sac-shaped container, the ascus. Only a few types of alga occur within lichens; these algae also have their own names.", "lichen. ( ˈlaɪkən; ˈlɪtʃən) n. 1. (Plants) an organism that is formed by the symbiotic association of a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium and occurs as crusty patches or bushy growths on tree trunks, bare ground, etc. Lichens are now classified as a phylum of fungi ( Mycophycophyta) 2. (Pathology) pathol any of various eruptive disorders of the skin.", "Lichen sclerosus. Lichen sclerosus is a skin condition that causes itchy white patches on the genitals or other parts of the body. There's no cure, but treatment can help relieve the symptoms.", "The tundra is the simplest biome in terms of species composition and food chains. Vegetation: lichens, mosses, sedges, perennial forbs, and dwarfed shrubs, (often heaths, but also birches and willows). Growthforms: typical are ground-hugging and other warmth-preserving forms including: tussock-forming graminoids.", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae ).", "The body ( thallus) of most lichens is different from those of either the fungus or alga growing separately. When grown in the laboratory in the absence of its photobiont, a lichen fungus develops as a structureless, undifferentiated mass of fungal filaments ( hyphae )." ] ]
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[ "NEW YORK - The Brodsky scale for evaluating the size of children's tonsils may give the most consistent results compared to two other tools - the Friedman scale and a new modified three-grade scale, a new study has found. The Brodsky gave the most reliable measurements, both between observers and between different measurements by the same observer, according to the research.", "Lanthanum oxide additive to tungsten is used in gas tungsten arc welding electrodes, as a substitute for radioactive thorium. Various compounds of lanthanum and other rare-earth elements (oxides, chlorides, etc.) are components of various catalysis, such as petroleum cracking catalysts.", "Terms in this set (59) biscuit method. a mixing method used to make biscuits, scones, and flaky doughs; it involves cutting cold fat into the flour and other dry ingredients before any liquid is added. muffin method.", "At ambient conditions, bismuth shares the same layered structure as the metallic forms of arsenic and antimony, crystallizing in the rhombohedral lattice ( Pearson symbol hR6, space group R 3 m No. 166) of the trigonal crystal system.", "White Spinel | Our Everyday Life. Cubic Zirconia Vs. White Spinel. diamond image by sumos from Fotolia.com. Both the white spinel and cubic zirconia are gemstones; however the white spinel is a natural gemstone mineral, whereas the cubic zirconia is man-made. The two are commonly used to replace higher-end jewelry, such as diamonds and precious gems.", "But once you start to look at its history, the story becomes less probable, mainly because the word is first recorded in French (as bistro in 1884 and as bistrot in 1892) long after those supposedly rowdy rude Cossacks came to town.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Germanium is not found as the free element in nature. Germanium is found in germanite, argyrodite, and some zinc ores. It is also present in coal and its presence in coal insures reserves for many years.", "Boron Symbol: B. Boron Atomic Number: 5. Boron Atomic Weight: 10.811. What is Boron? Boron (symbol B, atomic number 5) is a chemical element and a metalloid. Because stellar nucleosynthesis does not lead to the production of boron, it is only available in small amounts in the earth's crust and the solar system.", "Other rarer varieties of druzy, include (but are not limited to) garnet druzy, rainbow hematite druzy, chrysocolla druzy, calcite druzy, and azurite druzy. The term druzy may be spelled several different ways, including druse, drusy or drusie.", "Quality control methods for zirconium used in refractory applications also focus on SPC. However, in the refractory industries, it is also necessary to ascertain the beach (and even what part of the beach) from which the zirconium mineral was extracted." ]
[ [ "The third scale included in the comparison is a modified three-grade scale that, like the Friedman, evaluates the relative position of the tonsils. This scale is unique, developed in house with the assumption that fewer grades might improve its reliability and the chance that different observers give similar grades.", "The observers graded each child twice at two different times using each of the three scales. They assessed the reliability between raters using intraclass correlation coefficients and Cronbach's alpha (a coefficient of internal consistency).", "The three-grade scale performed unexpectedly poorly, the researchers noted in their paper. That may be because the observers are less familiar with it compared to the other two scales or because it may be more difficult to assess size in thirds, the researchers write in their paper.", "In our case this well-established scale (Brodsky) was found to be reliable, but it is notable that research has been published relying on other scales which may not have been as reliable as assumed.\". As reported online October 9 in JAMA Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Chadha and his team conducted a cross-sectional study at an outpatient clinic in the British Columbia Children's Hospital system in which four observers independently assessed the size of the left tonsil of 116 children ages 3 to 14 years old.", "The Brodsky four-point scale and the Friedman five-point scale are the two most widely used. Brodsky assesses the percentage of the airway that the tonsil takes up and Friedman grades the tonsil according to its position relative to surrounding structures.", "Grading the tonsil size to check for enlargement is important in part because enlarged tonsils can reduce airflow to and from the lungs and they are a risk factor in obstructive sleep apnea in children, the researchers write. SOURCE: http://bit.ly/1veND3e. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014. References: Reuters Health.", "None of the scales reached an acceptable level of reliability, which the researchers had defined as an ICC of 0.75. The Brodsky, however, came close. The researchers also measured the reliability between the two successive evaluations of each observer, the intra-rater reliability, using the Pearson correlation coefficient. The Brodsky had a mean reliability of 0.954 compared to Friedman's 0.932 and the three-grade scale's 0.927.", "The Brodsky scale had a mean ICC of 0.721 and Cronbach's alpha of 0.911, while the Friedman scale had an ICC of 0.647 and Cronbach's alpha 0.879. The modified three-grade scale had an ICC of 0.599 and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.927.", "Other rarer varieties of druzy, include (but are not limited to) garnet druzy, rainbow hematite druzy, chrysocolla druzy, calcite druzy, and azurite druzy. The term druzy may be spelled several different ways, including druse, drusy or drusie.", "The name zirconium comes from the mineral zircon, which is the most important source of the metal. The largest deposits of this mineral are found in Australia, Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and the United States. Australia and South Africa are the largest miners of the mineral.", "Uses. Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Rubidium is far too reactive to be found as the free metal in nature. It is relatively rare, although it is the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium is present in some minerals found in North America, South Africa, Russia, and Canada.", "bis-. 1. Prefix signifying two or twice. 2. chemistry Used to denote the presence of two identical but separated complex groups in one molecule. Compare: bi-, di-. [L.] Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012.", "White Spinel | Our Everyday Life. Cubic Zirconia Vs. White Spinel. diamond image by sumos from Fotolia.com. Both the white spinel and cubic zirconia are gemstones; however the white spinel is a natural gemstone mineral, whereas the cubic zirconia is man-made. The two are commonly used to replace higher-end jewelry, such as diamonds and precious gems.", "Palladium alloys are commonly used in surgical instruments, such as those used here in open-heart surgery. in native form, meaning \"not combined with any other element.\". Palladium is usually found with platinum and other members of the noble metal group.", "At ambient conditions, bismuth shares the same layered structure as the metallic forms of arsenic and antimony, crystallizing in the rhombohedral lattice ( Pearson symbol hR6, space group R 3 m No. 166) of the trigonal crystal system.", "verb (used with object) to cut or divide into two equal or nearly equal parts. Geometry. to cut or divide into two equal parts: to bisect an angle. to intersect or cross: the spot where the railroad tracks bisect the highway.", "A silvery metal that resists corrosion. Uses. About 80% of the vanadium produced is used as a steel additive. Vanadium-steel alloys are very tough and are used for armour plate, axles, tools, piston rods and crankshafts. Less than 1% of vanadium, and as little chromium, makes steel shock resistant and vibration resistant.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Germanium is not found as the free element in nature. Germanium is found in germanite, argyrodite, and some zinc ores. It is also present in coal and its presence in coal insures reserves for many years.", "Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: bisect (Noun) A bisector, which divides into two equal parts. bisect (Noun) An envelope, card, or fragment thereof showing an affixed cut half of a regular issued stamp, over which one or more postal markings have been applied.", "Terms in this set (59) biscuit method. a mixing method used to make biscuits, scones, and flaky doughs; it involves cutting cold fat into the flour and other dry ingredients before any liquid is added. muffin method." ], [ "This glass has superior transmittance in the infrared range and is therefore used for fiber-optical communication systems. Cerium-doped lanthanum bromide and lanthanum chloride are the recent inorganic scintillators, which have a combination of high light yield, best energy resolution, and fast response.", "The lanthanides become harder as the series is traversed: as expected, lanthanum is a soft metal. Lanthanum has a relatively high resistivity of 615 nΩm at room temperature; in comparison, the value for the good conductor aluminium is only 26.50 nΩm. Lanthanum is the least volatile of the lanthanides.", "The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, evolving carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon tetrafluoride: the product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution.", "W. Chemical compound. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity and should be handled with care. The injection of lanthanum solutions produces hyperglycemia, low blood pressure, degeneration of the spleen and hepatic alterations.", "Lanthanum hydroxide will react with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form the basic carbonate. Lanthanum fluoride is insoluble in water and can be used as a qualitative test for the presence of La 3+. The heavier halides are all very soluble deliquescent compounds.", "Occurrence and production. Lanthanum is the third-most abundant of all the lanthanides, making up 39 mg/kg of the Earth's crust, behind neodymium at 41.5 mg/kg and cerium at 66.5 mg/kg. It is almost three times as abundant as lead in the Earth's crust.", "The acidic filtrates are partially neutralized with sodium hydroxide to pH 3–4. Thorium precipitates out of solution as hydroxide and is removed. After that, the solution is treated with ammonium oxalate to convert rare earths to their insoluble oxalates. The oxalates are converted to oxides by annealing.", "Among the lanthanides, lanthanum is exceptional as it has no 4f electrons as a single gas-phase atom. Thus it is only very weakly paramagnetic, unlike the strongly paramagnetic later lanthanides (with the exceptions of the last two, ytterbium and lutetium, where the 4f shell is completely full).", "As expected from periodic trends, lanthanum has the largest atomic radius of the lanthanides. Hence, it is the most reactive among them, tarnishing quite rapidly in air, turning completely dark after several hours and can readily burn to form lanthanum (III) oxide, La 2 O 3, which is almost as basic as calcium oxide.", "That same year, Axel Erdmann, a student also at the Karolinska Institute, discovered lanthanum in a new mineral from Låven island located in a Norwegian fjord. Finally, Mosander explained his delay, saying that he had extracted a second element from cerium, and this he called didymium.", "view. talk. edit. | references. Lanthanum is a chemical element with the symbol La and atomic number 57. It is a soft, ductile, silvery-white metal that tarnishes slowly when exposed to air. It is the eponym of the lanthanide series, a group of 15 similar elements between lanthanum and lutetium in the periodic table, of which lanthanum is the first and the prototype.", "Lanthanum metal is obtained from its oxide by heating it with ammonium chloride or fluoride and hydrofluoric acid at 300-400 °C to produce the chloride or fluoride: La 2 O 3 + 6 NH 4 Cl → 2 LaCl 3 + 6 NH 3 + 3 H 2 O. This is followed by reduction with alkali or alkaline earth metals in vacuum or argon atmosphere:", "The application in carbon arc light led to the exposure of people to rare earth element oxides and fluorides, which sometimes led to pneumoconiosis. As the La 3+ ion is similar in size to the Ca 2+ ion, it is sometimes used as an easily traced substitute for the latter in medical studies.", "Lanthanum is considered a rare earth metal because the process to mine it is difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. Lanthanum is rarely the dominant lanthanide found in the rare earth minerals, and in their chemical formulae it is usually preceded by cerium.", "All other lanthanum isotopes are synthetic: with the exception of 137 La with a half-life of about 60,000 years, all of them have half-lives less than a day, and most have half-lives less than a minute. The isotopes 139 La and 140 La occur as fission products of uranium.", "Mixed with europium fluoride, it is also applied in the crystal membrane of fluoride ion-selective electrodes. Like horseradish peroxidase, lanthanum is used as an electron-dense tracer in molecular biology. Lanthanum-modified bentonite (or phoslock) is used to remove phosphates from water in lake treatments.", "These larger nickel-metal hydride batteries require massive quantities of lanthanum for the production. The 2008 Toyota Prius NiMH battery requires 10 to 15 kilograms (22 to 33 lb) of lanthanum. As engineers push the technology to increase fuel efficiency, twice that amount of lanthanum could be required per vehicle.", "Lanthanum oxide is a white solid that can be prepared by direct reaction of its constituent elements. Due to the large size of the La 3+ ion, La 2 O 3 adopts a hexagonal 7-coordinate structure that changes to the 6-coordinate structure of scandium oxide (Sc 2 O 3) and yttrium oxide (Y 2 O 3) at high temperature.", "Biological role. Lanthanum has no known biological role in humans. The element is very poorly absorbed after oral administration and when injected its elimination is very slow. Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) was approved as a phosphate binder to absorb excess phosphate in cases of end stage renal disease.", "For example, the melting points of the trivalent lanthanides are related to the extent of hybridisation of the 6s, 5d, and 4f electrons (lowering with increasing 4f involvement), and lanthanum has the second-lowest (after cerium) melting point among all the lanthanides: 920 °C.", "Physical. Lanthanum is the first element and prototype of the lanthanide series. In the periodic table, it appears to the right of the alkaline earth metal barium and to the left of the lanthanide cerium.", "Lanthanum compounds have numerous applications as catalysts, additives in glass, carbon arc lamps for studio lights and projectors, ignition elements in lighters and torches, electron cathodes, scintillators, gas tungsten arc welding electrodes, and other things.", "Mischmetal, a pyrophoric alloy used in lighter flints, contains 25% to 45% lanthanum. Lanthanum oxide and the boride are used in electronic vacuum tubes as hot cathode materials with strong emissivity of electrons. Crystals of LaB. 6 are used in high-brightness, extended-life, thermionic electron emission sources for electron microscopes and Hall-effect thrusters.", "Lanthanum, like the other lanthanides, is known to affect human metabolism, lowering cholesterol levels, blood pressure, appetite, and risk of blood coagulation. When injected into the brain, it acts as a painkiller, similarly to morphine and other opiates, though the mechanism behind this is still unknown.", "Comparison of infrared transmittance of ZBLAN glass and silica. One material used for anodic material of nickel-metal hydride batteries is La (Ni. 3.6Mn. 0.4Al. 0.3Co. 0.7). Due to high cost to extract the other lanthanides, a mischmetal with more than 50% of lanthanum is used instead of pure lanthanum.", "Lanthanum reacts with the halogens at room temperature to form the trihalides, and upon warming will form binary compounds with the nonmetals nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, selenium, silicon and arsenic. Lanthanum reacts slowly with water to form lanthanum (III) hydroxide, La (OH) 3.", "Lanthanum usually occurs together with cerium and the other rare earth elements. Lanthanum was first found by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1839 as an impurity in cerium nitrate – hence the name lanthanum, from the Ancient Greek λανθάνειν ( lanthanein ), meaning \"to lie hidden\".", "This reason motivated Mr. Mosander to give to the new metal the name Lantane .) (Berzelius) (1839) \"Latanium — a new metal,\" Philosophical Magazine, new series, 14 : 390-391. ^ \"It's Elemental — The Periodic Table of Elements\". Jefferson Lab. Archived from the original on 29 April 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-14.", "Carbon arc lamps use a mixture of rare earth elements to improve the light quality. This application, especially by the motion picture industry for studio lighting and projection, consumed about 25% of the rare-earth compounds produced until the phase out of carbon arc lamps. Lanthanum (III) oxide ( La. 2O.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. This section lists some binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some other compounds of zirconium. For each compound, a formal oxidation number for zirconium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p -block elements in particular." ], [ "mixing method in which the mixing dry ingredients are combined with the mixed liguid fat and other ingredients. creaming method. A mixing method that begins with the blending of softened fat and sugar. Resulting in a rich tender, cakelike product. sponge.", "A weak flour used for pastries and cookies. Gluten. An elastic substance, formed from proteins present in wheat flours, that gives structure and strength to baked goods. 1 cup = _____ fl oz. = 8 fl oz. 1 pint = _____ fl oz. = 16 fl oz. 1 quart = _______ fl oz = ______ pts. = 32 fl oz = 2 pt.", "Bakers % formula: When you dont know the weight of the ingredients. Formula: Weight of Flour x % of the ingredient = Weight of ingredient. Step 1: Turn the percentages into their decimal form. Step 2: Multiply the percent in decimal form for each ingredient by the weight of the flour.", "Windowpane test. Demonstrates complete and proper gluten development. To apply the test, take a small amount, form a ball and stretch it to a thin translucent membrane. Pick up stage. 1st mixing phase where the flour and dry ingredients are hydrated or combined with liquid ingredients. Clean up stage.", "Named after its discoverer, the chemist Dr. Louis-Camille Maillard. When making yeast doughs this is where the dough is shaped into loaves or rolls then placed in pans or on baking sheets. When making yeast doughs this is a continuation process of yeast fermentation that increases the volume of the shaped dough.", "A batter or dough of yeast, flour, and water that is allowed to ferment and is then mixed with more flour and other ingredients to make a bread dough. Crumb. cell size of interior of a baked food product. Bread flour. Strong hard wheat flour, such as patent flour, used for breads. Pastry flour.", "Study with Flashcards again. 1/59. Created by. chefmcampbell. Content from week 1-4. Ingredients, Baking Terminologies, Quick Breads, Measurement conversions, Mixing methods.", "Foccacia. A square or rectangular, rustic Italian bread. It should be 1-1 1/4 inches thick, with a substantial golden brown crust and tender, large holed crumb. It is generally baked in a flat sheet pan and is characteristic dimpled top can be sprinkled with coarse salt, olive oil, herbs, cheeses, and/or other items.", "PLAY. Match. Gravity. biscuit method. Click card to see definition 👆. Tap card to see definition 👆. a mixing method used to make biscuits, scones, and flaky doughs; it involves cutting cold fat into the flour and other dry ingredients before any liquid is added. Click again to see term 👆. Tap again to see term 👆.", "Fougasse. A bread shape made by slitting an oval piece of dough with long alternating cuts on either side, then pulling them open prior to baking. It is somewhat flat and thin. The name derives from the Latin, focus, which means \"fireplace\", because it was originally cooked on a hot hearthstone.", "Contains more than 30% shortening and less than 15% sugar. A mixing method for yeast goods in which all ingredients are mixed together at once. (dump and go!) A mixing method similar to the straight dought method, except that the fat and the sugar are mixed together to ensure uniform distribution used for rich doughs.", "1 centiliter (cl) = _____ milliliters (ml) = 10 milliliters (ml) 1 deciliter (dl) = _____ centiliters (cl) = 10 centiliters (cl) 1 liter (L)= ____ deciliters (dl) = 10 deciliters (dl) 1 liter (L) = ____ milliliters (ml) = 1000 milliliters (ml) Rolled-in dough.", "2nd mixing phase, where all dry ingredients are hydrated and form a rough dough. The dough forms enough to pull away from the bowl into a compact mass. Final development stage. When the rough and undermixed dough where gluten becomes smooth and elastic.", "A long, narrow rectangular loaf of bread. It was named after the inventor of the railroad Pullman car, George Mortimer Pullman, because the finished loaf resembels a long, narrow car. It gets it shape by being baked in a pan which has a lid that slides over the top, forcing the dough to conform to the shape of the pan.", "Quality control methods for zirconium used in refractory applications also focus on SPC. However, in the refractory industries, it is also necessary to ascertain the beach (and even what part of the beach) from which the zirconium mineral was extracted.", "Palladium alloys are commonly used in surgical instruments, such as those used here in open-heart surgery. in native form, meaning \"not combined with any other element.\". Palladium is usually found with platinum and other members of the noble metal group.", "Other rarer varieties of druzy, include (but are not limited to) garnet druzy, rainbow hematite druzy, chrysocolla druzy, calcite druzy, and azurite druzy. The term druzy may be spelled several different ways, including druse, drusy or drusie.", "verb (used with object) to cut or divide into two equal or nearly equal parts. Geometry. to cut or divide into two equal parts: to bisect an angle. to intersect or cross: the spot where the railroad tracks bisect the highway.", "A silvery metal that resists corrosion. Uses. About 80% of the vanadium produced is used as a steel additive. Vanadium-steel alloys are very tough and are used for armour plate, axles, tools, piston rods and crankshafts. Less than 1% of vanadium, and as little chromium, makes steel shock resistant and vibration resistant.", "Lanthanum oxide additive to tungsten is used in gas tungsten arc welding electrodes, as a substitute for radioactive thorium. Various compounds of lanthanum and other rare-earth elements (oxides, chlorides, etc.) are components of various catalysis, such as petroleum cracking catalysts." ], [ "Bismuth used in galvanizing, and as a free-machining metallurgical additive. Bismuth in uses where it is dispersed most widely include certain stomach medicines ( bismuth subsalicylate ), paints ( bismuth vanadate ), pearlescent cosmetics ( bismuth oxychloride ), and bismuth-containing bullets.", "However, it indicated a poisoning effect on modification of strontium. Some bismuth alloys, such as Bi35-Pb37-Sn25, are combined with non-sticking materials such as mica, glass and enamels because they easily wet them allowing to make joints to other parts.", "Left: A bismuth crystal exhibiting the stairstep crystal structure and iridescence colors, which are produced by interference of light within the oxide film on its surface. Right: a 1 cm 3 cube of unoxidised bismuth metal.", "However, in the case of BiOCl, the salt crystal forms in a structure of alternating plates of Bi, O, and Cl atoms, with each oxygen coordinating with four bismuth atoms in the adjacent plane. This mineral compound is used as a pigment and cosmetic (see below).", "Metal and alloys. Bismuth is used in metal alloys with other metals such as iron. These alloys are used in automatic sprinkler systems for fires. It forms the largest part (50%) of Rose's metal, a fusible alloy, which also contains 25–28% lead and 22–25% tin.", "The price for pure bismuth metal has been relatively stable through most of the 20th century, except for a spike in the 1970s. Bismuth has always been produced mainly as a byproduct of lead refining, and thus the price usually reflected the cost of recovery and the balance between production and demand.", "Bismuth was long considered the element with the highest atomic mass that is stable, but in 2003 it was discovered to be extremely weakly radioactive: its only primordial isotope, bismuth-209, decays via alpha decay with a half-life more than a billion times the estimated age of the universe.", "Such alloys are used in high-precision casting, e.g. in dentistry, to create models and molds. Bismuth is also used as an alloying agent in production of malleable irons and as a thermocouple material. Bismuth is also used in aluminium-silicon cast alloys in order to refine silicon morphology.", "Bismuth compounds account for about half the production of bismuth. They are used in cosmetics; pigments; and a few pharmaceuticals, notably bismuth subsalicylate, used to treat diarrhea. Bismuth's unusual propensity to expand as it solidifies is responsible for some of its uses, such as in casting of printing type.", "Bismuth is included in BSCCO (bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide) which is a group of similar superconducting compounds discovered in 1988 that exhibit the highest superconducting transition temperatures. Bismuth subnitrate is a component of glazes that produces an iridescence and is used as a pigment in paint.", "Alchemical symbol used by Torbern Bergman (1775) Beginning with Johann Heinrich Pott in 1738, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and Torbern Olof Bergman, the distinctness of lead and bismuth became clear, and Claude François Geoffroy demonstrated in 1753 that this metal is distinct from lead and tin.", "In the early 1990s, research began on the evaluation of bismuth as a nontoxic replacement for lead in ceramic glazes, fishing sinkers, food-processing equipment, free-machining brasses for plumbing applications, lubricating greases, and shot for waterfowl hunting.", "Bismuth telluride is a semiconductor and an excellent thermoelectric material. Bi 2 Te 3 diodes are used in mobile refrigerators, CPU coolers, and as detectors in infrared spectrophotometers. Bismuth oxide, in its delta form, is a solid electrolyte for oxygen.", "Bismuth has the longest known alpha decay half-life, although tellurium-128 has a double beta decay half-life of over 2.2 × 1024 years. Bismuth's extremely long half-life means that less than one-billionth of the bismuth present at the formation of the planet Earth would have decayed into thallium since then.", "The variations in the thickness of the oxide layer that forms on the surface of the crystal cause different wavelengths of light to interfere upon reflection, thus displaying a rainbow of colors. When burned in oxygen, bismuth burns with a blue flame and its oxide forms yellow fumes.", "Medicines. Bismuth is an ingredient in some pharmaceuticals, although the use of some of these substances is declining. Bismuth subsalicylate is used as an antidiarrheal; it is the active ingredient in such \"pink bismuth\" preparations as Pepto-Bismol, as well as the 2004 reformulation of Kaopectate.", "Bismuth subnitrate is a component of glazes that produces an iridescence and is used as a pigment in paint. Bismuth telluride is a semiconductor and an excellent thermoelectric material. Bi 2 Te 3 diodes are used in mobile refrigerators, CPU coolers, and as detectors in infrared spectrophotometers.", "In 2014 researchers discovered that sodium bismuthide can exist as a form of matter called a “three-dimensional topological Dirac semi-metal” (3DTDS) that possess 3D Dirac fermions in bulk. It is a natural, three-dimensional counterpart to graphene with similar electron mobility and velocity.", "Bismuth. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Element 83) Jump to navigation Jump to search. chemical element with atomic number 83. For other uses, see Bismuth (disambiguation). Chemical element with atomic number 83.", "Bismuth atoms are shown as grey, oxygen red, chlorine green. Bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl, see figure at right) and bismuth oxynitrate (BiONO 3) stoichiometrically appear as simple anionic salts of the bismuthyl (III) cation (BiO +) which commonly occurs in aqueous bismuth compounds.", "Addition of bismuth to caesium enhances the quantum yield of caesium cathodes. Sintering of bismuth and manganese powders at 300 °C produces a permanent magnet and magnetostrictive material, which is used in ultrasonic generators and receivers working in the 10–100 kHz range and in magnetic memory devices.", "In 1997, an antibody conjugate with bismuth-213, which has a 45-minute half-life and decays with the emission of an alpha particle, was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in cancer treatment, for example, in the targeted alpha therapy (TAT) program.", "Bibrocathol is an organic bismuth-containing compound used to treat eye infections. Bismuth subgallate, the active ingredient in Devrom, is used as an internal deodorant to treat malodor from flatulence and feces. Bismuth compounds (including sodium bismuth tartrate) were formerly used to treat syphilis.", "Bismuth oxide, in its delta form, is a solid electrolyte for oxygen. This form normally breaks down below a high-temperature threshold, but can be electrodeposited well below this temperature in a highly alkaline solution. Bismuth germanate is a scintillator, widely used in X-ray and gamma ray detectors.", "talk. edit. | references. Bismuth is a chemical element with the symbol Bi and atomic number 83. It is a pentavalent post-transition metal and one of the pnictogens with chemical properties resembling its lighter group 15 siblings arsenic and antimony.", "No other metal is verified to be more naturally diamagnetic than bismuth. ( Superdiamagnetism is a different physical phenomenon.) Of any metal, it has one of the lowest values of thermal conductivity (after manganese, and maybe neptunium and plutonium) and the highest Hall coefficient.", "The density difference between lead (11.32 g/cm 3) and bismuth (9.78 g/cm 3) is small enough that for many ballistics and weighting applications, bismuth can substitute for lead. For example, it can replace lead as a dense material in fishing sinkers.", "They are used in cosmetics; pigments; and a few pharmaceuticals, notably bismuth subsalicylate, used to treat diarrhea. Bismuth's unusual propensity to expand as it solidifies is responsible for some of its uses, such as in the casting of printing type. Bismuth has unusually low toxicity for a heavy metal.", "Though virtually unseen in nature, high-purity bismuth can form distinctive, colorful hopper crystals. It is relatively nontoxic and has a low melting point just above 271 °C, so crystals may be grown using a household stove, although the resulting crystals will tend to be of lower quality than lab-grown crystals.", "The element was confused in early times with tin and lead because of its resemblance to those elements. Because bismuth has been known since ancient times, no one person is credited with its discovery. Agricola (1546) states that bismuth is a distinct metal in a family of metals including tin and lead.", "To stabilize the market, the producers set the price at $1.25 per pound (2.75 $/kg) during the war and at $2.25 per pound (4.96 $/kg) from 1950 until 1964. In the early 1970s, the price rose rapidly as a result of increasing demand for bismuth as a metallurgical additive to aluminium, iron and steel.", "It has a high electrical resistivity. When deposited in sufficiently thin layers on a substrate, bismuth is a semiconductor, despite being a post-transition metal. Elemental bismuth is denser in the liquid phase than the solid, a characteristic it shares with germanium, silicon, gallium, and water.", "Elemental bismuth may occur naturally, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead. It is a brittle metal with a silvery-white color when freshly produced, but surface oxidation can give it an iridescent tinge in numerous colours.", "It reacts with fluorine to make bismuth (V) fluoride at 500 °C or bismuth (III) fluoride at lower temperatures (typically from Bi melts); with other halogens it yields only bismuth (III) halides. The trihalides are corrosive and easily react with moisture, forming oxyhalides with the formula BiOX.", "Boron Symbol: B. Boron Atomic Number: 5. Boron Atomic Weight: 10.811. What is Boron? Boron (symbol B, atomic number 5) is a chemical element and a metalloid. Because stellar nucleosynthesis does not lead to the production of boron, it is only available in small amounts in the earth's crust and the solar system." ], [ "Considerations. When deciding on a less-expensive replacement for a diamond, consider that the cubic zirconia is more widely available and very inexpensive, whereas the white spinel is harder to find and slightly more expensive. Cost for both can depend on a wide variety of factors from size to shape. As for durability, both the white spinel and cubic zirconia have a hardness of approximately eight, on a scale of one to 10.", "A cubic zirconia is made in many different colors, but is most commonly seen as colorless to replicate a diamond. The stone is very inexpensive and, \"to the untrained eye, cubic zirconia looks identical to a good quality diamond, but has slightly less brilliance or sparkle than a diamond.\".", "Cubic Zirconia Characteristics. A cubic zirconia is, \"well known as a substitute for a diamond, due to its high hardness and great fire,\" according to Emporia.edu. The stone is a form of zirconium oxide that is created in a laboratory. Because it is man-made, it is not considered a mineral.", "White Spinel Characteristics. A pure spinel is white, but is most often seen in many different colors, such as red, pink and black. Spinels are well-known for replicating rubies when red in color. The white spinel is rare and, \"relatively unknown to the common consumer,\" says GemTradeNet.", "Bismuth is a crystalline, brittle metal that is silvery-white with an iridescent hue. As an elemental metal, its number is 83 on the Periodic Table. Bismuth is often lab-created. It can be found naturally, although it is very rare!", "Quality control methods for zirconium used in refractory applications also focus on SPC. However, in the refractory industries, it is also necessary to ascertain the beach (and even what part of the beach) from which the zirconium mineral was extracted.", "The name zirconium comes from the mineral zircon, which is the most important source of the metal. The largest deposits of this mineral are found in Australia, Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and the United States. Australia and South Africa are the largest miners of the mineral.", "Palladium alloys are commonly used in surgical instruments, such as those used here in open-heart surgery. in native form, meaning \"not combined with any other element.\". Palladium is usually found with platinum and other members of the noble metal group.", "Uses. Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Rubidium is far too reactive to be found as the free metal in nature. It is relatively rare, although it is the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium is present in some minerals found in North America, South Africa, Russia, and Canada.", "NEW YORK - The Brodsky scale for evaluating the size of children's tonsils may give the most consistent results compared to two other tools - the Friedman scale and a new modified three-grade scale, a new study has found. The Brodsky gave the most reliable measurements, both between observers and between different measurements by the same observer, according to the research.", "bis-. 1. Prefix signifying two or twice. 2. chemistry Used to denote the presence of two identical but separated complex groups in one molecule. Compare: bi-, di-. [L.] Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012.", "verb (used with object) to cut or divide into two equal or nearly equal parts. Geometry. to cut or divide into two equal parts: to bisect an angle. to intersect or cross: the spot where the railroad tracks bisect the highway.", "What mineral group does the garnet belong to? What mineral group does the garnet belong to. ? Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2012-02-17 16:55:38. Garnet, a mineral itself, is also a mineral group in which it belongs.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Germanium is not found as the free element in nature. Germanium is found in germanite, argyrodite, and some zinc ores. It is also present in coal and its presence in coal insures reserves for many years.", "A very rare element (0.0001 ppm of Earth 's crust), iridium is found in the naturally occurring alloys osmiridium (approximately 50% iridium) and iridiosmium (approximately 70% iridium) in Alaska and South Africa. It is obtained by igniting ammonium chloroiridate, (NH 4) 3 IrCl 6, in hydrogen atmosphere.", "Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: bisect (Noun) A bisector, which divides into two equal parts. bisect (Noun) An envelope, card, or fragment thereof showing an affixed cut half of a regular issued stamp, over which one or more postal markings have been applied.", "A silvery metal that resists corrosion. Uses. About 80% of the vanadium produced is used as a steel additive. Vanadium-steel alloys are very tough and are used for armour plate, axles, tools, piston rods and crankshafts. Less than 1% of vanadium, and as little chromium, makes steel shock resistant and vibration resistant.", "Palladium is one of a number of metals starting to be used in the fuel cells to power a host of things including cars and buses. Palladium is also widely used in catalytic reactions in industry, such as in hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as in jewellery and in dental fillings and crowns.", "Terms in this set (59) biscuit method. a mixing method used to make biscuits, scones, and flaky doughs; it involves cutting cold fat into the flour and other dry ingredients before any liquid is added. muffin method.", "Lanthanum oxide additive to tungsten is used in gas tungsten arc welding electrodes, as a substitute for radioactive thorium. Various compounds of lanthanum and other rare-earth elements (oxides, chlorides, etc.) are components of various catalysis, such as petroleum cracking catalysts." ], [ "That’s always a sign that somebody may be telling a story, since real-life etymology is frequently prosaic and inconclusive. A search online and in books on word histories will find tales like this retold in French, Russian and English — the most frequent one points to the Cossacks who occupied Paris in 1814 or 1815.", "We wordhounds are used to terms that lurk in the lexicographical shadows for decades before they become popular, but the 70-year gap is just too much to be easily accepted. As so often, the trouble is that there’s nothing obvious to put in its place and etymologists have had to cast around to find possible sources.", "Bistro. Q From Graham Shipley, Australia: A friend tells me that the word bistro has its origins from the Russians. He claims that when the Russians occupied Paris in the 1800s, whenever they visited a restaurant where the service was slow, they hammered their fists on the table and shouted bistro which apparently means ‘hurry up’ in Russian.", "That’s because the origin has some academic respectability and is quoted as a possible origin — for example — in both Chambers Dictionary and the Oxford Dictionary of English. And in Russian a word very like bistro does mean “rapidly”.", "One suggestion is bistouille or bistrouille, a colloquial term from northern France meaning a mixture of coffee and brandy, a cheap grade of brandy, or any drink of poor quality, possibly something that might be served in a bistro.", "Palladium alloys are commonly used in surgical instruments, such as those used here in open-heart surgery. in native form, meaning \"not combined with any other element.\". Palladium is usually found with platinum and other members of the noble metal group.", "Palladium is one of a number of metals starting to be used in the fuel cells to power a host of things including cars and buses. Palladium is also widely used in catalytic reactions in industry, such as in hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as in jewellery and in dental fillings and crowns.", "Boron Symbol: B. Boron Atomic Number: 5. Boron Atomic Weight: 10.811. What is Boron? Boron (symbol B, atomic number 5) is a chemical element and a metalloid. Because stellar nucleosynthesis does not lead to the production of boron, it is only available in small amounts in the earth's crust and the solar system.", "A silvery metal that resists corrosion. Uses. About 80% of the vanadium produced is used as a steel additive. Vanadium-steel alloys are very tough and are used for armour plate, axles, tools, piston rods and crankshafts. Less than 1% of vanadium, and as little chromium, makes steel shock resistant and vibration resistant.", "Bismuth is a crystalline, brittle metal that is silvery-white with an iridescent hue. As an elemental metal, its number is 83 on the Periodic Table. Bismuth is often lab-created. It can be found naturally, although it is very rare!", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Germanium is not found as the free element in nature. Germanium is found in germanite, argyrodite, and some zinc ores. It is also present in coal and its presence in coal insures reserves for many years.", "Quality control methods for zirconium used in refractory applications also focus on SPC. However, in the refractory industries, it is also necessary to ascertain the beach (and even what part of the beach) from which the zirconium mineral was extracted.", "What mineral group does the garnet belong to? What mineral group does the garnet belong to. ? Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2012-02-17 16:55:38. Garnet, a mineral itself, is also a mineral group in which it belongs.", "At ambient conditions, bismuth shares the same layered structure as the metallic forms of arsenic and antimony, crystallizing in the rhombohedral lattice ( Pearson symbol hR6, space group R 3 m No. 166) of the trigonal crystal system.", "White Spinel | Our Everyday Life. Cubic Zirconia Vs. White Spinel. diamond image by sumos from Fotolia.com. Both the white spinel and cubic zirconia are gemstones; however the white spinel is a natural gemstone mineral, whereas the cubic zirconia is man-made. The two are commonly used to replace higher-end jewelry, such as diamonds and precious gems.", "A very rare element (0.0001 ppm of Earth 's crust), iridium is found in the naturally occurring alloys osmiridium (approximately 50% iridium) and iridiosmium (approximately 70% iridium) in Alaska and South Africa. It is obtained by igniting ammonium chloroiridate, (NH 4) 3 IrCl 6, in hydrogen atmosphere.", "Lanthanum oxide additive to tungsten is used in gas tungsten arc welding electrodes, as a substitute for radioactive thorium. Various compounds of lanthanum and other rare-earth elements (oxides, chlorides, etc.) are components of various catalysis, such as petroleum cracking catalysts.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. This section lists some binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some other compounds of zirconium. For each compound, a formal oxidation number for zirconium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p -block elements in particular.", "The name zirconium comes from the mineral zircon, which is the most important source of the metal. The largest deposits of this mineral are found in Australia, Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and the United States. Australia and South Africa are the largest miners of the mineral.", "Uses. Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Rubidium is far too reactive to be found as the free metal in nature. It is relatively rare, although it is the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium is present in some minerals found in North America, South Africa, Russia, and Canada." ], [ "WebElements Periodic Table » Germanium » geological information. \n. \n. \n. \n. \n▸▸. 🇬🇧 Germanium. 🇨🇳 鍺. 🇳🇱 Germanium.", "Notice the \"sawtooth\" effect where elements with even atomic numbers tend to be more strongly represented than those with odd atomic numbers. This shows up best using the \"Bar chart\" option on the chart. A cartogram depicting the abundance of elements in the earth's crust.", "Abundances of germanium in various environments. In this table of abundances, values are given in units of ppb (parts per billion; 1 billion = 10 9 ), both in terms of weight and in terms of numbers of atoms.", "0.06. 0.0051. Stream. (no data) (no data) Human. (no data) (no data) Image showing periodicity of the logarithm of the abundance in the earth's crust of the chemical elements as a heat map on a periodic table grid.", "Image showing periodicity of the logarithm of the abundance (by atom rather than weight) in the sun of the chemical elements as a heat map on a periodic table grid. The chart above shows the log of the abundance (on a parts per billion scale) of the elements by atom number in our sun.", "Local concentrations of any element can vary from those given here an orders of magnitude or so and values in various literature sources for less common elements do seem to vary considerably. Abundances for germanium in a number of different environments.", "Uses. Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Rubidium is far too reactive to be found as the free metal in nature. It is relatively rare, although it is the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium is present in some minerals found in North America, South Africa, Russia, and Canada.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. This section lists some binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some other compounds of zirconium. For each compound, a formal oxidation number for zirconium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p -block elements in particular.", "Bismuth is a crystalline, brittle metal that is silvery-white with an iridescent hue. As an elemental metal, its number is 83 on the Periodic Table. Bismuth is often lab-created. It can be found naturally, although it is very rare!", "A very rare element (0.0001 ppm of Earth 's crust), iridium is found in the naturally occurring alloys osmiridium (approximately 50% iridium) and iridiosmium (approximately 70% iridium) in Alaska and South Africa. It is obtained by igniting ammonium chloroiridate, (NH 4) 3 IrCl 6, in hydrogen atmosphere.", "Lanthanum oxide additive to tungsten is used in gas tungsten arc welding electrodes, as a substitute for radioactive thorium. Various compounds of lanthanum and other rare-earth elements (oxides, chlorides, etc.) are components of various catalysis, such as petroleum cracking catalysts.", "Palladium alloys are commonly used in surgical instruments, such as those used here in open-heart surgery. in native form, meaning \"not combined with any other element.\". Palladium is usually found with platinum and other members of the noble metal group.", "Palladium is one of a number of metals starting to be used in the fuel cells to power a host of things including cars and buses. Palladium is also widely used in catalytic reactions in industry, such as in hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as in jewellery and in dental fillings and crowns.", "Quality control methods for zirconium used in refractory applications also focus on SPC. However, in the refractory industries, it is also necessary to ascertain the beach (and even what part of the beach) from which the zirconium mineral was extracted.", "bis-. 1. Prefix signifying two or twice. 2. chemistry Used to denote the presence of two identical but separated complex groups in one molecule. Compare: bi-, di-. [L.] Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012.", "The name zirconium comes from the mineral zircon, which is the most important source of the metal. The largest deposits of this mineral are found in Australia, Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and the United States. Australia and South Africa are the largest miners of the mineral.", "But once you start to look at its history, the story becomes less probable, mainly because the word is first recorded in French (as bistro in 1884 and as bistrot in 1892) long after those supposedly rowdy rude Cossacks came to town.", "NEW YORK - The Brodsky scale for evaluating the size of children's tonsils may give the most consistent results compared to two other tools - the Friedman scale and a new modified three-grade scale, a new study has found. The Brodsky gave the most reliable measurements, both between observers and between different measurements by the same observer, according to the research.", "Boron Symbol: B. Boron Atomic Number: 5. Boron Atomic Weight: 10.811. What is Boron? Boron (symbol B, atomic number 5) is a chemical element and a metalloid. Because stellar nucleosynthesis does not lead to the production of boron, it is only available in small amounts in the earth's crust and the solar system.", "What mineral group does the garnet belong to? What mineral group does the garnet belong to. ? Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2012-02-17 16:55:38. Garnet, a mineral itself, is also a mineral group in which it belongs." ], [ "Atomic diffusion is the method used to introduce the element into semiconductors, carried out at high temperatures. Gaseous, liquid, or solid boron sources can be used in the process. In flares and pyrotechnics, boron produces a green color, and it has been used as a source of ignition in some rockets.", "Due to the water solubility of borate minerals, which are naturally occurring compounds of boron, the element is concentrated on Earth. Borate minerals are mined in the form of evaporate ores, including kernite and borax. The chemically uncombined form of boron does not occur naturally on Earth. Pure boron is not easily produced because it forms different refractory materials which contain other elements (e. g. small amounts of carbon).", "An isotope occurring in nature, boron-10 absorbs neutrons and is employed as a neutron detector, as a radiation shield, and in nuclear reactors for control rods. Chemically, boron has more similarities with silicon than with thallium, indium, gallium, and aluminum.", "The chemical was discovered by the French chemists Louis-Jaques Th�nard and Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and independently by the English chemist Sir Humphry Davy. The three chemists isolated the element by combining potassium and boric acid. Today, it is produced in pure form by heating borax with carbon.", "The naturally occurring isotopes of boron are two while isotopes are 13 in number. 10B or enriched boron is used in boron neutron capture therapy and in radiation shielding. You can link to this page, using the code below: <a href=\"http://www.elementsdatabase.com/Boron-B-5-element/\" title=\"Boron - Periodic Table\">Boron - Periodic Table</a>.", "If half-purity is required, other methods can be used as well. There are several compounds of boron that are of commercial importance. Sodium borate pentahydrate is the most important such compound. The manufacturing of sodium perborate bleach and fiberglass insulation require large amounts of sodium borate pentahydrate.", "Sodium perborate is used as the source of active oxygen in cleaning products, laundry detergents, detergents, and laundry bleaches. While it is called \"Borateem\", the laundry bleach does not contain boron compounds any longer, and the bleaching agent contained is sodium percarbonate.", "Boric acid is another commercially important compound used in the production of cellulose insulation and textile fiberglass. Sodium borate decahydrate, known as borax, is also commercially important. It has applications as a mild antiseptic and in the manufacture of laundry products.", "It has a black color and is semi-metallic, available commercially. Crystalline boron exhibits chemical inertness. Super-hard boron compounds include boron nitride, heterodiamand, and rhenium diboride, which has a hexagonal layered structure.", "Boric acid also has commercial importance and is used as an insecticide, especially against cockroaches, fleas, and ants. The chemical is also a dopant for germanium, silicon, silicon carbide, and other semiconductors. It donates a hole, and this results in p-type conductivity.", "At ambient conditions, bismuth shares the same layered structure as the metallic forms of arsenic and antimony, crystallizing in the rhombohedral lattice ( Pearson symbol hR6, space group R 3 m No. 166) of the trigonal crystal system.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. This section lists some binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some other compounds of zirconium. For each compound, a formal oxidation number for zirconium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p -block elements in particular.", "What mineral group does the garnet belong to? What mineral group does the garnet belong to. ? Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2012-02-17 16:55:38. Garnet, a mineral itself, is also a mineral group in which it belongs.", "Bismuth is a crystalline, brittle metal that is silvery-white with an iridescent hue. As an elemental metal, its number is 83 on the Periodic Table. Bismuth is often lab-created. It can be found naturally, although it is very rare!", "Uses. Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Rubidium is far too reactive to be found as the free metal in nature. It is relatively rare, although it is the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium is present in some minerals found in North America, South Africa, Russia, and Canada.", "A very rare element (0.0001 ppm of Earth 's crust), iridium is found in the naturally occurring alloys osmiridium (approximately 50% iridium) and iridiosmium (approximately 70% iridium) in Alaska and South Africa. It is obtained by igniting ammonium chloroiridate, (NH 4) 3 IrCl 6, in hydrogen atmosphere.", "Palladium is one of a number of metals starting to be used in the fuel cells to power a host of things including cars and buses. Palladium is also widely used in catalytic reactions in industry, such as in hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as in jewellery and in dental fillings and crowns.", "Lanthanum oxide additive to tungsten is used in gas tungsten arc welding electrodes, as a substitute for radioactive thorium. Various compounds of lanthanum and other rare-earth elements (oxides, chlorides, etc.) are components of various catalysis, such as petroleum cracking catalysts.", "But once you start to look at its history, the story becomes less probable, mainly because the word is first recorded in French (as bistro in 1884 and as bistrot in 1892) long after those supposedly rowdy rude Cossacks came to town.", "Quality control methods for zirconium used in refractory applications also focus on SPC. However, in the refractory industries, it is also necessary to ascertain the beach (and even what part of the beach) from which the zirconium mineral was extracted." ], [ "Rainbow pyrite is famed for its rainbow-like iridescence, caused by differential refraction and diffraction of light. Top quality materials can shimmer with all colors of the rainbow, including gold, green, pink and blue.", "Rainbow pyrite should only be cleaned using plain water and mild soap. Using a soft cloth may not be efficient when trying to clean small crevices. A soft brush, such as a toothbrush, can be used, but great care should be taken to ensure not too much pressure is applied.", "In most cases, gemstones sold as 'marcasite' are very likely pyrite. Rainbow Pyrite Mythology, Metaphysical and Crystal Healing Properties Back to Top. Rainbow pyrite is known as a stone of manifestation. In early times, pyrite was polished and used as mirrors by the Native Americans.", "Druzy jewelry provides a unique look, like that of sparkling sugar and snow. Rainbow pyrite is most popular for use in pendants, but rings, earrings and brooches are also very popular. Note: Buy colored gemstones by size and not by carat weight. Colored stones vary in size-to-weight ratio.", "Pyrite is hard and durable enough for most jewelry use, but rainbow pyrite is slightly delicate owing to its encrusted formation. Druzy gemstones, including rainbow pyrite have become quite familiar and popular for many jewelry designers and consumers.", "Pyrite is an opaque iron sulphide which usually occurs in a bright brassy yellow color and a strong, metallic luster. It earned itself the well-known nickname of \"fool's gold\" due to its striking similarities to actual gold.", "Should you have any medical conditions, please see a licensed medical practitioner. GemSelect does not guarantee any claims or statements of healing or astrological birthstone powers and cannot be held liable under any circumstances. Rainbow Pyrite Gemstone and Jewelry Design Ideas Back to Top.", "Please refer to our Gemstone Glossary for details of gemology-related terms. Rainbow Pyrite: Related or Similar Gemstones Back to Top. \nAzurite Druzy. Rainbow pyrite is one of the many types of druzy gemstones. By far, the most common druzies are quartz varieties, such as agate and amethyst druzy.", "Pyrite is also sometimes known as 'iron pyrite' because of its high iron content, though it is not used as an industrial source of iron. The name pyrite is derived from 'pyr', the Greek word for 'fire', as it is known to produce sparks when struck by steel or flint. Only pyrite that exhibits iridescence is traded as rainbow pyrite.", "Although pyrite occurrences can be found in many localities around the world, including Peru, Germany, Bolivia, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, South Africa, Romania and the USA (Colorado), iridescent rainbow pyrite has thus far been found in only one location - near Ulianovsk, Russia, on the Volga River.", "However, all of these gem terms refer to the same type of fine crystal encrusted druzy gemstones. In addition to other types of druzy, pyrite is closely related to marcasite. In fact, it is a polymorph of marcasite. However, marcasite is unsuitable for jewelry.", "Rainbow pyrite may be used as a protective stone and is ideal for wearing as a talisman or amulet. It is believed that rainbow pyrite can promote psychic development. It is a crystal of positivity and is thought to help reduce anxiety and frustration.", "Rainbow Pyrite Cut and Shape. Rainbow pyrite is typically plain-cut into freeform shapes. It can also be found in more conventional jewelry shapes such as round, oval, pear and cushion shapes. It is considered normal for druzy stones to have jagged and rough edges as well as unpolished and uneven bottoms.", "Rainbow Pyrite Gemstone Information. Rainbow pyrite is the trade name for an iridescent form of 'pyrite druzy'. Druzy is a term used to describe gemstones in the form of encrustations or clusters of minute crystals coating a matrix. Druzy gemstones are actually relatively rare, especially in non-quartz species.", "Rainbow Pyrite Jewelry. Rainbow Pyrite Gemstone Care. Shop Rainbow Pyrite. Click to enlarge image. Identifying Rainbow Pyrite Back to Top. Rainbow pyrite is composed of iron sulfide and can normally be identified by its metallic luster alone. Very few gems have a metallic luster.", "Rainbow Pyrite Gemstone Jewelry Care and Cleaning Back to Top. Rainbow pyrite druzy gemstones can be quite delicate, especially when compared to typical gemstones. The durability really depends on the nature of the crystals and how well they are embedded into their matrix.", "Rainbow Pyrite Color. Rainbow pyrite displays a shimmering rainbow of colors, including shades of gold, green, pink and blue. Pyrite crystals are normally pale-yellow, brass-yellow or gray-yellow in color, and are often tarnished with brown color owing to iron oxide.", "Pyrite is also exceptionally dense, with a specific gravity of 5.0 to 5.20. Only hematite has a higher density than pyrite. Pyrite can sometimes be mistaken for gold, but pyrite is actually much lighter and much tougher than the precious metal, gold. Rainbow Pyrite; Origin and Sources Back to Top.", "NEW YORK - The Brodsky scale for evaluating the size of children's tonsils may give the most consistent results compared to two other tools - the Friedman scale and a new modified three-grade scale, a new study has found. The Brodsky gave the most reliable measurements, both between observers and between different measurements by the same observer, according to the research.", "Palladium is one of a number of metals starting to be used in the fuel cells to power a host of things including cars and buses. Palladium is also widely used in catalytic reactions in industry, such as in hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as in jewellery and in dental fillings and crowns." ], [ "Refining baddeleyite. 4 As mentioned above, baddeleyite contains relatively high, pure concentrations of zirconium oxide that can be used without filtering or cleansing. The only refining process used on baddeleyite involves grinding the gravel or sand to a powder and sizing the powder with different sized sieves.", "Zirconium oxide, manufactured as a ceramic, can be used to make crucibles for melting metals, gas turbines, liners for jet and rocket motor tubes, resistance furnaces, ultra-high frequency furnaces, and refractories such as the facing of a high-temperature furnace wall. — Alicia Haley and.", "Other common industrial applications of zirconium include the manufacture of photoflash bulbs and surgical equipment, and the tanning of leather. Despite its ability to be used for many different industrial applications, most of the zirconium produced today is used in water-cooled nuclear reactors.", "Like zircon, baddeleyite is extracted from sand and gravel deposits. Unlike zircon, commercially viable baddeleyite deposits contain relatively high concentrations of zirconium oxide, and baddeleyite can thus be used without refining. The mineral is, however, much more scarce than zircon, with significant amounts occurring only in Brazil and Florida.", "The world's largest zircon mines are in Australia, South Africa, The sand and gravel that contain zircon are typically collected from coastal waters by a floating dredge, a large steam shovel fitted on a floating barge.", "Less-pure zircon is made into zirconia, an oxide of zirconium, by fusing the zircon with coke, iron borings, and lime until the silica is reduced to silicon that alloys with the iron. and the United States, but rich beds also exist in Brazil, China, India, Russia, Italy, Norway, Thailand, Madagascar, and Canada.", "Zirconium, symbol Zr on the Periodic Table, is a metal most often found in and extracted from the silicate mineral zirconium silicate and the oxide mineral baddeleyite. In its various compound forms, the grayish-white zirconium is the nineteenth most plentiful element in the earth's crust, where it is far more abundant than copper and lead.", "Quality Control. The quality control methods implemented in the production of zirconium metal are typical Statistical Process Control (SPC) methods used in most metal production. These involve tracking and controlling specific variables determined by the end product requirements.", "The drawback with van Arkel and de Boer's method was its cost, but twenty years later William Justin Kroll of Luxembourg invented a cheaper process, using magnesium to break down zirconium tetrachloride. Relatively inexpensive, this process produced zirconium in quantities large and pure enough for industrial use.", "Refining zircon. 2 End-product manufacturers of zircon further refine the nearly pure zircon into zirconium by using a reducing agent (usually chlorine) to purify the metal and then sintering (heating) it until it becomes sufficiently ductile—workable—for industrial use.", "The name zirconium comes from the mineral zircon, which is the most important source of the metal. The largest deposits of this mineral are found in Australia, Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa and the United States. Australia and South Africa are the largest miners of the mineral.", "What mineral group does the garnet belong to? What mineral group does the garnet belong to. ? Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2012-02-17 16:55:38. Garnet, a mineral itself, is also a mineral group in which it belongs.", "Palladium is one of a number of metals starting to be used in the fuel cells to power a host of things including cars and buses. Palladium is also widely used in catalytic reactions in industry, such as in hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons, as well as in jewellery and in dental fillings and crowns.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. This section lists some binary compounds with halogens (known as halides), oxygen (known as oxides), hydrogen (known as hydrides), and some other compounds of zirconium. For each compound, a formal oxidation number for zirconium is given, but the usefulness of this number is limited for p -block elements in particular.", "White Spinel | Our Everyday Life. Cubic Zirconia Vs. White Spinel. diamond image by sumos from Fotolia.com. Both the white spinel and cubic zirconia are gemstones; however the white spinel is a natural gemstone mineral, whereas the cubic zirconia is man-made. The two are commonly used to replace higher-end jewelry, such as diamonds and precious gems.", "Terms in this set (59) biscuit method. a mixing method used to make biscuits, scones, and flaky doughs; it involves cutting cold fat into the flour and other dry ingredients before any liquid is added. muffin method.", "Wiktionary (0.00 / 0 votes) Rate this definition: bisect (Noun) A bisector, which divides into two equal parts. bisect (Noun) An envelope, card, or fragment thereof showing an affixed cut half of a regular issued stamp, over which one or more postal markings have been applied.", "verb (used with object) to cut or divide into two equal or nearly equal parts. Geometry. to cut or divide into two equal parts: to bisect an angle. to intersect or cross: the spot where the railroad tracks bisect the highway.", "Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Germanium is not found as the free element in nature. Germanium is found in germanite, argyrodite, and some zinc ores. It is also present in coal and its presence in coal insures reserves for many years.", "Uses. Geology. Biology. Binary compounds. Compound properties. Element reactions. Rubidium is far too reactive to be found as the free metal in nature. It is relatively rare, although it is the 16th most abundant element in the earth's crust. Rubidium is present in some minerals found in North America, South Africa, Russia, and Canada." ] ]
[ "average kwh per day for apartment", "how hot do solar panels get", "how much kwh does one person use", "is kilowatt*hour power or energy", "average energy usage kwh in us", "average kwh per year for refrigerator", "how many watts of solar power do in need for an off grid tiny home?", "how many gw of solar is installed in us", "how many kwh does an air conditioner use", "average electricity usage per house" ]
[ "I was just curious how many Kwh other apt. Dwellers are using. Thanks! Not 750 sq. ft., but just to give you an idea. I am in an 850 sw. ft. apartment, roughly 5 years old, windows facing North, keep my ac on 82 while at work, 80 when home, and 77 at night. On my first bill, on a 22 day billing cycle it was 304KWh.", "Heat exchanger. Typically, solar panels work by transferring heat from the collector to the tank through a separate circuit and a heat exchanger . Heat collected by the panel heats up water (or oil or another fluid) that flows through a circuit of pipes into a copper coil inside your hot-water tank.", "A Hawaiian household whose electricity use was around the national average would have a monthly electric bill over $300. The high cost of crude oil used to generate the state's electricity is driving the price, EIA energy economist Tyler Hodge told me. Idaho had the lowest price, at about 8 cents per kWh. So the typical US household would pay about $73 for electricity each month in Idaho.", "Definition. The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) of power sustained for one hour. Expressed in the standard unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI), the joule (symbol J), it is equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 MJ). The hour is a unit of time listed among the non-SI units accepted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use with the SI.", "The average household in the United States uses about 8,900 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year.\". 1,020 W. Casebolt, Cathlene. Home Alone- Living Off the Grid. Home Energy Magazine Online. (May/June 1993). \"When Bob Hammond built a house near Prescott, Arizona, he decided to get off the utility grid. To do so, he designed a home that uses only about 885 kWh of electricity a year, a fraction of the 9,300 kWh of neighboring homes.", "3. Multiply the annual kilowatt-hours consumed by your refrigerator by your cost per kilowatt-hour. Based on the average consumption of 600 to 800 kilowatt-hours per year, consumers in California can expect to pay $98.40 to $131.20 per year to operate a refrigerator. Get the Best Mortgage Rate for You | SmartAsset.com.", "Cons: – Mounting brackets are sold separately. Grape Solar 400-Watt Off Grid Solar Panel Kit. The next step up would be a 400-watt system, if you need to supply enough energy for beefier electronics, or you plan on having more than one person in your tiny house using small electronics at the same time. My recommendation is the Grape Solar 400-Watt Kit.", "The rooftop photovoltaic installation supports the Department of Defense's goal of increasing renewable energy sources to 25 percent of all energy consumed by the year 2025. Solar power in the United States includes utility-scale solar power plants as well as local distributed generation, mostly from rooftop photovoltaics.", "An average central ac will use 3000 to 5000 watts of power for around 9 hours a day during the hotter months. Click calculate to find the energy consumption of a central air conditioner using 3500 Watts for 3 hours a day @ $0.10 per kWh. Running 3 hours a day is the same as running 9 hours a day for 4 of the warmer months.", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity ." ]
[ [ "If you're using an air conditioner the first thing you want to do is make sure windows are closed and air leaks are blocked. And the bathroom vent is NOT on excepting during/after a shower. And don't use that dishwasher {dryer} unless... I'm in a two bedroom frame house in which the windows draft air.", "average electricity kwh usage for 1 bedroom apt. (@ 750 sq. ft) in Dallas (75237)? (apartment complex, how much) - Texas (TX) - City-Data Forum. \n. \n.", "I use no energy saver bulbs nor tube lights. I do this both for energy saving purposes, but also to have less heat in the home. 3/4th of the year, Florida is too hot to live in. I don't have a livingroom TV, but I have installed a bedroom projector, that uses 35W average (120W peak).", "Reputation: 62. I have a 500SQ feet home, 1 story, and my house averages at 150kW in winter (with AC off), and 600kW in summer. And I thought my bill was high. In summer my GF left the hair curler on for about 2 weeks.", "My fridge is a small fridge, using an average of $45 a year. To calculate average prices on how much an item will cost you on electricity annually, just look at the wattage. A 100W light bulb being on 24/7, all year long, will cost you just under $100 a year.", "Compare that to the Sony 175W surround system I own, which uses 35W just in standby. I never turn on my AC, even though it's hot, when I'm out. It only takes my AC about 20 minutes to cool down the house by 10 degrees. Set it at 79 when I'm home (77 in the house), and 78 when I'm sleeping (75 in bedroom).", "Did you leave home for a week with your stove on or something? 04-15-2015, 11:38 AM. nissan. \n442 posts, read 669,144 times. Reputation: 421. I'm on the 1st floor of an apt building built in 2012. We averaged 750-800 kwh last 12 months for a 800 sq ft 1BR. Highest was Aug (907) and Feb (918). 04-15-2015, 01:04 PM.", "Roughly 14 KWh/day, so at 30 days, that would be 420 Kwh. 1500 KWh in a 750 sq. ft. apartment, in as mild a month as this April is BAD. Something is really wrong, unless you have bad insulation, old apartment, leaky areas, and keep the AC on 65 all day. 05-10-2012, 04:38 PM.", "04-20-2015, 10:37 AM. Hawekeye2011. \n244 posts, read 434,881 times. Reputation: 276. I would take your concerns to the apartment complex. Show them the huge jump in your electricity bill. The air-conditioner might be going out.. maybe the maintenance can take a look and see if something is wrong. 04-22-2015, 11:11 AM.", "Reputation: 17. Advertisements. Can some other people in the area share what their average electricity kwh usage is in a similar size apt.? In Jan. Kwh usage was under 700, Feb. Usage under 800, Mar. Usage under 900, but in April Kwh usage was @ 1500 Kwh.", "I have a brand spanking new, digital, 7.5kW water heater, after my 11kW heater left me burned taking a shower. The 7.5kW is good for the tropics, and for the energy efficient person, who showers twice a week (really depending on the outside temps). I have a Mango tree covering my house from sun.", "They costed me $12 each on a Chinese website, and are on 24/7 for 3 years, until the first bulb broke. The second one has LEDs discolored, but is still going strong. It's not affected by the elements. All the lights in my house that are on for longer times, like bedroom nightlight, livingroom, kitchen, are all LEDs.", "Your electricity bill lists the cost per kilowatt hour. Multiply this number by the kWh to find the amount you can expect to pay. Example: If energy costs 17 cents/kWh, running the fan will cost (0.17 dollars / kWh) x (456.25 kWh / year) = $77.56 per year (rounded to the nearest cent).", "The average household in the United States uses about 8,900 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year.\". 1,020 W. Casebolt, Cathlene. Home Alone- Living Off the Grid. Home Energy Magazine Online. (May/June 1993). \"When Bob Hammond built a house near Prescott, Arizona, he decided to get off the utility grid. To do so, he designed a home that uses only about 885 kWh of electricity a year, a fraction of the 9,300 kWh of neighboring homes.", "Cons: – Mounting brackets are sold separately. Grape Solar 400-Watt Off Grid Solar Panel Kit. The next step up would be a 400-watt system, if you need to supply enough energy for beefier electronics, or you plan on having more than one person in your tiny house using small electronics at the same time. My recommendation is the Grape Solar 400-Watt Kit.", "An average central ac will use 3000 to 5000 watts of power for around 9 hours a day during the hotter months. Click calculate to find the energy consumption of a central air conditioner using 3500 Watts for 3 hours a day @ $0.10 per kWh. Running 3 hours a day is the same as running 9 hours a day for 4 of the warmer months.", "How much electricity does an average 2-story 3-bedroom house use per day per month or per year. ? As an electrical engineer for a power company I see on average a house that is 1600-2000 square feet and having electric appliances except for the furnace use an average of 1500Kwatt-hours per month making 50 Kwatt-hours per day and a total of 18,000 Kwatt-hours per year.", "A Hawaiian household whose electricity use was around the national average would have a monthly electric bill over $300. The high cost of crude oil used to generate the state's electricity is driving the price, EIA energy economist Tyler Hodge told me. Idaho had the lowest price, at about 8 cents per kWh. So the typical US household would pay about $73 for electricity each month in Idaho.", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity .", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity ." ], [ "Artwork from US Patent 4,474,170: Glass heat pipe evacuated tube solar collector by Robert D. McConnell and James H. Vansant , US Department of Energy, October 2, 1984. Artwork: A closer look at how an evacuated tube collector works. 1) The copper in the inner tube absorbs solar heat and evaporates the volatile fluid.", "Control system. If it's the middle of winter and your roof is freezing cold, the last you thing you want is to transfer freezing cold water into your hot water tank! So there is also generally a control system attached to a solar-thermal panel with a valve that can switch off the water circuit in cold weather.", "Now fit a pump somewhere in that loop so the water endlessly circulates. What will happen is that the sunlight will systematically heat all the hot water in your tank (although it'll never get particularly warm because plastic bottles standing on window-ledges aren't that brilliant at collecting heat).", "New Society, 2012. This book explores the various differnet kinds of solar energy we can tap into. Chapter 9 covers solar hot water heating systems in detail. Solar Thermal Technologies for Buildings: The State of the Art by Matheos Santamouris (ed).", "The obvious drawback of solar thermal is that it produces nothing but hot water—and you can only do so much with that; unlike photovoltaics, solar-thermal panels can't help you heat your home or produce truly versatile, high-quality energy in the form of electricity.", "The cold water from the heat exchanger returns to the panel to pick up more heat. An electric pump (powered by your ordinary electricity supply or by a solar-electric (photovoltaic) cell on the roof keeps the water moving through the circuit between the collector and the water tank.", "Typical systems generate anything from 10–90 percent of your hot water and pay for themselves in about 10–15 years (even sooner if you're using them for something like a swimming pool). Let's take a closer look at how they work! Photo: Making hot water for free (well, once you've paid for the equipment, anyway).", "Collector. Photo: A typical solar hot water panel uses a flat-plate collector like this. Photo by Alan Ford, courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL). This is the technical name for the big black panel that sits on your roof.", "This is the technical name for the big black panel that sits on your roof. Smaller homes (or ones in hotter climates) can get away with much smaller panels than larger homes (or ones in colder climates); typically collectors vary in size from about 2–15 square meters (~20–160 square feet).", "In pure efficiency terms, solar-thermal panels are over three times as efficient (50 percent or so) at harvesting energy as solar-electric (photovoltaic) panels (typically around 15 percent), but that doesn't mean they're three times better: it all depends what you want from solar energy.", "This is connected to a second circuit (red) with a conventional hot water tank that can be heated by electricity, a natural gas furnace, or some other standard form of heating. On hot days, you effectively capture hot water in the purple circuit and then divert it around the red circuit into your home.", "Or maybe you could be more cunning. What if you cut the top and bottom off a plastic bottle and fitted pipes at each end, feeding the pipes into your home's hot water tank to make a complete water circuit. Now fit a pump somewhere in that loop so the water endlessly circulates.", "Interest in Solar Water Heating Spreads Globally by Kate Galbraith. The New York Times, September 3, 2014. This article compares uptake of solar water heating around the world, from Cyprus (where 90 percent of homes have the technology) to China (where installation is less than a tenth the cost of a US system).", "Photo: The pipes that carry hot water to and from a roof-top, solar-thermal collector and into your house. Tight rubber seals (collars) keep cold rain from entering too! Photo by Warren Gretz courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL).", "The manifold collects the heat from the whole row of tubes and ferries it to your hot water tank. Unlike flat-plate collectors, evacuated tubes don't let as much heat escape back out again, so they're more efficient. However, since they're a bit more hi-tech and sophisticated, they are usually much more expensive.", "The typical payback time for solar thermal (when your original capital investment has paid for itself in fuel savings) is about a decade, with a range of 5–15 years (depending on the cost of the fuel you're saving, how much sun your home gets, and how much hot water you use).", "It does depend entirely on what you're installing, what you're replacing, what existing fuel you're not using instead, how much you used the old and new systems, and various other factors (such as tax incentives), so please don't take the figures too literally. Measure. Payback. Solar hot water. 5–30 years.", "Solar electric panels (also called solar cells or photovoltaic cells) that convert sunlight to electricity are only just becoming really popular; solar thermal panels, which use sunlight to produce hot water, have been commonplace for decades. Even in relatively cold, northern climates, solar hot-water systems can chop significant amounts off your fuel bills.", "Flat plates are the simplest collectors: at their most basic, they're little more than water pipes running through shallow metal boxes coated with thick black glass. The glass collects and traps the heat (like a greenhouse), which the water running through the pipes picks up and transfers to your hot water tank.", "Artwork: How it works: a number of parallel, evacuated tubes (blue) receive concentrated solar energy from parabolic reflectors either side (yellow), which they send to a combined heat-exchanger and manifold (brown), through which hot water (or some other fluid) flows from entry and exit pipes.", "One of the most effective and efficient steps the government can take is to encourage the use of solar hot-water systems—a well-developed and relatively low-tech method for using the sun's energy.\". Larry Hunter, The New York Times (Op Ed), 2009.", "Instead, it flows into a pipe on one side of the tank and out of another pipe on the other side, passing through a coil of copper pipes (the heat exchanger) inside the tank and giving up its heat on the way through. You can run off hot water from the tank at any time without affecting the panel's operation.", "In theory. Here's a simple summary of how rooftop solar hot-water panels work: In the simplest panels, Sun heats water flowing in a circuit through the collector (the panel on your roof). The water leaving the collector is hotter than the water entering it and carries its heat toward your hot water tank.", "A good thing about a design like this is that the solar pump is most active on really sunny days (when most hot water is being produced) and less active on cold, dull days (when, perhaps, you don't want your solar panel to be working at all).", "The Guardian. September 21, 2012. Oil-heated homes might recoup their costs in 20 years, but gas-heated homes may struggle to see a payback for 30 years or more. Solar heating 'can provide over half of households' hot water' by Adam Vaughan. The Guardian.", "Earthscan, 2005. An English-language version of a very successful German handbook on solar thermal installation. Solar: In this chapter from his book Sustainable Energy Without Hot Air, David MacKay runs the numbers and examines how much energy we can usefully make from solar thermal and photovoltaic panels.", "With luck, your home already has a hot-water tank (unless you have a so-called gas \"combi\" boiler that makes instant hot water) that can be used to store heat from your collector; it's a kind of \"hot water\" battery that you heat up at conveniently economic times (usually at night) ready for use during the day.", "How to build a solar heating system. Photo: The pipes that carry hot water to and from a roof-top, solar-thermal collector and into your house. Tight rubber seals (collars) keep cold rain from entering too! Photo by Warren Gretz courtesy of US Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory (DOE/NREL).", "If you don't have a hot-water tank, you'll need to have one fitted. The more people in your household, the bigger the tank you'll need. A typical tank for a family home might be about 100–200 liters (30–60 gallons).", "October 13, 2011. A major study of solar hot water systems finds they're very effective in the UK, but don't save much money each year compared to the high initial cost of installation. Experiments in District Heating by John Lorinc, The New York Times, March 3, 2009. How solar-thermal power can work at community scale.", "Cons: – Mounting brackets are sold separately. Grape Solar 400-Watt Off Grid Solar Panel Kit. The next step up would be a 400-watt system, if you need to supply enough energy for beefier electronics, or you plan on having more than one person in your tiny house using small electronics at the same time. My recommendation is the Grape Solar 400-Watt Kit." ], [ "Hodge says Idaho generates much of its electricity from hydroelectric dams, which require virtually no fuel. Also, the cost of constructing the dams have been spread out over many decades. This all has kept electricity prices in Idaho low. Rank. State. Price (in cents) 1. Idaho. 8.0.", "The Price Of Electricity In Your State : Planet Money : NPR. The Price Of Electricity In Your State : Planet Money There's a huge range in prices. Here's why.", "Google Podcasts. Pocket Casts. Spotify. RSS link. October 28, 201110:17 AM ET. Jess Jiang. Twitter. Editor's note: The map that originally appeared with this story is no longer available because of a technical problem. The average price people in the U.S. pay for electricity is about 12 cents per kilowatt-hour.", "Planet Money. The Economy Explained. Planet Money Podcast. The Indicator Podcast. Planet Money Newsletter Archive. About. Twitter. Facebook. The Price Of Electricity In Your State.", "But there's huge variation from state to state. Here's a map of residential electricity prices, according to the Energy Information Administration. People in Hawaii pay the most for electricity, about 33 cents per kWh.", "Emissions factors for electricity by your monthly bill are based on state based figures from the EPA eGRID to get the state-by-state prices for energy, and the emissions factors are generated from the Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration. On average, electricity sources emit 0.947 lbs CO2 per kWh.", "The average household in the United States uses about 8,900 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year.\". 1,020 W. Casebolt, Cathlene. Home Alone- Living Off the Grid. Home Energy Magazine Online. (May/June 1993). \"When Bob Hammond built a house near Prescott, Arizona, he decided to get off the utility grid. To do so, he designed a home that uses only about 885 kWh of electricity a year, a fraction of the 9,300 kWh of neighboring homes.", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity .", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity .", "The average electricity consumption of a US family of four is in the neighborhood of 50 kWh per day, or 1,500 kWh per month. Similar figures apply for Canada. Assuming an average electricity cost of $0.12 per kWh, that translates into about $6 per day for electricity, or $180 per month. Here’s how I calculated these figures:", "The average electricity consumption of a US family of four is in the neighborhood of 50 kWh per day, or 1,500 kWh per month. Similar figures apply for Canada. Assuming an average electricity cost of $0.12 per kWh, that translates into about $6 per day for electricity, or $180 per month. Here’s how I calculated these figures:", "The average electricity consumption of a US family of four is in the neighborhood of 50 kWh per day, or 1,500 kWh per month. Similar figures apply for Canada. Assuming an average electricity cost of $0.12 per kWh, that translates into about $6 per day for electricity, or $180 per month. Here’s how I calculated these figures:", "Your electricity bill lists the cost per kilowatt hour. Multiply this number by the kWh to find the amount you can expect to pay. Example: If energy costs 17 cents/kWh, running the fan will cost (0.17 dollars / kWh) x (456.25 kWh / year) = $77.56 per year (rounded to the nearest cent).", "The global average electricity consumption for households with electricity was roughly 3,500 kWh in 2010. There are numerous things that drive these differences, including wealth, physical house size, appliance standards, electricity prices and access to alternative cooking, heating and cooling fuels. Perhaps the most surprising thing in this chart is that the global average is as high as 3,500 kWh/year, given that the figures for India and China are so low.", "The global average electricity consumption for households with electricity was roughly 3,500 kWh in 2010. There are numerous things that drive these differences, including wealth, physical house size, appliance standards, electricity prices and access to alternative cooking, heating and cooling fuels. Perhaps the most surprising thing in this chart is that the global average is as high as 3,500 kWh/year, given that the figures for India and China are so low.", "The global average electricity consumption for households with electricity was roughly 3,500 kWh in 2010. There are numerous things that drive these differences, including wealth, physical house size, appliance standards, electricity prices and access to alternative cooking, heating and cooling fuels. Perhaps the most surprising thing in this chart is that the global average is as high as 3,500 kWh/year, given that the figures for India and China are so low.", "How much electricity does an average 2-story 3-bedroom house use per day per month or per year. ? As an electrical engineer for a power company I see on average a house that is 1600-2000 square feet and having electric appliances except for the furnace use an average of 1500Kwatt-hours per month making 50 Kwatt-hours per day and a total of 18,000 Kwatt-hours per year.", "An average central ac will use 3000 to 5000 watts of power for around 9 hours a day during the hotter months. Click calculate to find the energy consumption of a central air conditioner using 3500 Watts for 3 hours a day @ $0.10 per kWh. Running 3 hours a day is the same as running 9 hours a day for 4 of the warmer months.", "Cons: – Mounting brackets are sold separately. Grape Solar 400-Watt Off Grid Solar Panel Kit. The next step up would be a 400-watt system, if you need to supply enough energy for beefier electronics, or you plan on having more than one person in your tiny house using small electronics at the same time. My recommendation is the Grape Solar 400-Watt Kit.", "Whether burning wood can be considered zero carbon is highly controversial [3]. The average electricity consumption is 4,800 kWh per household [4] . A smaller than average household is taken arbitrarily to be 3,000 kWh (i.e. roughly two-thirds of the average), and a larger than average household to be 7,000 kWh (i.e. roughly 50% more)." ], [ "In the United States prices in different states can vary by a factor of three. While smaller customer loads are usually billed only for energy, transmission services, and the rated capacity, larger consumers also pay for peak power consumption, the greatest power recorded in a fairly short time, such as 15 minutes.", "1 kW⋅h in ... ... is equal to ... The kilowatt-hour ( SI symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules ). The kilowatt-hour is commonly used as a billing unit for energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities .", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from KWh) Jump to navigation Jump to search. \"KWH\" redirects here. For other uses, see KWH (disambiguation). Unit of energy. kilowatt-hour. Residential electricity meter located in Canada. General information.", "When the battery delivers its energy, it does so at a certain power, that is, the rate of delivery of the energy. The higher the power, the quicker the battery's stored energy is delivered. A higher power output will cause the battery's stored energy to be depleted in a shorter time period.", "For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of 1 MW from 0 MW in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of 4 MW/h. Hydroelectric power plants have a very high ramp-up rate, which makes them particularly useful in peak load and emergency situations. Other uses of terms such as watts per hour are likely to be errors.", "Unit representations. A widely used symbolic representation of the kilowatt-hour is \"kWh\", from the unit symbols of its component units, kilowatt and hour. It is commonly used in commercial, educational, and scientific publications and in the media. It is also the usual unit representation in electrical power engineering.", "Distinguishing between kilowatt-hours (energy) and kilowatts (power) Energy is the work performed; and power is the rate of delivery of energy. Energy is measured in joules, or watt seconds. Power is measured in watts, or joules per second . For example, a battery stores energy.", "Distinguishing between kilowatt-hours (energy) and kilowatts (power) Energy is the work performed; and power is the rate of delivery of energy. Energy is measured in joules, or watt-seconds. Power is measured in watts, or joules per second . For example, a battery stores energy.", "Misuse of watts per hour. Many compound units for various kinds of rates explicitly mention units of time to indicate a change over time. For example: miles per hour, kilometres per hour, dollars per hour. Power units, such as kW, already measure the rate of energy per unit time (kW= kJ / s ).", "Kilowatt-hours are a product of power and time, not a rate of change of power with time. Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a change of power per hour, i.e. an acceleration in the delivery of energy. It is used to measure the daily variation of demand (e.g. the slope of the duck curve ), or ramp-up behavior of power plants.", "This is supported by a voluntary standard issued jointly by an international ( IEEE) and national ( ASTM) organization, and by a major style guide. However, the IEEE/ASTM standard allows \"kWh\" (but does not mention other multiples of the watt-hour).", "Unit representations. A widely used short form representation of the kilowatt-hour is \"kWh\", from the unit symbols of its component units, kilowatt and hour. It is commonly used in commercial, educational, and scientific publications and in the media. It is also the usual unit representation in electrical power engineering.", "The United States official fuel-economy window sticker for electric vehicles uses the abbreviation \"kW-hrs\". Variations in capitalization are sometimes encountered: KWh, KWH, kwh, etc., which are inconsistent with the International System of Units.", "This results in a 500 mA USB device running for about 3.7 hours on a 2500 mAh battery, not five hours. The Board of Trade unit (BOTU) is an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt-hour. The term derives from the name of the Board of Trade which regulated the electricity industry until 1942 when the Ministry of Power took over.", "Variations in capitalization are sometimes encountered: KWh, KWH, kwh, etc., which are inconsistent with the International System of Units. The notation \"kW/h\" for the kilowatt-hour is incorrect, as it denotes kilowatt per hour.", "Electricity sales. Electrical energy is typically sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours. The cost of running an electrical device is calculated by multiplying the device's power consumption in kilowatts by the operating time in hours, and by the price per kilowatt-hour. The unit price of electricity charged by utility companies may depend on the customer's consumption profile over time.", "petawatt-hour. Further information: Metric prefix. All the SI prefixes are commonly applied to the watt-hour: a kilowatt-hour is 1,000 Wh (kWh); a megawatt-hour is 1 million Wh (MWh); a milliwatt-hour is 1/1000 Wh (mWh) and so on.", "Annualized power. Electric energy production and consumption are sometimes reported on a yearly basis, in units such as megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr) gigawatt-hours/year (GWh/yr) or terawatt-hours per year (TWh/yr). These units have dimensions of energy divided by time and thus are units of power.", "Conversions. Further information: Conversion of units of energy. To convert a quantity measured in a unit in the left column to the units in the top row, multiply by the factor in the cell where the row and column intersect. 1 J = 1 kg⋅m 2 ⋅s −2 =. 1. 2.77778 × 10 −4. 2.77778 × 10 −7. 6.241 × 10 18. 0.239.", "Examples. An electric heater consuming 1000 watts (1 kilowatt), and operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour of energy. A television consuming 100 watts operating continuously for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. A 40-watt electric appliance operating continuously for 25 hours uses one kilowatt-hour.", "Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt-hours (TWh) for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year. A 365-day year equals 8,760 hours, so over a period of one year, power of one gigawatt equates to 8.76 terawatt-hours of energy. Conversely, one terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of about 114 megawatts for a period of one year.", "Retrieved 6 April 2020. Reference [4: ISO 31-0] suggests that if a space is used to indicate units formed by multiplication, the space may be omitted if it does not cause confusion. This possibility is reflected in the common practice of using the symbol kWh rather than kW⋅h or kW h for the kilowatt-hour.", "One kilowatt-hour per year equals about 114.08 milliwatts applied constantly during one year. The energy content of a battery is usually expressed indirectly by its capacity in ampere-hours; to convert ampere-hour (Ah) to watt-hours (Wh), the ampere-hour value must be multiplied by the voltage of the power source.", "Kilowatt-hour. \"KWH\" redirects here. For other uses, see KWH (disambiguation). 1 kW⋅h in ... ... is equal to ... The kilowatt-hour ( SI symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a unit of energy equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 megajoules ).", "The average household in the United States uses about 8,900 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year.\". 1,020 W. Casebolt, Cathlene. Home Alone- Living Off the Grid. Home Energy Magazine Online. (May/June 1993). \"When Bob Hammond built a house near Prescott, Arizona, he decided to get off the utility grid. To do so, he designed a home that uses only about 885 kWh of electricity a year, a fraction of the 9,300 kWh of neighboring homes." ], [ "The amount of power that a household consumes depends on how many appliances there areand the amount of time they are in use. Some appliances or machineries take a lot of energy to operate, so it will result in more use of power. Boi Lu -- 2003.", "He turned to photovoltaic (PV) solar panels to generate electricity from direct sunlight, designing a 1,400 W system that is totally independent of the utility power grid.\". 1,060 W. Wohlmut, Kevin. Conserving Household Power. 21 January 2002.", "900 W. Power is defined as the rate at which work is done or energy is consumed. The formula for average power is acquired by dividing work by the time needed to perform work: P = W/t. Power has units of newton-meters per second or joules per second or watts.", "Power Consumption of a Home. \"Electrical Energy.\". The New Book of Popular Science. 