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http://www.jiskha.com/members/profile/posts.cgi?name=Jordan&page=2 | Sunday
December 11, 2016
Posts by Jordan
Total # Posts: 1,001
Physics
A stone is thrown from ground level at 72 m/s. Its speed when it reaches its highest point is 46 m/s. Find the angle, above the horizontal, of the stone's initial velocity. Answer in units of degree
October 6, 2015
physics
In lacrosse, a ball is thrown from a net on the end of stick by rotating the stick and forearm about the elbow. If the angular velocity of the ball about the elbow joint is 30.3 rad / s and the ball is 1.35 m from the elbow joint, what is the velocity of the ball?
October 5, 2015
Science
Be nice Ms.Sue
October 2, 2015
physics
Only two forces act on an object (mass=4.41 kg), as in the drawing. Find (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction (relative to the x axis) of the acceleration of the object.
October 1, 2015
physics
Two forces A and B are applied to an object whose mass is 12.3 kg. The larger force is A . When both forces point due east, the object's acceleration has a magnitude of 0.443 m/s2. However, when A points due east and B points due west, the acceleration is 0.280 m/s2, due ...
October 1, 2015
math
Assume you have a basket full of socks, which have the following properties: 6 of the socks have blue stripes 8 of the socks have red polka dots 16 of the socks have blue polka dots 10 of the socks have red stripes (a). If you take one sock out of the basket, what is the ...
September 24, 2015
math
A student takes a multiple choice quiz with 12 questions and 5 alternatives per question. Unfortunately, this student has no idea what any of the answers are, so he randomly selects an alternative for each question on the exam. Using this “blind guessing” strategy, ...
September 24, 2015
Math
The radius of a sphere is 3 cm . the radius is increased by a linear scale factor of 5:2 . calculate the surface area of the new sphere
September 22, 2015
Chemistry
a 7.83g sample of hydrocyanic acid contains 0.290g and 4.06g of nitrogen. Find the mass of carbonin a sample of HCN with a mass of 3.37g.
September 13, 2015
physics
A cannon is mounted on a tower above a wide, level field. The barrel of the cannon is 20 m above the ground below. A cannonball is fired horizontally with an initial speed of 900 m/s. Assuming air resistance can be neglected, approximately how long will the cannonball be in ...
September 9, 2015
Physics
An initially motionless test car is accelerated uniformly to 135 km/h in 8.08 seconds before striking a simulated deer. The car is in contact with the faux fawn for 0.695 seconds, after which the car is measured to be traveling at 87.5 km/h. What is the magnitude of the ...
September 8, 2015
Chemistry
A 2.20 g-sample of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is burned and it produces 4.61 g CO2 and 0.94 g H2O. What is the empirical formula of this compound? (i.e., C2H4O) I found the mass of Carbon (4.61/44g)*(1 mol C/1 mol CO2)=.1047 I found the mass of Hydrogen...
September 8, 2015
physics
An unsuspecting bird is coasting along in an easterly direction at 4.00 mph when a strong wind from the south imparts a constant acceleration of 0.300 m/s2. If the acceleration from the wind lasts for 2.70 s, find the magnitude, r, and direction, θ, of the bird\'s ...
September 8, 2015
physics
On the Moon, the acceleration due to gravity is 1.62 m/s^2. How far would a 19 g rock fall from rest in 6.5 seconds if the only force acting on it was the gravitational force due to the Moon?
September 8, 2015
Chemistry
A 2.20 g-sample of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is burned and it produces 4.61 g CO2 and 0.94 g H2O. What is the empirical formula of this compound?
September 7, 2015
physics
You throw a baseball directly upward at time t = 0 at an initial speed of 13.3 m/s. What is the maximum height the ball reaches above where it leaves your hand? At what times does the ball pass through half the maximum height? Ignore air resistance and take g = 9.80 m/s2.
September 7, 2015
physics
12.06 for speed 2.01 for time
September 7, 2015
physics
While standing at the edge of the roof of a building, you throw a stone upward with an initial speed of 7.65 m/s. The stone subsequently falls to the ground, which is 11.1 m below the point where the stone leaves your hand. At what speed does the stone impact the ground? How ...
September 7, 2015
Math
How do I solve for the limit of ((x^500)-1)/(x-1)?
September 2, 2015
Math
How do I find the vertical asymptote of f(x) ={x^4}/{x^2 + 8}?
September 2, 2015
Math
Nevermind I found the answer by graphing
August 31, 2015
Math
The definition of the derivative, applied to f(x) = 7^x, results in the formula f'(x) = k \cdot 7^x where k = lim of ((7^h-1)/(h) h approaches 0 The value of the constant k cannot be determined using the usual tricks for evaluating limits. Using your calculator, ...
August 31, 2015
Science
What elements have the highest ionization energy and why?
August 30, 2015
Chemistry
How many atoms are present in 0.3333 mol of CO2? I know I need to use the conversion factor of 6.021x10^23 but do I just multiply that times .3333? =2.007?
August 30, 2015
Chemistry
The mineral cassiterite is a compound of tin and oxygen. Chemical analysis of cassiterite shows that the mass percentages of tin, Sn, and oxygen, O, are 78.8% and 21.2%, respectively. Determine the formula of this compound. I found the molar mass and correct equation SnO4. Sn-...
August 30, 2015
Chemistry
A compound is found to contain 50.05 % sulfur and 49.95 % oxygen by mass. What is the simplest (empirical) formula for this compound? They said to assume that it is 100 grams. I found the molar mass. S- 32.06 0-16.00 But now I don't know what to do. Please help. Thank you!
August 27, 2015
math
2/5-2/15+3/10
August 26, 2015
Chemistry
What is a good website to practice limiting reagent problems?
August 25, 2015
Math
what is a good website to practice limits?
August 25, 2015
Math
How do I know if a graph has removable continuity, jump, or infinite? What is the difference?
August 19, 2015
Science
The combustion of a compound which contains only C and H yields 2.58 g of CO2 and 0.53 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula of the compound? Molar mass of CO2= 44.01 Molar mass of H20= 18.01 2.58g/44.01=0.586 mol CO2 .53g/18.01=.0294 mol H2O I Don't know where I went ...
August 19, 2015
math
A room is 12 feet long and 10.5 feet wide. A scale model of the room is 3.5 feet wide. What is the area of the scale model? 10.3 square feet 14 square feet 36 square feet 122.5 square feet
July 20, 2015
Geometry
If mADC = 7x+3 and mDCB = 5x+9, then mDAB = ?
May 14, 2015
capacitor
Did you get the answer to this?
May 4, 2015
SOLVE -MATH
A physics exam consists of 9 multiple choice questions and 6 open-ended problems in which all work must be shown.If an examinee must answer 6 of the multiple- choice questions and 3 of the open-ended problems, in how many ways can the questions and problems be chosen?
April 30, 2015
Algebra 2/Statistics
From a squad of 12 cheerleaders, 10 will assemble themselves into a 4-level pyramid at the Homecoming rally. 1.) How many different combinations of cheerleaders can be used to build the pyramid? For this I got 12C10=66......Right or Wrong? 2.) The coach decides that Alexis ...
April 30, 2015
Algebra 2/statistics
On a fair 6-sided die, each number has an equal probability p of being rolled. when a fair die is rolled n times, the most likely outcome (the mean) is that each number will be rolled NP times, with a standard deviation of sqrt NP(1-P). Brandon rolls a die 200 times. He will ...
April 30, 2015
maths
One number is greater than another by 4, their sum is 32. What are the two numbers? Write a function which could solve this for any two numbers (x and y) with any difference between them.
April 20, 2015
Science
Actually that's perfect. Haha Thank You Rykr :D
April 2, 2015
Science
What is the effect of the slope of an incline of a surface on an object’s speed?” PLEASE do not answer...I just need help understanding it. Thank You
April 2, 2015
Math
How do you find the surface area of a triangular prism?
March 24, 2015
excel
what formula would be used to calculate the calories from fat for food items which is equal to the grams of fat multiplied by 9
March 19, 2015
Math
The opposite sides of a square, a rectangle, a parallelogram, and a rhombus are what type of triangle?
March 17, 2015
biology
Hello, I am having trouble with a question on my homework. Even after reading through my notes and textbook I am still not sure what the answer is. I think the answer is the new paramecium is able to reproduce sexually and asexually.Here is the question: After sexual ...
March 15, 2015
calculus
If 3x^2 + y^2 = 7 then evaluate the second derivative of y with respect to x when x = 1 and y = 2. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.
March 10, 2015
Accounting
On December 31, 2013, Ruby Inc. issued 3,000 $1,000 par value bonds with a stated rate of 6% and a 10-year maturity. Interest is payable semiannually on June 30 and December 31. March 8, 2015 grammar preposition February 25, 2015 Calculus 2 Let a thing rod of length a have a density distribution function p(x)+10e^(-.1x), where x is measured in cm and p in grams per centimeter. A) if the mass of the rod is 30 g, what is the value of a? B) For the 30g rod, will the center of mass lie at its midpoint, to the left, ... February 23, 2015 Physics A certain force gives mass m1 an acceleration of 13.0 m/s2 and mass m2 an acceleration of 3.6 m/s2. 1) What acceleration would the force give to an object with a mass of (m2-m1)? 2) A certain force gives mass m1 an acceleration of 13.0 m/s2 and mass m2 an acceleration of 3.6 m... February 21, 2015 Physics A 5.0- kg concrete block rests on a level table. A 3.7- kg mass is attached to the block by a string passing over a light, frictionless pulley. If the acceleration of the block is measured to be 1.0 m/s2, what is the coefficient of friction between the block and the table? February 21, 2015 Physics Two boxes, A and B, are connected to each end of a light vertical rope. A constant upward force 90.0N is applied to box A. Starting from rest, box B descends 11.0m in 3.50s . The tension in the rope connecting the two boxes is 30.0N a) What is the mass of box A? b) What is the... February 17, 2015 AP European History How did medieval Europe lay the groundwork for the rebirth of Europe (Renaissance)? What