2000 edition. Grolier Incorporated, 1998. \"A kilowatt-hour is the electrical energy consumed in one hour at the constant rate of one kilowatt.", "The electric power produced for our residences come from power plants through a power distribution grid. The electric power derives from a power site within the power plant. The power site of a power system consists of a central mover like a turbine that is then pushed by water or steam to run a system of generators.", "A Hawaiian household whose electricity use was around the national average would have a monthly electric bill over $300. The high cost of crude oil used to generate the state's electricity is driving the price, EIA energy economist Tyler Hodge told me. Idaho had the lowest price, at about 8 cents per kWh. So the typical US household would pay about $73 for electricity each month in Idaho.", "I was just curious how many Kwh other apt. Dwellers are using. Thanks! Not 750 sq. ft., but just to give you an idea. I am in an 850 sw. ft. apartment, roughly 5 years old, windows facing North, keep my ac on 82 while at work, 80 when home, and 77 at night. On my first bill, on a 22 day billing cycle it was 304KWh.", "Cons: – Mounting brackets are sold separately. Grape Solar 400-Watt Off Grid Solar Panel Kit. The next step up would be a 400-watt system, if you need to supply enough energy for beefier electronics, or you plan on having more than one person in your tiny house using small electronics at the same time. My recommendation is the Grape Solar 400-Watt Kit.", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity .", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity .", "Definition. The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) of power sustained for one hour. Expressed in the standard unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI), the joule (symbol J), it is equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 MJ). The hour is a unit of time listed among the non-SI units accepted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use with the SI.", "How much electricity does an average 2-story 3-bedroom house use per day per month or per year. ? As an electrical engineer for a power company I see on average a house that is 1600-2000 square feet and having electric appliances except for the furnace use an average of 1500Kwatt-hours per month making 50 Kwatt-hours per day and a total of 18,000 Kwatt-hours per year.", "The rooftop photovoltaic installation supports the Department of Defense's goal of increasing renewable energy sources to 25 percent of all energy consumed by the year 2025. Solar power in the United States includes utility-scale solar power plants as well as local distributed generation, mostly from rooftop photovoltaics.", "3. Multiply the annual kilowatt-hours consumed by your refrigerator by your cost per kilowatt-hour. Based on the average consumption of 600 to 800 kilowatt-hours per year, consumers in California can expect to pay $98.40 to $131.20 per year to operate a refrigerator. Get the Best Mortgage Rate for You | SmartAsset.com.", "Emissions factors for electricity by your monthly bill are based on state based figures from the EPA eGRID to get the state-by-state prices for energy, and the emissions factors are generated from the Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration. On average, electricity sources emit 0.947 lbs CO2 per kWh.", "Your electricity bill lists the cost per kilowatt hour. Multiply this number by the kWh to find the amount you can expect to pay. Example: If energy costs 17 cents/kWh, running the fan will cost (0.17 dollars / kWh) x (456.25 kWh / year) = $77.56 per year (rounded to the nearest cent).", "The global average electricity consumption for households with electricity was roughly 3,500 kWh in 2010. There are numerous things that drive these differences, including wealth, physical house size, appliance standards, electricity prices and access to alternative cooking, heating and cooling fuels. Perhaps the most surprising thing in this chart is that the global average is as high as 3,500 kWh/year, given that the figures for India and China are so low.", "The global average electricity consumption for households with electricity was roughly 3,500 kWh in 2010. There are numerous things that drive these differences, including wealth, physical house size, appliance standards, electricity prices and access to alternative cooking, heating and cooling fuels. Perhaps the most surprising thing in this chart is that the global average is as high as 3,500 kWh/year, given that the figures for India and China are so low.", "The global average electricity consumption for households with electricity was roughly 3,500 kWh in 2010. There are numerous things that drive these differences, including wealth, physical house size, appliance standards, electricity prices and access to alternative cooking, heating and cooling fuels. Perhaps the most surprising thing in this chart is that the global average is as high as 3,500 kWh/year, given that the figures for India and China are so low.", "An average central ac will use 3000 to 5000 watts of power for around 9 hours a day during the hotter months. Click calculate to find the energy consumption of a central air conditioner using 3500 Watts for 3 hours a day @ $0.10 per kWh. Running 3 hours a day is the same as running 9 hours a day for 4 of the warmer months." ], [ "1. Look for the yellow \"Energy Guide\" sticker on your refrigerator. The federal government requires every refrigerator manufacturer to place one of these stickers on each appliance sold. Find the estimated annual electrical use for the refrigerator, measured in kilowatt-hours, listed on the sticker. The average refrigerator consumes 600 to 800 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, reports the Federal Trade Commission.", "3. Multiply the annual kilowatt-hours consumed by your refrigerator by your cost per kilowatt-hour. Based on the average consumption of 600 to 800 kilowatt-hours per year, consumers in California can expect to pay $98.40 to $131.20 per year to operate a refrigerator.", "1. Look for the yellow \"Energy Guide\" sticker on your refrigerator. The federal government requires every refrigerator manufacturer to place one of these stickers on each appliance sold. Find the estimated annual electrical use for the refrigerator, measured in kilowatt-hours, listed on the sticker.", "An out-of-date unit can easily waste energy, leading to soaring electric bills and an increased carbon footprint for your family. Calculate the cost of running your refrigerator to determine if it's time to dump your old unit in favor of a newer, more cost-effective model.", "Engage 360: 803 Rebates & Incentives. Tips. Consider upgrading your old refrigerator to a new energy-efficient model to help save on operating costs. Energy-efficiency rebate programs offered through the California Energy Commission and other organizations can help offset the cost of an upgrade. Warnings.", "Ads by. Read More. References. U.S. Department of Energy: Estimating Appliance and Home Electronic Energy Use. U.S. Energy Information Administration:Table 5.6.A. Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector. Federal Trade Commission: How to Buy an Energy-Efficient Home Appliance.", "Louisville Gas and Electric Co. and Kentucky Utilities Co.: Watt Finders Guide. Resources. California Energy Commission: Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Program and Energy Star Recovery Funding. Engage 360: 803 Rebates & Incentives. Tips. Consider upgrading your old refrigerator to a new energy-efficient model to help save on operating costs. Energy-efficiency rebate programs offered through the California Energy Commission and other organizations can help offset the cost of an upgrade.", "2. Divide the wattage of your refrigerator by 3. Your refrigerator cycles on and off, and only consumes the maximum wattage about one-third of the time it's plugged in, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. For a typical 300-watt unit, divide by 3 to get 100 watts before attempting to calculate operating costs.", "1. Check the back of your refrigerator for a small plate or tag that reveals the wattage of the unit. Louisville Gas and Electric Co. reveals that a typical 1990-era unit measures 550 watts, while a 2006-era models measures 350 watts.", "She received a bachelor's degree in economics and management from Goucher College in Towson, Maryland. Related Articles. How to Determine How Many Kilowatts an Appliance Uses. The Wattage Requirements of Average Refrigerators. How to Compare Refrigerator Efficiency. How to Calculate the Kilowatt Hours for a Small Heater.", "The average refrigerator consumes 600 to 800 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year, reports the Federal Trade Commission. If you've already removed the sticker, check your owner's manual or refer to the manufacturer's website to find this information.", "6. Find the monthly operating cost by multiplying your daily cost by 30. At the California average electricity price, a 300-watt unit costs $11.70 per month, or $140.40 per year. Refrigerators with a lower wattage rating will require much less energy, and thus cost much less to operate. ‒‒:‒‒.", "Home Guides. |. Home. |. Home Improvement. |. Sustainability. By Emily Beach. Refrigerators and freezers consume about one-sixth of the energy in the average home, reports the California Energy Commission.", "2. Refer to your monthly utility bill to find the cost per kilowatt-hour of electricity in your region. California residents, for example, pay an average of 16.4 cents per kilowatt-hour as of January 2013, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.", "Read More. References. U.S. Department of Energy: Estimating Appliance and Home Electronic Energy Use. U.S. Energy Information Administration:Table 5.6.A. Average Retail Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector. Federal Trade Commission: How to Buy an Energy-Efficient Home Appliance.", "The Energy Guide tag found on new refrigerators often features pricing based on U.S. average electricity prices. This pricing may be out-of-date at the time of your purchase and typically does not reflect the higher cost of energy in states like California. Writer Bio.", "Get The Right Rate And Loan For Your Needs. Our Home Loan Experts Can Help You Today. Learn More. No mortgages found. Please change your search criteria and try again, or visit our home buying guide to learn more about searching for a mortgage.", "Warnings. The Energy Guide tag found on new refrigerators often features pricing based on U.S. average electricity prices. This pricing may be out-of-date at the time of your purchase and typically does not reflect the higher cost of energy in states like California.", "5. Examine your utility bill to find the cost of electricity in your area. Multiply the price per kilowatt-hour by the number of kilowatt-hours per day your refrigerator consumes. Based on the average California price per kilowatt-hour of 16.4 cents, a unit consuming 2.4 kilowatt-hours per day would cost 39 cents each day to operate.", "Your electricity bill lists the cost per kilowatt hour. Multiply this number by the kWh to find the amount you can expect to pay. Example: If energy costs 17 cents/kWh, running the fan will cost (0.17 dollars / kWh) x (456.25 kWh / year) = $77.56 per year (rounded to the nearest cent)." ], [ "Fortunately for us, there has never been an easier time to live in a solar-powered tiny house. Advancements in recent decades have made photovoltaic technology more affordable, and more widely available, than ever before. But before you get out your wallet, you have two things you need to figure out.", "Even a little dappled shade from weeds or tree foliage can drastically reduce the energy output of your array. Similarly, you’ll want to make sure your brackets are sized correctly for the types of panels you are using, lest the wind blow them down. If you’re still unsure which way to go, don’t worry.", "Lodge 6.8 kW 24 Panel SolarWorld Off Grid Solar System. The average American household uses around 900 kWh monthly, and if you expect your tiny house energy needs to play par for the course, then this system should power your washing machine, refrigerator and other juice-hungry appliances with ease. Total wattage: 6840.", "Goal Zero Sherpa 100 Solar Recharging Kit with Nomad 20 Solar Panel. If you’re looking for something super-tiny to meet a few minimal electronics needs, I recommend the Sherpa 100 Solar Recharging Kit. You’ll be able to power a laptop and keep your cellphone and MP3 player charged.", "Cons: – Expensive, per kWh. – Difficult to upgrade or expand. Grape Solar 100-Watt Off-Grid Solar Panel Kit. If a hard-wired installation is better suited to your plans, but you still only have a few minor appliances to power, then I suggest going with the Grape Solar 100-Watt Off-Grid Solar Panel Kit.", "If you ask me, you’re going to want to go with a grid-tied system for two reasons. First, batteries are expensive, heavy, toxic as all-get-out, and they have to be replaced… frequently. (Not to worry though – this could change soon.", "You’ll have adequate power to supply a laptop, and keep your handheld devices full of juice. Also, if you’re on a tight budget, you’ll be able to get started for a low price and expand your system over time as your needs and budget increase. Total wattage: 100. Price: $340.99. Pros:", "It’s portable, too, which means that you can take it with you on the hiking trail, or stay connected while you’re living in a tent for several years during the construction phase of your tiny house project. Total wattage: 20. Price: $537.27. Pros:", "Solar Panels For Your Home: 10 Best Kits | Tiny House Power - Tiny House Blog. in Construction Articles , Small Space Tech , Solar , Tiny House Articles. |. 13 comments.", "Between being able to earn an income from supplying energy to your area grid and the money, (and space,) you will save by not buying batteries; this kit could prove the best bang for your buck if you need a larger system for your tiny home. Total wattage: 5830. Price: $12,999.99. Pros:", "Want to be self-reliant in your tiny house? Solar energy could be the key to meeting your energy needs!", "There are some additional considerations as well. You want to ensure that your panels are uniform in size; otherwise they will produce different quantities of electricity at different rates and throw off your controller/inverter combo. You also want to make sure that you have a good place to install your panels.", "If you’re looking to minimize the maintenance you’ll have to do, then you want to go with fewer panels. This system will give you about 35% more power than the 3750 watt expandable kit mentioned above; along with the inverter you need to tie your tiny house to your local grid, for just a few bucks more.", "Wherever your project fits on the spectrum of solar energy needs, one of these models should suit you just fine. However, if you still have questions, or you’d like to scope things out first hand to help determine how much capacity you need to install, consider visiting Dancing Rabbit Eco-village.", "How many solar panels do you need? Check out this convenient calculator from WholesaleSolar.com to figure out how many kilowatt hours, (kWh), you need to produce in order to supply home with adequate electricity. Make sure to include an extra buffer to account for cloudy days – 20% extra is a good rule of thumb.", "With that in mind, I suggest the Grape Solar 3750 Watt Expandable Solar Kit, which will allow you to daisy-chain new panels onto your system one at time as you bring new systems online for your tiny home.", "We have numerous examples of functional solar arrays of various sizes for you to check out, before you spend any of your hard-earned money. With that out of the way, let’s get down to business. These are the Tiny House Blog best solar panel kits for tiny houses.", "Price: $19,154.00. Pros: – Comes with everything you need to install it on your tiny home. – Qualifies for 30% tax credit, based on the overall installation cost. Cons: – This system is big, so you’ll need plenty of space for it.", "Tesla is ON IT!) Second, tying your home’s solar array into your local grid means that you can feed extra power into the network for your neighbors to use – in exchange for a nice fat check from your area utility company.", "Heat exchanger. Typically, solar panels work by transferring heat from the collector to the tank through a separate circuit and a heat exchanger . Heat collected by the panel heats up water (or oil or another fluid) that flows through a circuit of pipes into a copper coil inside your hot-water tank." ], [ "There are plans to build many other large solar plants in the United States. Many states have set individual renewable energy goals with solar power being included in various proportions. Hawaii plans 100% renewable-sourced electricity by 2045.", "The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is a solar power plant near Gila Bend, Arizona, about 70 miles (110 km) southwest of Phoenix, completed in 2013. When commissioned it was the largest parabolic trough plant in the world and the first U.S. solar plant with molten salt thermal energy storage.", "Part of the 354 MW SEGS solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California. A view of solar panels installed in 2011 on the roof of Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command Headquarters, San Diego.", "History. Monthly solar power generation in the United States since 2008. Trends in commercial solar electrical power generation in the top five states, 1990–2012 (U.S. EIA data) Solar energy deployment increased at a record pace in the United States and throughout the world in 2008, according to industry reports.", "As a result, the report projects that solar power was expected to reach cost parity with conventional power sources in many U.S. markets by 2015. To reach the 10% goal, solar photovoltaic companies would need to make solar power a \"plug-and-play technology\", or simplify the deployment of solar systems.", "More than 174,000 PV panels are mounted on utility poles along streets of New Jersey with aggregated capacity of 40 MW. As of November 2017. [update] , there were nearly 5,500 schools in the United States that had solar installations with the total capacity of approximately 910 MW.", "Investors need certainty, which they receive from a feed-in tariff. California enacted a feed-in tariff which began on February 14, 2008. Washington state has a feed-in tariff of 15 ¢/kWh which increases to 54 ¢/kWh if components are manufactured in the state. Hawaii, Michigan, and Vermont also have feed in tariffs.", "Solar Energy Industries Association and GTM Research found that the amount of new solar electric capacity increased in 2012 by 76 percent from 2011, raising the United States’ market share of the world's installations above 10 percent, up from roughly 5 to 7 percent in the past seven years.", "In a feed-in tariff model, the government sets the value for the electricity produced by a solar facility. If the level is higher, more solar power is built and the program is more costly. If the feed-in tariff is set lower, less solar power is built and the program is ineffective.", "Just 4,751 MW of PV installations were completed in 2013. The U.S. had approximately 440 MW of off-grid photovoltaics as of the end of 2010. Through the end of 2005, a majority of photovoltaics in the United States was off-grid.", "Those figures correlate to nearly 50,000 megawatts of solar photovoltaic systems and more than 6,600 megawatts of concentrating solar power. The report noted that the cost per kilowatt-hour of solar photovoltaic systems had been dropping, while electricity generated from fossil fuels was becoming more expensive.", "In recent years, states that have passed Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) or Renewable Electricity Standard (RES) laws have relied on the use of Solar renewable energy certificates (SRECs) to meet state requirements. This is done by adding a specific solar carve-out to the state Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS).", "It is among the top countries in the world in electricity generated by the Sun and several of the world's largest utility-scale installations are located in the desert Southwest. The oldest solar power plant in the world is the 354- megawatt (MW) SEGS thermal power plant, in California.", "8) The California Flats Solar Project in Monterey County, California reached a capacity of 280 MW AC when a second unit came online at the end of 2018. 9) The Springbok Solar Farm is a 260 MW AC facility in Kern County, California with two units completed.", "The solar plant is a component of the 3,705 MW Martin County Power Plant, which is currently the single largest fossil fuel burning power plant in the United States. Completed at the end of 2010, it is located in western Martin County, Florida, just north of Indiantown.", "The Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System is a solar thermal power project in the California Mojave Desert, 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Las Vegas, with a gross capacity of 392 MW.", "By 2009 over 90% of commercial photovoltaics installed in the United States were installed using a power purchase agreement. Approximately 90% of the photovoltaics installed in the United States is in states that specifically address power purchase agreements.", "President Obama's stimulus bill in 2009 created a program known as Section 1603 grants. The program was designed to give federal grants to solar companies for 30 percent of investments into solar energy. Since 2009, the federal government has given solar companies $25 billion in grant money through this program.", "As of the end of 2020, the United States had 97,275 megawatts (MW) of installed photovoltaic and concentrated solar power capacity combined. In 2018, utility scale solar power generated 66.6 terawatt-hours (TWh), 1.66% of total U.S. electricity. During the same time period total solar generation, including estimated small scale photovoltaic generation, was 96.1 TWh, 2.30% of total U.S. electricity.", "In terms of total cumulative installed capacity, by year end 2017 the United States ranked 2nd in the world behind China. In 2016, 39% of all new electricity generation capacity in the country came from solar, more than any other source and ahead of natural gas (29%).", "The Mojave Solar Project is a 280 MW solar thermal power facility in the Mojave Desert in California, which was completed in December 2014. The Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project is a 110 MW solar thermal power project near Tonopah, about 230 miles (370 km) northwest of Las Vegas, which was completed in September 2015.", "The SEIA report tallies all types of solar energy, and in 2007 the United States installed 342 MW of solar photovoltaic (PV) electric power, 139 thermal megawatts ( MW th) of solar water heating, 762 MW th of pool heating, and 21 MW th of solar space heating and cooling.", "As of 2018, the ten largest operating plants in the United States, based on development grouping and total AC power capacity, are: 1) The 579 megawatt (MW AC) Solar Star plant (Units I and II) in California was the world's largest photovoltaic power station when completed in 2015.", "Looking north towards the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 's eastern boiler tower from Interstate 15 in California. Mojave Solar Project near Harper Lake in California with parabolic troughs in their stow position. The United States pioneered solar tower and trough technologies.", "The proportion of residential and commercial solar to utility scale solar varies greatly between states (see distributed generation section below). Finally solar thermal generation was the smallest deployment by power rating at 1.76 GW capacity and 3.59 TWh generation.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Overview of solar power in the United States of America. Fixed-tilt utility-scale solar energy generation capacity, representing 40% of US solar energy output. Map does not include tracking systems.", "CSP capacity and generation. Abengoa's 280 MWac of CSP project was brought online in the 3rd quarter and Genesis Solar's first phase of 125 MWac was brought online in the 4th quarter of 2013 bringing the total to 410 MWac for the year and 918 MWac total.", "Blythe Solar Power Project converted to a PV project, Rice Solar Energy Project was put on indefinite hold, Palen Solar Project tried to convert to PV but its permits were denied, Hidden Hills Solar Project was suspended in 2013 and later canceled. No major CSP plants remain under construction in the United States.", "According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, as of September 2014 utility-scale solar had sent 12,303 gigawatt-hours of electricity to the U.S. grid. This was an increase of over 100% versus the same period in 2013 (6,048 GWh).", "By 2015, solar employment had overtaken oil and gas as well as coal employment in the United States. In 2016, more than 260,000 Americans were employed in the solar industry. The United States conducted much early research in photovoltaics and concentrated solar power.", "Emissions factors for electricity by your monthly bill are based on state based figures from the EPA eGRID to get the state-by-state prices for energy, and the emissions factors are generated from the Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration. On average, electricity sources emit 0.947 lbs CO2 per kWh." ], [ "Investing in an energy efficient central conditioner unit fit precisely for the size of your home would be ideal. To improve performance of your ac make sure to clear any debris, leaves or obstructions around your ac unit, so that you get better and more efficient air flow. Electricity Usage Monitor new. Global Electricity Prices.", "Electricity usage of a Central Air Conditioner. A central air conditioner is used in a home to provide cooling by circulating cool air through ducts from an air conditioner unit typically situated outside the house.", "Price (kWh): Enter the cost you are paying on average per kilowatt hour, our caculators use the default value of 0.10 or 10 cents. To find an exact price check your electricity bill or take a look at Global Electricity Prices.", "To save energy with air conditioning the only real method is to increase temperature of your home, in hotter climates this may not be ideal. Staying cool by taking cold showers or using small portable fans can help. If you live in a hot climate your cooling costs can be significant, around 70% of your electricity bill.", "Hours Used Per Day: Enter how many hours the device is being used on average per day, if the power consumption is lower than 1 hour per day enter as a decimal. (For example: 30 minutes per day is 0.5) Power Use (Watts): Enter the average power consumption of the device in watts.", "How much electricity does an average 2-story 3-bedroom house use per day per month or per year. ? As an electrical engineer for a power company I see on average a house that is 1600-2000 square feet and having electric appliances except for the furnace use an average of 1500Kwatt-hours per month making 50 Kwatt-hours per day and a total of 18,000 Kwatt-hours per year.", "The average electricity consumption of a US family of four is in the neighborhood of 50 kWh per day, or 1,500 kWh per month. Similar figures apply for Canada. Assuming an average electricity cost of $0.12 per kWh, that translates into about $6 per day for electricity, or $180 per month. Here’s how I calculated these figures:", "The average electricity consumption of a US family of four is in the neighborhood of 50 kWh per day, or 1,500 kWh per month. Similar figures apply for Canada. Assuming an average electricity cost of $0.12 per kWh, that translates into about $6 per day for electricity, or $180 per month. Here’s how I calculated these figures:", "The average electricity consumption of a US family of four is in the neighborhood of 50 kWh per day, or 1,500 kWh per month. Similar figures apply for Canada. Assuming an average electricity cost of $0.12 per kWh, that translates into about $6 per day for electricity, or $180 per month. Here’s how I calculated these figures:", "Your electricity bill lists the cost per kilowatt hour. Multiply this number by the kWh to find the amount you can expect to pay. Example: If energy costs 17 cents/kWh, running the fan will cost (0.17 dollars / kWh) x (456.25 kWh / year) = $77.56 per year (rounded to the nearest cent).", "Definition. The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) of power sustained for one hour. Expressed in the standard unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI), the joule (symbol J), it is equal to 3600 kilojoules (3.6 MJ). The hour is a unit of time listed among the non-SI units accepted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use with the SI.", "Cons: – Mounting brackets are sold separately. Grape Solar 400-Watt Off Grid Solar Panel Kit. The next step up would be a 400-watt system, if you need to supply enough energy for beefier electronics, or you plan on having more than one person in your tiny house using small electronics at the same time. My recommendation is the Grape Solar 400-Watt Kit.", "3. Multiply the annual kilowatt-hours consumed by your refrigerator by your cost per kilowatt-hour. Based on the average consumption of 600 to 800 kilowatt-hours per year, consumers in California can expect to pay $98.40 to $131.20 per year to operate a refrigerator. Get the Best Mortgage Rate for You | SmartAsset.com.", "A Hawaiian household whose electricity use was around the national average would have a monthly electric bill over $300. The high cost of crude oil used to generate the state's electricity is driving the price, EIA energy economist Tyler Hodge told me. Idaho had the lowest price, at about 8 cents per kWh. So the typical US household would pay about $73 for electricity each month in Idaho.", "I was just curious how many Kwh other apt. Dwellers are using. Thanks! Not 750 sq. ft., but just to give you an idea. I am in an 850 sw. ft. apartment, roughly 5 years old, windows facing North, keep my ac on 82 while at work, 80 when home, and 77 at night. On my first bill, on a 22 day billing cycle it was 304KWh.", "The average household in the United States uses about 8,900 kilowatt-hours of electricity each year.\". 1,020 W. Casebolt, Cathlene. Home Alone- Living Off the Grid. Home Energy Magazine Online. (May/June 1993). \"When Bob Hammond built a house near Prescott, Arizona, he decided to get off the utility grid. To do so, he designed a home that uses only about 885 kWh of electricity a year, a fraction of the 9,300 kWh of neighboring homes.", "Emissions factors for electricity by your monthly bill are based on state based figures from the EPA eGRID to get the state-by-state prices for energy, and the emissions factors are generated from the Department of Energy’s Energy Information Administration. On average, electricity sources emit 0.947 lbs CO2 per kWh.", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity .", "Average of SC Edison and San Diego Gas and Electric. Household electricity use: 6,000 kWh per household per year for 3 residents average per household. So the household use per capita is 2,000 kWh or about ¼ of per capita electricity from all applications. Household Natural Gas use: 400 therms per household x 30 give 12,000 kWh equivalent electricity .", "The rooftop photovoltaic installation supports the Department of Defense's goal of increasing renewable energy sources to 25 percent of all energy consumed by the year 2025. Solar power in the United States includes utility-scale solar power plants as well as local distributed generation, mostly from rooftop photovoltaics." ], [ "Space Heating. Space heating is about 40% of natural gas usage or 4800 kWh equivalent in the home in Southern California. Clearly bringing down the gas heating needs by thermostat management to not heat when we are gone, and to consider sweaters and comforters to maintain lower temperatures at night will pay off.", "Land Use Change and Forestry Sink stayed flat at around -21. Conclusions: Most CO2 production sources stayed flat despite a 20% population increase. But in the largest sources, transportation rose with population, and CO2 production from electricity production increased at double the rate of the population increase.", "Compact Fluorescent Bulbs and Other Electricity Savings. The first thing we can do in the house is to replace all lighting with Compact Fluorescent Bulbs, which take only ¼ of the power for the same light. Since. lighting is 22% of home electricity, removing ¾ of it saves 17% or 1/6 of the total 6,000 kWh, leaving only 5,000 kWh of household electricity.", "At the rate of $1.20 per therm over baseline, the 200 therms saved results in a $240 savings per year. Separately or in addition, low flow shower heads, turning down the hot water tank temperature, using economy cycles on the dishwasher and washing machine, and cold water clothes washing will save gas.", "Proposed standards for low energy usage per year. The average household area for the above data is 1500 square feet. A standard being considered by Laguna Beach is 0.23 kWh per square foot per month, which becomes. 0.23 x 1500 x 12 = 4140 kWh per year. This is supposed to include the gas usage as well.", "San Diego Gas and Electric Greenhouse-Gas-Free Power. For SDG&E for 2006, nuclear is 15%, renewables are 8%, large hydro is 10%, coal is 18%, and natural gas is 50%. The renewable power is mainly wind at 3%, biomass at 3%, and geothermal at 2%.", "Since much of the electricity is generated by natural gas, it is not totally unreasonable to compare these two in kilowatt hours. We note that heating water and households by natural gas uses twice the power of household electricity.", "Add this to the hydroelectric share of 19% and the nuclear share of 13% will give 52% of electricity which is greenhouse gas (GHG) free. The remaining 48% of the 5,000 kWh Renewable Electricity Production h electricity gives 2,400 kWh GHG polluting electricity per household (currently 16% coal and 42% natural gas).", "Solar Water Heating. Installing solar water heating for somewhere around $3,000-$7,000 is said to save 2/3 of the water heating section of the gas bill. (The EPA quotes 50% to 80% savings.) (You can get a 30% tax credit up to $2,000 until Jan. 1, 2008 on a solar water system.)", "Comparison to LADWP, SMUD and PG&E Greenhouse-Gas-Free Power. For comparison, Los Angeles Department of Water and Power operates on 48% coal, 30% natural gas, and only 6% hydro, 10% nuclear and 6% renewables, for a present total of 22% greenhouse-gas-free.", "The greenhouse gas free electricity production does not have to be counted in the electricity account. By 2010 or at the latest 2017, 20% of the State of California’s electricity will be produced by renewable resources (currently 11%) from large scale solar thermal, concentrator solar photovoltaic, wind and geothermal.", "The Governor has also proposed a 33% renewable fraction by 2020. This would bring us to 65% renewable electricity, and the remaining 35% of 5,000 kWh would be 1,800 kWh GHG polluting. This would reduce us to only generating greenhouse gases from 30% of the initial electricity we used.", "Data Source: The California Statewide Residential Appliance Saturation Study, 2004. Numbers have been rounded off to make the relative magnitudes easier to perceive, and any errors in the calculations are my own.", "Southern California Edison Greenhouse-Gas-Free Power. The percentage of greenhouse-gas-free power is different for different power companies in the State. Hydroelectric power is mostly in the North part of the State. For SC Edison for 2006, nuclear is 17%, renewables are 16%, large hydro is 5%, coal is 8%, and natural gas is 54%.", "We must remember that while total electricity generates 22% of greenhouse gases, transportation generates 40%. Thus in terms of the 8,000 kWh per capita for total electricity, transportation generates the equivalent of 14,500 kWh per capita. Now the household of three has an equivalent of 44,000 kWh per household in transportation.", "Introduction. We show that in Southern California, the three household energy domains of electricity, hot water heating, and space heating use about equal energy. We provide a simple strategy to reduce greenhouse gases from electricity and hot water heating to a third of their present values at modest cost.", "California Greenhouse Gas Emissions From 1990-2004. Total Emissions in Million Metric Tons of CO2 Equivalent (MMTCO2) rose from 427 in 1990 to 492 in 2004, an increase of 15% (the rise occurred between 1996-2001). The direct CO2 emissions rose from 317 to 356, for a 12% increase.", "So they are the State leader at 59% greenhouse-gas-free, and by 2010 at 20% renewable will be 67% greenhouse-gas-free. Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) has 19% hydro, 23% nuclear, 13% renewables, 42% natural gas, and only 3% coal. So it is now 55% greenhouse-gas-free, and by 2010 will be 62% greenhouse-gas-free.", "The renewable power is mainly geothermal at 9%, followed by wind at 3%, biomass at 2%, and solar and small hydro at 1% each. So for now 38% of SC Edison electricity is greenhouse-gas-free, and by 2010, when renewables are increased to 20%, 42% of SC Edison’s power will be greenhouse-gas-free.", "Taking a prototypical 25 miles per gallon (mpg) car average at 15,000 miles a year requires 600 gallons of gas, which in energy is equivalent to 23,400 kWh, although it will generate more equivalent natural gas greenhouse gases by a ratio of 1.40, leading to an equivalent GHG generation of natural gas of 33,000 kWh.", "A shorter term goal to comply with the Mayor’s Program would be a 20% reduction, bringing the total down to 16,000 kWh per year. An alternative standard is a reduction to a sustainable production of carbon dioxide which is only 20% of the current rate.", "Reduction of Total Household Energy Use. We are now down to about 8,000 kWh from gas and 1,800 kWh from electricity for a total of 9,800 kWh total of GHG producing household usage, down from the initial 18,000 kWh. This brings us down to 2.4 times the proposed standard .", "With an average of 400 therms total gas usage, the water heating portion average is on average 50% at 200 therms. Saving 2/3 of this cuts out 200* (2/3)*30=4000 kWh. This cuts the 12,000 kWh down to 8,000 kWh equivalent for gas. At the rate of $1.20 per therm over baseline, the 200 therms saved results in a $240 savings per year.", "Whether burning wood can be considered zero carbon is highly controversial [3]. The average electricity consumption is 4,800 kWh per household [4] . A smaller than average household is taken arbitrarily to be 3,000 kWh (i.e. roughly two-thirds of the average), and a larger than average household to be 7,000 kWh (i.e. roughly 50% more)." ] ]
[ "define ectoplasm", "The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the", "difference between cytoplasm and cytosol", "define cytoskeleton", "what type of cell is an endoplasmic reticulum", "which is not a function of the cytoskeleton?", "what type of cytoplasm fills the pseudopods", "the cytoskeleton is composed of what fibers", "what does bacterial cytoplasm contain chromosomes", "what is the function of cytoplasm within a cell?" ]
[ "It was coined in 1894 by psychical researcher Charles Richet. Although the term is widespread in popular culture, the physical existence of ectoplasm is not accepted by science and many purported examples were exposed as hoaxes fashioned from cheesecloth, gauze or other natural substances.", "NEURON STRUCTURE. A nerve cell, the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body (perikaryon) and its processes, an axon and one or more dendrites. Neurons function in the initiation and conduction of impulses.", "Cytoplasm on the other hand is made of water up to 80% nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids, non-organic ions, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lightweight molecular compounds. 3. It is in the cytosol that all the metabolic chemical reactions of prokaryotes take place. On the contrary large scale cellular activities including glycolis, cell division and other metabolic paths take place in the cytoplasm.", "It consists of microtubules and various filaments that spread out through the cytoplasm, providing both structural support and a means of transport within the cell. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.", "SUMMARY. Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells. It often appears as two interconnected sub-compartments, namely rough ER and smooth ER. Both types consist of membrane enclosed, interconnected flattened tubes. The rough ER, studded with millions of membrane bound ribosomes, is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins.", "C. Transports wastes outside of the cell. The cytoskeleton is similar to the skeleton in your body. It provides support and has a role in movement, but similar to muscles, there are motor proteins that actually move things around in the cell (often using components of the cytoskeleton as tracks). 2. What characteristics do mitochondria and chloroplasts share?", "Pseudopodia. Pseudopodia are temporary and cytoplasm -filled parts of the cell membrane that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example.", "The primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton are microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments. Microfilaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in diameter. They are composed predominantly of a contractile protein called actin, which is the most abundant cellular protein.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 31, 2020 1:43:29 AM ET. Science Picture Co/Collection Mix: Subjects/Getty Images. Cytoplasm helps eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells by aiding in the transport of cell materials, moving genetic material and assisting with cellular respiration." ]
[ [ "Phenomenon. In spiritualism, ectoplasm is said to be formed by physical mediums when in a trance state. This material is excreted as a gauze-like substance from orifices on the medium's body and spiritual entities are said to drape this substance over their nonphysical body, enabling them to interact in the physical and real universe.", "The magician Carlos María de Heredia replicated the ectoplasm of Carrière using a comb, gauze and a handkerchief. Donald West wrote that the ectoplasm of Carrière was fake and was made of cut-out paper faces from newspapers and magazines on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs.", "The physicist and psychical researcher Edmund Edward Fournier d'Albe later investigated the medium Kathleen Goligher at many sittings and arrived at the opposite conclusions to Crawford; according to D'Albe, no paranormal phenomena such as levitation had occurred with Goligher and stated he had found evidence of fraud.", "Psychical researcher Harry Price exposed medium Helen Duncan 's fraudulent techniques by proving, through analysis of a sample of ectoplasm produced by Duncan, that it was cheesecloth that she had swallowed and regurgitated. Duncan had also used dolls' heads and masks as ectoplasm.", "The photographs taken by Thomas Glendenning Hamilton of ectoplasm reveal the substance to be made of tissue paper and magazine cut-outs of people. The famous photograph taken by Hamilton of the medium Mary Ann Marshall (1880–1963) depicts tissue paper with a cut out of Arthur Conan Doyle 's head from a newspaper.", "Crawford, after witnessing a number of her séances, claimed to have obtained flashlight photographs of the substance; he later described the substance as \"plasma\". He claimed the substance is not visible to the naked eye but can be felt by the body.", "Nielsen was also caught hiding his ectoplasm in his rectum. Mina Crandon was a famous medium known for producing ectoplasm during her séance sittings. She produced a small ectoplasmic hand from her stomach which waved about in the darkness.", "One strange phenomena of spiritualism, once popular, was the production of ectoplasm. This was a white substance that appeared to ooze from various openings of the medium's body. It was usually made of gauze, chiffon, or cheesecloth, often soaked or treated with various substances. ^ Frazier, Kendrick (2009).", "Schrenck-Notzing published the book Phenomena of Materialisation (1923) which included photographs of the ectoplasm. Critics pointed out the photographs of the ectoplasm revealed marks of magazine cut-outs, pins and a piece of string.", "A photograph of Carrière taken from the back of the ectoplasm face revealed it to be made from a magazine cut out with the letters \"Le Miro\". The two-dimensional face had been clipped from the French magazine Le Miroir. Back issues of the magazine also matched some of Carrière's ectoplasm faces.", "Its existence was initially hypothesized by Count Agenor de Gasparin, to explain the phenomena of table turning and tapping during séances. Ectenic force was named by de Gasparin's colleague M. Thury, a professor of natural history at the Academy of Geneva.", "Joseph McCabe wrote \"In Germany and Austria, Baron von Schrenck-Notzing is the laughing-stock of his medical colleagues.\". The Danish medium Einer Nielsen was investigated by a committee from the Kristiania University in Norway in 1922 and it was discovered in a séance that his ectoplasm was fake.", "Skeptics have suspected that Hamilton may have been behind the hoax. The mediums Rita Goold and Alec Harris dressed up in their séances as ectoplasm spirits and were exposed as frauds. The exposures of fraudulent ectoplasm in séances caused a rapid decline in physical mediumship.", "A photograph of the medium Linda Gazzera with a doll portrayed as ectoplasm. Helen Duncan with supposed ectoplasm, analysed by Harry Price to be made of cheesecloth and a rubber glove. Ectoplasm on many occasions has been proven to be fraudulent. Many mediums had used methods of swallowing and regurgitating cheesecloth, textile products smoothed with potato starch and in other cases the ectoplasm was made from paper, cloth and egg white or butter muslin.", "Arthur Conan Doyle described ectoplasm as \"a viscous, gelatinous substance which appeared to differ from every known form of matter in that it could solidify and be used for material purposes\".", "The physical existence of ectoplasm has not been scientifically demonstrated, and tested samples purported to be ectoplasm have been found to be various non-paranormal substances. Other researchers have duplicated, with non-supernatural materials, the photographic effects sometimes said to prove the existence of ectoplasm.", "Her career ended however when biologists examined the hand and found it to be made of a piece of carved animal liver. Walter Franklin Prince described the Crandon case as \"the most ingenious, persistent, and fantastic complex of fraud in the history of psychic research.\".", "Their work was not independently verified. Other psychical researchers who studied mediumship speculated that within the human body an unidentified fluid termed the \"psychode\", \"psychic force\" or \" ecteneic force \" existed and was capable of being released to influence matter.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Substance in spiritualism. For other uses, see Ectoplasm (disambiguation). Helen Duncan was well known for using dolls and other props as ectoplasm in her séances. Ectoplasm (from the Greek ektos, meaning \"outside\", and plasma, meaning \"something formed or molded\") is a term used in spiritualism to denote a substance or spiritual energy \"exteriorized\" by physical mediums.", "The definition of cytoplasm is the clear, gel-like substance outside the nucleus of the cell of plants and animals. An example of cytoplasm is the substance that fills every living cell in our bodies. noun. 8." ], [ "neu·ron. ( nū'ron ), The morphologic and functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the nerve cell body, the dendrites, and the axon. Synonym (s): nerve cell, neurocyte, neurone. [G. neuron, a nerve] Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012.", "The axons of motor neurons form synapses with skeletal fibers to produce motion. These junctions are called motor end-plates or myoneural junctions. The axon of a motor neuron divides just before it enters the muscle fibers and forms synapses near the nuclei of muscle fibers.", "The synapse may involve one neuron in chemical contact with many adjacent neurons, or it may involve the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of a succeeding neuron in a nerve pathway. There are many different patterns of synapses. Receptor End-Organs.", "From Damjanov, 2000. Golgi n's. 1. (type I): pyramidal cells with long axons, which leave the gray matter of the central nervous system, traverse the white matter, and terminate in the periphery. 2. (type II): stellate neurons with short axons in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices and in the retina.", "Others transmit efferent motor nerve impulses to a muscle (e.g. those carrying information from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus to the sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles). These are called motor neurons. Other neurons carry nerve impulses from one neuron to another ( internuncial neurons ). Note: also spelt neurone.", "preganglionic neuron. A neuron of the autonomic nervous system whose cell body lies in the central nervous system and whose axon terminates in a peripheral ganglion, synapsing with postganglionic neurons.", "mirror neuron. Any of a group of neurons that become active both when an animal moves in a certain way and when the animal observes others performing the same action. Learning by simulation or imitation is thought to be a function of the system of mirror neurons in the brain.", "Morphologic and functional unit of nervous system, consisting of nerve cell body, dendrites, and the axons. Synonym (s): neurone. [G. neuron, a nerve] Medical Dictionary for the Dental Professions © Farlex 2012.", "neu·ron. ( nūr'on) [TA] The morphologic and functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of the nerve cell body with its dendrites and axon. Synonym (s): neurocyte, neurone. [G. neuron, a nerve] Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions and Nursing © Farlex 2012.", "motor neuron motoneuron. postganglionic n's neurons whose cell bodies lie in the autonomic ganglia and whose purpose is to relay impulses beyond the ganglia. preganglionic n's neurons whose cell bodies lie in the central nervous system and whose efferent fibers terminate in the autonomic ganglia. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia and Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, and Allied Health, Seventh Edition. © 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.", "Synapses. The point at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another is called a synapse. The transmission is chemical in nature; that is, there is no direct contact between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.", "Called also nerve cell. adj., adj neuro´nal. The nerve fibers are actually extensions of the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus of the neuron. A nerve cell may have only one such slender fiber extending from its body, in which case it is classified as unipolar.", "a highly specialized cell of the nervous system, having two characteristic properties: irritability (ability to be stimulated) and conductivity (ability to conduct impulses). They are composed of a cell body (called also neurosome or perikaryon ), containing the nucleus and its surrounding cytoplasm, and one or more processes ( nerve fibers) extending from the body.", "The proprioceptors are found in muscles, tendons, and joints and transmit “muscle sense,” by which one is aware of the position of one's body in space. Neurons and Effectors. The axons of motor neurons form synapses with skeletal fibers to produce motion.", "upper motor neuron. A motor neuron (actually an interneuron) found completely within the central nervous system that synapses with or regulates the actions of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord and cranial nerves. Lesions of these neurons produce spastic paralysis in the muscles they innervate.", "The cholinergic nerves ( parasympathetic nervous system) liberate at their axon endings a substance called acetylcholine, which acts as a stimulant to the dendrites of adjacent neurons. In a similar manner, the adrenergic nerves ( sympathetic nervous system) liberate epinephrine or related substances.", "lower motor neuron. A peripheral motor neuron that originates in the ventral horns of the gray matter of the spinal cord and terminates in skeletal muscles. Lesions of these neurons produce flaccid paralysis of the muscles they innervate. Synonym: lower motoneuron.", "These junctions are called motor end-plates or myoneural junctions. The axon of a motor neuron divides just before it enters the muscle fibers and forms synapses near the nuclei of muscle fibers. These motor neurons are called somatic efferent neurons.", "The interoceptors are located in the internal organs and receive information from the viscera, e.g., pressure, tension, and pain. The proprioceptors are found in muscles, tendons, and joints and transmit “muscle sense,” by which one is aware of the position of one's body in space. Neurons and Effectors.", "neuron. (no͝or′ŏn′, nyo͝or′-) n. 1. Any of the impulse-conducting cells that constitute the brain, spinal column, and nerves in vertebrates, consisting of a nucleated cell body with one or more dendrites and a single axon. 2. A similar impulse-conducting cell in invertebrates. In both senses also called nerve cell.", "There are many types of neurons within the nervous system; some transmit afferent nerve impulses to the brain (e.g. those carrying information from the photoreceptors to the visual cortex), or to the spinal cord (e.g. those carrying information from the receptors in the skin to the spinal cord).", "In fact, a neuron contains different types of rooms, but the shape is also different. The conventional techniques for synchronization of FHN neurons are based on either designed control laws for identical neurons of known or unknown parameters or developed control strategies for different neurons of known parameters.", "The axon conducts the impulses to the dendrite of another neuron or to an effector organ that is thereby stimulated to action. Many processes are covered with a layer of lipid material called the myelin sheath. Peripheral nerve fibers have a thin outer covering called neurilemma. Types of Neurons.", "Neurons that receive stimuli from the outside environment and transmit them toward the brain are called afferent or sensory neurons. Those that carry impulses in the opposite direction, away from the brain and other nerve centers to muscles, are called efferent neurons, motor neurons, or motoneurons.", "The multipolar neurons have a single process called an axon and several branched extensions called dendrites. The dendrites receive stimuli from other nerves or from a receptor organ, such as the skin or ear, and transmit them through the neuron to the axon.", "1. cytoplasm - the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism. cytol. cell - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals." ], [ "Summary: 1. Cytosol is the intra-cellular fluid that is present inside the cells. On the other hand, cytoplasm is that part of the cell which is contained within the entire cell membrane. 2. Cytosol comprises of a lot of water, dissolved ions, large water soluble molecules, smaller minute molecules and proteins.", "On the other hand, cytoplasm is made of three chief elements including the cytosol, the cell organelles and the inclusions. The vital composition of cytosol comprises of a lot of water, dissolved ions, large water soluble molecules, smaller minute molecules and proteins.", "The combination of diminutive molecules is an excessively complicated solution involving each and every molecule that is required in metabolism. Cytoplasm on the other hand is made of water up to 80%. Other substances present in the cytoplasm are nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids, non-organic ions, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lightweight molecular compounds.", "Cytosol is the intra-cellular fluid that is present inside the cells. Once the process of eukaryotes starts, the fluid is separated by the cell membrane from the organelles (mitochondrial matrix) and the other contents that float about in the cytosol.", "The major components in cytosol are concentration gradients, protein complexes, protein compartments and cytoskeletal sieving. Even though none of these components are alienated by cell membranes still they don’t mix as numerous levels of union confine definite molecules to distinct locales inside the cytosol.", "Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects, 12 April, 2018, http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-cytosol-and-cytoplasm/.", "Cytosol is the part of the cytoplasm that is not held by any of the organelles in the cell. On the other hand, cytoplasm is the part of the cell which is contained within the entire cell membrane. It is the total content within the cell membrane other than the contents of the nucleus of the cell.", "Please spread the word. Share it with your friends/family. Cite. APA 7. , . (2018, April 12). Difference Between Cytosol and Cytoplasm. Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects. http://www.differencebetween.net/science/difference-between-cytosol-and-cytoplasm/. MLA 8. , .", "On the contrary large scale cellular activities including glycolis, cell division and other metabolic paths take place in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is the gelatin-like, semi-transparent liquid that fills the cell. It contains the mitochondrion, golgi apparatus, vacuoles, plastids, cell wall and the endoplasmic reticulum.", "All the cell organelles in eukaryotic cells are contained within the cytoplasm. The central, granular mass in the cytoplasm is the endoplasm while the surrounding lucid layer is known as the cell cortex or the ectoplasm. It is in the cytosol that all the metabolic chemical reactions of prokaryotes take place.", "Relevance. Delores B. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. The cytosol is the \"soup\" within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. Though mostly water, the cytosol is full of proteins that control cell metabolism including signal transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, and transcription factors.", "3 Answers. Relevance. Nick_nak. 9 years ago. Favourite answer. All sorts of biochemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm. One extremely important reaction is Glycolysis, which converts glucose to pyruvate while producing small amounts of ATP for energy.", "The cytoplasm also hosts a variety of cellular processes, such as glycolysis, which is the first step in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is how your body makes energy from food. Cell division also occurs in the cytoplasm as well as the synthesis of polypeptides (the molecules that make up proteins).", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "1. cytoplasm - the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism. cytol. cell - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals.", "3 Answers. Relevance. Caleb. 1 decade ago. Favourite answer. Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It holds all of the organelles in suspension. The Cytoskeleton is what holds the organelles in place, or moves them. It gives the cell its shape and structure.", "The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is that part of the cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. In fact, the cytoplasm and the nucleus make up the protoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. In prokaryotic cell s that do not have a well-defined nucleus, the cytoplasm is simply everything enclosed by the cell membrane.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus." ], [ "The inner structural elements, or backbone, of a cell. It consists of microtubules and various filaments that spread out through the cytoplasm, providing both structural support and a means of transport within the cell.", "Others Are Reading. The Most Surprisingly Serendipitous Words Of The Day. 600 New Words And Definitions: The Latest Updates To Dictionary.com. “Affect” vs. “Effect”: Use The Correct Word Every Time. Sip On These Words To Talk Like A Wine Expert. add this widget to your site.", "cytoskeleton. [ sī′tə-skĕl ′ĭ-tn ] The internal framework of a cell, composed of a network of protein filaments and extending throughout the fluid of the cell (the cytosol). The cytoskeleton consists mainly of actin filaments and microtubules and plays an important role in cell movement, shape, growth, division, and differentiation, as well as in the movement of organelles within the cell.", "Words nearby cytoskeleton. cytoreductive therapy, cytosine, cytosine arabinoside, cytosine ribonucleoside, cytosis, cytoskeleton, cytosmear, cytosol, cytosome, cytost, cytostasis. Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2021.", "noun Cell Biology. a shifting lattice arrangement of structural and contractile components distributed throughout the cell cytoplasm, composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and larger filaments, functioning as a structural support and transport mechanism.", "n. The internal framework of a cell, composed largely of actin filaments and microtubules. The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary Copyright © 2002, 2001, 1995 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company.", "noun. a network of fibrous proteins that governs the shape and movement of a biological cell. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital Edition © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1979, 1986 © HarperCollins Publishers 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2012.", "C. Transports wastes outside of the cell. The cytoskeleton is similar to the skeleton in your body. It provides support and has a role in movement, but similar to muscles, there are motor proteins that actually move things around in the cell (often using components of the cytoskeleton as tracks). 2. What characteristics do mitochondria and chloroplasts share?", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "SUMMARY. Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells. It often appears as two interconnected sub-compartments, namely rough ER and smooth ER. Both types consist of membrane enclosed, interconnected flattened tubes. The rough ER, studded with millions of membrane bound ribosomes, is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins.", "The primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton are microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments. Microfilaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in diameter. They are composed predominantly of a contractile protein called actin, which is the most abundant cellular protein.", "NEURON STRUCTURE. A nerve cell, the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body (perikaryon) and its processes, an axon and one or more dendrites. Neurons function in the initiation and conduction of impulses.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 31, 2020 1:43:29 AM ET. Science Picture Co/Collection Mix: Subjects/Getty Images. Cytoplasm helps eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells by aiding in the transport of cell materials, moving genetic material and assisting with cellular respiration.", "It was coined in 1894 by psychical researcher Charles Richet. Although the term is widespread in popular culture, the physical existence of ectoplasm is not accepted by science and many purported examples were exposed as hoaxes fashioned from cheesecloth, gauze or other natural substances.", "Relevance. Delores B. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. The cytosol is the \"soup\" within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. Though mostly water, the cytosol is full of proteins that control cell metabolism including signal transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, and transcription factors.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "1. cytoplasm - the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism. cytol. cell - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "3 Answers. Relevance. Caleb. 1 decade ago. Favourite answer. Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It holds all of the organelles in suspension. The Cytoskeleton is what holds the organelles in place, or moves them. It gives the cell its shape and structure." ], [ "Smooth ER is devoted almost exclusively to the manufacture of lipids and in some cases to the metabolism of them and associated products. In liver cells for example smooth ER enables glycogen that is stored as granules on the external surface of smooth ER to be broken down to glucose.", "The protein might work well without the amino acid but the very exacting service provided by the quality control section spots the error and rejects the protein retaining it in the lumen of the rough ER.", "Smooth ER is largely associated with lipid (fat) manufacture and metabolism and steroid production hormone production. It also has a detoxification function. Amended 19.11.15 DA. Cytoskeleton – the movers and shapers in the cell. Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion Molecules.", "From Rough ER to Golgi. In most cases proteins are transferred to the Golgi apparatus for ‘finishing’. They are conveyed in vesicles or possibly directly between the ER and Golgi surfaces. After ‘finishing’ they are delivered to specific locations. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM.", "The two types of ER often appear as if separate, but they are sub-compartments of the same organelle. Cells specialising in the production of proteins will tend to have a larger amount of rough ER whilst cells producing lipids (fats) and steroid hormones will have a greater amount of smooth ER.", "Proteins are produced for the plasma membrane, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, plant vacuoles, lysosomes, endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum itself. Some of the proteins are delivered into the lumen or space inside the ER whilst others are processed within the ER membrane itself.", "The dark spots are ribosomes. (courtesy of Chris Hawes, The Research School of Biology & Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK) There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER). Both types are present in plant and animal cells.", "Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) Rough ER (RER) is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes. Smooth E R (SER) is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones. It is ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats.", "It is in the lumen of the rough ER that proteins are folded to produce the highly important biochemical architecture which will provide ‘lock and key’ and other recognition and linking sites. Protein quality control section. It is also in the lumen that an amazing process of quality control checking is carried out.", "These rejects are stored in the lumen or sent for recycling for eventual breakdown to amino acids. A type of emphysema (a lung problem) is caused by the ER quality control section continually rejecting an incorrectly folded protein. The protein is wrongly folded as a result of receiving an altered genetic message.", "The organelle called ‘endoplasmic reticulum’ occurs in both plants and animals and is a very important manufacturing site for lipids (fats) and many proteins. Many of these products are made for and exported to other organelles. This is an electron microscope image showing part of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in a plant root cell from maize.", "ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. This is an extensive organelle composed of greatly convoluted but flattish sealed sacs, which are contiguous with the nuclear membrane. It is called ‘rough’ endoplasmic reticulum because it is studded on its outer surface (the surface in contact with the cytosol) with ribosomes.", "Smooth ER is also involved in the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex and endocrine glands. Smooth ER – the detox stop. Smooth ER also plays a large part in detoxifying a number of organic chemicals converting them to safer water-soluble products.", "To view a micrograph of ER interpreted using the Gridpoint cross-hairs device, click here. CELLS NEED THE ROUGH AND THE SMOOTH. Think of a cell as a “multitude of membranes” we said in an earlier section. This statement certainly applies to the endoplasmic reticulum an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. About 50% of the total membrane surface in an animal cell is provided by endoplasmic reticulum (ER).", "This process is called translation. Certain cells of the pancreas and digestive tract produce a high volume of protein as enzymes. Many of the proteins are produced in quantity in the cells of the pancreas and the digestive tract and function as digestive enzymes.", "These are called membrane bound ribosomes and are firmly attached to the outer cytosolic side of the ER About 13 million ribosomes are present on the RER in the average liver cell. Rough ER is found throughout the cell but the density is higher near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are called ‘membrane bound’ and are responsible for the assembly of many proteins.", "In liver cells for example smooth ER enables glycogen that is stored as granules on the external surface of smooth ER to be broken down to glucose. Smooth ER is also involved in the production of steroid hormones in the adrenal cortex and endocrine glands. Smooth ER – the detox stop.", "CELLS NEED THE ROUGH AND THE SMOOTH. Think of a cell as a “multitude of membranes” we said in an earlier section. This statement certainly applies to the endoplasmic reticulum an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. About 50% of the total membrane surface in an animal cell is provided by endoplasmic reticulum (ER).", "To assist with this, smooth ER can double its surface area within a few days, returning to its normal size when the assault has subsided. The contraction of muscle cells is triggered by the orderly release of calcium ions. These ions are released from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.", "Rough ER (RER) is involved in some protein production, protein folding, quality control and despatch. It is called ‘rough’ because it is studded with ribosomes. Smooth E R (SER) is associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones. It is ‘smooth’ because it is not studded with ribosomes and is associated with smooth slippery fats.", "In this case the customer (the person with cystic fibrosis) loses out completely due to high standards when a slightly poorer product would have been better than no product at all. From Rough ER to Golgi. In most cases proteins are transferred to the Golgi apparatus for ‘finishing’.", "In the lumen some proteins have sugar groups added to them to form glycoproteins. Some have metal groups added to them. It is in the rough ER for example that four polypeptide chains are brought together to form haemoglobin. Protein folding unit.", "To assist with this, smooth ER can double its surface area within a few days, returning to its normal size when the assault has subsided. The contraction of muscle cells is triggered by the orderly release of calcium ions. These ions are released from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. SUMMARY.", "Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells. It often appears as two interconnected sub-compartments, namely rough ER and smooth ER. Both types consist of membrane enclosed, interconnected flattened tubes. The rough ER, studded with millions of membrane bound ribosomes, is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins.", "Research into protein structure failures relating to HIV are also focusing on reactions in the ER. Rigorous quality control plays a part in cystic fibrosis. A form of cystic fibrosis is caused by a missing single amino acid, phenylanaline, in a particular position in the protein construction.", "It is found fairly evenly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. It is not studded with ribosomes hence ‘smooth’ ER. Smooth ER is devoted almost exclusively to the manufacture of lipids and in some cases to the metabolism of them and associated products.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm." ], [ "B. Vesicle. ...Show more. Stacey. Lv 4. 5 years ago. It's believed that the centrosomes play a part in mitosis, particularly in the division of the chromosomes in animal cells, but it was discovered that even when the centrosomes were experimentally removed, the cell divided normally.", "1. Which is not a function of the cytoskeleton? A. Supports and shapes the cell. B. Provides strength. C. Transports wastes outside of the cell. D. Aids in cell movement. 2.", "Which is not a function of the cytoskeleton? | Yahoo Answers. Yahoo Answers is shutting down on May 4th, 2021 (Eastern Time) and the Yahoo Answers website is now in read-only mode. There will be no changes to other Yahoo properties or services, or your Yahoo account.", "C. Vacuole. D. Cell wall. 4. What is the function of the nucleus? A. It makes proteins. B. It provides the cell with energy. C.", "3) D- only plants have cell walls; the other answerer is wrong, as some animal cells do have vacuoles. 4) C. 5) B. ...Show more. bradlepe. Lv 5. 1 decade ago.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "Pseudopodia. Pseudopodia are temporary and cytoplasm -filled parts of the cell membrane that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example.", "3 Answers. Relevance. Caleb. 1 decade ago. Favourite answer. Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It holds all of the organelles in suspension. The Cytoskeleton is what holds the organelles in place, or moves them. It gives the cell its shape and structure.", "It consists of microtubules and various filaments that spread out through the cytoplasm, providing both structural support and a means of transport within the cell. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "The cytoplasm also hosts a variety of cellular processes, such as glycolysis, which is the first step in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is how your body makes energy from food. Cell division also occurs in the cytoplasm as well as the synthesis of polypeptides (the molecules that make up proteins).", "The definition of cytoplasm is the clear, gel-like substance outside the nucleus of the cell of plants and animals. An example of cytoplasm is the substance that fills every living cell in our bodies. noun. 8.", "The primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton are microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments. Microfilaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in diameter. They are composed predominantly of a contractile protein called actin, which is the most abundant cellular protein.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 31, 2020 1:43:29 AM ET. Science Picture Co/Collection Mix: Subjects/Getty Images. Cytoplasm helps eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells by aiding in the transport of cell materials, moving genetic material and assisting with cellular respiration.", "SUMMARY. Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells. It often appears as two interconnected sub-compartments, namely rough ER and smooth ER. Both types consist of membrane enclosed, interconnected flattened tubes. The rough ER, studded with millions of membrane bound ribosomes, is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins.", "NEURON STRUCTURE. A nerve cell, the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body (perikaryon) and its processes, an axon and one or more dendrites. Neurons function in the initiation and conduction of impulses." ], [ "Pseudopods are one of the three locomotion modes of unicellular organisms (together with flagella and cilia ). Pseudopods can also capture prey by phagocytosis. Pseudopedia are used by some cells to move around. They can detect food and place it inside the cell.", "Pseudopods can be classified into several varieties according to their appearance: Lobopodia are short and blunt in form, very typical of Amoeba .It uses pseudopodia to capture it's food and for movement. Filopodia are more slender and filiform with pointed ends.", "The cell wall makes a network of fibers. The cytoplasm flows into the network and fills it up, similar to a net filled with gelatin. This is able to move, lengthen, or shorten. The pseudopodia extends from the amoeba. Then the main part of the amoeba flows into that pseudopodia and the amoeba has changed its place.", "C. Transports wastes outside of the cell. The cytoskeleton is similar to the skeleton in your body. It provides support and has a role in movement, but similar to muscles, there are motor proteins that actually move things around in the cell (often using components of the cytoskeleton as tracks). 2. What characteristics do mitochondria and chloroplasts share?", "The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is that part of the cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. In fact, the cytoplasm and the nucleus make up the protoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. In prokaryotic cell s that do not have a well-defined nucleus, the cytoplasm is simply everything enclosed by the cell membrane.", "3 Answers. Relevance. Caleb. 1 decade ago. Favourite answer. Cytoplasm is the semi-fluid substance that fills the space between the nucleus and the cell membrane. It holds all of the organelles in suspension. The Cytoskeleton is what holds the organelles in place, or moves them. It gives the cell its shape and structure.", "The definition of cytoplasm is the clear, gel-like substance outside the nucleus of the cell of plants and animals. An example of cytoplasm is the substance that fills every living cell in our bodies. noun. 8.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 31, 2020 1:43:29 AM ET. Science Picture Co/Collection Mix: Subjects/Getty Images. Cytoplasm helps eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells by aiding in the transport of cell materials, moving genetic material and assisting with cellular respiration.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "SUMMARY. Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells. It often appears as two interconnected sub-compartments, namely rough ER and smooth ER. Both types consist of membrane enclosed, interconnected flattened tubes. The rough ER, studded with millions of membrane bound ribosomes, is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins.", "The primary types of fibers comprising the cytoskeleton are microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments. Microfilaments are fine, thread-like protein fibers, 3-6 nm in diameter. They are composed predominantly of a contractile protein called actin, which is the most abundant cellular protein.", "1. cytoplasm - the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism. cytol. cell - (biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals.", "Relevance. Delores B. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. The cytosol is the \"soup\" within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. Though mostly water, the cytosol is full of proteins that control cell metabolism including signal transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, and transcription factors.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "It was coined in 1894 by psychical researcher Charles Richet. Although the term is widespread in popular culture, the physical existence of ectoplasm is not accepted by science and many purported examples were exposed as hoaxes fashioned from cheesecloth, gauze or other natural substances.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "The cytoplasm also hosts a variety of cellular processes, such as glycolysis, which is the first step in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is how your body makes energy from food. Cell division also occurs in the cytoplasm as well as the synthesis of polypeptides (the molecules that make up proteins)." ], [ "They are composed of subunits of the protein tubulin--these subunits are termed alpha and beta. Microtubules act as a scaffold to determine cell shape, and provide a set of \"tracks\" for cell organelles and vesicles to move on. Microtubules also form the spindle fibers for separating chromosomes during mitosis.", "This arrangement refers to the 9 fused pairs of microtubules on the outside of a cylinder, and the 2 unfused microtubules in the center. Dynein \"arms\" attached to the microtubules serve as the molecular motors. Defective dynein arms cause male infertility and also lead to respiratory tract and sinus problems.", "Microfilaments' association with the protein myosin is responsible for muscle contraction. Microfilaments can also carry out cellular movements including gliding, contraction, and cytokinesis. Microtubules. Microtubules are cylindrical tubes, 20-25 nm in diameter.", "In the epithelial (skin) cells of the intestine, all three types of fibers are present. Microfilaments project into the villi, giving shape to the cell surface. Microtubules grow out of the centrosome to the cell periphery. Intermediate filaments connect adjacent cells through desmosomes. Previous | Next.", "The cytoskeleton is unique to eukaryotic cells. It is a dynamic three-dimensional structure that fills the cytoplasm. This structure acts as both muscle and skeleton, for movement and stability. The long fibers of the cytoskeleton are polymers of subunits.", "Cellular movement. Cellular movement is accomplished by cilia and flagella. Cilia are hair-like structures that can beat in synchrony causing the movement of unicellular paramecium. Cilia are also found in specialize linings in eukaryotes.", "Flagella are whip-like appendages that undulate to move cells. They are longer than cilia, but have similar internal structures made of microtubules. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ greatly. Both flagella and cilia have a 9 + 2 arrangement of microtubules.", "When arranged in geometric patterns inside flagella and cilia, they are used for locomotion. Intermediate Filaments. Intermediate filaments are about 10 nm diameter and provide tensile strength for the cell. Examples of the cytoskeleton in epithelial cells.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "Relevance. Delores B. 1 decade ago. Favorite Answer. The cytosol is the \"soup\" within which all the other cell organelles reside and where most of the cellular metabolism occurs. Though mostly water, the cytosol is full of proteins that control cell metabolism including signal transduction pathways, glycolysis, intracellular receptors, and transcription factors.", "The cytoplasm also hosts a variety of cellular processes, such as glycolysis, which is the first step in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is how your body makes energy from food. Cell division also occurs in the cytoplasm as well as the synthesis of polypeptides (the molecules that make up proteins).", "Pseudopodia. Pseudopodia are temporary and cytoplasm -filled parts of the cell membrane that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example.", "C. Transports wastes outside of the cell. The cytoskeleton is similar to the skeleton in your body. It provides support and has a role in movement, but similar to muscles, there are motor proteins that actually move things around in the cell (often using components of the cytoskeleton as tracks). 2. What characteristics do mitochondria and chloroplasts share?", "It consists of microtubules and various filaments that spread out through the cytoplasm, providing both structural support and a means of transport within the cell. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.", "SUMMARY. Endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle found in both eukaryotic animal and plant cells. It often appears as two interconnected sub-compartments, namely rough ER and smooth ER. Both types consist of membrane enclosed, interconnected flattened tubes. The rough ER, studded with millions of membrane bound ribosomes, is involved with the production, folding, quality control and despatch of some proteins.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus.", "It is a gel-like matrix composed of water, enzymes, nutrients, wastes, and gases and contains cell structures such as ribosomes, a chromosome, and plasmids. The cell envelope encases the cytoplasm and all its components. Unlike the eukaryotic (true) cells, bacteria do not have a membrane enclosed nucleus." ], [ "There are sufficient differences between bacterial ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes that some antibiotics will inhibit the functioning of bacterial ribosomes, but not a eukaryote's, thus killing bacteria but not the eukaryotic organisms they are infecting. BACK TO CELL STRUCTURE HOME.", "Even older than the bacteria are the archeans (also called archaebacteria) tiny prokaryotic organisms that live only in extreme environments: boiling water, super-salty pools, sulfur-spewing volcanic vents, acidic water, and deep in the Antarctic ice.", "Like the chromosome, plasmids are made of a circular piece of DNA. Unlike the chromosome, they are not involved in reproduction. Only the chromosome has the genetic instructions for initiating and carrying out cell division, or binary fission, the primary means of reproduction in bacteria.", "Nonencapsulated mutants of these organisms are avirulent, i.e. they don't cause disease. Cell Envelope - The cell envelope is made up of two to three layers: the interior cytoplasmic membrane, the cell wall, and -- in some species of bacteria -- an outer capsule.", "The flagella beat in a propeller-like motion to help the bacterium move toward nutrients; away from toxic chemicals; or, in the case of the photosynthetic cyanobacteria; toward the light. Nucleoid - The nucleoid is a region of cytoplasm where the chromosomal DNA is located.", "Without pili, many disease-causing bacteria lose their ability to infect because they're unable to attach to host tissue. Specialized pili are used for conjugation, during which two bacteria exchange fragments of plasmid DNA. Ribosomes - Ribosomes are microscopic \"factories\" found in all cells, including bacteria.", "Despite the superficial resemblance to bacteria, biochemically and genetically, the archea are as different from bacteria as bacteria are from humans. In the late 1600s, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek became the first to study bacteria under the microscope.", "The strength of the wall is responsible for keeping the cell from bursting when there are large differences in osmotic pressure between the cytoplasm and the environment. Cell wall composition varies widely amongst bacteria and is one of the most important factors in bacterial species analysis and differentiation.", "Although they are notorious for their role in causing human diseases, from tooth decay to the Black Plague, there are beneficial species that are essential to good health. For example, one species that lives symbiotically in the large intestine manufactures vitamin K, an essential blood clotting factor.", "Membranes are also dynamic, constantly adapting to different conditions. Flagella - Flagella (singular, flagellum) are hairlike structures that provide a means of locomotion for those bacteria that have them. They can be found at either or both ends of a bacterium or all over its surface.", "A technique devised by Danish physician Hans Christian Gram in 1884, uses a staining and washing technique to differentiate between the two forms. When exposed to a gram stain, gram-positive bacteria retain the purple color of the stain because the structure of their cell walls traps the dye.", "Plasmids replicate independently of the chromosome and, while not essential for survival, appear to give bacteria a selective advantage. Plasmids are passed on to other bacteria through two means. For most plasmid types, copies in the cytoplasm are passed on to daughter cells during binary fission.", "Most notably, a number of scientists around the world made contributions to the field of microbial ecology, showing that bacteria were essential to food webs and for the overall health of the Earth's ecosystems.", "They are found practically everywhere on Earth and live in some of the most unusual and seemingly inhospitable places. Evidence shows that bacteria were in existence as long as 3.5 billion years ago, making them one of the oldest living organisms on the Earth.", "Cell Wall - Each bacterium is enclosed by a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, a protein-sugar (polysaccharide) molecule. The wall gives the cell its shape and surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane, protecting it from the environment.", "Anerobic bacteria can't tolerate gaseous oxygen at all and die when exposed to it. Facultative aneraobes prefer oxygen, but can live without it. The second way of grouping them is by how they obtain their energy. Bacteria that have to consume and break down complex organic compounds are heterotrophs.", "Plasmids have been shown to be instrumental in the transmission of special properties, such as antibiotic drug resistance, resistance to heavy metals, and virulence factors necessary for infection of animal or plant hosts.", "Other types of plasmids, however, form a tubelike structure at the surface called a pilus that passes copies of the plasmid to other bacteria during conjugation, a process by which bacteria exchange genetic information.", "The chromosome, a single, continuous strand of DNA, is localized, but not contained, in a region of the cell called the nucleoid. All the other cellular components are scattered throughout the cytoplasm. One of those components, plasmids, are small, extrachromosomal genetic structures carried by many strains of bacteria.", "The discovery that some bacteria produced compounds lethal to other bacteria led to the development of antibiotics, which revolutionized the field of medicine. There are two different ways of grouping bacteria. They can be divided into three types based on their response to gaseous oxygen.", "Capsule - Some species of bacteria have a third protective covering, a capsule made up of polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates). Capsules play a number of roles, but the most important are to keep the bacterium from drying out and to protect it from phagocytosis (engulfing) by larger microorganisms.", "Bacteria are prokaryotes, lacking well-defined nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, and with chromosomes composed of a single closed DNA circle. They come in many shapes and sizes, from minute spheres, cylinders and spiral threads, to flagellated rods, and filamentous chains.", "Bacteria give yogurt its tangy flavor and sourdough bread its sour taste. They make it possible for ruminant animals (cows, sheep, goats) to digest plant cellulose and for some plants, (soybean, peas, alfalfa) to convert nitrogen to a more usable form.", "During the nineteenth century, the French scientist Louis Pasteur and the German physician Robert Koch demonstrated the role of bacteria as pathogens (causing disease). The twentieth century saw numerous advances in bacteriology, indicating their diversity, ancient lineage, and general importance.", "Many scientists now believe that the archaea and bacteria developed separately from a common ancestor nearly four billion years ago. Millions of years later, the ancestors of today's eukaryotes split off from the archaea.", "Pili - Many species of bacteria have pili (singular, pilus), small hairlike projections emerging from the outside cell surface. These outgrowths assist the bacteria in attaching to other cells and surfaces, such as teeth, intestines, and rocks.", "In gram-negative bacteria, the cell wall is thin and releases the dye readily when washed with an alcohol or acetone solution. Cytoplasm - The cytoplasm, or protoplasm, of bacterial cells is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out.", "The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is that part of the cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. In fact, the cytoplasm and the nucleus make up the protoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. In prokaryotic cell s that do not have a well-defined nucleus, the cytoplasm is simply everything enclosed by the cell membrane." ], [ "Prokaryotic cells have ribosomes, which help create new proteins. Some prokaryotic cells have flagella, which are tail-like whips that propel them through water. In prokaryotic cells, the cytoplasm exists in the plasma membrane, which is not broken down into smaller organelles. In prokaryotic cell membranes, the cytoplasm holds the molecules that are necessary for the cell to carry out its life functions.", "They can live in places without oxygen and in very hot or cold climates. They can also survive at the bottom of the ocean. Prokaryotic cells vary slightly in size, but they share some common features. All prokaryotic cells have a cell wall and a plasma membrane, but they do not have compartmentalized plasma membranes.", "The cytoplasm in all eukaryotic cells has similar components, including microtubules and mitochondria. Microtubules are straight, cylinder-like cell components that help transport materials through the cell. They also give cells shape and structure. Mitochondria are long organelles in eukaryotic cell cytoplasm.", "Plant cell endoplasmic reticulum is connected to other cells through plasmodesmata, which are small tubes that resemble bridges between cells. Since plants are stationary, most plant cells do not have flagella to aid with movement. More From Reference. 1.", "In plant cells, the cytoplasm is connected to the cell nucleus through the endoplasmic reticulum, which is a sac-like network that produces and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside the cell.", "It also gives cells their shape and supports biochemical reactions. Cytoplasm is found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. It exists within the plasma membrane, which is a structure that encloses the cell's contents. The plasma membrane is a three-dimensional object that connects to and supports other cell components.", "In plants, the plasma membrane is an inner layer that is surrounded by an external cell wall. Cytoplasm is made of approximately 80 percent water. It helps cells expand over the course of reproduction and protects other organelles by surrounding them with a thick liquid substance.", "Eukaryotic Cells. Eukaryotic cells are found in multi-cellular organisms, including plants and animals. Eukaryotic cells have a more complex cell structure than prokaryotic cells. They also have more organelles to carry out basic functions. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm also contains a cytoskeleton that is made up of cytoplasmic filaments.", "Prokaryotic Cells. Although it carries out the same basic functions in the two types of cells, cytoplasm has a slightly different structure in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are the basic type of cell found in living organisms. They comprise single-celled organisms like bacteria. Prokaryotic organisms can often withstand environmental extremes that other organisms cannot.", "Just as prokaryotic cells have some differences, eukaryotic cells of plants are slightly different than cells in animals. Unlike animal cells, plant cells do not have flagella, cilia, centrioles, lysosomes or intermediate filaments. However, they do have rigid cell walls, plasmodesmata and chloroplasts.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus. All of the organelles in eukaryotic cells, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria, are located in the cytoplasm.", "The cytoplasm also hosts a variety of cellular processes, such as glycolysis, which is the first step in cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is how your body makes energy from food. Cell division also occurs in the cytoplasm as well as the synthesis of polypeptides (the molecules that make up proteins).", "The cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is that part of the cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope. In fact, the cytoplasm and the nucleus make up the protoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. In prokaryotic cell s that do not have a well-defined nucleus, the cytoplasm is simply everything enclosed by the cell membrane.", "Pseudopodia. Pseudopodia are temporary and cytoplasm -filled parts of the cell membrane that are able to change their form in order to move. They are used in some eukaryotic cells to move around or to eat. Most cells that do this are called amoeboids. The amoeba is a common example.", "C. Transports wastes outside of the cell. The cytoskeleton is similar to the skeleton in your body. It provides support and has a role in movement, but similar to muscles, there are motor proteins that actually move things around in the cell (often using components of the cytoskeleton as tracks). 2. What characteristics do mitochondria and chloroplasts share?", "Cytoplasm on the other hand is made of water up to 80% nucleic acids, enzymes, lipids, non-organic ions, amino acids, carbohydrates, and lightweight molecular compounds. 3. It is in the cytosol that all the metabolic chemical reactions of prokaryotes take place. On the contrary large scale cellular activities including glycolis, cell division and other metabolic paths take place in the cytoplasm.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Summary The Cytoskeleton and Cytosol. Page 1 Page 2. In this section we will discuss the intracellular components that are not organelles. The cytoskeleton and cytosol are structural elements that help provide the cell with its structure. The cytoskeleton is composed of protein filaments and is found throughout the inside of a eukaryotic cell.", "It consists of microtubules and various filaments that spread out through the cytoplasm, providing both structural support and a means of transport within the cell. The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company." ] ]
[ "can the er diagnose cancer", "what lab test for skin disease", "what blood test indicates active cancer in body", "what anesthesia is involved with a nerve block", "what test to order for disease", "prostate screening code", "does a endocrinologist specialize in diabetes", "what tests are done to check for arthritis", "test that can detect cancers", "what test are ordered stomach cancer" ]
[ "An emergency physician can run circles around any other type of doctor — including a cardiologist — when treating a cardiac arrest. They can stitch wounds in one room and decompress collapsed lungs in another. ER docs can prescribe antibiotics for the 25 or so most common infections by memory.", "To screen for pemphigus along with other possible immunobullous diseases, order concurrently with antibody panel test for pemphigoid, IgG collagen type VII antibody, pemphigus antibody IgA, paraneoplastic pemphigus antibody screen, AND perilesional skin biopsy for DIF. See Immunobullous Skin Diseases Testing algorithm.", "CA125 has become a widely used tumor marker which is measured most often in women with cancers of the reproductive system including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other cancers that may cause abnormal CA125 levels include cancer of the pancreas, lungs, breast and colon.", "A nerve block is the injection of numbing medication (local anesthetic) near specific nerves to decrease your pain in a certain part of your body during and after surgery. For specific types of surgery, your anesthesiologist may place a “nerve catheter,” which may be used to continuously bathe the nerves in numbing medication for 2-3 days after the surgery.", "Blood tests are the first step in diagnosing celiac disease and can help determine the need for further evaluation for confirmation of celiac disease. It is important that patients continue to consume gluten as normal and do not start a gluten-free diet, as this can result in false negative test results. Although high titers in serological testing are indicative of celiac disease, they alone do not provide a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease and a biopsy of the small intestine is required for a definitive diagnosis 1.", "Diagnosis Code for Reimbursement Claim: ICD-9-CM V76.44. Code will be replaced by October 2015 and relabeled as ICD-10-CM V76.44.", "You might be happier with someone else, or with an endocrinologist, a specialist in hormone-related diseases such as diabetes. In general, family physicians are trained in all areas of medicine and treat adults and children. Internists specialize in internal medicine and only treat adults.", "Common Questions. How is it used? The rheumatoid factor (RF) test is used in conjunction with other laboratory tests and imaging tests (X-rays, ultrasound, MRI) to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to help distinguish RA from other forms of arthritis or other conditions that cause similar symptoms.", "Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool tests (high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests) Several screening tests have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy not only detect colorectal cancer early but also help prevent the disease in the first place.", "The doctor is able to look for any abnormalities on the inside of your stomach and take a small portion to send for a biopsy. If the biopsy confirms cancer, further workup is then pursued, which can involve a computed axial tomography (CT) scan of your chest, abdomen and pelvis." ]