conditions existed that allowed Europe to evolve out of medieval conditions? February 11, 2015 Social Studies Thx GSG I got 100 3/3 on my test thanks February 9, 2015 Physics Three people pull simultaneously on a stubborn donkey. Jack pulls eastward with a force of 68.5 N, Jill pulls with 61.3 N in the northeast direction, and Jane pulls to the southeast with 111 N. (Since the donkey is involved with such uncoordinated people, who can blame it for ... January 31, 2015 Math Leena bakes a loaf of bread. She eats 1/8 loaf of bread and give 1/6 of it each of her 3 friends. What fraction of the loaf of bread is left? January 27, 2015 gifted math There's are 4 kids in the class 6x4=24 January 26, 2015 health It's considered to be an advantage to have lungs with increased capacity, because with increased capacity A. anaerobic exercise is easier. B. the lungs can better exchange oxygen and waste products in the blood. C. the chest looks more "buff." D. the lungs will ... December 28, 2014 english During the long afternoon, Daryl searched for his car keys. He searched under the bed, beneath the sofa cushions, and emptied his jacket pockets. soryy.. December 14, 2014 english Which one of the following words is not an object of a preposition? A. afternoon B. cushions C. pockets D. bed c? December 14, 2014 english Which one of the following words represents an object of a preposition? A. afternoon B. Daryl C. sofa D. trouser b? December 14, 2014 English (1) Brenda would have liked to have taken her vacation at the beach. (2) However, the weather forecast on the television called for rain. (3) Also, her fiancé, Max, wanted to vacation in the mountains. (4) After a heated discussion, Brenda and Max decided to compromise... December 14, 2014 English Thanks :P December 14, 2014 English In which one of these sentences does an adverb modify a verb? A. Lucy quickly hid behind the tree. B. The dress was terribly old. C. Jacob was a very smart boy. D. Mr. Dodge moved in an extremely slow manner. I think it's A? December 14, 2014 History Two methods used to control annual floods were ______________ December 11, 2014 math 12 3/4 feet long by 11 1/2 feet wide is how many square feet December 8, 2014 Physics DonHo, Thank you! That was spot on and was correct. -A physic's student a year later December 1, 2014 math h Darcy, Jason and Maria share$268. Jason has \$20 more than Darcy and Maria has twice as much money as Jason. How much money do Darcy and Jason have altogether?
November 19, 2014
math
Gerry had a total of 30 pens and pencils. He decided to trade with his friends all of his pens and pencils. If he traded every pen for 2 pencils, he would have 48 pencils in all. How many pens and how many pencils did he have before the trade?
November 19, 2014
math
Juan and rachel have the same number of marbles. Rachel gives away 10 marbles and Juan gives away 22 marbles. Rachel then has 3 times as many marbles as Juan. How many marbles did each of them have at first
November 19, 2014
math
Add the hundredths. 4 hundredths + 7 hundredths = ____ hundredths. Regroup the hundredths.
November 17, 2014
Chemistry
What is the minimum amount of 6.0M H2SO4 necessary to produce 19.0g of H2(g) according to the reaction? 2Al(s)+3H2SO4(aq)→Al2(SO4)3(aq)+3H2(g)
November 14, 2014
math
Mr. Sims has 198 oranges. he packs them into 5 crates. Use rounding to estimate the number of oranges in each crate.
November 12, 2014
math
A basket with 12 apples has a mass of 3105 grams. The same basket with 7 apples has a mass of 1980 grams. Each apple has the same mass. What is the mass of the basket?
November 12, 2014
math
Sally and Marta had the same number of postcards. After Sally sold 18 of her postcards, Marta had 4 times as many postcards as Sally. How many postcards did each girl have to begin with?
November 12, 2014
Chemistry
2 moles of ideal gas at 300K, initial volume 25 L, are compressed under an external pressure at 3600 torr. Assuming the temp and the internal energy of gas do not change, what is the entropy change of the gas? (Assume the heat flow is reversible)
November 4, 2014
java programming
Create a java program that will calculate the current grade in a classroom. The program should ask for 5 grades as well as total point value per grade available.
November 3, 2014
computer science
I would like to create a class for finding the voltages of 1, 2 or even 4 batteries. The Class can be called BatteryVoltage with a default voltage value of 1.5 (AA Battery) Must allow the user to find the total voltage of batteries when installed as a single,double, or ...
October 28, 2014
Java
I would like to create a class for finding the voltages of 1, 2 or even 4 batteries. The Class can be called BatteryVoltage with a default voltage value of 1.5 (AA Battery) Must allow the user to find the total voltage of batteries when installed as a single,double, or ...
October 28, 2014
math
A sticker is 1.2 cm wide how many stickers will fit edge to edge on a strip of paper that is 108 Centimeters long
October 28, 2014
Physics
A 2.32 kg block slide down a ramp from a height of 4.19 m. The block has a speed of 3.25 m/s when it reaches the bottom. There is friction. What is the work (in J) done by gravity? What is the work done by friction? I found the work of friction already. KE= .5m(v^2) KE= .5(2....
October 27, 2014
Java
NEED HELP! I would like to create a class for finding the voltages of 1, 2 or even 4 batteries. The Class can be called BatteryVoltage with a default voltage value of 1.5 (AA Battery) Must allow the user to find the total voltage of batteries when installed as a single,double...
October 26, 2014
JAVA PROGRAMMING
NEED HELP! I would like to create a class for finding the voltages of 1, 2 or even 4 batteries. The Class can be called BatteryVoltage with a default voltage value of 1.5 (AA Battery) Must allow the user to find the total voltage of batteries when installed as a single,double...
October 25, 2014
physics
In a game of shuffleboard, a disk with an initial speed travels of 3.2m/s travels 6.0m (a) what is the acceleration of the disk? (b) what is the coefficient of friction between the floor and the disk? So far I've gotten to the equation vf^2 - vi^2 = 2a(xf-xi) because time ...
October 19, 2014
Algebra
Algrbra evaluate each expression when n = 75 12n 36n 28n 56n 87n is that mutiplication?
October 8, 2014
algb
We must be taking the same class but different levels. I do not know a Devian or Amber.
October 1, 2014
math
I do not know Devian or Amber?
October 1, 2014
Write a system of equations to match each of these problems. Then solve the equations using the method... Substitution, or linear combinations. _____________________________________ 1. Dan is 4 years older than his brother Gabriel. Together their ages equal 22. How old is ...
October 1, 2014
Math! URGENT
i calculate one solution through -2(x-1) = 2x-2 expand the brackets giving you 2x-2 -2(x) makes 2x then -1 x -2 = -2 add the equation together gives you 2x-2
September 25, 2014
physics
a trolley of mass 40kg us pushed up a hill of height 10m at an angle of 20 degree. calculate the force required to reach this height. how do i complete this question?
September 25, 2014
vocabulary
the animals in the drought area traveled for many miles to reach a body of water where they could blank their thirst
September 22, 2014
math
Each of their six water bottles holds 8 gallons. How many gallons of water did they take?
September 21, 2014
science
Yes mam
September 18, 2014
science
Can there be 2 full moons?
September 18, 2014
programming
Could you give me an idea of how to do this? I'm lost
September 12, 2014
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http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?reload=true&isnumber=5235151&punumber=8920 | # IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs
## Filter Results
Displaying Results 1 - 20 of 20
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s): C1
| PDF (44 KB)
• ### IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—II: Express Briefs publication information
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s): C2
| PDF (39 KB)
• ### 22.7-dB Gain $-$19.7-dBm $ICP_{1{rm dB}}$ UWB CMOS LNA
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):689 - 693
Cited by: Papers (24)
| | PDF (418 KB) | HTML
A fully differential CMOS ultrawideband low-noise amplifier (LNA) is presented. The LNA has been realized in a standard 90-nm CMOS technology and consists of a common-gate stage and two subsequent common-source stages. The common-gate input stage realizes a wideband input impedance matching to the source impedance of the receiver (i.e., the antenna), whereas the two subsequent common-source stages... View full abstract»
• ### Modeling Harmonic Distortions Caused by Nonlinear Op-Amp DC Gain for Switched-Capacitor Sigma–Delta Modulators
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):694 - 698
Cited by: Papers (7)
| | PDF (521 KB) | HTML
Op-amps are crucial components in sigma-delta modulators (SDMs). As device dimensions and supply voltages continue to scale down, it is increasingly critical to determine a suitable op-amp dc gain. If the dc gain is set too high, then the op-amp consumes too much power; if the dc gain is too small, then nonlinear distortion becomes serious. However, there exists no efficient approach for selecting... View full abstract»
• ### A Binary-Weighted Switching and Reconfiguration-Based Programmable Gain Amplifier
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):699 - 703
Cited by: Papers (34)
| | PDF (548 KB) | HTML
In previous works, the authors reported on binary-weighted switching and reconfiguration techniques to design programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) with a wide decibel (dB)-linear range, a small gain error, a wide 3-dB bandwidth, and high linearity. In this brief, two techniques are analyzed in more detail. Adopting the two techniques, a new low-voltage PGA version is proposed that offers a precise ... View full abstract»
• ### Analysis of Errors in a Comparator-Based Switched-Capacitor Biquad Filter
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):704 - 708
Cited by: Papers (2)
| | PDF (165 KB) | HTML
Comparator-based switched-capacitor (CBSC) techniques have become popular in reducing power consumption and increasing the speed of data converters. This brief investigates the use of CBSC techniques for implementing a biquad filter. A CBSC implementation of a low-pass biquad is proposed, and the sources of error are analyzed. It is shown that implementing the lossy integrator as the last stage pr... View full abstract»
• ### A 25-mV-Sensitivity 2-Gb/s Optimum-Logic-Threshold Capacitive-Coupling Receiver for Wireless Wafer Probing Systems
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):709 - 713
Cited by: Papers (8) | Patents (69)
| | PDF (1177 KB) | HTML
A high-sensitivity capacitive-coupling receiver is presented for wireless wafer probing systems. The receiver with the optimum logic threshold (OLT) achieves the highest sensitivity of 25 mV at the data rate of 2 Gb/s in 0.18-mum CMOS. The OLT receiver increases the communication distance by more than four times while providing tolerance against distance-voltage-area variations. View full abstract»