[ [ "If a bus full of hemophiliacs careens off the interstate and sends 30 bleeding victims to the ER, the staff would have to push aside those poor coughing souls in the waiting room to make room for honest to goodness emergencies.", "on November 04, 2019. The emergency room (ER) is the first — and sometimes only — place many Americans go for their healthcare. These days it's often referred to as the emergency department, but that never did sound right to me.", "The Waiting Room Is a Hotbed of Germs. In case you didn't notice, there are some sick folks sitting in there. They cough on each other and sneeze all over the place. It's not like an obstetrician's office, where everyone is mostly healthy and just coming in for a monthly check-up.", "Most importantly, ER docs do spot-check medicine. They take snapshots of a person's medical history and make quick decisions about what to do. ER docs aren't in a good position to notice trends or do long-term medicine.", "The ER is for Emergencies. Despite the fact that everyone in the ER waiting room seems to have the sniffles and a cough, the ER is really supposed to be for emergencies (hence the name: Emergency Room ).", "They don't want you to sue them if you're told to wait a couple of days for an appointment and turn out to have some rare condition that's life-threatening. I'm afraid some doctors even use the ER as an overflow when they can't handle their own patient loads. Since the ER might not be exactly what you thought it was.", "If everyone coming in after you have more of a need for medical care than you do, you'll have to wait. The ER can be a convenient way to get medical care — or maybe your only way — but that doesn't mean they'll see folks in the order they come through the door.", "If the injury or illness is life-threatening, you'd better know how to get things stabilized and where to go for help after that. ER doctors are like any other craftsmen: they get really good at doing what they do most.", "The Doctor Knows a Little About a Lot. Emergency physicians are the medical equivalent of a Jack-of-all-Trades. As an ER doc, you never know what's coming through the ambulance bay at any given moment. You have to be as equally competent with massive chest trauma as you are with urinary tract infections.", "Some ER systems are doing more to reduce the wait, including a huge change in the order folks are getting seen. It's common today for ER staff to see the direst emergencies first as well as quickly taking care of people who are least sick. That means the people with moderate medical needs end up waiting for the longest.", "The ER has become an entry point for patients of all types, but it may not be the right place for some patients to go. ER Productions LTD / Getty Images. If you've gone to the ER when somewhere else might have been a better choice, you're not alone. Indeed, private physicians afraid of lawsuits are quick to point to the ER doors when you call the office.", "Not only that, but the cleaning crew doesn't get much time in the waiting room. Around the country, ER's are filling up throughout the day leaving little opportunity for the chairs, floors, and walls to get a good scrubbing. If you weren't sick when you walk into an ER waiting room, you might be before you leave it.", "It's Not Always the Best Option. As you may have noticed, I'm not exactly selling the ER for your garden variety sniffle. The ER is a wonderful innovation and they save thousands of lives every year, but as a starting point for minor illness, the ER leaves a lot to be desired.", "You never want to go to a doctor's office for chest pain or sudden weakness on one side. Those are the types of things an emergency doc is well prepared to handle. On the other hand, seeing ten different ER physicians for the same complaint on ten different occasions is not likely to help you diagnose what's wrong.", "Michael Menna, DO, is board-certified in emergency medicine. He is an attending emergency medicine physician at White Plains Hospital in White Plains, New York and also works at an urgent care center and a telemedicine company that provides care to patients across the country. Learn about our Medical Review Board.", "What an ER doc is not good for is taking care of — or even recognizing — rare diseases and conditions. You don't go to an emergency doc hoping she'll diagnose MS or cancer. It happens sometimes or, more to the point, they sometimes will identify a problem and send you to a specialist.", "Tests that may be done to diagnose pulmonary edema or to determine why you developed fluid in your lungs include: Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary edema and exclude other possible causes of your shortness of breath. It's usually the first test done when someone has signs or symptoms of pulmonary edema. Chest CT.", "The doctor is able to look for any abnormalities on the inside of your stomach and take a small portion to send for a biopsy. If the biopsy confirms cancer, further workup is then pursued, which can involve a computed axial tomography (CT) scan of your chest, abdomen and pelvis.", "CA125 has become a widely used tumor marker which is measured most often in women with cancers of the reproductive system including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other cancers that may cause abnormal CA125 levels include cancer of the pancreas, lungs, breast and colon.", "CA125 has become a widely used tumor marker which is measured most often in women with cancers of the reproductive system including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other cancers that may cause abnormal CA125 levels include cancer of the pancreas, lungs, breast and colon." ], [ "Disease activity monitoring. 0090650. Pemphigus Antibody Panel - Epithelial Cell Surface Antibodies and Desmoglein 1 and Desmoglein 3 Antibodies, IgG. IgG variant pemphigus including pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris.", "Papulovesicular lesions and urticarial wheals in a symmetrical distribution – classically involves extensor elbows and knees, buttocks, scalp, shoulders, sacral areas. Chronic eczematoid skin changes, excoriations – often have intense pruritus, which is attended by secondary skin changes including ecchymoses.", "For initial diagnosis and monitoring disease, pemphigoid antibody panel (epithelial BMZ antibodies and BP180 and BP230 antibodies IgG) is preferred. For diagnosing epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, refer to collagen type VII antibody IgG. 0092566. Bullous Pemphigoid Antigens (180 kDa and 230 kDa), IgG 0092566.", "Method. Semi-Quantitative Indirect Fluorescent Antibody. Acceptable reflexive screening test for CD. Screen includes tTG/TG2 antibodies IgA and IgG, and deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP) antibodies IgA and IgG. CD reflexive cascade or tTG/TG2 IgA tests preferred for screening patients with suspected CD. 2002026.", "Panel components include antibody testing for IgG epithelial cell surface and IgG desmoglein 1 and 3; to order individual component tests, refer to epithelial cell surface antibody IgG and/or desmoglein 1 and 3 antibodies in pemphigus IgG.", "If other types of pemphigus are of diagnostic consideration, order pemphigus antibody panel – epithelial cell surface antibodies and desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 antibodies, IgG first or concurrently with this test. 0092106. `Pemphigus Antibody IgA 0092106.", "Recommended single screening test for IgA-competent individuals with suspected CD. IgA testing recommended to identify IgA competence prior to choosing tTG/TG2 test – use IgA test in individuals who are IgA competent or IgG test in individuals who are IgA deficient.", "Pemphigoid gestationis. Diagnosis. HLA genotyping. Testing is not generally recommended – may be useful in ruling out CD and/or dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) only in selective clinical situations because of high negative predictive value. Absence of one of these haplotypes essentially rules out CD and DH.", "IgA epidermal transglutaminase (eTG) – transglutaminase 3 (TG3) ELISA. Patients who are IgA deficient and rare patients without IgA deficiency have IgG EMA and IgG TG2 antibodies without detectable IgA antibodies, which fluctuate with disease activity.", "Monitor disease in patient previously diagnosed with pemphigus and increased IgG desmoglein 1 and/or 3 antibodies; antibody levels correlate with disease activity; consider ordering with epithelial cell surface antibody IgG.", "IgA testing recommended to identify IgA deficiency prior to ordering EMA test; use IgA test in individuals who are IgA competent (EMA IgA is an acceptable follow-up test for weakly positive or negative tTG/TG2 IgA screen); use IgG test in individuals who are IgA deficient.", "Pruritic papular and/or vesicular skin lesions in typical locations. Characteristic immunopathology on uninvolved, perilesional skin with direct immunofluorescence. Positive serology consistent with gluten intolerance/celiac disease (CD); rarely increased serum IgA epidermal transglutaminase antibodies only.", "Initial diagnostic panel for skin and mucous membrane disorders that present with blistering, erosions, eczema, pruritus, and/or urticaria, including pemphigoid, pemphigoid variants, epidermolysis bullosa acquisita, linear IgA bullous dermatosis, linear IgA disease variants, and IgG-pemphigus subtypes.", "Method. Direct Immunofluorescence. Preferred reflex screening test for celiac disease (CD) Depending on initial results from IgA screening, one or more tests may be added for clinical interpretation. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG/TG2) antibody, IgA. Tissue transglutaminase (tTG/TG2) antibody, IgG.", "Method. Semi-Quantitative Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA) Monitor disease in patient previously diagnosed with pemphigoid and increased IgG BP180 and/or BP230 antibodies; IgG BP180 antibody levels correlate with disease activity in some patients with pemphigoid; consider ordering with epithelial BMZ antibody IgG.", "Pemphigoid gestationis is a rare disease of pregnancy; consider other types of immunobullous disease testing (ie, epithelial BMZ antibody IgA, collagen type VII antibody IgG by ELISA, and/or pemphigus antibody panel – epithelial cell surface antibodies and desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 antibodies, IgG. 0092283.", "Should perform at a minimum. Celiac testing concurrently with immunopathology – see Celiac Disease. Biopsy necessary for diagnosis – see cutaneous direct immunofluorescence in Histology. Epidermal transglutaminase (eTG), also known as transglutaminase type 3 (TG3), IgA antibody testing.", "Testing for other blistering skin diseases. Due to similarities in clinical presentation, it may be helpful to consider the following tests to assist with the diagnosis of bullous, puritic skin lesions. Testing for Blistering Skin Diseases. Test Number. Test Name.", "Acceptable single screening test for IgA-competent individuals with suspected CD. Preferred screening test for individuals with suspected CD is CD reflexive cascade or tTG/TG2, IgA. IgA testing recommended to identify IgA competence prior to choosing EMA test.", "Quantitative Immunoturbidimetry. Panel not recommended for screening celiac disease (CD) Preferred screening test is celiac disease reflexive cascade or tissue transglutaminase antibody, IgA testing for individuals with normal levels of serum IgA. 0051358.", "Recommended single screening test for IgA-deficient individuals with suspected CD. IgA testing recommended to identify IgA deficiency prior to choosing tTG/TG2 test – use IgA test in individuals who are IgA competent or IgG test in individuals who are IgA deficient.", "For initial diagnosis and monitoring disease, pemphigus antibody panel – epithelial cell surface antibodies and desmoglein 1 and desmoglein 3 antibodies, IgG is preferred. For diagnosing rare types of pemphigus, refer to pemphigus antibody IgA and paraneoplastic pemphigus antibody screen. 0090649.", "Granular and/or fibrillar deposition of IgA antibodies in dermal papillae and, less commonly, in blood vessels by direct immunofluorescence testing. Classically, a subepidermal blister with neutrophil (and occasionally eosinophil) microabscesses within dermal papillae in fixed-tissue histopathology.", "Panel components include IgG and IgA epithelial basement membrane zone (BMZ) antibodies and IgG bullous pemphigoid BP180 and BP230 antigen antibodies. Initial diagnosis and disease monitoring of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. To further evaluate IgG BMZ antibodies, consider ordering with pemphigoid antibody panel.", "Topic Name. Message. If ARUP Consult does not answer your test selection and interpretation questions, or if you would like to suggest ways to improve content or usability, please send a message to the Consult editorial staff.", "Do not use in IgA-deficient individuals; acceptable reflex screening test for CD. CD reflexive panel or tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody, IgA, is preferred screening test. 0050734. Tissue Transglutaminase (tTG) Antibody, IgA with Reflex to Endomysial Antibody, IgA by IFA 0050734.", "Order with celiac disease serology testing for patient with possible dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) IgA epidermal transglutaminase (transglutaminase 3 or TG3) antibodies are pathogenic in DH, and an increased level is distinctly characteristic of the disorder.", "ARUP will only use your email address to respond to your feedback. See the ARUP privacy policy for more information regarding email use. Leave this field blank. Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) is a chronic, pruriticskin disease associated with gluten sensitivity and often present in conjunction with celiac disease (CD) (gluten-sensitive enteropathy). Untreated disease may lead to continued skin symptoms and complications of enteropathy including iron-deficiency anemia and osteoporosis.", "A blood test for antibodies to the bacteria is the preferred test for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. However, if a person has central nervous system symptoms, such as meningitis, then IgM, IgG, and western blot testing may sometimes be performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)." ], [ "A declining CA125/CA125-II value may indicate a good response to treatment and a favorable prognosis. Persistently rising CA125/CA125-II levels may be associated with a growing tumor, presence of tumor on the peritoneum that lines the abdomen or a recurrence of a previously treated tumor.", "AMAS - Anti-malignin antibody screen test is designed to pick up cancers well in advance of other signs and symptoms, months before conventional medical tests can detect it. However, for advanced cancer, if the antimalignin antibody is wiped out, the test won't work. For this, other types of testing is recommended.", "Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) levels are often elevated in liver cancers (hepatocellular) and testicular cancers (non-seminomatous). Raised levels are also present during pregnancy or some gastrointestinal cancers. CA 15.3 values are often elevated in patients with breast cancers.", "PET scan. Cancer cells grow faster than other cells, so they use up energy faster, too. To measure how fast glucose (the body's fuel) is being used, a tracer (radioactive glucose) is injected into the body and scanned with a positron emission tomography (PET) machine.", "When there is a history of cancer among family members, patients may be advised to also do a breast mammogram. Besides breast cancer, other non-malignant conditions (eg. cirrhosis, benign diseases of ovaries & breast) have also been known to cause elevated CA 15.3 levels.", "So while CAT can identify suspicious masses based on their size, PET scans can identify masses that are cancerous based on their behavior. PET scans can be used in place of biopsy in some patients suspected of having lung cancer, and helps to guide treatment.", "According to William J. Catalona, MD of the Division of Urologic Surgery at Washington University School of Medicine, Free PSA is the best available way to improve the accuracy of total PSA tests. Free PSA ratios can provide the bonus of telling patients and physicians how aggressive the cancer is.", "For more information on this test, call (520) 474-4181. Cancer Marker Tests: These are immunological methods - cancer markers that are produced as cancer grows and are detectable even before it reaches a size big enough for detection by other methods.", "The Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) The Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) checks the prostate gland for any bumps or abnormalities, but it only checks the back of the prostate, so again, it must be used with other tests. PSA - Prostate Specific Antigen PSA - Prostate Specific Antigen may help detect prostate cancer early.", "We have also heard of a few breast cancer patients have received a false negative on this test. Again, it is important not to rely on any one test. Oncolab will send a free test kit for you to take to your doctor. The test runs $125 in addition to your doctor's office charges for drawing blood.", "However, CA125/CA125-II can be elevated during menstruation, pregnancy or in individuals with ovarian cysts, pericarditis, hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver or peritonitis, an infection of the lining of the abdomen, and even in 1-2% of healthy individuals.", "Thermography offers a very early warning system, often able to pinpoint a cancer process years before it would be detectable by mammography. This approach can detect cancer when they are at a minute physical stage of development, when it is still relatively easy to halt and reverse the progression of the cancer.", "Tests for Thyroid Cancer:Tests for Tests for Thyroid Cancer: CEA markers can also help detect Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). (See cancer markers.) DMSA scan available at John Hopkins can also test for Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC).", "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cancer marker to screen for colorectal cancer - it is associated with digestive tract cancers (eg of the colon) as well as other malignant and non-malignant disorders. It is recommended for those with frequent constipation, diarrhea, or bleeding piles for an initial diagnostic tool.", "However in screening for cancer it is advisable to also use traditional blood tests, blood analysis with a dark field microscope, and other screening tests. There are a number of naturopaths and alternative physicians that provide EDS screening.", "Call 1-800-9CATest for a test kit and information. Biological Terraine Assessment (BTA) is a computerized device that measures your blood, saliva and urine for: the amount of electrons present, pH balance, and minerals in these fluids. It will show how healthy your cells are.", "Ampersand Medical's InPath™ System is a biomolecular-based technology for screening for cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer. Cervical cells are collected with a balloon that can be inflated against the surface of the cervix and can capture cells from the entire surface of the cervix in a single application.", "There are numerous cancer detection and prevention tests that can be used to detect cancer. We are listing the tests that are considered alternative or less toxic than standard conventional tests. Some of these tests are not used by conventional physicians, but you can always ask them to look into the test.", "There are a number of naturopaths and alternative physicians that use this approach. DR-70 is a simple blood test that screens for 13 different cancers at the same time. It is highly specific and catches cancer long before you would suspect anything was amiss. It runs about $100.", "Unlike a traditional endoscope, which looks inside the GI tract, the endoscopic ultrasound looks through the tissue into surrounding organs. Many times, if something is found, a biopsy is done at the same time as an endoscopic ultrasound to determine if it is cancer or just an infection.", "AMDL has also received clearance from the FDA to market the PyloriProbe™ test, which can detect the presence of Helicobacter Pylori in the stomach, the primary cause of ulcers and a potential cause of stomach cancer.", "The concentration of these antigens vary depending on the cancer type and stage. A skin prick can predict or indicate the likely development of cancers, even 6-10 years in advance of other tests. The test appears to successfully diagnosis about 94% of lung cancers and 80% of breast cancers.", "Mammography/Thermography - Mammograms can detect many breast cancers, but there is concern over false results and the hazards of radiation exposure that result from the tests. There are two new forms of mammography that are making news: Computed Tomography Laser Mammography and Full Field Digital Mammography.", "In addition, the AMAS test can be used to follow breast cancer patients who are in remission, since the AMAS returns to normal within 3 months after the breast tumor (and metastases, if present) are removed or eradicated. Cancer Marker Tests - CA 15.3 and CA125 (above). DR-70 is a simple blood test - (See above).", "CAT, on the other hand, is only able to detect larger masses, and only a surgical procedure, or biopsy, can verify that the CAT-detected mass is cancer. A PET scan can verify that even small masses are cancerous because the technique uses a type of sugar, or glucose, that glows.", "EDS can be used to detect many disease states, plus the presence of chemical toxins, food and substance allergies, and imbalances in the body. Electro-acupuncture biofeedback, a form of EDS has been very successful in screening for a wide variety of conditions.", "Whole Body CT Scans: There are many companies starting to do whole body scans to detect cancers early. These are being touted as \"safe\". However, the FDA has issued a warning that high-tech computerized body imaging for health screening could be exposing the public to risky levels of radiation.", "The BTA® test significantly identifies superficial (surface) bladder tumors by changing color. The top of the BTA® test strip turns yellow when positive for bladder cancer, and it turns green when negative. The BTA stat test is an immunologic assay that can be used to identify recurrent bladder cancer.", "Their system of microendoscopes, coupled with patented OptiCueTM optical technology results in large, clear and sharp video images of the mammary duct system, with unprecedented depth of field perception and detects lesions as small as 0.2 mm in diameter (50 times more sensitive than a standard mammogram).", "Tests for Bladder Cancer: Over the past few years, a number of new tests have been devised to aid the diagnosis of bladder cancer. These tests include the bladder-tumor-associated antigen test (BTATM), the BTA stat test, the BTA TRAK® test, the fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products test (FDPTM), and the NMP22TM assay.", "The test measures the diameters of lymphocytes and counts the numbers of swollen versus normal cells in a sample of a patient's blood. If the number of swollen lymphocytes is excessive or when the ratio of swollen to normal lymphocytes is out of balance, then cancer will most likely develop.", "In this way, doctors can see both primary and metastatic tumors. PET scans differ from conventional CAT because this newer test is better able to detect much smaller, microscopic amounts of cancer cells that have been left over after treatment and to verify that a suspicious mass is truly cancer.", "Leer esta página en español. Your doctor may order blood tests for cancer/tumor markers to detect cancer activity in the body. Proteins and circulating tumor cells are two types of markers that can be measured. A cancer tumor often produces a specific protein in the blood that serves as a marker for the cancer." ], [ "Like general anesthesia, nerve blocks involve some minor risks. The risk of infection is very low as the procedure is done in a sterile manner. There is an extremely low risk (<0.1%) of injury to nerves, and this is usually temporary. Back to Questions.", "We will use IV opiates (morphine-like drugs) to control your pain during and after surgery. These drugs have side effects and may or may not be as effective as a nerve block. IV pain medications will be available to you even if you have a nerve block for break through pain. Back to Questions.", "A nerve block decreases your pain during and after surgery. It is more effective than pain medications through the IV. Because you have less pain, you will need less oral or IV pain medications, even though you have the medications available to you. You will have fewer side effects of pain medications, such as respiratory depression, itching, nausea, and somnolence.", "After a nerve block, the part of your body that will be operated on will be numb. Many times it is your choice to be as awake or asleep as you want. You never get to see the surgery itself because a large sterile drape is always placed between you and the surgeon. Back to Questions.", "Nerve blocks involve placing a needle smaller than an IV near the nerves that supply the part of your body being operated on. We give all patients sedating medicine when we do the nerve block to help you relax. Back to Questions.", "Leer esta página en español. Your doctor may order blood tests for cancer/tumor markers to detect cancer activity in the body. Proteins and circulating tumor cells are two types of markers that can be measured. A cancer tumor often produces a specific protein in the blood that serves as a marker for the cancer.", "Diagnostic tests also are used to gather more information about the cancer to guide decisions about treatment. Monitoring tests: Once breast cancer is diagnosed, many tests are used during and after treatment to monitor how well therapies are working.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "The doctor is able to look for any abnormalities on the inside of your stomach and take a small portion to send for a biopsy. If the biopsy confirms cancer, further workup is then pursued, which can involve a computed axial tomography (CT) scan of your chest, abdomen and pelvis.", "Approved by the Cancer.Net Editorial Board, 06/2019. A complete blood count (CBC) is a common blood test that your doctor may recommend to: Help diagnose some blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Find out if cancer has spread to the bone marrow. See how a person’s body is handling cancer treatment.", "Tests that may be done to diagnose pulmonary edema or to determine why you developed fluid in your lungs include: Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary edema and exclude other possible causes of your shortness of breath. It's usually the first test done when someone has signs or symptoms of pulmonary edema. Chest CT.", "CA125 has become a widely used tumor marker which is measured most often in women with cancers of the reproductive system including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other cancers that may cause abnormal CA125 levels include cancer of the pancreas, lungs, breast and colon.", "CA125 has become a widely used tumor marker which is measured most often in women with cancers of the reproductive system including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other cancers that may cause abnormal CA125 levels include cancer of the pancreas, lungs, breast and colon.", "Lupus anticoagulant testing is a series of tests used to detect lupus anticoagulant (LA) in the blood. LA is an autoantibody associated with excess blood clot formation. LA testing may be used to help determine the cause of: An unexplained blood clot ( thrombosis) in a vein or artery. Recurrent miscarriages in a woman.", "Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool tests (high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests) Several screening tests have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy not only detect colorectal cancer early but also help prevent the disease in the first place.", "In a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of tissue for testing in a laboratory. If a biopsy is not possible, the doctor may suggest other tests that will help make a diagnosis. This section describes options for diagnosing cervical cancer. Not all tests listed below will be used for every person.", "Blood tests are the first step in diagnosing celiac disease and can help determine the need for further evaluation for confirmation of celiac disease. It is important that patients continue to consume gluten as normal and do not start a gluten-free diet, as this can result in false negative test results. Although high titers in serological testing are indicative of celiac disease, they alone do not provide a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease and a biopsy of the small intestine is required for a definitive diagnosis 1.", "A blood test for antibodies to the bacteria is the preferred test for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. However, if a person has central nervous system symptoms, such as meningitis, then IgM, IgG, and western blot testing may sometimes be performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)." ], [ "Therefore, confirm that the patient is maintaining a normal, gluten-containing diet in order to ensure for the most accurate test results. Total Immunoglobulin A Antibody (test code 539) IgA-tTG (test code 8821) If the IgA-tTG is positive, IgA-EMA with Reflex to IgA-EMA Titer (test code 15064) will be performed.", "Finally, it is particularly important to note that because the sensitivity and specificity vary significantly among each of the celiac disease serum antibody assays, it has been recently recommended that physician groups indicate the specific antibody test 1.", "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Statement on Celiac Disease recommends the following five key elements to celiac disease management 19: C onsultation with a skilled dietitian. E ducation about the disease. L ifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet.", "While a consensus on the timeline of serology testing of family members of persons with diagnosed celiac disease does not exist at this time, clinical practices generally recommend follow-up testing every 1 to 3 years.", "If total IgA concentration is low IgG-tTG antibody test (test code 11070) will be performed. Deamidated Gliadin Peptide Antibody (IgA (test code 11228/IgG (test code 11212)can be ordered for IgA deficient patients as well .", "Similar to serological testing, a normal, gluten-containing diet must also be maintained in order for the histological testing to be accurate. There are several serological tests that are sensitive in the evaluation of celiac disease. These include antibodies to: Endomysium. Transglutaminase.", "Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 9 (6), 1295-1300. 11. Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition.", "One or both of these are present in celiac disease, accounting for up to 40% of the genetic load 17. Different alpha and beta variants exist and can determine disease risk. Quest identifies these to allow for individual patient interpretation.", "Deamidated gliadin. Tissue transglutaminase antibody (tTG)-IgA in adults and most children is reported with a sensitivity and specificity greater than 90% and 95%, respectively 2-4. Endomysial antibody (EMA)-IgA usually correlates with tTG. It is more costly and is identified manually, thus it is not the first line marker 4.", "Vitoria JC, Arrieta A, Arranz C, et al. Antibodies to gliadin, endomysium, and tissue transglutaminase for the diagnosis of celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999;29:571-4. 7. Holding S, Abuzakouk M, Dore PC. Antigliadin antibody testing for coeliac disease in children under 3 years of age is unhelpful.", "Testing can also be performed at any time in individuals with persistent or recurrent symptoms 11. Further, serologic testing can be conducted on patients who were diagnosed in the past but have been followed by a physician for a suboptimal length of time.", "The IgA-tTG is the best choice for both the adult and most pediatric populationsSome research indicates that IgA-EMA or IgA-tTG is, in fact, as comparable or more accurate than antigliadin (AGA) antibodies among children younger than three years old 2,5-8. In recent years, testing for IgA and IgG antibodies to deamidiated gliadin peptide (DGP) have been clinically introduced and available 2.", "Since the levels of anti-tTG and EMA tend to wane in the absence of gluten ingestion, these markers are useful to monitor adherence to a gluten-free diet. This serology may be checked 3 to 6 months after diagnosis and from then forward minimally once approximately every year in patients who are in clinical remission.", "Complex genetics contribute to pathology as typical dominant or recessive traits are not followed 16. The most contributory genetic material is the HLA class II: HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*05/DQB1*02), which is the most common, and/or HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*03/DQB1*0302) genes 17 .", "Tests available include Tissue Transglutaminase Antibody (IgA) (test code 8821) and Endomysial Antibody Screen (IgA) with Reflex to Titer (test code 15064). Physicians and hospitals can initiate testing for celiac disease by assessing the following antibodies. Celiac disease serology will normalize if the patient is on a gluten-free diet.", "The DGP antibody has a remarkably higher specificity for celiac disease than native gluten, the anti-gliadin (AGA) antibodies 2,9. In particular, IgA/IgG antibodies to DGP are useful among patients who have selective Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency 2. IgA deficiency is between 10 to 15 times more common among patients with celiac disease than in the general population, occurring in an estimated 2% to 3% of patients with celiac disease.", "Thus, total IgA should be quantified. Notably, IgA/IgG anti-DGP testing provides a valuable alternative to IgG anti-tTG testing in the case of IgA deficiency 2, 10. It is important to note that because of accuracy and cost matters, IgA anti-tTG with total IgA levels be the first choice for testing on the population level, followed by IgA/IgG anti-DGP testing in patients who are IgA deficient 2.", "Genetic testing is first and foremost a tool to rule out the risk for developing celiac disease. It is the only celiac disease test that does not have to be performed on a normal, gluten-containing diet. Genetic testing is particularly useful in infants and children with familial history or suspected celiac disease 16.", "An esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) and biopsy should be performed on the small intestine with 4-6 samples, one including the duodenal bulb 1. Primary care providers and other non-gastroenterology specialists should refer patients to a gastroenterologist in order to confirm celiac disease. Remember, a normal, gluten-containing diet must also be maintained in order for the histological testing to be accurate.", "Examples of high risk variants include HLA-DQA1*03, HLA-DQA1*05, HLA-DQB1*0201 and HLA-DQB1*0302. A high negative predictive value is appreciated so if these genes are absent it is very unlikely that celiac disease can manifest 18.", "Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool tests (high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests) Several screening tests have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy not only detect colorectal cancer early but also help prevent the disease in the first place." ], [ "Blood tests are the first step in diagnosing celiac disease and can help determine the need for further evaluation for confirmation of celiac disease. It is important that patients continue to consume gluten as normal and do not start a gluten-free diet, as this can result in false negative test results. Although high titers in serological testing are indicative of celiac disease, they alone do not provide a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease and a biopsy of the small intestine is required for a definitive diagnosis 1.", "A blood test for antibodies to the bacteria is the preferred test for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. However, if a person has central nervous system symptoms, such as meningitis, then IgM, IgG, and western blot testing may sometimes be performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "In a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of tissue for testing in a laboratory. If a biopsy is not possible, the doctor may suggest other tests that will help make a diagnosis. This section describes options for diagnosing cervical cancer. Not all tests listed below will be used for every person.", "Tests that may be done to diagnose pulmonary edema or to determine why you developed fluid in your lungs include: Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary edema and exclude other possible causes of your shortness of breath. It's usually the first test done when someone has signs or symptoms of pulmonary edema. Chest CT.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "CA125 has become a widely used tumor marker which is measured most often in women with cancers of the reproductive system including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other cancers that may cause abnormal CA125 levels include cancer of the pancreas, lungs, breast and colon.", "CA125 has become a widely used tumor marker which is measured most often in women with cancers of the reproductive system including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other cancers that may cause abnormal CA125 levels include cancer of the pancreas, lungs, breast and colon.", "Diagnostic tests also are used to gather more information about the cancer to guide decisions about treatment. Monitoring tests: Once breast cancer is diagnosed, many tests are used during and after treatment to monitor how well therapies are working.", "You might be happier with someone else, or with an endocrinologist, a specialist in hormone-related diseases such as diabetes. In general, family physicians are trained in all areas of medicine and treat adults and children. Internists specialize in internal medicine and only treat adults.", "The doctor is able to look for any abnormalities on the inside of your stomach and take a small portion to send for a biopsy. If the biopsy confirms cancer, further workup is then pursued, which can involve a computed axial tomography (CT) scan of your chest, abdomen and pelvis.", "To screen for pemphigus along with other possible immunobullous diseases, order concurrently with antibody panel test for pemphigoid, IgG collagen type VII antibody, pemphigus antibody IgA, paraneoplastic pemphigus antibody screen, AND perilesional skin biopsy for DIF. See Immunobullous Skin Diseases Testing algorithm.", "Common Questions. How is it used? The rheumatoid factor (RF) test is used in conjunction with other laboratory tests and imaging tests (X-rays, ultrasound, MRI) to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to help distinguish RA from other forms of arthritis or other conditions that cause similar symptoms.", "An emergency physician can run circles around any other type of doctor — including a cardiologist — when treating a cardiac arrest. They can stitch wounds in one room and decompress collapsed lungs in another. ER docs can prescribe antibiotics for the 25 or so most common infections by memory.", "Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool tests (high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests) Several screening tests have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy not only detect colorectal cancer early but also help prevent the disease in the first place.", "Lupus anticoagulant testing is a series of tests used to detect lupus anticoagulant (LA) in the blood. LA is an autoantibody associated with excess blood clot formation. LA testing may be used to help determine the cause of: An unexplained blood clot ( thrombosis) in a vein or artery. Recurrent miscarriages in a woman.", "Approved by the Cancer.Net Editorial Board, 06/2019. A complete blood count (CBC) is a common blood test that your doctor may recommend to: Help diagnose some blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma. Find out if cancer has spread to the bone marrow. See how a person’s body is handling cancer treatment.", "Leer esta página en español. Your doctor may order blood tests for cancer/tumor markers to detect cancer activity in the body. Proteins and circulating tumor cells are two types of markers that can be measured. A cancer tumor often produces a specific protein in the blood that serves as a marker for the cancer.", "That is, colorectal cancer screening may be a form of cancer prevention in addition to early detection. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) considers the following methods to be acceptable screening tests for colorectal cancer: Stool tests. Both polyps and colorectal cancers can bleed, and stool tests check for tiny amounts of blood in feces (stool) that cannot be seen visually." ], [ "Internists may or may not have in-depth training in diabetes (they can choose to do one to three additional years of training in one of 13 sub-specialties, such as endocrinology or cardiology). Your primary care doctor may be a great fit—or not.", "The software developer likes to keep detailed logs of his blood sugar readings, and the doctor spends plenty of time reviewing them at their quarterly visits. He also heeds Verma's well-researched requests on how he'd like to manage his diabetes. And he has an online system to send his patients' test results to them.", "So he switched. \"With diabetes, if you don't have a good doctor, it just becomes a pain. This guy's not a specialist in diabetes—he's a primary care guy, but he seems to have a lot of experience with diabetic folks and really keeps up-to-date. And he works well with me,\" Verma says.", "Next Page: Finding an endocrinologist. [ pagebreak ] A shortage of endocrinologists in the U.S. At first, Nancy Chiller Janow, of South Orange, N.J., was relatively happy with her primary care doctor, who also happened to be newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.", "You May Need to Shop Around for the Right Doctor | Health.com. Endocrinologist or Primary Care? You May Need to Shop Around for the Right Doctor. Your primary care doctor may or may not be the right person to treat diabetes. Your primary care doctor may or may not be the right person to treat diabetes.", "But her blood sugar continued to go up, even though she was watching her diet, exercising, and taking the oral diabetes drug metformin. Then her hemoglobin A1C tests, which should have been between 6% and 7%, also began to rise. \"When it went over 7%, it was at this point, I think, 7.2 or 7.3.", "Even living in the New York City metropolitan area, you would expect there to be so many. There are very few. So I'm lucky I found one.\". There are about 3,000 endocrinologists and 25 million people with diabetes in the United States, notes Gerald Bernstein, MD, director of the diabetes management program at the Gerald J. Friedman Diabetes Institute at Beth Israel Medical Center in New York.", "Like many aspects of type 2 diabetes, it may take some trial and error before you find the right doctor. Primary care doctors, such as family physicians and internists, treat most people with type 2 diabetes. But even if you like your primary care doctor, he or she may not be the right person to manage type 2 diabetes.", "The other half really focuses on the thyroid, the pituitary, the adrenal glands, etc.\". To find her endocrinologist, Janow talked to a physician friend, posted a message on the community website and checked out a list of New Jersey's top doctors in a local magazine.", "However, it was harder to find an endocrinologist than she thought. There's a serious shortage of these specialists in the United States. \"To find an endocrinologist that was available quickly, had a good reputation, and would take my insurance, was a very difficult thing,\" she says. \"I couldn't find one.", "Anil Verma, a 38-year-old Seattle-area resident, was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 2005. He had been seeing one doctor in a large practice, but wasn't that happy with his care. Verma asked four nurses in the practice who they would recommend, and they all suggested the same doctor, who was in the same practice as his current one.", "An emergency physician can run circles around any other type of doctor — including a cardiologist — when treating a cardiac arrest. They can stitch wounds in one room and decompress collapsed lungs in another. ER docs can prescribe antibiotics for the 25 or so most common infections by memory.", "Tests that may be done to diagnose pulmonary edema or to determine why you developed fluid in your lungs include: Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary edema and exclude other possible causes of your shortness of breath. It's usually the first test done when someone has signs or symptoms of pulmonary edema. Chest CT.", "Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and stool tests (high-sensitivity fecal occult blood tests and stool DNA tests) Several screening tests have been shown to reduce the risk of dying from colorectal cancer. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy not only detect colorectal cancer early but also help prevent the disease in the first place.", "In a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of tissue for testing in a laboratory. If a biopsy is not possible, the doctor may suggest other tests that will help make a diagnosis. This section describes options for diagnosing cervical cancer. Not all tests listed below will be used for every person.", "Blood tests are the first step in diagnosing celiac disease and can help determine the need for further evaluation for confirmation of celiac disease. It is important that patients continue to consume gluten as normal and do not start a gluten-free diet, as this can result in false negative test results. Although high titers in serological testing are indicative of celiac disease, they alone do not provide a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease and a biopsy of the small intestine is required for a definitive diagnosis 1.", "To screen for pemphigus along with other possible immunobullous diseases, order concurrently with antibody panel test for pemphigoid, IgG collagen type VII antibody, pemphigus antibody IgA, paraneoplastic pemphigus antibody screen, AND perilesional skin biopsy for DIF. See Immunobullous Skin Diseases Testing algorithm.", "A blood test for antibodies to the bacteria is the preferred test for the diagnosis of Lyme disease. However, if a person has central nervous system symptoms, such as meningitis, then IgM, IgG, and western blot testing may sometimes be performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "CA125 has become a widely used tumor marker which is measured most often in women with cancers of the reproductive system including the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Other cancers that may cause abnormal CA125 levels include cancer of the pancreas, lungs, breast and colon." ], [ "The test for RF may be ordered when a person has signs and symptoms of RA. Symptoms may include: Pain, warmth, swelling, and morning stiffness in the joints. Nodules under the skin. If the disease has progressed, evidence on X-rays of swollen joint capsules and loss of cartilage and bone.", "Complete blood count (CBC, for anemia & thrombocytosis) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) C-reactive protein (CRP) Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) Synovial fluid analysis (inflammatory joints) Elevated RF can be found in a small percentage (5-10%) of healthy people.", "You will need to return to your lab's website or portal, or contact your healthcare practitioner in order to obtain your test results. Lab Tests Online is an award-winning patient education website offering information on laboratory tests. The content on the site, which has been reviewed by laboratory scientists and other medical professionals, provides general explanations of what results might mean for each test listed on the site, such as what a high or low value might suggest to your healthcare practitioner about your health or medical condition.", "The 2010 Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria from the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) includes cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibody testing, along with RF, as part of its criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis.", "In those with symptoms and clinical signs of rheumatoid arthritis, the presence of significant concentrations of RF indicates that it is likely that they have RA. Higher levels of RF generally correlate with more severe disease and a poorer prognosis. A negative RF test does not rule out RA.", "RF may also be elevated in the elderly, though they may not demonstrate clinical signs. In addition, elevated levels of RF may be detected in people who do not have RA ( false positive) but may have another disorder: Sjögren syndrome. Systemic lupus erythematosus.", "Some patients may show signs of fatigue, low-grade fevers, and weight loss. It can affect anyone at any age but usually develops in the late child-bearing years in women and between the ages of 60 to 80 in men. Over 70% of those affected with RA are women. The course of RA and its prognosis are variable.", "This is a reason why so few reference ranges are provided on this site. It is important to know that you must use the range supplied by the laboratory that performed your test to evaluate whether your results are \"within normal limits.\". For more information, please read the article Reference Ranges and What They Mean.", "What is being tested? Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody, an immunoglobulin M (IgM) protein that is produced by the body's immune system. Autoantibodies attack a person's own tissues, mistakenly identifying the tissue as \"foreign.\".", "There are a variety of treatments available to minimize the complications of RA, but they depend on making an accurate diagnosis and on beginning treatment before the development of significant joint damage. Rheumatoid factor has been used to detect RA.", "Your questions will be answered by a laboratory scientist as part of a voluntary service provided by one of our partners, American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science. Please allow 2-3 business days for an email response from one of the volunteers on the Consumer Information Response Team. First Name. Last Name.", "None. Looking for Test Results? You may be able to find your test results on your laboratory's website or patient portal. However, you are currently at Lab Tests Online. You may have been directed here by your lab's website in order to provide you with background information about the test (s) you had performed.", "This test detects and measures RF in the blood and may be used, along with other tests, to help in the diagnose of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a chronic , systemic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, pain, stiffness, and destructive changes in the hands, feet, and other joints throughout the body.", "Furthermore, the signs and symptoms may not always be clearly identifiable since people with RA may also have other connective tissue disorders or conditions, such as Raynaud phenomenon, scleroderma, autoimmune thyroid disorders, and systemic lupus erythematosis, and display symptoms of these disorders as well.", "Values that are outside expected ranges can provide clues to help identify possible conditions or diseases. While accuracy of laboratory testing has significantly evolved over the past few decades, some lab-to-lab variability can occur due to differences in testing equipment, chemical reagents, and techniques.", "While the biologic role of RF is not well understood, its presence is useful as an indicator of inflammatory and autoimmune activity. This test detects and measures RF in the blood and may be used, along with other ... Rheumatoid factor (RF) is an autoantibody, an immunoglobulin M (IgM) protein that is produced by the body's immune system.", "Looking for Reference Ranges? The reference ranges for your tests can be found on your laboratory report. They are typically found to the right of your results. If you do not have your lab report, consult your healthcare provider or the laboratory that performed the test (s) to obtain the reference range.", "Because the sensitivity and specificity of RF are not ideal, other laboratory tests are often performed in conjunction with RF testing. About 80% of those with RA will have a positive RF test, but it can be negative in people who have clinical signs of RA.", "Reference ranges are the values expected for a healthy person. They are sometimes called \"normal\" values. By comparing your test results with reference values, you and your healthcare provider can see if any of your test results fall outside the range of expected values.", "In a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of tissue for testing in a laboratory. If a biopsy is not possible, the doctor may suggest other tests that will help make a diagnosis. This section describes options for diagnosing cervical cancer. Not all tests listed below will be used for every person." ], [ "Skin exams. Doctors often recommend that people who are at risk for skin cancer examine their skin regularly or have a health care provider do so. Such exams have not been shown to decrease the risk of dying from skin cancer, and they may lead to overtreatment.", "Expert groups generally recommend that people who are at average risk for colorectal cancer have screening with one of these tests at ages 50 through 75. For more information, see the Tests to Detect Colorectal Cancer and Polyps fact sheet and the PDQ® Colorectal Cancer Screening summary.", "Other Screening Tests. Screening tests that have not been shown to be effective may still be offered, especially to people who are known to be at increased risk of cancer.", "However, if a woman or her health care provider notices a lump or other unusual change in the breast, it is important to get it checked out. For more information, see the PDQ® Breast Cancer Screening summary.", "However, expert groups no longer recommend routine PSA testing for most men because many prostate cancers detected with PSA testing are not deadly, and early detection and treatment of PSA-detected cancers has not been shown to reduce the chance of dying from prostate cancer.", "This blood test, which is often done together with a transvaginal ultrasound, may be used to try to detect ovarian cancer early, especially in women with an increased risk of the disease. Although this test can help to diagnose ovarian cancer in women who have symptoms and can be used to evaluate the recurrence of cancer in women previously diagnosed with the disease, it has not been shown to be an effective ovarian cancer screening test.", "Transvaginal ultrasound. This imaging test, which can create pictures of a woman’s ovaries and uterus, is sometimes used in women who are at increased risk of ovarian cancer (because they carry a harmful BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation) or of endometrial cancer (because they have a condition called Lynch syndrome).", "They prevent the disease because they allow abnormal cells to be found and treated before they become cancer. Testing is generally recommended to begin at age 21 and to end at age 65 in women who have had adequate prior screening and are not otherwise at high risk for cervical cancer.", "Alpha-fetoprotein blood test. This test is sometimes used, along with ultrasound of the liver, to try to detect liver cancer early in people at high risk of the disease. For more information, see the PDQ® Liver (Hepatocellular) Cancer Screening summary.", "Have more potential benefits than harms. (Possible harms of screening tests include bleeding or other physical damage, inaccurate test results, and overdiagnosis—the diagnosis of cancers that would not have caused problems and did not need treatment.)", "More Information. For complete information about screening tests by cancer type, including tests that are being developed and tests that were used in the past, see the PDQ® Cancer Information Summaries: Screening/Detection (Testing for Cancer).", "Low-dose helical computed tomography. This test to screen for lung cancer has been shown to reduce lung cancer deaths among heavy smokers ages 55 to 74. For more information, see the National Lung Screening Trial page and the PDQ® Lung Cancer Screening summary.", "However, people should be aware of changes in their skin, such as a new mole or a change to an existing mole, and report these to their doctor promptly. For more information, see the Common Moles, Dysplastic Nevi, and Risk of Melanoma fact sheet and the PDQ® Skin Cancer Screening summary.", "Mammography. This method to screen for breast cancer has been shown to reduce deaths from the disease among women ages 40 to 74, especially those over age 50. For more information, see the Mammograms fact sheet and the PDQ® Breast Cancer Screening summary.", "Effective Cancer Screening Tests. Cancer screening tests aim to find cancer early, before it causes symptoms and when it may be easier to treat successfully. Effective screening tests are those that: Find cancer early. Reduce the chance that someone who is screened regularly will die from the cancer.", "That is, colorectal cancer screening may be a form of cancer prevention in addition to early detection. The US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) considers the following methods to be acceptable screening tests for colorectal cancer: Stool tests. Both polyps and colorectal cancers can bleed, and stool tests check for tiny amounts of blood in feces (stool) that cannot be seen visually.", "Blood tests are the first step in diagnosing celiac disease and can help determine the need for further evaluation for confirmation of celiac disease. It is important that patients continue to consume gluten as normal and do not start a gluten-free diet, as this can result in false negative test results. Although high titers in serological testing are indicative of celiac disease, they alone do not provide a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease and a biopsy of the small intestine is required for a definitive diagnosis 1.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer." ], [ "Transplant Surgeon. In the absence of being found on incidental screening such as an ulcer that is found after an endoscopy, typically people present anemia (from bleeding slowly), change in appetite, early satiety/fullness, nausea/vomiting. The diagnosis is usually confirmed with an endoscopy/esophaogogastroscopy and direct visualization and biopsy.", "Biopsy. When other tests find a change that is possibly cancer, a sample of the suspicious area is removed and viewed under a microscope. A biopsy or fine-needle aspiration is the only way to tell if cancer is really present. Lab tests.", "A doctor may order lab tests to check levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), protein and enzyme levels that may indicate cancer. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. If a physician suspects gastric cancer, he or she will generally perform an upper endoscopy using a gastroscope to help detect abnormalities.", "Biopsies may be taken of the organ tissue. Positron emission tomography (PET) scan. A PET scan is a way to create pictures of organs and tissues inside the body. A small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a person's body.", "The doctor feels the abdomen for swelling, fluid or other changes. He also checks for swollen lymph nodes. Imaging tests. Pictures of the inside of the body can help find out whether a suspicious area might be cancerous, to learn how far cancer may have spread and to help determine if treatment is working. Endoscopy.", "Endoscopy allows the doctor to see the lining of the upper digestive system with a thin, lighted, flexible tube called an endoscope. A person is sedated as the tube is inserted through the mouth, down the esophagus, and into the stomach and small bowel. If an abnormality is found, a biopsy is performed. Endoscopic ultrasound.", "This procedure is often done at the same time as the upper endoscopy. The endoscopic ultrasound can show enlarged lymph nodes, which may indicate a tumor or advanced disease. Computed tomography (CT). A CT scan creates a three-dimensional X-ray of the inside of the chest, abdomen and pelvis.", "If there is no evidence of spread outside your stomach, you may undergo further workup including an (EUS), which is similar to an EGD but has an ultrasound to evaluate how deep the cancer is inside your stomach wall.", "A computer combines the images into a detailed, cross-sectional view that shows any abnormalities or tumors. Sometimes, a contrast medium (dye) is used to provide better detail. Laparoscopy. This minimally invasive procedure allows the doctor to view the lymph nodes and other organs to see if cancer has spread.", "Dr. Robynne K. Chutkan, MD. Gastroenterologist. Early detection is key to the successful treatment of stomach cancer. In this video, gastroenterologist Dr. Robynne Chutkan discusses a simple test that can reveal whether or not you have this serious disease. Dr. Wesley B. Jones, MD on behalf of Greenville Health System.", "Surgeon. Often stomach cancer is diagnosed by an upper endoscopy of the stomach with biopsies performed at that time. CT scan and endoscopic ultrasound are a key part of staging tumors of the stomach and determining the exact treatment regimen. The contents of this website are for informational purposes only and are not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.", "Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Dr. Jill K. Onesti, MD. Surgical Oncologist. Gastrointestinal (GI) or stomach cancer is usually diagnosed by EGD).", "Penn Medicine. Because stomach cancer is relatively uncommon in the United States, there are no general screening tests recommended for stomach cancer like mammograms for breast cancer or colonoscopies for colon cancer. When doctors suspect stomach cancer, they may order several tests to make a diagnosis and/or stage the disease.", "Like gastroscopy, in the endoscopic ultrasound procedure, the physician inserts a small, thin scope into the stomach which bounces sound waves off the stomach walls and neighboring lymph nodes to pinpoint the cancer's stage, similar to sonar.", "Tests that may be done to diagnose pulmonary edema or to determine why you developed fluid in your lungs include: Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary edema and exclude other possible causes of your shortness of breath. It's usually the first test done when someone has signs or symptoms of pulmonary edema. Chest CT.", "In a biopsy, the doctor takes a small sample of tissue for testing in a laboratory. If a biopsy is not possible, the doctor may suggest other tests that will help make a diagnosis. This section describes options for diagnosing cervical cancer. Not all tests listed below will be used for every person.", "Blood tests are the first step in diagnosing celiac disease and can help determine the need for further evaluation for confirmation of celiac disease. It is important that patients continue to consume gluten as normal and do not start a gluten-free diet, as this can result in false negative test results. Although high titers in serological testing are indicative of celiac disease, they alone do not provide a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease and a biopsy of the small intestine is required for a definitive diagnosis 1.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer.", "Examples of blood tests used to diagnose cancer include: Complete blood count (CBC). This common blood test measures the amount of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood. Blood cancers may be detected using this test if too many or too few of a type of blood cell or abnormal cells are found. A bone marrow biopsy may help confirm a diagnosis of a blood cancer." ] ]
[ "what is xml mapping pane", "html, dhtml, xml, xhtml definition", "what is windows xml handler", "what is google xml sitemaps?", "what is a dependency in xml", "what is a html document", "is the xml writer fast", "xml nodes", "what is xml paper specification", "what is an html element" ]
[ "The XML Mapping Task Pane is displayed when you select the Ribbon Developer tab>Mapping group>XML Mapping Pane control. The pane is displayed on the right hand side of the document. It provides a listing of all customXMLParts available in the document with an option to add a new part.", "But it is also founded in the experience that JavaScript, authored carefully for HTML, can break when placed with an XML environment. This article shows some of the reasons alongside with strategies to remedy the problems. It will encourage web authors to use more XML features and make their JavaScript interoperable with real XHTML applications.", "Here's what has been happening when I double-click \".log\" files and it opens with Office XML Handler: Of course I can fix this by right-clicking and changing the program it opens with. But what is Office XML Handler?", "Google XML Sitemaps vs WordPress SEO by Yoast - Compared (2021) Home /. Plugins /. Google XML Sitemaps vs Yoast SEO – Compared. Tags – Google XML Sitemaps, sitemaps, WordPress SEO by Yoast, Yoast SEO.", "In package.xml 1.0, dependencies are relatively simple, but not as powerful. Specifying a dependency on a package for applications was actually dangerous. If you wished to limit an installed version of a package to a single version, it would mean preventing upgrade at any cost. package.xml 2.0 provides a simple way to enforce stricter dependency versioning without making upgrades onerous.", "17.1 Introduction to forms. An HTML form is a section of a document containing normal content, markup, special elements called controls (checkboxes, radio buttons, menus, etc.), and labels on those controls.", "12579. The XmlWriter and XmlTextWriter classes are defined in the System.XML namespace. The XmlTextWriter class is derived from XmlWriter class, which represents a writer that provides fast non-cached forward-only way of generating XML documents based on the W3C Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 specification.", "XML DOM. Nodes. ❮ Previous Next ❯. According to the XML DOM, everything in an XML document is a node: The entire document is a document node. Every XML element is an element node. The text in the XML elements are text nodes. Every attribute is an attribute node. Comments are comment nodes.", "The XML Paper Specification (XPS) provides users and developers with a robust, open and trustworthy format for electronic paper. The XML Paper Specification describes electronic paper in a way that can be read by hardware, read by software, and read by people.", "This is division content. </div>. <br />. \n. So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements. HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document." ]
[ [ "2. The appearance property \"None\" suppresses the display of any applied color. Color and appearance properties can be applied by the user by selecting the control and using Developer>Controls>Properties. This displays the Content Control Properties dialog shown below:", "Save the xml script file to any location on your computer. I used D:\\Data Stores\\DemoCustXML.txt. In your Word document, using the XML Mapping Task Pane, select \"Add new part...\". Using the Open dialog that appears; navigate to, select and open your xml script text file.", "If both properties are blank, the content control \"handle\" has no text, and the right-click menu uses \"Item\" (e.g., \"Insert Item After\"). Note: Special thanks to Word MVP Jay Freedman for slogging through and defining the rules shown above.", "If you select one of the internal sections, the blue \"+\" handle is moved adjacent to the selected section. This way you can add sections between existing sections. You can also use the mouse right click context menu to insert addition sections, delete sections, or delete the entire content control.", "Rich Text Mapping Capability. With Word 2013, you can now map rich text content controls to a xml data node. This means that in addition to simple text mapping, all content control content including formatting, tables, shape objects, etc. is mapped and stored in the xml data node.", "Continuing the demonstration above, I've manually added, titled and selected a rich text content control to use as the \"Occupation\" field. I then used the XML Mapping Task Pane to - Map to Selected Content Control. Next I entered some formatted text and a shape object in the mapped rich text control.", "The content control color and appearance properties can be used to apply color and define how the control appears in the document. The table below illustrates the three available appearance properties 1) Bound box, 2) Start\\End tags and 3) None with a color property applied to each control. Notes: 1.", "XML Mapping Task Pane. With the XML Mapping Task Pane you can now easily map content controls to a data node in a document customXMLPart without any knowledge of VBA or reliance on third party software. For more on mapped content controls see: Mapped Content Controls.", "Word 2013 Content Control Enhancements. The following list provides a summary of the content control enhancements introduced with Word 2013: New content control color property. New content control appearance property.", "Note: Each Word document contains three built-in customXMLParts that are required for Word to function properly. These built-in customXMLParts cannot be renamed or deleted. Selecting one of the customXMLParts displayed provides a listing of the data nodes that can be used for content control mapping.", "I can now copy and paste the mapped rich text control to one or multiple other locations in the document and the content and formatting are mapped to each location. If I modify the original content control or any of the copies then the contents and formatting of all the mapped controls are likewise changed!", "The context menu is shown later in this tips page. There appears to be a bug preventing a new \"empty\" picture control being created. I've reported this via the Word 2013 Preview bug report. The properties dialog shown above has an option to \"Allow users to add and remove sections.\".", "Note: Word 2013 was in pre-release beta when this tips page was originally published. Some of the features and issues discussed may not exist or may be relevant in the final release version.", "In the example above, I inserted the repeating section content control around a single table row. Repeating section content controls can also be inserted around one or more paragraphs containing text or text and other content controls, or even a single table cell.", "While you can determine if the selection is in a content control, there doesn't appear to be a direct method of determining which content control the selection is in. The following, until something better turns up, provides a crude work around. VBA Script: Copy to clipboard.", "While you can use the one built-in customXMLParts for data mapping, for this discussion I am going to show you how to create your own customXMLPart and map content controls to its data nodes. The first step is to create the xml text and add the customXMLPart.", "Now using the XML Mapping task pane, select the customXMLPart you just added. This will provide a list of the data nodes in the customXMLPart. With the cursor located as shown above, select the \"Name\" node and then select \"Insert Content Control>Plain Text\".", "When the user enters data and exits the control, the OnExit event validates a numeric entry and the number entered is compared to a defined performance standard. The control is then color coded to indicate satisfactory, marginal or unsatisfactory a performance result. VBA Script:", "If the repeating section's Title property (the field at the top of the Properties dialog) is not blank AND the Section Title (the one at the bottom) is blank, then the Title value appears in both the content control \"handle\" on its upper left corner and in the commands on the right-click menu.", "Notes: 1. See: Installing Macros for instructions on how to set up and use the macros provided in this Microsoft Word Help & Microsoft Word Tips page. 2. Repeating section content controls in Word 2013 documents are converted to rich text content controls if the document is opened in a earlier Word version.", "S ince their introduction with Word 2007, Microsoft has continued to add enhancements to content controls with each application upgrade. Checkbox content controls were introduced in Word 2010. There are several powerful and useful new enhancements included with Word 2013. This Microsoft Word Tips & Microsoft Word Help page provides a summary of these enhancements and demonstrates some practical applications using both the built-in user interface and VBA.", "The xml text can be created in any text editor (including Word). For this demonstration, I am going to use Notepad. Open Notepad (Start>All Programs>Accessories>Notepad), and paste in the following basic xml script: Notes: 1. The \"xmlns\" defines the namespace assigned to the script and aids in its identification.", "However, the color property has interesting potential. The following demonstrates how you could apply a color property using VBA in the ContentControlOnExit event. Here I have created a content control for entering quarterly sales in a company report.", "In the following example, I've created a table for entering information about a user's heirs. Next I added a plain text, picture, dropdown list and date picker content controls in the table cells. Next I selected the table row and added a repeating section content control. I added two additional sections.", "If the repeating section's Title property (the field at the top of the Properties dialog) is blank AND the Section Title (the one at the bottom) is not blank, then the content control \"handle\" has no text, but the Section Title appears in the commands on the right-click menu.", "An XSL style sheet is, like with CSS, a file that describes how to display an XML document of a given type. XSL shares the functionality and is compatible with CSS2 (although it uses a different syntax). It also adds:" ], [ "In PHP, for example, you would write something like this: This distinction also sends the XML declaration, which is strongly recommended, when the document is an XML file. If the content is sent as HTML, an XML declaration would break IE's Doctype switch, so we don't want it there.", "Solution: Use DOM Methods. Many people avoided DOM methods because of the typing to create one simple element, when document.write () worked. Now you can't do this as easily as before. Use DOM methods to create all of your elements, attributes and other nodes.", "A third solution is to use only external scripts, neatly sidestepping the special-character problem. Alternatively, the CDATA section can be couched within comments so as to be able to work in either application/xhtml+xml or text/html: <script type=\"text/javascript\"> <! [CDATA [ ... ]]> </script> <style type=\"text/css\"> /*<!", "E4X is a new method of using and manipulating XML in JavaScript. But, standardized by ECMA, they neglected to implement an interface to let E4X objects interact with DOM objects our document consists of. So, with every advantage E4X has, without a DOM interface you can't use it productively to manipulate your document.", "Every browser sends with its request a list of MIME types it understands, as part of the HTTP content negotiation mechanism. So if the browser tells our server, that it can handle XHTML as XML, that is, the Accept: field in the HTTP head contains application/xhtml+xml somewhere, we are safe to send the content as XML.", "See this document for more on the issues related to application/xhtml+xml and text/html (at least as far as XHTML 1.* and HTML 4; HTML5 addresses many of these problems).", "Problem: Names in XHTML and HTML are represented in different cases. Scripts that used getElementsByTagName () with an upper case HTML name no longer work, and attributes like nodeName or tagName return upper case in HTML and lower case in XHTML.", "Problem: My Favourite JS Library still Breaks. If you use JavaScript libraries like the famous prototype.js or Yahoo's one, there is bad news for you: As long as the developers don't apply the fixes mentioned above, you won't be able to use them in your XML-XHTML applications.", "Whilst authored to the stricter rules of XML, they are sent with the media type for HTML ( text/html ). The receiving browser considers the content to be HTML, and does not utilise its XML parser. There are a number of reasons for this. Partially it is because, prior to version 9, Internet Explorer was incapable of handling XHTML sent with the official XHTML media type at all.", "For name comparisons, first convert to lower case before doing the comparison (e.g., \"el.nodeName.toLowerCase () === 'html'\"). This will ensure that documents in HTML will compare correctly and will do no harm in XHTML where the names are already lower case.", "Problem: My Cookie Isn't Saved! We found out already, that the document object in XML files is different from the ones in HTML files. Now we take a look at one widly used property that is missing in XML files. In XML documents there is no document.cookie.", "Problem: I Can't Use document.write () This problem has the same cause as the one above. This method does not exist in XMLDocument s anymore. There are reasons why this decision was made, one being that a string of invalid markup will instantly break the whole document.", "Solution: Avoid HTML-specific DOM. The HTML DOM , even though it is compatible with XHTML 1.0, is not guaranteed to work with future versions of XHTML (perhaps especially the formatting properties which have been deprecated as element attributes).", "Solution: Use the Storage Object. With Firefox 2 there was a new feature enabled, the HTML 5 Storage object. Although this feature is not free of critics, you can use it to bypass the non-existing cookie, if your document is of type XML.", "If your code contains either of these, you can work around this with CDATA sections: <script type=\"text/javascript\"> <! [CDATA [ if (variable < 10 && variable >= 0) action(); ]]> </script>. Note that the CDATA section is only necessary because of the < in the code; otherwise you could have ignored it.", "Solution: The CDATA Trick. This problem usually arises, when inline scripts are included in comments. This was common practice in HTML, to hide the scripts from browsers not capable of JS. In the age of XML comments are what they were intended: comments.", "This is XML proof, as long as you keep the namespace problem in focus (e.g., there is a document.createElementNS method). Of course, you can still use strings like in document.write (), but it takes a little more effort. For example:", "Before processing the file, all comments will be stripped from the document, so enclosing your script in them is like throwing your lunch in a Piranha pool. Moreover, there's really no point to commenting out your scripts -- no browser written in the last ten years will display your code on the page.", "The easy solution is to do away with the commenting entirely: <script type=\"text/javascript\"> window.alert(\"Hello World!\"); </script>. This will work so long as your code doesn't contain characters which are \"special\" in XML, which usually means < and &.", "var string = '<div xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/999/xhtml\"><h1>Hello World!</h1></div>'; var parser = new DOMParser(); var documentFragment = parser.parseFromString(string, \"text/xml\"); body.appendChild(documentFragment);", "XML stands for e X tensible M arkup L anguage. XML is a markup language same as HTML. XML tag you can define your self for storing data. XML store (describe) data, nothing more (either temporary or permanent). XML was designed for describing well formed data. Also XML have some strict rules. That rules follow every XML document." ], [ "Clearly I got the error message because the file it was trying to open did not have an mso-application tag that would tell MSOXMLED.EXE how to open the file, and I don't have the key HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\\XEV.GenericApp\\shell\\open\\command set, so it doesn't know what to do with the file. Share. Improve this answer.", "1 Answer\n1. Active Oldest Votes. 3. \"Office XML Handler\" is the display name of the process MSOXMLED.EXE, which is locaded in C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Common Files\\Microsoft Shared\\OFFICE15 on my computer.", "This is explained in https://stackoverflow.com/a/1569619/1858923: So when an XML file is double-clicked in Explorer, Windows will launch MSOXMLED.EXE. This application is now looking inside the XML file and searches for an XML processing instruction.", "Asked 4 years, 9 months ago. Active 3 years, 6 months ago. Viewed 42k times. 4. What is \"Office XML Handler\"? It seems to be a program from MS Office that likes to be unhelpfully associated with various file formats on Windows.", "It is used to open XML files (perhaps also other extentions?) and detect which MS Office program the file should be associated with (if any), and then open the file with that program.", "What to Know. An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. Open one with Online XML Viewer, Visual Studio Code, or Notepad++. Convert to JSON, CSV, HTML, and others with those same programs. This article describes what XML files are and where they're used, which programs can open one, and how to convert one to another text-based format like JSON, PDF, or CSV.", "This is division content. </div>. <br />. \n. So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements. HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.", "A parser is a piece of program that takes a physical representation of some data and converts it into an in-memory form for the program as a whole to use. Parsers are used everywhere in software. An XML Parser is a parser that is designed to read XML and create a way for programs to use XML. There are different types, and each has its advantages.", "The XML Paper Specification (XPS) provides users and developers with a robust, open and trustworthy format for electronic paper. The XML Paper Specification describes electronic paper in a way that can be read by hardware, read by software, and read by people.", "An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. They are plain text files that don't do anything in and of themselves except describe the transportation, structure, and storage of data. An RSS feed is one common example of an XML-based file. Some XML files are instead Cinelerra Video Project files used with the Cinelerra video editing program.", "The XML Mapping Task Pane is displayed when you select the Ribbon Developer tab>Mapping group>XML Mapping Pane control. The pane is displayed on the right hand side of the document. It provides a listing of all customXMLParts available in the document with an option to add a new part.", "XML can keep data separated from your HTML. XML can be used to store data inside HTML documents. XML can be used as a format to exchange information. XML can be used to store data in files or in databases.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "But it is also founded in the experience that JavaScript, authored carefully for HTML, can break when placed with an XML environment. This article shows some of the reasons alongside with strategies to remedy the problems. It will encourage web authors to use more XML features and make their JavaScript interoperable with real XHTML applications.", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"XML schema\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR. (March 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself.", "An XSL style sheet is, like with CSS, a file that describes how to display an XML document of a given type. XSL shares the functionality and is compatible with CSS2 (although it uses a different syntax). It also adds:", "3.In XML we can define our own tags as it is not possible in HTML. 4.In XML it is mandatory to close each and every tag where as in HTML it is not required. 5.XML describes the data where as HTML only defines the data.", "XML stands for e X tensible M arkup L anguage. XML is a markup language same as HTML. XML tag you can define your self for storing data. XML store (describe) data, nothing more (either temporary or permanent). XML was designed for describing well formed data. Also XML have some strict rules. That rules follow every XML document.", "XML DOM. Nodes. ❮ Previous Next ❯. According to the XML DOM, everything in an XML document is a node: The entire document is a document node. Every XML element is an element node. The text in the XML elements are text nodes. Every attribute is an attribute node. Comments are comment nodes." ], [ "This area also lists advanced options such as increasing the PHP memory limit. Google XML Sitemaps automatically includes all published URLs from your WordPress website. However, the plugin does support the inclusion of pages that were created outside WordPress.", "Other search engines, such as Ask, adopted it later. Sitemaps work together with the Robots.txt file, but, while the Robots.txt protocol is normally used to advise what URLs to exclude, the sitemaps protocol is used to advise what URLs to include. You can, however, specify the location of your sitemap in Robots.txt.", "The change frequencies section lets you advise search engines of how often content on your website is updated, and you can also change the crawl frequency for each part of your website. The available values are: Always, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and never.", "Google XML Sitemaps vs Yoast SEO – Compared. By Kevin Muldoon. Last updated: October 12, 2020. Sitemaps help search engines to crawl your websites efficiently by showing them a list of your website URLs. Online tools, such as XML-Sitemaps.com, can be used to create a sitemap for your website. However, if your website was created using WordPress you may want to consider using a sitemap plugin instead.", "Yoast SEO. Yoast SEO is one of the most popular WordPress plugins on WordPress.org. The plugin is free to download, but you’ll see Yoast SEO Premium heavily promoted throughout the plugin settings area. Once Yoast SEO has been activated, you’ll see a new SEO menu in the WordPress admin area.", "The two most popular WordPress plugins for creating sitemaps are Google XML Sitemaps and Yoast SEO. In this article, I’d like to show you how these two sitemap solutions compare.", "Developed by Arne Brachhold, Google (XML) Sitemaps Generator for WordPress is a versatile solution that gives you full control over which of your web pages are crawled. Once you’ve downloaded the plugin and activated it on your website, you’ll see a new ‘XML-Sitemap’ page listed in the main WordPress settings menu.", "To exclude posts in Google XML Sitemaps, you need to enter the post IDs in the main plugin settings page. In contrast, Yoast SEO lets you do this on a post and page level (underneath the WordPress post editor). Therefore, unless you already have a long list of post IDs you’ve curated from a spreadsheet, I believe the way Yoast SEO handles this to be more practical in practice.", "This can be changed to comment average, or you can disable automatic priority calculation altogether. In the sitemap content section, you can define what content on your website is included in your sitemap. By default, Google XML Sitemaps will include your homepage, blog posts, static pages, categories and archives.", "However, it’s important to remember that Google XML Sitemaps can also create sitemaps for additional areas of your website, such as archives, author pages, tag pages and more. One thing I do believe Yoast SEO handles better is post exclusion.", "The sitemaps protocol was created to let website owners tell search engines which URLs they wanted crawled and indexed. A sitemap is an XML file that shows a list of URLS on your website, and you can curate this list to specify exactly which pages you want listed in search engines. The protocol was announced by Google in June 2005, and was later supported by Yahoo! and Microsoft.", "These default settings should suit most website owners, but bloggers who publish content frequently may want to adjust some values. In the last section, you can configure the priority of your content. You can set any value between 0 and 1 — e.g. 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, etc. Google XML Sitemaps stores your sitemap index at www.yourwebsite.com/sitemap.xml. The index lists all of the sub-sitemaps for your website — for example, www.yourwebsite.com/sitemap-archives.xml.", "The two buttons underneath allow you to either disable sitemap functionality in Yoast SEO or deactivate the Google XML Sitemaps WordPress plugin. In the features tab of the general settings area, you can enable and disable the sitemaps feature.", "Posts and pages can also be specifically included or excluded from your sitemap. You’ll see this option in the advanced setting section in Yoast SEO under the WordPress editor. Yoast SEO does allow you to customise your sitemaps further using filters. However, from a usability point of view, it’s not beginner-friendly.", "Google XML Sitemaps lists all settings on this page. As you’ll see, there are a lot of options you can adjust, but the ‘out of the box’ settings should be sufficient for most people. In the basic options section, there are options to ping Google and Bing whenever your sitemap is updated.", "Sitemaps are normally stored in your website’s root directory at www.yoursite.com/sitemap.xml. Search engines will look for them, but you can also manually submit them. You can submit your sitemap to Google in Google Search Console and to Bing in Bing Webmaster Tools.", "Clicking on the question mark symbol will show you a link to your sitemap, which is located at www.yourwebsite.com/sitemap_index.xml. Yoast SEO will generate sitemaps for your posts, pages and post categories. The number of actual sitemaps generated will depend on the number of published URLs on your website.", "Google XML Sitemaps is a flexible sitemap solution that gives you full control over how your sitemaps are generated. Beginners shouldn’t be scared off by the additional settings, as the default values are fine for most WordPress configurations.", "Yoast SEO is a versatile all-in-one SEO WordPress plugin that offers many SEO tools and features, but, from a usability point of view, I believe Google XML Sitemaps is the best solution for most WordPress users because it simplifies the task of adding external URLs and changing the frequency and priority of content.", "Other tags are optional — but they can be useful. For example, the changefreq tag advises search engines how frequently a page may change and the priority tag lets you state how important they are. Check out Sitemaps.org and the Sitemaps Wikipedia page for detailed explanations of what each XML tag is for.", "3.In XML we can define our own tags as it is not possible in HTML. 4.In XML it is mandatory to close each and every tag where as in HTML it is not required. 5.XML describes the data where as HTML only defines the data." ], [ "These changes were made to simplify xml validation and parsing. Note that unlike package.xml 1.0, the <pearinstaller> and <php> dependencies are required in all package.xml. In addition the <min> tag is required in both <pearinstaller> and <php> dependencies.", "Use pear.php.net for all packages that were packaged using package.xml 1.0, regardless of where they are downloaded from. As with all dependency tags that support versioning, all standard versioning tags are supported (min, max, recommended, exclude).", "Structure of <dependencies>. The <dependencies> tag re-organizes dependencies into groups and \"extracts\" attributes into tags. It also un-abbreviates words for clarity and human-readability. The following excerpt of a package.xml version 1.0: Approximately translates into this format in package.xml 2.0:", "If the package is installed, it cannot satisfy the requirements of the dependency or installation will fail. Here is a rough chart describing how to convert from package.xml 1.0 \"rel\" attributes to a package.xml 2.0 equivalent. Converting package.xml 1.0 package dependencies to package.xml 2.0. 1.0.", "package.xml 1.0 only supported php, package, and extension dependencies. package.xml 2.0 supports dependencies on php, package, extension, os, architecture, and PEAR installer. In addition, package.xml 2.0 supports depending on a static package located at a url, and depending on a package that provides an extension to PHP like PECL packages.", "In essence, the <compatible> tag tells the installer that a dependent package is compatible with the current package, even though it is not the recommended version. <exclude> - incompatible versions of a package. Multiple <exclude> tags may be used to exclude more than one version of a dependency.", "As with all dependency tags that support versioning, these 4 tags are supported to define versioning: <min> - minimum version of PHP required to install this package.xml. This tag is required in all package.xml <php> dependencies. <max> - maximum version of PHP supported. <exclude> - incompatible versions of PHP.", "As with all dependency tags that support versioning, all standard versioning tags are supported (min, max, recommended, exclude). In addition, the <conflicts> tag is supported to create a negative dependency. <min> - minimum version of PHP extension to install this package.xml.", "The <pearinstaller> dependency defines the minimum version of PEAR that can properly parse and install the package.xml containing it. As with all dependency tags that support versioning, these 4 tags are supported to define versioning: <min> - minimum version of PEAR required to install this package.xml.", "package.xml 1.0 supports two kinds of dependencies, required and optional. package.xml 2.0 also supports these two dependency types, but introduces a new kind of dependency concept: an optional dependency group (documented here ).", "The PEAR installer dependency is not a dependency on the PEAR package, but a dependency on the currently running PEAR installer, and is more similar to a PHP dependency in that it requires the specified version to be running in memory. This is very useful for circumventing difficult bugs in the PEAR installer that render a package install useless.", "channel-based <package> depedendencies. The most common kind of package dependency is a channel-based dependency. This dependency from package.xml version 1.0: <deps> <dep type=\"pkg\" rel=\"has\">PEAR</dep> </deps>. translates to this dependency in package.xml version 2.0:", "PEAR-style <package> dependencies vs. PECL-style <package> dependencies. package.xml 2.0 supports differentiating release types, and as such also supports dependencies on PECL-style packages that use the extbinrelease or extsrcrelease type.", "These feature sets consist of <package> and <extension> dependencies. For instance, if a package can optionally perform operations on a remote shell, it would create an optional dependency group named remoteshell with dependencies on the ssh2 PECL extension and the (fictional) SSH_RemoteShell package. The dependency group could look like this in package.xml:", "This can be used to provide a level of extra security, as a package can be set to install using a version that is known to work without limiting future upgrades. Note that use of the <compatible> tag in the dependency's package.xml can be used to circumvent the installer's strictness.", "All uri packages must contain a <uri> tag rather than a <channel> tag and will automatically belong to the pseudo-channel \"__uri\", but that is not important to the discussion of how to format the xml to create the uri-based package dependency.", "In other words, if the child package contains the same files as any earlier version of the parent package, the child package would normally conflict with the parent package because it would be attempting to overwrite the parent package's files with its own files. A simple example should make this clear.", "Using code written by other people requires a robust and simple mechanism to manage the risk of breaking your code because of bugs in the external package, or worse, an unexpected API change. PEAR excels at dependency handling, which mitigates these risks. As a PEAR developer, it is crucial to understand how to specify a dependency on other packages as well as the system requirements of your package.", "This system allows users to use a different php.ini to install PHP extensions and also provides a fail-safe system to depend on extensions. <providesextension>, like all other extension-related functions in PHP, is case-sensitive. Do not use \"pdo\" for the \"PDO\" extension, or your dependency will always fail.", "Understandably, the <package> dependency is PEAR's most complex dependency. PEAR 1.4.0 supports 3 different kinds of package dependencies: Normal, traditional channel server-based package dependencies (same idea as package.xml 1.0). Dependencies on packages that provide PHP extensions (like PECL packages).", "In addition, the <conflicts> tag is supported to create a negative dependency. <min> - minimum version of a dependency. If the dependency package is installed, and is older than this version, installation will fail. <max> - maximum version of a dependency.", "If Foo has a subpackage dependency on Foo_Bar, then the installer will ignore the conflict between Foo 1.0.0's Foo/Bar.php and Foo_Bar 0.1.0's Foo/Bar.php just as it ignores the conflict between Foo 1.0.0's Foo.php and Foo 1.1.0's Foo.php.", "But it is also founded in the experience that JavaScript, authored carefully for HTML, can break when placed with an XML environment. This article shows some of the reasons alongside with strategies to remedy the problems. It will encourage web authors to use more XML features and make their JavaScript interoperable with real XHTML applications." ], [ "Thereafter, the control's current value may be modified through user interaction and scripts. A control's initial value does not change. Thus, when a form is reset, each control's current value is reset to its initial value.", "However, the initial value of a TEXTAREA element is given by its contents, and the initial value of an OBJECT element in a form is determined by the object implementation (i.e., it lies outside the scope of this specification). The control's \"current value\" is first set to the initial value.", "The following example expands a previous example, but creates submit and reset buttons with BUTTON instead of INPUT. The buttons contain images by way of the IMG element. <FORM action=\"http://somesite.com/prog/adduser\" method=\"post\"> <P> First name: <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"firstname\"><BR> Last name: <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"lastname\"><BR> email: <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"email\"><BR> <INPUT type=\"radio\" name=\"sex\" value=\"Male\"> Male<BR> <INPUT type=\"radio\" name=\"sex\" value=\"Female\"> Female<BR> <BUTTON name=\"submit\" value=\"submit\" type=\"submit\"> Send<IMG src=\"/icons/wow.gif\" alt=\"wow\"></BUTTON> <BUTTON name=\"reset\" type=\"reset\"> Reset<IMG src=\"/icons/oops.gif\" alt=\"oops\"></BUTTON> </P> </FORM>.", "post: With the HTTP \"post\" method, the form data set is included in the body of the form and sent to the processing agent. The \"get\" method should be used when the form is idempotent (i.e., causes no side-effects). Many database searches have no visible side-effects and make ideal applications for the \"get\" method.", "style ( inline style information) title ( element title) target ( target frame information) onsubmit, onreset, onclick, ondblclick, onmousedown, onmouseup, onmouseover, onmousemove, onmouseout, onkeypress, onkeydown, onkeyup ( intrinsic events) The FORM element acts as a container for controls. It specifies:", "Navigate from one element to the next with the keyboard. The document's author may define a tabbing order that specifies the order in which elements will receive focus if the user navigates the document with the keyboard (see tabbing navigation ). Once selected, an element may be activated by some other key sequence.", "text input. Authors may create two types of controls that allow users to input text. The INPUT element creates a single-line input control and the TEXTAREA element creates a multi-line input control. In both cases, the input text becomes the control's current value.", "Authors may create three types of buttons: submit buttons: When activated, a submit button submits a form. A form may contain more than one submit button. reset buttons: When activated, a reset button resets all controls to their initial values. push buttons: Push buttons have no default behavior.", "The layout of the form (given by the contents of the element). The program that will handle the completed and submitted form (the action attribute). The receiving program must be able to parse name/value pairs in order to make use of them. The method by which user data will be sent to the server (the method attribute).", "17.2 Controls. Users interact with forms through named controls. A control's \"control name\" is given by its name attribute. The scope of the name attribute for a control within a FORM element is the FORM element. Each control has both an initial value and a current value, both of which are character strings.", "The following example shows a form that is to be processed by the \"adduser\" program when submitted. The form will be sent to the program using the HTTP \"post\" method. <FORM action=\"http://somesite.com/prog/adduser\" method=\"post\"> ...form contents... </FORM>.", "password. Like \"text\", but the input text is rendered in such a way as to hide the characters (e.g., a series of asterisks). This control type is often used for sensitive input such as passwords. Note that the current value is the text entered by the user, not the text rendered by the user agent.", "17.4.2 Examples of forms containing INPUT controls. The following sample HTML fragment defines a simple form that allows the user to enter a first name, last name, email address, and gender. When the submit button is activated, the form will be sent to the program specified by the action attribute. <FORM action=\"http://somesite.com/prog/adduser\" method=\"post\"> <P> First name: <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"firstname\"><BR> Last name: <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"lastname\"><BR> email: <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"email\"><BR> <INPUT type=\"radio\" name=\"sex\" value=\"Male\"> Male<BR> <INPUT type=\"radio\" name=\"sex\" value=\"Female\"> Female<BR> <INPUT type=\"submit\" value=\"Send\"> <INPUT type=\"reset\"> </P> </FORM>.", "Please consult the definition of each control for information about initial values and possible constraints on values imposed by the control. In general, a control's \"initial value\" may be specified with the control element's value attribute.", "Users generally \"complete\" a form by modifying its controls (entering text, selecting menu items, etc.), before submitting the form to an agent for processing (e.g., to a Web server, to a mail server, etc.) Here's a simple form that includes labels, radio buttons, and push buttons (reset the form or submit it): Note.", "maxlength = number [CN] When the type attribute has the value \"text\" or \"password\", this attribute specifies the maximum number of characters the user may enter. This number may exceed the specified size, in which case the user agent should offer a scrolling mechanism.", "This is particularly helpful when the user must choose from a long list of options; groups of related choices are easier to grasp and remember than a single long list of options. In HTML 4, all OPTGROUP elements must be specified directly within a SELECT element (i.e., groups may not be nested).", "This example creates a TEXTAREA control that is 20 rows by 80 columns and contains two lines of text initially. The TEXTAREA is followed by submit and reset buttons. <FORM action=\"http://somesite.com/prog/text-read\" method=\"post\"> <P> <TEXTAREA name=\"thetext\" rows=\"20\" cols=\"80\"> First line of initial text.", "accept-charset = charset list [CI] This attribute specifies the list of character encodings for input data that is accepted by the server processing this form. The value is a space- and/or comma-delimited list of charset values.", "In this example, we implicitly associate two labels with two text input controls: <FORM action=\"...\". method=\"post\"> <P> <LABEL> First Name <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"firstname\"> </LABEL> <LABEL> <INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"lastname\"> Last Name </LABEL> </P> </FORM>.", "method=\"post\"> <TABLE> <TR> <TD><LABEL for=\"fname\">First Name</LABEL> <TD><INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"firstname\" id=\"fname\"> <TR> <TD><LABEL for=\"lname\">Last Name</LABEL> <TD><INPUT type=\"text\" name=\"lastname\" id=\"lname\"> </TABLE> </FORM>. This example extends a previous example form to include LABEL elements. <FORM action=\"http://somesite.com/prog/adduser\" method=\"post\"> <P> <LABEL for=\"firstname\">First name: </LABEL> <INPUT type=\"text\" id=\"firstname\"><BR> <LABEL for=\"lastname\">Last name: </LABEL> <INPUT type=\"text\" id=\"lastname\"><BR> <LABEL for=\"email\">email: </LABEL> <INPUT type=\"text\" id=\"email\"><BR> <INPUT type=\"radio\" name=\"sex\" value=\"Male\"> Male<BR> <INPUT type=\"radio\" name=\"sex\" value=\"Female\"> Female<BR> <INPUT type=\"submit\" value=\"Send\"> <INPUT type=\"reset\"> </P> </FORM>.", "The actual key sequence that causes tabbing navigation or element activation depends on the configuration of the user agent (e.g., the \"tab\" key is used for navigation and the \"enter\" key is used to activate a selected element). User agents may also define key sequences to navigate the tabbing order in reverse.", "checkboxes. Checkboxes (and radio buttons) are on/off switches that may be toggled by the user. A switch is \"on\" when the control element's checked attribute is set. When a form is submitted, only \"on\" checkbox controls can become successful. Several checkboxes in a form may share the same control name.", "Possible (case-insensitive) values are \"get\" (the default) and \"post\". See the section on form submission for usage information. enctype = content-type [CI] This attribute specifies the content type used to submit the form to the server (when the value of method is \"post\"). The default value for this attribute is \"application/x-www-form-urlencoded\".", "This attribute specifies a comma-separated list of content types that a server processing this form will handle correctly. User agents may use this information to filter out non-conforming files when prompting a user to select files to be sent to the server (cf. the INPUT element when type =\"file\").", "multipart/form-data. Note. Please consult [RFC2388] for additional information about file uploads, including backwards compatibility issues, the relationship between \"multipart/form-data\" and other content types, performance issues, etc. Please consult the appendix for information about security issues for forms.", "If none of the <INPUT> elements of a set of radio buttons specifies `CHECKED', then the user agent must check the first radio button of the set initially. Since user agent behavior differs, authors should ensure that in each set of radio buttons that one is initially \"on\".", "The content type \"multipart/form-data\" should be used for submitting forms that contain files, non-ASCII data, and binary data. The content \"multipart/form-data\" follows the rules of all multipart MIME data streams as outlined in [RFC2045]. The definition of \"multipart/form-data\" is available at the [IANA] registry.", "Authors should specify the scripting language of a push button script through a default script declaration (with the META element). Authors create buttons with the BUTTON element or the INPUT element. Please consult the definitions of these elements for details about specifying different button types. Note.", "For instance, on machines running MS Windows, one generally has to press the \"alt\" key in addition to the access key. On Apple systems, one generally has to press the \"cmd\" key in addition to the access key. The rendering of access keys depends on the user agent.", "This is division content. </div>. <br />. \n. So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements. HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document." ], [ "writer.WriteElementInt16 (\"age\", \"\", 25). writer.WriteEndDocument (). ' <summary>. ' Summary description for Class1. ' </summary>. 