• ### Fully Digital BPSK Demodulator and Multilevel LSK Back Telemetry for Biomedical Implant Transceivers
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):714 - 718
Cited by: Papers (22)
| | PDF (582 KB) | HTML
A novel fully digital binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK) transceiver for forward data telemetry and a multilevel load-shift-keying (LSK) transceiver for passive back telemetry are implemented. The digital architecture for the BPSK demodulator allows for much less power consumption compared with prior art. The basic premise of the demodulation is to regenerate the incoming BPSK signal using a digital... View full abstract»
• ### A Mixed-Signal GFSK Demodulator Based on Multithreshold Linear Phase Quantization
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):719 - 723
Cited by: Papers (2)
| | PDF (679 KB) | HTML
An ultralow-power Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) demodulator with large tolerance for process variations and wide coverage of data rate for low-intermediate-frequency (low-IF) wireless receivers is presented. A novel multithreshold linear phase quantization technique is proposed to improve the demodulator sensitivity and relax the tradeoff between the selection of the IF and the data rate.... View full abstract»
• ### Decoder Design for RS-Based LDPC Codes
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):724 - 728
Cited by: Papers (11) | Patents (1)
| | PDF (509 KB) | HTML
This brief studies very large-scale integration (VLSI) decoder architectures for RS-based low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes, which are a special class of LDPC codes based on Reed-Solomon codes. The considered code ensemble is well known for its excellent error-correcting performance and has been selected as the forward error correction coding scheme for 10GBase-T systems. By exploiting the shi... View full abstract»
• ### A High-Speed and EDP-Efficient Range-Matching Scheme for Packet Classification
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):729 - 733
Cited by: Papers (3)
| | PDF (855 KB) | HTML
A range-matching scheme for packet classification (PC) that greatly improves search speed is presented. It effectively reduces the energy delay product (EDP) and increases the storage efficiency by up to 2.5 times over conventional ternary content addressable memories (TCAMs) under typical PC rule sets. Simulation results show that the proposed 16-bit range-matching word (RMW) achieves a 1.53-ns s... View full abstract»
• ### Design of a Multimode QC-LDPC Decoder Based on Shift-Routing Network
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):734 - 738
Cited by: Papers (18)
| | PDF (520 KB) | HTML
A reconfigurable message-passing network is proposed to facilitate message transportation in decoding multimode quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) codes. By exploiting the shift-routing network (SRN) features, the decoding messages are routed in parallel to fully support those specific 19 and 3 submatrix sizes defined in IEEE 802.16e and IEEE 802.11n applications with less hardware co... View full abstract»
• ### New LMI Approach to Fuzzy $H_{infty}$ Filter Designs
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):739 - 743
Cited by: Papers (32)
| | PDF (138 KB) | HTML
This brief is concerned with the H infin filtering problem for a class of discrete-time fuzzy systems. The objective is to find a new way to design a stable filter guaranteeing the asymptotic stability and a prescribed H infin performance of the filtering error system. By using the fuzzy Lyapunov function approach and adding slack matrix variables, a new conditi... View full abstract»
• ### Exponential Stability of Impulsive Delayed Linear Differential Equations
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s):744 - 748
Cited by: Papers (33)
| | PDF (164 KB) | HTML
This brief considers the global exponential stability of impulsive delayed linear differential equations. By utilizing the Lyapunov function methods combined with the Razumikhin technique, several criteria on exponential stability are analytically derived, which are substantially an extension and a generalization of the corresponding results in recent literature. Compared with some existing works,... View full abstract»
• ### 2010 IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s): 749
| PDF (674 KB)
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s): 750
| PDF (223 KB)
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s): 751
| PDF (205 KB)
• ### IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems—II: Express Briefs Information for authors
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s): 752
| PDF (33 KB)
• ### IEEE Circuits and Systems Society Information
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s): C3
| PDF (33 KB)
• ### Blank page [back cover]
Publication Year: 2009, Page(s): C4
| PDF (5 KB)
## Aims & Scope
Part I will now contain regular papers focusing on all matters related to fundamental theory, applications, analog and digital signal processing. Part II will report on the latest significant results across all of these topic areas.
Full Aims & Scope
## Meet Our Editors
Editor-in-Chief
Chi K. Michael Tse
Dept. of Electronic and Information Engineering
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hunghom, Hong Kong
[email protected] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21471992135047913, "perplexity": 11793.57627339964}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084886952.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20180117173312-20180117193312-00486.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/geometry/141842-diagram-problem.html | # Math Help - Diagram problem
1. ## Diagram problem
The diagram consists of a rectangle ABCD and a triangle DXY so that X and Y are points on the line segments AB and BC respectively and angle DXY=90.
Show that DA/XB =AX/BY =XD/YX
Thanks guys.