'Entry point which delegates to C-style main Private Function. ' Creates an XML file is not exist. ' Starts a new document. 'Write comments.", "Creating an XML Document. The constructor of the XmlTextWriter class creates an XML file if file doesn't exist. In this sample, I create a new XML file called xmltest.xml in C\\temp directory. Dim writer As New XmlTextWriter (\"C:\\temp\\xmltest.xml\", Nothing ).", "Adding Data to the Document. The WriteStartDocument method starts a new document. The WriteStartElement and the WriteEndElement pair is used to add a new element to the document. The WriteString writes a string to the document. writer.WriteStartDocument (). writer.WriteComment (\"Commentss: XmlWriter Test Program\").", "Adding namspace Reference. Since Xml classes are defined in the System.XML namespace, so first thing you need to do is to Add the System.XML reference to the project. Imports System.Xml.", "Posted in VB.NET | XML IN VB.NET on November 06, 2019. Tags: .NET, Exception, GetCommandLineArgs, System.Environment, System.Xml, ToString. The XmlTextWriter class is derived from XmlWriter class, which represents a writer that provides fast non-cached forward-only way of generating XML documents based on the W3C Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 specification.In this article, I will show you how to use XmlTextWriter class to create an XML document and write data to the document.", "NOTE: If you don't want to write data in an XML file and want to display XML contents on the Console, pass Console.Out as a parameter of the constructor. Dim writer As New XmlTextWriter (Console.Out).", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "The XML Paper Specification (XPS) provides users and developers with a robust, open and trustworthy format for electronic paper. The XML Paper Specification describes electronic paper in a way that can be read by hardware, read by software, and read by people.", "What to Know. An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. Open one with Online XML Viewer, Visual Studio Code, or Notepad++. Convert to JSON, CSV, HTML, and others with those same programs. This article describes what XML files are and where they're used, which programs can open one, and how to convert one to another text-based format like JSON, PDF, or CSV.", "An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. They are plain text files that don't do anything in and of themselves except describe the transportation, structure, and storage of data. An RSS feed is one common example of an XML-based file. Some XML files are instead Cinelerra Video Project files used with the Cinelerra video editing program.", "3.In XML we can define our own tags as it is not possible in HTML. 4.In XML it is mandatory to close each and every tag where as in HTML it is not required. 5.XML describes the data where as HTML only defines the data.", "XML stands for e X tensible M arkup L anguage. XML is a markup language same as HTML. XML tag you can define your self for storing data. XML store (describe) data, nothing more (either temporary or permanent). XML was designed for describing well formed data. Also XML have some strict rules. That rules follow every XML document.", "XML can keep data separated from your HTML. XML can be used to store data inside HTML documents. XML can be used as a format to exchange information. XML can be used to store data in files or in databases.", "In package.xml 1.0, dependencies are relatively simple, but not as powerful. Specifying a dependency on a package for applications was actually dangerous. If you wished to limit an installed version of a package to a single version, it would mean preventing upgrade at any cost. package.xml 2.0 provides a simple way to enforce stricter dependency versioning without making upgrades onerous.", "The XML Mapping Task Pane is displayed when you select the Ribbon Developer tab>Mapping group>XML Mapping Pane control. The pane is displayed on the right hand side of the document. It provides a listing of all customXMLParts available in the document with an option to add a new part.", "HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. HTML describes the structure of a Web page. HTML consists of a series of elements. HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content.", "This is division content. </div>. <br />. \n. So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements. HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.", "A parser is a piece of program that takes a physical representation of some data and converts it into an in-memory form for the program as a whole to use. Parsers are used everywhere in software. An XML Parser is a parser that is designed to read XML and create a way for programs to use XML. There are different types, and each has its advantages.", "XML DOM. Nodes. ❮ Previous Next ❯. According to the XML DOM, everything in an XML document is a node: The entire document is a document node. Every XML element is an element node. The text in the XML elements are text nodes. Every attribute is an attribute node. Comments are comment nodes." ], [ "First Child - Last Child. In the XML above, the <title> element is the first child of the <book> element, and the <price> element is the last child of the <book> element. Furthermore, the <book> element is the parent node of the <title>, <author>, <year>, and <price> elements.", "The nodes in the node tree have a hierarchical relationship to each other. The terms parent, child, and sibling are used to describe the relationships. Parent nodes have children. Children on the same level are called siblings (brothers or sisters). In a node tree, the top node is called the root.", "Every node, except the root, has exactly one parent node. A node can have any number of children. A leaf is a node with no children. Siblings are nodes with the same parent. The following image illustrates a part of the node tree and the relationship between the nodes:", "The XML DOM views an XML document as a tree-structure. The tree structure is called a node-tree. All nodes can be accessed through the tree. Their contents can be modified or deleted, and new elements can be created. The node tree shows the set of nodes, and the connections between them.", "Text is Always Stored in Text Nodes. A common error in DOM processing is to expect an element node to contain text. However, the text of an element node is stored in a text node. In this example: <year>2005</year>, the element node <year> holds a text node with the value \"2005\". \"2005\" is not the value of the <year> element!", "DOM Example. Look at the following XML file ( books.xml ): The root node in the XML above is named <bookstore>. All other nodes in the document are contained within <bookstore>. The root node <bookstore> holds 4 <book> nodes. The first <book> node holds the child nodes: <title>, <author>, <year>, and <price>.", "This is division content. </div>. <br />. \n. So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements. HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document.", "HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. HTML describes the structure of a Web page. HTML consists of a series of elements. HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content.", "17.1 Introduction to forms. An HTML form is a section of a document containing normal content, markup, special elements called controls (checkboxes, radio buttons, menus, etc.), and labels on those controls.", "XML stands for e X tensible M arkup L anguage. XML is a markup language same as HTML. XML tag you can define your self for storing data. XML store (describe) data, nothing more (either temporary or permanent). XML was designed for describing well formed data. Also XML have some strict rules. That rules follow every XML document.", "3.In XML we can define our own tags as it is not possible in HTML. 4.In XML it is mandatory to close each and every tag where as in HTML it is not required. 5.XML describes the data where as HTML only defines the data.", "An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. They are plain text files that don't do anything in and of themselves except describe the transportation, structure, and storage of data. An RSS feed is one common example of an XML-based file. Some XML files are instead Cinelerra Video Project files used with the Cinelerra video editing program.", "The XML Mapping Task Pane is displayed when you select the Ribbon Developer tab>Mapping group>XML Mapping Pane control. The pane is displayed on the right hand side of the document. It provides a listing of all customXMLParts available in the document with an option to add a new part.", "What to Know. An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. Open one with Online XML Viewer, Visual Studio Code, or Notepad++. Convert to JSON, CSV, HTML, and others with those same programs. This article describes what XML files are and where they're used, which programs can open one, and how to convert one to another text-based format like JSON, PDF, or CSV.", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"XML schema\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR. (March 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself.", "XML can keep data separated from your HTML. XML can be used to store data inside HTML documents. XML can be used as a format to exchange information. XML can be used to store data in files or in databases.", "12579. The XmlWriter and XmlTextWriter classes are defined in the System.XML namespace. The XmlTextWriter class is derived from XmlWriter class, which represents a writer that provides fast non-cached forward-only way of generating XML documents based on the W3C Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 specification.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "An XSL style sheet is, like with CSS, a file that describes how to display an XML document of a given type. XSL shares the functionality and is compatible with CSS2 (although it uses a different syntax). It also adds:" ], [ "Printer manufacturers can use the extensible print architecture in Windows to deliver the following features in their printers and device drivers that support XPS Documents. Improved Color Printing. High-Fidelity Print Output. Improved End-User Experience. Improved Spooling and Rendering.", "Related topics. Provides information about the XML Paper Specification (XPS), which defines an open document format that uses Extensible Markup Language (XML) and other industry standards to create a cross-platform document format. Important If your printer is not working properly and the problem has something to do with Open XML Paper Specification or the Microsoft XPS Document Writer, please see Fix Printer Problems.", "XPS documents print better, can be shared easier, are more secure and can be archived with confidence. The XML Paper Specification itself is platform independent, openly published, and available royalty-free and Microsoft has integrated XPS-based technologies into Microsoft Windows, starting with the Vista operating system and the 2007 Microsoft Office system.", "Developing XPSDrv Print Drivers [WinHEC 2006; 1.02 MB] [PPT] How to Use the Windows Color System in Devices and Drivers [WinHEC 2006; 1.45 MB] [PPT] Inside Printer Setup and Installation for Windows Vista [WinHEC 2006; 684 KB] [PPT] Print Driver and XPSDrv Testing in Windows Vista [WinHEC 2006; 547 KB] [PPT]", "XPS for Hardware Developers. This continued support for XPS printing brings the next generation of document services to the Windows platform, providing high-fidelity and high-performance printing for Windows users and an extensible platform for partner innovation.", "PrintTicket and PrintCapabilities Support in Windows. Supporting Advanced Color in Print Drivers. Supporting Advanced Color in Print Drivers Using XPS [441 KB] [PPT] Windows Color System. XML Paper Specification [Channel 9] XPS and Color Printing Enhancements in Windows Vista. XPS Sample Documents.", "A parser is a piece of program that takes a physical representation of some data and converts it into an in-memory form for the program as a whole to use. Parsers are used everywhere in software. An XML Parser is a parser that is designed to read XML and create a way for programs to use XML. There are different types, and each has its advantages.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "12579. The XmlWriter and XmlTextWriter classes are defined in the System.XML namespace. The XmlTextWriter class is derived from XmlWriter class, which represents a writer that provides fast non-cached forward-only way of generating XML documents based on the W3C Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 specification.", "What to Know. An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. Open one with Online XML Viewer, Visual Studio Code, or Notepad++. Convert to JSON, CSV, HTML, and others with those same programs. This article describes what XML files are and where they're used, which programs can open one, and how to convert one to another text-based format like JSON, PDF, or CSV.", "The XML Mapping Task Pane is displayed when you select the Ribbon Developer tab>Mapping group>XML Mapping Pane control. The pane is displayed on the right hand side of the document. It provides a listing of all customXMLParts available in the document with an option to add a new part.", "XML can keep data separated from your HTML. XML can be used to store data inside HTML documents. XML can be used as a format to exchange information. XML can be used to store data in files or in databases.", "Here's what has been happening when I double-click \".log\" files and it opens with Office XML Handler: Of course I can fix this by right-clicking and changing the program it opens with. But what is Office XML Handler?", "In package.xml 1.0, dependencies are relatively simple, but not as powerful. Specifying a dependency on a package for applications was actually dangerous. If you wished to limit an installed version of a package to a single version, it would mean preventing upgrade at any cost. package.xml 2.0 provides a simple way to enforce stricter dependency versioning without making upgrades onerous.", "3.In XML we can define our own tags as it is not possible in HTML. 4.In XML it is mandatory to close each and every tag where as in HTML it is not required. 5.XML describes the data where as HTML only defines the data.", "XML stands for e X tensible M arkup L anguage. XML is a markup language same as HTML. XML tag you can define your self for storing data. XML store (describe) data, nothing more (either temporary or permanent). XML was designed for describing well formed data. Also XML have some strict rules. That rules follow every XML document.", "An XSL style sheet is, like with CSS, a file that describes how to display an XML document of a given type. XSL shares the functionality and is compatible with CSS2 (although it uses a different syntax). It also adds:", "But it is also founded in the experience that JavaScript, authored carefully for HTML, can break when placed with an XML environment. This article shows some of the reasons alongside with strategies to remedy the problems. It will encourage web authors to use more XML features and make their JavaScript interoperable with real XHTML applications.", "An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. They are plain text files that don't do anything in and of themselves except describe the transportation, structure, and storage of data. An RSS feed is one common example of an XML-based file. Some XML files are instead Cinelerra Video Project files used with the Cinelerra video editing program." ], [ "Example. Live Demo. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Nested Elements Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1> <p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p> </body> </html>. This will display the following result −. Nested Elements Example.", "HTML - Elements. An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags −. This is paragraph content. This is heading content.", "HTML Tag vs. Element. An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag. For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element.", "HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages. HTML describes the structure of a Web page. HTML consists of a series of elements. HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content.", "17.1 Introduction to forms. An HTML form is a section of a document containing normal content, markup, special elements called controls (checkboxes, radio buttons, menus, etc.), and labels on those controls.", "XML DOM. Nodes. ❮ Previous Next ❯. According to the XML DOM, everything in an XML document is a node: The entire document is a document node. Every XML element is an element node. The text in the XML elements are text nodes. Every attribute is an attribute node. Comments are comment nodes.", "What to Know. An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. Open one with Online XML Viewer, Visual Studio Code, or Notepad++. Convert to JSON, CSV, HTML, and others with those same programs. This article describes what XML files are and where they're used, which programs can open one, and how to convert one to another text-based format like JSON, PDF, or CSV.", "3.In XML we can define our own tags as it is not possible in HTML. 4.In XML it is mandatory to close each and every tag where as in HTML it is not required. 5.XML describes the data where as HTML only defines the data.", "XML can keep data separated from your HTML. XML can be used to store data inside HTML documents. XML can be used as a format to exchange information. XML can be used to store data in files or in databases.", "But it is also founded in the experience that JavaScript, authored carefully for HTML, can break when placed with an XML environment. This article shows some of the reasons alongside with strategies to remedy the problems. It will encourage web authors to use more XML features and make their JavaScript interoperable with real XHTML applications.", "Here's what has been happening when I double-click \".log\" files and it opens with Office XML Handler: Of course I can fix this by right-clicking and changing the program it opens with. But what is Office XML Handler?", "XML stands for e X tensible M arkup L anguage. XML is a markup language same as HTML. XML tag you can define your self for storing data. XML store (describe) data, nothing more (either temporary or permanent). XML was designed for describing well formed data. Also XML have some strict rules. That rules follow every XML document.", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"XML schema\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR. (March 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) An XML schema is a description of a type of XML document, typically expressed in terms of constraints on the structure and content of documents of that type, above and beyond the basic syntactical constraints imposed by XML itself.", "The XML Mapping Task Pane is displayed when you select the Ribbon Developer tab>Mapping group>XML Mapping Pane control. The pane is displayed on the right hand side of the document. It provides a listing of all customXMLParts available in the document with an option to add a new part.", "An XSL style sheet is, like with CSS, a file that describes how to display an XML document of a given type. XSL shares the functionality and is compatible with CSS2 (although it uses a different syntax). It also adds:", "12579. The XmlWriter and XmlTextWriter classes are defined in the System.XML namespace. The XmlTextWriter class is derived from XmlWriter class, which represents a writer that provides fast non-cached forward-only way of generating XML documents based on the W3C Extensible Markup Language (XML) 1.0 specification.", "An XML file is an Extensible Markup Language file. They are plain text files that don't do anything in and of themselves except describe the transportation, structure, and storage of data. An RSS feed is one common example of an XML-based file. Some XML files are instead Cinelerra Video Project files used with the Cinelerra video editing program.", "In package.xml 1.0, dependencies are relatively simple, but not as powerful. Specifying a dependency on a package for applications was actually dangerous. If you wished to limit an installed version of a package to a single version, it would mean preventing upgrade at any cost. package.xml 2.0 provides a simple way to enforce stricter dependency versioning without making upgrades onerous.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML.", "Extensible Markup Language ( XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The World Wide Web Consortium 's XML 1.0 Specification of 1998 and several other related specifications —all of them free open standards —define XML." ] ]
[ "what are silicone implants made of", "which gases react with silicon", "what a silicone mat uses", "what is titanium used for", "why is pure crystalline silicon or germanium an electrical insulator", "is silicon dioxide in supplements bad", "what is silicon made up of", "what does silicone derive from", "definition of metal", "what is the appearance of silicon dioxide" ]
[ "Costs. How much breast implants cost depends on the location, doctor, and type of implant used. Typically, the surgery ranges from $5,000 to $10,000. Because it is a cosmetic procedure, health insurance usually doesn't cover breast augmentation.", "Silicon Halides. Silicon reacts with halogens to form compounds of the form SiX 4, where X represents any common halogen. At room temperature, SiF 4 is a colorless gas, SiCl 4 is a colorless liquid, SiBr 4 is a colorless liquid, and SiI 4 forms colorless crystals. SiF 4 and SiCl 4 can be completely hydrolyzed, but SiBr 4 can be only partially hydrolyzed.", "Chefs Demos - updates weekly. Knife Identification! Larger view, click here. Sharpen your knives fast! Larger view, click here. \n. Care & Use of Silicone Baking Mats Our Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats are designed for all types of ovens. From cookie baking to gourmet pastry preparation, nothing sticks to these silicone mats.", "Uses of Titanium. Titanium alloys are used in aircraft (including helicopters), armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. Titanium alloys do not fatigue easily, are strong and are resistant to corrosion so they are perfect for use in the above items. Most titanium is converted to titanium oxide. This is the white pigment found in toothpaste, paint, paper and some plastics.", "sem·i·con·duc·tor. (sĕm′ē-kən-dŭk′tər) Any of various solid substances, such as silicon or germanium, that conduct electricity more easily than insulators but less easily than conductors.", "Silicon Dioxide: Beware You Might Be Taking It! If you take dietary supplements, chances are you are also taking Silicon Dioxide which is often contained within most supplements.", "Raw Materials. Silicon metal is made from the reaction of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and carbon materials like coke, coal and wood chips. Silica is typically received in the form of metallurgical grade gravel. This gravel is 99.5% silica, and is 3 x 1 or 6 x 1 in (8 x 3 cm or 15 x 3 cm) in size.", "silicone. Rating: Good. Categories: Silicones , Slip Agents , Emollients. Substance derived from silica (sand is a silica). The unique fluid properties of silicone give it a great deal of slip, and in its various forms it can feel like silk on skin, impart emollience, and be a water-binding agent that holds up well, even when skin becomes wet.", "Definition of metal. Definition of. metal. 1) An element below and to the left of the stepwise division (metalloids) in the upper right corner of the periodic table; about 80% of the known elements are metals.", "Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks." ]
[ [ "You'll need to take it easy for a few days after your breast augmentation surgery. For instance, you shouldn't do any heavy lifting for up to six weeks after getting your implants. Over-the-counter pain relievers such as acetaminophen may help relieve discomfort. Your doctor may also prescribe pain medication for you.", "In this Article. In this Article. In this Article. Saline and Silicone Breast Implants. Costs. How the Breast Implant Procedure Is Done. Recovery After Breast Implantation. Possible Complications. Maintenance.", "You will probably have some swelling in the area where the surgery was done. Over time, the swelling should ease and the scars will fade. Possible Complications. Although it is a cosmetic procedure, breast implant surgery can have risks, such as: Breast pain. Changes in sensation in the nipple and breast.", "Saline and Silicone Breast Implants. There are two basic types of breast implants: saline and silicone gel. Saline-filled implants are silicone shells filled with sterile salt water (saline). Some are pre-filled and others are filled during the implant operation. Silicone gel-filled implants are silicone shells filled with a plastic gel (silicone).", "If your implants rupture, you will need to have them removed or replaced. Having breast implants can make it more difficult to get a mammogram, but special X-ray views can be done. There is a chance breast implants may make you more likely to get breast cancer.", "How the Breast Implant Procedure Is Done. Because breasts can continue to develop until women reach their late teens or early 20s, the FDA requires that women be at least 18 years old to get breast augmentation with saline-filled implants and at least 22 years old to receive silicone implants. When picking your surgeon, look for one who has a lot of experience.", "Although many women say that silicone gel implants feel more like real breasts than saline, they pose more of a risk if they leak. Both saline and silicone come in different sizes and have either smooth or textured shells. Each has its own pros and cons, so it is a matter of preference.", "You may be less likely to have complications later on if you choose a surgeon who has had at least five years of surgical training and at least two years' experience in plastic surgery. Before your breast implant procedure, you will meet with your surgeon for a medical evaluation.", "After the implant is in place, the surgeon will close the cuts with sutures or surgical tape. Recovery After Breast Implantation. Your breasts will be covered with gauze after the surgery. You may have drainage tubes, which will be removed in a few days. You may need to wear a surgical bra as you heal.", "Infection. Problems with the size or shape of the implants (for example, the breasts may not be symmetrical) Associated Anaplastic Large-Cell Lymphoma or AALCL (rare, but may be linked to textured implants) It is also possible for implants to rupture and leak.", "You may need to have the implants replaced if you have complications or if the size and shape of your breasts change over time. Women who have silicone gel-filled implants will need to get an MRI scan three years after the implant surgery and then MRI scans about every two years to check for silent rupture.", "Women can get breast implants to make their breasts bigger and fuller. That can be done for reconstructive purposes, such as after mastectomy for breast cancer, or for cosmetic reasons. This article covers cosmetic breast augmentation only. It discusses the types of breast implants available, the procedures used, and possible complications.", "The surgeon will make a cut under your breasts, under your arms, or around your nipples, depending on your body, the type of implant, and how much enlargement is being done. The surgeon will put the breast implant into a pocket above or below your chest muscle.", "You can get breast augmentation done as an outpatient procedure, or you may stay overnight in the hospital. Continued. The procedure takes one to two hours. You will likely be given general anesthesia, during which you will be \"asleep\" and pain -free.", "If saline implants rupture, the saline will be safely absorbed by the body. A silicone leak may stay inside the implant shell or leak outside of the shell. When a saline implant ruptures, it will deflate. But silicone breast implants may cause no obvious symptoms when they rupture. This is called silent rupture.", "Medicine and cosmetic surgery. Silicone is used in microfluidics, seals, gaskets, shrouds, and other applications requiring high biocompatibility. Additionally, the gel form is used in bandages and dressings, breast implants, testicle implants, pectoral implants, contact lenses, and a variety of other medical uses.", "Titanium is a component of joint replacement parts, including hip ball and sockets. These may last for 20 years or so. Titanium is used in dental implants because it is able to \"osseointegrate\" (an unusual ability by which titanium fuses with bone tissue, perhaps through the titanium oxide layer on tianium metal).", "Chefs Demos - updates weekly. Knife Identification! Larger view, click here. Sharpen your knives fast! Larger view, click here. \n. Care & Use of Silicone Baking Mats Our Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats are designed for all types of ovens. From cookie baking to gourmet pastry preparation, nothing sticks to these silicone mats.", "Raw Materials. Silicon metal is made from the reaction of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and carbon materials like coke, coal and wood chips. Silica is typically received in the form of metallurgical grade gravel. This gravel is 99.5% silica, and is 3 x 1 or 6 x 1 in (8 x 3 cm or 15 x 3 cm) in size.", "What Is Silicon Dioxide? Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound commonly used in food as an anti-caking agent or in cosmetics to prevent corrosion, according to the USDA. Silicon dioxide helps keep the powders free-flowing and moisture-free and is a common additive in foods like flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)." ], [ "Reaction with Hydrogen. All the halogens react directly with hydrogen, forming covalent bonds and—at sufficient levels of purity—colorless gases at room temperature. Hydrogen reacts with fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, forming HF, HCl, HBr, and HI, respectively.", "Fluorine reacts with water vapor to form oxygen and ozone: (1) 2 F 2 ( g) + 2 H 2 O ( g) → 4 H F ( g) + O 2 ( g) (2) 3 F 2 ( g) + 2 H 2 O ( g) → 6 H F ( g) + O 3 ( g) The reaction of water with chlorine, shown below, proceeds very slowly. (3) C l 2 + H 2 O → H + + C l − + H C l O.", "Reactions of Main Group Elements with Carbonates. Reactions of Main Group Elements with Hydrogen. Donate. Page ID. 603. Table of contents. Properties of Halogens. Reaction with Water. Reaction with Hydrogen.", "Oxygen and Sulfur Halides. Halogen Oxides. Halogen Oxoacids. Halogen Oxoanions. Group 17: Other Halogens (Interhalogens) References. Questions. Answers. This section describes the chemistry of halogens with the main group elements such as the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, and Groups 13 and 14.", "The bond strength of these molecules decreases down the group: H F > H C l > H B r > H I. Iodine and hydrogen react non-spontaneously to produce hydrogen iodide: (5) H 2 + I 2 → 2 H I. All the hydrogen halides are soluble in water, in which they form strong acids (with the exception of H F ).", "Sulfur and chlorine form SCl 2, a red liquid, which is used in the production of the poisonous mustard gas. This reaction is shown below: 3SF 4 + 4BCl 3 → 4BF 3 + 3SCl 2 + 3Cl 2. Oxygen combines with fluoride to form the compounds OF 2 and O 2 F 2 ​.", "From a standard reduction potential table, it is determined that iodine and bromine cannot oxidize water to oxygen because they have smaller reduction potentials than oxygen. Thus, iodine and bromine do not react with water. However, fluorine and chlorine have larger reduction potentials, and can oxidize water.", "Aluminum halides are very reactive Lewis acids. They accept electrons and form acid-base compound called adducts, as in the following example: (9) A l C l 3 + ( C 2 H 5) 2 O → A l ( C 2 H 5) 2 O C l 3. In this reaction, A l C l 3 is the Lewis acid and ( C 2 H 5) 2 O is the Lewis base.", "M represents any metal from Group 2 and. X represents fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Anhydrous calcium chloride has strong affinity for water, absorbing enough to dissolve its own crystal lattice. It can be produced directly from limestone, or as a by-product by Solvay Process.", "These halides are ionic except for those involving beryllium (the least metallic of the group). Because alkaline earth metals tend to lose electrons and halogen atoms tend to gain electrons ( Table P2 ), the chemical reaction between these groups is the following: (8) M + X 2 → M X 2. where.", "These solutions form solid hydrates within an ice lattice. These solutions are good oxidizing agents. Chlorine reacts reversibly with water to produce acids as in the following example, in which chloric acid and hydrochloric acid are formed: (4) C l 2 + H 2 O ⇌ H C l O + H C l. Iodine is slightly soluble in water.", "The word halogen itself means \"salt former\" in Greek. Halogens such as chlorine, bromine and iodine have properties that enable them to react with other elements to form important salts such as sodium chloride, also known as table salt.", "Aluminum Fluoride, A l F 3, is an ionic compound with a high melting point. However, most of the other aluminum halides form molecules with the formula A l 2 X 6 ( X represents chlorine, bromine, or iodine).", "Group 14: The Carbon Family. Group 14 elements form halides with general formula MX 4 (CCl 4, SiCl 4, GeCl 4, SnCl 4, PbCl 4 ), although some elements such as Ge, Sn, Pb can also form dihalides (MX 2 ).", "Group 17: Other Halogens (Interhalogens) Halogens have the ability to form compounds with other halogens ( interhalogens ). They are represented with the notation XY, in which the X and Y refer to two different halogens. Examples of this type of molecule include IBr and BrCl.", "Halogen Oxides. Common halogen oxides include C l 2 O, C l O 2, C l 2 O 4 ​, and I 2 O 5. Chlorine monoxide, the anhydride of hypochlorous acid, reacts vigorously with water as shown below, giving off chlorine and oxygen as products. (10) C l 2 O + H 2 O ⇌ 2 H O C l.", "Group 1: The Alkali Metals. All the alkali metals react vigorously with halogens to produce salts, the most industrially important of which are NaCl and KCl. (7) 2 N a ( s) + C l 2 ( g) → 2 N a C l ( s) Sodium Chloride is used as a preservative for meat and to melt the ice on the roads (via freezing point depression ).", "All the halogens exist as diatomic molecules. They have high ionization energies and form the most electronegative group of elements. Their electron configuration, ns2np5, allows them to easily react with Group 1 and 2 metals; each halogen tends to pick up one electron, and the Group 1 and Group 2 elements each tend to lose one or two electrons, respectively.", "Oxygen and Sulfur Halides. Sulfur reacts directly with all the halogens except iodine. It spontaneously combines with fluorine to form sulfur hexafluoride, SF 6, a colorless and inert gas. It can also form SF 4 which is a powerful fluorinating agent.", "Properties of Halogens. Elements such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine belong to Group 17, the halogen group. At room temperature fluorine is a yellow gas, chlorine is a pale green gas, bromine is a red liquid, and iodine is a purple solid. Astatine is a radioactive element, and exists in nature only in small amounts.", "Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks." ], [ "This is select #1 grade Solid Rock Maple Edge Grain Kitchen Counter Top . You will love this counter top in your kitchen! Features full rails from end to end, USA made. Choose from mineral oil or clear varnique finish (both are food safe).", "Happy Baking ! How to Correctly Calibrate Bimetal Pocket Thermometers... The Bi-Therm coil in a bimetal thermometer is approximately two inches long at the bottom of the shaft. For effective and accurate measurement, the bimetal stem should be inserted into the meat or soups, etc. the full two inches.", "Email Us - Click Here, or call us for sizes and prices! Let us help you with your new kitchen island! Our USA made Stainless Steel Island Tops feature: Heavy duty 16ga thickness; high nickel content type 304 food service grade stainless steel (super pure and strong, will not rust, chip or pit).", "Call to order (630) 739-5200. We supply homeowners, builders and designers with kitchen counter tops & islands! We have hot new designs for your kitchen! This Rock Maple Island Top comes in 2 1/4 inch or 3 inch thick edge grain! Available with natural oil or food safe clear varnish finish.", "Do not grease the Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats. Never use a cut or ripped Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats as the fiberglass mesh material could migrate into the food. Avoid using automatic dishwashers, as they may harm the Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats.", "Shake to remove excess water and dry in open air. A mild detergent or soap may be used if needed. Chefs Note: a slight oily residue after washing is normal, as is a slight discoloration. Strong flavored foods may leave a trace scent on the Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats.", "It is reusable for thousands of uses and provides even heat transfer to all baked goods. How to Use Place Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats on a baking sheet or pan with the writing side up. Do not use grease. Lay product to be baked or frozen directly on the Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mat.", "And black blade Kyocera Ceramic Chef Knives with riveted handles are here. Chef is using one of his NSF Maple Cutting Boards! This table now comes in four sizes! 30 in. x 24 in. x 4 in. thick, 24 in. x 24 in. x 4 in., 30 in. x 24 in. x 2 1/4 in. thick, 24 in. x 24 in. x 2 1/4 in. , they all stand 35 in. overall.", "Once clean and dry, store the Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats flat. Safety Do not use scraper or brush to clean Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats. Never cut the Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mat or cut on it, there is a mesh reinforcement inside. Do not fold the Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mat.", "Click here for many popular sizes and prices! Call for special sizes and prices or to order (630) 739-5200 Ask about our Monthly Special Sale! This is select #1 grade Solid Red Oak Edge Grain Kitchen Counter Top . You will love this Island Top / Counter Top in your kitchen!", "Our USA made Blended Cherry Table Top / Island Top features a nice smooth finish. Click here for popular sizes and prices! Our furniture quality top features a food safe clear varnique finish (or optional mineral oil). Choose from hundreds of available sizes, Great for a computer desk too.", "Several finishes are available. This is our premium select #1 grade extra thick Solid Rock Maple Edge Grain Kitchen Counter Top. You will love this counter top in your kitchen! Features 2.25 or 3 in. thick, full rails from end to end, USA made.", "Note that your recipe baking temperature may need to be adjusted according to your oven. Chefs Note: Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats are effective in temperatures from minus 40 F to 480 F ( minus 40 C to 280 C ). How to Clean Clean your Silicone Baking Mats with a damp, soft sponge, then rinse with clean water.", "Our custom kitchen island is topped with a John Boos Solid Rock Maple Kitchen Counter Top (Edge Grain). It is perfect for everyday use and entertaining. An island this size fits perfectly into most large kitchens. This island has lots of storage space built in below.", "Our USA made Cherry Table Top / Island Top features a nice smooth finish. Call for special sizes and prices or to order (630) 739-5200 Ask about our Monthly Special Sale! Click here for popular sizes and prices! Our furniture quality top features a food safe clear varnique finish (or optional mineral oil).", "With the penetrating oil finish there are no worries about cutting or damaging the block surface and the end grain construction will not dull knives. Revel in the delight of the AB Block. It is a must have butcher block that will last for generations. This table has a FDA approved food safe natural finish.", "2. Remove the thermometer from its case and slide the stem through the hole in the wrench pocket (no additional tools required) until the adjusting nut below the dial head snaps securely in place. 3. Using the case as a handle, immerse the thermometer stem into the ice a minimum of 2 inches for 30 seconds.", "What Is Silicon Dioxide? Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound commonly used in food as an anti-caking agent or in cosmetics to prevent corrosion, according to the USDA. Silicon dioxide helps keep the powders free-flowing and moisture-free and is a common additive in foods like flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).", "Costs. How much breast implants cost depends on the location, doctor, and type of implant used. Typically, the surgery ranges from $5,000 to $10,000. Because it is a cosmetic procedure, health insurance usually doesn't cover breast augmentation.", "Raw Materials. Silicon metal is made from the reaction of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and carbon materials like coke, coal and wood chips. Silica is typically received in the form of metallurgical grade gravel. This gravel is 99.5% silica, and is 3 x 1 or 6 x 1 in (8 x 3 cm or 15 x 3 cm) in size." ], [ "Hip balls and joint replacements are made out of titanium and they can stay in place for around 20 years. Many firearms (guns) are made from titanium as it is strong and lightweight. The body of a laptop is often made from titanium. Titanium is occasionally used in buildings.", "Titanium is perfect for this as it is easily colored and is inert (will not react with other things). Surgical instruments, wheelchairs and crutches are all made out of titanium for high strength and low weight! Dental implants are made with titanium. People with titanium dental implants can still go in an MRI machine!", "Uses of Titanium. Titanium is a very important metal that was discovered back in 1791 (see our post who discovered titanium ). Here are some of the more common uses of titanium in the world today.", "Cement and gemstones also contain titanium oxide. Fishing rods and golf clubs are also made stronger through the use of titanium oxide. Heat exchangers in desalination plants (which turn sea water into drinking water) are made from titanium as it is resistant to corrosion in sea water.", "Titanium is a component of joint replacement parts, including hip ball and sockets. These may last for 20 years or so. Titanium is used in dental implants because it is able to \"osseointegrate\" (an unusual ability by which titanium fuses with bone tissue, perhaps through the titanium oxide layer on tianium metal).", "Forms. Food grade silicone can be found in various forms to make it more practical for the different uses and jobs it is capable of taking on. Found in a tube, food grade silicone often resembles cake icing and can be squeezed onto the objects to be molded.", "Medicine and cosmetic surgery. Silicone is used in microfluidics, seals, gaskets, shrouds, and other applications requiring high biocompatibility. Additionally, the gel form is used in bandages and dressings, breast implants, testicle implants, pectoral implants, contact lenses, and a variety of other medical uses.", "What Is Silicon Dioxide? Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound commonly used in food as an anti-caking agent or in cosmetics to prevent corrosion, according to the USDA. Silicon dioxide helps keep the powders free-flowing and moisture-free and is a common additive in foods like flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).", "Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks.", "sem·i·con·duc·tor. (sĕm′ē-kən-dŭk′tər) Any of various solid substances, such as silicon or germanium, that conduct electricity more easily than insulators but less easily than conductors.", "Costs. How much breast implants cost depends on the location, doctor, and type of implant used. Typically, the surgery ranges from $5,000 to $10,000. Because it is a cosmetic procedure, health insurance usually doesn't cover breast augmentation.", "Chefs Demos - updates weekly. Knife Identification! Larger view, click here. Sharpen your knives fast! Larger view, click here. \n. Care & Use of Silicone Baking Mats Our Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats are designed for all types of ovens. From cookie baking to gourmet pastry preparation, nothing sticks to these silicone mats.", "Edit. Edit source. History. Talk (0) Share. Silica is found and identified normally as Sand or Quartz, however it has the scientific name of Silicon Dioxide. Retrieved from \" https://geology.fandom.com/wiki/Silica?oldid=3722 \". Categories: Minerals.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "Silicon Dioxide: Beware You Might Be Taking It! If you take dietary supplements, chances are you are also taking Silicon Dioxide which is often contained within most supplements.", "silicon (Si) Silicon is a chemical element (its symbol in chemical formula expressions is \"Si\") that is present in sand and glass and which is the best known semiconductor material in electronic components. Its atomic number is 14. The most common isotope has atomic weight 28. In its pure state, silicon is a metal-like substance with an appearance and heft somewhat resembling aluminum.", "Theoretically, steel is composed iron (Fe) with a small amount of carbon dissolved in it; around 0.2% to 1.8% carbon (C) depending on the steel. Different steels may also have other elements added as well. For example, manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and/or nickel. ...Show more." ], [ "n. 1. Any of various solid crystalline substances, such as germanium or silicon, having electrical conductivity greater than insulators but less than good conductors, and used especially as a base material for microchips and other electronic devices. 2.", "The behaviour may be exhibited by the pure substance ( intrinsic semiconductor) or as a result of impurities ( extrinsic semiconductor) 2. (Electronics) a. a device, such as a transistor or integrated circuit, that depends on the properties of such a substance. b. ( as modifier ): a semiconductor diode. ˌsemiconˈduction n.", "semiconductor. ( ˌsɛmɪkənˈdʌktə) n. 1. (General Physics) a substance, such as germanium or silicon, that has an electrical conductivity that increases with temperature and is intermediate between that of a metal and an insulator.", "Semiconductors are able to do this because they have a small number of electrons that have escaped from the bonds between the atoms, leaving open spaces. Both the electrons and the open spaces can carry an electric current. The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition.", "semiconductor. A substance with properties between those of an electrical insulator and a conductor at room temperature, but with conductivity modified by temperature and impurities; crucial in modern electronic devices.", "sem•i•con•duc•tor. (ˈsɛm i kənˌdʌk tər, ˈsɛm aɪ-) n. 1. a substance, as silicon or germanium, with electrical conductivity intermediate between that of an insulator and a conductor. 2. a basic electronic component incorporating such a substance, used in communications equipment and in computers. [1875–80]", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "Uses of Titanium. Titanium alloys are used in aircraft (including helicopters), armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. Titanium alloys do not fatigue easily, are strong and are resistant to corrosion so they are perfect for use in the above items. Most titanium is converted to titanium oxide. This is the white pigment found in toothpaste, paint, paper and some plastics.", "silicone. Rating: Good. Categories: Silicones , Slip Agents , Emollients. Substance derived from silica (sand is a silica). The unique fluid properties of silicone give it a great deal of slip, and in its various forms it can feel like silk on skin, impart emollience, and be a water-binding agent that holds up well, even when skin becomes wet.", "Forms. Food grade silicone can be found in various forms to make it more practical for the different uses and jobs it is capable of taking on. Found in a tube, food grade silicone often resembles cake icing and can be squeezed onto the objects to be molded.", "Silicon Halides. Silicon reacts with halogens to form compounds of the form SiX 4, where X represents any common halogen. At room temperature, SiF 4 is a colorless gas, SiCl 4 is a colorless liquid, SiBr 4 is a colorless liquid, and SiI 4 forms colorless crystals. SiF 4 and SiCl 4 can be completely hydrolyzed, but SiBr 4 can be only partially hydrolyzed.", "silicon (Si) Silicon is a chemical element (its symbol in chemical formula expressions is \"Si\") that is present in sand and glass and which is the best known semiconductor material in electronic components. Its atomic number is 14. The most common isotope has atomic weight 28. In its pure state, silicon is a metal-like substance with an appearance and heft somewhat resembling aluminum.", "Theoretically, steel is composed iron (Fe) with a small amount of carbon dissolved in it; around 0.2% to 1.8% carbon (C) depending on the steel. Different steels may also have other elements added as well. For example, manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and/or nickel. ...Show more.", "Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks.", "Silicon Dioxide: Beware You Might Be Taking It! If you take dietary supplements, chances are you are also taking Silicon Dioxide which is often contained within most supplements.", "Chefs Demos - updates weekly. Knife Identification! Larger view, click here. Sharpen your knives fast! Larger view, click here. \n. Care & Use of Silicone Baking Mats Our Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats are designed for all types of ovens. From cookie baking to gourmet pastry preparation, nothing sticks to these silicone mats.", "What Is Silicon Dioxide? Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound commonly used in food as an anti-caking agent or in cosmetics to prevent corrosion, according to the USDA. Silicon dioxide helps keep the powders free-flowing and moisture-free and is a common additive in foods like flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)." ], [ "Prolonged exposure to this chemical can cause fibrosis of the lungs and may lead to death. It is classified by the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as \"probably carcinogenic to humans\" and has \"sufficient evidence\" of carcinogenicity according to the NTP (National Toxicology Program).", "Read the ingredients on your supplement label - especially those listed in the \" Other Ingredients \" section. Choose additive-free supplements for optimum health and maximum effectiveness. [© 2004 W.I.N., Inc. worldimage.com] Copyright © 2004 World Image Naturals™, Inc.", "Silicon Dioxide is an anti-caking agent that may account for up to 3% of a vitamin formula. It is used in the manufacture of glass, electrical components, optical lenses, abrasives, and ornamental and building stones. According to its MSDS, (Material Safety Data Sheet), it is a hazardous chemical requiring safety glasses, neoprene gloves, protective clothing and a respirator when handling.", "Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks.", "Forms. Food grade silicone can be found in various forms to make it more practical for the different uses and jobs it is capable of taking on. Found in a tube, food grade silicone often resembles cake icing and can be squeezed onto the objects to be molded.", "What Is Silicon Dioxide? Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound commonly used in food as an anti-caking agent or in cosmetics to prevent corrosion, according to the USDA. Silicon dioxide helps keep the powders free-flowing and moisture-free and is a common additive in foods like flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "silicon (Si) Silicon is a chemical element (its symbol in chemical formula expressions is \"Si\") that is present in sand and glass and which is the best known semiconductor material in electronic components. Its atomic number is 14. The most common isotope has atomic weight 28. In its pure state, silicon is a metal-like substance with an appearance and heft somewhat resembling aluminum.", "Raw Materials. Silicon metal is made from the reaction of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and carbon materials like coke, coal and wood chips. Silica is typically received in the form of metallurgical grade gravel. This gravel is 99.5% silica, and is 3 x 1 or 6 x 1 in (8 x 3 cm or 15 x 3 cm) in size.", "Edit. Edit source. History. Talk (0) Share. Silica is found and identified normally as Sand or Quartz, however it has the scientific name of Silicon Dioxide. Retrieved from \" https://geology.fandom.com/wiki/Silica?oldid=3722 \". Categories: Minerals.", "Theoretically, steel is composed iron (Fe) with a small amount of carbon dissolved in it; around 0.2% to 1.8% carbon (C) depending on the steel. Different steels may also have other elements added as well. For example, manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and/or nickel. ...Show more.", "Titanium is a component of joint replacement parts, including hip ball and sockets. These may last for 20 years or so. Titanium is used in dental implants because it is able to \"osseointegrate\" (an unusual ability by which titanium fuses with bone tissue, perhaps through the titanium oxide layer on tianium metal).", "Uses of Titanium. Titanium alloys are used in aircraft (including helicopters), armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. Titanium alloys do not fatigue easily, are strong and are resistant to corrosion so they are perfect for use in the above items. Most titanium is converted to titanium oxide. This is the white pigment found in toothpaste, paint, paper and some plastics.", "silicone. Rating: Good. Categories: Silicones , Slip Agents , Emollients. Substance derived from silica (sand is a silica). The unique fluid properties of silicone give it a great deal of slip, and in its various forms it can feel like silk on skin, impart emollience, and be a water-binding agent that holds up well, even when skin becomes wet.", "Chefs Demos - updates weekly. Knife Identification! Larger view, click here. Sharpen your knives fast! Larger view, click here. \n. Care & Use of Silicone Baking Mats Our Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats are designed for all types of ovens. From cookie baking to gourmet pastry preparation, nothing sticks to these silicone mats.", "Silicon Halides. Silicon reacts with halogens to form compounds of the form SiX 4, where X represents any common halogen. At room temperature, SiF 4 is a colorless gas, SiCl 4 is a colorless liquid, SiBr 4 is a colorless liquid, and SiI 4 forms colorless crystals. SiF 4 and SiCl 4 can be completely hydrolyzed, but SiBr 4 can be only partially hydrolyzed.", "sem·i·con·duc·tor. (sĕm′ē-kən-dŭk′tər) Any of various solid substances, such as silicon or germanium, that conduct electricity more easily than insulators but less easily than conductors." ], [ "The coal is usually of low ash content (1-3% to minimize calcium, aluminum, and iron impurities), contains around 60% carbon, and is sized to match that of the gravel. Wood chips are usually hardwood of 1/2 x 1/8 inch size (1 x. 3 cm size). All materials are received as specified by the manufacturer.", "Byproducts/Waste. With statistical process control, waste is kept to a minimum. A byproduct of the process, silica fume, is sold to the refractory and cement industries to improve strength of their products. Silica fume also is used for heat insulation, filler for rubber, polymers, grouts and other applications.", "Cooling/Crushing. 3 Oxidized material, called slag, is poured off into pots and cooled. The silicon metal is cooled in large cast iron trays about 8 ft (2.4 m) across and 8 in (20 cm) deep. After cooling, the metal is dumped from the mold into a truck, weighed and then dumped in the storage pile.", "At higher temperatures, silicon is attacked by water vapor or by oxygen to form a surface layer of silicon dioxide. When silicon is purified and doped with such elements as boron, phosphorus and arsenic, it is used as a semiconductor in various applications. For maximum purity, a chemical process is used that reduces silicon tetrachloride or trichlorosilane to silicon.", "This is a continued decline compared to the last several years (653,000 tons in 1998 and 664,000 in 1997). Though data is not available, China is believed to be the largest producer, followed by the United States. One estimate puts China's production capacity as high as 400,000 metric tons per year, with over 400 producers.", "The Reduction Process. 1 The raw materials are weighed and then placed into the furnace through the top using the fume hood, buckets, or cars. A typical batch contains 1000 lb (453 kg) each of gravel and chips, and 550 lb (250 kg) of coal. The lid of the furnace, which contains electrodes, is placed into position.", "Silicon is the fourteenth element of the periodic table and is a Group IVA element, along with carbon germanium, tin and lead. Pure silicon is a dark gray solid with the same crystalline structure as diamond. Its chemical and physical properties are similar to this material. Silicon has a melting point of 2570° F (1410° C), a boiling point of 4271° F (2355° C), and a density of 2.33 g/cm3.", "Silicon of lower purity is used in metallurgy as a reducing agent and as an alloying element in steel, brass, alumiinum, and bronze. When small amounts of silicon are added to aluminum, aluminum becomes easier to cast and also has improved strength, hardness, and other properties.", "Exports from this country have increased in recent years. Consumption of silicon metal in the United States was roughly 262,000 metric tons, at a cost of 57 cents per pound. The annual growth rate during 1980-1995 was about 3.5% for silicon demand by the aluminum industry and about 8% by the chemical industry.", "When silicon is heated it reacts with the halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine) to form halides. It reacts with certain metals to form silicides and when heated in an electric furnace with carbon, a wear resistant ceramic called silicon carbide is produced. Hydrofluoric acid is the only acid that affects silicon.", "The Manufacturing Process. The basic process heats silica and coke in a submerged electric arc furnace to high temperatures. High temperatures are required to produce a reaction where the oxygen is removed, leaving behind silicon. This is known as a reduction process.", "The furnace is continuously charged with the batches of raw materials. 2 While the metal is in the molten state, it is treated with oxygen and air to reduce the amount of calcium and aluminum impurities. Depending on the grade, silicon metal contains 98.5-99.99% silicon with trace amounts of iron, calcium and aluminum.", "Second only to oxygen, silicon is the most abundant element in Earth's crust. It is found in rocks, sand, clays and soils, combined with either oxygen as silicon dioxide, or with oxygen and other elements as silicates. Silicon's compounds are also found in water, in the atmosphere, in many plants, and even in certain animals.", "The type of furnace now used to make silicon, the electric arc furnace, was first invented in 1899 by French inventor Paul Louis Toussaint Heroult to make steel. The first electric arc furnace in the United States was installed in Syracuse, New York in 1905.", "Packaging. 4 Silicon metal is usually packaged in large sacks or wooden boxes weighing up to 3,000 lb (1,361 kg). In powder form, silicon is packaged in 50-lb (23-kg) plastic pails or paper bags, 500-lb (227-kg) steel drums or 3,000-lb (1,361-kg) large sacks or boxes.", "Electric current is passed through the electrodes to form an arc. The heat generated by this arc (a temperature of 4000° F or 2350 ° C) melts the material and results in the reaction of sand with carbon to form silicon and carbon monoxide. This process takes about six to eight hours.", "History. Silicon was first isolated and described as an element in 1824 by a Swedish chemist, Jons Jacob Berzelius. An impure form was obtained in 1811. Crystalline silicon was first produced in 1854 using electrolysis. The reaction between silica and carbon within an electric arc furnace produces silicon.", "silicone. Rating: Good. Categories: Silicones , Slip Agents , Emollients. Substance derived from silica (sand is a silica). The unique fluid properties of silicone give it a great deal of slip, and in its various forms it can feel like silk on skin, impart emollience, and be a water-binding agent that holds up well, even when skin becomes wet.", "silicon (Si) Silicon is a chemical element (its symbol in chemical formula expressions is \"Si\") that is present in sand and glass and which is the best known semiconductor material in electronic components. Its atomic number is 14. The most common isotope has atomic weight 28. In its pure state, silicon is a metal-like substance with an appearance and heft somewhat resembling aluminum.", "Edit. Edit source. History. Talk (0) Share. Silica is found and identified normally as Sand or Quartz, however it has the scientific name of Silicon Dioxide. Retrieved from \" https://geology.fandom.com/wiki/Silica?oldid=3722 \". Categories: Minerals." ], [ "Interestingly, silicone has been shown to be helpful for offsetting dryness and flaking from common ingredients such as benzoyl peroxide. Bottom line: The types of silicones used in cosmetic products are supported by scientific research and are considered safe for consumer use.", "Because of silicone’s unique molecular properties, they are at the same time porous and resistant though not impermeable to air. Think of silicones in a skincare formula like the covering of a tea bag. When you steep the tea bag in water the tea and all of its antioxidant properties are released into the water.", "Claims that silicones in any form cause or worsen skin concerns have not been substantiated in any published research, nor have reports that silicones are sensitizing to or somehow “suffocate” skin. In fact, just the opposite is true which makes the misinformation difficult to understand.", "Paula’s expertise has led to hundreds of appearances on national and international radio, print, and television including: The Paula's Choice Research Team is dedicated to busting beauty myths and providing expert advice that solves your skincare frustrations so you can have the best skin of your life!", "There are numerous forms of silicones used in cosmetic products, particularly leave-on skincare products and all manner of hair-care products. Common forms of silicone are cyclopentasiloxane and cyclohexasiloxane; other forms include various types of dimethicone and phenyl trimethicone.", "Edit. Edit source. History. Talk (0) Share. Silica is found and identified normally as Sand or Quartz, however it has the scientific name of Silicon Dioxide. Retrieved from \" https://geology.fandom.com/wiki/Silica?oldid=3722 \". Categories: Minerals.", "silicon (Si) Silicon is a chemical element (its symbol in chemical formula expressions is \"Si\") that is present in sand and glass and which is the best known semiconductor material in electronic components. Its atomic number is 14. The most common isotope has atomic weight 28. In its pure state, silicon is a metal-like substance with an appearance and heft somewhat resembling aluminum.", "Raw Materials. Silicon metal is made from the reaction of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and carbon materials like coke, coal and wood chips. Silica is typically received in the form of metallurgical grade gravel. This gravel is 99.5% silica, and is 3 x 1 or 6 x 1 in (8 x 3 cm or 15 x 3 cm) in size.", "What Is Silicon Dioxide? Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound commonly used in food as an anti-caking agent or in cosmetics to prevent corrosion, according to the USDA. Silicon dioxide helps keep the powders free-flowing and moisture-free and is a common additive in foods like flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).", "Forms. Food grade silicone can be found in various forms to make it more practical for the different uses and jobs it is capable of taking on. Found in a tube, food grade silicone often resembles cake icing and can be squeezed onto the objects to be molded.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "Silicon Halides. Silicon reacts with halogens to form compounds of the form SiX 4, where X represents any common halogen. At room temperature, SiF 4 is a colorless gas, SiCl 4 is a colorless liquid, SiBr 4 is a colorless liquid, and SiI 4 forms colorless crystals. SiF 4 and SiCl 4 can be completely hydrolyzed, but SiBr 4 can be only partially hydrolyzed.", "sem·i·con·duc·tor. (sĕm′ē-kən-dŭk′tər) Any of various solid substances, such as silicon or germanium, that conduct electricity more easily than insulators but less easily than conductors.", "Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks.", "Theoretically, steel is composed iron (Fe) with a small amount of carbon dissolved in it; around 0.2% to 1.8% carbon (C) depending on the steel. Different steels may also have other elements added as well. For example, manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and/or nickel. ...Show more.", "Chefs Demos - updates weekly. Knife Identification! Larger view, click here. Sharpen your knives fast! Larger view, click here. \n. Care & Use of Silicone Baking Mats Our Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats are designed for all types of ovens. From cookie baking to gourmet pastry preparation, nothing sticks to these silicone mats.", "Costs. How much breast implants cost depends on the location, doctor, and type of implant used. Typically, the surgery ranges from $5,000 to $10,000. Because it is a cosmetic procedure, health insurance usually doesn't cover breast augmentation." ], [ "silicon (Si) Silicon is a chemical element (its symbol in chemical formula expressions is \"Si\") that is present in sand and glass and which is the best known semiconductor material in electronic components. Its atomic number is 14. The most common isotope has atomic weight 28. In its pure state, silicon is a metal-like substance with an appearance and heft somewhat resembling aluminum.", "Raw Materials. Silicon metal is made from the reaction of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and carbon materials like coke, coal and wood chips. Silica is typically received in the form of metallurgical grade gravel. This gravel is 99.5% silica, and is 3 x 1 or 6 x 1 in (8 x 3 cm or 15 x 3 cm) in size.", "Titanium is a component of joint replacement parts, including hip ball and sockets. These may last for 20 years or so. Titanium is used in dental implants because it is able to \"osseointegrate\" (an unusual ability by which titanium fuses with bone tissue, perhaps through the titanium oxide layer on tianium metal).", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "Theoretically, steel is composed iron (Fe) with a small amount of carbon dissolved in it; around 0.2% to 1.8% carbon (C) depending on the steel. Different steels may also have other elements added as well. For example, manganese, silicon, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, and/or nickel. ...Show more.", "What Is Silicon Dioxide? Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound commonly used in food as an anti-caking agent or in cosmetics to prevent corrosion, according to the USDA. Silicon dioxide helps keep the powders free-flowing and moisture-free and is a common additive in foods like flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).", "sem·i·con·duc·tor. (sĕm′ē-kən-dŭk′tər) Any of various solid substances, such as silicon or germanium, that conduct electricity more easily than insulators but less easily than conductors.", "Silicon Dioxide: Beware You Might Be Taking It! If you take dietary supplements, chances are you are also taking Silicon Dioxide which is often contained within most supplements.", "Forms. Food grade silicone can be found in various forms to make it more practical for the different uses and jobs it is capable of taking on. Found in a tube, food grade silicone often resembles cake icing and can be squeezed onto the objects to be molded.", "Edit. Edit source. History. Talk (0) Share. Silica is found and identified normally as Sand or Quartz, however it has the scientific name of Silicon Dioxide. Retrieved from \" https://geology.fandom.com/wiki/Silica?oldid=3722 \". Categories: Minerals.", "Silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), silicon's most common compound, is the most abundant compound in the earth's crust. It commonly takes the form of ordinary sand, but also exists as quartz, rock crystal, amethyst, agate, flint, jasper and opal. Silicon dioxide is extensively used in the manufacture of glass and bricks.", "Uses of Titanium. Titanium alloys are used in aircraft (including helicopters), armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. Titanium alloys do not fatigue easily, are strong and are resistant to corrosion so they are perfect for use in the above items. Most titanium is converted to titanium oxide. This is the white pigment found in toothpaste, paint, paper and some plastics.", "Medicine and cosmetic surgery. Silicone is used in microfluidics, seals, gaskets, shrouds, and other applications requiring high biocompatibility. Additionally, the gel form is used in bandages and dressings, breast implants, testicle implants, pectoral implants, contact lenses, and a variety of other medical uses.", "Silicon Halides. Silicon reacts with halogens to form compounds of the form SiX 4, where X represents any common halogen. At room temperature, SiF 4 is a colorless gas, SiCl 4 is a colorless liquid, SiBr 4 is a colorless liquid, and SiI 4 forms colorless crystals. SiF 4 and SiCl 4 can be completely hydrolyzed, but SiBr 4 can be only partially hydrolyzed.", "Costs. How much breast implants cost depends on the location, doctor, and type of implant used. Typically, the surgery ranges from $5,000 to $10,000. Because it is a cosmetic procedure, health insurance usually doesn't cover breast augmentation.", "Chefs Demos - updates weekly. Knife Identification! Larger view, click here. Sharpen your knives fast! Larger view, click here. \n. Care & Use of Silicone Baking Mats Our Non-Stick Silicone Baking Mats are designed for all types of ovens. From cookie baking to gourmet pastry preparation, nothing sticks to these silicone mats.", "silicone. Rating: Good. Categories: Silicones , Slip Agents , Emollients. Substance derived from silica (sand is a silica). The unique fluid properties of silicone give it a great deal of slip, and in its various forms it can feel like silk on skin, impart emollience, and be a water-binding agent that holds up well, even when skin becomes wet." ], [ "Today, silicon is produced by heating sand (SiO 2) with carbon to temperatures approaching 2200°C. Two allotropes of silicon exist at room temperature: amorphous and crystalline. Amorphous appears as a brown powder while crystalline silicon has a metallic luster and a grayish color.", "14 Si Silicon 28.0855. Atomic Number: 14. Atomic Weight: 28.0855. Melting Point: 1687 K (1414°C or 2577°F) Boiling Point: 3538 K (3265°C or 5909°F) Density: 2.3296 grams per cubic centimeter. Phase at Room Temperature: Solid. Element Classification: Semi-metal. Period Number: 3.", "Silica gel, a colloidal form of silicon dioxide, easily absorbs moisture and is used as a desiccant. Silicon forms other useful compounds. Silicon carbide (SiC) is nearly as hard as diamond and is used as an abrasive.", "Group Name: none. What's in a name? From the Latin word for flint, silex. Say what? Silicon is pronounced as SIL-ee-ken. History and Uses: Silicon was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, in 1824 by heating chips of potassium in a silica container and then carefully washing away the residual by-products.", "Silicon is also an important ingredient in silicone, a class of material that is used for such things as lubricants, polishing agents, electrical insulators and medical implants. Estimated Crustal Abundance: 2.82×10 5 milligrams per kilogram. Estimated Oceanic Abundance: 2.2 milligrams per liter.", "Single crystals of crystalline silicon can be grown with a process known as the Czochralski process. These crystals, when doped with elements such as boron, gallium, germanium, phosphorus or arsenic, are used in the manufacture of solid-state electronic devices, such as transistors, solar cells, rectifiers and microchips.", "Sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ), also known as water glass, is used in the production of soaps, adhesives and as an egg preservative. Silicon tetrachloride (SiCl 4) is used to create smoke screens.", "What Is Silicon Dioxide? Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is a chemical compound commonly used in food as an anti-caking agent or in cosmetics to prevent corrosion, according to the USDA. Silicon dioxide helps keep the powders free-flowing and moisture-free and is a common additive in foods like flour, baking powder, sugar and salt, according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "It is most widely distributed in space in cosmic dusts, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass), after oxygen.", "Silicon Dioxide: Beware You Might Be Taking It! If you take dietary supplements, chances are you are also taking Silicon Dioxide which is often contained within most supplements.", "Silicon Halides. Silicon reacts with halogens to form compounds of the form SiX 4, where X represents any common halogen. At room temperature, SiF 4 is a colorless gas, SiCl 4 is a colorless liquid, SiBr 4 is a colorless liquid, and SiI 4 forms colorless crystals. SiF 4 and SiCl 4 can be completely hydrolyzed, but SiBr 4 can be only partially hydrolyzed.", "silicon (Si) Silicon is a chemical element (its symbol in chemical formula expressions is \"Si\") that is present in sand and glass and which is the best known semiconductor material in electronic components. Its atomic number is 14. The most common isotope has atomic weight 28. In its pure state, silicon is a metal-like substance with an appearance and heft somewhat resembling aluminum.", "Edit. Edit source. History. Talk (0) Share. Silica is found and identified normally as Sand or Quartz, however it has the scientific name of Silicon Dioxide. Retrieved from \" https://geology.fandom.com/wiki/Silica?oldid=3722 \". Categories: Minerals.", "Forms. Food grade silicone can be found in various forms to make it more practical for the different uses and jobs it is capable of taking on. Found in a tube, food grade silicone often resembles cake icing and can be squeezed onto the objects to be molded.", "Raw Materials. Silicon metal is made from the reaction of silica (silicon dioxide, SiO2) and carbon materials like coke, coal and wood chips. Silica is typically received in the form of metallurgical grade gravel. This gravel is 99.5% silica, and is 3 x 1 or 6 x 1 in (8 x 3 cm or 15 x 3 cm) in size.", "Uses of Titanium. Titanium alloys are used in aircraft (including helicopters), armor plating, naval ships, spacecraft and missiles. Titanium alloys do not fatigue easily, are strong and are resistant to corrosion so they are perfect for use in the above items. Most titanium is converted to titanium oxide. This is the white pigment found in toothpaste, paint, paper and some plastics.", "silicone. Rating: Good. Categories: Silicones , Slip Agents , Emollients. Substance derived from silica (sand is a silica). The unique fluid properties of silicone give it a great deal of slip, and in its various forms it can feel like silk on skin, impart emollience, and be a water-binding agent that holds up well, even when skin becomes wet." ] ]
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[ "We work to build the capacity of child care in North Dakota and insure that children have the opportunity to play and learn in a safe and healthy environment. 120,371. children potentially needing care in North Dakota. 1,352.", "7 Answers. Yep. Wife: Betty Mabry Davis (singer, b. 1945, m. Sep-1968, div. 1969 after her affair with Jimi Hendrix) Wife: Cicely Tyson (m. 1981, married at Bill Cosby's house, div. 1988)", "McKenna Dunham (biological): born in 1997, 19 years old. Comedian and ventriloquist, Jeffrey Dunham was born on April 18, 1962, in Dallas, Texas. Beginning with his wildly popular DVD release, Spark of Insanity (2007), Dunham has been one of the world's top-grossing comedians.", "Ruth and Marlene operate the Jesse Owens Foundation, which aims to support deserving youth in search of their goals — a venture about which Owens would surely smile. *The broad jump is today known as the long jump. See also Important and Famous African Americans .", "Giuliana Rancic, 39, and her husband, Bill, 43, continue to face difficulties while trying to conceive another child. While trying again for a second child with the same surrogate who gave birth to their son, Duke, 1, they were successful — until the surrogate suffered a miscarriage just weeks before hitting her second trimester.", "The Australian actress kept a tight hold of her gorgeous one-year-old daughter Faith, checking on her constantly to see that she was alright. They've always got a smile! Nicole Kidman, Keith Urban and their daughters Sunday and Faith all looked in good spirits as they headed out of Sydney airport yesterday.", "Steve McQueen. ​. ​. ( m. 1973; div. 1978) ​. Children. Josh Evans. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.", "Larsa Pippen net worth expand when in 1997, Pippen of Syrian and Lebanese descent married NBA player Scottie Pippen. The couple has four children, three boys and a daughter. Larsa Pippen net worth continues to increase as she rose to fame when she starred in The Real Housewives of Miami.", "Marie and Michael's father, Brian, divorced in 2007. They have two biological children and adopted five others, including Michael. Marie also had a son with her first husband, Stephen Craig. Osmond was to perform with brother Donny last night in Las Vegas, but the show was canceled.", "A second daughter, Susanna, was born in 1768, followed by Charles in 1770, Thomas Boylston in 1772 and Elizabeth in 1777. John Adams outlived many of his own children, and only John Quincy went on to have a prosperous life." ]
[ [ "Support Programs & Tax Credits. Child Care Assistance. Understanding Early Care. Tips for Using Care. Create a Back-Up Plan. Concerns and Complaints. More Resources for Families. Start Child Care. Family License.", "Working to Raise the Quality and Availability of Child Care. Child Care Aware® of North Dakota is a training and information hub for child care providers and offers parents customized referrals to licensed child care options.", "News & Updates. Protect Yourself and the Children You Care For. Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. If soap and water are not available, use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands. Avoid close contact with people who are sick.", "Wife and Children. Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams and pursued a career in professional football, before following his dad's footsteps into acting.", "A second daughter, Susanna, was born in 1768, followed by Charles in 1770, Thomas Boylston in 1772 and Elizabeth in 1777. John Adams outlived many of his own children, and only John Quincy went on to have a prosperous life.", "Mini Bio (1) Candice Olson was born as Candice Kelly Olson. She is an actress, known for Candice Tells All (2011), Divine Design (1999) and Makeover Manor (2013). She is married to Jurij Sennecke. They have two children.", "He has continued to foster economic development in the developing world as a business consultant and as chairman of the Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund. Young had four children with his first wife, Jean Childs Young, who died of cancer in 1994. He married his second wife, Carolyn, in 1996.", "Marie and Michael's father, Brian, divorced in 2007. They have two biological children and adopted five others, including Michael. Marie also had a son with her first husband, Stephen Craig. Osmond was to perform with brother Donny last night in Las Vegas, but the show was canceled.", "Giuliana Rancic, 39, and her husband, Bill, 43, continue to face difficulties while trying to conceive another child. While trying again for a second child with the same surrogate who gave birth to their son, Duke, 1, they were successful — until the surrogate suffered a miscarriage just weeks before hitting her second trimester.", "Trump has five children, three sons and two daughters, ranging in age from 9 to 38: Donald Trump Jr., 39: Donald Jr. is the oldest of the five children. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and is an executive vice president in the Trump Organization.", "Donny Osmond has five sons with his wife Debra Glenn, who he married in 1978 at the age of 20. His sons are Donald Clark, Jr., Jeremy James, Brandon Michael, Christopher Glenn and Joshua Davis. Donny currently has four grandchildren, but his son Don Jr. revealed to Donny on an episode of The Talk that Donny will become a grandfather for the fifth time as Don Jr. is expecting his first child with his wife Jessica.", "Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton had eight children. Remarkably for the time, all but the eldest, Philip, lived well into adulthood. Philip died in a tragic duel in 1801, defending his father's honor. Alexander only gave his son one bit of advice for the duel, that being to fire into the air.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Larsa Pippen net worth expand when in 1997, Pippen of Syrian and Lebanese descent married NBA player Scottie Pippen. The couple has four children, three boys and a daughter. Larsa Pippen net worth continues to increase as she rose to fame when she starred in The Real Housewives of Miami.", "Print. The percentages were good that there would be another George Foreman in the boxing ring. That’s because the original begat five more. Seven, if you count two daughters. George Foreman, former heavyweight champion and, at 45, the oldest man ever to win the title, has 10 children, five boys and five girls.", "Steve McQueen. ​. ​. ( m. 1973; div. 1978) ​. Children. Josh Evans. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.", "McKenna Dunham (biological): born in 1997, 19 years old. Comedian and ventriloquist, Jeffrey Dunham was born on April 18, 1962, in Dallas, Texas. Beginning with his wildly popular DVD release, Spark of Insanity (2007), Dunham has been one of the world's top-grossing comedians.", "Ruth and Marlene operate the Jesse Owens Foundation, which aims to support deserving youth in search of their goals — a venture about which Owens would surely smile. *The broad jump is today known as the long jump. See also Important and Famous African Americans .", "7 Answers. Yep. Wife: Betty Mabry Davis (singer, b. 1945, m. Sep-1968, div. 1969 after her affair with Jimi Hendrix) Wife: Cicely Tyson (m. 1981, married at Bill Cosby's house, div. 1988)" ], [ "Steve McQueen. ​. ​. ( m. 1973; div. 1978) ​. Children. Josh Evans. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.", "Donny Osmond has five sons with his wife Debra Glenn, who he married in 1978 at the age of 20. His sons are Donald Clark, Jr., Jeremy James, Brandon Michael, Christopher Glenn and Joshua Davis. Donny currently has four grandchildren, but his son Don Jr. revealed to Donny on an episode of The Talk that Donny will become a grandfather for the fifth time as Don Jr. is expecting his first child with his wife Jessica.", "He has continued to foster economic development in the developing world as a business consultant and as chairman of the Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund. Young had four children with his first wife, Jean Childs Young, who died of cancer in 1994. He married his second wife, Carolyn, in 1996.", "Wife and Children. Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams and pursued a career in professional football, before following his dad's footsteps into acting.", "Giuliana Rancic, 39, and her husband, Bill, 43, continue to face difficulties while trying to conceive another child. While trying again for a second child with the same surrogate who gave birth to their son, Duke, 1, they were successful — until the surrogate suffered a miscarriage just weeks before hitting her second trimester.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's 6 Kids Model in Vogue: See the Stunning Photos of Shiloh Jolie-Pitt and Her Siblings. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's 6 Kids Model in. Vogue. : See the Stunning Photos of Shiloh Jolie-Pitt and Her Siblings.", "The Australian actress kept a tight hold of her gorgeous one-year-old daughter Faith, checking on her constantly to see that she was alright. They've always got a smile! Nicole Kidman, Keith Urban and their daughters Sunday and Faith all looked in good spirits as they headed out of Sydney airport yesterday.", "Mini Bio (1) Candice Olson was born as Candice Kelly Olson. She is an actress, known for Candice Tells All (2011), Divine Design (1999) and Makeover Manor (2013). She is married to Jurij Sennecke. They have two children.", "Marie and Michael's father, Brian, divorced in 2007. They have two biological children and adopted five others, including Michael. Marie also had a son with her first husband, Stephen Craig. Osmond was to perform with brother Donny last night in Las Vegas, but the show was canceled.", "Larsa Pippen net worth expand when in 1997, Pippen of Syrian and Lebanese descent married NBA player Scottie Pippen. The couple has four children, three boys and a daughter. Larsa Pippen net worth continues to increase as she rose to fame when she starred in The Real Housewives of Miami.", "Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton had eight children. Remarkably for the time, all but the eldest, Philip, lived well into adulthood. Philip died in a tragic duel in 1801, defending his father's honor. Alexander only gave his son one bit of advice for the duel, that being to fire into the air.", "Print. The percentages were good that there would be another George Foreman in the boxing ring. That’s because the original begat five more. Seven, if you count two daughters. George Foreman, former heavyweight champion and, at 45, the oldest man ever to win the title, has 10 children, five boys and five girls.", "McKenna Dunham (biological): born in 1997, 19 years old. Comedian and ventriloquist, Jeffrey Dunham was born on April 18, 1962, in Dallas, Texas. Beginning with his wildly popular DVD release, Spark of Insanity (2007), Dunham has been one of the world's top-grossing comedians.", "Ruth and Marlene operate the Jesse Owens Foundation, which aims to support deserving youth in search of their goals — a venture about which Owens would surely smile. *The broad jump is today known as the long jump. See also Important and Famous African Americans .", "A second daughter, Susanna, was born in 1768, followed by Charles in 1770, Thomas Boylston in 1772 and Elizabeth in 1777. John Adams outlived many of his own children, and only John Quincy went on to have a prosperous life.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 12:26:22 PM ET. WIN-Initiative/WIN-Initiative/Getty Images. Benjamin Franklin had two sons and one daughter. His sons were William Franklin and Francis Folger Franklin, and his daughter was Sarah Franklin Bache.", "Trump has five children, three sons and two daughters, ranging in age from 9 to 38: Donald Trump Jr., 39: Donald Jr. is the oldest of the five children. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and is an executive vice president in the Trump Organization.", "We work to build the capacity of child care in North Dakota and insure that children have the opportunity to play and learn in a safe and healthy environment. 120,371. children potentially needing care in North Dakota. 1,352." ], [ "His characters -- popular and controversial at the same time -- have inspired praise from his fans, and sharp rebukes from his critics. Tip! View Jeff Dunham’s upcoming tour at Jeffdunham.com. Find the latest news on Jeff Dunham on Twitter @jeffdunham or visit his Facebook page.", "kgb answers » Arts & Entertainment » TV » How old are Jeff Dunham's (the ventrilaquist) 3 daughters? Jeff Dunham has 3 daughters namely: Kenna, Bree and Ashlyn via kwout.", "The Australian actress kept a tight hold of her gorgeous one-year-old daughter Faith, checking on her constantly to see that she was alright. They've always got a smile! Nicole Kidman, Keith Urban and their daughters Sunday and Faith all looked in good spirits as they headed out of Sydney airport yesterday.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "He has continued to foster economic development in the developing world as a business consultant and as chairman of the Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund. Young had four children with his first wife, Jean Childs Young, who died of cancer in 1994. He married his second wife, Carolyn, in 1996.", "Marie and Michael's father, Brian, divorced in 2007. They have two biological children and adopted five others, including Michael. Marie also had a son with her first husband, Stephen Craig. Osmond was to perform with brother Donny last night in Las Vegas, but the show was canceled.", "A second daughter, Susanna, was born in 1768, followed by Charles in 1770, Thomas Boylston in 1772 and Elizabeth in 1777. John Adams outlived many of his own children, and only John Quincy went on to have a prosperous life.", "Steve McQueen. ​. ​. ( m. 1973; div. 1978) ​. Children. Josh Evans. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.", "Larsa Pippen net worth expand when in 1997, Pippen of Syrian and Lebanese descent married NBA player Scottie Pippen. The couple has four children, three boys and a daughter. Larsa Pippen net worth continues to increase as she rose to fame when she starred in The Real Housewives of Miami.", "Donny Osmond has five sons with his wife Debra Glenn, who he married in 1978 at the age of 20. His sons are Donald Clark, Jr., Jeremy James, Brandon Michael, Christopher Glenn and Joshua Davis. Donny currently has four grandchildren, but his son Don Jr. revealed to Donny on an episode of The Talk that Donny will become a grandfather for the fifth time as Don Jr. is expecting his first child with his wife Jessica.", "Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton had eight children. Remarkably for the time, all but the eldest, Philip, lived well into adulthood. Philip died in a tragic duel in 1801, defending his father's honor. Alexander only gave his son one bit of advice for the duel, that being to fire into the air.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 12:26:22 PM ET. WIN-Initiative/WIN-Initiative/Getty Images. Benjamin Franklin had two sons and one daughter. His sons were William Franklin and Francis Folger Franklin, and his daughter was Sarah Franklin Bache.", "Mini Bio (1) Candice Olson was born as Candice Kelly Olson. She is an actress, known for Candice Tells All (2011), Divine Design (1999) and Makeover Manor (2013). She is married to Jurij Sennecke. They have two children.", "Trump has five children, three sons and two daughters, ranging in age from 9 to 38: Donald Trump Jr., 39: Donald Jr. is the oldest of the five children. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and is an executive vice president in the Trump Organization.", "Print. The percentages were good that there would be another George Foreman in the boxing ring. That’s because the original begat five more. Seven, if you count two daughters. George Foreman, former heavyweight champion and, at 45, the oldest man ever to win the title, has 10 children, five boys and five girls.", "Wife and Children. Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams and pursued a career in professional football, before following his dad's footsteps into acting.", "Giuliana Rancic, 39, and her husband, Bill, 43, continue to face difficulties while trying to conceive another child. While trying again for a second child with the same surrogate who gave birth to their son, Duke, 1, they were successful — until the surrogate suffered a miscarriage just weeks before hitting her second trimester.", "7 Answers. Yep. Wife: Betty Mabry Davis (singer, b. 1945, m. Sep-1968, div. 1969 after her affair with Jimi Hendrix) Wife: Cicely Tyson (m. 1981, married at Bill Cosby's house, div. 1988)", "Ruth and Marlene operate the Jesse Owens Foundation, which aims to support deserving youth in search of their goals — a venture about which Owens would surely smile. *The broad jump is today known as the long jump. See also Important and Famous African Americans ." ], [ "Throughout his life, Owens attributed the success of his athletic career to the encouragement of Charles Riley, his junior high track coach at Fairmount Junior High School. Since Owens worked in a shoe repair shop after school, Riley allowed him to practice before school instead.", "Childhood. James Cleveland Owens was the youngest of ten children, three girls and seven boys, born to Henry Cleveland Owens and Mary Emma Fitzgerald in Oakville, Alabama on September 12, 1913.", "Owens criss-crossed the country, speaking of the importance of hard work, loyalty, and religion, for such entities as the Ford Motor Company and the United States Olympic Committee. He also involved himself and his firm in working with underprivileged kids and their sports programs.", "Owens helped promote the exploitation film Mom and Dad in black neighborhoods. He tried to make a living as a sports promoter, essentially an entertainer. He would give local sprinters a ten- or twenty-yard start and beat them in the 100-yd (91-m) dash.", "Owens, and other African-American athletes traveling with the team, encountered such discriminatory acts as being forced to stay in \"blacks-only\" hotels and eat at \"blacks-only\" restaurants. Those \"whites-only\" motels that let black athletes stay there, had to use the back door and use the stairs instead of the elevator.", "On the other hand, Hitler sent Owens a commemorative inscribed cabinet photograph of himself. Jesse Owens was never invited to the White House nor were honors bestowed upon him by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) or his successor Harry S. Truman during their terms.", "J.C., as he was called, was nine years old when the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio for better opportunities, as part of the Great Migration, when 1.5 million African Americans left the segregated South.", "As a result of his prowess, Owens was heavily recruited. He chose to stay \"close to home,\" attending Ohio State University in Columbus, albeit without a scholarship. The color barrier Owens faced the stark reality of being a black athlete in 1933 — a time when the nation was grappling with the segregation \"problem.\".", "Owens traveled the world and spoke to companies such as the Ford Motor Companyand stakeholders such as the United States Olympic Committee. After he retired, he owned racehorses. Owens refused to support the black power salute by African-American sprinters Tommie Smith and John Carlos at the 1968 Summer Olympics.", "There’s where the power lies. Four years later in his 1972 book I Have Changed, he moderated his opinion: I realised now that militancy in the best sense of the word was the only answer where the black man was concerned, that any black man who wasn’t a militant in 1970 was either blind or a coward.", "Hitler opted for the latter and skipped all further medal presentations. On reports that Hitler had deliberately avoided acknowledging his victories, and had refused to shake his hand, Owens said at the time: “Hitler had a certain time to come to the stadium and a certain time to leave”.", "In August 2009, the Daily Telegraph found a German sports reporter, Siegfried Mischner then aged 83, who claimed that Owens had shown him a photograph of Hitler shaking his hand after the 100 meters event, behind the stadium’s honor stand. There is no independent confirmation of this.", "By winning his four events, Owens, at the age of 21, tied the world 100-meter dash record at 10.3 seconds, set Olympic records for the 200-meter dash (20.7 seconds) and the broad jump* (26' 5 1/4\"), and ran the first leg for the Olympic and world record-setting 400 meter relay team (39.8 seconds).", "From the air, fast down, and from the ground, fast up.”. After the games had finished, the Olympic team and Owens were all invited to compete in Sweden. He decided to capitalize on his success by returning to the United States to take up some of the more lucrative commercial offers.", "Owens had a little trick when he raced against horses: He would have the starter get as near the horse's ear as he dared. After firing the pistol, the horse usually reared slightly, giving a nice head start to Owens, who usually won the race.", "Just before the competitions, Owens was visited in the Olympic village by Adi Dassler, the founder of the Adidas athletic shoe company. He persuaded Owens to use Adidas shoes, the first sponsorship for a male African-American athlete.", "When his new teacher asked his name (to enter in her roll book), he said “J.C.”, but because of his strong Southern accent, she thought he said “Jesse”. The name took, and he was known as Jesse Owens for the rest of his life.", "It led other world-renowned efforts by Nadia Comaneci, seven perfect 10s in gymnastics at the Summer Olympics of 1976 (number 4); Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak in 1941 (5); and Babe Ruth 's 60-home-run season in 1927 (10).", "He was quoted at one time, \"I always loved running — it was something you could do by yourself and under your own power. You could go in any direction, fast or slow as you wanted, fighting the wind if you felt like it, seeking out new sights just on the strength of your feet and the courage of your lungs.\".", "Owens did not receive a scholarship for his efforts, so he continued to work part-time jobs to pay for school. Owens’s greatest achievement came in a span of 45 minutes on May 25, 1935, during the Big Ten meet at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he set three world records and tied a fourth.", "Because things had not worked out financially for his family, Jesse went to work after school, taking such jobs as grocery delivery person, freight car loader, and shoe shop apprentice. As he grew, Owens had an affinity for running.", "At the age of eight, his parents, Henry and Emma, decided to move to Cleveland, Ohio, in hopes of bettering their financial future. J.C., as his family called him, enrolled in a public elementary school. When asked his name by his teacher, she heard \"Jesse\" instead of J.C., and the name stuck.", "However, in classic Olympic fashion, Owens became known not only for his athletic triumphs, but for his epic embrace with Aryan German competitor Luz Long and for the social barriers he broke down in the face of Hitler’s Nazi regime.", "Jesse Owens. Jesse Owens is best remebered by sports aficionados as the man who upset Adolf Hitler 's Aryan Nation apple cart by not only winning four track and field gold medals (the first individual to do so), but setting or tying world or Olympic records in the process. Owens' Herculean feat occurred during the 1936 Berlin Olympics — Hitler's supposed showcase for his \"Aryan racial superiority.\".", "Owens first came to national attention when he was a student of East Technical High School in Cleveland; he equalled the world record of 9.4 seconds in the 100-yard (91 m) dash and long-jumped 24 feet 9 1⁄2 inches (7.56 metres) at the 1933 National High School Championship inChicago.", "As a boy and youth, Owens took different jobs in his spare time: he delivered groceries, loaded freight cars and worked in a shoe repair shop while his father and older brother worked at a steel mill. During this period, Owens realized that he had a passion for running.", "United States athletic officials were furious and withdrew his amateur status, ending his career immediately. Owens was angry, saying, “A fellow desires something for himself.”. Prohibited from amateur sporting appearances to bolster his profile, Owens found the commercial offers all but disappeared.", "What most people do not know about Jesse Owens' track career is that he realized an even more impressive achievement. A year earlier, in May 1935, during the Big Ten Conference Championships in Ann Arbor, Michigan, Owens tied the world record in the 100-yard dash at 9.4 seconds and broke the world records for the broad jump*, 220-yard dash, and the 200-yard low hurdles.", "Because he was black, Owens was not offered any endorsement deals from major corporations. Instead, he became a \"runner-for-hire,\" entertaining crowds by racing against horses, motorcycles, and some of the Major Leagues' fastest players, giving them a 10-yard head start before beating them in the race.", "He and other government officials had high hopes that German athletes would dominate the games with victories (the German athletes achieved a “top of the table” medal haul). Meanwhile, Nazi propaganda promoted concepts of “Aryan racial superiority” and depictedethnic Africans as inferior.", "He waved at me and I waved back. I think it was ‘bad taste’ to criticize the man of the hour in another country”. Away from the public eye, Hitler expressed his true feelings and disgust at Owens. Albert Speer, Hitler’s architect and later war armaments minister, later recollected:", "Owens attended Ohio State University after employment was found for his father, ensuring the family could be supported. Affectionately known as the “Buckeye bullet,” Owens won a record eight individual NCAA championships, four each in 1935 and 1936.", "Though Owens enjoyed athletic success, he had to live off campus with other African-American athletes. When he traveled with the team, Owens was restricted to ordering carry-out or eating at “black-only” restaurants. Similarly, he had to stay at “blacks-only” hotels.", "After a New York City ticker-tape parade of Fifth Avenue in his honor, Owens had to ride the freight elevator at the Waldorf-Astoria to reach the reception honoring him. Owens said, “Hitler didn’t snub me – it was FDR who snubbed me. The president didn’t even send me a telegram.”.", "Coach Charlie Riley, witnessing the potential Owens displayed, invited him to train with the track team. Owing to his after-school duties, Owens asked to train in the morning, which was readily accepted by Coach Riley.", "With the rise of fascism in America today as Donald Trump is sworn in as US President . We celebrate a true American Hero, Jesse Owens who In 1936 amazed the world by breaking Olympic records and winning four gold medals in Berlin, the capital of Hitler's Nazi regime. The most famous athlete of his time, his stunning triumph at the 1936 Olympic Games captivated the world even as it infuriated the Nazis.", "Steve McQueen. ​. ​. ( m. 1973; div. 1978) ​. Children. Josh Evans. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama." ], [ "We were devastated,” Bill told People on June 1. “She was about nine weeks pregnant. We were pretty close to getting into the safe zone.”. How sad. Bill also said that they obviously do not blame Delphine for the miscarriage, and they are hoping to try again soon when the time is right. “Delphine is amazing.", "Giuliana & Bill Rancic’s Surrogate Suffered Heartbreaking Miscarriage. Giuliana and Bill have not had it easy while trying to become parents. After facing multiple failed IVF treatments and being diagnosed with breast cancer, Giuliana and Bill finally turned to a surrogate, Delphine.", "It was Delphine who carried and gave birth to their first son, Duke, in August 2012. Sadly, she did not have much luck while carrying their second child as she miscarried during the first trimester at just nine weeks. “Unfortunately our surrogate Delphine who we love very much had a miscarriage. It’s something that we didn’t see coming.", "Giuliana & Bill Rancic’s Miscarriage: Second Child by Pregnant Surrogate – Hollywood Life. Entertainment. Sex & Relationships. comment. 6 Comments. June 2, 2014 10:11AM EDT.", "Hopefully we’re going to have good news and Delphine will be on board one more time. We’ve had to battle it out and that’s something that we’re going to continue to do.”. It sure sounds like Giuliana and Bill are a very strong couple, and we truly hope they are successful in trying again for a second child.", "Lauren Cox. Just when Giuliana and Bill Rancic thought they would welcome a second child until tragedy struck. Their beloved surrogate suffered a miscarriage during her first trimester while carrying the couple’s baby. So sad.", "He has continued to foster economic development in the developing world as a business consultant and as chairman of the Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund. Young had four children with his first wife, Jean Childs Young, who died of cancer in 1994. He married his second wife, Carolyn, in 1996.", "Marie and Michael's father, Brian, divorced in 2007. They have two biological children and adopted five others, including Michael. Marie also had a son with her first husband, Stephen Craig. Osmond was to perform with brother Donny last night in Las Vegas, but the show was canceled.", "Donny Osmond has five sons with his wife Debra Glenn, who he married in 1978 at the age of 20. His sons are Donald Clark, Jr., Jeremy James, Brandon Michael, Christopher Glenn and Joshua Davis. Donny currently has four grandchildren, but his son Don Jr. revealed to Donny on an episode of The Talk that Donny will become a grandfather for the fifth time as Don Jr. is expecting his first child with his wife Jessica.", "7 Answers. Yep. Wife: Betty Mabry Davis (singer, b. 1945, m. Sep-1968, div. 1969 after her affair with Jimi Hendrix) Wife: Cicely Tyson (m. 1981, married at Bill Cosby's house, div. 1988)", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Print. The percentages were good that there would be another George Foreman in the boxing ring. That’s because the original begat five more. Seven, if you count two daughters. George Foreman, former heavyweight champion and, at 45, the oldest man ever to win the title, has 10 children, five boys and five girls.", "Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's 6 Kids Model in Vogue: See the Stunning Photos of Shiloh Jolie-Pitt and Her Siblings. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's 6 Kids Model in. Vogue. : See the Stunning Photos of Shiloh Jolie-Pitt and Her Siblings.", "We work to build the capacity of child care in North Dakota and insure that children have the opportunity to play and learn in a safe and healthy environment. 120,371. children potentially needing care in North Dakota. 1,352.", "The Australian actress kept a tight hold of her gorgeous one-year-old daughter Faith, checking on her constantly to see that she was alright. They've always got a smile! Nicole Kidman, Keith Urban and their daughters Sunday and Faith all looked in good spirits as they headed out of Sydney airport yesterday.", "Wife and Children. Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams and pursued a career in professional football, before following his dad's footsteps into acting.", "Trump has five children, three sons and two daughters, ranging in age from 9 to 38: Donald Trump Jr., 39: Donald Jr. is the oldest of the five children. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and is an executive vice president in the Trump Organization.", "A second daughter, Susanna, was born in 1768, followed by Charles in 1770, Thomas Boylston in 1772 and Elizabeth in 1777. John Adams outlived many of his own children, and only John Quincy went on to have a prosperous life.", "Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton had eight children. Remarkably for the time, all but the eldest, Philip, lived well into adulthood. Philip died in a tragic duel in 1801, defending his father's honor. Alexander only gave his son one bit of advice for the duel, that being to fire into the air." ], [ "By Kimberley Dadds. Published: 05:04 EDT, 22 June 2012 | Updated: 17:15 EDT, 23 June 2012. They might have had a long flight ahead of them, but nothing could have dampened Nicole Kidman and her family's good moods yesterday.", "Kidman herself kept her outfit casual in grey skinny jeans, a stripy top, tailored jacket and scarf. Jetting away: Keith and Nicole have been in their native Australia as Urban judges on the Down Under version of The Voice.", "The Moulin Rouge star smiled as she took hold of the youngster, who she'd dressed in a blue frock and cardigan. Meanwhile, Keith carried Sunday, who is set to turn four next month, who wore a cute floral dress and a light yellow cardigan.", "And even little Sunday managed a smile as the family made their way through the airport to catch their flight. Picture perfect family: Nicole held on to the pair's one-year-old daughter Faith while Keith carried Sunday, who turns four next month.", "Holding on tight: The family were making their way through Sydney airport, just two days after Nicole Kidman's 45th birthday. Kidman and Urban have been based in their native Australia recently as Keith continues filming as a judge on the Down Under version of The Voice.", "Steve McQueen. ​. ​. ( m. 1973; div. 1978) ​. Children. Josh Evans. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.", "Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's 6 Kids Model in Vogue: See the Stunning Photos of Shiloh Jolie-Pitt and Her Siblings. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt's 6 Kids Model in. Vogue. : See the Stunning Photos of Shiloh Jolie-Pitt and Her Siblings.", "Mini Bio (1) Candice Olson was born as Candice Kelly Olson. She is an actress, known for Candice Tells All (2011), Divine Design (1999) and Makeover Manor (2013). She is married to Jurij Sennecke. They have two children.", "McKenna Dunham (biological): born in 1997, 19 years old. Comedian and ventriloquist, Jeffrey Dunham was born on April 18, 1962, in Dallas, Texas. Beginning with his wildly popular DVD release, Spark of Insanity (2007), Dunham has been one of the world's top-grossing comedians.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 12:26:22 PM ET. WIN-Initiative/WIN-Initiative/Getty Images. Benjamin Franklin had two sons and one daughter. His sons were William Franklin and Francis Folger Franklin, and his daughter was Sarah Franklin Bache.", "Larsa Pippen net worth expand when in 1997, Pippen of Syrian and Lebanese descent married NBA player Scottie Pippen. The couple has four children, three boys and a daughter. Larsa Pippen net worth continues to increase as she rose to fame when she starred in The Real Housewives of Miami.", "Print. The percentages were good that there would be another George Foreman in the boxing ring. That’s because the original begat five more. Seven, if you count two daughters. George Foreman, former heavyweight champion and, at 45, the oldest man ever to win the title, has 10 children, five boys and five girls.", "Ruth and Marlene operate the Jesse Owens Foundation, which aims to support deserving youth in search of their goals — a venture about which Owens would surely smile. *The broad jump is today known as the long jump. See also Important and Famous African Americans .", "Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton had eight children. Remarkably for the time, all but the eldest, Philip, lived well into adulthood. Philip died in a tragic duel in 1801, defending his father's honor. Alexander only gave his son one bit of advice for the duel, that being to fire into the air.", "Giuliana Rancic, 39, and her husband, Bill, 43, continue to face difficulties while trying to conceive another child. While trying again for a second child with the same surrogate who gave birth to their son, Duke, 1, they were successful — until the surrogate suffered a miscarriage just weeks before hitting her second trimester.", "A second daughter, Susanna, was born in 1768, followed by Charles in 1770, Thomas Boylston in 1772 and Elizabeth in 1777. John Adams outlived many of his own children, and only John Quincy went on to have a prosperous life.", "7 Answers. Yep. Wife: Betty Mabry Davis (singer, b. 1945, m. Sep-1968, div. 1969 after her affair with Jimi Hendrix) Wife: Cicely Tyson (m. 1981, married at Bill Cosby's house, div. 1988)", "Trump has five children, three sons and two daughters, ranging in age from 9 to 38: Donald Trump Jr., 39: Donald Jr. is the oldest of the five children. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and is an executive vice president in the Trump Organization.", "Marie and Michael's father, Brian, divorced in 2007. They have two biological children and adopted five others, including Michael. Marie also had a son with her first husband, Stephen Craig. Osmond was to perform with brother Donny last night in Las Vegas, but the show was canceled.", "Wife and Children. Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams and pursued a career in professional football, before following his dad's footsteps into acting." ], [ "In 1985, MacGraw joined hit ABC prime-time soap opera Dynasty as Lady Ashley Mitchell, which, she admitted in a 2011 interview, she did for the money. She appeared in 14 episodes of the show before her character was killed off in the \" Moldavian Massacre \" cliffhanger episode in 1985.", "She went on to star in the popular action films The Getaway (1972) and Convoy (1978) as well as the romantic sports drama Players (1979), the comedy Just Tell Me What You Want (1980), and the historical novel-based television miniseries The Winds of War (1983). In 1991, she published an autobiography, Moving Pictures .", "In 1972, after appearing in just three films, she had her footprints and autograph engraved at Grauman's Chinese Theatre. She then starred opposite Steve McQueen in The Getaway (1972), which was one of the year's top ten films at the box office.", "She dated Warren Beatty, Rick Danko, Bill Hudson, Ronald Meyer, Rod Stryker, Fran Tarkenton, Peter Weller, Henry Wolf and Mickey Raphael. MacGraw's autobiography, Moving Pictures, revealed her struggles with alcohol and sex addiction. She was treated for the former at the Betty Ford Center .", "They divorced in 1972 after she became involved in a public affair with Steve McQueen on the set of The Getaway. She married McQueen on July 13, 1973, in Cheyenne, Wyoming, and divorced him in 1978. In the 40-plus years since her last divorce, MacGraw has not remarried.", "After Evans's 2019 death, MacGraw told The Hollywood Reporter, \"Our son, Joshua, and I will miss Bob tremendously, and we are so very proud of his enormous contribution to the film Industry.\". During the last four decades of his life, MacGraw had been a good friend to him, Evans told Vanity Fair in 2010.", "September 13, 2016), a Harvard -educated banker, after dating for five years, but they divorced after a year and a half. On October 24, 1969, MacGraw married film producer Robert Evans (d. October 26, 2019); their son, Josh Evans, is an actor, director, producer and screenwriter.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. American actress. Ali MacGraw. MacGraw in The Getaway, 1972. Born. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw. ( 1939-04-01) April 1, 1939 (age 82) Pound Ridge, New York, U.S.", "Her mother was considered a \"pioneer\" as an artist, who had taught in Paris before settling in Greenwich Village. Her parents married when her mother was nearing 40: \"My gorgeous father: a combination of Tyrone Power and a mystery, a brilliant artist and a brain beyond brains.\".", "Stage. MacGraw made her Broadway theatre debut in New York City in 2006 as a dysfunctional matriarch in the drama Festen ( The Celebration ). In 2016, MacGraw reunited with Ryan O'Neal in a staging of A.R. Gurney 's play Love Letters, which toured the US and UK through 2017.", "MacGraw has acknowledged having had an abortion in her early 20s, at a time when the procedure was illegal. In 1979, MacGraw's mother, who was 38 when she had her, revealed that she had an abortion of her own in the early 1920s. After college, MacGraw married Robin Hoen (d.", "MacGraw gained attention in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), but real stardom came when she starred opposite Ryan O'Neal in Love Story (1970), one of the highest-grossing films in U.S. history. MacGraw was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for that performance. Following Love Story, MacGraw was celebrated on the cover of Time magazine.", "MacGraw was originally intended to make a cameo as herself in the Breaking Bad episode \" Grey Matter \" as a guest at character Elliott Schwartz's birthday, set in Santa Fe, but her appearance did not make the final cut of the episode.", "Film and television. MacGraw in The Getaway, 1972. MacGraw began her acting career in television commercials, including one for the Polaroid Swinger camera. In one commercial for International Paper, she was on a beach in a bikini made of Confil and went for a swim underwater to prove its strength and durability.", "Early life. MacGraw was born in Pound Ridge, New York, the daughter of commercial artists Frances ( née Klein; 1901–1980) and Richard MacGraw. She has one brother, Dick, an artist. Her mother was Jewish, the daughter of emigrants from Budapest, Hungary. MacGraw's mother chose not to disclose her ancestry to her father, instead professing ignorance about it.", "Early career. Beginning in 1960, MacGraw spent six years working at Harper's Bazaar magazine as a photographic assistant to fashion maven Diana Vreeland. She worked at Vogue magazine as a fashion model, and as a photographer's stylist. She has also worked as an interior decorator.", "In 1972, MacGraw was voted the top female box office star in the world and was honored with a hands and footprints ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre after having been in just three films.", "In 2008, she wrote the foreword to the book Pawprints of Katrina by author Cathy Scott and photography by Clay Myers about Best Friends Animal Society and the largest pet rescue in U.S. history. MacGraw is also a U.S. Ambassador for animal welfare charity Animals Asia.", "MacGraw adds, \"Daddy was frightened and really, really angry. He never forgave his real parents for giving him up.\". As an adult, he constantly suppressed the rage he built up against his parents. She described her father as \"violent\".", "Magazine recognition. In 1991, People magazine selected MacGraw as one of its \"50 Most Beautiful People\" in the World. In 2008 GQ magazine listed her in their \"Sexiest 25 Women in Film Ever\" edition.", "Mini Bio (1) Candice Olson was born as Candice Kelly Olson. She is an actress, known for Candice Tells All (2011), Divine Design (1999) and Makeover Manor (2013). She is married to Jurij Sennecke. They have two children." ], [ "Larsa Pippen Net Worth. Larsa Pippen net worth is estimated to be in the region of $14 million. Pippen, former model was cast member of the American reality television series The Real Housewives of Miami. Larsa Pippen net worth was built from her hard works as a former model.", "Larsa Pippen net worth took no break as she made several appearances on Kourtney and Kim Take Miami, as Kim Kardashian's close friend after The Real Housewives of Miami.", "Larsa Pippen Net Worth - biography, quotes, wiki, assets, cars, homes and more. Larsa Pippen | $ 14 Million. 0 0 0.", "It was announced that Larsa and Scottie is set to star in their own reality series on WE tv, titled Big Pippen, another plus to Larsa Pippen net worth. \"I have the means to spoil my kids with whatever they want, but I choose not to because they have to understand the value of hard work. \".", "Mini Bio (1) Candice Olson was born as Candice Kelly Olson. She is an actress, known for Candice Tells All (2011), Divine Design (1999) and Makeover Manor (2013). She is married to Jurij Sennecke. They have two children.", "He has continued to foster economic development in the developing world as a business consultant and as chairman of the Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund. Young had four children with his first wife, Jean Childs Young, who died of cancer in 1994. He married his second wife, Carolyn, in 1996.", "Steve McQueen. ​. ​. ( m. 1973; div. 1978) ​. Children. Josh Evans. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.", "Trump has five children, three sons and two daughters, ranging in age from 9 to 38: Donald Trump Jr., 39: Donald Jr. is the oldest of the five children. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and is an executive vice president in the Trump Organization.", "Print. The percentages were good that there would be another George Foreman in the boxing ring. That’s because the original begat five more. Seven, if you count two daughters. George Foreman, former heavyweight champion and, at 45, the oldest man ever to win the title, has 10 children, five boys and five girls.", "The Australian actress kept a tight hold of her gorgeous one-year-old daughter Faith, checking on her constantly to see that she was alright. They've always got a smile! Nicole Kidman, Keith Urban and their daughters Sunday and Faith all looked in good spirits as they headed out of Sydney airport yesterday.", "Donny Osmond has five sons with his wife Debra Glenn, who he married in 1978 at the age of 20. His sons are Donald Clark, Jr., Jeremy James, Brandon Michael, Christopher Glenn and Joshua Davis. Donny currently has four grandchildren, but his son Don Jr. revealed to Donny on an episode of The Talk that Donny will become a grandfather for the fifth time as Don Jr. is expecting his first child with his wife Jessica.", "Wife and Children. Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams and pursued a career in professional football, before following his dad's footsteps into acting.", "McKenna Dunham (biological): born in 1997, 19 years old. Comedian and ventriloquist, Jeffrey Dunham was born on April 18, 1962, in Dallas, Texas. Beginning with his wildly popular DVD release, Spark of Insanity (2007), Dunham has been one of the world's top-grossing comedians.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "A second daughter, Susanna, was born in 1768, followed by Charles in 1770, Thomas Boylston in 1772 and Elizabeth in 1777. John Adams outlived many of his own children, and only John Quincy went on to have a prosperous life.", "Giuliana Rancic, 39, and her husband, Bill, 43, continue to face difficulties while trying to conceive another child. While trying again for a second child with the same surrogate who gave birth to their son, Duke, 1, they were successful — until the surrogate suffered a miscarriage just weeks before hitting her second trimester.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 12:26:22 PM ET. WIN-Initiative/WIN-Initiative/Getty Images. Benjamin Franklin had two sons and one daughter. His sons were William Franklin and Francis Folger Franklin, and his daughter was Sarah Franklin Bache.", "7 Answers. Yep. Wife: Betty Mabry Davis (singer, b. 1945, m. Sep-1968, div. 1969 after her affair with Jimi Hendrix) Wife: Cicely Tyson (m. 1981, married at Bill Cosby's house, div. 1988)", "We work to build the capacity of child care in North Dakota and insure that children have the opportunity to play and learn in a safe and healthy environment. 120,371. children potentially needing care in North Dakota. 1,352." ], [ "By MEREDITH KOLODNER. DAILY NEWS STAFF WRITER |. Feb 28, 2010 at 10:33 AM. Marie Osmond and her sons Stephen, Michael (in front), and Brandon in 1999. Son Michael Blosil, 18, committed suicide Friday by jumping to his death. (Smeal/WireImage) Before Marie Osmond 's 18-year-old son leaped to his death, he texted a friend to tell her there was a note waiting for her in his apartment, TMZ.com reports.", "Michael Blosil and the unidentified woman were supposed to get together Friday night, sources told TMZ, and she received his text shortly before 9 p.m. Advertisement. The woman, who lives in Blosil's Los Angeles apartment building, then walked over to his flat. His roommates let her in.", "Blosil's roommates were unaware of what was going on, but they became alarmed after the woman read the note. They then heard sirens and saw emergency vehicles on the street below and realized what had happened. A 911 call about Blosil's death jump from his apartment building was made at 9:26 p.m., RadarOnline.com reported.", "Platinum-selling hip-hop legend DMX’s estate worth less than $1 million, Westchester court papers show. Osmond said her family is overwhelmed with grief by the \"tragic loss\" of her son, according to a statement released by her publicist.", "An autopsy may be performed as early as Sunday, according to TV's \" Entertainment Tonight .\". Most Read. San Jose mass shooter set pot full of ammo to boil on kitchen stove in house where 22,000 rounds recovered, sheriff says.", "The note said that the woman was his only close friend in L.A. and that he was depressed. Advertisement. While the note did not mention suicide specifically, it did list things he would be doing for the last time, the Web site said.", "Donny Osmond has five sons with his wife Debra Glenn, who he married in 1978 at the age of 20. His sons are Donald Clark, Jr., Jeremy James, Brandon Michael, Christopher Glenn and Joshua Davis. Donny currently has four grandchildren, but his son Don Jr. revealed to Donny on an episode of The Talk that Donny will become a grandfather for the fifth time as Don Jr. is expecting his first child with his wife Jessica.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 12:26:22 PM ET. WIN-Initiative/WIN-Initiative/Getty Images. Benjamin Franklin had two sons and one daughter. His sons were William Franklin and Francis Folger Franklin, and his daughter was Sarah Franklin Bache.", "Trump has five children, three sons and two daughters, ranging in age from 9 to 38: Donald Trump Jr., 39: Donald Jr. is the oldest of the five children. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and is an executive vice president in the Trump Organization.", "Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton had eight children. Remarkably for the time, all but the eldest, Philip, lived well into adulthood. Philip died in a tragic duel in 1801, defending his father's honor. Alexander only gave his son one bit of advice for the duel, that being to fire into the air.", "Giuliana Rancic, 39, and her husband, Bill, 43, continue to face difficulties while trying to conceive another child. While trying again for a second child with the same surrogate who gave birth to their son, Duke, 1, they were successful — until the surrogate suffered a miscarriage just weeks before hitting her second trimester.", "Print. The percentages were good that there would be another George Foreman in the boxing ring. That’s because the original begat five more. Seven, if you count two daughters. George Foreman, former heavyweight champion and, at 45, the oldest man ever to win the title, has 10 children, five boys and five girls.", "McKenna Dunham (biological): born in 1997, 19 years old. Comedian and ventriloquist, Jeffrey Dunham was born on April 18, 1962, in Dallas, Texas. Beginning with his wildly popular DVD release, Spark of Insanity (2007), Dunham has been one of the world's top-grossing comedians.", "Mini Bio (1) Candice Olson was born as Candice Kelly Olson. She is an actress, known for Candice Tells All (2011), Divine Design (1999) and Makeover Manor (2013). She is married to Jurij Sennecke. They have two children.", "He has continued to foster economic development in the developing world as a business consultant and as chairman of the Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund. Young had four children with his first wife, Jean Childs Young, who died of cancer in 1994. He married his second wife, Carolyn, in 1996.", "Wife and Children. Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams and pursued a career in professional football, before following his dad's footsteps into acting.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "We work to build the capacity of child care in North Dakota and insure that children have the opportunity to play and learn in a safe and healthy environment. 120,371. children potentially needing care in North Dakota. 1,352.", "Ruth and Marlene operate the Jesse Owens Foundation, which aims to support deserving youth in search of their goals — a venture about which Owens would surely smile. *The broad jump is today known as the long jump. See also Important and Famous African Americans ." ], [ "By Staff Writer Last Updated Mar 31, 2020 12:25:52 AM ET. John Adams and his wife Abigail had six children. His oldest daughter, Abigail, was born in 1765, and future president John Quincy Adams was born in 1767.", "Abigail passed away from breast cancer in 1813, Susanna died after only living one year, and Elizabeth was stillborn. Adams became estranged from his son Charles in 1798, and Charles would die in New York City two years later. His son Thomas Boylston became an alcoholic in his later years and died in 1832. More From Reference.", "Wife and Children. Washington married actress Pauletta Pearson in 1983; they have four children. Their oldest son, John David, was drafted in 2006 by the NFL's St. Louis Rams and pursued a career in professional football, before following his dad's footsteps into acting.", "Alexander and Elizabeth Hamilton had eight children. Remarkably for the time, all but the eldest, Philip, lived well into adulthood. Philip died in a tragic duel in 1801, defending his father's honor. Alexander only gave his son one bit of advice for the duel, that being to fire into the air.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Benjamin Franklin had three children. William, born around 1730, was his illegitimate son with an unknown woman. He was raised by Ben and his wife, Deborah. He remained loyal to the British crown and became royal governor of New Jersey. Ben's second son, Francis, was born in 1732.", "Mini Bio (1) Candice Olson was born as Candice Kelly Olson. She is an actress, known for Candice Tells All (2011), Divine Design (1999) and Makeover Manor (2013). She is married to Jurij Sennecke. They have two children.", "He has continued to foster economic development in the developing world as a business consultant and as chairman of the Southern Africa Enterprise Development Fund. Young had four children with his first wife, Jean Childs Young, who died of cancer in 1994. He married his second wife, Carolyn, in 1996.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 12:26:22 PM ET. WIN-Initiative/WIN-Initiative/Getty Images. Benjamin Franklin had two sons and one daughter. His sons were William Franklin and Francis Folger Franklin, and his daughter was Sarah Franklin Bache.", "Steve McQueen. ​. ​. ( m. 1973; div. 1978) ​. Children. Josh Evans. Elizabeth Alice MacGraw (born April 1, 1939) is an American actress and activist. She gained attention with her role in the film Goodbye, Columbus (1969), for which she won the Golden Globe Award for Most Promising Newcomer. She gained an international profile for her role in the film Love Story (1970), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama.", "McKenna Dunham (biological): born in 1997, 19 years old. Comedian and ventriloquist, Jeffrey Dunham was born on April 18, 1962, in Dallas, Texas. Beginning with his wildly popular DVD release, Spark of Insanity (2007), Dunham has been one of the world's top-grossing comedians.", "We work to build the capacity of child care in North Dakota and insure that children have the opportunity to play and learn in a safe and healthy environment. 120,371. children potentially needing care in North Dakota. 1,352.", "Trump has five children, three sons and two daughters, ranging in age from 9 to 38: Donald Trump Jr., 39: Donald Jr. is the oldest of the five children. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania and is an executive vice president in the Trump Organization.", "Marie and Michael's father, Brian, divorced in 2007. They have two biological children and adopted five others, including Michael. Marie also had a son with her first husband, Stephen Craig. Osmond was to perform with brother Donny last night in Las Vegas, but the show was canceled.", "Giuliana Rancic, 39, and her husband, Bill, 43, continue to face difficulties while trying to conceive another child. While trying again for a second child with the same surrogate who gave birth to their son, Duke, 1, they were successful — until the surrogate suffered a miscarriage just weeks before hitting her second trimester.", "The Australian actress kept a tight hold of her gorgeous one-year-old daughter Faith, checking on her constantly to see that she was alright. They've always got a smile! Nicole Kidman, Keith Urban and their daughters Sunday and Faith all looked in good spirits as they headed out of Sydney airport yesterday.", "Print. The percentages were good that there would be another George Foreman in the boxing ring. That’s because the original begat five more. Seven, if you count two daughters. George Foreman, former heavyweight champion and, at 45, the oldest man ever to win the title, has 10 children, five boys and five girls.", "Larsa Pippen net worth expand when in 1997, Pippen of Syrian and Lebanese descent married NBA player Scottie Pippen. The couple has four children, three boys and a daughter. Larsa Pippen net worth continues to increase as she rose to fame when she starred in The Real Housewives of Miami.", "Donny Osmond has five sons with his wife Debra Glenn, who he married in 1978 at the age of 20. His sons are Donald Clark, Jr., Jeremy James, Brandon Michael, Christopher Glenn and Joshua Davis. Donny currently has four grandchildren, but his son Don Jr. revealed to Donny on an episode of The Talk that Donny will become a grandfather for the fifth time as Don Jr. is expecting his first child with his wife Jessica.", "Ruth and Marlene operate the Jesse Owens Foundation, which aims to support deserving youth in search of their goals — a venture about which Owens would surely smile. *The broad jump is today known as the long jump. See also Important and Famous African Americans ." ] ]
[ "what causes the mantle to flow", "which layer makes up most of the earth's mass", "which geochemical cycle involves mantle convection?", "what are the layers of the earth made of", "what other planet besides earth has oxygen", "what are some of the features of the sun atmosphere that are always present", "the upper layer of earth is made of pieces called", "what is the outermost layer of the geosphere", "what is the composition of atmosphere", "what is earths core" ]
[ "Thermal image of a newly lit Ghillie kettle. The plume of hot air resulting from the convection current is visible. Convection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place.", "The remaining crust elements are calcium, 3.6 percent; sodium, 2.8 percent, potassium, 2.6 percent, and magnesium, 2.1 percent. Nearly 100 percent of the mass of Earth's core is composed of the two elements iron and nickel.", "Get an answer. Search for an answer or ask Weegy. A geochemical cycle that cycles material by mantle convection, subduction, and seafloor spreading is.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "There is only one planet where gaseous oxygen is found: Earth! And the only reason that Earth has oxygen is because Earth has plants that do photosynthesis. There is no other natural process that we know of that will put significant amounts of oxygen into a planet's atmosphere.", "Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere & Corona. The atmosphere of the sun is composed of several layers, mainly the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. It's in these outer layers that the sun's energy, which has bubbled up from the sun's interior layers, is detected as sunlight. The lowest layer of the sun's atmosphere is the photosphere.", "The Mantle. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight.", "It includes the crust and part of the upper mantle that contains rigid rocks. Beneath this layer is the asthenosphere where the rocks in this part of the upper mantle are not rigid. The rocks can flow like a liquid or break apart similar to silly putty. Picture of Earth from outer space NASA.", "When scientists started to examine the atmosphere, they noticed that there were different parts and different layers. There are layers of different molecules, temperatures, and pressures. Overall, the atmosphere is made up of a few main molecules.", "Outer core. The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is approximately 5,000 km (3,100 mi) beneath the Earth's surface." ]
[ [ "Convection may also take place in soft solids or mixtures where particles can flow. Convective flow may be transient (such as when a multiphase mixture of oil and water separates) or steady state (see Convection cell ). The convection may be due to gravitational, electromagnetic or fictitious body forces.", "Granules on the photosphere of the Sun are the visible tops of convection cells in the photosphere, caused by convection of plasma in the photosphere. The rising part of the granules is located in the center where the plasma is hotter. The outer edge of the granules is darker due to the cooler descending plasma.", "This color schlieren image reveals thermal convection originating from heat conduction from a human hand (in silhouette) to the surrounding still atmosphere. Natural convection, or free convection, occurs due to temperature differences which affect the density, and thus relative buoyancy, of the fluid.", "Natural convection, or free convection, occurs due to temperature differences which affect the density, and thus relative buoyancy, of the fluid. Heavier (denser) components will fall, while lighter (less dense) components rise, leading to bulk fluid movement.", "This article is about fluid flow driven by heterogeneous fluid properties and body forces. For the method of heat transfer, see Convection (heat transfer). This figure shows a calculation for thermal convection in the Earth's mantle. Colors closer to red are hot areas and colors closer to blue are in warm and cold areas.", "Convective heat and mass transfer takes place both by diffusion – the random Brownian motion of individual particles in the fluid – and by advection, in which matter or heat is transported by the larger-scale motion of currents in the fluid.", "Gravitational convection is a type of natural convection induced by buoyancy variations resulting from material properties other than temperature. Typically this is caused by a variable composition of the fluid. If the varying property is a concentration gradient, it is known as solutal convection.", "Mathematical models of convection. A number of dimensionless terms have been derived to describe and predict convection, including the Archimedes number, Grashof number, Richardson number, and the Rayleigh number .", "Main article: Convection cell. Convection cells in a gravity field. A convection cell, also known as a Bénard cell, is a characteristic fluid flow pattern in many convection systems. A rising body of fluid typically loses heat because it encounters a colder surface.", "As it travels poleward, warm water transported by strong warm water current undergoes evaporative cooling. The cooling is wind driven: wind moving over water cools the water and also causes evaporation, leaving a saltier brine. In this process, the water becomes saltier and denser. and decreases in temperature.", "When the card is removed, if the jar containing the warmer liquid is placed on top no convection will occur. If the jar containing colder liquid is placed on top, a convection current will form spontaneously. Convection in gases can be demonstrated using a candle in a sealed space with an inlet and exhaust port.", "The Earth's surface is divided into a number of tectonic plates that are continuously being created and consumed at their opposite plate boundaries. Creation ( accretion) occurs as mantle is added to the growing edges of a plate. This hot added material cools down by conduction and convection of heat.", "Heat transfer by natural convection plays a role in the structure of Earth's atmosphere, its oceans, and its mantle. Discrete convective cells in the atmosphere can be identified by clouds, with stronger convection resulting in thunderstorms. Natural convection also plays a role in stellar physics.", "The relative magnitudes of the Grashof number and the square of the Reynolds number determine which form of convection dominates. If. G r / R e 2 ≫ 1 {\\displaystyle {\\rm {Gr/Re^ {2}\\gg 1}}}. , forced convection may be neglected, whereas if. G r / R e 2 ≪ 1 {\\displaystyle {\\rm {Gr/Re^ {2}\\ll 1}}}.", "Terminology. The word convection may have slightly different but related usages in different scientific or engineering contexts or applications. The broader sense is in fluid mechanics, where convection refers to the motion of fluid regardless of cause. However, in thermodynamics \"convection\" often refers specifically to heat transfer by convection.", "Forced convection also occurs as a by-product to other processes, such as the action of a propeller in a fluid or aerodynamic heating. Fluid radiator systems, and also heating and cooling of parts of the body by blood circulation, are other familiar examples of forced convection.", "A hot, less-dense lower boundary layer sends plumes of hot material upwards, and likewise, cold material from the top moves downwards. Convection is the transfer of heat due to the bulk movement of molecules within fluids ( gases and liquids ), including molten rock ( rheid ).", "There are a variety of circumstances in which the forces required for natural and forced convection arise, leading to different types of convection, described below. In broad terms, convection arises because of body forces acting within the fluid, such as gravity.", "This figure shows a calculation for thermal convection in the Earth's mantle. Colors closer to red are hot areas and colors closer to blue are in warm and cold areas. A hot, less-dense lower boundary layer sends plumes of hot material upwards, and likewise, cold material from the top moves downwards.", "When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy can be assumed. Convection may also take place in soft solids or mixtures where particles can flow.", "Heat is transferred by convection in numerous examples of naturally occurring fluid flow, such as wind, oceanic currents, and movements within the Earth's mantle. Convection is also used in engineering practices of homes, industrial processes, cooling of equipment, etc.", "Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy ). When the cause of the convection is unspecified, convection due to the effects of thermal expansion and buoyancy can be assumed.", "A third approach is to use two identical jars, one filled with hot water dyed one colour, and cold water of another colour. One jar is then temporarily sealed (eg. with a piece of card), inverted and placed on top of the other.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. Heat transfer due to the bulk movement of molecules within fluids. This figure shows a calculation for thermal convection in the Earth's mantle. Colors closer to red are hot areas and colors closer to blue are in warm and cold areas.", "Heat transfer. Main article: Convective heat transfer. A heat sink provides a large surface area for convection to efficiently carry away heat. Convective heat transfer is a mechanism of heat transfer occurring because of bulk motion (observable movement) of fluids.", "Terminology. The word convection has different but related usages in different scientific or engineering contexts or applications. The broader sense is in fluid mechanics, where convection refers to the motion of fluid driven by density (or other property) difference. In thermodynamics \"convection\" often refers to heat transfer by convection, where the prefixed variant Natural Convection is used to distinguish the fluid mechanics concept of Convection (covered in this article) from convective heat transfer.", "Convection ovens distribute heat evenly around the food, removing the blanket of cooler air that surrounds food when it is first placed in an oven and allowing food to cook more evenly in less time and at a lower temperature than in a conventional oven. A convection oven has a fan with a heating element around it.", "Surface tension can vary because of inhomogeneous composition of the substances or the temperature-dependence of surface tension forces. In the latter case the effect is known as thermo-capillary convection . A well-known phenomenon exhibiting this type of convection is the \" tears of wine \".", "Convection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place. Diffusion of heat takes place in rigid solids, but that is called heat conduction. Convection, additionally may take place in soft solids or mixtures where solid particles can move past each other.", "The broader sense is in fluid mechanics, where convection refers to the motion of fluid regardless of cause. However, in thermodynamics \"convection\" often refers specifically to heat transfer by convection.", "However, in mechanics, the correct use of the word \"convection\" is the more general sense, and different types of convection should be further qualified, for clarity. Convection can be qualified in terms of being natural, forced, gravitational, granular, or thermomagnetic.", "Granular convection. Main article: Granular convection. Vibration-induced convection occurs in powders and granulated materials in containers subject to vibration where an axis of vibration is parallel to the force of gravity.", "Natural convection will be less likely and less rapid with more rapid diffusion (thereby diffusing away the thermal gradient that is causing the convection) or a more viscous (sticky) fluid. The onset of natural convection can be determined by the Rayleigh number ( Ra ).", "Main article: Mantle convection. An oceanic plate is added to by upwelling (left) and consumed at a subduction zone (right). Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's rocky mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the earth to the surface.", "Main article: Convective heat transfer. A heat sink provides a large surface area for conduction to efficiently carry away heat. Convective heat transfer is a mechanism of heat transfer occurring because of bulk motion (observable movement) of fluids.", "Fluid movement during convection may be invisibly slow, or it may be obvious and rapid, as in a hurricane. On astronomical scales, convection of gas and dust is thought to occur in the accretion disks of black holes, at speeds which may closely approach that of light.", "It results from the adiabatic warming of air which has dropped most of its moisture on windward slopes. Because of the different adiabatic lapse rates of moist and dry air, the air on the leeward slopes becomes warmer than at the same height on the windward slopes.", "Heat transfer by natural convection plays a role in the structure of Earth's atmosphere, its oceans, and its mantle. Discrete convective cells in the atmosphere can be seen as clouds, with stronger convection resulting in thunderstorms. Natural convection also plays a role in stellar physics.", "Note that differences in buoyancy within a fluid can arise for reasons other than temperature variations, in which case the fluid motion is called gravitational convection (see below). However, all types of buoyant convection, including natural convection, do not occur in microgravity environments.", "The word convection has different but related usages in different scientific or engineering contexts or applications. The broader sense is in fluid mechanics, where convection refers to the motion of fluid driven by density (or other property) difference. In thermodynamics \"convection\" often refers to heat transfer by convection, where the prefixed variant Natural Convection is used to distinguish the fluid mechanics concept of Convection (covered in this article) from convective heat transfer.", "Forced convection may happen by natural means, such as when the heat of a fire causes expansion of air and bulk air flow by this means. In microgravity, such flow (which happens in all directions) along with diffusion is the only means by which fires are able to draw in fresh oxygen to maintain themselves.", "The downward moving exterior is caused by colder air being displaced at the top of the thermal. Another convection-driven weather effect is the sea breeze. Stages of a thunderstorm's life. Warm air has a lower density than cool air, so warm air rises within cooler air, similar to hot air balloons.", "Mantle convection. Main article: Mantle convection. An oceanic plate is added to by upwelling (left) and consumed at a subduction zone (right). Mantle convection is the slow creeping motion of Earth's rocky mantle caused by convection currents carrying heat from the interior of the earth to the surface.", "Heat transfer by natural convection plays a role in the structure of Earth's atmosphere, its oceans, and its [mantle. Discrete convective cells in the atmosphere can be identified by clouds, with stronger convection resulting in thunderstorms. Natural convection also plays a role in stellar physics.", "Fluid flow that occurs due to heterogeneous fluid properties and body forces. It has been suggested that Natural convection be merged into this article. ( Discuss) Proposed since April 2021. Not to be confused with Advection or Granular convection.", "Convection cells. Main article: Convection cell. Convection cells in a gravity field. A convection cell, also known as a Bénard cell, is a characteristic fluid flow pattern in many convection systems. A rising body of fluid typically loses heat because it encounters a colder surface.", "It stops rising when it has cooled to the same temperature as the surrounding air. Associated with a thermal is a downward flow surrounding the thermal column. The downward moving exterior is caused by colder air being displaced at the top of the thermal. Another convection-driven weather effect is the sea breeze.", "The rate of convective heat transfer may be improved by the use of a heat sink, often in conjunction with a fan. For instance, a typical computer CPU will have a purpose-made fan to ensure its operating temperature is kept within tolerable limits.", "Heavier (denser) components will fall, while lighter (less dense) components rise, leading to bulk fluid movement. Natural convection can only occur, therefore, in a gravitational field. A common example of natural convection is the rise of smoke from a fire.", "Main article: Convection cell. Convection cells in a gravity field. A convection cell, also known as a Bénard cell, is a characteristic fluid flow pattern in many convection systems. A rising body of fluid typically loses heat because it encounters a colder surface. In liquid, this occurs because it exchanges heat with colder liquid through direct exchange.", "Sometimes the term \"convection\" is used to refer specifically to \" free heat convection \" (natural heat convection) where bulk-flow in a fluid is due to temperature-induced differences in buoyancy, as opposed to \"forced heat convection\" where forces other than buoyancy (such as pump or fan) move the fluid.", "Convection includes sub-mechanisms of advection (directional bulk-flow transfer of heat), and diffusion (non-directional transfer of energy or mass particles along a concentration gradient). Thermal image of a newly lit Ghillie kettle. The plume of hot air resulting from the convection current is visible.", "Examples and applications. Convection occurs on a large scale in atmospheres, oceans, planetary mantles, and it provides the mechanism of heat transfer for a large fraction of the outermost interiors of our sun and all stars.", "Weather. See also: Cloud, Thunderstorm, and Wind. How Foehn is produced. Some more localized phenomena than global atmospheric movement are also due to convection, including wind and some of the hydrologic cycle. For example, a foehn wind is a down-slope wind which occurs on the downwind side of a mountain range.", "Get an answer. Search for an answer or ask Weegy. A geochemical cycle that cycles material by mantle convection, subduction, and seafloor spreading is." ], [ "The Most Abundant Elements on Earth. Oxygen: This familiar element, is number 6 on the periodic table of elements, makes up about 47 percent of the mass of the crust, and is also abundant (fortunately) in the atmosphere. It is also the main component, by mass, of water.", "The remaining crust elements are calcium, 3.6 percent; sodium, 2.8 percent, potassium, 2.6 percent, and magnesium, 2.1 percent. Nearly 100 percent of the mass of Earth's core is composed of the two elements iron and nickel. Scientists have concluded this from the knowledge that the core must be 13 times as dense as water, leaving only some combination of molten iron and nickel as plausible candidates.", "An unknown error has occurred. Brought to you by Sciencing. Brought to you by Sciencing. A very thin crust extending down from the surface, about 3 miles (5 km) thick; a mantle about 1,800 miles. (2,890 km) thick, composed mainly of magnesium and iron rocks; * a core about 2,200 miles (3,400 km) thick and including a solid iron center surrounding a molten (hot liquid) \"ring\" of iron and nickel (see below).", "It reacts poorly with most other elements, but eluded isolation by chemists for a long time owing to its affinity for oxygen and thus its tendency to remain \"disguised\" as silicon oxide. Silicon is not to be confused with silicone, which is a polymer made of silicon, oxygen and other elements.", "Earth's crust is made up almost entirely of eight elements, four of them alone claiming almost nine-tenths of this layer's total weight: oxygen comes in at 46.6 percent by mass, followed by silicon at 27.7 percent, aluminum at 8.1 percent and iron at 5 percent.", "About the Author. Kevin Beck holds a bachelor's degree in physics with minors in math and chemistry from the University of Vermont. Formerly with ScienceBlogs.com and the editor of \"Run Strong,\" he has written for Runner's World, Men's Fitness, Competitor, and a variety of other publications.", "Layers of the Earth. The more-or-less-spherical Earth, about 8,000 miles (just under 13,000 kilometers, or km) through the middle, is divided into three geologic layers: 00:00. 00:00 00:00 LIVE. Facebook.", "Layers of the Earth. The more-or-less-spherical Earth, about 8,000 miles (just under 13,000 kilometers, or km) through the middle, is divided into three geologic layers: 00:00. 00:00 00:00. GO LIVE.", "Iron: Iron, atomic number 26, is a famous element, vital in both construction and engineering (iron accounts for almost all of the mass of most kinds of steel, for instance) and human physiology (iron is a required component of the oxygen-binding red blood cells, or erythrocytes, in your bloodstream). Is is found in all three of Earth's layers in significant amounts.", "Elements are different kinds of atoms, and as of 2020, 118 of them had been identified, 92 of which occur in significant amounts in nature. While it's impossible to know for certain the precise composition of the deeper layers of Earth, four elements alone make up almost 90 percent of the Earth's uppermost portion, or crust; four more account for nine-tenths of the remainder.", "The Most Abundant Elements on Earth. Oxygen: This familiar element, is number 6 on the periodic table of elements, makes up about 47 percent of the mass of the crust, and is also abundant (fortunately) in the atmosphere. It is also the main component, by mass, of water. Since oxygen atoms are light compared to the other predominant elements in Earth's crust, the fact that their total mass accounts for almost half of the crust means that the fraction of its atoms that consists of oxygen is even higher than the mass fraction.", "It is commonly used in oil, grease and other physical media. Aluminum: This metal is number 13 on the periodic table, one atomic number and thus one proton shy of silicon. It is non-magnetic and highly reactive, so much so that pure aluminum is rarely found.", "Updated February 16, 2020. By Kevin Beck. Reviewed by: Lana Bandoim, B.S. If asked to list the chemical elements that make up most of the Earth, you might be surprised by how hard it is to guess the right elements without knowing more than the average person does about all of that dirt, rock and metal underfoot.", "Since oxygen atoms are light compared to the other predominant elements in Earth's crust, the fact that their total mass accounts for almost half of the crust means that the fraction of its atoms that consists of oxygen is even higher than the mass fraction.", "Speed Normal. Autoplay. Brought to you by Sciencing. Brought to you by Sciencing. A very thin crust extending down from the surface, about 3 miles (5 km) thick; a mantle about 1,800 miles. (2,890 km) thick, composed mainly of magnesium and iron rocks; * a core about 2,200 miles (3,400 km) thick and including a solid iron center surrounding a molten (hot liquid) \"ring\" of iron and nickel (see below).", "Deep inside Earth, near its center, lies Earth's core which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.", "Core. At the center of the Earth is the core, which has two parts. The solid, inner core of iron has a radius of about 760 miles (about 1,220 km), according to NASA. It is surrounded by a liquid, outer core composed of a nickel-iron alloy. The outer core is about 1,355 miles (2,180 km) thick. The inner core spins at a different speed than the rest of the planet.", "The upper part of lithosphere is extremely solid but it also includes the uppermost part of the mantle, which is in liquid form and mobile. Lithosphere mainly consists of granite and basalt but more than 80 other elements are also found in the crust.", "Outer core. The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is approximately 5,000 km (3,100 mi) beneath the Earth's surface.", "Earth's mantle. The internal structure of Earth. Main article: Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume." ], [ "Added 6/22/2014 2:05:00 PM. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. a biogeochemical cycle that cycles material by weathering, erosion, tectonic activity, and the food chain is. Weegy: The Phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle that cycles material by weathering, erosion, tectonic activity, and the food chain (More) Question. Updated 6/23/2014 7:11:32 AM.", "A geochemical cycle that cycles material by mantle convection, subduction, and seafloor spreading is TECTONIC. Log in for more information. Added 6/23/2014 7:10:49 AM. This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful.", "A geochemical cycle that cycles material by mantle convection, subduction, and seafloor spreading is. Log in for more information. Question. Asked 6/22/2014 1:16:04 PM. Updated 6/23/2014 7:10:54 AM. 1 Answer/Comment.", "Question. Updated 6/22/2014 2:39:40 PM. 0 Answers/Comments. An image that involves a \"turn\" on the literal meaning of the word is called a ______. figurative image literal image poetic image. Weegy: A figurative image beingone that involves a \"turn\" on the literal meaning of the words. (More) Question.", "0 Answers/Comments. An image that involves a \"turn\" on the literal meaning of the word is called a ______. figurative image literal image poetic image. Weegy: An image that involves a \"turn\" on the literal meaning of the word is called a figurative image. (More)", "An image that involves a \"turn\" on the literal meaning of the word is called a ______. Weegy: An image that involves a \"turn\" on the literal meaning of the word is called a figurative image. (More) Question. Expert Answered.", "Thermal image of a newly lit Ghillie kettle. The plume of hot air resulting from the convection current is visible. Convection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place.", "The Mantle. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight.", "Earth's mantle. The internal structure of Earth. Main article: Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume.", "The oceanic crust on the other hand is only about 7 km thick and considerably more dense. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle make up the lithosphere, a solid region that is broken into plates. It is about 65 to 100 km thick. The mantle is the layer below the crust.", "It includes the crust and part of the upper mantle that contains rigid rocks. Beneath this layer is the asthenosphere where the rocks in this part of the upper mantle are not rigid. The rocks can flow like a liquid or break apart similar to silly putty. Picture of Earth from outer space NASA.", "The upper part of lithosphere is extremely solid but it also includes the uppermost part of the mantle, which is in liquid form and mobile. Lithosphere mainly consists of granite and basalt but more than 80 other elements are also found in the crust.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "Outer core. The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is approximately 5,000 km (3,100 mi) beneath the Earth's surface.", "Deep inside Earth, near its center, lies Earth's core which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.", "There is only one planet where gaseous oxygen is found: Earth! And the only reason that Earth has oxygen is because Earth has plants that do photosynthesis. There is no other natural process that we know of that will put significant amounts of oxygen into a planet's atmosphere." ], [ "Mantle. The next layer beneath the crust is called the mantle. It extends to a depth of approximately 1,800 miles and is made of a thick solid rocky substance that represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the Earth. The first 50 miles of the mantle are believed to consist of very hard rigid rock.", "Hydrosphere. Welcome to something we like to call the hydrosphere! This is where we talk about the way water moves through the world. W\\ater affects everything that happens in life. In Latin, \"hydro\" means water. Therefore, anything that scientists describe, when it comes to water, is a part of the hydrosphere.", "This lava is believed to be mostly iron, and nickel. Inner Core. Finally, we would reach the Earth’s inner core. The inner core extends another 900 miles inward towards the center of the Earth. It is believed that this inner core is a solid ball of mostly iron, and nickel.", "That water may be at the bottom of the ocean or in the top layers of the atmosphere; it is all a part of the hydrosphere. Lithosphere. The crust is composed of two basic rock types granite and basalt. The continental crust is composed mostly of granite. The oceanic crust consists of a volcanic lava rock called basalt.", "The mantle is made of much denser, thicker material, because of this the plates \"float\" on it like oil floats on water. Many geologists believe that the mantle \"flows\" because of convection currents. Convection Currents. These currents are caused by the very hot material rising, cooling, and sinking over and over again.", "The earth is made up of layers (crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core). Each one has a unique make-up to it. Crust. This is the outer layer of the Earth about 10 miles or so thick. Mostly made up of rock and loose material. The crust found underneath continents is 3 times thicker than the crust underneath the oceans.", "Below that for the next several hundred miles, the Earth mantle is once again made up of very solid and sturdy rock materials. Outer Core. Traveling deeper within the Earth, we next would encounter the Earth’s outer core, which extends to a depth of around 3000 miles beneath the surface.", "The next time you heat anything like soup or pudding in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the mantle they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents. A conveyor belt in a factory moves boxes like the convection currents in the mantle moves the plates of the Earth.", "It is a layer of solid rock where the extreme pressure and heat cause the rocks to flow like a liquid. The rocks in the asthenosphere are not as dense as the rocks in the lithosphere. This allows the tectonic plates in the lithosphere to move around on the Earth's surface. The upper layers of the Earth, USGS.", "The oceanic crust on the other hand is only about 7 km thick and considerably more dense. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle make up the lithosphere, a solid region that is broken into plates. It is about 65 to 100 km thick. The mantle is the layer below the crust.", "It includes the crust and part of the upper mantle that contains rigid rocks. Beneath this layer is the asthenosphere where the rocks in this part of the upper mantle are not rigid. The rocks can flow like a liquid or break apart similar to silly putty. Picture of Earth from outer space NASA.", "The upper part of lithosphere is extremely solid but it also includes the uppermost part of the mantle, which is in liquid form and mobile. Lithosphere mainly consists of granite and basalt but more than 80 other elements are also found in the crust.", "Earth's mantle. The internal structure of Earth. Main article: Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume.", "Deep inside Earth, near its center, lies Earth's core which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.", "The Mantle. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight.", "When scientists started to examine the atmosphere, they noticed that there were different parts and different layers. There are layers of different molecules, temperatures, and pressures. Overall, the atmosphere is made up of a few main molecules.", "Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere & Corona. The atmosphere of the sun is composed of several layers, mainly the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. It's in these outer layers that the sun's energy, which has bubbled up from the sun's interior layers, is detected as sunlight. The lowest layer of the sun's atmosphere is the photosphere.", "There is only one planet where gaseous oxygen is found: Earth! And the only reason that Earth has oxygen is because Earth has plants that do photosynthesis. There is no other natural process that we know of that will put significant amounts of oxygen into a planet's atmosphere.", "Thermal image of a newly lit Ghillie kettle. The plume of hot air resulting from the convection current is visible. Convection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place.", "Core. At the center of the Earth is the core, which has two parts. The solid, inner core of iron has a radius of about 760 miles (about 1,220 km), according to NASA. It is surrounded by a liquid, outer core composed of a nickel-iron alloy. The outer core is about 1,355 miles (2,180 km) thick. The inner core spins at a different speed than the rest of the planet." ], [ "Ask an Astronomer. Home. Our Solar System. Planets & Dwarf Planets. Is there oxygen in the atmospheres of other planets? (Intermediate) (Intermediate) >\" onclick=\"window.open (this.href,'win2','status=no,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,titlebar=no,menubar=no,resizable=yes,width=640,height=480,directories=no,location=no'); return false;\" rel=\"nofollow\">.", "Deep inside Earth, near its center, lies Earth's core which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.", "Core. At the center of the Earth is the core, which has two parts. The solid, inner core of iron has a radius of about 760 miles (about 1,220 km), according to NASA. It is surrounded by a liquid, outer core composed of a nickel-iron alloy. The outer core is about 1,355 miles (2,180 km) thick. The inner core spins at a different speed than the rest of the planet.", "Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere & Corona. The atmosphere of the sun is composed of several layers, mainly the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. It's in these outer layers that the sun's energy, which has bubbled up from the sun's interior layers, is detected as sunlight. The lowest layer of the sun's atmosphere is the photosphere.", "Outer Core. The outer core is the third layer of the earth. The outer core surrounds the inner core. The outer core is the only liquid layer of the Earth. You could say that the outer core is basically a sea of iron and nickel.", "Earth's mantle. The internal structure of Earth. Main article: Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume.", "The oceanic crust on the other hand is only about 7 km thick and considerably more dense. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle make up the lithosphere, a solid region that is broken into plates. It is about 65 to 100 km thick. The mantle is the layer below the crust.", "It is a layer of solid rock where the extreme pressure and heat cause the rocks to flow like a liquid. The rocks in the asthenosphere are not as dense as the rocks in the lithosphere. This allows the tectonic plates in the lithosphere to move around on the Earth's surface. The upper layers of the Earth, USGS.", "The upper part of lithosphere is extremely solid but it also includes the uppermost part of the mantle, which is in liquid form and mobile. Lithosphere mainly consists of granite and basalt but more than 80 other elements are also found in the crust.", "Thermal image of a newly lit Ghillie kettle. The plume of hot air resulting from the convection current is visible. Convection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place.", "It includes the crust and part of the upper mantle that contains rigid rocks. Beneath this layer is the asthenosphere where the rocks in this part of the upper mantle are not rigid. The rocks can flow like a liquid or break apart similar to silly putty. Picture of Earth from outer space NASA.", "When scientists started to examine the atmosphere, they noticed that there were different parts and different layers. There are layers of different molecules, temperatures, and pressures. Overall, the atmosphere is made up of a few main molecules.", "Outer core. The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is approximately 5,000 km (3,100 mi) beneath the Earth's surface.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "The remaining crust elements are calcium, 3.6 percent; sodium, 2.8 percent, potassium, 2.6 percent, and magnesium, 2.1 percent. Nearly 100 percent of the mass of Earth's core is composed of the two elements iron and nickel.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "The Mantle. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight." ], [ "Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere & Corona | Space.", "Millions of them are going off every second across the sun, and collectively they heat the corona.\". [ VIDEO: Nanoflares: Why the Sun's Corona Is 300x Hotter Than Its Surface] Giant super-tornados may also play a role in heating the sun's outer layer.", "Click to enlarge. (Image credit: NASA/STEREO) The photosphere is marked by bright, bubbling granules of plasma and darker, cooler sunspots, which emerge when the sun's magnetic field breaks through the surface. Sunspots appear to move across the sun's disk.", "Created with Sketch. Click here for more Space.com videos... Sorry, the video player failed to load. (Error Code: 101104) The next layer is the chromosphere. The chromosphere emits a reddish glow as super-heated hydrogen burns off. But the red rim can only be seen during a total solar eclipse.", "Additional resources: NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center Solar Physics. The Sun's Different Light: How Scientists Study Our Closest Star. The Sun's Corona, A Fiery Halo, Is Still a Mystery to Scientists. VIDEO: A Peek Into Hell: Sun's Chromosphere of Plasma.", "The photosphere is also the source of solar flares: tongues of fire that extend hundreds of thousands of miles above the sun's surface. Solar flares produce bursts of X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, electromagnetic radiation and radio waves.", "The third layer of the sun's atmosphere is the corona. It can only be seen during a total solar eclipse as well. It appears as white streamers or plumes of ionized gas that flow outward into space. Temperatures in the sun's corona can get as high as 3.5 million degrees Fahrenheit (2 million degrees Celsius). As the gases cool, they become the solar wind.", "Since the sun is a ball of gas with no solid form, different regions rotate at different rates. The sun's equatorial regions rotate in about 24 days, while the polar regions take more than 30 days to make a complete rotation.", "Why the corona is up to 300 times hotter than the photosphere, despite being farther from the solar core, has remained a long-term mystery. \"That's a bit of a puzzle,\" Jeff Brosius, a space scientist at Catholic University in Washington, D.C., and NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, said in a statement.", "At other times, light from the chromosphere is usually too weak to be seen against the brighter photosphere. The chromosphere may play a role in conducting heat from the interior of the sun to its outermost layer, the corona. \"We see certain kinds of solar seismic waves channeling upwards into the lower atmosphere, called the chromosphere, and from there, into the corona,\" Junwei Zhao, a solar scientist at Stanford University in Stanford, California, and lead author on a recent study that tracked waves from sunspots, said in a statement.", "It is about 300 miles (500 kilometers) thick. This layer is where the sun's energy is released as light. Because of the distance from the sun to Earth, light reaches our planet in about eight minutes. Image of the solar corona, taken by the SECCHI outer coronagraph (COR2) on the STEREO Ahead observatory on June 8, 2010 at 01:09:35 UT.", "When scientists started to examine the atmosphere, they noticed that there were different parts and different layers. There are layers of different molecules, temperatures, and pressures. Overall, the atmosphere is made up of a few main molecules.", "There is only one planet where gaseous oxygen is found: Earth! And the only reason that Earth has oxygen is because Earth has plants that do photosynthesis. There is no other natural process that we know of that will put significant amounts of oxygen into a planet's atmosphere.", "Earth's mantle. The internal structure of Earth. Main article: Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume.", "Core. At the center of the Earth is the core, which has two parts. The solid, inner core of iron has a radius of about 760 miles (about 1,220 km), according to NASA. It is surrounded by a liquid, outer core composed of a nickel-iron alloy. The outer core is about 1,355 miles (2,180 km) thick. The inner core spins at a different speed than the rest of the planet.", "Deep inside Earth, near its center, lies Earth's core which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.", "It includes the crust and part of the upper mantle that contains rigid rocks. Beneath this layer is the asthenosphere where the rocks in this part of the upper mantle are not rigid. The rocks can flow like a liquid or break apart similar to silly putty. Picture of Earth from outer space NASA.", "Outer Core. The outer core is the third layer of the earth. The outer core surrounds the inner core. The outer core is the only liquid layer of the Earth. You could say that the outer core is basically a sea of iron and nickel.", "The Mantle. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface." ], [ "Inner Core. The inner core of the Earth has temperatures and pressures so great that the metals are squeezed together and are not able to move about like a liquid, but are forced to vibrate in place as a solid. The inner core begins about 4000 miles beneath the crust and is about 800 miles thick.", "Outer Core. The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. (4000 degrees F. to 9000 degrees F.) The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are all in the liquid state. The outer core is located about 1800 milesbeneath the crust and is about 1400 miles thick. The outer core is composed of the melted metals nickel and iron.", "The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates \"float\" on the soft, plastic mantle which is located below the crust. These plates usually move along smoothly but sometimes they stick and build up pressure. The pressure builds and the rock bends until it snaps.", "The Four Layers. The Earth is composed of four different layers. Many geologists believe that as the Earth cooled the heavier, denser materials sank to the center and the lighter materials rose to the top. Because of this, the crust is made of the lightest materials (rock- basalts and granites) and the core consists of heavy metals (nickel and iron).", "You can bake a loaf of bread in your oven at 350 degrees Fahrenheit , at 1600 degrees F. rocks begin to melt. The crust of the Earth is broken into many pieces called plates. The plates \"float\" on the soft, plastic mantle which is located below the crust.", "The mantle is much hotter and has the ability to flow. The Outer and Inner Cores are hotter still with pressures so great that you would be squeezed into a ball smaller than a marble if you were able to go to the center of the Earth!!!!!!", "The layer below the rigid lithosphere is a zone of asphalt-like consistancy called the Asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is the part of the mantle that flows and moves the plates of the Earth.", "The core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. (4000 degrees F. to 9000 degrees F.) The outer core is so hot that the metals in it are all in the liquid state. The outer core is located about 1800 milesbeneath the crust and is about 1400 miles thick. The outer core is composed of the melted metals nickel and iron.", "The seven continents and ocean plates basically float across the mantle which is composed of much hotter and denser material. The crust is composed of two basic rock types granite and basalt. The continental crust is composed mostly of granite. The oceanic crust consists of a volcanic lava rock called basalt.", "The Crust. The Earth's Crust is like the skin of an apple. It is very thin in comparison to the other three layers. The crust is only about 3-5 miles (8 kilometers) thick under the oceans (oceanic crust) and about 25 miles (32 kilometers) thick under the continents (continental crust). The temperatures of the crust vary from air temperature on top to about 1600 degrees Fahrenheit (870 degrees Celcius) in the deepest parts of the crust.", "These plates usually move along smoothly but sometimes they stick and build up pressure. The pressure builds and the rock bends until it snaps. When this occurs an Earthquake is the result! Notice how thin the crust of the Earth is in comparison to the other layers.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere.", "When this occurs an Earthquake is the result! Notice how thin the crust of the Earth is in comparison to the other layers. The seven continents and ocean plates basically float across the mantle which is composed of much hotter and denser material. The crust is composed of two basic rock types granite and basalt.", "Convection Currents. The mantle is made of much denser, thicker material, because of this the plates \"float\" on it like oil floats on water. Many geologists believe that the mantle \"flows\" because of convection currents. Convection currents are caused by the very hot material at the deepest part of the mantle rising, then cooling, sinking again and then heating, rising and repeating the cycle over and over.", "The continental crust is composed mostly of granite. The oceanic crust consists of a volcanic lava rock called basalt. Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates.", "Answer the following questions on a sheet of paper with your partner. If you need to look back to find the answers use the page titles located directly under the questions to help you. When you finish the questions click on the Earth icon to return the program to the beginning. 1.", "This flow is due to great temperature differences from the bottom to the top of the mantle. The movement of the mantle is the reason that the plates of the Earth move! The temperature of the mantle varies from 1600 degrees Fahrenheit at the top to about 4000 degrees Fahrenheit near the bottom!", "The next time you heat anything like soup or pudding in a pan you can watch the convection currents move in the liquid. When the convection currents flow in the mantle they also move the crust. The crust gets a free ride with these currents. A conveyor belt in a factory moves boxes like the convection currents in the mantle moves the plates of the Earth.", "It is a layer of solid rock where the extreme pressure and heat cause the rocks to flow like a liquid. The rocks in the asthenosphere are not as dense as the rocks in the lithosphere. This allows the tectonic plates in the lithosphere to move around on the Earth's surface. The upper layers of the Earth, USGS.", "It includes the crust and part of the upper mantle that contains rigid rocks. Beneath this layer is the asthenosphere where the rocks in this part of the upper mantle are not rigid. The rocks can flow like a liquid or break apart similar to silly putty. Picture of Earth from outer space NASA." ], [ "Continental crust. The lithosphere contains the continental crust that is much older than oceanic plates. Continental plates in subduction zones are not recycled because they override the oceanic plates. If continental plates meet that create a collision zone and great mountain chains like the Himalayas rise above the landscape.", "Continental and oceanic crust. Two types of crustal plates. This layer of the Earth contains two very different types of crust. The continental crust contains a variety of rocks. They are igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks that make up the rock cycle.", "Earthquakes on the plate boundaries. Crustal plate boundaries. Scientists use earthquakes to determine the boundaries of the crustal plates on the surface of the Earth. Earthquakes along fault lines occur frequently as plates move around the Earth. Major crustal plates.", "Eight Smaller crustal plates. Smaller Plates. There are also eight smaller plates that are generally shown on maps that display crust plates. These are the smaller but very important plates that have cause great earthquakes in the past. Arabian Plate.", "New oceanic crust forms when crustal plates separate. Molten rock from the upper mantle that has collected in magma chambers oozes onto the ocean floor forming a layer of rocks between the spreading plates. This is the newest and youngest crust on the surface of the Earth. Click for More Information and to Order.", "Continental crust is lighter than oceanic crust which is made of basalt and gabbro. These rocks are derived from the upper mantle. Oceanic crust. The oceanic crust is much younger because it is constantly be created at spreading zones and recycled in subduction zones.", "Continental plate collides with oceanic plate. When a continental plate and an oceanic plate meet the continental plate overrides the oceanic plate. As the continental plate overrides the oceanic plate it scrapes off the top layers off the oceanic plate. San Francisco terranes.", "Click on the HTML link code below. Copy and paste it, adding a note of your own, into your blog, a Web page, forums, a blog comment, your Facebook account, or anywhere that someone would find this page valuable.", "The seven major plates that contain the bulk of the continents and the Pacific Ocean: African Plate, Antarctic Plate, Eurasian Plate, Indo-Australian Plate, North American Plate, South American Plate and the Pacific Plate.", "It is a layer of solid rock where the extreme pressure and heat cause the rocks to flow like a liquid. The rocks in the asthenosphere are not as dense as the rocks in the lithosphere. This allows the tectonic plates in the lithosphere to move around on the Earth's surface. The upper layers of the Earth, USGS.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "The upper part of lithosphere is extremely solid but it also includes the uppermost part of the mantle, which is in liquid form and mobile. Lithosphere mainly consists of granite and basalt but more than 80 other elements are also found in the crust.", "The Mantle. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight.", "Earth's mantle. The internal structure of Earth. Main article: Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume.", "Deep inside Earth, near its center, lies Earth's core which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.", "Core. At the center of the Earth is the core, which has two parts. The solid, inner core of iron has a radius of about 760 miles (about 1,220 km), according to NASA. It is surrounded by a liquid, outer core composed of a nickel-iron alloy. The outer core is about 1,355 miles (2,180 km) thick. The inner core spins at a different speed than the rest of the planet.", "The oceanic crust on the other hand is only about 7 km thick and considerably more dense. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle make up the lithosphere, a solid region that is broken into plates. It is about 65 to 100 km thick. The mantle is the layer below the crust.", "Outer core. The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is approximately 5,000 km (3,100 mi) beneath the Earth's surface.", "Thermal image of a newly lit Ghillie kettle. The plume of hot air resulting from the convection current is visible. Convection cannot take place in most solids because neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion of matter can take place." ], [ "The air above you is made of 78% nitrogen (N 2 ), 21% oxygen (O 2 ), 0.9% argon (Ar) and 0.04% carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). That's it. The rest of it is made of things called trace elements. Those trace elements include water vapor, ozone, and other particles and molecules floating around.", "In the thermosphere there is such a low pressure (the molecules are spread out) that there is very little heat transfer. The mesosphere is directly under the thermosphere. The mesosphere has a lower temperature and is the coldest of all the layers in the entire atmosphere.", "Troposphere. At the bottom of the atmosphere, where most of the life on the surface exists, is the troposphere. The troposphere is the only atmospheric layer that can support life. The higher layers have filtered out the harmful radiation, and there are large amounts of water vapor.", "This is the layer where clouds develop, birds fly, and pollution collects. Yes, the troposphere is where humans most pollute the atmosphere. It's right where we live. The pollution goes into the troposphere and rarely leaves until it falls to the ground or is mixed into the oceans.", "Thermosphere. The thermosphere is the layer closest to space. There is a huge amount of energy in this layer. The source of that energy is the solar radiation from space hitting the thermosphere. There are very high temperatures because of all the excited atoms zipping around.", "A chemical reaction takes place when an ozone molecule absorbs the UV radiation. The energy is then radiated as IR (infra-red) radiation, and that is what heats up the layer. Without the ozone, UV light would flood the surface of the Earth and the temperature of the stratosphere would be much cooler.", "Stratosphere. The next layer down is the stratosphere. This is a layer with a very large temperature change. It changes from cold to warm, almost to 0 degrees Celsius (which is warm for the atmosphere). The real importance of the stratosphere is the ozone layer. Scientists call it the ozonosphere.", "Atmosphere of the Sun: Photosphere, Chromosphere & Corona. The atmosphere of the sun is composed of several layers, mainly the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. It's in these outer layers that the sun's energy, which has bubbled up from the sun's interior layers, is detected as sunlight. The lowest layer of the sun's atmosphere is the photosphere.", "Core. At the center of the Earth is the core, which has two parts. The solid, inner core of iron has a radius of about 760 miles (about 1,220 km), according to NASA. It is surrounded by a liquid, outer core composed of a nickel-iron alloy. The outer core is about 1,355 miles (2,180 km) thick. The inner core spins at a different speed than the rest of the planet.", "Deep inside Earth, near its center, lies Earth's core which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium.", "The upper part of lithosphere is extremely solid but it also includes the uppermost part of the mantle, which is in liquid form and mobile. Lithosphere mainly consists of granite and basalt but more than 80 other elements are also found in the crust.", "There is only one planet where gaseous oxygen is found: Earth! And the only reason that Earth has oxygen is because Earth has plants that do photosynthesis. There is no other natural process that we know of that will put significant amounts of oxygen into a planet's atmosphere.", "It is a layer of solid rock where the extreme pressure and heat cause the rocks to flow like a liquid. The rocks in the asthenosphere are not as dense as the rocks in the lithosphere. This allows the tectonic plates in the lithosphere to move around on the Earth's surface. The upper layers of the Earth, USGS.", "The oceanic crust on the other hand is only about 7 km thick and considerably more dense. The crust and the uppermost part of the mantle make up the lithosphere, a solid region that is broken into plates. It is about 65 to 100 km thick. The mantle is the layer below the crust.", "Earth's mantle. The internal structure of Earth. Main article: Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume.", "It includes the crust and part of the upper mantle that contains rigid rocks. Beneath this layer is the asthenosphere where the rocks in this part of the upper mantle are not rigid. The rocks can flow like a liquid or break apart similar to silly putty. Picture of Earth from outer space NASA.", "Outer core. The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick. It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath the Earth's surface. The transition between the inner core and outer core is approximately 5,000 km (3,100 mi) beneath the Earth's surface.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "Basaltic rocks of the ocean plates are much denser and heavier than the granitic rock of the continental plates. Because of this the continents ride on the denser oceanic plates. The crust and the upper layer of the mantle together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock called the Lithosphere. Asthenosphere.", "The Mantle. The mantle is the layer located directly under the sima. It is the largest layer of the Earth, 1800 miles thick. The mantle is composed of very hot, dense rock. This layer of rock even flows like asphalt under a heavy weight." ], [ "Without the outer core, life on Earth would be very different. Convection of liquid metals in the outer core creates the Earth's magnetic field. This magnetic field extends outward from the Earth for several thousand kilometers, and creates a protective magnetosphere around the Earth that deflects the Sun's solar wind.", "Tidal dissipation and the strength of the Earth’s internal magnetic field. Nature 468, 952-954. doi:10.1038/nature09643. ↑ First measurement of magnetic field inside Earth's core. Science20.com. Retrieved on 2012-01-27. ↑ Woodrow L. Shew, Daniel P. Lathrop 2005. Liquid sodium model of geophysical core convection.", "From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Structure of Earth. The Earth's core is the part of Earth in the middle of our planet. It has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core.", "The solid inner core is too hot to hold a permanent magnetic field. It may stabilize the magnetic field generated by the liquid outer core. The average magnetic field strength in the Earth's outer core is 25 Gauss, 50 times stronger than the magnetic field at the surface.", "Inner core. The inner core of the Earth, as detected by seismology, is a solid sphere about 1,216 km (760 mi) in radius, or about 70% that of the Moon. It is believed to be an iron – nickel alloy, and may have a temperature similar to the Sun 's surface, about 5778 K (5505 °C). In 2015, Prof Xiaodong Song from the University of Illinois and other researchers in China suggested the inner core has two layers.", "The seismic wave data suggests that crystals in the \"inner inner core\" are in an east-to-west direction. Those in the \"outer inner core\" are lined up north to south.", "The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core. Eddy currents in the nickel iron fluid of the outer core are believed to influence the Earth's magnetic field. Convection in the outer core, combined with the Coriolis effect, gives rise to Earth's magnetic field.", "Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 153 136–149. ↑ Kent C. Condie 1997. Plate tectonics, Butterworth-Heinemann; 4th ed. p140 ISBN 978-0750633864. ↑ \"Module title\". ceo.scec.org. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Morelle, Rebecca 2015. BBC News Science & Environment. Heart of Earth's inner core revealed. Retrieved from \" https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_core&oldid=7475335 \".", "From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Outer core) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Structure of Earth. The Earth's core is the part of Earth in the middle of our planet. It has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. The temperature of the outer core ranges from 4400 °C in the outer regions to 6100 °C near the inner core.", "Inner core. The inner core of the Earth, as detected by seismology, is a solid sphere about 1,216 km (760 mi) in radius, or about 70% that of the Moon. It is believed to be an iron – nickel alloy, and may have a temperature similar to the Sun 's surface, about 5778 K (5505 °C).", "Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 153 136–149. ↑ Kent C. Condie 1997. Plate tectonics, Butterworth-Heinemann; 4th ed. p140 ISBN 978-0750633864. ↑ \"Module title\". ceo.scec.org. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Morelle, Rebecca 2015. BBC News Science & Environment. Heart of Earth's inner core revealed. Retrieved from \" https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_core&oldid=7475335#Outer_core \".", "Another scientist commented: \"If this is true, it would imply that something very substantial happened to flip the orientation of the core to turn the alignment of crystals in the inner core north-south as is seen today in its outer parts\". Other scientists are checking their data.", "The inner core of the Earth, as detected by seismology, is a solid sphere about 1,216 km (760 mi) in radius, or about 70% that of the Moon. It is believed to be an iron – nickel alloy, and may have a temperature similar to the Sun 's surface, about 5778 K (5505 °C).", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,400 km (1,500 mi) thick and composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Its outer boundary lies 2,890 km (1,800 mi) beneath Earth's surface.", "Core. At the center of the Earth is the core, which has two parts. The solid, inner core of iron has a radius of about 760 miles (about 1,220 km), according to NASA. It is surrounded by a liquid, outer core composed of a nickel-iron alloy. The outer core is about 1,355 miles (2,180 km) thick. The inner core spins at a different speed than the rest of the planet.", "Outer Core. The outer core is the third layer of the earth. The outer core surrounds the inner core. The outer core is the only liquid layer of the Earth. You could say that the outer core is basically a sea of iron and nickel.", "Earth's mantle. The internal structure of Earth. Main article: Earth's mantle. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 24 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has a thickness of 2,900 kilometres (1,800 mi) making up about 84% of Earth's volume.", "Deep inside Earth, near its center, lies Earth's core which is mostly made up of nickel and iron. Above the core is Earth's mantle, which is made up of rock containing silicon, iron, magnesium, aluminum, oxygen and other minerals. The rocky surface layer of Earth, called the crust, is made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium." ] ]
[ "gene therapy what is it", "what are the three types of genetic recombination", "what is gene structure", "what does a single gene do?", "what is a gene in genetics", "what is a genetic code", "the most common way for genes to be regulated is", "what does heredity and dna mean", "what is a genome definition", "genes science definition" ]
[ "The first commercial gene therapy, Gendicine, was approved in China in 2003 for the treatment of certain cancers. In 2011 Neovasculgen was registered in Russia as the first-in-class gene-therapy drug for treatment of peripheral artery disease, including critical limb ischemia.", "Crossing Over in Mitosis. In eukaryotic cells (those with a defined nucleus), crossing over can also occur during mitosis . Somatic cells (non-sex cells) undergo mitosis to produce two distinct cells with identical genetic material. As such, any crossover that occurs between homologous chromosomes in mitosis does not produce a new combination of genes.", "structural gene one that forms templates for messenger RNA and is thereby responsible for the amino acid sequence of specific polypeptides. tumor suppressor gene a gene whose function is to limit cell proliferation and loss of whose function leads to cell transformation and tumor growth; called also antioncogene.", "For example, you may have heard of cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Fragile X syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Huntington disease. These are all examples of single gene disorders. As a rule, single gene disorders are not very common. For example, only one in 2,500 people are born with cystic fibrosis.", "Mendel studied \"trait inheritance\", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete \"units of inheritance\". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene.", "The genetic code. Efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after DNA's structure was discovered in 1953. George Gamow postulated that sets of three bases must be employed to encode the 20 standard amino acids used by living cells to build proteins, which would allow a maximum of 43 = 64 amino acids.", "The use of activator proteins in the positive control of gene expression is also common in prokaryotes . In this system, the activator protein promotes transcription. Positive Control. Positive control of gene expression is illustrated by the transcriptional activator, catabolite gene activator protein (CAP).", "genetics. Professor of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Genetics and of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver. Senior staff member, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver. Below is the full article. For the article summary, see Heredity summary . Heredity, the sum of all biological processes by which particular characteristics are transmitted from parents to their offspring.", "The genome of eukaryotes is contained in a single, haploid set of chromosomes. The genome of bacteria is contained in a single chromosome whereas the genome of viruses is in the DNA or RNA. The human genome is made up of approximately 35000 genes, or three billion chemical base pair s.", "Johannsen (1857–1927)] Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. gene. (jēn) A segment of DNA, occupying a specific place on a chromosome, that is the basic unit of heredity. Genes act by directing the synthesis of proteins, which are the main components of cells and are the catalysts of all cellular processes." ]
[ [ "Diseases such as sickle cell disease that are caused by autosomal recessive disorders for which a person's normal phenotype or cell function may be restored in cells that have the disease by a normal copy of the gene that is mutated, may be a good candidate for gene therapy treatment.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. Medical field. Gene therapy using an adenovirus vector. In some cases, the adenovirus will insert the new gene into a cell. If the treatment is successful, the new gene will make a functional protein to treat a disease. Part of a series on.", "Pusztai affair • Séralini affair. StarLink corn recall. He Jiankui affair. v. t. e. Gene therapy is a medical field which focuses on the genetic modification of cells to produce a therapeutic effect or the treatment of disease by repairing or reconstructing defective genetic material.", "The delivery of DNA into cells can be accomplished by multiple methods. The two major classes are recombinant viruses (sometimes called biological nanoparticles or viral vectors) and naked DNA or DNA complexes (non-viral methods).", "Somatic. In somatic cell gene therapy (SCGT), the therapeutic genes are transferred into any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gametocyte, or undifferentiated stem cell. Any such modifications affect the individual patient only, and are not inherited by offspring.", "Cancer gene therapy was introduced in 1992/93 (Trojan et al. 1993). The treatment of glioblastoma multiforme, the malignant brain tumor whose outcome is always fatal, was done using a vector expressing antisense IGF-I RNA (clinical trial approved by NIH protocol no.1602 24 November 1993, and by the FDA in 1994).", "2009. In September researchers were able to give trichromatic vision to squirrel monkeys. In November 2009, researchers halted a fatal genetic disorder called adrenoleukodystrophy in two children using a lentivirus vector to deliver a functioning version of ABCD1, the gene that is mutated in the disorder.", "2011. In 2007 and 2008, a man ( Timothy Ray Brown) was cured of HIV by repeated hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (see also allogeneic stem cell transplantation, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, allotransplantation) with double-delta-32 mutation which disables the CCR5 receptor.", "The goal was to cure malignant brain tumors by using recombinant DNA to transfer a gene making the tumor cells sensitive to a drug that in turn would cause the tumor cells to die. The polymers are either translated into proteins, interfere with target gene expression, or possibly correct genetic mutations.", "The most common form uses DNA that encodes a functional, therapeutic gene to replace a mutated gene. The polymer molecule is packaged within a \" vector \", which carries the molecule inside cells. Early clinical failures led to dismissals of gene therapy.", "In July researchers reported promising results for six children with two severe hereditary diseases had been treated with a partially deactivated lentivirus to replace a faulty gene and after 7–32 months. Three of the children had metachromatic leukodystrophy, which causes children to lose cognitive and motor skills.", "Clinical trials are ongoing. ( NCT02556736, NCT03326336 at clinicaltrials.gov) Not all medical procedures that introduce alterations to a patient's genetic makeup can be considered gene therapy. Bone marrow transplantation and organ transplants in general have been found to introduce foreign DNA into patients.", "Two main approaches were considered – replacing or disrupting defective genes. Scientists focused on diseases caused by single-gene defects, such as cystic fibrosis, haemophilia, muscular dystrophy, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Glybera treats one such disease, caused by a defect in lipoprotein lipase.", "The researchers demonstrated this treatment to be a more permanent means to increase therapeutic HbF production. A new gene therapy approach repaired errors in messenger RNA derived from defective genes. This technique has the potential to treat thalassaemia, cystic fibrosis and some cancers.", "Multigene disorders – Some commonly occurring disorders, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, Alzheimer's disease, arthritis, and diabetes, are affected by variations in multiple genes, which complicate gene therapy.", "Viruses. Main article: Viral vector. In order to replicate, viruses introduce their genetic material into the host cell, tricking the host's cellular machinery into using it as blueprints for viral proteins. Retroviruses go a stage further by having their genetic material copied into the genome of the host cell.", "Libmeldy was approved for medical use in the EU in December 2020. On 15 October, Lysogene, a French biotechnological company, reported the death of a patient in who has received LYS-SAF302, an experimental gene therapy treatment for mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (Sanfilippo syndrome type A).", "Prosthetic gene therapy aims to enable cells of the body to take over functions they physiologically do not carry out. One example is the so-called vision restoration gene therapy, that aims to restore vision in patients suffering from end-stage retinal diseases.", "Injections of the ADA enzyme were also given weekly. For four years T cells (white blood cells), produced by stem cells, made ADA enzymes using the ADA gene. After four years more treatment was needed. Jesse Gelsinger 's death in 1999 impeded gene therapy research in the US.", "The defective gene of the patient's blood cells was replaced by the functional variant. Ashanti's immune system was partially restored by the therapy. Production of the missing enzyme was temporarily stimulated, but the new cells with functional genes were not generated.", "Germline. In germline gene therapy (GGT), germ cells ( sperm or egg cells) are modified by the introduction of functional genes into their genomes. Modifying a germ cell causes all the organism's cells to contain the modified gene. The change is therefore heritable and passed on to later generations.", "Methods for non-viral gene therapy include the injection of naked DNA, electroporation, the gene gun, sonoporation, magnetofection, the use of oligonucleotides, lipoplexes, dendrimers, and inorganic nanoparticles.", "these approaches are being studied in clinical trials. A duplex of crRNA and tracrRNA acts as guide RNA to introduce a specifically located gene modification based on the RNA 5’ upstream of the crRNA. Cas9 binds the tracrRNA and needs a DNA binding sequence (5’NGG3’), which is called protospacer adjacent motif (PAM).", "The mice – which have essentially the same defect that causes human cases – used a viral vector to induce production of fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which normally ceases to be produced shortly after birth. In humans, the use of hydroxyurea to stimulate the production of HbF temporarily alleviates sickle cell symptoms.", "If, for instance, in an (usually recessively) inherited disease a mutation in a certain gene results in the production of a dysfunctional protein, gene therapy could be used to deliver a copy of this gene that does not contain the deleterious mutation, and thereby produces a functional protein.", "This strategy is referred to as gene replacement therapy and is employed to treat inherited retinal diseases. While the concept of gene replacement therapy is mostly suitable for recessive diseases, novel strategies have been suggested that are capable of also treating conditions with a dominant pattern of inheritance.", "2012. The FDA approved Phase 1 clinical trials on thalassemia major patients in the US for 10 participants in July. The study was expected to continue until 2015. In July 2012, the European Medicines Agency recommended approval of a gene therapy treatment for the first time in either Europe or the United States.", "Since that time, drugs such as Novartis' Zolgensma and Alnylam 's Patisiran have also received FDA approval, in addition to other companies' gene therapy drugs. Most of these approaches utilize adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) and lentiviruses for performing gene insertions, in vivo and ex vivo, respectively.", "For example, you may have heard of cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Fragile X syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Huntington disease. These are all examples of single gene disorders. As a rule, single gene disorders are not very common. For example, only one in 2,500 people are born with cystic fibrosis." ], [ "Chromosome Duplication. When a cell enters the cell cycle, its chromosomes duplicate via DNA replication in preparation for cell division. Each duplicated chromosome is comprised of two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids that are connected to the centromere region.", "Recombination Versus Crossing Over. Genetic recombination happens as a result of the separation of genes that occurs during gamete formation in meiosis, the random uniting of these genes at fertilization, and the transfer of genes that takes place between chromosome pairs in a process known as crossing over. Crossing over allows alleles on DNA molecules to change positions from one homologous chromosome segment to another.", "Chromosomes are located within the nucleus of our cells and are formed from chromatin (mass of genetic material consisting of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones). A chromosome is typically single-stranded and consists of a centromere region that connects a long arm region (q arm) with a short arm region (p arm).", "In transduction, bacterial DNA is exchanged through a ​virus that infects bacteria known as a bacteriophage. Once the foreign DNA is internalized by a bacterium via conjugation, transformation, or transduction, the bacterium can insert segments of the DNA into its own DNA.", "Crossing Over in Meiosis. Genetic recombination that involves crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis in sex cell production. The duplicated pairs of chromosomes (sister chromatids) donated from each parent line up closely together forming what is called a tetrad. A tetrad is composed of four chromatids .", "A.S., Nursing, Chattahoochee Technical College. Regina Bailey is a board-certified registered nurse, science writer and educator. Her work has been featured in \"Kaplan AP Biology\" and \"The Internet for Cellular and Molecular Biologists.\". our editorial process. Regina Bailey.", "Updated July 03, 2019. Genetic recombination refers to the process of recombining genes to produce new gene combinations that differ from those of either parent. Genetic recombination produces genetic variation in organisms that reproduce sexually.", "Now, cross one piece over the other to form an \"X.\". While the ropes are crossed, something interesting happens: a one-inch segment from one end of the red rope breaks off. It switches places with a one-inch segment parallel to it on the blue rope.", "Genetic recombination is responsible for genetic diversity in a species or population. For an example of crossing over, you can think of two pieces of foot-long rope lying on a table, lined up next to each other. Each piece of rope represents a chromosome. One is red. One is blue.", "Bailey, Regina. \"Genetic Recombination and Crossing Over.\". ThoughtCo, Aug. 29, 2020, thoughtco.com/genetic-recombination-373450. Bailey, Regina. (2020, August 29). Genetic Recombination and Crossing Over. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/genetic-recombination-373450 Bailey, Regina.", "As the two sister chromatids are aligned in close proximity to one another, one chromatid from the maternal chromosome can cross positions with a chromatid from the paternal chromosome. These crossed chromatids are called a chiasma.", "During cell division, chromosomes form paired sets consisting of one chromosome from each parent. These chromosomes, known as homologous chromosomes, are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.", "Recombination in Prokaryotic Cells. Prokaryotic cells, like bacteria which are unicellular with no nucleus, also undergo genetic recombination. Although bacteria most commonly reproduce by binary fission, this mode of reproduction does not produce genetic variation. In bacterial recombination, genes from one bacterium are incorporated into the genome of another bacterium through crossing over.", "Crossing over occurs when the chiasma breaks and the broken chromosome segments get switched onto homologous chromosomes. The broken chromosome segment from the maternal chromosome gets joined to its homologous paternal chromosome, and vice-versa.", "Non-Homologous Chromosomes. Crossing over that occurs in non-homologous chromosomes can produce a type of chromosome mutation known as a translocation. A translocation happens when a chromosome segment detaches from one chromosome and moves to a new position on another non-homologous chromosome.", "Bacterial recombination is accomplished by the processes of conjugation, transformation, or transduction. In conjugation, one bacterium connects itself to another through a protein tube structure called a pilus. Genes are transferred from one bacterium to the other through this tube.", "structural gene one that forms templates for messenger RNA and is thereby responsible for the amino acid sequence of specific polypeptides. tumor suppressor gene a gene whose function is to limit cell proliferation and loss of whose function leads to cell transformation and tumor growth; called also antioncogene.", "Single Gene-Pair Inheritance. Single gene-pair inheritance occurs when a trait is linked to one gene-pair that consists of two alleles. This is also referred to as Mendelian inheritance. An allele is one part of the gene-pair. One allele is inherited from the father, and one is inherited from the mother. Let's look at a chart that shows some examples of possible gene-pairs before we go further.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring from its parents or ancestor. This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism.", "An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male. (The mitochondrial chromosome is not shown.) In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses )." ], [ "Thus, α-fetoprotein, AFP; antithrombin III, AT3. A functional unit of heredity that occupies a specific place (locus) on a chromosome, is capable of reproducing itself exactly at each cell division, and directs the formation of an enzyme or other protein.", "In organisms reproducing sexually, genes normally occur in pairs in all cells except gametes, as a consequence of the fact that all chromosomes are paired except the sex chromosomes (X and Y) of the male. Synonym (s): factor (3) [G. genos, birth] Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012.", "Each gene occupies a certain location on a chromosome. Genes are self-replicating sequences of DNA nucleotides, subject to random structural changes (mutations). Hereditary traits are controlled by pairs of genes in the same position on a pair of chromosomes. These alleles may be either dominant or recessive.", "Therefore, we present a comprehensive and specific analysis of gene structure, chromosome localization, and expression of the Populus' DREB subfamily for the first time. Gene structures, classification, and expression models of the DREB transcription factor subfamily in Populus trichocarpa.", "Through the genetic code of DNA they also control the day-to-day functions and reproduction of all cells in the body. For example, the genes control the synthesis of structural proteins and also the enzymes that regulate various chemical reactions that take place in a cell. The gene is capable of replication.", "gene. ( jēn) A functional unit of heredity that occupies a specific place (locus) on a chromosome, is capable of reproducing itself exactly at each cell division, and directs the formation of an enzyme or other protein. Synonym (s): factor (3) .", "operator gene one serving as a starting point for reading the genetic code, and which, through interaction with a repressor, controls the activity of structural genes associated with it in the operon. gene pool all of the genes possessed by all of the members of a population that will reproduce.", "one of the biologic units of heredity, self-reproducing, and located at a definite position (locus) on a particular chromosome. Genes make up segments of the complex deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule that controls cellular reproduction and function.", "gene. The unit of heredity which determines, or contributes to, one inherited feature of an organism (e.g. eye colour). Physically, a gene is composed of a defined DNA sequence, located at a specific place ( locus) along the length of a chromosome and transmitted by a parent to its offspring.", "histocompatibility gene one that determines the specificity of tissue antigenicity ( hla antigens) and thus the compatibility of donor and recipient in tissue transplantation and blood transfusion. holandric g's genes located on the Y chromosome and appearing only in male offspring.", "immune suppressor (Is) g's genes that govern the formation of suppressor T lymphocytes. immunoglobulin g's the genes coding for immunoglobulin heavy and light chains, which are organized in three loci coding for κ light chains, λ light chains, and heavy chains. K-ras gene a type of oncogene.", "gene p53. A gene thought to be important in controlling the cell cycle, DNA repair and synthesis, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Mutations of p53 have occurred in almost half of all types of cancer, arising from a variety of tissues. Mutant types may promote cancer.", "A. Genes are the chemical entities and they can be changed of their set of structure inside a cell, when is exposed to radiation or any chemical through toxic food. Some genes like BRCA1 & 2 expanded as Breast Cancer 1 & 2 are helpful to prevent any cancer development of a single cell.", "Protein synthesis is mediated by molecules of messenger-RNA formed on the chromosome with the gene acting as a template. The RNA then passes into the cytoplasm and becomes oriented on the ribosomes where it in turn acts as a template to organize a chain of amino acids to form a peptide.", "When a cell multiplies by mitosis each daughter cell carries a set of genes that is an exact replica of that of the parent cell. This characteristic of replication explains how genes can carry hereditary traits through successive generations without change. allelic gene allele.", "complementary g's two independent pairs of nonallelic genes, neither of which will produce its effect in the absence of the other. DCC gene ( deleted in colorectal carcinoma) a gene normally expressed in the mucosa of the colon but reduced or absent in a small proportion of patients with colorectal cancer.", "Gene. A building block of inheritance, which contains the instructions for the production of a particular protein, and is made up of a molecular sequence found on a section of DNA. Each gene is found on a precise location on a chromosome.", "When both pairs of an allele are either dominant or recessive, the individual is said to be homozygous for the traits coded by the gene. If the alleles differ (one dominant and one recessive), the individual is heterozygous. See: illustration; chromosome; DNA; RNA.", "If the DNA sequence at one locus is identical on a pair of homologous chromosomes the organism is referred to as homozygous (homozygote) and if the DNA sequence is not identical it is referred to as heterozygous (heterozygote).", "Protein synthesis is mediated by molecules of messenger RNA formed on the chromosome with the gene acting as a template. The RNA then passes into the cytoplasm and becomes oriented on the ribosomes where it in turn acts as a template to organize a chain of amino acids to form a peptide.", "lethal gene one whose presence brings about the death of the organism or permits survival only under certain conditions. major gene a gene whose effect on the phenotype is always evident, regardless of how this effect is modified by other genes. mutant gene one that has undergone a detectable mutation.", "gene. ( jēn ), According to the standards of the International System for Human Genome Nomenclature (ISGN), a human gene symbol should be 2-9 characters in length, may include Arabic numerals as well as Roman letters but must begin with a letter, and is printed with all letters capitalized and in italic type.", "See Cellular oncogene, Crime gene, Expressed gene, Functional gene, Housekeeping gene, Lethal gene, Mutable gene, Mutator gene, Pseudogene, Reporter gene, Structural gene, Suppressor gene, Tumor suppressor. Cf Chromosome. McGraw-Hill Concise Dictionary of Modern Medicine. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.", "histocompatibility gene. One of the genes composing the HLA complex that determines the histocompatibility antigenic markers on all nucleated cells. These genes create the antigens by which the immune system recognizes “self” and determines the “nonself” nature of pathogens and other foreign antigens.", "22: Skin Biochemistry Basics: Gene Structure, Function & Expression, The Center For Professional Advancement. ACI annual meeting in Orlando Jan. 30-Feb. 4. Accurate gene structure prediction plays a fundamental role in functional annotation of genes. COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES FOR GENE PREDICTION: A COMPARATIVE SURVEY.", "dominant gene one that produces an effect (the phenotype) in the organism regardless of the state of the corresponding allele. An example of a trait determined by a dominant gene is brown eye color. See also heredity.", "regulator gene ( repressor gene) one that synthesizes repressor, a substance which, through interaction with the operator gene, switches off the activity of the structural genes associated with it in the operon. sex-linked gene a gene carried on a sex chromosome (X or Y); only X linkage has clinical significance.", "The gene as a functional unit consists of a discrete segment of a giant DNA molecule containing the purine (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidine (cytosine and thymine) bases in the correct sequence to code the sequence of amino acids of a specific peptide.", "Gene Definition. The gene is a segment of a nucleic acid that carries the code for a particular protein or for a functional non-coding RNA (ncRNA). A gene is defined as the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity since a gene is comprised of nucleotides (on a specific site on a chromosome) that is responsible for the physical and heritable characteristics or phenotype of an organism." ], [ "There are some instances in which a person has the gene that causes the disorder and does not show symptoms of the disorder, but can still pass the gene to his or her children. A person who carriers a gene for an autosomal dominant disorder has a 50% chance of passing the gene to each child.", "When there is more than one person in a family who has the disease, these people are often in the same generation. X-linked dominant inheritance follows a pattern similar to autosomal dominant inheritance except that more females are affected than males. However, X-linked dominant disorders are very rare.", "In most cases, females who are carriers do not show symptoms because the working copy of the gene compensates for the non-working copy of the gene. Carrier females have a 25% of having a son with the disorder, a 25% chance of having a son without the disorder, a 25% chance of having a carrier daughter and a 25% chance of having a daughter who is not a carrier.", "There are a number of inheritance patterns of single gene disorders that are predictable when you know what they are. Autosomal dominant means that a person only needs one copy of the changed gene (genetic difference) in order to have the disorder.", "When both parents are carriers of the changed gene, each of their children has a 25% chance of having the disorder, a 50% chance of being a carrier of the disorder (like their parents), and a 25% chance of neither being a carrier nor having the disorder. These risks are the same for each pregnancy.", "People with an X-linked recessive disorder do not have any normal copies of the gene. Males only have one X chromosome, so if a male inherits a changed gene on his X chromosome (which is always inherited from his mother), then he does not have another copy of the working gene to compensate.", "Each parent contributes one changed copy of the gene to the child who has the disorder. The parents are called carriers of the disorder because they have one normal copy of the gene and one changed copy of the gene, but they do not show symptoms of the disorder.", "Single Gene-Pair Inheritance. Single gene-pair inheritance occurs when a trait is linked to one gene-pair that consists of two alleles. This is also referred to as Mendelian inheritance. An allele is one part of the gene-pair. One allele is inherited from the father, and one is inherited from the mother. Let's look at a chart that shows some examples of possible gene-pairs before we go further.", "Traits. A trait is any gene-determined characteristic. Many traits are determined by the function of more than one gene. For example, a person's height is likely to be determined by many genes, including those affecting growth, appetite, muscle mass, and activity level.", "The genome of eukaryotes is contained in a single, haploid set of chromosomes. The genome of bacteria is contained in a single chromosome whereas the genome of viruses is in the DNA or RNA. The human genome is made up of approximately 35000 genes, or three billion chemical base pair s.", "The first commercial gene therapy, Gendicine, was approved in China in 2003 for the treatment of certain cancers. In 2011 Neovasculgen was registered in Russia as the first-in-class gene-therapy drug for treatment of peripheral artery disease, including critical limb ischemia.", "structural gene one that forms templates for messenger RNA and is thereby responsible for the amino acid sequence of specific polypeptides. tumor suppressor gene a gene whose function is to limit cell proliferation and loss of whose function leads to cell transformation and tumor growth; called also antioncogene.", "Johannsen (1857–1927)] Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. gene. (jēn) A segment of DNA, occupying a specific place on a chromosome, that is the basic unit of heredity. Genes act by directing the synthesis of proteins, which are the main components of cells and are the catalysts of all cellular processes.", "The use of activator proteins in the positive control of gene expression is also common in prokaryotes . In this system, the activator protein promotes transcription. Positive Control. Positive control of gene expression is illustrated by the transcriptional activator, catabolite gene activator protein (CAP).", "Crossing Over in Mitosis. In eukaryotic cells (those with a defined nucleus), crossing over can also occur during mitosis . Somatic cells (non-sex cells) undergo mitosis to produce two distinct cells with identical genetic material. As such, any crossover that occurs between homologous chromosomes in mitosis does not produce a new combination of genes.", "Definition. noun, plural: gene amplifications. The process of duplicating a particular gene, causing the gene to increase in frequency inside the cell, as well as amplifying the phenotype (e.g. the proteins) that the gene confers (or code for) Supplement.", "Wiktionary (3.00 / 2 votes) Rate this definition: gene (Noun) A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next, and that carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein. Etymology: From Gen, coined by Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen from.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring from its parents or ancestor. This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism.", "All rights reserved. Thesaurus AntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Switch to new thesaurus. Noun. 1. genome - the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism; \"the human genome contains approximately three billion chemical base pairs\". ordering, ordination, order - logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements; \"we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation\".", "An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male. (The mitochondrial chromosome is not shown.) In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses )." ], [ "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Genetic subjects) This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 28 December 2020. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal).", "A common method for determining how genes and environment (\"nature and nurture\") contribute to a phenotype involves studying identical and fraternal twins, or other siblings of multiple births. Identical siblings are genetically the same since they come from the same zygote.", "The nucleotide sequence of a messenger RNA is used to create an amino acid sequence in protein; this translation between nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences is known as the genetic code. With the newfound molecular understanding of inheritance came an explosion of research.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Genetic study) This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 29 November 2020. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal).", "The intracellular or extracellular environment of a living cell or organism may switch gene transcription on or off. A classic example is two seeds of genetically identical corn, one placed in a temperate climate and one in an arid climate (lacking sufficient waterfall or rain).", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Genetically) This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 8 October 2020. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal).", "William Bateson, a proponent of Mendel's work, coined the word genetics in 1905 (the adjective genetic, derived from the Greek word genesis —γένεσις, \"origin\", predates the noun and was first used in a biological sense in 1860 ).", "Model organisms. The common fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster) is a popular model organism in genetics research. Although geneticists originally studied inheritance in a wide range of organisms, researchers began to specialize in studying the genetics of a particular subset of organisms.", "Edit. This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal). For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see Introduction to genetics. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.", "See also: Genetics in fiction. On 19 March 2015, a group of leading biologists urged a worldwide ban on clinical use of methods, particularly the use of CRISPR and zinc finger, to edit the human genome in a way that can be inherited.", "At its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by passing discrete heritable units, called genes, from parents to offspring. This property was first observed by Gregor Mendel, who studied the segregation of heritable traits in pea plants.", "Human height is a trait with complex genetic causes. Francis Galton 's data from 1889 shows the relationship between offspring height as a function of mean parent height. Organisms have thousands of genes, and in sexually reproducing organisms these genes generally assort independently of each other.", "After the rediscovery of Mendel's work, scientists tried to determine which molecules in the cell were responsible for inheritance. In 1900, Nettie Stevens began studying the mealworm. Over the next 11 years, she discovered that females only had the X chromosome and males had both X and Y chromosomes.", "Once a candidate gene is found, further research is often done on the corresponding (or homologous) genes of model organisms. In addition to studying genetic diseases, the increased availability of genotyping methods has led to the field of pharmacogenetics: the study of how genotype can affect drug responses.", "A notable theory arose from Tomoko Ohta in 1973 with her amendment to the neutral theory of molecular evolution through publishing the nearly neutral theory of molecular evolution. In this theory, Ohta stressed the importance of natural selection and the environment to the rate at which genetic evolution occurs.", "Although this pattern of inheritance could only be observed for a few traits, Mendel's work suggested that heredity was particulate, not acquired, and that the inheritance patterns of many traits could be explained through simple rules and ratios.", "This technology allows scientists to read the nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule. In 1983, Kary Banks Mullis developed the polymerase chain reaction, providing a quick way to isolate and amplify a specific section of DNA from a mixture.", "This process, called mitosis, is the simplest form of reproduction and is the basis for asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction can also occur in multicellular organisms, producing offspring that inherit their genome from a single parent. Offspring that are genetically identical to their parents are called clones .", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Genetic biology) This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 3 April 2021. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal).", "DNA sequencing, one of the most fundamental technologies developed to study genetics, allows researchers to determine the sequence of nucleotides in DNA fragments. The technique of chain-termination sequencing, developed in 1977 by a team led by Frederick Sanger, is still routinely used to sequence DNA fragments.", "Each strand of DNA is a chain of nucleotides, matching each other in the center to form what look like rungs on a twisted ladder. Although genes were known to exist on chromosomes, chromosomes are composed of both protein and DNA, and scientists did not know which of the two is responsible for inheritance.", "The tryptophan repressor blocks the transcription and expression of the genes, thereby creating negative feedback regulation of the tryptophan synthesis process. Transcription factors bind to DNA, influencing the transcription of associated genes.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Genetic traits) This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 29 November 2020. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal). Science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.", "In his paper \" Versuche über Pflanzenhybriden \" (\" Experiments on Plant Hybridization \"), presented in 1865 to the Naturforschender Verein (Society for Research in Nature) in Brünn, Mendel traced the inheritance patterns of certain traits in pea plants and described them mathematically.", "The common fruit fly ( Drosophila melanogaster) is a popular model organism in genetics research. Although geneticists originally studied inheritance in a wide range of organisms, researchers began to specialize in studying the genetics of a particular subset of organisms.", "This structure of DNA is the physical basis for inheritance: DNA replication duplicates the genetic information by splitting the strands and using each strand as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. Genes are arranged linearly along long chains of DNA base-pair sequences.", "Other theories of inheritance preceded Mendel's work. A popular theory during the 19th century, and implied by Charles Darwin 's 1859 On the Origin of Species, was blending inheritance: the idea that individuals inherit a smooth blend of traits from their parents.", "Mendel's work provided examples where traits were definitely not blended after hybridization, showing that traits are produced by combinations of distinct genes rather than a continuous blend. Blending of traits in the progeny is now explained by the action of multiple genes with quantitative effects.", "When the F1 offspring mate with each other, the offspring are called the \"F2\" (second filial) generation. One of the common diagrams used to predict the result of cross-breeding is the Punnett square . When studying human genetic diseases, geneticists often use pedigree charts to represent the inheritance of traits.", "The modern science of genetics, seeking to understand this process, began with the work of the Augustinian friar Gregor Mendel in the mid-19th century. Prior to Mendel, Imre Festetics, a Hungarian noble, who lived in Kőszeg before Mendel, was the first who used the word \"genetics.\".", "Common research topics in model organism genetics include the study of gene regulation and the involvement of genes in development and cancer . Organisms were chosen, in part, for convenience—short generation times and easy genetic manipulation made some organisms popular genetics research tools.", "The degree to which an organism's genes contribute to a complex trait is called heritability. Measurement of the heritability of a trait is relative—in a more variable environment, the environment has a bigger influence on the total variation of the trait. For example, human height is a trait with complex causes.", "Genetic code. Main article: Genetic code. The genetic code: Using a triplet code, DNA, through a messenger RNA intermediary, specifies a protein. Genes generally express their functional effect through the production of proteins, which are complex molecules responsible for most functions in the cell.", "The diploid nature of chromosomes allows for genes on different chromosomes to assort independently or be separated from their homologous pair during sexual reproduction wherein haploid gametes are formed. In this way new combinations of genes can occur in the offspring of a mating pair.", "A Punnett square depicting a cross between two pea plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms. At its most fundamental level, inheritance in organisms occurs by passing discrete heritable units, called genes, from parents to offspring.", "The Hershey–Chase experiment in 1952 confirmed that DNA (rather than protein) is the genetic material of the viruses that infect bacteria, providing further evidence that DNA is the molecule responsible for inheritance.", "Bases pair through the arrangement of hydrogen bonding between the strands. DNA sequence. The molecular basis for genes is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is composed of a chain of nucleotides, of which there are four types: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T).", "The DNA of a chromosome is associated with structural proteins that organize, compact, and control access to the DNA, forming a material called chromatin; in eukaryotes, chromatin is usually composed of nucleosomes, segments of DNA wound around cores of histone proteins.", "Portals: Biochemistry. v. t. e. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, a scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century, was the first to study genetics scientifically.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 29 April 2021. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This article is about the general scientific term. For the scientific journal, see Genetics (journal). Science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms.", "She was able to conclude that sex is a chromosomal factor and is determined by the male. In 1911, Thomas Hunt Morgan argued that genes are on chromosomes, based on observations of a sex-linked white eye mutation in fruit flies.", "This interaction between genes is called epistasis, with the second gene epistatic to the first. Many traits are not discrete features (e.g. purple or white flowers) but are instead continuous features (e.g. human height and skin color ). These complex traits are products of many genes.", "Gene structure and function, variation, and distribution are studied within the context of the cell, the organism (e.g. dominance ), and within the context of a population. Genetics has given rise to a number of subfields, including molecular genetics, epigenetics and population genetics.", "Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically. Mendel studied \"trait inheritance\", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete \"units of inheritance\".", "v. t. e. Genetics is a branch of biology concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms. Though heredity had been observed for millennia, Gregor Mendel, Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in the 19th century in Brno, was the first to study genetics scientifically.", "Single Gene-Pair Inheritance. Single gene-pair inheritance occurs when a trait is linked to one gene-pair that consists of two alleles. This is also referred to as Mendelian inheritance. An allele is one part of the gene-pair. One allele is inherited from the father, and one is inherited from the mother. Let's look at a chart that shows some examples of possible gene-pairs before we go further." ], [ "This term was given by Bernfield and Nirenberg. The genetic code has redundancy but no ambiguity (see the codon tables below for the full correlation). For example, although codons GAA and GAG both specify glutamic acid (redundancy), neither specifies another amino acid (no ambiguity).", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Codon) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins. \"Codon\" redirects here. For the plant genus, see Codon (plant). A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.", "Note in the table, below, eight amino acids are not affected at all by mutations at the third position of the codon, whereas in the figure above, a mutation at the second position is likely to cause a radical change in the physicochemical properties of the encoded amino acid.", "The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries. The codons specify which amino acid will be added next during protein synthesis. With some exceptions, a three-nucleotide codon in a nucleic acid sequence specifies a single amino acid.", "Expanded genetic codes (synthetic biology) In a broad academic audience, the concept of the evolution of the genetic code from the original and ambiguous genetic code to a well-defined (\"frozen\") code with the repertoire of 20 (+2) canonical amino acids is widely accepted.", "However, the distribution of codon assignments in the genetic code is nonrandom. In particular, the genetic code clusters certain amino acid assignments. Amino acids that share the same biosynthetic pathway tend to have the same first base in their codons.", "Steven A. Benner constructed a functional 65th ( in vivo) codon. In 2015 N. Budisa, D. Söll and co-workers reported the full substitution of all 20,899 tryptophan residues (UGG codons) with unnatural thienopyrrole-alanine in the genetic code of the bacterium Escherichia coli.", "The vast majority of genes are encoded with a single scheme (see the RNA codon table ). That scheme is often referred to as the canonical or standard genetic code, or simply the genetic code, though variant codes (such as in mitochondria) exist.", "Features. Reading frames in the DNA sequence of a region of the human mitochondrial genome coding for the genes MT-ATP8 and MT-ATP6 (in black: positions 8,525 to 8,580 in the sequence accession NC_012920 ).", "See also: DNA and RNA codon tables § Tables. The Crick, Brenner, Barnett and Watts-Tobin experiment first demonstrated that codons consist of three DNA bases. Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich J. Matthaei were the first to reveal the nature of a codon in 1961.", "The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material ( DNA or mRNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Translation is accomplished by the ribosome, which links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA three nucleotides at a time.", "This work was based upon Ochoa's earlier studies, yielding the latter the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1959 for work on the enzymology of RNA synthesis. Extending this work, Nirenberg and Philip Leder revealed the code's triplet nature and deciphered its codons.", "There are three possible reading frames in the 5' → 3' forward direction, starting on the first (+1), second (+2) and third position (+3). For each codon (square brackets), the amino acid is given by the vertebrate mitochondrial code, either in the +1 frame for MT-ATP8 (in red) or in the +3 frame for MT-ATP6 (in blue).", "The most common start codon is AUG, which is read as methionine or, in bacteria, as formylmethionine. Alternative start codons depending on the organism include \"GUG\" or \"UUG\"; these codons normally represent valine and leucine, respectively, but as start codons they are translated as methionine or formylmethionine.", "Codons. See also: DNA and RNA codon tables § Tables. The Crick, Brenner, Barnett and Watts-Tobin experiment first demonstrated that codons consist of three DNA bases. Marshall Nirenberg and Heinrich J. Matthaei were the first to reveal the nature of a codon in 1961.", "Therefore, the codon AAA specified the amino acid lysine, and the codon CCC specified the amino acid proline. Using various copolymers most of the remaining codons were then determined. Subsequent work by Har Gobind Khorana identified the rest of the genetic code.", "Each codon consists of three nucleotides, usually corresponding to a single amino acid. The nucleotides are abbreviated with the letters A, U, G and C. This is mRNA, which uses U ( uracil ). DNA uses T ( thymine) instead. This mRNA molecule will instruct a ribosome to synthesize a protein according to this code.", "The genetic code is so well-structured for hydropathicity that a mathematical analysis ( Singular Value Decomposition) of 12 variables (4 nucleotides x 3 positions) yields a remarkable correlation (C = 0.95) for predicting the hydropathicity of the encoded amino acid directly from the triplet nucleotide sequence, without translation.", "When DNA is double-stranded, six possible reading frames are defined, three in the forward orientation on one strand and three reverse on the opposite strand. Protein-coding frames are defined by a start codon, usually the first AUG (ATG) codon in the RNA (DNA) sequence.", "Every sequence can, thus, be read in its 5' → 3' direction in three reading frames, each producing a possibly distinct amino acid sequence: in the given example, Lys (K)-Trp (W)-Thr (T), Asn (N)-Glu (E), or Met (M)-Asn (N), respectively (when translating with the vertebrate mitochondrial code).", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Universal genetic code) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins. \"Codon\" redirects here. For the plant genus, see Codon (plant). A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.", "This was followed by experiments in Severo Ochoa 's laboratory that demonstrated that the poly- adenine RNA sequence (AAAAA...) coded for the polypeptide poly- lysine and that the poly- cytosine RNA sequence (CCCCC...) coded for the polypeptide poly- proline.", "See also: Nucleic acid analogues. In a broad academic audience, the concept of the evolution of the genetic code from the original and ambiguous genetic code to a well-defined (\"frozen\") code with the repertoire of 20 (+2) canonical amino acids is widely accepted.", "Effect of mutations. Examples of notable mutations that can occur in humans. During the process of DNA replication, errors occasionally occur in the polymerization of the second strand. These errors, mutations, can affect an organism's phenotype, especially if they occur within the protein coding sequence of a gene.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Codons) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins. \"Codon\" redirects here. For the plant genus, see Codon (plant). A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.", "Grouping of codons by amino acid residue molar volume and hydropathicity. A more detailed version is available. Axes 1, 2, 3 are the first, second, and third positions in the codon. The 20 amino acids and stop codons (X) are shown in single letter code. Degeneracy is the redundancy of the genetic code.", "The genetic code is highly similar among all organisms and can be expressed in a simple table with 64 entries. Integrated symmetrical table for genetic codes from Shu, 2017. A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.", "Efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after DNA's structure was discovered in 1953. George Gamow postulated that sets of three bases must be employed to encode the 20 standard amino acids used by living cells to build proteins, which would allow a maximum of 43 = 64 amino acids.", "In May 2019, researchers, in a milestone effort, reported the creation of a new synthetic (possibly artificial) form of viable life, a variant of the bacteria Escherichia coli, by reducing the natural number of 64 codons in the bacterial genome to 59 codons instead, in order to encode 20 amino acids.", "Watch. Edit. \"Codon\" redirects here. For the plant genus, see Codon (plant). The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material ( DNA or mRNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins.", "The three stop codons were named by discoverers Richard Epstein and Charles Steinberg. \"Amber\" was named after their friend Harris Bernstein, whose last name means \"amber\" in German. The other two stop codons were named \"ochre\" and \"opal\" in order to keep the \"color names\" theme.", "If amino acids were randomly assigned to triplet codons, there would be 1.5 × 10 84 possible genetic codes. This number is found by calculating the number of ways that 21 items (20 amino acids plus one stop) can be placed in 64 bins, wherein each item is used at least once.", "For example, the program FACIL infers a genetic code by searching which amino acids in homologous protein domains are most often aligned to every codon. The resulting amino acid probabilities for each codon are displayed in a genetic code logo, that also shows the support for a stop codon.", "Error rates are typically 1 error in every 10–100 million bases—due to the \"proofreading\" ability of DNA polymerases. Missense mutations and nonsense mutations are examples of point mutations that can cause genetic diseases such as sickle-cell disease and thalassemia respectively.", "While the \"genetic code\" is what determines a protein's amino acid sequence, other genomic regions determine when and where these proteins are produced according to various \"gene regulatory codes\".", "This is the RNA world hypothesis. Under this hypothesis, any model for the emergence of the genetic code is intimately related to a model of the transfer from ribozymes (RNA enzymes) to proteins as the principal enzymes in cells.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins. \"Codon\" redirects here. For the plant genus, see Codon (plant). A series of codons in part of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule.", "Unique triplets promoted the binding of specific tRNAs to the ribosome. Leder and Nirenberg were able to determine the sequences of 54 out of 64 codons in their experiments. Khorana, Holley and Nirenberg received the 1968 Nobel for their work.", "Main article: Expanded genetic code. See also: Nucleic acid analogues. In a broad academic audience, the concept of the evolution of the genetic code from the original and ambiguous genetic code to a well-defined (\"frozen\") code with the repertoire of 20 (+2) canonical amino acids is widely accepted.", "Wiktionary (3.00 / 2 votes) Rate this definition: gene (Noun) A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next, and that carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein. Etymology: From Gen, coined by Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen from." ], [ "In yeast, HSF is already trimerized and bound to some of its target genes in unstimulated cells. Heat shock (a rise in temperature) results in phosphorylation of HSF at multiple sites, which induces a structural change in the protein that unleashes the transactivation domain.", "Controlling this binding process is the major way that gene expression is controlled, and proteins are the major controllers of binding. The second important concept is that a protein molecule that helps regulate binding can itself be regulated. This usually occurs when some other molecule binds to the protein, causing the protein to undergo a structural change, in other words, to change shape.", "The transactivation domain is the part that recruits other factors to the promoter such that the rate of transcription of the gene increases. Although transcription factor DNA-binding domains vary in amino acid sequence, many can be placed into structural categories based on their three-dimensional structures.", "As glucose is consumed, its level in the cell drops. Low glucose levels stimulate the production of a small molecule called cyclic- AMP (cAMP), which then binds CAP. CAP undergoes a structural change that allows it to bind DNA and activate transcription.", "This is a common theme in prokaryotic transcriptional regulation. Transcriptional attenuation can occur in prokaryotes. The mechanisms by which gene regulatory proteins control gene transcription in prokaryotes. A ligand is a small molecule that binds to a protein.", "Controlling gene expression is critical to a cell because it allows it to avoid wasting energy and raw materials in the synthesis of proteins it does not need. Thus, it allows a cell to be a more streamlined and versatile entity that can respond to changing conditions by adjusting its physiology.", "Some extremely versatile proteins can function either as repressors or activators, depending on the proteins with which they interact. An example is the Mcm1 protein in yeast. Yeast can be one of two mating types, called α and (\"alpha\"), each of which expresses mating type-specific sets of genes.", "This led to the hypothesis that the three genes were regulated together as a single unit. This type of multigene unit was dubbed an \"operon\" and consists of the structural genes, which encode proteins, plus regulatory sequences lying upstream on the DNA.", "Part of the mRNA generated from the trp operon spontaneously folds into a stem-loop structure that exposes a termination sequence, causing transcription to terminate prematurely. However, when tryptophan is lacking, the ribosome works more slowly (since tryptophan is needed to make protein).", "The DNA-binding affinity of a single molecule of HSF for its binding site is too low to be physiologically significant; however, a complex of three molecules binds the target site very tightly, making HSF one of the most inducible transcription factors known. Regulation of Transactivation.", "Negative Control. The concept that gene expression could be controlled originated with studies done in the 1950s by French scientists François Jacob and Jacques Monod. They were studying the metabolism of a sugar, called lactose, by the E. coli bacterium. β-Lactose metabolism requires three proteins.", "Thus, regulation of the lac operon is achieved by a collaboration between the negative control of the lac repressor and the positive control of CAP. The lac repressor and CAP are examples of regulators of initiation of transcription.", "But experiments have shown that glucose itself represses the activity of the lac operon, such that only when lactose is the only source of energy is it activated. This glucose repression is observed for a number of other operons that encode enzymes for the utilization of alternative energy sources.", "The transcription factor NF-κB, which regulates a number of genes in immune cells that help fight infections, is regulated in this way. NF-κB is present in the cytoplasm of unstimulated immune cells as a complex with an inhibitory protein called iκB.", "In fact, the protein MeCP2, which binds to methylated DNA, has been found to function in a complex with a histone deacetylase. Thus, methylation would lead to binding of this complex, causing deacetylation of histones and a more condensed chromatin structure.", "This allows time for the formation of a different structure, the stem-loop, which hides the termination sequence, with the result being that transcription continues and a full-length transcript is produced. Thus, the end product of the operon, tryptophan, actively participates in the regulation of its own synthesis.", "Transcriptional repressors, like activators, bind cis-acting sequences in the genes they regulate and are modular in structure, possessing distinct DNA-binding and repressor domains. However, as their name implies, their role is in the repression of gene activity rather than their activation.", "Thus, lactose regulates the synthesis of the enzymes necessary for its own metabolism by releasing the transcriptional repression imposed upon them. This type of regulation is called negative regulation, since it employs a repression to prevent transcription.", "Control of Gene Expression. All cells contain a set of genes, which can be thought of as a set of instructions for making each of a very large number of proteins . The creation of a protein from its gene is called gene expression. However, for a given cell not all of these instructions are actually used, and among those that are, some are used more than others or only under certain circumstances.", "Many transcriptional activators are essentially modular in structure in that the DNA-binding domain and the transactivation (or activation) domain can almost be thought of as two distinct proteins that are physically linked. The DNA-binding domain is the part of the molecule that contacts DNA at the promoter site.", "The structural genes in an operon are transcribed as a single mRNA, and the mRNA is thus polygenic (or polycistronic). An elegant series of experiments showed that transcription was begun when a lactose derivative, Allolactose, caused a repressor to be removed from the transcription initiation site.", "The aforementioned examples illustrate a number of ways in which a transcriptional activator may be regulated. However, it should be kept in mind that many are regulated in more than one way. For example, both nuclear localization and DNA-binding ability of an activator may be controlled.", "However, this also limits access of regulatory factors to their target sites. As the mechanisms of transcriptional activators are being uncovered, more and more are being found that act by relieving chromatin-induced repression. An example is the Swi/Snf protein complex, first identified in yeast.", "Mutations in components of the complex resulted in decreased activity of certain target genes. It was later found that mutations in the histone genes restored normal activity to those target genes; in other words, the mutations in the histone genes somehow compensated for the mutations in Swi/Snf.", "Because glucose is a preferred food source, the lac operon is not activated in E. coli cells cultured in medium containing both glucose and lactose until the glucose is used up. However, since lactose is present, one might expect the lac operon to be derepressed and hence active.", "The gene control region of a eukaryotic gene. and helix-turn-helix classes. Although the three-dimensional structures within a class are similar, each individual binding domain can recognize a different DNA sequence due to specific amino acid differences and different amino acid–DNA contacts.", "Although most regulators act at this level, some act at the level of elongation of the mRNA, after transcription has started. The tryptophan operon (trp operon) consists of five structural genes necessary for the biosynthesis of the amino acid tryptophan.", "To understand the control of gene expression, two key concepts should be understood. First, gene expression requires transcription , the process of making a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) copy of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) gene. Transcription can only occur if RNA polymerase first attaches, or binds, to the DNA.", "Galactosidase and lactose permease are both involved directly in lactose metabolism; β-galactosidase hydrolyzes lactose into galactose and glucose , and lactose permease transports lactose across the bacterial cell membrane. The physiologic role of the third protein, thiogalactoside acetylase, is unclear.", "Definition. Gene regulation refers to the mechanisms that act to induce or repress the expression of a gene. These include structural and chemical changes to the genetic material, binding of proteins to specific DNA elements to regulate transcription, or mechanisms that modulate translation of mRNA." ], [ "The set of genes that an offspring inherits from both parents, a combination of the genetic material of each, is called the organism’s genotype. The genotype is contrasted to the phenotype, which is the organism’s outward appearance and the developmental outcome of its genes. The phenotype includes an organism’s bodily structures, physiological processes, and behaviours.", "Both aspects of heredity can be explained by genes, the functional units of heritable material that are found within all living cell s. Every member of a species has a set of genes specific to that species. It is this set of genes that provides the constancy of the species.", "If this were so, the results of physical exercise would make exercise much easier or even dispensable in a person’s offspring. Not only Lamarck but also other 19th-century biologists, including Darwin, accepted the inheritance of acquired traits.", "The significance of genetics only promises to become greater as the structure and function of more and more human genes are characterized. This article begins by describing the classic Mendelian patterns of inheritance and also the physical basis of those patterns—i.e., the organization of genes into chromosome s.", "The hybrid progenies of these reciprocal crosses were usually alike, indicating that, contrary to the belief of Aristotle, the hereditary endowment of the progeny was derived equally from the female and the male parents. Many more experiments on plant hybrids were made in the 1800s.", "Nevertheless, the female and male sex cells may be very different in size and structure; the mass of an egg cell is sometimes millions of times greater than that of a spermatozoon. The ancient Babylonians knew that pollen from a male date palm tree must be applied to the pistil s of a female tree to produce fruit.", "Even Darwin, as late as 1868, seriously discussed an alleged case of telegony: that of a mare mated to a zebra and subsequently to an Arabian stallion, by whom the mare produced a foal with faint stripes on his legs. The simple explanation for this result is that such stripes occur naturally in some breeds of horses.", "For example, a large proportion of genes in baker’s yeast are also present in humans. This similarity in genetic makeup between organisms that have such disparate phenotypes can be explained by the evolutionary relatedness of virtually all life-forms on Earth.", "It was questioned by German biologist August Weismann, whose famous experiments in the late 1890s on the amputation of tails in generations of mice showed that such modification resulted neither in disappearance nor even in shortening of the tails of the descendants.", "Genetics also has had a profound impact on human affairs. Throughout history humans have created or improved many different medicines, foods, and textiles by subjecting plants, animals, and microbes to the ancient techniques of selective breeding and to the modern methods of recombinant DNA technology.", "Because genes are integral to the explanation of hereditary observations, genetics also can be defined as the study of genes. Discoveries into the nature of genes have shown that genes are important determinants of all aspects of an organism’s makeup.", "The functioning of genes at the molecular level is described, particularly the transcription of the basic genetic material, DNA, into RNA and the translation of RNA into amino acid s, the primary components of protein s. Finally, the role of heredity in the evolution of species is discussed.", "Courtesy of the Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin, carbon-print photograph by Julia Margaret Cameron, 1868. Courtesy of the International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House, Rochester, New York.", "Prescientific conceptions of heredity. Heredity was for a long time one of the most puzzling and mysterious phenomena of nature. This was so because the sex cells, which form the bridge across which heredity must pass between the generations, are usually invisible to the naked eye.", "All these beliefs, from inheritance of acquired traits to telegony, must now be classed as superstitions. They do not stand up under experimental investigation and are incompatible with what is known about the mechanisms of heredity and about the remarkable and predictable properties of genetic materials.", "The general intermediacy of hybrids seemed to agree best with the belief that heredity was transmitted from parents to offspring by “blood,” and this belief was accepted by most 19th-century biologists, including English naturalist Charles Darwin. Carolus Linnaeus.", "German botanist Rudolph Jacob Camerarius showed in 1694 that the same is true in corn (maize). Swedish botanist and explorer Carolus Linnaeus in 1760 and German botanist Josef Gottlieb Kölreuter, in a series of works published from 1761 to 1798, described crosses of varieties and species of plants.", "The blood theory of heredity, if this notion can be dignified with such a name, is really a part of the folklore antedating scientific biology. It is implicit in such popular phrases as “half blood,” “new blood,” and “blue blood.”.", "The concept of heredity encompasses two seemingly paradoxical observations about organisms: the constancy of a species from generation to generation and the variation among individuals within a species. Constancy and variation are actually two sides of the same coin, as becomes clear in the study of genetics.", "The Institutes of Manu, composed in India between 100 and 300 ad, consider the role of the female like that of the field and of the male like that of the seed; new bodies are formed “by the united operation of the seed and the field.”.", "Among individuals within a species, however, variations can occur in the form each gene takes, providing the genetic basis for the fact that no two individuals (except identical twins) have exactly the same traits. human chromosomes. Human chromosomes. Dan McCoy—Rainbow/age fotostock/Imagestate.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring from its parents or ancestor. This is the process by which an offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism." ], [ "The Human Genome Project, which was an international collaborative project from 1990 to 2003, was intended to identify the genes and the sequences of chemical base pairs in human DNA.", "Mātauranga Māori is the living knowledge system of the indigenous people of New Zealand, including the relationships that Māori have with the environment. This lesson uses the Toheroa Abundance Project as an example of how Mātauranga Māori is influencing ecological outcomes.", "Definition. noun, plural: genomes. (1) The complete set of genetic material in an organism. (2) The total genetic content in one set of chromosomes. Supplement. According to Oxford Dictionary, the term genome is a portmanteau of the words gene and chromosome. 1 However, Hans Winkler, a German botany professor, is the first to use the term in 1920. 2 In molecular biology and genetics, the term pertains to the complete set of genetic material in an organism.", "All rights reserved. Thesaurus AntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Switch to new thesaurus. Noun. 1. genome - the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism; \"the human genome contains approximately three billion chemical base pairs\". ordering, ordination, order - logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements; \"we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation\".", "An image of the 46 chromosomes making up the diploid genome of a human male. (The mitochondrial chromosome is not shown.) In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all genetic material of an organism. It consists of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses ).", "Single Gene-Pair Inheritance. Single gene-pair inheritance occurs when a trait is linked to one gene-pair that consists of two alleles. This is also referred to as Mendelian inheritance. An allele is one part of the gene-pair. One allele is inherited from the father, and one is inherited from the mother. Let's look at a chart that shows some examples of possible gene-pairs before we go further.", "The genetic code. Efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after DNA's structure was discovered in 1953. George Gamow postulated that sets of three bases must be employed to encode the 20 standard amino acids used by living cells to build proteins, which would allow a maximum of 43 = 64 amino acids.", "For example, you may have heard of cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease, Fragile X syndrome, muscular dystrophy, or Huntington disease. These are all examples of single gene disorders. As a rule, single gene disorders are not very common. For example, only one in 2,500 people are born with cystic fibrosis.", "Crossing Over in Mitosis. In eukaryotic cells (those with a defined nucleus), crossing over can also occur during mitosis . Somatic cells (non-sex cells) undergo mitosis to produce two distinct cells with identical genetic material. As such, any crossover that occurs between homologous chromosomes in mitosis does not produce a new combination of genes.", "Gene Definition. The gene is a segment of a nucleic acid that carries the code for a particular protein or for a functional non-coding RNA (ncRNA). A gene is defined as the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity since a gene is comprised of nucleotides (on a specific site on a chromosome) that is responsible for the physical and heritable characteristics or phenotype of an organism.", "Gene Definition. The gene is a segment of a nucleic acid that carries the code for a particular protein or for a functional non-coding RNA (ncRNA). A gene is defined as the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity since a gene is comprised of nucleotides (on a specific site on a chromosome) that is responsible for the physical and heritable characteristics or phenotype of an organism.", "Definition. Gene regulation refers to the mechanisms that act to induce or repress the expression of a gene. These include structural and chemical changes to the genetic material, binding of proteins to specific DNA elements to regulate transcription, or mechanisms that modulate translation of mRNA.", "Johannsen (1857–1927)] Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved. gene. (jēn) A segment of DNA, occupying a specific place on a chromosome, that is the basic unit of heredity. Genes act by directing the synthesis of proteins, which are the main components of cells and are the catalysts of all cellular processes.", "Wiktionary (3.00 / 2 votes) Rate this definition: gene (Noun) A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next, and that carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein. Etymology: From Gen, coined by Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen from.", "structural gene one that forms templates for messenger RNA and is thereby responsible for the amino acid sequence of specific polypeptides. tumor suppressor gene a gene whose function is to limit cell proliferation and loss of whose function leads to cell transformation and tumor growth; called also antioncogene.", "Definition. noun, plural: gene amplifications. The process of duplicating a particular gene, causing the gene to increase in frequency inside the cell, as well as amplifying the phenotype (e.g. the proteins) that the gene confers (or code for) Supplement.", "The use of activator proteins in the positive control of gene expression is also common in prokaryotes . In this system, the activator protein promotes transcription. Positive Control. Positive control of gene expression is illustrated by the transcriptional activator, catabolite gene activator protein (CAP).", "Traits. A trait is any gene-determined characteristic. Many traits are determined by the function of more than one gene. For example, a person's height is likely to be determined by many genes, including those affecting growth, appetite, muscle mass, and activity level.", "The first commercial gene therapy, Gendicine, was approved in China in 2003 for the treatment of certain cancers. In 2011 Neovasculgen was registered in Russia as the first-in-class gene-therapy drug for treatment of peripheral artery disease, including critical limb ischemia.", "Mendel studied \"trait inheritance\", patterns in the way traits are handed down from parents to offspring. He observed that organisms (pea plants) inherit traits by way of discrete \"units of inheritance\". This term, still used today, is a somewhat ambiguous definition of what is referred to as a gene." ], [ "Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . Link to this page: <a href=\"https://www.thefreedictionary.com/regulator+gene%2c+repressor+gene\">gene</a>.", "gene. n. gen, unidad básica de rasgos hereditarios; dominant ___ → ___ dominante; ___ frequency → frecuencia del ___; lethal ___ → ___ letal; recessive ___ → ___ recesivo; sex-linked ___ → ___ ligado al sexo. English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012.", "the basic physical unit of heredity; a linear sequence of nucleotides along a segment of DNA that provides the coded instructions for synthesis of RNA, which, when translated into protein, leads to the expression of hereditary character. [1911; < German Gen (1909), appar. independent use of -gen -gen; introduced by Danish geneticist Wilhelm Latin.", "Just how different are the genes making up different life forms? In the case of the human and the chimp, not much: about 98 percent of the DNA in a chimpanzee cell is identical to the DNA in a human cell.", "gene therapy N → terapia f génica, terapia f de genes. Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005. gene. [ˈdʒiːn] n → gène m gene pool, gene sequence, gene technology, gene therapy.", "Because of this close similarity, scientists think that it is the sequence of genes, as well as the types of genes themselves, that account for most of the differences between the two species. However, not all differences between species can be explained by gene differences alone. How closely matching sets of genes can belong to entirely different species is one of the great mysteries of modern biology.", "Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. gene. ( dʒiːn) n. (Genetics) a unit of heredity composed of DNA occupying a fixed position on a chromosome (some viral genes are composed of RNA).", "genetic engineering noun. the science of changing the genetic features of animals and plants. generiese manipulasie هَنْدّسَه وراثِيَّه генно инжинерство engenharia genética genetické inženýrství die Gentechnik genteknik γενετική μηχανική. ingeniería genética.", "gen. geen ژن geeni gène גן जीन, वंश gen gén gen gen, erfðavísir gene 遺伝子 유전자 genas gēns gen gen gen gen ژن gene genă ген gén gen gen gen, arvsanlag ยีน gen 基因 ген نسلی توریث کی اکائی (sinh vật học) gien 基因. genetic ( dʒəˈnetik) adjective. of genes or genetics. a genetic abnormality.", "Did You Know? What makes a human different from a chimpanzee? Much of the answer lies in the genes, the basic units of heredity. Each gene is a specific segment of DNA, occupying a fixed place on a chromosome. Genes contain the chemical information needed to create different kinds of proteins.", "Physical traits, such as the shape of a plant leaf, the coloration of an animal's coat, and the texture of a person's hair, are all determined by genes. See also dominant, recessive. See Notes at DNA, Mendel.", "These proteins are used to repair cells and make new ones. The kinds of proteins, the amounts, and the order in which they are made all help determine how one type of cell differs from another and, ultimately, how one species of organism differs from another.", "Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014. gene. (dʒin) n.", "regulator gene, repressor gene. Regulator movement. regulator of chromosome condensation. Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1. Regulator of Chromosome Condensation 1. Regulator of Conductance of K+. Regulator of cullins 2. Regulator of Differentiation 1. regulator of G protein signaling 2.", "Genes undergo mutation when their DNA sequences change. [German Gen, from gen-, begetting, in Greek words (such as genos, race, offspring ); see genə- in Indo-European roots .] American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.", "A gene may determine a characteristic of an individual by specifying a polypeptide chain that forms a protein or part of a protein ( structural gene ); or encode an RNA molecule; or regulate the operation of other genes or repress such operation. See also operon.", "Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Encyclopedia . gene. (jēn) n. A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and is transcribed into an RNA molecule that may function directly or be translated into an amino acid chain.", "Wiktionary (3.00 / 2 votes) Rate this definition: gene (Noun) A unit of heredity; a segment of DNA or RNA that is transmitted from one generation to the next, and that carries genetic information such as the sequence of amino acids for a protein. Etymology: From Gen, coined by Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen from.", "All rights reserved. Thesaurus AntonymsRelated WordsSynonymsLegend: Switch to new thesaurus. Noun. 1. genome - the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism; \"the human genome contains approximately three billion chemical base pairs\". ordering, ordination, order - logical or comprehensible arrangement of separate elements; \"we shall consider these questions in the inverse order of their presentation\".", "Gene Definition. The gene is a segment of a nucleic acid that carries the code for a particular protein or for a functional non-coding RNA (ncRNA). A gene is defined as the fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity since a gene is comprised of nucleotides (on a specific site on a chromosome) that is responsible for the physical and heritable characteristics or phenotype of an organism." ] ]
[ "what is ethical decision making in a business", "define humanitarian ethics", "what is the importance of collective bargaining", "education philosophy - definition", "is leadership a learned behavior", "define ethical", "definition ethical goals", "what is considered ethical", "what is a social science", "what is a ethical business practices" ]
[ "Small Business. |. Business Planning & Strategy. |. Making Business Decisions. By David Ingram. Making ethical business decisions consistently is a key to long-term success for any business, although ethical decision makers may, at times, achieve weaker short-term financial results than their shadier counterparts.", "Not to be confused with humanism. Volunteers from AmeriCorps in Louisiana. Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans, in order to improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic and logical reasons.", "Collective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the employers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence.", "Reconstructionism/Critical Theory. Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education.", "While leadership is learned, a leader's skills and knowledge can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits, such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process of leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characteristics that make him or her unique.", "When you use ethics with this meaning, it is a plural noun. You use a plural form of a verb with it. Such action was a violation of medical ethics. Ethics is also the study of questions about what is morally right or wrong. When ethics has this meaning, it is an uncount noun. You use a singular form of a verb with it.", "Definition\n+ Create New Flashcard. Popular Terms. The goals set by an organization that fall within an established set of moral guidelines or fair business practices. Most business managers will only set ethical objectives for their company since doing anything else will tend to tarnish their reputation.", "The handling of these ethical issues greatly impact the integrity of the research project and can affect whether or not the project receives funding. Because ethical considerations are so important in research, many professional associations and agencies have adopted codes and policies that outline ethical behavior and guide researchers.", "so·cial science. (sō′shəl) 1. The study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society. 2. Any of various academic or scientific disciplines relating to such study, generally regarded as including sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, and history. The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition.", "These norms, values, ethical, and unethical practices are the principles that guide a business. Business ethics refers to contemporary organizational standards, principles, sets of values and norms that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the business organization. Business ethics have two dimensions, normative business ethics or descriptive business ethics." ]
[ [ "He has earned a Bachelor of Arts in management from Walsh University. Related Articles. How to Start a Small Business Ethically. How to Address Differences in Ethical Standards and International Businesses. How to Apply the Cooper's Ethical Decision Model. How to Deal With a Dilemma in the Workplace.", "If you have made and implemented a decision with questionable ethical implications, act quickly to resolve the matter by making restitution to everyone affected and work to counteract the decision's effects. ‒‒:‒‒. /. ‒‒:‒‒. Replay.", "2. Consider the effects of your decisions on all stakeholders. Decisions are often made to address one or a small number of issues, such as revenue growth, cost control or client-specific issues, but it is important to realize the wider implications of your decisions on everyone affected. Business decisions made in the best interest of stockholders, for example, can have effects on employees, clients, suppliers, people living and working near your operations, the natural environment and even future generations of people.", "Review the results of your past business decisions, and learn from your mistakes. According to scu.edu, managers should always reflect on the outcomes of their decisions. No one can make perfect decisions all of the time, although making consistently ethical decisions is more easily accomplished than making consistently successful or profitable ones.", "Ads by. Read More. References. CBIA: Making Ethical Business Decisions. Santa Clara University: A Framework For Thinking Ethically. Resources. Web Miner: Business Ethics. Writer Bio. David Ingram has written for multiple publications since 2009, including \"The Houston Chronicle\" and online at Business.com.", "Knowing how to make ethical business decisions can help you to set the standard throughout your organization, helping your company to garner a strong, positive reputation in the marketplace while securing a loyal customer base.", "3. Use industry regulations as a starting point when making decisions. A number of industries, including construction and financial services, are highly regulated to ensure the ethical operation of all companies.", "The Top Reasons for Ethical Problems in Business. Models of Ethical Behavior in Business. How to Build Flexibility With Decision Making. Managers' Responsibilities to Stakeholders. How a Manager Controls Unethical Behavior.", "1. Create a code of ethics and consult it before making business decisions. A formal code of ethics can help you and your employees make decisions more quickly by conforming to a set of rules to which everyone agrees. Write your code of ethics as generally or specifically as you would like, and format it as a numbered list.", "These norms, values, ethical, and unethical practices are the principles that guide a business. Business ethics refers to contemporary organizational standards, principles, sets of values and norms that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the business organization. Business ethics have two dimensions, normative business ethics or descriptive business ethics.", "Definition\n+ Create New Flashcard. Popular Terms. The goals set by an organization that fall within an established set of moral guidelines or fair business practices. Most business managers will only set ethical objectives for their company since doing anything else will tend to tarnish their reputation.", "Ethical Behavior. Today's business world is challenged with maintaining an ethical climate while remaining competitive and profitable. In this lesson, you will learn about managing ethical behavior in the workplace. Ethical behavior is acting in ways that is consistent with how the business world views moral principles and values.", "Ethical behavior refers to acts that are consistent with what individuals and societies generally consider are right. Ethical behavior is necessary particularly in business. It involves showing respect for important principles that are moral and acceptable.", "Effective leadership is important because it creates confidence among the participants in an organization and encourages a professional and positive environment. In an enterprise setting, leadership acts as the catalyst that makes all other business aspects work in tandem.", "Organizational ethics express the values of an organization to its employees and/or other entities irrespective of governmental and/or regulatory laws. Ethics are the principles and values used by an individual to govern his or her actions and decisions.", "While leadership is learned, a leader's skills and knowledge can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits, such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process of leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characteristics that make him or her unique.", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"Normative ethics\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour, and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the questions that arise regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense.", "Collective consciousness is all about understanding what makes society work. For Durkheim, individuals in society - while we all have our own individual consciousness - also share a solidarity with one another. We work together in many ways and our collective consciousness is what allows this to happen. Basically, collective consciousness is a constellation of ideas, beliefs, and values that a great number of individuals in a given society share.", "Ethics. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean.", "Team Leader. A team leader is someone who provides direction, instructions and guidance to a group of individuals, who can also be known as a team, for the purpose of achieving a certain goal. An effective leader will know her team members' strengths, weaknesses and motivations. {\"error\":true,\"iframe\":true}." ], [ "An informal ideology. Humanitarianism is an informal ideology of practice; it is \"the doctrine that people's duty is to promote human welfare.\". Humanitarianism is based on a view that all human beings deserve respect and dignity and should be treated as such. Therefore, humanitarians work towards advancing the well-being of humanity as a whole.", "Humanitarianism is today primarily understood as voluntary emergency aid in a transnational context, but it overlaps with human rights advocacy, actions taken by governments, development assistance, and domestic philanthropy.", "L. Zamenhof on Homaranismo. Jean Pictet, in his commentary on The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross, argues for the universal characteristics of humanitarianism:", "Emergency response. Today, humanitarianism is particularly used to describe the thinking and doctrines behind the emergency response to humanitarian crises. In such cases it argues for a humanitarian response based on humanitarian principles, particularly the principle of humanity.", "In fact, the role of social media in digital humanitarian efforts is a considerable one. Ten days after the 2010 earthquake, the \" Hope for Haiti Now \" telethon event was launched in the United States, effectively taking over the mediasphere and reaching hundreds of millions of households and viewers.", "It is the antithesis of the \"us vs. them\" mentality that characterizes tribalism and ethnic nationalism. Humanitarians abhor slavery, violation of basic and human rights, and discrimination on the basis of features such as skin colour, religion, ancestry, or place of birth. Humanitarianism drives people to save lives, alleviate suffering, and promote human dignity in the middle of man-made or natural disasters.", "It is also the golden rule of the positivists, who do not commit themselves to any religion but only to the data of experience, in the name of reason alone. It is indeed not at all necessary to resort to affective or transcendental concepts to recognize the advantage for men to work together to improve their lot.", "It focused on appealing to the viewing public's empathy for the survivors of the disaster, allowing ordinary citizens to help in a collective relief effort by contributing money donations to NGOs providing Humanitarian aid to earthquake survivors.", "Patrick Meier, first started using the term 'digital humanitarianism' after crowdmapping for the 2010 Haiti earthquake. In 2011, Paul Conneally gave a TED talk on digital humanitarianism in which he states that humanitarianism's \"origins are firmly routed in the analogue age\" with \"a major shift coming\".", "Any insult or oppression of a man because he belongs to another race, another language or another social class than me, I regard as barbaric. L. Zamenhof on Homaranismo. Jean Pictet, in his commentary on The Fundamental Principles of the Red Cross, argues for the universal characteristics of humanitarianism:", "Other critical issues include the correlation with religious beliefs; the motivation of aid between the poles of altruism and social control; market affinity; imperialism and neo-colonialism; gender and class relations; and the types of humanitarian agencies and endeavours that characterise different epochs.", "Norbert Götz, Georgina Brewis, and Steffen Werther are advocates of the socioeconomic and cultural approach, arguing that there have been ages of \"ad hoc humanitarianism\" (up to c. 1900), \"organized humanitarianism\" (c. 1900–1970), and \"expressive humanitarianism\" (since 1970).", "Humanitarianism is embraced by movements and people across the political spectrum. The informal ideology can be summed up by a quote from Albert Schweitzer: \"Humanitarianism consists in never sacrificing a human being to a purpose.\".", "Bass, Gary J, \" Humanitarian Impulses \", The New York Times Magazine, 2008. Bonhoeffer, Dietrich Ethics, Fontana, 1963. de Torrent, Nicholas: \"Humanitarian Action Under Attack: Reflections on the Iraq War\" Harvard Human Rights Journal, Volume 17, Spring 2004 Harvard University Retrieved 13 July 2007.", "Historical examples and periodization. Humanitarianism was publicly seen in the social reforms of the late 1800s and early 1900s, following the economic turmoil of the Industrial Revolution in England. Many of the women in Great Britain who were involved with feminism during the 1900s also pushed humanitarianism.", "The atrocious hours and working conditions of children and unskilled laborers were made illegal by pressure on Parliament by humanitarians. The Factory Act of 1833 and the Factory Act of 1844 were some of the most significant humanitarian bills passed in Parliament following the Industrial Revolution.", "External link in |title= ( help) Herrmann, Irène, Palmieri, Daniel: International Committee of the Red Cross, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. Gatrell, Peter, Gill, Rebecca, Little, Branden, Piller, Elisabeth: Discussion: Humanitarianism, in: 1914-1918-online.", "so·cial science. (sō′shəl) 1. The study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society. 2. Any of various academic or scientific disciplines relating to such study, generally regarded as including sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, and history. The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition.", "While leadership is learned, a leader's skills and knowledge can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits, such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process of leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characteristics that make him or her unique.", "Organizational ethics express the values of an organization to its employees and/or other entities irrespective of governmental and/or regulatory laws. Ethics are the principles and values used by an individual to govern his or her actions and decisions." ], [ "It acts as a method of introducing civil rights in the industry, that is, the management should be conducted by rules rather than arbitrary decision making. It establishes rules which define and restrict the traditional authority exercised by the management.", "Importance to employees. Collective bargaining develops a sense of self respect and responsibility among the employees. It increases the strength of the workforce, thereby, increasing their bargaining capacity as a group. Collective bargaining increases the morale and productivity of employees.", "Importance to employers. It becomes easier for the management to resolve issues at the bargaining level rather than taking up complaints of individual workers. Collective bargaining tends to promote a sense of job security among employees and thereby tends to reduce the cost of labor turnover to management. Collective bargaining opens up the channel of communication between the workers and the management and increases worker participation in decision making.", "Importance to society. Collective bargaining leads to industrial peace in the country. It results in establishment of a harmonious industrial climate which supports which helps the pace of a nation’s efforts towards economic and social development since the obstacles to such a development can be reduced considerably.", "Moreover, unilateral actions by the employer are also discouraged. Effective collective bargaining machinery strengthens the trade unions movement. The workers feel motivated as they can approach the management on various matters and bargain for higher benefits.", "It helps in securing a prompt and fair settlement of grievances. It provides a flexible means for the adjustment of wages and employment conditions to economic and technological changes in the industry, as a result of which the chances for conflicts are reduced.", "Collective consciousness is all about understanding what makes society work. For Durkheim, individuals in society - while we all have our own individual consciousness - also share a solidarity with one another. We work together in many ways and our collective consciousness is what allows this to happen. Basically, collective consciousness is a constellation of ideas, beliefs, and values that a great number of individuals in a given society share.", "Definition\n+ Create New Flashcard. Popular Terms. The goals set by an organization that fall within an established set of moral guidelines or fair business practices. Most business managers will only set ethical objectives for their company since doing anything else will tend to tarnish their reputation.", "social science in British English. noun. 1. the study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. 2. any of these subjects studied individually. Collins English Dictionary.", "so·cial science. (sō′shəl) 1. The study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society. 2. Any of various academic or scientific disciplines relating to such study, generally regarded as including sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, and history. The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition.", "Ethical Behavior. Today's business world is challenged with maintaining an ethical climate while remaining competitive and profitable. In this lesson, you will learn about managing ethical behavior in the workplace. Ethical behavior is acting in ways that is consistent with how the business world views moral principles and values.", "Modern Practices. Over the years, the concept of employee discipline has grown. Managers realize that discipline is a part of the job. They also realize that there must be disciplinary action within an organization to maintain some sense of control. In today's workplace, discipline and documentation go hand in hand.", "While leadership is learned, a leader's skills and knowledge can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits, such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process of leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characteristics that make him or her unique.", "Reconstructionism/Critical Theory. Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education.", "Effective leadership is important because it creates confidence among the participants in an organization and encourages a professional and positive environment. In an enterprise setting, leadership acts as the catalyst that makes all other business aspects work in tandem.", "Team Leader. A team leader is someone who provides direction, instructions and guidance to a group of individuals, who can also be known as a team, for the purpose of achieving a certain goal. An effective leader will know her team members' strengths, weaknesses and motivations. {\"error\":true,\"iframe\":true}.", "When you use ethics with this meaning, it is a plural noun. You use a plural form of a verb with it. Such action was a violation of medical ethics. Ethics is also the study of questions about what is morally right or wrong. When ethics has this meaning, it is an uncount noun. You use a singular form of a verb with it.", "The handling of these ethical issues greatly impact the integrity of the research project and can affect whether or not the project receives funding. Because ethical considerations are so important in research, many professional associations and agencies have adopted codes and policies that outline ethical behavior and guide researchers.", "Not to be confused with humanism. Volunteers from AmeriCorps in Louisiana. Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans, in order to improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic and logical reasons.", "These norms, values, ethical, and unethical practices are the principles that guide a business. Business ethics refers to contemporary organizational standards, principles, sets of values and norms that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the business organization. Business ethics have two dimensions, normative business ethics or descriptive business ethics." ], [ "Other proponents of Essentialism are: James D. Koerner (1959), H. G. Rickover (1959), Paul Copperman (1978), and Theodore Sizer (1985). Progressivism. Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child, rather than on the content or the teacher.", "Related Theories of Learning (Psychological Orientations) Related to both the metaphysical worldview philosophies and the educational philosophies are theories of learning that focus on how learning occurs, the psychological orientations. They provide structures for the instructional aspects of teaching, suggesting methods that are related to their perspective on learning.", "Advocates of this educational philosophy are Robert Maynard Hutchins who developed a Great Books program in 1963 and Mortimer Adler, who further developed this curriculum based on 100 great books of western civilization. Essentialism.", "By carefully shaping desirable behavior, morality and information is learned. Learners will acquire and remember responses that lead to satisfying aftereffects. Repetition of a meaningful connection results in learning. If the student is ready for the connection, learning is enhanced; if not, learning is inhibited.", "These educational philosophical approaches are currently used in classrooms the world over. They are Perennialism, Essentialism, Progressivism, and Reconstructionism. These educational philosophies focus heavily on WHAT we should teach, the curriculum aspect. Perennialism. For Perennialists, the aim of education is to ensure that students acquire understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization.", "The teacher can help students learn by conditioning them through identifying the desired behaviors in measurable, observable terms, recording these behaviors and their frequencies, identifying appropriate reinforcers for each desired behavior, and providing the reinforcer as soon as the student displays the behavior.", "Two of these general or world philosophies, idealism and realism, are derived from the ancient Greek philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. Two are more contemporary, pragmatism and existentialism. However, educators who share one of these distinct sets of beliefs about the nature of reality presently apply each of these world philosophies in successful classrooms.", "Other times, it may strengthen your viewpoint; or, you may be eclectic, selecting what seems best from different philosophies. But in eclecticism, there is a danger of sloppy and inconsistent thinking, especially if you borrow a bit of one philosophy and stir in some of another.", "Plato also believed that the soul is fully formed prior to birth and is perfect and at one with the Universal Being. The birth process checks this perfection, so education requires bringing latent ideas (fully formed concepts) to consciousness.", "It is active, not passive. The learner is a problem solver and thinker who makes meaning through his or her individual experience in the physical and cultural context. Effective teachers provide experiences so that students can learn by doing. Curriculum content is derived from student interests and questions.", "Introspection, intuition, insight, and whole-part logic are used to bring to consciousness the forms or concepts which are latent in the mind. Character is developed through imitating examples and heroes. Realism. Realists believe that reality exists independent of the human mind.", "Thus, cultivation of the intellect is the highest priority in a worthwhile education. The demanding curriculum focuses on attaining cultural literacy, stressing students' growth in enduring disciplines. The loftiest accomplishments of humankind are emphasized– the great works of literature and art, the laws or principles of science.", "Essentialists believe that there is a common core of knowledge that needs to be transmitted to students in a systematic, disciplined way. The emphasis in this conservative perspective is on intellectual and moral standards that schools should teach.", "In idealism, the aim of education is to discover and develop each individual's abilities and full moral excellence in order to better serve society. The curricular emphasis is subject matter of mind: literature, history, philosophy, and religion.", "Character is developed through training in the rules of conduct. Pragmatism (Experientialism) For pragmatists, only those things that are experienced or observed are real. In this late 19th century American philosophy, the focus is on the reality of experience.", "Reacting against what he perceived as too much of a focus on the immediacy of the physical and sensory world, Plato described a utopian society in which \"education to body and soul all the beauty and perfection of which they are capable\" as an ideal.", "Theodore Brameld (1904-1987) was the founder of social reconstructionism, in reaction against the realities of World War II. He recognized the potential for either human annihilation through technology and human cruelty or the capacity to create a beneficent society using technology and human compassion.", "Development of a healthy self-concept, awareness of the psychological needs, helping students to strive to be all that they can are important concepts, espoused in theories of Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers, and Alfred Adler that are found in classrooms today.", "The teacher's job is to help students to develop strategies for thinking and remembering. Behaviorism. Behaviorist theorists believe that behavior is shaped deliberately by forces in the environment and that the type of person and actions desired can be the product of design.", "Information Processing theorists focus on the mind and how it works to explain how learning occurs. The focus is on the processing of a relatively fixed body of knowledge and how it is attended to, received in the mind, processed, stored, and retrieved from memory. This model is derived from analogies between how the brain works and computer processing.", "There is no absolute and unchanging truth, but rather, truth is what works. Pragmatism is derived from the teaching of Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), who believed that thought must produce action, rather than linger in the mind and lead to indecisiveness.", "Some constructivists (particularly Vygotsky) emphasize the shared, social construction of knowledge, believing that the particular social and cultural context and the interactions of novices with more expert thinkers (usually adult) facilitate or scaffold the learning process.", "Overview. Philosophy means \"love of wisdom.\". It is made up of two Greek words, philo, meaning love, and sophos, meaning wisdom. Philosophy helps teachers to reflect on key issues and concepts in education, usually through such questions as: What is being educated? What is the good life?", "Erasmus believed in the essential goodness of children, that humans have free will, moral conscience, the ability to reason, aesthetic sensibility, and religious instinct. He advocated that the young should be treated kindly and that learning should not be forced or rushed, as it proceeds in stages.", "The ultimate purpose is the creation of a new social order. Character development is based on making group decisions in light of consequences. For Pragmatists, teaching methods focus on hands-on problem solving, experimenting, and projects, often having students work in groups.", "Information processing theorists focus on the individual rather than the social aspects of thinking and learning. The mind is a symbolic processor that stores information in schemas or hierarchically arranged structures. Knowledge may be general, applicable to many situations; for example, knowing how to type or spell.", "When something new is presented, the learner must modify these structures in order to deal with the new information. This process, called equilibration, is the balancing between what is assimilated (the new) and accommodation, the change in structure.", "John Dewey (1859-1952) applied pragmatist philosophy in his progressive approaches. He believed that learners must adapt to each other and to their environment. Schools should emphasize the subject matter of social experience. All learning is dependent on the context of place, time, and circumstance.", "There is also the world of appearance, the world experienced through sight, touch, smell, taste, and sound, that is changing, imperfect, and disorderly. This division is often referred to as the duality of mind and body.", "It should focus on facts-the objective reality out there--and \"the basics,\" training students to read, write, speak, and compute clearly and logically. Schools should not try to set or influence policies. Students should be taught hard work, respect for authority, and discipline.", "George Counts (1889-1974) recognized that education was the means of preparing people for creating this new social order. Critical theorists, like social reconstructionists, believe that systems must be changed to overcome oppression and improve human conditions.", "Each will be explained shortly. These four general frameworks provide the root or base from which the various educational philosophies are derived. * A fifth metaphysical school of thought, called Scholasticism, is largely applied in Roman Catholic schools in the educational philosophy called \"Thomism.