2. Hello, hongvo!
The diagram consists of a rectangle $ABCD$ and a triangle $DXY$
with $X$ and $Y$ on $AB$ and $BC$, resp. and $\angle DXY\,=\,90^o$
Show that: . $\frac{DA}{XB} \:=\: \frac{AX}{BY} \:=\: \frac{XD}{XY}$
Code:
X
A o - - - - o - - - - - - - - - o B
| β * * α |
| * 90° * |
| * * |
| * * β |
| * o Y
| * |
|α * |
| * |
|* |
D o - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o C
$\text{In right triangle }XAD\!: \begin{array}{ccccccc}\text{let}& \alpha &=& \angle ADX \\
\text{let} & \beta &=& \angle AXD &=& 90^o-\alpha \end{array}$
$\text{At }X\!:\;\;\angle AXD + 90^o + \angle BXY \:=\:180^o \quad\Rightarrow\quad \beta + 90^o + \angle BXY \:=\:180^o$
And we have: . $\begin{array}{ccccc}\angle BXY &=& 90^o - \beta &=& \alpha \\
\angle BYX &=& 90^o - \alpha &=& \beta \end{array}$
Hence: . $\Delta XAD \:\sim\:\Delta YBX$
Therefore: . $\frac{DA}{XB} \;=\;\frac{AX}{BY} \;=\;\frac{XD}{XY}$
3. ## diagram problem
Hi Soroban
Thank you very much for your help. All the best n have a good day.
Cheers, hv
4. ## sophie diagram problem
Can anyone please tell me if they have solved part c of this question which is:
c. Another sophie diagram has AX=15, YC=16 and XB=48. Find the lengths of the sides of triangle DXY
thanks
5. Hello, imcnalty!
Who is "sophie"?
c. Another sophie diagram has: . $AX\,=\,15,\;\;YC\,=\,16,\;\;XB\,=\,48.$
Find the lengths of the sides of $\Delta DXY.$
Code:
15 X 48
A o - - - - o - - - - - - - - - o B
| * * |
| * 90° * | b
| * * |
a | * * β |
| * o Y
| * |
|α * | 16
| * |
|* |
D o - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o C
63
Draw $DY.\quad DC = 63.$
Let: . $a \,=\,AD,\;\;b\,=\,BY.$
Note that: . $a \:=\:b+165$ .[1]
In right triangle $XAD\!:\;\;DX^2 \:=\:a^2+15^2$ .[2]
In right triangle $XBY\!:\;\;XY^2 \:=\:b^2 + 48^2$ .[3]
In right triangle $YCD\!:\;\;DY^2 \:=\:16^2 + 63^2 \:=\:4225$ .[4]
In right triangle $DXY\!:\;\;DX^2 + XY^2 \:=\:DY^2$
Substitute [2], [3], [4]: . $(a^2+15^2) + (b^2 + 48^2) \:=\:4225 \quad\Rightarrow\quad a^2+b^2 \:=\:1696$
Substitute [1]: . $(b+16)^2 + b^2 \:=\:1696 \quad\Rightarrow\quad 2b^2 + 32b - 1440 \:=\:0$
. . . . . . . . . . . $2(b-20)(b+36) \:=\:0 \quad\Rightarrow\quad b \:=\:20 \quad\Rightarrow\quad a \:=\:36$
Therefore: . $\begin{Bmatrix}DX &=&\sqrt{36^2+15^2} &=& 39 \\
XY &=& \sqrt{20^2+48^2} &=& 52 \\
DY &=& \sqrt{4225} &=& 65 \end{Bmatrix}$
6. ## sophie diagram
hi can you help me with this one to??
DX= 429
DY= 845!! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 26, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.620508074760437, "perplexity": 1715.861317916706}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644065241.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025425-00223-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://thermtest.com/papers_author/yoshinori-sanada | # Thermal Conductivity Paper Database
Search academic papers below:
## Recommended Papers for: Yoshinori Sanada
Total Papers Found: 1
#### Thermal properties and thermal structure in the deep-water coalbed basin off the Shimokita Peninsula, Japan
In deep sedimentary basins, geothermal processes are significantly affected by heat transport properties. In this study, thermal properties of deep sediment core samples were measured using a thermal constant analyzer with transient plane source method. Results showed that thermal conductivity of the sediment near the ...
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Mar 24 at 10 a.m. EST | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8558948040008545, "perplexity": 12957.983599969997}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943704.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321162614-20230321192614-00623.warc.gz"} |
https://git.logicalhacking.com/afp-mirror/UPF_Firewall/src/branch/master/CITATION | Local mirror of The Unified Policy Framework (UPF) entry of the Archive of Formal Proofs (AFP). https://www.isa-afp.org/entries/UPF_Firewall.shtml
You can not select more than 25 topics Topics must start with a letter or number, can include dashes ('-') and can be up to 35 characters long.
#### 86 lines 4.6 KiB Raw Permalink Blame History
To cite the use of this formal theory, please use Achim D. Brucker, Lukas Brügger, and Burkhart Wolff. Formal Network Models and Their Application to Firewall Policies. In Archive of Formal Proofs, 2017. http://www.isa-afp.org/entries/UPF_Firewall.shtml, Formal proof development. A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is @Article{ brucker.ea:upf-firewall:2017, abstract = {We present a formal model of network protocols and their application to modeling firewall policies. The formalization is based on the \emph{Unified Policy Framework} (UPF). The formalization was originally developed with for generating test cases for testing the security configuration actual firewall and router (middle-boxes) using HOL-TestGen. Our work focuses on modeling application level protocols on top of tcp/ip.}, author = {Achim D. Brucker and Lukas Br{\"u}gger and Burkhart Wolff}, date = {2017-01-08}, file = {https://www.brucker.ch/bibliography/download/2017/brucker.ea-upf-firewall-outline-2017.pdf}, filelabel = {Outline}, issn = {2150-914x}, journal = {Archive of Formal Proofs}, month = {jan}, note = {\url{http://www.isa-afp.org/entries/UPF_Firewall.shtml}, Formal proof development}, pdf = {https://www.brucker.ch/bibliography/download/2017/brucker.ea-upf-firewall-2017.pdf}, title = {Formal Network Models and Their Application to Firewall Policies}, url = {https://www.brucker.ch/bibliography/abstract/brucker.ea-upf-firewall-2017}, year = {2017}, } An overview of the formalization is given in: Achim D. Brucker, Lukas Brügger, and Burkhart Wolff. Formal Firewall Conformance Testing: An Application of Test and Proof Techniques. In Software Testing, Verification & Reliability (STVR), 25 (1), pages 34-71, 2015. https://www.brucker.ch/bibliography/abstract/brucker.ea-formal-fw-testing-2014 A BibTeX entry for LaTeX users is @Article{ brucker.ea:formal-fw-testing:2014, abstract = {Firewalls are an important means to secure critical ICT infrastructures. As configurable off-the-shelf prod\-ucts, the effectiveness of a firewall crucially depends on both the correctness of the implementation itself as well as the correct configuration. While testing the implementation can be done once by the manufacturer, the configuration needs to be tested for each application individually. This is particularly challenging as the configuration, implementing a firewall policy, is inherently complex, hard to understand, administrated by different stakeholders and thus difficult to validate. This paper presents a formal model of both stateless and stateful firewalls (packet filters), including NAT, to which a specification-based conformance test case gen\-eration approach is applied. Furthermore, a verified optimisation technique for this approach is presented: starting from a formal model for stateless firewalls, a collection of semantics-preserving policy transformation rules and an algorithm that optimizes the specification with respect of the number of test cases required for path coverage of the model are derived. We extend an existing approach that integrates verification and testing, that is, tests and proofs to support conformance testing of network policies. The presented approach is supported by a test framework that allows to test actual firewalls using the test cases generated on the basis of the formal model. Finally, a report on several larger case studies is presented.}, author = {Achim D. Brucker and Lukas Br{\"u}gger and Burkhart Wolff}, doi = {10.1002/stvr.1544}, journal = {Software Testing, Verification & Reliability (STVR)}, keywords= {model-based testing; conformance testing; security testing; firewall; specification-based testing; testing cloud infrastructure, transformation for testability; HOL-TestGen; test and proof; security configuration testing}, language= {USenglish}, number = {1}, pages = {34--71}, pdf = {https://www.brucker.ch/bibliography/download/2014/brucker.ea-formal-fw-testing-2014.pdf}, publisher= {John Wiley & Sons}, title = {Formal Firewall Conformance Testing: An Application of Test and Proof Techniques}, url = {https://www.brucker.ch/bibliography/abstract/brucker.ea-formal-fw-testing-2014}, volume = {25}, year = {2015}, } | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6427805423736572, "perplexity": 5213.354484995824}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964362891.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211203151849-20211203181849-00023.warc.gz"} |
http://www.gabormelli.com/RKB/Neural_Network_Architecture | # Neural Network Topology
(Redirected from Neural Network Architecture)
## References
### 2018
We classify the neural networks from their number of hidden layers and how they connect, for instance the network above have 2 hidden layers. Also if the neural network has/or not loops we can classify them as Recurrent or Feed-forward neural networks.
Neural networks from more than 2 hidden layers can be considered a deep neural network. The advantage of using more deep neural networks is that more complex patterns can be recognised.
### 2017
Left: A 2-layer Neural Network (one hidden layer of 4 neurons (or units) and one output layer with 2 neurons), and three inputs. Right:A 3-layer neural network with three inputs, two hidden layers of 4 neurons each and one output layer. Notice that in both cases there are connections (synapses) between neurons across layers, but not within a layer.
Naming conventions. Notice that when we say N-layer neural network, we do not count the input layer. Therefore, a single-layer neural network describes a network with no hidden layers (input directly mapped to output). In that sense, you can sometimes hear people say that logistic regression or SVMs are simply a special case of single-layer Neural Networks. You may also hear these networks interchangeably referred to as “Artificial Neural Networks” (ANN) or “Multi-Layer Perceptrons” (MLP). Many people do not like the analogies between Neural Networks and real brains and prefer to refer to neurons as units.