\".", "The intake and representation of information is called encoding. It is sent to the short term or working memory, acted upon, and those pieces determined as important are sent to long term memory storage, where they must be retrieved and sent back to the working or short-term memory for use.", "At various time periods, one philosophical framework may become favored over another. For example, the Progressive movement led to quite different approaches in education in the 1930s. But there is always danger in one \"best or only\" philosophy. In a pluralistic society, a variety of views are needed.", "Plato, father of Idealism, espoused this view about 400 years BC, in his famous book, The Republic. Plato believed that there are two worlds. The first is the spiritual or mental world, which is eternal, permanent, orderly, regular, and universal.", "Humanism was developed as an educational philosophy by Rousseau (1712-1778) and Pestalozzi, who emphasized nature and the basic goodness of humans, understanding through the senses, and education as a gradual and unhurried process in which the development of human character follows the unfolding of nature.", "The core of the curriculum is essential knowledge and skills and academic rigor. Although this educational philosophy is similar in some ways to Perennialism, Essentialists accept the idea that this core curriculum may change. Schooling should be practical, preparing students to become valuable members of society.", "Non-western philosophies have also influenced American education, such as Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, and Native American and African American philosophies. Find out about these and think about their current influences in education and where they might possibly be of value.", "Idealism is a philosophical approach that has as its central tenet that ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. In a search for truth, beauty, and justice that is enduring and everlasting, the focus is on conscious reasoning in the mind.", "These ideas have the potential for solving problems in any era. The focus is to teach ideas that are everlasting, to seek enduring truths which are constant, not changing, as the natural and human worlds at their most essential level, do not change. Teaching these unchanging principles is critical.", "Paulo Freire (1921-1997) was a Brazilian whose experiences living in poverty led him to champion education and literacy as the vehicle for social change. In his view, humans must learn to resist oppression and not become its victims, nor oppress others.", "Humanism. The roots of humanism are found in the thinking of Erasmus (1466-1536), who attacked the religious teaching and thought prevalent in his time to focus on free inquiry and rediscovery of the classical roots from Greece and Rome.", "The first two theoretical approaches can be thought of as transmissive, in that information is given to learners. The second two approaches are constructivist, in that the learner has to make meaning from experiences in the world.", "Learning about the branches of philosophy, philosophical world views, and different educational philosophies and theories will help you to determine and shape your own educational philosophy, combined with these other aspects. When you examine a philosophy different from your own, it helps you to \"wrestle\" with your own thinking.", "This area of philosophy focuses on the nature of reality. Metaphysics attempts to find unity across the domains of experience and thought. At the metaphysical level, there are four* broad philosophical schools of thought that apply to education today. They are idealism, realism, pragmatism (sometimes called experientialism), and existentialism.", "Teaching methods focus on mastery of facts and basic skills through demonstration and recitation. Students must also demonstrate the ability to think critically and scientifically, using observation and experimentation. Curriculum should be scientifically approached, standardized, and distinct-discipline based.", "In his allegory of the cave, the shadows of the sensory world must be overcome with the light of reason or universal truth. To understand truth, one must pursue knowledge and identify with the Absolute Mind.", "It combines idealist and realist philosophies in a framework that harmonized the ideas of Aristotle, the realist, with idealist notions of truth. Thomas Aquinas, 1255-127, was the theologian who wrote \"Summa Theologica,\" formalizing church doctrine. The Scholasticism movement encouraged the logical and philosophical study of the beliefs of the church, legitimizing scientific inquiry within a religious framework.", "The Realist curriculum emphasizes the subject matter of the physical world, particularly science and mathematics. The teacher organizes and presents content systematically within a discipline, demonstrating use of criteria in making decisions.", "Short term memory has very limited capacity, so it must be kept active to be retained. Long term memory is organized in structures, called schemas, scripts, or propositional or hierarchical networks. Something learned can be retrieved by relating it to other aspects, procedures, or episodes.", "The ultimate reality is the world of physical objects. The focus is on the body/objects. Truth is objective-what can be observed. Aristotle, a student of Plato who broke with his mentor's idealist philosophy, is called the father of both Realism and the scientific method.", "In this metaphysical view, the aim is to understand objective reality through \"the diligent and unsparing scrutiny of all observable data.\". Aristotle believed that to understand an object, its ultimate form had to be understood, which does not change. For example, a rose exists whether or not a person is aware of it.", "Motivation to learn is experiencing conflict with what one knows, which causes an imbalance, which triggers a quest to restore the equilibrium. Piaget described intelligent behavior as adaptation. The learner organizes his or her understanding in organized structures. At the simplest level, these are called schemes.", "We define ourselves in relationship to that existence by the choices we make. We should not accept anyone else's predetermined philosophical system; rather, we must take responsibility for deciding who we are. The focus is on freedom, the development of authentic individuals, as we make meaning of our lives.", "The emphasis is on process-how one comes to know. The Progressive education philosophy was established in America from the mid 1920s through the mid 1950s. John Dewey was its foremost proponent. One of his tenets was that the school should improve the way of life of our citizens through experiencing freedom and democracy in schools.", "social science in British English. noun. 1. the study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. 2. any of these subjects studied individually. Collins English Dictionary." ], [ "Many tasks and behaviors that are associated with a role are brought about by these relationships. That is, new tasks and behaviors are expected of the present role-holder because a strong relationship was developed in the past, by either that role-holder or by a prior role-holder.", "Leader. You must have an honest understanding of who you are, what you know, and what you can do. Also, note that it is the followers, not the leader or someone else who determines if the leader is successful. If they do not trust or lack confidence in their leader, then they will be uninspired.", "This is because while traits may have an impressive stability over a period of time, they have little consistency across situations (Mischel, 1968). This is why a number of leadership scholars think the Process Theory of Leadership is a more accurate than the Trait Theory of Leadership.", "According to a study by the Hay Group, a global management consultancy, there are 75 key components of employee satisfaction (Lamb, McKee, 2004). They found that: Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor of employee satisfaction in an organization.", "Leadership differs in that it makes the followers want to achieve high goals (called Emergent Leadership ), rather than simply ordering people around (Rowe, 2007). Thus, you get Assigned Leadership by your position and you display Emergent Leadership by influencing people to do great things.", "Note that all the definitions have a couple of processes in common: A person influences others through social influence, not power, to get something accomplished (bosses use power to get things done). Leadership requires others, who are not necessarily direct-reports, to get something accomplished.", "Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Some other popular definitions of Leadership are: A process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal (Northouse, 2007, p3).", "The values they establish for the organization. The business and people concepts they establish. Successful organizations have leaders who set high standards and goals across the entire spectrum, such as strategies, market leadership, plans, meetings and presentations, productivity, quality, and reliability.", "You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee for inappropriate behavior, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective.", "BE a professional who possess good character traits. Examples: honesty, competence, candor, commitment, integrity, courage, straightforwardness, imagination. KNOW the four factors of leadership — follower, leader, communication, situation. KNOW yourself.", "Individual leaders cannot easily create or change culture because culture is a part of the organization. Culture influences the characteristics of the climate by its effect on the actions and thought processes of the leader. But, everything you do as a leader will affect the climate of the organization.", "Ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished - Communication is the key to this responsibility. Train as a team - Although many so called leaders call their organization, department, section, etc. a team; they are not really teams... they are just a group of people doing their jobs.", "There is more improvisation. — Warren Bennis. Good leaders are made, not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience (Jago, 1982). This guide will help you through the journey.", "Followers. Different people require different styles of leadership. For example, a new hire requires more supervision than an experienced employee does. A person who lacks motivation requires a different approach than one with a high degree of motivation. You must know your people!", "A person who has empathy will make a better counselor than a person who thinks the employees are simply there do accomplish her biddings. Skills, knowledge, and attributes make the Leader, which is one of the Factors of Leadership.", "The Process of Great Leadership. The road to great leadership that is common to successful leaders include (Kouzes, Posner, 1987): Challenge the process - First, find a process that you believe needs to be improved the most. Inspire a shared vision - Share your vision in words that can be understood by your followers.", "Values reflect the concern the organization has for its employees, customers, investors, vendors, and surrounding community. These values define the manner in how business will be conducted. Concepts define what products or services the organization will offer and the methods and processes for conducting business.", "On the other hand, culture is the deeply rooted nature of the organization that is a result of long-held formal and informal systems, rules, traditions, and customs. This differs from climate, which is a short-term phenomenon created by the current leadership.", "These rites impact individual behavior on what it takes to be in good standing (the norm) and directs the appropriate behavior for each circumstance. The climate is the feel of the organization, the individual and shared perceptions and attitudes of the organization's members (Ivancevich, Konopaske, Matteson, 2007).", "Bass' Theory of Leadership. Bass' theory of leadership states that there are three basic ways to explain how people become leaders (Stogdill, 1989; Bass, 1990). The first two explain the leadership development for a small number of people, while the third one is the dominant theory today. These theories are:", "This is called Process Leadership (Jago, 1982). However, we know that we have traits that can influence our actions. This is called Trait Leadership (Jago, 1982), in that it was once common to believe that leaders were born rather than made. These two leadership types are shown in the chart below (Northouse, 2007, p5):", "Culture and Climate. Culture and climate are two distinct forces that dictate how to act within an organization. Each organization has its own distinctive culture. It is a combination of the founders, past leadership, current leadership, crises, events, history, and size (Newstrom, Davis, 1993).", "Some personality traits may lead people naturally into leadership roles. This is the Trait Theory. A crisis or important event may cause a person to rise to the occasion, which brings out extraordinary leadership qualities in an ordinary person. This is the Great Events Theory. People can choose to become leaders.", "Each role has a set of tasks and responsibilities that may or may not be spelled out. Roles have a powerful effect on behavior for several reasons, to include money being paid for the performance of the role, there is prestige attached to a role, and a sense of accomplishment or challenge.", "One of their definitions is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish a mission (U.S. Army, 1983). Leadership is inspiring others to pursue your vision within the parameters you set, to the extent that it becomes a shared effort, a shared vision, and a shared success (Zeitchik, 2012).", "The rest of the chapters in this Leadership guide expand on these principles and provide tools for implementing them: Know yourself and seek self-improvement - In order to know yourself, you have to understand your be, know, and do, attributes. Seeking self-improvement means continually strengthening your attributes.", "Definitions of Leadership. “The meaning of a message is the change which it produces in the image.”. — Kenneth Boulding in The Image: Knowledge in Life and Society.", "Team Leader. A team leader is someone who provides direction, instructions and guidance to a group of individuals, who can also be known as a team, for the purpose of achieving a certain goal. An effective leader will know her team members' strengths, weaknesses and motivations. {\"error\":true,\"iframe\":true}." ], [ "eth·i·cal. 1. Of, relating to, or dealing with ethics: an ethical treatise. 2. Being in accordance with the accepted principles of right and wrong that govern the conduct of a profession: an ethical act. See Synonyms at moral. 3. Relating to or being a drug dispensed solely on the prescription of a physician.", "We are only too ready to believe that ethics is a field where thinking does no good. 3. 'ethical'. Ethic is never an adjective. The adjective that means 'relating to ethics' is ethical. ...an ethical problem. He had no real ethical objection to drinking.", "ethical. ( ˈɛθɪkəl) adj. 1. in accordance with principles of conduct that are considered correct, esp those of a given profession or group. 2. (Philosophy) of or relating to ethics. 3. (Medicine) (of a medicinal agent) available legally only with a doctor's prescription or consent.", "View in context. We should say that the author's special ethical gift lay in a delicately intuitive sympathy, not, perhaps, with all phases of character, but certainly with the very varied class of persons represented in these volumes. View in context.", "View in context. A wet day was the expression of irremediable grief at her weakness in the mind of some vague ethical being whom she could not class definitely as the God of her childhood, and could not comprehend as any other. View in context.", "Polygnotus delineates character well: the style of Zeuxis is devoid of ethical quality. View in context. But the master gave his fellow countrymen an ethical system based upon sound common sense, and a deep knowledge of their customs and characteristics. View in context.", "ethical. adj. (= morally right) → ethisch attr; (of ethics) → Moral-; ethical philosophy → Moralphilosophie f; ethical values → moralische Werte pl; it is not ethical to … → es ist unethisch or unmoralisch, zu …; ethical behaviour (Brit) or behavior (US) → ethisch einwandfreies Verhalten.", "View in context. And some people said that Madame Stahl had made her social position as a philanthropic, highly religious woman; other people said she really was at heart the highly ethical being, living for nothing but the good of her fellow creatures, which she represented herself to be. View in context.", "The worst of the literature of past times, before an ethical conscience began to inform it, or the advance of the race compelled it to decency, is that it leaves the mind foul with filthy images and base thoughts; but what I have been trying to say is that the boy, unless he is exceptionally depraved beforehand, is saved from these through his ignorance.", "ˈethically adv. ˈethicalness, ˌethiˈcality n. Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014.", "eth′i•cal•ly, adv. eth′i•cal•ness, eth`i•cal′i•ty, n. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc.", "ethic. – ethics – ethical. 1. 'ethic'. A particular ethic is an idea or moral belief that influences the behaviour and attitudes of a group of people. ...the ethic of public service. ...the Protestant work ethic. 2. 'ethics'. Ethics are moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong.", "2. being in accordance with the rules or standards for right conduct or practice, esp. the standards of a profession. 3. (of drugs) sold only upon prescription.", "eth′i·cal·ly adv. eth′i·cal·ness, eth′i·cal′i·ty (-kăl′ĭ-tē) n. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.", "Ethics. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean.", "Ethical Behavior. Today's business world is challenged with maintaining an ethical climate while remaining competitive and profitable. In this lesson, you will learn about managing ethical behavior in the workplace. Ethical behavior is acting in ways that is consistent with how the business world views moral principles and values.", "Organizational ethics express the values of an organization to its employees and/or other entities irrespective of governmental and/or regulatory laws. Ethics are the principles and values used by an individual to govern his or her actions and decisions.", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"Normative ethics\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour, and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the questions that arise regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense.", "Ethics. Ethics, sometimes known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.", "Ethical behavior refers to acts that are consistent with what individuals and societies generally consider are right. Ethical behavior is necessary particularly in business. It involves showing respect for important principles that are moral and acceptable." ], [ "These norms, values, ethical, and unethical practices are the principles that guide a business. Business ethics refers to contemporary organizational standards, principles, sets of values and norms that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the business organization. Business ethics have two dimensions, normative business ethics or descriptive business ethics.", "Effective leadership is important because it creates confidence among the participants in an organization and encourages a professional and positive environment. In an enterprise setting, leadership acts as the catalyst that makes all other business aspects work in tandem.", "Small Business. |. Business Planning & Strategy. |. Making Business Decisions. By David Ingram. Making ethical business decisions consistently is a key to long-term success for any business, although ethical decision makers may, at times, achieve weaker short-term financial results than their shadier counterparts.", "Ethical Behavior. Today's business world is challenged with maintaining an ethical climate while remaining competitive and profitable. In this lesson, you will learn about managing ethical behavior in the workplace. Ethical behavior is acting in ways that is consistent with how the business world views moral principles and values.", "Modern Practices. Over the years, the concept of employee discipline has grown. Managers realize that discipline is a part of the job. They also realize that there must be disciplinary action within an organization to maintain some sense of control. In today's workplace, discipline and documentation go hand in hand.", "Collective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the employers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence.", "Ethical behavior refers to acts that are consistent with what individuals and societies generally consider are right. Ethical behavior is necessary particularly in business. It involves showing respect for important principles that are moral and acceptable.", "Organizational ethics express the values of an organization to its employees and/or other entities irrespective of governmental and/or regulatory laws. Ethics are the principles and values used by an individual to govern his or her actions and decisions.", "Not to be confused with humanism. Volunteers from AmeriCorps in Louisiana. Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans, in order to improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic and logical reasons.", "Ethics. Ethics, sometimes known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.", "Team Leader. A team leader is someone who provides direction, instructions and guidance to a group of individuals, who can also be known as a team, for the purpose of achieving a certain goal. An effective leader will know her team members' strengths, weaknesses and motivations. {\"error\":true,\"iframe\":true}.", "Ethics. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean.", "social science in British English. noun. 1. the study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. 2. any of these subjects studied individually. Collins English Dictionary.", "When you use ethics with this meaning, it is a plural noun. You use a plural form of a verb with it. Such action was a violation of medical ethics. Ethics is also the study of questions about what is morally right or wrong. When ethics has this meaning, it is an uncount noun. You use a singular form of a verb with it.", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"Normative ethics\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour, and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the questions that arise regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense.", "Reconstructionism/Critical Theory. Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education.", "The handling of these ethical issues greatly impact the integrity of the research project and can affect whether or not the project receives funding. Because ethical considerations are so important in research, many professional associations and agencies have adopted codes and policies that outline ethical behavior and guide researchers.", "While leadership is learned, a leader's skills and knowledge can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits, such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process of leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characteristics that make him or her unique.", "so·cial science. (sō′shəl) 1. The study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society. 2. Any of various academic or scientific disciplines relating to such study, generally regarded as including sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, and history. The American Heritage® Student Science Dictionary, Second Edition.", "Collective consciousness is all about understanding what makes society work. For Durkheim, individuals in society - while we all have our own individual consciousness - also share a solidarity with one another. We work together in many ways and our collective consciousness is what allows this to happen. Basically, collective consciousness is a constellation of ideas, beliefs, and values that a great number of individuals in a given society share." ], [ "Email. Introduction to Research Ethics by Umm Al-Qura Unive... 62389 views. Research ethics by Claire Tupling 27807 views. Survey Design by James Neill 38097 views. Research ethics by Sarika Sawant 34183 views. Ethics in research by Mira K Desai 46828 views. Sampling Methods in Qualitative and... by Sam Ladner 1188727 views.", "Examples of some of these issues include voluntary participation and informed consent. These principles are followed to guarantee that all human subjects are choosing to participate of their own free will and that they have been fully informed regarding the procedures of the research project and any potential risks.", "They help to determine the difference between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors. Why are ethical considerations so important in research? First, ethical standards prevent against the fabrication or falsifying of data and therefore, promote the pursuit of knowledge and truth which is the primary goal of research.", "Ethical standards also protect the confidentiality and anonymity of the subjects. Review the following slideshow to begin understanding the key ethical considerations for researchers and the history of ethical issues in research. This slideshow is a comprehensive discussion of ethical issues that researchers may face and provides definitions of key terminology for new researchers.", "Link. Research ethics from Kaimrc_Rss_Jd. Research Ethics Video : The following video discusses all types of ethical considerations in research including use of human subjects, consent, plagiarism, guiding principles, and so forth. YouTube.", "Ethical behavior is also critical for collaborative work because it encourages an environment of trust, accountability, and mutual respect among researchers. This is especially important when considering issues related to data sharing, co-authorship, copyright guidelines, confidentiality, and many other issues.", "Learning Objectives: Identify ethical considerations. Describe the purpose of the the Institutional Review Board. List and explain the ethical issues that must be considered when using human subjects. Ethical considerations in research are critical.", "They review the research methodology in grant proposals to assure that ethical practices are being utilized. The use of an IRB also helps to protect the institution and the researchers against potential legal implications from any behavior that may be deemed unethical.", "To address these considerations, most institutions and organizations have developed an Institutional Review Board (IRB). An IRB is a panel of people who help to ensure the safety of human subjects in research and who assist in making sure that human rights are not violated.", "Ethical considerations in qualitative research. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 10 (2), 150-162. Mazur, D. J. (2007). Evaluating the science and ethics of research on humans: a guide for IRB members.", "These norms, values, ethical, and unethical practices are the principles that guide a business. Business ethics refers to contemporary organizational standards, principles, sets of values and norms that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the business organization. Business ethics have two dimensions, normative business ethics or descriptive business ethics.", "Ethical behavior refers to acts that are consistent with what individuals and societies generally consider are right. Ethical behavior is necessary particularly in business. It involves showing respect for important principles that are moral and acceptable.", "Effective leadership is important because it creates confidence among the participants in an organization and encourages a professional and positive environment. In an enterprise setting, leadership acts as the catalyst that makes all other business aspects work in tandem.", "Ethical Behavior. Today's business world is challenged with maintaining an ethical climate while remaining competitive and profitable. In this lesson, you will learn about managing ethical behavior in the workplace. Ethical behavior is acting in ways that is consistent with how the business world views moral principles and values.", "Collective consciousness is all about understanding what makes society work. For Durkheim, individuals in society - while we all have our own individual consciousness - also share a solidarity with one another. We work together in many ways and our collective consciousness is what allows this to happen. Basically, collective consciousness is a constellation of ideas, beliefs, and values that a great number of individuals in a given society share.", "Ethics. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean.", "While leadership is learned, a leader's skills and knowledge can be influenced by his or hers attributes or traits, such as beliefs, values, ethics, and character. Knowledge and skills contribute directly to the process of leadership, while the other attributes give the leader certain characteristics that make him or her unique.", "When you use ethics with this meaning, it is a plural noun. You use a plural form of a verb with it. Such action was a violation of medical ethics. Ethics is also the study of questions about what is morally right or wrong. When ethics has this meaning, it is an uncount noun. You use a singular form of a verb with it.", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"Normative ethics\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour, and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the questions that arise regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense.", "Ethics. Ethics, sometimes known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct." ], [ "social science. n. 1. (Sociology) the study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. 2. (Sociology) any of these subjects studied individually. social scientist n.", "n. 1. The study of human society and of individual relationships in and to society. 2. A scholarly or scientific discipline that deals with such study, generally regarded as including sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, and history. social scientist n.", "2. a field of study, as history or economics, dealing with an aspect of society or forms of social activity. so′cial sci′entist, n. Random House Kernerman Webster's College Dictionary, © 2010 K Dictionaries Ltd. Copyright 2005, 1997, 1991 by Random House, Inc. All rights reserved.", "social science in British English. noun. 1. the study of society and of the relationship of individual members within society, including economics, history, political science, psychology, anthropology, and sociology. 2. any of these subjects studied individually. Collins English Dictionary.", "Ethical behavior refers to acts that are consistent with what individuals and societies generally consider are right. Ethical behavior is necessary particularly in business. It involves showing respect for important principles that are moral and acceptable.", "Collective consciousness is all about understanding what makes society work. For Durkheim, individuals in society - while we all have our own individual consciousness - also share a solidarity with one another. We work together in many ways and our collective consciousness is what allows this to happen. Basically, collective consciousness is a constellation of ideas, beliefs, and values that a great number of individuals in a given society share.", "Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: \"Normative ethics\" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) Normative ethics is the study of ethical behaviour, and is the branch of philosophical ethics that investigates the questions that arise regarding how one ought to act, in a moral sense.", "Not to be confused with humanism. Volunteers from AmeriCorps in Louisiana. Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans, in order to improve the conditions of humanity for moral, altruistic and logical reasons.", "Modern Practices. Over the years, the concept of employee discipline has grown. Managers realize that discipline is a part of the job. They also realize that there must be disciplinary action within an organization to maintain some sense of control. In today's workplace, discipline and documentation go hand in hand.", "Reconstructionism/Critical Theory. Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform as the aim of education.", "When you use ethics with this meaning, it is a plural noun. You use a plural form of a verb with it. Such action was a violation of medical ethics. Ethics is also the study of questions about what is morally right or wrong. When ethics has this meaning, it is an uncount noun. You use a singular form of a verb with it.", "Collective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the employers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence.", "The handling of these ethical issues greatly impact the integrity of the research project and can affect whether or not the project receives funding. Because ethical considerations are so important in research, many professional associations and agencies have adopted codes and policies that outline ethical behavior and guide researchers.", "Small Business. |. Business Planning & Strategy. |. Making Business Decisions. By David Ingram. Making ethical business decisions consistently is a key to long-term success for any business, although ethical decision makers may, at times, achieve weaker short-term financial results than their shadier counterparts.", "Ethics. The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior. Philosophers today usually divide ethical theories into three general subject areas: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. Metaethics investigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean.", "Organizational ethics express the values of an organization to its employees and/or other entities irrespective of governmental and/or regulatory laws. Ethics are the principles and values used by an individual to govern his or her actions and decisions.", "Team Leader. A team leader is someone who provides direction, instructions and guidance to a group of individuals, who can also be known as a team, for the purpose of achieving a certain goal. An effective leader will know her team members' strengths, weaknesses and motivations. {\"error\":true,\"iframe\":true}.", "These norms, values, ethical, and unethical practices are the principles that guide a business. Business ethics refers to contemporary organizational standards, principles, sets of values and norms that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the business organization. Business ethics have two dimensions, normative business ethics or descriptive business ethics.", "Definition\n+ Create New Flashcard. Popular Terms. The goals set by an organization that fall within an established set of moral guidelines or fair business practices. Most business managers will only set ethical objectives for their company since doing anything else will tend to tarnish their reputation.", "Ethical Behavior. Today's business world is challenged with maintaining an ethical climate while remaining competitive and profitable. In this lesson, you will learn about managing ethical behavior in the workplace. Ethical behavior is acting in ways that is consistent with how the business world views moral principles and values." ], [ "By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached 40,000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics. The Society for Business Ethics was founded in 1980.", "Business ethics refers to contemporary organizational standards, principles, sets of values and norms that govern the actions and behavior of an individual in the business organization. Business ethics have two dimensions, normative business ethics or descriptive business ethics.", "The search for universal values as a basis for international commercial behavior. Comparison of business ethical traditions in different countries and on the basis of their respective GDP and corruption rankings. Comparison of business ethical traditions from various religious perspectives.", "Business ethics reflect the norms of each historical period. As time passes, norms evolve, causing accepted behaviors to become objectionable. Business ethics and the resulting behavior evolved as well. Business was involved in slavery, colonialism, and the cold war.", "Friedman made it explicit that the duty of the business leaders is, \"to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in the law and those embodied in ethical custom\". Ethics for Friedman is nothing more than abiding by customs and laws.", "From a 2009 National Business Ethics survey, it was found that types of employee-observed ethical misconduct included abusive behavior (at a rate of 22 percent), discrimination (at a rate of 14 percent), improper hiring practices (at a rate of 10 percent), and company resource abuse (at a rate of percent).", "Corporate scandals in the earlier 2000s increased the field's popularity. As of 2009, sixteen academic journals devoted to various business ethics issues existed, with Journal of Business Ethics and Business Ethics Quarterly considered the leaders.", "Firms began highlighting their ethical stature in the late 1980s and early 1990s, possibly in an attempt to distance themselves from the business scandals of the day, such as the savings and loan crisis. The concept of business ethics caught the attention of academics, media and business firms by the end of the Cold War.", "Peter Drucker once said, \"There is neither a separate ethics of business nor is one needed\", implying that standards of personal ethics cover all business situations. However, Drucker in another instance said that the ultimate responsibility of company directors is not to harm— primum non nocere.", "Human resource management. Human resource management occupies the sphere of activity of recruitment selection, orientation, performance appraisal, training and development, industrial relations and health and safety issues. Business Ethicists differ in their orientation towards labor ethics.", "One of the greatest ways employees participate in the misuse of company's time and resources is by using the company computer for personal use. Consumer fraud: There are many different types of fraud, namely; friendly fraud, return fraud, wardrobing, price arbitrage, returning stolen goods.", "The emergence of large corporations with limited relationships and sensitivity to the communities in which they operate accelerated the development of formal ethics regimes. Maintaining an ethical status is the responsibility of the manager of the business.", "Business ethics. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Ethical business) Jump to navigation Jump to search. Business administration. Management of a business. Accounting. Management accounting. Financial accounting.", "It applies to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organizations. These ethics originate from individuals, organizational statements or the legal system. These norms, values, ethical, and unethical practices are the principles that guide a business.", "Business model. International trade. Business process. Business statistics. Business and economics portal. v. t. e. Business ethics (also known as corporate ethics) is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics, that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that can arise in a business environment.", "Many verses discuss business ethics, in particular, verse 113, adapting to a changing environment in verses 474, 426, and 140, learning the intricacies of different tasks in verses 462 and 677.", "Ethics officers. Following a series of fraud, corruption, and abuse scandals that affected the United States defense industry in the mid-1980s, the Defense Industry Initiative (DII) was created to promote ethical business practices and ethics management in multiple industries.", "Academic discipline. As an academic discipline, business ethics emerged in the 1970s. Since no academic business ethics journals or conferences existed, researchers published in general management journals and attended general conferences.", "The Defense Industry Initiative on Business Ethics and Conduct (DII) was created to support corporate ethical conduct. This era began the belief and support of self-regulation and free trade, which lifted tariffs and barriers and allowed businesses to merge and divest in an increasing global atmosphere.", "In 1991, the Ethics & Compliance Officer Association —originally the Ethics Officer Association (EOA)—was founded at the Center for Business Ethics at Bentley University as a professional association for ethics and compliance officers.", "Singer claims, \"Property is a form of power, and the distribution of power is a political problem of the highest order\". Rose finds, \"'Property' is only an effect, a construction, of relationships between people, meaning that its objective character is contestable.", "International issues. While business ethics emerged as a field in the 1970s, international business ethics did not emerge until the late 1990s, looking back on the international developments of that decade. Many new practical issues arose out of the international context of business.", "Persons and things, are 'constituted' or 'fabricated' by legal and other normative techniques.\". Singer observes, \"A private property regime is not, after all, a Hobbesian state of nature; it requires a working legal system that can define, allocate, and enforce property rights.\".", "As a corporate practice and a career specialization, the field is primarily normative. Academics attempting to understand business behavior employ descriptive methods. The range and quantity of business ethical issues reflects the interaction of profit-maximizing behavior with non-economic concerns.", "The term 'business ethics' came into common use in the United States in the early 1970s. By the mid-1980s at least 500 courses in business ethics reached 40,000 students, using some twenty textbooks and at least ten casebooks supported by professional societies, centers and journals of business ethics.", "Interest in business ethics accelerated dramatically during the 1980s and 1990s, both within major corporations and within academia. For example, most major corporations today promote their commitment to non- economic values under headings such as ethics codes and social responsibility charters.", "As time passes, norms evolve, causing accepted behaviors to become objectionable. Business ethics and the resulting behavior evolved as well. Business was involved in slavery, colonialism, and the Cold War. The term 'business ethics' came into common use in the United States in the early 1970s.", "Business ethics operates on the premise, for example, that the ethical operation of a private business is possible—those who dispute that premise, such as libertarian socialists (who contend that \"business ethics\" is an oxymoron) do so by definition outside of the domain of business ethics proper.", "Since few goods and services can be produced and consumed with zero risks, determining the ethical course can be problematic. In some case, consumers demand products that harm them, such as tobacco products. Production may have environmental impacts, including pollution, habitat destruction and urban sprawl.", "Thus, whether or not such conduct is explicitly sanctioned by management, at worst, this makes the policy duplicitous, and, at best, it is merely a marketing tool. Jones and Parker wrote, \"Most of what we read under the name business ethics is either sentimental common sense or a set of excuses for being unpleasant.\".", "Overview. Business ethics reflects the philosophy of business, of which one aim is to determine the fundamental purposes of a company. If a company's purpose is to maximize shareholder returns, then sacrificing profits for other concerns is a violation of its fiduciary responsibility.", "Ethical Behavior. Today's business world is challenged with maintaining an ethical climate while remaining competitive and profitable. In this lesson, you will learn about managing ethical behavior in the workplace. Ethical behavior is acting in ways that is consistent with how the business world views moral principles and values." ] ]
[ "which is an example of a citizen's responsibility?", "what is a litigation claim", "what is pledge for", "legal definition of partition action", "1. what is the definition of mandate", "how to be a good platoon leader", "what is the informed consent mandate in the patient bill of rights?", "what is implicit consent", "do interest groups use lobbyists", "promisee definition" ]
[ "Instructor: Stephen Benz. Show bio. Stephen has a JD and a BA in sociology and political science. Civic duties are legally mandated responsibilities that all citizens are required to fulfill. Failure to fulfill these obligations could result in legal punishment. We'll look at some examples in American society.", "Last Modified Date: February 24, 2021. Renee Booker. Date: February 24, 2021. A dispute between an insurance company and its policy holders may warrant claims litigation. Although the words may be used to describe other types of claims, the term \"claims litigation\" is generally used to refer to disputes that arise between an insurance company and its insured, or between an insurance company and someone who was injured by an insured.", "A contract of pledge specifies what is owed, the property that shall be used as a pledge, and conditions for satisfying the debt or obligation. In a simple example, John asks to borrow $500 from Mary. Mary decides first that John will have to pledge his stereo as security that he will repay the debt by a specific time.", "The law offers something called a partition action, which can be brought to divide the property into individual shares among the owners, allowing you to move forward with your share independently. A partition, or division, of property can be arranged on a voluntary basis if all owners agree to it.", "The concept of a government having a legitimate mandate to govern via the fair winning of a democratic election is a central idea of representative democracy. New governments who attempt to introduce policies that they did not make public during an election campaign are said not to have a legitimate mandate to implement such policies.", "To be successful, a platoon sergeant must be organized, detail-oriented and able to maintain a positive attitude so that each subordinate will perform to her potential and benefit the entire unit.", "When accepting to undergo experimental treatments or clinical trials an individual has the right to be informed of all the risks involved and consent to the latter. Some states have statutes that are designated as the Patient's Bill of Rights.", "Property. Torts. Wills, trusts and estates. Portals. Law. v. t. e. Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).", "lobbying. Trying to influence decision makers. Interest groups use lobbying as a tactic to pursue the interests of their members, but individuals, too, can lobby. Lobbying can be done directly or indirectly, and can be aimed at any branch or level of government.", "A person whom is to be the beneficiary of a promise, an obligation or a contract. Related Terms: Promisor , Obligee , Creditor. A person whom is the recipient of a promise, an obligation or a contract, received from the promisor. Synonymous to obligee." ]
[ [ "Go to The History & Role of Political Parties: Help and Review. Ch 12. Interest Groups in Politics: Help and... Go to Interest Groups in Politics: Help and Review. Ch 13. Mass Media and Politics: Help and... Go to Mass Media and Politics: Help and Review. Ch 14. Political Culture, Public Opinion & Civic...", "But if you are a male over 18 years old, this requires that you sign up for the selective service to even fill out the form. The selective service essentially is the government organization that determines which males will be selected in the event of a military draft. Lesson Summary.", "Civic Duty: Definition & Examples. Start today. Try it now. Social Science / Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review. Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review. 22 chapters | 301 lessons | 1 flashcard set. { {courseNav.course.topics.length}} chapters | { {courseNav.course.mDynamicIntFields.lessonCount}} lessons | { {course.flashcardSetCount}} flashcard set { {course.flashcardSetCoun > 1 ? 's' : ''}}.", "I am a teacher. Create Your Account To Continue Watching. As a member, you'll also get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you succeed. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons.", "Refusal to appear in court can result in being arrested for contempt of court. This doesn't mean, however, that you have to testify against yourself in criminal court. Selective Service. If you are filing for financial aid in the United States, you will probably need to fill out a government FAFSA form.", "Definition of Civic Duty. Muhammad Ali is known by many as the greatest boxer of the 20th century. He was known for his speed, skill, and trash-talking demeanor. Despite his presence in the ring, Ali also made headlines with his refusal to be conscripted into the American military during the Vietnam War.", "Voting: Costs and Benefits 6:15. Political Participation in the United States: Influences & Voter Turnout 7:20. Alternative Forms of Political Participation: Role & Types 6:40. Civic Duty: Definition & Examples 3:36.", "Ali was opposed to the war and said that serving in the military was against his religion. Because Ali refused to serve in the military, he was arrested and charged with draft evasion. Although his conviction was later overturned by the Supreme Court, Ali's case illustrates the essential nature of a civic duty.", "While a civic duty is required by law, a civic responsibility is not necessarily required by law. But a civic responsibility is stressed as a socially good behavior to perform. Examples of civic responsibility include voting in elections, signing up for the military, volunteering in the community, participating in government politics, and holding public office.", "A civic duty is an action required by law for a citizen to perform. One civic duty is to serve in the military if drafted by the United States. Because Ali refused to be drafted, he was arrested for not fulfilling his civic duty.", "Rightful Resistance: Definition & Examples. Go to Political Culture, Public Opinion & Civic Behavior: Help and Review. Ch 15. Comparative Law: Help and Review. Go to Comparative Law: Help and Review. Ch 16. Public and Social Policy: Help and... Go to Public and Social Policy: Help and Review. Ch 17.", "Civic Duty: Definition & Examples\nRelated Study Materials. Upgrade to enroll. ×. Upgrade to Premium to enroll in Introduction to Political Science: Help and Review. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Track course progress. Take quizzes and exams. Earn certificates of completion.", "It should be noted, though, that in part because of the protests against the Vietnam War, the United States will only use military drafts in the most extreme cases. At this point, it is probably a good idea to differentiate between a civic duty and a civic responsibility.", "Going to School. In the United States, attending school is mandatory. If a student does not attend school, their parents can be fined severely by local authorities. Most states have established a minimum age that students have to continue studying to.", "This is different than a civic responsibility, which is not mandatory by law, but is stressed as a socially good behavior to perform. Examples of civic duties include paying taxes, going to school, jury duty, serving as a witness in court, and selective service. Learning Outcomes.", "Jury Duty. The infamous words that everyone dreads, 'You have been selected for jury duty.'. Not many people enjoy getting that summons in the mail. Still, responding to a jury summons is a civic duty. Failure to respond to a jury summons could result in a fine, although judges rarely issue such fines.", "Prayer Law and Legal Definition. Prayer is a term subject to different meanings, but in the legal context, it refers to the specific amount asked for as damages at the end of a complaint or petition.", "Initiative is all about taking charge. An initiative is the first in a series of actions. Initiative can also mean a personal quality that shows a willingness to get things done and take responsibility. An initiative is the start of something, with the hope that it will continue.", "When accepting to undergo experimental treatments or clinical trials an individual has the right to be informed of all the risks involved and consent to the latter. Some states have statutes that are designated as the Patient's Bill of Rights.", "A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case." ], [ "In reality, claims litigation management often begins long before a lawsuit is filed. While some claims filed by an insured or by an injured party are settled easily and quickly, many are not. When it becomes apparent that the insured or injured party is not willing to accept an initial offer of compensation by an insurance company, the insurance company typically hands the case off to their claims management department.", "This little known plugin reveals the answer. The most common example of a claim that may end in litigation is a car accident. If litigation becomes inevitable, then the claim is typically handed over to legal counsel for the insurance company.", "LEARN MORE. 0 3. Minutes. 5 3. Seconds. A dispute between an insurance company and its policy holders may warrant claims litigation. If litigation becomes inevitable, then the claim is typically handed over to legal counsel for the insurance company.", "The cost of claims litigation can be quite high for the insurance company once an actual lawsuit has been filed. Insurance claims are civil lawsuits and are, therefore, initiated by the plaintiff, or injured party, filing a claim against the responsible party.", "If the occupants of the car that was involved in the collision are unwilling to accept an out-of-court settlement for their injuries, or if the insurance company denies liability, then the insurance company must litigate the claim. Mediation is a more cost-effective way of reaching a settlement than litigation.", "If the insured, or someone injured by actions of the insured, files a lawsuit in order to secure compensation for the damages that the insurance company denied, then the parties are said to be engaged in claims litigation.", "The most common example of a claim that may end in litigation is a car accident. In most jurisdictions, drivers are required to carry liability insurance in the event they are found to be liable for a vehicular accident.", "Insurance companies have an obligation to pay claims arising out of accidents covered under the insurance policy purchased by the insured. In some cases, the insurance company denies liability for the damages, in which case claims litigation becomes a possibility.", "A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case.", "The concept of a government having a legitimate mandate to govern via the fair winning of a democratic election is a central idea of representative democracy. New governments who attempt to introduce policies that they did not make public during an election campaign are said not to have a legitimate mandate to implement such policies.", "Prayer Law and Legal Definition. Prayer is a term subject to different meanings, but in the legal context, it refers to the specific amount asked for as damages at the end of a complaint or petition.", "Intent refers to the state of mind accompanying an act especially a forbidden act. It is the outline of the mental pattern which is necessary to do the crime. At times criminal intent is used in the sense of mens rea-the mental element requisite for guilt of the offense charged. Example of a case law on criminal intent.", "The definition of a trial is a hearing in a court case, a test or a hardship. An example of trial is the court case of an accused robber. An example of trial is the use of a small size bottle of shampoo to sample the product. An example of trial is a physical obstacle course. noun.", "lobbying. Trying to influence decision makers. Interest groups use lobbying as a tactic to pursue the interests of their members, but individuals, too, can lobby. Lobbying can be done directly or indirectly, and can be aimed at any branch or level of government.", "A contract of pledge specifies what is owed, the property that shall be used as a pledge, and conditions for satisfying the debt or obligation. In a simple example, John asks to borrow $500 from Mary. Mary decides first that John will have to pledge his stereo as security that he will repay the debt by a specific time.", "A person whom is to be the beneficiary of a promise, an obligation or a contract. Related Terms: Promisor , Obligee , Creditor. A person whom is the recipient of a promise, an obligation or a contract, received from the promisor. Synonymous to obligee.", "The definition of a pledge is something held as security on a contract, a promise, or a person who is in a trial period before joining an organization. An example of a pledge is a cash down payment on a car. An example of a pledge is a promise that you'll buy a person's car.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. Grassroots lobbying (also indirect lobbying) is lobbying with the intention of reaching the legislature and making a difference in the decision-making process. Grassroots lobbying is an approach that separates itself from direct lobbying through the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand, as opposed to conveying the message to the legislators directly.", "Property. Torts. Wills, trusts and estates. Portals. Law. v. t. e. Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).", "adjective. 1 Required or expected to justify actions or decisions; responsible. ‘ministers are accountable to Parliament’. More example sentences. ‘parents cannot be held accountable for their children's actions’. ‘When nobody can be held accountable for decisions like this, democracy is dead.’." ], [ "The second party must also have a lien—or legal claim—upon the property in question. If the terms are not met, the second party can sell the property to satisfy the debt. Any excess profit from the sale must be paid to the debtor, or first party. But if the sale does not meet the amount of the debt, legal action may be necessary.", "Pledge of Allegiance. Pledge of allegiance to the flag. Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag of the United States. Pledge of Allegiance To the Flag of the United States of America.", "John gives the stereo to Mary, but he still legally owns it. If John repays the debt under the contractual agreement, Mary must return the stereo. But if he fails to pay, she can sell it to satisfy his debt. Pledged property must be in the possession of a pledgee. This can be accomplished in one of two ways.", "The same arrangement applies in Scots law in relation to moveables. It is known to the public through the pawn shop where the public may go to obtain a loan by depositing their personal possessions which may be sold if not redeemed. Collins Dictionary of Law © W.J. Stewart, 2006. PLEDGE, contracts.", "She can sell or assign her interest under the contract of the pledge to a third party. However, the pledgee must notify the pledgor that the contract of pledge has been sold or reassigned; otherwise, she is guilty of conversion. West's Encyclopedia of American Law, edition 2. Copyright 2008 The Gale Group, Inc.", "Every pledge has three parts: two separate parties, a debt or obligation, and a contract of pledge. The law of pledges is quite old, but in contemporary U.S. law it is governed in most states by the provisions for Secured Transactions in article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Pledges are different from sales.", "pledge. a security transaction applicable to chattels under which the borrower (pledgor) gives possession of the chattel to the lender (the pledgee) as security for the payment of a debt or performance of an obligation. The pledgee is entitled to hold the chattel until payment or performance and, upon failure duly to pay or perform at the proper time, to sell it.", "But if he fails to pay, she can sell it to satisfy his debt. Pledged property must be in the possession of a pledgee. This can be accomplished in one of two ways. The property can be in the pledgee's actual possession, meaning physical possession (for example, Mary keeps John's stereo at her house).", "For example, a pledgee has constructive possession of the contents of a pledgor's safety deposit box at a bank when the pledgor gives the pledgee the only keys to the box. In pledges both parties have certain rights and liabilities.", "The property cannot be used without permission unless use is necessary for its preservation, such as exercising a live animal. Unauthorized use of the property is called conversion and may make the pledgee liable for damages; thus, Mary should not use John's stereo while in possession of it.", "pledge. v. to deposit personal property as security for a personal loan of money. If the loan is not repaid when due, the personal property pledged shall be forfeit to the lender. The property is known as collateral. To pledge is the same as to pawn. 2) to promise to do something.", "The contract of pledge represents only one set of these: the terms under which the debt or obligation will be fulfilled and the pledged property returned. On the one hand, the pledgor's rights extend to the safekeeping and protection of his property while it is in possession of the pledgee.", "He who becomes security for another, and, in this sense, every one who becomes bail for another is a pledge. 4 Inst. 180 Com. Dig. B. See Pledges. A Law Dictionary, Adapted to the Constitution and Laws of the United States. By John Bouvier.", "This income reduces the amount of the debt, and the pledgor must account for it to the pledgee. Additionally, the pledgee is entitled to be reimbursed for expenses incurred in retaining, caring for, and protecting the property. Finally, the pledgee need not remain a party to the contract of pledge indefinitely.", "In a sale both possession and ownership of property are permanently transferred to the buyer. In a pledge only possession passes to a second party. The first party retains ownership of the property in question, while the second party takes possession of the property until the terms of the contract are satisfied.", "In law John is called the pledgor, and Mary the pledgee. The stereo is referred to as pledged property. As in any common pledge contract, possession of the pledged property is transferred to the pledgee. At the same time, however, ownership (or title) of the pledged property remains with the pledgor. John gives the stereo to Mary, but he still legally owns it.", "For the pledgee, on the other hand, there is more than the duty to care for the pledgor's property. The pledgee has the right to the possession and control of any income accruing during the period of the pledge, unless an agreement to the contrary exists.", "Sometimes called bailment, pledges are a form of security to assure that a person will repay a debt or perform an act under contract. In a pledge one person temporarily gives possession of property to another party. Pledges are typically used in securing loans, pawning property for cash, and guaranteeing that contracted work will be done.", "The definition of a pledge is something held as security on a contract, a promise, or a person who is in a trial period before joining an organization. An example of a pledge is a cash down payment on a car. An example of a pledge is a promise that you'll buy a person's car.", "consent. noun. Definition of consent (Entry 2 of 2) 1 : compliance in or approval of what is done or proposed by another : acquiescence he shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties — U.S. Constitution. 2 : agreement as to action or opinion specifically : voluntary agreement by a people to organize a civil society and give authority to the government." ], [ "Consider Mediation Before Filing a Partition Action. If you are having disagreements with your co-owner about the proper way to use, divide, or sell your parcel, it is probably better to work these out between you instead of wasting time and money in court.", "A partition action may be in order. By Brian Farkas, Attorney. Updated: May 5th, 2021. Imagine that you own a property or a parcel of land with another person – a sibling, a friend, or a spouse.", "However, if they don't agree, a judge can order a partition of the property based on one owner's request. If done gracefully and with agreement, it can result in a more efficient splitting of the property where all of the former owners are happier owning their own portion.", "Odds of a Court Granting Partition as a Remedy. The right to partition is an \"absolute right,\" which can be restricted only by law, written waiver, or a provision in a will. The right can be used at any time, even if it's not referenced in a contract.", "Types of Partition Actions the Law Allows For. There are two mains types of legal partitions of land ownership (although the precise vocabulary might differ from one state to another). First, a partition in kind, also known as an \"actual partition,\" severs the individual interest of each joint owner.", "If, for example, the property is a small lot with one cottage on it, or something equally hard to slice down the middle, partition by sale might be the best bet. The co-owners will sell the land, dividing up the proceeds, and each have the opportunity to go out and buying their own, separate properties.", "Partition is a remedy that's usually favored by courts, for the sake of maintaining peace between the parties. In other words, assuming that you meet the various legal requirements for partition in your state, your partition suit should be readily granted.", "But then your interests diverge; you and that person have different ideas about what to do with the property; in particular, how to use, improve, or dispose of it. Say, for example, one of you wants to build or expand a house, the other wants to start a farm.", "Or that one of you wants to sell the property, the other wants to maintain it for generations. Perhaps one of you wants to rent it out, the other wants to leave it unoccupied until some future date when it will be sold. Your efforts to negotiate or compromise are getting you nowhere; you're stalemated. Is there anything you can do in these intractable situations?", "Second, a partition by sale, also known as partition by \"licitation\" or \"succession,\" is accomplished by selling the entire property and dividing the proceeds among the owners. This type of partition is used when partition in kind is difficult to perform or when the parties cannot agree.", "Property. Torts. Wills, trusts and estates. Portals. Law. v. t. e. Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).", "Initiative is all about taking charge. An initiative is the first in a series of actions. Initiative can also mean a personal quality that shows a willingness to get things done and take responsibility. An initiative is the start of something, with the hope that it will continue.", "lobbying. Trying to influence decision makers. Interest groups use lobbying as a tactic to pursue the interests of their members, but individuals, too, can lobby. Lobbying can be done directly or indirectly, and can be aimed at any branch or level of government.", "adjective. 1 Required or expected to justify actions or decisions; responsible. ‘ministers are accountable to Parliament’. More example sentences. ‘parents cannot be held accountable for their children's actions’. ‘When nobody can be held accountable for decisions like this, democracy is dead.’.", "The definition of a pledge is something held as security on a contract, a promise, or a person who is in a trial period before joining an organization. An example of a pledge is a cash down payment on a car. An example of a pledge is a promise that you'll buy a person's car.", "When accepting to undergo experimental treatments or clinical trials an individual has the right to be informed of all the risks involved and consent to the latter. Some states have statutes that are designated as the Patient's Bill of Rights.", "A loyalty oath is a pledge of allegiance to an organization, institution, or state of which an individual is a member. In the United States, such an oath has often indicated that the affiant has not been a member of a particular organization or organizations mentioned in the oath.", "A contract of pledge specifies what is owed, the property that shall be used as a pledge, and conditions for satisfying the debt or obligation. In a simple example, John asks to borrow $500 from Mary. Mary decides first that John will have to pledge his stereo as security that he will repay the debt by a specific time.", "consent. noun. Definition of consent (Entry 2 of 2) 1 : compliance in or approval of what is done or proposed by another : acquiescence he shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties — U.S. Constitution. 2 : agreement as to action or opinion specifically : voluntary agreement by a people to organize a civil society and give authority to the government.", "Intent refers to the state of mind accompanying an act especially a forbidden act. It is the outline of the mental pattern which is necessary to do the crime. At times criminal intent is used in the sense of mens rea-the mental element requisite for guilt of the offense charged. Example of a case law on criminal intent." ], [ "Retrieved from \" https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandate_ (politics)&oldid=1008903974 \". Categories: Elections. Policy. Democracy. Political philosophy. Political term stubs. Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2011.", "When a government seeks re-election they may introduce new policies as part of the campaign and are hoping for approval from the voters, and say they are seeking a \"new mandate\". In some languages, a \"mandate\" can mean a parliamentary seat won in an election rather than the electoral victory itself.", "Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2012-04-03. ^ Glossary | Elections ACT. Jul 2012. http://www.elections.act.gov.au/glossary (cf., The Government's claim that once elected they have the right and responsibility to implement their policies.) General information. \" Doctrine of Mandate \".", "A dictionary of political phrases and allusions: with a short bibliography By Hugh Montgomery, Philip George Cambray. Authority control. GND: 4074523-5. MA: 2775884135. This article about a political term is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v. t.", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.", "Find sources: \"Mandate\" politics – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2011) In politics, a mandate is the authority granted by a constituency to act as its representative.", "consent. noun. Definition of consent (Entry 2 of 2) 1 : compliance in or approval of what is done or proposed by another : acquiescence he shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties — U.S. Constitution. 2 : agreement as to action or opinion specifically : voluntary agreement by a people to organize a civil society and give authority to the government.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. Grassroots lobbying (also indirect lobbying) is lobbying with the intention of reaching the legislature and making a difference in the decision-making process. Grassroots lobbying is an approach that separates itself from direct lobbying through the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand, as opposed to conveying the message to the legislators directly.", "lobbying. Trying to influence decision makers. Interest groups use lobbying as a tactic to pursue the interests of their members, but individuals, too, can lobby. Lobbying can be done directly or indirectly, and can be aimed at any branch or level of government.", "Last Modified Date: February 24, 2021. Renee Booker. Date: February 24, 2021. A dispute between an insurance company and its policy holders may warrant claims litigation. Although the words may be used to describe other types of claims, the term \"claims litigation\" is generally used to refer to disputes that arise between an insurance company and its insured, or between an insurance company and someone who was injured by an insured.", "Instructor: Stephen Benz. Show bio. Stephen has a JD and a BA in sociology and political science. Civic duties are legally mandated responsibilities that all citizens are required to fulfill. Failure to fulfill these obligations could result in legal punishment. We'll look at some examples in American society.", "1. applicable - capable of being applied; having relevance; \"gave applicable examples to support her argument\". relevant - having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; \"the scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research\".", "When accepting to undergo experimental treatments or clinical trials an individual has the right to be informed of all the risks involved and consent to the latter. Some states have statutes that are designated as the Patient's Bill of Rights.", "A contract of pledge specifies what is owed, the property that shall be used as a pledge, and conditions for satisfying the debt or obligation. In a simple example, John asks to borrow $500 from Mary. Mary decides first that John will have to pledge his stereo as security that he will repay the debt by a specific time.", "adjective. 1 Required or expected to justify actions or decisions; responsible. ‘ministers are accountable to Parliament’. More example sentences. ‘parents cannot be held accountable for their children's actions’. ‘When nobody can be held accountable for decisions like this, democracy is dead.’.", "The definition of a pledge is something held as security on a contract, a promise, or a person who is in a trial period before joining an organization. An example of a pledge is a cash down payment on a car. An example of a pledge is a promise that you'll buy a person's car.", "A person whom is to be the beneficiary of a promise, an obligation or a contract. Related Terms: Promisor , Obligee , Creditor. A person whom is the recipient of a promise, an obligation or a contract, received from the promisor. Synonymous to obligee.", "Property. Torts. Wills, trusts and estates. Portals. Law. v. t. e. Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).", "A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case.", "A loyalty oath is a pledge of allegiance to an organization, institution, or state of which an individual is a member. In the United States, such an oath has often indicated that the affiant has not been a member of a particular organization or organizations mentioned in the oath." ], [ "She holds a Bachelor of Social Sciences from Campbell University and a Master of Criminal Justice from Boston University. Related Articles. Job Description of a New Lieutenant in the Infantry. The Duties of an E5 USMC Sergeant. Sergeant Major Jobs Descriptions. The Description of a Marine Corps Staff Sergeant on Duty.", "A high- performing platoon sergeant's success is often evidenced by performance awards such as the Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal and the Meritorious Service Medal or Certificates of Commendation. ‒‒:‒‒.", "Background and Recognition. A top-performing platoon sergeant usually serves at least one full four-year enlistment term prior to obtaining the rank of staff sergeant or higher. Successful platoon sergeants often hold three to five years or more of technical experience in their designated military occupational specialty, or MOS.", "Read More. References. Military Ranks: Marine Corps staff sergeant. Writer Bio. Chiara Sakuwa has been a writer since 2005. Her work has appeared in publications such as the \"Liberty Champion\" newspaper and \"The New World Encyclopedia\" project. She is also the author of the novel \"The Lady Leathernecks.\".", "Primary Responsibilities. Platoon sergeants not only assume leadership over their units. They also act as a liaison between subordinate troops and superior officers. Successful platoon sergeants maintain a constant flow of tactical and technical information between commanding officers and subordinate Marines to ensure good communication.", "A successful platoon sergeant trains and supervises his subordinate Marines, gives technical advice to superior officers and recommends Marines for promotion or assignments, among other responsibilities.", "Being a Successful Platoon Sergeant in the Marines. A successful platoon sergeant in the Marine Corps assumes a variety of leadership responsibilities, both official and unofficial, to ensure optimal standards of proficiency, conduct and cohesion in his unit. Platoon sergeants are usually staff non-commissioned officers, but sometimes non-commissioned officers, or NCOs, including corporals or sergeants, may assume platoon sergeant responsibilities at the command's discretion.", "This might involve organizing outings such as barbecues, soccer matches, fishing excursions or movie theater trips while Marines are off-duty to improve relationships in the unit. Successful platoon sergeants also assist struggling Marines who need extra help with physical fitness or technical training. Other duties include presenting awards, giving speeches or carrying the flag during special events.", "Platoon sergeants directly train or oversee the training of subordinate Marines and are able to delegate unit responsibilities to sergeants and corporals next in command. In addition, successful platoon sergeants help subordinate Marines develop their own leadership skills.", "A loyalty oath is a pledge of allegiance to an organization, institution, or state of which an individual is a member. In the United States, such an oath has often indicated that the affiant has not been a member of a particular organization or organizations mentioned in the oath.", "1. applicable - capable of being applied; having relevance; \"gave applicable examples to support her argument\". relevant - having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; \"the scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research\".", "The definition of a pledge is something held as security on a contract, a promise, or a person who is in a trial period before joining an organization. An example of a pledge is a cash down payment on a car. An example of a pledge is a promise that you'll buy a person's car.", "consent. noun. Definition of consent (Entry 2 of 2) 1 : compliance in or approval of what is done or proposed by another : acquiescence he shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties — U.S. Constitution. 2 : agreement as to action or opinion specifically : voluntary agreement by a people to organize a civil society and give authority to the government.", "A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case.", "The concept of a government having a legitimate mandate to govern via the fair winning of a democratic election is a central idea of representative democracy. New governments who attempt to introduce policies that they did not make public during an election campaign are said not to have a legitimate mandate to implement such policies.", "adjective. 1 Required or expected to justify actions or decisions; responsible. ‘ministers are accountable to Parliament’. More example sentences. ‘parents cannot be held accountable for their children's actions’. ‘When nobody can be held accountable for decisions like this, democracy is dead.’.", "Property. Torts. Wills, trusts and estates. Portals. Law. v. t. e. Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).", "A person whom is to be the beneficiary of a promise, an obligation or a contract. Related Terms: Promisor , Obligee , Creditor. A person whom is the recipient of a promise, an obligation or a contract, received from the promisor. Synonymous to obligee.", "A contract of pledge specifies what is owed, the property that shall be used as a pledge, and conditions for satisfying the debt or obligation. In a simple example, John asks to borrow $500 from Mary. Mary decides first that John will have to pledge his stereo as security that he will repay the debt by a specific time.", "Last Modified Date: February 24, 2021. Renee Booker. Date: February 24, 2021. A dispute between an insurance company and its policy holders may warrant claims litigation. Although the words may be used to describe other types of claims, the term \"claims litigation\" is generally used to refer to disputes that arise between an insurance company and its insured, or between an insurance company and someone who was injured by an insured." ], [ "Articles on HG.org Related to Informed Consent Law. Need a Lawyer? Let Us Help You ➤. Informed Consent Law covers the legal aspect regarding an individual's right to be informed of and consent to a procedure or treatment suggested by a physician or professional.", "Prior to signing this agreement, ethics dictate that the physician providing or performing the treatment and/or procedure should discuss with the patient the patient's diagnosis; the purpose of the treatment or procedure; the risks involved; alternative treatments; and the risks and benefits of refusing treatment.", "Articles on HG.org Related to Informed Consent Law. All Health Care and Social Law Articles. Articles written by attorneys and experts worldwide discussing legal aspects related to Health Care and Social including: defective drugs, failure to diagnose, informed consent, medical law, medical malpractice, medication errors, pharmaceutical law, social security, social services law, surgical errors.", "The patient can then make an informed decision to accept or refuse the treatment or procedure. In the event that the patient is incapacitated to the point of not being able to make an informed decision, a family member, as authorized by law, can replace the patient.", "It ensures that the patient is treated fairly by the health care system and that the system is under the obligation to meet the patient's requirements. It gives the patient the right to address any issues they may have and it encourages the active role of staying healthy or getting healthy by patients.", "A loyalty oath is a pledge of allegiance to an organization, institution, or state of which an individual is a member. In the United States, such an oath has often indicated that the affiant has not been a member of a particular organization or organizations mentioned in the oath.", "Instructor: Stephen Benz. Show bio. Stephen has a JD and a BA in sociology and political science. Civic duties are legally mandated responsibilities that all citizens are required to fulfill. Failure to fulfill these obligations could result in legal punishment. We'll look at some examples in American society.", "Property. Torts. Wills, trusts and estates. Portals. Law. v. t. e. Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).", "consent. noun. Definition of consent (Entry 2 of 2) 1 : compliance in or approval of what is done or proposed by another : acquiescence he shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties — U.S. Constitution. 2 : agreement as to action or opinion specifically : voluntary agreement by a people to organize a civil society and give authority to the government.", "The law offers something called a partition action, which can be brought to divide the property into individual shares among the owners, allowing you to move forward with your share independently. A partition, or division, of property can be arranged on a voluntary basis if all owners agree to it.", "The definition of a trial is a hearing in a court case, a test or a hardship. An example of trial is the court case of an accused robber. An example of trial is the use of a small size bottle of shampoo to sample the product. An example of trial is a physical obstacle course. noun.", "adjective. 1 Required or expected to justify actions or decisions; responsible. ‘ministers are accountable to Parliament’. More example sentences. ‘parents cannot be held accountable for their children's actions’. ‘When nobody can be held accountable for decisions like this, democracy is dead.’.", "1. applicable - capable of being applied; having relevance; \"gave applicable examples to support her argument\". relevant - having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; \"the scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research\".", "The concept of a government having a legitimate mandate to govern via the fair winning of a democratic election is a central idea of representative democracy. New governments who attempt to introduce policies that they did not make public during an election campaign are said not to have a legitimate mandate to implement such policies.", "Intent refers to the state of mind accompanying an act especially a forbidden act. It is the outline of the mental pattern which is necessary to do the crime. At times criminal intent is used in the sense of mens rea-the mental element requisite for guilt of the offense charged. Example of a case law on criminal intent.", "Initiative is all about taking charge. An initiative is the first in a series of actions. Initiative can also mean a personal quality that shows a willingness to get things done and take responsibility. An initiative is the start of something, with the hope that it will continue.", "lobbying. Trying to influence decision makers. Interest groups use lobbying as a tactic to pursue the interests of their members, but individuals, too, can lobby. Lobbying can be done directly or indirectly, and can be aimed at any branch or level of government.", "The definition of a pledge is something held as security on a contract, a promise, or a person who is in a trial period before joining an organization. An example of a pledge is a cash down payment on a car. An example of a pledge is a promise that you'll buy a person's car.", "A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case.", "A contract of pledge specifies what is owed, the property that shall be used as a pledge, and conditions for satisfying the debt or obligation. In a simple example, John asks to borrow $500 from Mary. Mary decides first that John will have to pledge his stereo as security that he will repay the debt by a specific time." ], [ "Similarly in People vs. Liberta 1984 in New York, the opinion states about the Marriage Exception, \"This statement is an apt characterization of the marital exemption; it lacks a rational basis, and therefore violates the equal protection clauses of both the Federal and State Constitutions\".", "However, since resistance is relevant to crimes of sexual assault, the presence or absence of it depends on the facts and circumstances in each case. While consent may involve submission, submission itself does not necessarily imply consent.", "In the United States, rape has traditionally been defined as the victim's nonconsent to sexual intercourse. However, \"the law of rape is founded on a paradigm of violent stranger rape which fails to clearly proscribe less violent rapes.\".", "However this can only occur if the life of the mother or fetus is in danger. Implied consent is narrow in that \"intervention must be necessary, not merely convenient.\". Implied consent in law indicates that \"medical necessity requires a genuine perception of emergency, and a reasonable response.\".", "From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate.", "Many actions can be perceived by the court as implied consent: having a previous relationship with the alleged rapist (e.g. befriending, dating, cohabitating, or marrying), consenting to sexual contact on previous occasions, flirting, wearing \"provocative\" clothing, etc.", "Implied consent laws may result in punishment for those who refuse to cooperate with blood alcohol testing after an arrest for suspected impaired driving, including civil consequences such as a driver's license suspension. In 2016, the Supreme Court of the United States in Birchfield v.", "Moreover, the court ruled that the extraction was justified by \"exigent circumstances, statutorily implied consent, the officer's belief that the extraction was lawful in light of long-standing practice under prior case law and good faith reliance on the implied consent statute\". In 1966, the Supreme Court of the United States in Schmerber v.", "In most US jurisdictions, participation in a PBT test is voluntary; however for some violations, such as refusals by commercial drivers or by drivers under 21 years of age, some US jurisdictions may impose implied consent consequences for a PBT refusal.", "Court procedure. Typically, a party has the right to object in court to a line of questioning or at the introduction of a particular piece of evidence. A party who fails to object in a timely fashion is deemed to have waived his right to object and cannot raise the objection on appeal. That is a form of implied consent.", "Though Arredondo was unconscious at the time his blood was drawn, the court found that the \"warrantless search was justified on the consent since California's \"implied consent\" law states \"one who drives a motor vehicle in this state is \"deemed\" to consent to blood alcohol testing\".", "Reproductive healthcare. Studies have indicated that implied consent is questionable due to the value patients place on being informed on even the simplest procedures being done to them. There are varying events where implied consent can be seen in reproductive healthcare.", "For a handheld field breath tester to be used as evidential breath testing, the device must be properly certified and calibrated, evidential procedures must be followed, and it may be necessary to administer an \"implied consent\" warning to the suspect prior to testing.", "Driving while intoxicated. See also: Drunk driving (United States) All U.S. states have driver licensing laws which state that a licensed driver has given their implied consent to a certified breathalyzer or by a blood sample by their choice, or similar manner of determining blood alcohol concentration.", "Idaho State legislature states, \"No person shall be convicted of rape for any act or acts with that person's spouse…\". unless the perpetrator used physical violence. Similar to Idaho, South Carolina State legislature only considers spousal sexual battery as a felony if \"accomplished through use of aggravated force.\".", "During this process it is possible that, \"courts examine objective evidence of the woman's state of mind, such as her behavior during the alleged rape and her character in general.\". This would allow the defense a chance to convince the court that consent was in some way implied by the victim.", "First aid. In the United States, if a person is at risk of death or injury but unconscious or otherwise unable to respond, other people including members of the public and paramedics may assume implied consent to touch the person to provide first aid.", "These actions are not explicitly defined by the law as indicators of consent; however, the court may come to the conclusion that these actions in some way implied consent, as has often been the result in non-stranger rape cases. Implied consent may also be used as a defense in the case of violent stranger rape.", "Spousal rape. Main article: Spousal rape. In many common law jurisdictions, a couple who married were deemed to have given \"implied consent\" to have sex with each other, a doctrine which barred prosecution of a spouse for rape. This doctrine is now considered obsolete in Western countries.", "Oklahoma State Law, being one of the more extreme examples, excludes spousal rape from their definition of rape by claiming, \"Rape is an act of sexual intercourse involving vaginal or anal penetration accomplished with a male or female who is not the spouse of the perpetrator…\". Commonwealth v.", "Sexual assault. Main article: Sexual consent. In Canada, implied consent has not been a defence for sexual assault since the 1999 Supreme Court of Canada case of R v Ewanchuk, where the court unanimously ruled that consent has to be explicit, instead of merely \"implied\".", "For example, if a person is unconscious as a result of injuries sustained during a traffic collision, medical treatment may be provided to that person, despite the unconscious person being unable to expressly grant consent for that treatment.", "A person whom is to be the beneficiary of a promise, an obligation or a contract. Related Terms: Promisor , Obligee , Creditor. A person whom is the recipient of a promise, an obligation or a contract, received from the promisor. Synonymous to obligee." ], [ "It must also vigorously pursue its goals (the members' interests); often it must also pursue secondary goals, in order to increase its chances of achieving its primary goals. The three broad tactics of interest groups in the public arena are electioneering, lobbying, and litigating.", "One theory ascribes the origins of interest groups to the efforts of individual policy entrepreneurs. A charismatic and energetic individual who identifies a problem and is convinced of a particular solution or approach to the problem then rallies supporter to his or her cause by forming a group to pursue the goals.", "direct lobbying. Trying to influence decision makers by traditional and direct means including personal contact and mail or phone calls to push a particular policy position or even more specifically, to push for a supportive vote on a legislative motion or regulatory action. Interest groups may engage in direct lobbying by mobilizing their members to contact policy makers, or by hiring a contract lobbyist or having in-house lobbyists to undertake the action.", "in-house lobbyists. Permanent employees of a group or organization who present the group's concerns and policy proposals to legislators, bureaucrats and other government officials. These include full-time lobbyists in the permanent employ of a group as well as managers, executives and other employees of the group or organization who perform other tasks in addition to lobbying government.", "collective action. Most of the kinds of goods, services, policies, and goals we care about socially, economically, and politically require that people work together to produce, provide, implement, or achieve them. The problem of collective action is the problem of organizing collective efforts in pursuit of jointly desired ends.", "astroturf campaign. The term \"grassroots movement\" implies a broad based, deeply rooted sentiment and action among the populace. An astroturf campaign, by comparison, is artificial - i.e., it may look like the real thing, but it is orchestrated and directed by a few well-placed interest groups. In a democratic system, grass roots support is an essential legitimizing force, so political and corporate economic campaigns often subsidize or even manufacture the appearance of grass roots activity to advance particular interests.", "Stadium construction projects at taxpayer expense or with substantial public subsidies, for example, typically produce large wealth gains for a few managers and share-holders while taxpayers collectively foot the bulk of the construction bill and associated risks.", "The ranks of contract lobbyists are full of former legislators, legislative staffers, bureaucrats, party operatives, and lawyers with reputations for expertise in particular policy areas and hefty contact lists.", "When the normal social, economic, or political routine is disturbed, a group or groups emerge to restore the status quo ante or to take advantage of the disturbed conditions to press for policy changes.", "free riders. Public goods are often spoiled or not provided at all because people can use, consume, or enjoy them without paying the associated costs. This free rider problem makes it difficult to do things of great value to everyone but of little value to any one person.", "political participation. Actions aimed at influencing the selection of governmental personnel, and/or their actions. Participation can be traditional (e.g., voting, lobbying, electioneering) or non-traditional (e.g., demonstrating). Individuals can participate, as can groups (for instance, interest groups).", "Issue advertising itself has become an issue in recent years since it affords parties, interest groups, and wealthy individuals a way to skirt campaign finance laws in support of their preferred candidates and policies.", "Other groups such as the Consumers Union, Judicial Watch, MediaWatch, or the Center for Responsive Politics scrutinize parts of the political, economic, or social system and disseminate their findings to the public, often with calls for action.", "disturbance theory. Over the past several decades, the United States witnessed a tremendous growth in the number of interest groups. Why did these particular groups arise? One theory describes the origins of interest groups as a reaction to a disturbance in society.", "interest group. An organization whose purpose is to pursue the interests of its members, in public or private forums. A group must maintain its membership, often by providing benefits (material, solidary, or purposive) to those members.", "watchdog group. A watchdog group is any part of government or an interest group whose job, formally or informally, is to review and publicize what other parts of government and groups are doing, raising a public alarm when something is amiss.", "electioneering. The activities that candidates, parties, and groups engage in as they try to affect election outcomes are collectively called electioneering. These include recruiting and/or endorsing candidates, fundraising, phone banking, block walking, advertising. Interest groups use electioneering as one tactic to support the broader goals of the group.", "lobbyist. One who tries to influence decision makers. The term originates from the physical layout of capitol buildings, where legislators deliberate in a chamber, and nonlegislators must gather outside the chamber, in the lobby. Thus, those trying to influence lawmakers came to be known as lobbyists.", "Typically, these are individuals with a background in government and a network of governmental connections which they can market to private groups willing to pay for help with getting their concerns and proposals heard by key government decision makers.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. Grassroots lobbying (also indirect lobbying) is lobbying with the intention of reaching the legislature and making a difference in the decision-making process. Grassroots lobbying is an approach that separates itself from direct lobbying through the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand, as opposed to conveying the message to the legislators directly." ], [ "REFERENCES: Oppe, A. S., Wharton's Law Lexicon, 14th Ed. (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1938), page 809. Rapalje, Stewart and Lawrence, Robert, A Dictionary of American and English Law, Volume II (Jersey City: Frederick D. Linn & Co. Law Publishers and Booksellers, 1883), page 1023.", "The 14th edition of Wharton's Law Lexicon, published in 1938, included these two terms: \" Promisee, one to whom a promise has been made. \" Promisor, one who makes a promise.\". Stewart Rapalje's dictionary: \" Promisee: one to whom a promise has been made.\".", "The definition of a pledge is something held as security on a contract, a promise, or a person who is in a trial period before joining an organization. An example of a pledge is a cash down payment on a car. An example of a pledge is a promise that you'll buy a person's car.", "A contract of pledge specifies what is owed, the property that shall be used as a pledge, and conditions for satisfying the debt or obligation. In a simple example, John asks to borrow $500 from Mary. Mary decides first that John will have to pledge his stereo as security that he will repay the debt by a specific time.", "Property. Torts. Wills, trusts and estates. Portals. Law. v. t. e. Implied consent is consent which is not expressly granted by a person, but rather implicitly granted by a person's actions and the facts and circumstances of a particular situation (or in some cases, by a person's silence or inaction).", "Instructor: Stephen Benz. Show bio. Stephen has a JD and a BA in sociology and political science. Civic duties are legally mandated responsibilities that all citizens are required to fulfill. Failure to fulfill these obligations could result in legal punishment. We'll look at some examples in American society.", "Initiative is all about taking charge. An initiative is the first in a series of actions. Initiative can also mean a personal quality that shows a willingness to get things done and take responsibility. An initiative is the start of something, with the hope that it will continue.", "Prayer Law and Legal Definition. Prayer is a term subject to different meanings, but in the legal context, it refers to the specific amount asked for as damages at the end of a complaint or petition.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. Grassroots lobbying (also indirect lobbying) is lobbying with the intention of reaching the legislature and making a difference in the decision-making process. Grassroots lobbying is an approach that separates itself from direct lobbying through the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand, as opposed to conveying the message to the legislators directly.", "Last Modified Date: February 24, 2021. Renee Booker. Date: February 24, 2021. A dispute between an insurance company and its policy holders may warrant claims litigation. Although the words may be used to describe other types of claims, the term \"claims litigation\" is generally used to refer to disputes that arise between an insurance company and its insured, or between an insurance company and someone who was injured by an insured.", "A court order is an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceedings. Such ruling requires or authorizes the carrying out of certain steps by one or more parties to a case.", "The concept of a government having a legitimate mandate to govern via the fair winning of a democratic election is a central idea of representative democracy. New governments who attempt to introduce policies that they did not make public during an election campaign are said not to have a legitimate mandate to implement such policies.", "adjective. 1 Required or expected to justify actions or decisions; responsible. ‘ministers are accountable to Parliament’. More example sentences. ‘parents cannot be held accountable for their children's actions’. ‘When nobody can be held accountable for decisions like this, democracy is dead.’.", "To be successful, a platoon sergeant must be organized, detail-oriented and able to maintain a positive attitude so that each subordinate will perform to her potential and benefit the entire unit.", "Intent refers to the state of mind accompanying an act especially a forbidden act. It is the outline of the mental pattern which is necessary to do the crime. At times criminal intent is used in the sense of mens rea-the mental element requisite for guilt of the offense charged. Example of a case law on criminal intent.", "A loyalty oath is a pledge of allegiance to an organization, institution, or state of which an individual is a member. In the United States, such an oath has often indicated that the affiant has not been a member of a particular organization or organizations mentioned in the oath.", "lobbying. Trying to influence decision makers. Interest groups use lobbying as a tactic to pursue the interests of their members, but individuals, too, can lobby. Lobbying can be done directly or indirectly, and can be aimed at any branch or level of government.", "The law offers something called a partition action, which can be brought to divide the property into individual shares among the owners, allowing you to move forward with your share independently. A partition, or division, of property can be arranged on a voluntary basis if all owners agree to it.", "When accepting to undergo experimental treatments or clinical trials an individual has the right to be informed of all the risks involved and consent to the latter. Some states have statutes that are designated as the Patient's Bill of Rights.", "1. applicable - capable of being applied; having relevance; \"gave applicable examples to support her argument\". relevant - having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; \"the scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research\"." ] ]
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[ "Donate Now. The Giraffe Heroes Project is an Accredited Charity of the Better Business Bureau. The Project meets all 20 of the BBB's strict Standards for Charity Accountability. Guidestar is another solid gold reference.", "Females give birth walking or standing up, and calves are able to stand and begin nursing within an hour. Newborns are about six feet (1.8 m) tall and weigh up to 160 pounds (72.6 kg). When the calf is a month old, it and its mother join a nursery made up of other mothers and their calves.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "You can unsubscribe at any time. Invalid Email Something went wrong, please try again later. It seemed like April the giraffe would never give birth but she's already proving herself to be one proud and protective mother one day after welcoming her new baby into the world.", "Linnaeus, 1758. Species. See Taxonomy. \nRange map of extant Giraffa subspecies. The giraffe ( Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. However, the existence of up to nine extant giraffe species has been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa.", "As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up.", "On the opposite end, the female species can grow as tall as 15 feet or 4.5 meters and can weigh up to 2,600 pounds or 1,180 kilograms. According to research, every giraffe carries a unique coat pattern, which is entirely different from the rest.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "Female giraffes can become pregnant at 5 years old. They carry a baby for 15 months and give birth while standing up. Newborns are about 2 m (6 ft.) tall and weigh 70 kg (150 lb.). They live up to 25 years in the wild.", "They require less sleep than any other mammal. The giraffe has one of the shortest sleep requirements of any mammal, which is between 10 minutes and two hours in a 24-hour period, averaging 1.9 hours per day. 0 0 1. 🙏." ]
[ [ "A Brit in Thailand. Andy Hall, a Brit, works for Finnwatch, a world-wide nonprofit that spots human abuses around the world and works to stop them. When Hall called out Thailand's … more.", "When we tell their stories over social and traditional media, others are moved to stick their necks out too, helping solve significant public problems important to them. Our books, blogs, curricula, speeches and trainings help them succeed. As long as there are Giraffe Heroes , there's hope.", "All those who/what/why details you'll want to check out when you have time. Here's a short video of Giraffe Heroes' stories to give you a taste of the power of the inspiration they provide—inspiration the Giraffe Heroes Project has been sending across the world since 1984, \">. YouTube. Bonnie J Stinson.", "To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer. An error occurred while retrieving sharing information. Please try again later. Help us inspire thousands more people to take action on the public problems that test our times—and give them tools to succeed.", "GET FREE RESOURCES FOR TEACHERS & PARENTS. SEND A MESSAGE TO HEROES YOU WANT TO HONOR. EnCouraging Today’s Heroes / Training Tomorrow’s. This nonprofit honors Giraffe Heroes—compassionate risk-takers who are largely unknown, people who have the courage to stick their necks out for the common good, in the US and around the world.", "Subscribe to Heads Up, our once-in-a-while-emails. You can be the first person on your block to know who the new Giraffe Heroes are. Just subscribe to Heads Up, our only-when-it-matters emails. The Giraffe Heroes Project is compliant with the new privacy rules established by the European Union.", "In the wild, the average lifespan of a giraffe is 10-15 years. In human care, they've been known to live longer, 20-27 years on average.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Likelihood of Living to Adulthood. In most cases, giraffes are very social animals. A herd of about 40 giraffes is mostly composed of females and calves with several bulls, or male giraffes mixed in. The young male giraffes move together with the older males and are more solitary and love to live alone. While in captivity, a giraffe can live for about 28 years or even longer.", "As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up.", "Even within land mammals, the amount of sleep required varies from species to species. Giraffes need surprisingly little sleep. The average giraffe sleeps for 4.6 hours per day 5. For the most part, giraffes tend to sleep during the night, although they do get in some quick naps throughout the day.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "Description. The male giraffe can stand up to 19 feet tall and can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. The female can reach a height of 16 feet and weigh around 2,000 pounds. A baby giraffe is approximately six feet tall and weighs up to 150 pounds at birth. The baby can grow as much as an inch a day." ], [ "She likes to play with enrichment and is getting comfortable with training. Dobby, a male, was born 2/28/17 at Denver Zoo to Kipele. He is very spirited and loves attention from both giraffes and humans. He is a quick learner, enjoys training, and keeps his care staff on their toes. View More.", "Their six foot (1.8 m) long necks have only seven vertebrae, the same number as humans. Their backs are steeply sloped from front to back; their front legs are longer than their back legs. Both males and females have short, fur-covered horns called ossicones on the tops of their heads.", "In their historic range: Reticulated giraffes eat leaves, flowers, seed pods and fruit. Acacias are their preferred food source. At the zoo: Denver zoo’s giraffes eat alfalfa hay, grain, and browse, fruits and vegetables for training and enrichment.", "Their ability to chew their cuds while walking allows them to make efficient use of foraging time. Reticulated giraffes have excellent eyesight, allowing them to see movement up to a mile away, and a keen sense of hearing that help them be safe from predators.", "Giraffa reticulata. Everything about a giraffe is longer or taller than other animals! Because of their height, giraffes do not have to compete for food. The giraffe’s legs are longer than an average man is tall (six feet), and their front legs are longer than their back legs. Even the giraffe’s tongue is long – as much as 18 inches.", "Download the App! Get the FREE Denver Zoo app today, and be a pro the next time you visit the Zoo. You’ll get access to the Zoo map, daily activities and schedules, animal facts, and more. You can even load your membership card onto the app for additional convenience.", "Life Cycle. Reticulated giraffes breed year round. Males sniff a female’s urine to determine whether she is receptive to breeding and guard a receptive female from other males. Gestation lasts about fifteen months followed usually by the birth of one calf although twin births are possible.", "Adaptations. A reticulated giraffe’s height enables it to reach food sources that are out of reach for other animals. Long prehensile tongue s and fleshy lips strip leaves from branches. The tongue allows the giraffe to reach leaves on thorny branches without scratching its face or eyes. To keep their blood flowing, giraffes need big hearts, two feet (0.6 m) long and weighing about 25 pounds (11kg), and large blood vessels.", "Mothers take turns guarding the nursery while others forage nearby, returning to the nursery frequently to nurse their calves. Calves are weaned at twelve to thirteen months and remain with their mothers for a few additional months. Females reach sexual maturity at three to four years old; males about a year later.", "Collection Connection. Denver Zoo is home to a small herd of reticulated giraffes. Their habitat is located just east of the main entrance to the zoo. Kipele, a female, was born 8/16/1993 at Denver Zoo.", "Physical Description. Giraffes are the tallest land mammals. Males range from 16-18 feet (4.8-5.5 m) tall and weigh as much as 4,200 pounds (1,900 kg); females reach 14-16 feet (4.3-4.8 m) tall and weigh up to 2,600 pounds (1,180 kg). The reticulated giraffe’s coat has a pattern of large polygon-shaped brown spots on a creamy white background, a pattern that is unique to each individual.", "Habitat & Range. Reticulated giraffes can be found across northern and north-eastern Kenya, and small restricted populations most likely persist in southern Somalia and southern Ethiopia. They inhabit open woodlands and dry savannas with trees, especially various species of acacia trees.", "Social Organization. Reticulated giraffes live in loose, open herds of a few animals up to 40 whose composition frequently changes. Herds may consist entirely of females with or without calves, mixed sexes or all males. Females are more social than males.", "She is very friendly with the animal care staff and can be picky about what treats she wants during training. Heshimu, a female born 9/12/2002 at Cheyenne Mountain Zoo in Colorado Springs, is nicknamed Heshi and has lived at Denver Zoo since 2007. Animal care staff reports that she has a lot of personality.", "Female giraffes can become pregnant at 5 years old. They carry a baby for 15 months and give birth while standing up. Newborns are about 2 m (6 ft.) tall and weigh 70 kg (150 lb.). They live up to 25 years in the wild.", "Description. The male giraffe can stand up to 19 feet tall and can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. The female can reach a height of 16 feet and weigh around 2,000 pounds. A baby giraffe is approximately six feet tall and weighs up to 150 pounds at birth. The baby can grow as much as an inch a day.", "As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up.", "On the opposite end, the female species can grow as tall as 15 feet or 4.5 meters and can weigh up to 2,600 pounds or 1,180 kilograms. According to research, every giraffe carries a unique coat pattern, which is entirely different from the rest.", "Likelihood of Living to Adulthood. In most cases, giraffes are very social animals. A herd of about 40 giraffes is mostly composed of females and calves with several bulls, or male giraffes mixed in. The young male giraffes move together with the older males and are more solitary and love to live alone. While in captivity, a giraffe can live for about 28 years or even longer.", "You can unsubscribe at any time. Invalid Email Something went wrong, please try again later. It seemed like April the giraffe would never give birth but she's already proving herself to be one proud and protective mother one day after welcoming her new baby into the world." ], [ "For example, their skin colouring provides excellent camouflage, as it has many different patches of variable size and colour. Giraffes skin is very thick, so it provides ample protection and insulation. Also, the giraffe’s long eyelids keep out ants and sense thorns on the branches of the trees from which they browse.", "The giraffes ancestors first appeared in central Asia about 15 million years ago, however, the earliest fossil records of the giraffe itself, from Israel and Africa, date back about 1.5 million years. Male giraffes are called ‘Bulls’, female giraffes are called ‘Cows’ and baby giraffes are called ‘Calves’.", "The giraffe has the longest tail of any land mammal. Their tail can grow to be 8 feet (2.4 metres) long, including the tuft on the end. In addition to its great height, the giraffe is also one of the heaviest land animals. Exceptionally large males may weigh up to 1,900 kilograms (about 4,200 pounds).", "Giraffe Habitat. Giraffes can inhabit savannas, grasslands or open woodlands. Giraffes prefer areas enriched with acacia growth (a genus of shrubs and trees). Most giraffes live either in East Africa or in Angola and Zambia in southwestern Africa.", "A giraffes tongue is over 18 inches (46 centimetres) long, and the roof of the mouth is grooved to easily strip leaves off branches. Since giraffes are extremely efficient at processing nutrients and liquids from food, they can survive without water for long periods of time.", "Giraffe Characteristics. The giraffe is the tallest living animal which is instantly recognizable by its exceptionally long neck. Adult males stand 15 – 19 feet (4.6 – 6.0 metres) tall, whereas females are shorter at 13 – 16 feet (4 – 4.8 metres) tall. Adult males weigh between 1,764 – 4,255 pounds (800 – 930 kilograms), while females weigh only 1,213 – 2,601 pounds (550 – 1,180 kilograms).", "Night is mostly spent lying down ruminating, especially in the hours after dark and before dawn. Male giraffes spend about 22% of the 24 hours walking, compared to 13% for female giraffes. The rest of the time male giraffes are searching for a female giraffe to mate with.", "To reach ground level for example, when drinking a giraffe has to splay its front legs at an angle of almost 45 degrees. A giraffes circulatory system is also specially modified, because the high pressure needed to pump blood up to its head could cause brain damage when the head is lowered.", "Giraffe herds do not have a leader and individual giraffes show no particular preferences for others in the herd. Young giraffes are never left alone, however, they are looked after in a kind of nursery group where the females help look after each others calves (baby giraffes).", "Female giraffe calves are fully grown by age five and male giraffe calves by the age of seven. Young giraffes may suckle for up to a year, however, they start to sample plants just a few weeks after birth. Giraffe calves are ready to leave the protection of their mother after 15 – 18 months of development.", "Despite their mothers best efforts to protect them, over 50 percent of all giraffe newborns are killed by hyenas and big cats such as lions and leopards during the first month of their life.In captivity, giraffes have lived over the age of 30 years, however, their maximum life span in the wild is about 25 years.", "Because of this characteristic behaviour, a giraffe can be identified as either male or female from a long distance away simply by its stance while eating. Male giraffes are also more inclined to wander into dense woodland, a habitat that females generally avoid.", "In contrast to the male breeding age, females must be physically larger to carry offspring. When male giraffes are ready to breed, they begin the ritual combat over mates. Giraffes are non- territorial and a successful male giraffe will mate with receptive female giraffes whenever and wherever it finds them.", "In the wild giraffes can eat up to 66 kilograms of food daily. When there is a choice, male and female giraffes feed in different ways. Males concentrate on leaves from the highest branches, while the females arch their necks to eat closer to the ground.", "Remarkably, the calf is rarely injured by its fall. Newborn giraffes are often on their feet within 20 minutes and are soon feeding on their mothers milk. Calves can walk about an hour after birth and can run within 24 hours of birth. Giraffe calves are about 2 metres (6 feet) tall at birth and weigh 104 – 154 pounds.", "There is also a network of capillaries in the brain called the ‘wonder-net’. It acts rather like a shock absorber and is another part of the system that prevents unconsciousness. (Also see ‘ Anatomy ‘ for more facts about the giraffes neck).", "While running, the neck of a giraffe moves backward and forward to keep the animal balanced. Giraffes have a top speed of about 56 kilometres per hour (35 miles per hour), however, because its legs are so long a galloping giraffe does not appear to be going very fast.", "Image Source. The Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis meaning ‘fast walking camel leopard) is an African even-toed ungulate mammal, the tallest of all land-living animal species. The giraffe is related to deer and cattle, however, it is placed in a separate family, the Giraffidae, consisting only of the giraffe and its closest relative, the okapi.", "Giraffe calves grow about 3 centimetres tall each day during the first week and double their height in their first year. By the age of one year giraffe calves can measure 10 feet tall. Giraffe calves are weaned at one year and become fully independent by 15 months of age.", "Giraffe Diet. Giraffes live in habitats where the available food varies throughout the year. During the dry season, giraffes eat evergreen leaves, however, once the rainy season begins, they switch to new leaves and stems that sprout on deciduous trees.", "The giraffe has tough lips to ensure there is no damage to their mouths when chewing at trees and twigs such as thorns. Giraffes in captivity are generally fed on alfalfa hay and pellets, apples, carrots, bananas and browse (elm and alder are favourites).", "Female giraffes are smaller, rarely reaching half that weight. Compared to other hoofed mammals the giraffe has a relatively short body, however, its legs are disproportionately long. A giraffes front legs are about 10% longer than their hind legs, a feature that contributes to the animals steeply sloping back.", "Giraffe Behaviour. Female giraffes associate in groups of a dozen or so members, occasionally including a few younger males. Male giraffes tend to live in bachelor herds, with older males often leading solitary lives. A individual giraffe can join or leave the herd at any time and for no particular reason.", "However, when a giraffe is sleeping, something it does only for just a few minutes at a time, it curves its neck around and rests its head on or near its behind. One of the most fascinating elements of giraffe behaviour is the duel between males fighting for mating partners.", "They require less sleep than any other mammal. The giraffe has one of the shortest sleep requirements of any mammal, which is between 10 minutes and two hours in a 24-hour period, averaging 1.9 hours per day. 0 0 1. 🙏." ], [ "April started receiving attention back in February when media organisations began posting live streams of her \"giving birth\" on Facebook - even though she wasn't. Giraffes can take anywhere between 13 and 15 months to give birth, so it could have happened two months ago but she didn't go into labour until today.", "Send your videos to [email protected]. Our free email newsletter sends you the biggest headlines from news, sport and showbiz. When you subscribe we will use the information you provide to send you these newsletters. Sometimes they’ll include recommendations for other related newsletters or services we offer.", "Animal Adventure Park, where April lives with her mate, Oliver, are now running a contest to name the baby giraffe. 12. Click for Sound. Video Loading. Video Unavailable. Click to play Tap to play. The video will auto-play soon 8 Cancel. Play now. Video will play in. Watch again.", "This modal can be closed by pressing the Escape key or activating the close button. Video Loading. Video Unavailable. Click to play Tap to play. The video will auto-play soon Cancel. Play now. Video will play in. Watch again. April the giraffe 'protects her newborn baby from vet' with cheeky kick.", "Unfortunately for him, he was standing directly in front of her and her leg happened to be at the same level as his nether-regions. Ouch. It didn't seem to hurt him too much as he made a swift exit from the enclosure - but it didn't stop her trying to give him another kick on the way out.", "April will naturally raise her calf and weaning could take between six and 10 months, although it might take longer. Vets gave the baby his first check-up this morning and later revealed his height to be 5ft 9 inches. He weighs 129lbs, which is just over 9 stone.", "Now that she's had her baby - a boy - April's followers are still watching and the lucky ones managed to capture the moment the protective mum kicked an unlucky vet who got a little too close to her.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up.", "They require less sleep than any other mammal. The giraffe has one of the shortest sleep requirements of any mammal, which is between 10 minutes and two hours in a 24-hour period, averaging 1.9 hours per day. 0 0 1. 🙏.", "Description. The male giraffe can stand up to 19 feet tall and can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. The female can reach a height of 16 feet and weigh around 2,000 pounds. A baby giraffe is approximately six feet tall and weighs up to 150 pounds at birth. The baby can grow as much as an inch a day.", "Females give birth walking or standing up, and calves are able to stand and begin nursing within an hour. Newborns are about six feet (1.8 m) tall and weigh up to 160 pounds (72.6 kg). When the calf is a month old, it and its mother join a nursery made up of other mothers and their calves.", "Female giraffes can become pregnant at 5 years old. They carry a baby for 15 months and give birth while standing up. Newborns are about 2 m (6 ft.) tall and weigh 70 kg (150 lb.). They live up to 25 years in the wild.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "Linnaeus, 1758. Species. See Taxonomy. \nRange map of extant Giraffa subspecies. The giraffe ( Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. However, the existence of up to nine extant giraffe species has been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa." ], [ "Since then, a response to this publication has been published, highlighting seven problems in data interpretation, and concludes \"the conclusions should not be accepted unconditionally\". However, a 2021 whole genome sequencing study also suggests the existence of four distinct species and seven subspecies.", "Giraffe. For other uses, see Giraffe (disambiguation). The giraffe ( Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. However, the existence of up to nine extant giraffe species has been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa.", "Bohlinia closely resembled modern giraffes, having a long neck and legs and similar ossicones and dentition. The extinct giraffid Samotherium (middle) in comparison with the okapi (below) and giraffe. The anatomy of Samotherium appears to have shown a transition to a giraffe-like neck.", "The one-metre (3.3-ft) tail ends in a long, dark tuft of hair and is used as a defense against insects. Two specimens of dwarf giraffes were found in Namibia and Uganda, named Gimli and Nigel. These dwarfs had long necks but shorter legs, key features of skeletal dysplasia.", "Along the animal's neck is a mane made of short, erect hairs. The one-metre (3.3-ft) tail ends in a long, dark tuft of hair and is used as a defense against insects. Two specimens of dwarf giraffes were found in Namibia and Uganda, named Gimli and Nigel.", "Species and subspecies of giraffe. The Kordofan giraffe ( G. c. antiquorum) has a distribution which includes southern Chad, the Central African Republic, northern Cameroon, and the northeastern DR Congo. Populations in Cameroon were formerly included in G. c. peralta, but this was incorrect.", "Of the proteins in giraffe and okapi genes, 19.4% are identical. The two species are equally distantly related to cattle, suggesting the giraffe's unique characteristics are not because of faster evolution. The divergence of giraffe and okapi lineages dates to around 11.5 mya.", "A 2011 study using detailed analyses of the morphology of giraffes, and application of the phylogenetic species concept, described eight species of living giraffes. A 2016 study also concluded that living giraffes consist of multiple species.", "A 2021 whole genome sequencing study suggests the existence of four distinct species and seven subspecies. G. attica, also extinct, was formerly considered part of Giraffa but was reclassified as Bohlinia attica in 1929. There are also seven extinct species of giraffe, listed as the following: † Giraffa gracilis.", "The smoke from burning giraffe skins was used by the medicine men of Buganda to treat nose bleeds. The Humr people of Kordofan consume the drink Umm Nyolokh, which is prepared from the liver and bone marrow of giraffes. Richard Rudgley hypothesised that Umm Nyolokh might contain DMT.", "The giraffe can reach a sprint speed of up to 60 km/h (37 mph), and can sustain 50 km/h (31 mph) for several kilometres. A giraffe rests by lying with its body on top of its folded legs. To lie down, the animal kneels on its front legs and then lowers the rest of its body.", "Each nerve cell in this path begins in the brainstem and passes down the neck along the vagus nerve, then branches off into the recurrent laryngeal nerve which passes back up the neck to the larynx. Thus, these nerve cells have a length of nearly 5 m (16 ft) in the largest giraffes.", "Appearance and anatomy. Giraffe skeleton on display at the Museum of Osteology, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Fully grown giraffes stand 4.3–5.7 m (14.1–18.7 ft) tall, with males taller than females. The tallest recorded male was 5.88 m (19.3 ft) and the tallest recorded female was 5.17 m (17.0 ft) tall.", "Around 1,500 individuals believed to remain in the wild, and more than 450 are kept in zoos. According to genetic analysis circa September 2016, it is conspecific with the Nubian giraffe ( G. c. camelopardalis ). \nWest African giraffe ( G. peralta ), also known as Niger giraffe or Nigerian giraffe.", "Asian giraffes are hypothesised to have had more okapi-like colourations. The giraffe genome is around 2.9 billion base pairs in length compared to the 3.3 billion base pairs of the okapi. Of the proteins in giraffe and okapi genes, 19.4% are identical.", "The drink is said to cause hallucinations of giraffes, believed to be the giraffes' ghosts, by the Humr. In the 19th century, European explorers began to hunt them for sport. Habitat destruction has hurt the giraffe. In the Sahel, the need for firewood and grazing room for livestock has led to deforestation.", "The family was once much more extensive, with over 10 fossil genera described. Their closest known relatives may have been the extinct deer-like climacocerids. They, together with the family Antilocapridae (whose only extant species is the pronghorn ), have been placed in the superfamily Giraffoidea.", "Adult male reticulated giraffe feeding high up on an acacia, in Kenya. The giraffe's neck vertebrae have ball and socket joints. In particular, the atlas – axis joint (C1 and C2) allows the animal to tilt its head vertically and reach more branches with the tongue.", "The Angolan giraffe ( G. c. angolensis) is found in northern Namibia, southwestern Zambia, Botswana, and western Zimbabwe. A 2009 genetic study on this subspecies suggested the northern Namib Desert and Etosha National Park populations form a separate subspecies.", "From there, the genus Giraffa evolved and, around 7 mya, entered Africa. Further climate changes caused the extinction of the Asian giraffes, while the African giraffes survived and radiated into several new species. Living giraffes appear to have arisen around 1 mya in eastern Africa during the Pleistocene.", "In 2007, all alleged G. c. peralta in European zoos were shown to be, in fact, G. c. antiquorum. With this correction, about 65 are kept in zoos. The formerly recognised subspecies G. c. congoesis is now considered part of the Kordofan giraffe.", "The average weight is 1,192 kg (2,628 lb) for an adult male and 828 kg (1,825 lb) for an adult female with maximum weights of 1,930 kg (4,250 lb) and 1,180 kg (2,600 lb) having been recorded for males and females, respectively. Despite its long neck and legs, the giraffe's body is relatively short.", "About 13,000 animals are estimated to remain in the wild; and about 20 are kept in zoos. \nSouth African giraffe ( G. giraffa) also known as Cape giraffe. The South African giraffe ( G. c. giraffa) is found in northern South Africa, southern Botswana, southern Zimbabwe, and southwestern Mozambique.", "At its largest, Lake Chad may have acted as a barrier between the West African and Kordofan giraffes during the Holocene (before 5000 BC). \nReticulated giraffe ( G. reticulata ), also known as Somali giraffe. The reticulated giraffe ( G. c. reticulata) is native to northeastern Kenya, southern Ethiopia, and Somalia.", "The Masai giraffe ( G. c. tippelskirchi) can be found in central and southern Kenya and in Tanzania. It has distinctive, irregular, jagged, star -like blotches which extend to the hooves. A median lump is usually present in males. A total of 32,550 are thought to remain in the wild, and about 100 are kept in zoos.", "It appears that a suspensory ligament allows the lanky legs to support the animal's great weight. The foot of the giraffe reaches a diameter of 30 cm (12 in), and the hoof is 15 cm (5.9 in) high in males and 10 cm (3.9 in) in females.", "Species and subspecies. \"Approximate geographic ranges, fur patterns, and phylogenetic relationships between some giraffe subspecies based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. Colored dots on the map represent sampling localities. The phylogenetic tree is a maximum-likelihood phylogram based on samples from 266 giraffes.", "Seven other species are extinct, prehistoric species known from fossils. The giraffe's chief distinguishing characteristics are its extremely long neck and legs, its horn-like ossicones, and its distinctive coat patterns. It is classified under the family Giraffidae, along with its closest extant relative, the okapi.", "The structure of a giraffe's brain resembles that of domestic cattle. It is kept cool by evaporative heat loss in the nasal passages. The shape of the skeleton gives the giraffe a small lung volume relative to its mass. Its long neck gives it a large amount of dead space, in spite of its narrow windpipe.", "The IUCN and most giraffe scientists currently recognise only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies. During the 1900s, various taxonomies with 2 or 3 species were proposed. In 2001, a two-species taxonomy was proposed. A 2007 study on the genetics of giraffes, suggested six species.", "With the addition of Rothschild's giraffe to the Nubian subspecies, the Nubian giraffe is very common in captivity, although the original phenotype is rare- a group is kept at Al Ain Zoo in the United Arab Emirates. In 2003, this group numbered 14.", "Internal systems. Scheme of path of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in giraffe. In mammals, the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is longer than the right; in the giraffe it is over 30 cm (12 in) longer. These nerves are longer in the giraffe than in any other living animal; the left nerve is over 2 m (6 ft 7 in) long.", "Even within land mammals, the amount of sleep required varies from species to species. Giraffes need surprisingly little sleep. The average giraffe sleeps for 4.6 hours per day 5. For the most part, giraffes tend to sleep during the night, although they do get in some quick naps throughout the day." ], [ "02:42. Live. 00:00. 03:07. 03:07. PLAY SOUND. With such a massive body, it makes sense that the giraffes' organs and other body parts are equally huge. Their tongues are a substantial 21 inches (53 centimeters) long, and their feet are 12 inches (30.5 cm) across.", "Plain of Jars Ancient Burial Site. The mysterious Plain of Jars in northern Laos — a landscape dotted with massive stone jars hewn from sandstone thousands of years ago — was likely used as a burial site for much longer than previously suspected. Watch for more information. Volume 0%.", "Other facts. Just like human fingerprints and zebra stripes, the coat pattern of a giraffe is unique to that animal. The pattern and the small hump on a giraffe's back are similar to those of a leopard.", "Females grow up to 14 feet (4.3 m) tall and weigh up to 1,500 lbs. (680 kg), while males grow up to 18 feet (5.5 m) tall and weigh up to 3,000 lbs. (1,360 kg). Giraffes have unusually skinny legs for such large animals, but specialized bone structure allows them to support immense weight. (Image credit: EcoView/Fotolia)", "Recognizing four distinct giraffe species should be a game changer for conservation plans, the GCF researchers said in the study. Fewer than 100,000 giraffes remain in the wild, down from an estimated 150,000 that roamed the savannas 30 years ago.", "At just an hour after birth, they can stand up and walk around. Giraffe mothers often take turns watching over the calves. Sometimes, though, the mother giraffe will leave the calf by itself. When this happens, the infant will lie down and wait for its mother to return.", "Conservation status. Giraffes crossing the road, safari, Kenya, East Africa, Ol Pejeta conservancy. (Image credit: Stock.xchng) Recognizing four distinct giraffe species should be a game changer for conservation plans, the GCF researchers said in the study.", "Some towers consist of all females and their young, or all male or mixed genders. Member are free to come and go as they please, according to the Animal Diversity Web . Giraffes only sleep around 20 minutes or less per day, according to PBS Nature.", "The new Rothschild's giraffe calf takes her first steps. (Image credit: Belfast Zoo.) As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves.", "Diet. Giraffes are herbivores, which means they eat only plants. Their long necks allow them to reach leaves, seeds, fruits, buds and branches high up in mimosa and acacia trees. They can eat hundreds of pounds of leaves per week, according to National Geographic.", "They eat bugs that live in the giraffe's coat and alert the animals to danger by chirping loudly. Even if you spent a lot of time with giraffes, you would never hear them make a noise. This is because giraffes communicate using noises that are too low for humans to hear, according to PBS Nature.", "Size. Giraffes are the tallest living animals in the world, according to the Smithsonian National Zoological Park. A giraffe's neck alone is 6 feet (1.8 meters) long and weighs about 600 lbs. (272 kilograms). The animal's legs are also 6 feet long.", "The tall creatures are native to Kenya, Cameroon, Chad, Niger, Uganda, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Zambia, Tanzania, Angola and South Africa, according to the World Atlas .They like semi-arid, open woodlands that have scattered trees and bushes, making the savannas perfect for these animals.", "According to the San Diego Zoo, a giraffe's heart is 2 feet (0.6 m) long and weighs about 25 lbs. (11 kg). Their lungs can hold 12 gallons (55 liters) of air. In comparison, the average total lung capacity for a human is 1.59 gallons (6 liters).", "In the Giraffidae family, there are two genera: Giraffa and Okapia. The okapi is sometimes called the forest giraffe. The Giraffa genus has recently had a shake-up after a recent study recognized four species, not just one. The 2016 study was published in the journal Current Biology.", "With such a massive body, it makes sense that the giraffes' organs and other body parts are equally huge. Their tongues are a substantial 21 inches (53 centimeters) long, and their feet are 12 inches (30.5 cm) across. According to the San Diego Zoo, a giraffe's heart is 2 feet (0.6 m) long and weighs about 25 lbs. (11 kg).", "During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up. The fall can be as far as 5 feet (1.5 m), according to National Geographic. New calves are quite large, at 6 feet tall (1.8 m), 100 to 150 lbs. (45 to 68 kg), according to the San Diego Zoo. They are also agile.", "Calves are weaned at around 12 months, according to the University of Michigan. At 3 to 6 years old, calves are fully mature. The animals can live 10 to 15 years in the wild and 20 to 25 years in captivity.", "Giraffes only sleep around 20 minutes or less per day, according to PBS Nature. Staying awake most of the time allows them to be constantly on alert for predators. They usually get their sleep in quick power naps that last just a couple of minutes. Every giraffe has two hair-covered horns called ossicones.", "Staying awake most of the time allows them to be constantly on alert for predators. They usually get their sleep in quick power naps that last just a couple of minutes. Every giraffe has two hair-covered horns called ossicones. Male giraffes use their horns to playfully fight with one another.", "Years ago, many people thought the giraffe was a combination of a camel and a leopard, and they called these animals \"camel-leopards.\". You will often see giraffes walking around with birds on their backs. These birds are called tickbirds, or oxpecker birds (Buphagus africanus).", "By Alina Bradford - Live Science Contributor over 3 years ago. A giraffe walking through the grasslands in Masai Mara, Kenya. (Image credit: <a href=\"http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-183871p1.html\">Paul Banton</a> | <a href=\"http://www.shutterstock.com\">Shutterstock</a>) Giraffes tower over Africa's plains.", "Giraffes are so social that they don't have territories. A group of giraffes is aptly called a tower, according to the U.S. Geological Survey. Towers typically have 10 to 20 members. Who lives in the tower can vary.", "These tall animals are identified by their long necks, equally long and spindly legs, and spotted coats. Most giraffes have a tan, white or yellow coats that are spotted with brown, square shapes.", "Females give birth walking or standing up, and calves are able to stand and begin nursing within an hour. Newborns are about six feet (1.8 m) tall and weigh up to 160 pounds (72.6 kg). When the calf is a month old, it and its mother join a nursery made up of other mothers and their calves." ], [ "Add to that, it is also characterized by a background color of dark yellowish brown as well as irregular black to yellow patches. This animal lives well in natural environments like woodlands, grasslands and savannas. Let’s find out more interesting things about it including how much does a giraffe cost. The Average Price for a Giraffe.", "Together with the okapi, they comprise the only two species living under the Giraffidae family. The giraffe can be divided further into a number of subspecies. For instance, the Kilimanjaro Giraffe or Masai possesses a yellowish background color, dark chocolate and vine leaf shaped spots.", "Based on records, it is an illegal practice to own a giraffe privately in numerous states in the U.S. However, some areas in the country allow private ownership, such as the state of Texas. This animal belongs to phylum Chordata, class Mammalia in the order Artiodactyla.", "Both male and female species have horns, although the male have much bigger horns compared to the female. This animal uses its uniquely long neck to reach food, including leaves that are situated way up on tall trees. Its forelegs are around 10 percent longer than the hind legs.", "On the other hand, the Kordofan Giraffe can be found in the southwestern and western parts of Sudan as well as in the Republic of Cameroon. In terms of anatomy, the male species can grow as high as 18 feet or 5.5 meters and can weigh as much as 4,300 pounds or 1,930 kilograms.", "It terms of length, its heart measures around 2 feet long or 60 centimeters. Its gestation period usually range from 400 to 460 days. Within a day, it only needs very little sleep, which usually last for only ten minutes to two hours. The average amount of sleep per day is estimated at 1.9 hours. Tweet.", "How Much Does a Giraffe Cost? Amongst the numerous special of animals out there, one of the most interesting is the giraffe, which is known for its uniquely long neck. Because of this, it is considered the tallest among the animals living on land.", "Description. The male giraffe can stand up to 19 feet tall and can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. The female can reach a height of 16 feet and weigh around 2,000 pounds. A baby giraffe is approximately six feet tall and weighs up to 150 pounds at birth. The baby can grow as much as an inch a day.", "Female giraffes can become pregnant at 5 years old. They carry a baby for 15 months and give birth while standing up. Newborns are about 2 m (6 ft.) tall and weigh 70 kg (150 lb.). They live up to 25 years in the wild.", "Females give birth walking or standing up, and calves are able to stand and begin nursing within an hour. Newborns are about six feet (1.8 m) tall and weigh up to 160 pounds (72.6 kg). When the calf is a month old, it and its mother join a nursery made up of other mothers and their calves.", "Linnaeus, 1758. Species. See Taxonomy. \nRange map of extant Giraffa subspecies. The giraffe ( Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. However, the existence of up to nine extant giraffe species has been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa.", "Even within land mammals, the amount of sleep required varies from species to species. Giraffes need surprisingly little sleep. The average giraffe sleeps for 4.6 hours per day 5. For the most part, giraffes tend to sleep during the night, although they do get in some quick naps throughout the day.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "Likelihood of Living to Adulthood. In most cases, giraffes are very social animals. A herd of about 40 giraffes is mostly composed of females and calves with several bulls, or male giraffes mixed in. The young male giraffes move together with the older males and are more solitary and love to live alone. While in captivity, a giraffe can live for about 28 years or even longer.", "As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up.", "They require less sleep than any other mammal. The giraffe has one of the shortest sleep requirements of any mammal, which is between 10 minutes and two hours in a 24-hour period, averaging 1.9 hours per day. 0 0 1. 🙏.", "You can unsubscribe at any time. Invalid Email Something went wrong, please try again later. It seemed like April the giraffe would never give birth but she's already proving herself to be one proud and protective mother one day after welcoming her new baby into the world.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day." ], [ "This helps protect them in the wild so they live longer. The giraffe is herbivorous, can grow up to 19 feet and weigh up to 2,800 pounds. Another source of protection for the giraffe in the wild is that it travels in packs of around six when roaming the grasslands, giving it strength in numbers. More From Reference.", "In the wild, the average lifespan of a giraffe is 10-15 years. In human care, they've been known to live longer, 20-27 years on average.", "Female giraffes can become pregnant at 5 years old. They carry a baby for 15 months and give birth while standing up. Newborns are about 2 m (6 ft.) tall and weigh 70 kg (150 lb.). They live up to 25 years in the wild.", "Likelihood of Living to Adulthood. In most cases, giraffes are very social animals. A herd of about 40 giraffes is mostly composed of females and calves with several bulls, or male giraffes mixed in. The young male giraffes move together with the older males and are more solitary and love to live alone. While in captivity, a giraffe can live for about 28 years or even longer.", "They require less sleep than any other mammal. The giraffe has one of the shortest sleep requirements of any mammal, which is between 10 minutes and two hours in a 24-hour period, averaging 1.9 hours per day. 0 0 1. 🙏.", "On the opposite end, the female species can grow as tall as 15 feet or 4.5 meters and can weigh up to 2,600 pounds or 1,180 kilograms. According to research, every giraffe carries a unique coat pattern, which is entirely different from the rest.", "Even within land mammals, the amount of sleep required varies from species to species. Giraffes need surprisingly little sleep. The average giraffe sleeps for 4.6 hours per day 5. For the most part, giraffes tend to sleep during the night, although they do get in some quick naps throughout the day.", "As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up.", "Females give birth walking or standing up, and calves are able to stand and begin nursing within an hour. Newborns are about six feet (1.8 m) tall and weigh up to 160 pounds (72.6 kg). When the calf is a month old, it and its mother join a nursery made up of other mothers and their calves.", "Linnaeus, 1758. Species. See Taxonomy. \nRange map of extant Giraffa subspecies. The giraffe ( Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. However, the existence of up to nine extant giraffe species has been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa.", "Description. The male giraffe can stand up to 19 feet tall and can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. The female can reach a height of 16 feet and weigh around 2,000 pounds. A baby giraffe is approximately six feet tall and weighs up to 150 pounds at birth. The baby can grow as much as an inch a day.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "You can unsubscribe at any time. Invalid Email Something went wrong, please try again later. It seemed like April the giraffe would never give birth but she's already proving herself to be one proud and protective mother one day after welcoming her new baby into the world.", "Donate Now. The Giraffe Heroes Project is an Accredited Charity of the Better Business Bureau. The Project meets all 20 of the BBB's strict Standards for Charity Accountability. Guidestar is another solid gold reference." ], [ "With some subspecies, such as the reticulated giraffe, the situation is even more dire, with their population declining by nearly 80%. Giraffes face several threats, including loss of habitat due to logging for firewood. They are also hunted for their meat, hides, and tails, which are valued by many African tribes.", "Spending most of the day eating, a full-grown giraffe consumes over 45 kg (100 lb.) of leaves and twigs a day. The male giraffe is both taller and heavier than the female. Both sexes have skin-covered knobs, called ossicones, on the top of their heads.", "Giraffes live primarily in savanna areas in the sub-Saharan region of Africa. Their extreme height allows them to eat leaves and shoots located much higher than other animals can reach. In particular, they seek out acacia trees. Their long tongues are helpful in eating because they help pull leaves from the trees.", "At an average height of around 5 m (16-18 ft.), the giraffe is the tallest land animal in the world. Characterized by its long legs, long neck, and distinctive spotted pattern, many people first believed the giraffe was a cross between a leopard and a camel, which is reflected in its scientific name, Giraffa camelopardalis.", "Females give birth walking or standing up, and calves are able to stand and begin nursing within an hour. Newborns are about six feet (1.8 m) tall and weigh up to 160 pounds (72.6 kg). When the calf is a month old, it and its mother join a nursery made up of other mothers and their calves.", "Description. The male giraffe can stand up to 19 feet tall and can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. The female can reach a height of 16 feet and weigh around 2,000 pounds. A baby giraffe is approximately six feet tall and weighs up to 150 pounds at birth. The baby can grow as much as an inch a day.", "On the opposite end, the female species can grow as tall as 15 feet or 4.5 meters and can weigh up to 2,600 pounds or 1,180 kilograms. According to research, every giraffe carries a unique coat pattern, which is entirely different from the rest.", "Likelihood of Living to Adulthood. In most cases, giraffes are very social animals. A herd of about 40 giraffes is mostly composed of females and calves with several bulls, or male giraffes mixed in. The young male giraffes move together with the older males and are more solitary and love to live alone. While in captivity, a giraffe can live for about 28 years or even longer.", "As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "In the wild, the average lifespan of a giraffe is 10-15 years. In human care, they've been known to live longer, 20-27 years on average.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "You can unsubscribe at any time. Invalid Email Something went wrong, please try again later. It seemed like April the giraffe would never give birth but she's already proving herself to be one proud and protective mother one day after welcoming her new baby into the world.", "Linnaeus, 1758. Species. See Taxonomy. \nRange map of extant Giraffa subspecies. The giraffe ( Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. However, the existence of up to nine extant giraffe species has been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day." ], [ "How long does a giraffe sleep in a day. ? Asked by Wiki User. See Answer. Top Answer. Wiki User. Answered 2017-02-21 10:45:27. According to the national Zoo, giraffes only sleep for about a half-hour a day. This time is typically broken up into about six, five-minute naps.", "Even within land mammals, the amount of sleep required varies from species to species. Giraffes need surprisingly little sleep. The average giraffe sleeps for 4.6 hours per day 5. For the most part, giraffes tend to sleep during the night, although they do get in some quick naps throughout the day.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "Giraffes ruminate day or night, with periods of sleep in between. Giraffes also rest with their eyes open, standing or lying for three to five minutes at a time. Throughout the night, a giraffe may deeply sleep for five to 10 minutes lying down, yet they rarely sleep more than 20 minutes total per day.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "By Staff Writer Last Updated Apr 4, 2020 5:37:15 PM ET. According to National Geographic, the average lifespan for a giraffe in the wild is 25 years. Giraffes have been known to live longer when in captivity in zoos. While giraffes are quite large, they can run as fast as 35 miles per hour due to their long legs.", "You can unsubscribe at any time. Invalid Email Something went wrong, please try again later. It seemed like April the giraffe would never give birth but she's already proving herself to be one proud and protective mother one day after welcoming her new baby into the world.", "Females give birth walking or standing up, and calves are able to stand and begin nursing within an hour. Newborns are about six feet (1.8 m) tall and weigh up to 160 pounds (72.6 kg). When the calf is a month old, it and its mother join a nursery made up of other mothers and their calves.", "Linnaeus, 1758. Species. See Taxonomy. \nRange map of extant Giraffa subspecies. The giraffe ( Giraffa) is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. It is traditionally considered to be one species, Giraffa camelopardalis, with nine subspecies. However, the existence of up to nine extant giraffe species has been described, based upon research into the mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, as well as morphological measurements of Giraffa.", "In the wild, the average lifespan of a giraffe is 10-15 years. In human care, they've been known to live longer, 20-27 years on average.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "Gestation. Giraffes are pregnant for a period between 14 and 15 months, or 453 to 464 days, one of longest gestation periods in the animal kingdom. Giraffes usually give birth to one offspring at a time, although twins are born occasionally. Because the gestation period is so long, the giraffe won't give birth to another baby for 16 months or more.", "On the opposite end, the female species can grow as tall as 15 feet or 4.5 meters and can weigh up to 2,600 pounds or 1,180 kilograms. According to research, every giraffe carries a unique coat pattern, which is entirely different from the rest.", "As in cattle, female giraffes are called cows, while the males are called bulls. After mating, the cow will have a gestation period of around 14 months. Baby giraffes are called calves. During birth, the calf will drop to the ground, since mother giraffes give birth standing up.", "Description. The male giraffe can stand up to 19 feet tall and can weigh up to 3,000 pounds. The female can reach a height of 16 feet and weigh around 2,000 pounds. A baby giraffe is approximately six feet tall and weighs up to 150 pounds at birth. The baby can grow as much as an inch a day.", "Likelihood of Living to Adulthood. In most cases, giraffes are very social animals. A herd of about 40 giraffes is mostly composed of females and calves with several bulls, or male giraffes mixed in. The young male giraffes move together with the older males and are more solitary and love to live alone. While in captivity, a giraffe can live for about 28 years or even longer.", "Donate Now. The Giraffe Heroes Project is an Accredited Charity of the Better Business Bureau. The Project meets all 20 of the BBB's strict Standards for Charity Accountability. Guidestar is another solid gold reference." ] ]
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[ "the sound zombies make when chewing on your flesh. Person:OMG a Zombie !!!! It's eating my brain !!!! Zombie: OM NOM NOM !!! by ana.lives October 11, 2009. Flag. Get a om nom nom mug for your brother-in-law Callisto. 3.", "Omidria is a proprietary combination of a pupil-dilating agent (phenylephrine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac) that is added to the standard irrigating solution used during cataract surgery and other ILR procedures, including refractive lens exchange.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "It is usually texted as a quick response to the WRU acronym. The acronym is helpful when you are in a hurry but when you still need to reply to the person who is asking about your ETA. However, it goes without saying that you should not text while driving.", "Its name derives from the combination of the English words omelette and rice. Omurice is said to have originated from Japan and it became a popular dish at a western-style restaurant in Tokyo's Ginza district around the turn of the 19th century.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) is a public-private partnership composed of representatives from the FDA, academia, 17 corporate and not-for-profit organizations in the pharmaceutical industry and health care providers with large health claim or electronic health record databases. The partnership is focused on the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing health databases.", "The Obey Omnis is a two-door compact rally car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the Cunning Stunts update.", "Ommaya reservoir. Schematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir. An Ommaya reservoir is an intraventricular catheter system that can be used for the aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge). The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.", "What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber? zacsmith Sep 20, 2012 2:54 PM ( in response to TML ) First, OM stands for optical multi-mode. Both OM3 an OM4 are 50/125 core fiber but they have different internal construction that allows the OM4 fiber to provide the same performance as OM3 but for longer distances." ]
[ [ "A vague reference to oral sex, especially on a female. Person one: Hey, have you tried these new cookies? They have fudge, caramel, and nuts on the inside, outside, AND in the chocolate chips themselves! Here, I brought some for.", "This post will age terribly. 2021 won't be bad, nothing bad will happen. biden will be the best president in human history, all traces of covid including the mutations will be gone. karens and antivaxers will no longer exist. your life will get better.", "It is usually texted as a quick response to the WRU acronym. The acronym is helpful when you are in a hurry but when you still need to reply to the person who is asking about your ETA. However, it goes without saying that you should not text while driving.", "What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber? zacsmith Sep 20, 2012 2:54 PM ( in response to TML ) First, OM stands for optical multi-mode. Both OM3 an OM4 are 50/125 core fiber but they have different internal construction that allows the OM4 fiber to provide the same performance as OM3 but for longer distances.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Omni. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the US and the UK. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995.", "English Language Learners Definition of ombudsman. : a person (such as a government official or an employee) who investigates complaints and tries to deal with problems fairly. See the full definition for ombudsman in the English Language Learners Dictionary.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "The Obey Omnis is a two-door compact rally car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the Cunning Stunts update.", "It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge). The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.", "Ommaya reservoir. Schematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir. An Ommaya reservoir is an intraventricular catheter system that can be used for the aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "Omidria is a proprietary combination of a pupil-dilating agent (phenylephrine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac) that is added to the standard irrigating solution used during cataract surgery and other ILR procedures, including refractive lens exchange.", "Ombre is a French word that refers to a single color in graduated tones. For example, a green ombre is several different tones of green layered next to each other from dark to light or light to dark.", "An ombudsman ( / ˈɒmbʊdzmən /, also US: /- bədz -, - bʌdz -/, Swedish: [ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman] ), ombudsperson, ombud, ombuds, or public advocate is an official who is usually appointed by the government or by parliament but with a significant degree of independence. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "Omics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. The related suffix -ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome or metabolome respectively.", "o•men. (ˈoʊ mən) n. 1. any event believed to portend something good or evil; augury; portent. 2. prophetic significance; presage. v.t. 3. to be an omen of; portend. 4. to divine, as if from omens. [1575–85; < Latin]", "verb. [with object] 1 Feel or show sorrow for the death of (someone), typically by following conventions such as the wearing of black clothes. ‘Isobel mourned her husband’. More example sentences. ‘she mourned for her friends who died in the accident’.", "Its name derives from the combination of the English words omelette and rice. Omurice is said to have originated from Japan and it became a popular dish at a western-style restaurant in Tokyo's Ginza district around the turn of the 19th century.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) is a public-private partnership composed of representatives from the FDA, academia, 17 corporate and not-for-profit organizations in the pharmaceutical industry and health care providers with large health claim or electronic health record databases. The partnership is focused on the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing health databases.", "Karen Goulart, Features Writer. Jason Sparapani, TechTarget. Omnichannel -- also spelled omni-channel -- is a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience, whether they're shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a brick-and-mortar store." ], [ "Ocular adverse reactions in the studies occurred at 2% to 24% and were similar between the treatment groups and the placebo groups; they included eye irritation, posterior capsule opacification, increased intraocular pressure, and anterior chamber inflammation.", "FDA Approves Omidria for Cataract Surgery, Lens Replacement. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved phenylephrine and ketorolac injection ( Omidria, Omeros Corporation) 1%/3% for use during cataract surgery or intraocular lens replacement (ILR), according to a company statement. The drug prevents intraoperative miosis (pupil constriction) and reduces postoperative pain.", "Collectively, these surgical procedures are the most common surgical procedures performed in the United States (almost 4 million annually). The drug is the only such product approved by the FDA. \"Omidria is an important advance in cataract and lens replacement surgery,\" Richard L. Lindstrom, MD, adjunct clinical professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota's Department of Ophthalmology in Minneapolis and past president of both the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons and the International Society of Refractive Surgery, said in the company statement.", "Omeros expects to launch the drug in the United States in late summer/early fall 2014. 10 Read Comments. Medscape Medical News © WebMD, LLC. Heartwire © WebMD, LLC. WebMD Health News © WebMD, LLC. Reuters Health Information ©. Send comments and news tips to [email protected]. Cite this: FDA Approves Omidria for Cataract Surgery, Lens Replacement - Medscape - Jun 02, 2014.", "FDA Approves Omidria for Cataract Surgery, Lens Replacement. News > Medscape Medical News > FDA Approvals.", "Systemic exposure of phenylephrine may cause elevated blood pressure. The drug must be diluted before use and is not approved for use in children. \"The approval and near-term market launch of Omidria could not come at a better time,\" Eric B. Donnenfeld, MD, clinical professor of ophthalmology at New York University, Rockville Center, New York, and immediate-past president of the American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgery said in the company statement.", "Its name derives from the combination of the English words omelette and rice. Omurice is said to have originated from Japan and it became a popular dish at a western-style restaurant in Tokyo's Ginza district around the turn of the 19th century.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "Explanations in English were added to this manuscript by a nineteenth-century American missionary. An omen (also called portent or presage) is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. It was commonly believed in ancient times, and still believed by some today, that omens bring divine messages from the gods.", "Ombre is a French word that refers to a single color in graduated tones. For example, a green ombre is several different tones of green layered next to each other from dark to light or light to dark.", "Omni is Latin and is defined as all. An example of omni used as a prefix is in the word omniscience which means all knowing. prefix. 7. 3. All. Omnidirectional. prefix. 3.", "It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge). The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.", "Ommaya reservoir. Schematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir. An Ommaya reservoir is an intraventricular catheter system that can be used for the aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "Omics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. The related suffix -ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome or metabolome respectively.", "An ombudsman ( / ˈɒmbʊdzmən /, also US: /- bədz -, - bʌdz -/, Swedish: [ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman] ), ombudsperson, ombud, ombuds, or public advocate is an official who is usually appointed by the government or by parliament but with a significant degree of independence. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) is a public-private partnership composed of representatives from the FDA, academia, 17 corporate and not-for-profit organizations in the pharmaceutical industry and health care providers with large health claim or electronic health record databases. The partnership is focused on the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing health databases.", "English Language Learners Definition of ombudsman. : a person (such as a government official or an employee) who investigates complaints and tries to deal with problems fairly. See the full definition for ombudsman in the English Language Learners Dictionary.", "The Obey Omnis is a two-door compact rally car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the Cunning Stunts update.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "o•men. (ˈoʊ mən) n. 1. any event believed to portend something good or evil; augury; portent. 2. prophetic significance; presage. v.t. 3. to be an omen of; portend. 4. to divine, as if from omens. [1575–85; < Latin]" ], [ "Store Development Services. Tradeshows & Events. Retailers pay more to fly everything from bikes to hot tubs from China as U.S. port backup delays deliveries. The impact of ongoing congestion and capacity shortages around the world with ocean freight, has shippers converting some of their typical ocean bookings into airfreight.", "We are experts at managing projects of this type, and our reach allows us to rapidly provide multi-channel logistics solutions almost anywhere in the world, with precise project management. GLOBAL RETURNS MADE SIMPLE.", "The average stable transit time is 3 to 8 business days, but for the US, this excludes Alaska, Hawaii and Purerto Rico. Our SEKO Omni USA Express service also offers an Express Carrier Consignment Facility (ECCF), ensuring fast customs clearance in 4 to 6 hours.", "Enter search term and press ENTER. Omni-Channel Logistics. SEKO is your premiere retail and eCommerce logistics provider, with a core industry competence that is both wide and deep. We have extensive knowledge across all channels and geographies and a commitment to the development of your end-to-end Global retail supply chain.", "Leveraging expertise from freight forwarding, 3PL, IT and government postal companies, SEKO Omni-Channel can provide solutions ranging from simple to complex and, local to Global. We pride ourselves in providing our clients with optimal components for a complete logistics solution.", "Our exemplary multi-channel retail and supply chain credentials enable our clients to transform their business and keep their customers happy. To ensure we always meet consumer expectations, SEKO offers: Consistent customer experience – Consumers are given the same stylish experience in web, mobile and retail channels.", "By enlisting a dedicated logistics team, retailers are left free to concentrate on their brand, product range, purchasing and sales - leaving SEKO to focus on the integration of their sales order management systems and product delivery from anywhere to everywhere, and back again.", "HOME DELIVERY & LAST MILE. With over 60 North America locations and a fleet of specialized vehicles, our Home Delivery system is capable of transporting a wide range of important and heavyweight freight, including big and bulky items. You focus on business. SEKO will take care of the logistics.", "Empowering Global Growth Through Smart Collaboration. Thursday May 27th 10.30am BST | 11:00am EDT | 2:00pm AEST. Connect with the experts behind SEKO, Shopify Plus and Patchworks, to gain valuable insight into the ever-changing world of ecommerce - and learn how to successfully scale your business across borders.", "Multi-user logistics facilities. We provide shared warehouse solutions in 40 countries worldwide. This means that you can benefit from the economies of scale of our multi-user logistics sites, because you only pay for the space you use from one month to the next.", "We specialize in Enterprise Resource Planning, Supply Chain Management, Warehouse Management Systems and Transport Management Systems. With a span of clients ranging from Global multi-channel retailers to niche brands and product owners; SEKO’s got you covered. Consolidation is key. Consistency is imperative.", "Multi-channel fulfillment. A responsive supply chain is critical in order to best serve the increasing demands of multi-channel consumers. As a SEKO client you will benefit from the infrastructure and expertise of shared user facilities at our SEKO-owned facilities across all Global locations.", "True eCommerce excellence is achieved with the integration of many layers of expertise – all solutions must unite seamlessly to meet rising consumer expectations and compete in today’s ever-changing Omni-Channel retail market.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "Karen Goulart, Features Writer. Jason Sparapani, TechTarget. Omnichannel -- also spelled omni-channel -- is a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience, whether they're shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a brick-and-mortar store.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) is a public-private partnership composed of representatives from the FDA, academia, 17 corporate and not-for-profit organizations in the pharmaceutical industry and health care providers with large health claim or electronic health record databases. The partnership is focused on the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing health databases.", "Omidria is a proprietary combination of a pupil-dilating agent (phenylephrine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac) that is added to the standard irrigating solution used during cataract surgery and other ILR procedures, including refractive lens exchange.", "Omni is Latin and is defined as all. An example of omni used as a prefix is in the word omniscience which means all knowing. prefix. 7. 3. All. Omnidirectional. prefix. 3.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Omni. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the US and the UK. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995.", "The Obey Omnis is a two-door compact rally car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the Cunning Stunts update." ], [ "OMW is an acronym frequently used in text messages to let the recipient know the person is on his or her way.", "the sound zombies make when chewing on your flesh. Person:OMG a Zombie !!!! It's eating my brain !!!! Zombie: OM NOM NOM !!! by ana.lives October 11, 2009. Flag. Get a om nom nom mug for your brother-in-law Callisto. 3.", "It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge). The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.", "English Language Learners Definition of ombudsman. : a person (such as a government official or an employee) who investigates complaints and tries to deal with problems fairly. See the full definition for ombudsman in the English Language Learners Dictionary.", "An ombudsman ( / ˈɒmbʊdzmən /, also US: /- bədz -, - bʌdz -/, Swedish: [ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman] ), ombudsperson, ombud, ombuds, or public advocate is an official who is usually appointed by the government or by parliament but with a significant degree of independence. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature.", "Explanations in English were added to this manuscript by a nineteenth-century American missionary. An omen (also called portent or presage) is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. It was commonly believed in ancient times, and still believed by some today, that omens bring divine messages from the gods.", "What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber? zacsmith Sep 20, 2012 2:54 PM ( in response to TML ) First, OM stands for optical multi-mode. Both OM3 an OM4 are 50/125 core fiber but they have different internal construction that allows the OM4 fiber to provide the same performance as OM3 but for longer distances.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) is a public-private partnership composed of representatives from the FDA, academia, 17 corporate and not-for-profit organizations in the pharmaceutical industry and health care providers with large health claim or electronic health record databases. The partnership is focused on the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing health databases.", "verb. [with object] 1 Feel or show sorrow for the death of (someone), typically by following conventions such as the wearing of black clothes. ‘Isobel mourned her husband’. More example sentences. ‘she mourned for her friends who died in the accident’.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "The Obey Omnis is a two-door compact rally car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the Cunning Stunts update.", "Ommaya reservoir. Schematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir. An Ommaya reservoir is an intraventricular catheter system that can be used for the aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "Omics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. The related suffix -ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome or metabolome respectively.", "o•men. (ˈoʊ mən) n. 1. any event believed to portend something good or evil; augury; portent. 2. prophetic significance; presage. v.t. 3. to be an omen of; portend. 4. to divine, as if from omens. [1575–85; < Latin]", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Omni. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the US and the UK. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995.", "Ombre is a French word that refers to a single color in graduated tones. For example, a green ombre is several different tones of green layered next to each other from dark to light or light to dark.", "Omidria is a proprietary combination of a pupil-dilating agent (phenylephrine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac) that is added to the standard irrigating solution used during cataract surgery and other ILR procedures, including refractive lens exchange.", "Its name derives from the combination of the English words omelette and rice. Omurice is said to have originated from Japan and it became a popular dish at a western-style restaurant in Tokyo's Ginza district around the turn of the 19th century.", "Karen Goulart, Features Writer. Jason Sparapani, TechTarget. Omnichannel -- also spelled omni-channel -- is a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience, whether they're shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a brick-and-mortar store." ], [ "A relatively simple dish, it typically calls for rice fried with ketchup, chicken and onions wrapped in a thin sheet of fried egg. Different variations of this dish can include peas, carrots, mushrooms, green peppers, onions and kimchi . Pork or beef can be substituted for chicken as well.", "Place chicken rice in the middle of the omelet and fold top and bottom sides of omelet over the chicken rice. Cover the frying pan with a plate and turn them over to place the omurice in the plate. Put some ketchup on top of omurice and serve hot. Repeat steps 6-10 to make four plates of omurice. Featured Items: Click & Shop.", "Stop the heat and add ketchup and mix well. Heat another frying pan and put some vegetable oil. Whisk an egg in a bowl and pour the egg in the frying pan. Quickly spread the egg in the frying pan and make a thin, large, and round omelet.", "Salt and pepper to season. Cooking Directions. Dice chicken, green pepper, mushrooms, and onion. Heat vegetable oil in a frying pan and sauté diced chicken. Add diced onion, mushrooms, and green pepper in the frying pan and sauté together. Add cooked/steamed rice in the pan and mix well. Sprinkle some salt and pepper.", "Explanations in English were added to this manuscript by a nineteenth-century American missionary. An omen (also called portent or presage) is a phenomenon that is believed to foretell the future, often signifying the advent of change. It was commonly believed in ancient times, and still believed by some today, that omens bring divine messages from the gods.", "Ombre is a French word that refers to a single color in graduated tones. For example, a green ombre is several different tones of green layered next to each other from dark to light or light to dark.", "English Language Learners Definition of ombudsman. : a person (such as a government official or an employee) who investigates complaints and tries to deal with problems fairly. See the full definition for ombudsman in the English Language Learners Dictionary.", "o•men. (ˈoʊ mən) n. 1. any event believed to portend something good or evil; augury; portent. 2. prophetic significance; presage. v.t. 3. to be an omen of; portend. 4. to divine, as if from omens. [1575–85; < Latin]", "Karen Goulart, Features Writer. Jason Sparapani, TechTarget. Omnichannel -- also spelled omni-channel -- is a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience, whether they're shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a brick-and-mortar store.", "Omidria is a proprietary combination of a pupil-dilating agent (phenylephrine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac) that is added to the standard irrigating solution used during cataract surgery and other ILR procedures, including refractive lens exchange.", "Omni is Latin and is defined as all. An example of omni used as a prefix is in the word omniscience which means all knowing. prefix. 7. 3. All. Omnidirectional. prefix. 3.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) is a public-private partnership composed of representatives from the FDA, academia, 17 corporate and not-for-profit organizations in the pharmaceutical industry and health care providers with large health claim or electronic health record databases. The partnership is focused on the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing health databases.", "What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber? zacsmith Sep 20, 2012 2:54 PM ( in response to TML ) First, OM stands for optical multi-mode. Both OM3 an OM4 are 50/125 core fiber but they have different internal construction that allows the OM4 fiber to provide the same performance as OM3 but for longer distances.", "An ombudsman ( / ˈɒmbʊdzmən /, also US: /- bədz -, - bʌdz -/, Swedish: [ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman] ), ombudsperson, ombud, ombuds, or public advocate is an official who is usually appointed by the government or by parliament but with a significant degree of independence. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature.", "It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge). The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.", "Ommaya reservoir. Schematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir. An Ommaya reservoir is an intraventricular catheter system that can be used for the aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "The Obey Omnis is a two-door compact rally car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the Cunning Stunts update.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Omni. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the US and the UK. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995." ], [ "The program of study is well under way. “FDA is very enthusiastic about the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership,” said Janet Woodcock, M.D., director of the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and chairwoman of the partnership’s executive board.", "About the Foundation for NIH. Established by the United States Congress to support the mission of the NIH—improving health through scientific discovery in the search for cures—the Foundation for NIH is a leader in identifying and addressing complex scientific and health issues.", "OMOP’s research program consists of systematic and empiric investigations of numerous methods and types of observational databases that could become the infrastructure of active surveillance. This article describes the governance structure, data-access model, methods-testing approach, and technology development.", "Based on the public health mission of the Partnership, all findings from the research project will be made public, including comprehensive reports on the scientific and technical findings, lessons learned, peer-reviewed articles on specific experimental findings by sponsored investigators.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership: Improving Post-Market Drug Safety. Research Project Aims To Improve Accuracy and Timeliness of Detecting Drug Risks and Benefits in Post-Market Environment. BETHESDA, MD (December 6, 2010) — The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) announced the release of the publication \"Advancing the Science for Active Surveillance: Rationale and Design for the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership\" in the Annals of Internal Medicine.", "The foundation is a not-for-profit, 501 (c) (3) charitable organization that raises private-sector funds for a broad portfolio of unique programs that complement and enhance NIH priorities and activities. For additional information about the Foundation for NIH, please visit www.fnih.org.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Omni. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the US and the UK. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "Karen Goulart, Features Writer. Jason Sparapani, TechTarget. Omnichannel -- also spelled omni-channel -- is a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience, whether they're shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a brick-and-mortar store.", "It is usually texted as a quick response to the WRU acronym. The acronym is helpful when you are in a hurry but when you still need to reply to the person who is asking about your ETA. However, it goes without saying that you should not text while driving.", "Its name derives from the combination of the English words omelette and rice. Omurice is said to have originated from Japan and it became a popular dish at a western-style restaurant in Tokyo's Ginza district around the turn of the 19th century.", "Omni is Latin and is defined as all. An example of omni used as a prefix is in the word omniscience which means all knowing. prefix. 7. 3. All. Omnidirectional. prefix. 3.", "Ommaya reservoir. Schematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir. An Ommaya reservoir is an intraventricular catheter system that can be used for the aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "An ombudsman ( / ˈɒmbʊdzmən /, also US: /- bədz -, - bʌdz -/, Swedish: [ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman] ), ombudsperson, ombud, ombuds, or public advocate is an official who is usually appointed by the government or by parliament but with a significant degree of independence. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature.", "Omidria is a proprietary combination of a pupil-dilating agent (phenylephrine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac) that is added to the standard irrigating solution used during cataract surgery and other ILR procedures, including refractive lens exchange.", "Omics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. The related suffix -ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome or metabolome respectively.", "o•men. (ˈoʊ mən) n. 1. any event believed to portend something good or evil; augury; portent. 2. prophetic significance; presage. v.t. 3. to be an omen of; portend. 4. to divine, as if from omens. [1575–85; < Latin]", "Ombre is a French word that refers to a single color in graduated tones. For example, a green ombre is several different tones of green layered next to each other from dark to light or light to dark.", "What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber? zacsmith Sep 20, 2012 2:54 PM ( in response to TML ) First, OM stands for optical multi-mode. Both OM3 an OM4 are 50/125 core fiber but they have different internal construction that allows the OM4 fiber to provide the same performance as OM3 but for longer distances." ], [ "Part of the exhaust system of the car, especially the exhaust silencer/muffler, appears to be protected by a small cage, in order to avoid damage to said component in the event of a rough landing. A set of plastic mudguards with the Obey marking can be seen behind each wheel.", "Off-road, the vehicle behaves almost as one with knowledge of Group B rally cars would expect. The car's engine is able to propel it to a good top speed, though not quite as high a top speed as the other Group B/ Group A rally cars in the sports class.", "License Plates. ( GTA V / GTA Online) Standard White - 100%. \"The Obey Omnis was the poster child of the golden age of rallying, a period of deregulated innocence when a turbo-charged tin can could plough through a crowd of spectators on a muddy embankment and there wasn't a damn thing the government could do about it.", "The front features a wide splitter with two open sections, with the driver-side one sporting a racing hook. The area above it is occupied by the flat bumper and a set of lower intakes and white/amber lamps, which feature four rally lights and a small identification plaque that acts as the license plate.", "Trivia. Grand Theft Auto Online. Omnis means \"all\" in Latin. This is a reference to both the Omnis' and Quattro's all-wheel drive system. The \"Classic Rally\" livery is based on Walter Rohrl's Audi Quattro Sport, as well as the KEM Racing Audi Quattro. Further spoiler customization can be applied to resemble the former influence.", "The interior of the car makes use of steel foot rests and sport seats with race seatbelts, along with door pull straps. The Omnis includes many switches and buttons across the interior, as well as an RPM indicator placed in the gauge cluster, below the analog dials.", "The bumper is relatively small, with a small single exit exhaust tube placed on the passenger side. On the underside, the car uses a multi-link suspension system, with each of the four axle shafts having parallel trailing arms, plus a third arm connecting to the wheelbase of the vehicle, parallel to the wheels.", "Design. Grand Theft Auto Online. The Omnis is mainly based on the Audi Quattro (specifically the Sport Quattro S1 E2 Group B rally car), as well as taking side/rear inspiration from the Alfa Romeo Alfetta GT coupé and the Toyota 222D in the rear lighting units. The frontal area in particular takes influence from the Fiat 131 Rally, such as the front indicators and lower grille.", "The rearmost pillars seem to have small vented sections near the rear fenders. The rear area of the car is mostly occupied by the large racing wing, while the rear end is occupied by a bolt-on central vented section, a traditional license plate and rectangular tail lamps with plastic trimmings around these.", "The upper area features a plastic, lightweight grille/front with twin circular headlamps on the edges and the Obey logo on the centre. Its bonnet sports a central intake, bolt-on vents on the sides and thin intakes near the windscreen, along with safety pins.", "On the sides, the fender and skirting area is occupied by a wide-body kit that also includes the aforementioned front splitter, where the front fenders have a front curvature, plastic fins and single exit vents on the rear, while the rear fenders have dual bolt-on front intakes and rear exit vents.", "Grand Theft Auto Online. An Omnis shown in the promotional artwork. Front view of the Omnis in the Cunning Stunts update trailer. Rear view of the Omnis. The Classic Rally Omnis on Southern San Andreas Super Autos. The Retro Rally Omnis on Southern San Andreas Super Autos. The Omnis on Rockstar Games Social Club.", "Performance. Grand Theft Auto Online. The vehicle, as expected, performs well on paved surfaces. The car also has great, nimble steering, allowing quick maneuvers to be carried out instantly. The compact design gives it good ability to avoid attackers.", "Play Sound. This article or section refers to \"enhanced version\" content in the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, and PC renditions of Grand Theft Auto V and/or Grand Theft Auto Online, that is absent on the Xbox 360 or PlayStation 3 versions.", "Karen Goulart, Features Writer. Jason Sparapani, TechTarget. Omnichannel -- also spelled omni-channel -- is a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience, whether they're shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a brick-and-mortar store.", "Omni is Latin and is defined as all. An example of omni used as a prefix is in the word omniscience which means all knowing. prefix. 7. 3. All. Omnidirectional. prefix. 3.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Omni. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the US and the UK. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge). The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts." ], [ "It was originally invented in 1963 by Ayub K. Ommaya, a Pakistani-American neurosurgeon . In January 2017, researchers at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre used an Ommaya reservoir to measure the intracranial pressure that is regularly observed in astronauts in zero-gravity conditions.", "It is used to treat brain tumors, leukemia/lymphoma or leptomeningeal disease by intrathecal drug administration. In the palliative care of terminal cancer, an Ommaya reservoir can be inserted for intracerebroventricular injection (ICV) of morphine.", "Omni is Latin and is defined as all. An example of omni used as a prefix is in the word omniscience which means all knowing. prefix. 7. 3. All. Omnidirectional. prefix. 3.", "Omidria is a proprietary combination of a pupil-dilating agent (phenylephrine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac) that is added to the standard irrigating solution used during cataract surgery and other ILR procedures, including refractive lens exchange.", "Omics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of pools of biological molecules that translate into the structure, function, and dynamics of an organism or organisms. The related suffix -ome is used to address the objects of study of such fields, such as the genome, proteome or metabolome respectively.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) is a public-private partnership composed of representatives from the FDA, academia, 17 corporate and not-for-profit organizations in the pharmaceutical industry and health care providers with large health claim or electronic health record databases. The partnership is focused on the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing health databases.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "The Obey Omnis is a two-door compact rally car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the Cunning Stunts update.", "It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge). The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.", "English Language Learners Definition of ombudsman. : a person (such as a government official or an employee) who investigates complaints and tries to deal with problems fairly. See the full definition for ombudsman in the English Language Learners Dictionary.", "What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber? zacsmith Sep 20, 2012 2:54 PM ( in response to TML ) First, OM stands for optical multi-mode. Both OM3 an OM4 are 50/125 core fiber but they have different internal construction that allows the OM4 fiber to provide the same performance as OM3 but for longer distances.", "Ombre is a French word that refers to a single color in graduated tones. For example, a green ombre is several different tones of green layered next to each other from dark to light or light to dark.", "An ombudsman ( / ˈɒmbʊdzmən /, also US: /- bədz -, - bʌdz -/, Swedish: [ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman] ), ombudsperson, ombud, ombuds, or public advocate is an official who is usually appointed by the government or by parliament but with a significant degree of independence. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "o•men. (ˈoʊ mən) n. 1. any event believed to portend something good or evil; augury; portent. 2. prophetic significance; presage. v.t. 3. to be an omen of; portend. 4. to divine, as if from omens. [1575–85; < Latin]", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Omni. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the US and the UK. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995.", "Its name derives from the combination of the English words omelette and rice. Omurice is said to have originated from Japan and it became a popular dish at a western-style restaurant in Tokyo's Ginza district around the turn of the 19th century.", "verb. [with object] 1 Feel or show sorrow for the death of (someone), typically by following conventions such as the wearing of black clothes. ‘Isobel mourned her husband’. More example sentences. ‘she mourned for her friends who died in the accident’.", "Karen Goulart, Features Writer. Jason Sparapani, TechTarget. Omnichannel -- also spelled omni-channel -- is a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience, whether they're shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a brick-and-mortar store.", "the sound zombies make when chewing on your flesh. Person:OMG a Zombie !!!! It's eating my brain !!!! Zombie: OM NOM NOM !!! by ana.lives October 11, 2009. Flag. Get a om nom nom mug for your brother-in-law Callisto. 3." ], [ "It is the most sacred syllable symbol and mantra of Brahman, the highest Universal Principle, the Ultimate Reality. Om connotes the metaphysical concept of Brahman. The syllable is often chanted either independently or before a mantra; it signifies the Brahman as the ultimate reality, consciousness or Atma.", "This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text. Om or Aum ( listen (help·info), IAST: Oṃ, ॐ , ओ३म्) is a sacred sound of a spiritual symbol in Indian religions. It signifies the essence of the ultimate reality, consciousness or Atman.", "As o is the guṇa vowel grade of u, the word om can be considered to consist of three phonemes: \"a-u-m\", though it is often described as trisyllabic despite this being either archaic or the result of translation, three phonemes correspond to trimurti also.", "They offer various shades of meaning to Om, such as it being \"the universe beyond the sun\", or that which is \"mysterious and inexhaustible\", or \"the infinite language, the infinite knowledge\", or \"essence of breath, life, everything that exists\", or that \"with which one is liberated\".", "Nio statues in Kyoto prefecture of Japan, are interpreted as saying the start (open mouth) and the end (closed mouth) of syllable \"AUM\". Aum is symbolically represented by Niō (仁王) statues in Japan, and their equivalent in East Asia.", "East and Southeast Asia. The Om symbol, with epigraphical variations, is also found in many Southeast Asian countries. In Cambodia, the symbol is known as Om, Aom, or Unalaom. In Khmer literature, the symbol is called Komutr ( Khmer: គោមូត្រ).", "It is also part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era manuscripts, temples, monasteries and spiritual retreats in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual symbols.", "The Om symbol is a ligature in Devanagari, combining ओ ( au) and chandrabindu ( ँ, ṃ ). In Unicode, the symbol is encoded at U+0950 ॐ DEVANAGARI OM and at U+1F549 🕉 OM SYMBOL (\"generic symbol independent of Devanagari font\"). The Om or Aum symbol is found on ancient coins, in regional scripts.", "It is also called Unalom or Aum in Thailand and has been a part of various flags and official emblems such as in the Thong Chom Klao of King Rama IV (r. 1851–1868). In traditional Chinese characters, it is written as 唵 ( pinyin: ǎn ), and as 嗡 ( pinyin: wēng) in simplified Chinese characters.", "Jump to navigation Jump to search. This article is about the sacred sound of and spiritual icon in Indian religions. For other uses, see Om (disambiguation) and Aum (disambiguation). Sacred sound and spiritual symbol in Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism. The Om symbol in the Devanagari script.", "When occurring within spoken Sanskrit, the syllable is subject to the normal rules of sandhi in Sanskrit grammar, however with the additional peculiarity that after preceding a or ā, the au of aum does not form vriddhi ( au) but guna ( o) per Pāṇini 6.1.95 (i.e. 'om').", "The medieval era texts of Hinduism, such as the Puranas adopt and expand the concept of Om in their own ways, and to their own theistic sects. According to the Vayu Purana, Om is the representation of the Hindu Trimurti, and represents the union of the three gods, viz. A for Brahma, U for Vishnu and M for Shiva.", "It is also part of the iconography found in ancient and medieval era manuscripts, temples, monasteries and spiritual retreats in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism. In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual symbols.", "In the Aranyaka and the Brahmana layers of Vedic texts, the syllable is so widespread and linked to knowledge, that it stands for the \"whole of Veda\". The etymological foundations of Om are repeatedly discussed in the oldest layers of the Vedantic texts (the early Upanishads).", "Brahman exists in two forms – the material form, and the immaterial formless. The material form is changing, unreal. The immaterial formless isn't changing, real. The immortal formless is truth, the truth is the Brahman, the Brahman is the light, the light is the Sun which is the syllable Om as the Self.", "The Shvetashvatara Upanishad, in verses 1.14 to 1.16, suggests meditating with the help of syllable Om, where one's perishable body is like one fuel-stick and the syllable Om is the second fuel-stick, which with discipline and diligent rubbing of the sticks unleashes the concealed fire of thought and awareness within.", "More broadly, it is a syllable that is chanted either independently or before a spiritual recitation in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The meaning and connotations of Om vary between the diverse schools within and across the various traditions.", "Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana) In Tibetan Buddhism, Om is often placed at the beginning of mantras and dharanis. Probably the most well known mantra is \" Om mani padme hum \", the six syllable mantra of the Bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokiteśvara.", "A proposal by Deb (1848) held that the swastika is \"a monogrammatic representation of the syllable Om, wherein two Brahmi /o/ characters ( U+11011 𑀑 BRAHMI LETTER O) were superposed crosswise and the 'm' was represented by dot\". A commentary in Nature considers this theory questionable and unproven.", "The syllable Om is first mentioned in the Upanishads, the mystical texts associated with the Vedanta philosophy. It has variously been associated with concepts of \"cosmic sound\" or \"mystical syllable\" or \"affirmation to something divine\", or as symbolism for abstract spiritual concepts in the Upanishads.", "The Om sound is the primordial sound and is called the Shabda-Brahman (Brahman as sound). In Hinduism, Om is one of the most important spiritual sounds. Om refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge).", "The Sama Veda, the poetical Veda, orthographically maps Om to the audible, the musical truths in its numerous variations ( Oum, Aum, Ovā Ovā Ovā Um, etc.) and then attempts to extract musical meters from it. The syllable Om evolves to mean many abstract ideas in the earliest Upanishads.", "Translation: Veneration to the Arhats, veneration to the perfect ones, veneration to the masters, veneration to the teachers, veneration to all the monks in the world. AAAUM (or just \"Om\") is one syllable short form of the initials of the five parameshthis: \" Arihant, Ashiri, Acharya, Upajjhaya, Muni \".", "It is sometimes also written ओ३म् ( ō̄m [oːːm] ), notably by Arya Samaj, where ३ (i.e., the digit \"3\") is pluta (\"three times as long\"), indicating a length of three morae (that is, the time it takes to say three syllables) — an overlong nasalised close-mid back rounded vowel .", "Origin and meaning. The syllable Om ( Devanagari: ॐ, Kannada: ಓಂ, Tamil: ௐ, Malayalam: ഓം, Telugu: ఓం, Bengali: ওঁ, Odia: ଓ‍ଁ or ଓଁ, Tibetan: ༀ) is referred to as praṇava. Other used terms are akṣara (literally, letter of the alphabet, imperishable, immutable) or ekākṣara (one letter of the alphabet) and omkāra (meaning literally \"Om syllable\", and connoting: a beginning and female divine energy).", "Om came to be used as a standard utterance at the beginning of mantras, chants or citations taken from the Vedas. For example, the Gayatri mantra, which consists of a verse from the Rigveda Samhita ( RV 3 .62.10), is prefixed not just by Om but by Om followed by the formula bhūr bhuvaḥ svaḥ.", "Ombre is a French word that refers to a single color in graduated tones. For example, a green ombre is several different tones of green layered next to each other from dark to light or light to dark." ], [ "What this translates to is longer transmission distances for the OM4 fiber. So you will need to know the distance of the fiber run in order to help decide which kind of fiber and fiber accessories need to be used.", "What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber? TML Sep 14, 2012 11:19 AM. What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber?", "The reason for this is the difference in bandwidth, OM3 has 2500 megahertz bandwidth , OM4 has 4700 megahertz bandwidth.", "What is the difference between OM3 and OM4 fiber? | Leviton Online Knowledgebase. 1 Reply Latest reply : Sep 20, 2012 2:54 PM by zacsmith.", "Ombre is a French word that refers to a single color in graduated tones. For example, a green ombre is several different tones of green layered next to each other from dark to light or light to dark.", "the sound zombies make when chewing on your flesh. Person:OMG a Zombie !!!! It's eating my brain !!!! Zombie: OM NOM NOM !!! by ana.lives October 11, 2009. Flag. Get a om nom nom mug for your brother-in-law Callisto. 3.", "Freebase (0.00 / 0 votes)Rate this definition: Omni. Omni was a science and science fiction magazine published in the US and the UK. It contained articles on science, parapsychology, and short works of science fiction and fantasy. It was published as a print version between October 1978 and 1995.", "It is usually texted as a quick response to the WRU acronym. The acronym is helpful when you are in a hurry but when you still need to reply to the person who is asking about your ETA. However, it goes without saying that you should not text while driving.", "Its name derives from the combination of the English words omelette and rice. Omurice is said to have originated from Japan and it became a popular dish at a western-style restaurant in Tokyo's Ginza district around the turn of the 19th century.", "An ombudsman ( / ˈɒmbʊdzmən /, also US: /- bədz -, - bʌdz -/, Swedish: [ˈɔ̂mːbʉːdsˌman] ), ombudsperson, ombud, ombuds, or public advocate is an official who is usually appointed by the government or by parliament but with a significant degree of independence. In some countries, an inspector general, citizen advocate or other official may have duties similar to those of a national ombudsman and may also be appointed by a legislature.", "Karen Goulart, Features Writer. Jason Sparapani, TechTarget. Omnichannel -- also spelled omni-channel -- is a multichannel approach to sales that seeks to provide customers with a seamless shopping experience, whether they're shopping online from a desktop or mobile device, by telephone, or in a brick-and-mortar store.", "We focus our innovation on moving the customer experience forward by watching market trends to identify practical new ways to improve logistics, customer convenience, and choice. SEKO Omni-Channel is a dedicated division committed to providing brand owners, retailers and e-tailers with a truly Global eCommerce solution.", "Omnicom Group Inc. Omnicom Group Inc. is an American global media, marketing and corporate communications holding company, headquartered in New York City . Omnicom's branded networks and specialty firms provide services in four disciplines: advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), public relations and specialty services.", "The Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership (OMOP) is a public-private partnership composed of representatives from the FDA, academia, 17 corporate and not-for-profit organizations in the pharmaceutical industry and health care providers with large health claim or electronic health record databases. The partnership is focused on the need to advance the science of active medical product safety surveillance by using existing health databases.", "English Language Learners Definition of ombudsman. : a person (such as a government official or an employee) who investigates complaints and tries to deal with problems fairly. See the full definition for ombudsman in the English Language Learners Dictionary.", "Ommaya reservoir. Schematic representation of an implanted Ommaya reservoir. An Ommaya reservoir is an intraventricular catheter system that can be used for the aspiration of cerebrospinal fluid or for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid.", "The Obey Omnis is a two-door compact rally car featured in Grand Theft Auto Online as part of the Cunning Stunts update.", "It refers to Atman (soul, self within) and Brahman (ultimate reality, entirety of the universe, truth, divine, supreme spirit, cosmic principles, knowledge). The syllable is often found at the beginning and the end of chapters in the Vedas, the Upanishads, and other Hindu texts.", "Omidria is a proprietary combination of a pupil-dilating agent (phenylephrine) and an anti-inflammatory agent (ketorolac) that is added to the standard irrigating solution used during cataract surgery and other ILR procedures, including refractive lens exchange.", "o•men. (ˈoʊ mən) n. 1. any event believed to portend something good or evil; augury; portent. 2. prophetic significance; presage. v.t. 3. to be an omen of; portend. 4. to divine, as if from omens. [1575–85; < Latin]" ] ]