Output layer. Unlike all layers in a Neural Network, the output layer neurons most commonly do not have an activation function (or you can think of them as having a linear identity activation function). This is because the last output layer is usually taken to represent the class scores (e.g. in classification), which are arbitrary real-valued numbers, or some kind of real-valued target (e.g. in regression).
Sizing neural networks. The two metrics that people commonly use to measure the size of neural networks are the number of neurons, or more commonly the number of parameters. Working with the two example networks in the above picture:
::* The first network (left) has $4 + 2 = 6$ neurons (not counting the inputs), $[3 \times 4] + [4 \times 2] = 20$ weights and 4 + 2 = 6 biases, for a total of 26 learnable parameters.
### 2005
Feedforward neural networks, which typical example is one-layer perceptron (see figure of Single-layer perceptron), consist of neurons set in layers. The information flow has one direction. Neurons from a layer are connected only with the neurons from the preceding layer. The multi-layer networks usually consist of input, hidden (one or more), and output layers. Such system may be treated as non-linear function approximation block: $y = f(u)$.
Recurrent neural networks. Such networks have feedback loops (at least one) output signals of a layer are connected to its inputs. It causes dynamic effects during network work. Input signals of layer consist of input and output states (from the previous step) of that layer. The structure of recurrent network depicts the below figure.
Cellular networks. In this type of neural networks neurons are arranged in a lattice. The connections (usually non-linear) may appear between the closest neurons. The typical example of such networks is Kohonen Self-Organising-Map.
.
. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7521187663078308, "perplexity": 761.9638206385066}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00240.warc.gz"} |
https://bitbucket.org/pypy/pypy/annotate/f4c25db559d1c383a079feb4a4f6cdd022eec3cd/pypy/doc/you-want-to-help.rst?at=default | # pypy / pypy / doc / you-want-to-help.rst
Full commit
Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo ed7d654 2012-03-23 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo ed7d654 2012-03-23 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo ed7d654 2012-03-23 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo ed7d654 2012-03-23 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo ed7d654 2012-03-23 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo 10f0897 2012-03-25 Armin Rigo 8ae92db 2012-03-25 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo 10f0897 2012-03-25 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo 10f0897 2012-03-25 Armin Rigo 0b2663c 2012-03-24 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 Armin Rigo 0b2663c 2012-03-24 Maciej Fijalkows… 97c883f 2012-03-23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 You want to help with PyPy, now what? ===================================== PyPy is a very large project that has a reputation of being hard to dive into. Some of this fame is warranted, some of it is purely accidental. There are three important lessons that everyone willing to contribute should learn: * PyPy has layers. There are many pieces of architecture that are very well separated from each other. More about this below, but often the manifestation of this is that things are at a different layer than you would expect them to be. For example if you are looking for the JIT implementation, you will not find it in the implementation of the Python programming language. * Because of the above, we are very serious about Test Driven Development. It's not only what we believe in, but also that PyPy's architecture is working very well with TDD in mind and not so well without it. Often the development means progressing in an unrelated corner, one unittest at a time; and then flipping a giant switch, bringing it all together. (It generally works out of the box. If it doesn't, then we didn't write enough unit tests.) It's worth repeating - PyPy approach is great if you do TDD, not so great otherwise. * PyPy uses an entirely different set of tools - most of them included in the PyPy repository. There is no Makefile, nor autoconf. More below Architecture ============ PyPy has layers. The 100 miles view: * RPython_ is the language in which we write interpreters. Not the entire PyPy project is written in RPython, only the parts that are compiled in the translation process. The interesting point is that RPython has no parser, it's compiled from the live python objects, which make it possible to do all kinds of metaprogramming during import time. In short, Python is a meta programming language for RPython. The RPython standard library is to be found in the rlib subdirectory. .. _RPython: coding-guide.html#RPython * The translation toolchain - this is the part that takes care about translating RPython to flow graphs and then to C. There is more in the architecture_ document written about it. It mostly lives in rpython, annotator and objspace/flow. .. _architecture: architecture.html * Python Interpreter xxx * Python modules xxx * Just-in-Time Compiler (JIT): we have a tracing JIT_ that traces the interpreter written in RPython, rather than the user program that it interprets. As a result it applies to any interpreter, i.e. any language. But getting it to work correctly is not trivial: it requires a small number of precise "hints" and possibly some small refactorings of the interpreter. The JIT itself also has several almost-independent parts: the tracer itself in jit/metainterp, the optimizer in jit/metainterp/optimizer that optimizes a list of residual operations, and the backend in jit/backend/ that turns it into machine code. Writing a new backend is a traditional way to get into the project. .. _we have a tracing JIT: jit/index.html * Garbage Collectors (GC): as you can notice if you are used to CPython's C code, there are no Py_INCREF/Py_DECREF equivalents in RPython code. Garbage collection in PyPy_ is inserted during translation. Moreover, this is not reference counting; it is a real GC written as more RPython code. The best one we have so far is in rpython/memory/gc/minimark.py. .. _Garbage collection in PyPy: garbage_collection.html Toolset ======= xxx
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https://community.notepad-plus-plus.org/topic/11802/organizing-data | # Organizing data
• Hello, I have data that is in long rows, but I need to make different columns while keeping the rows in the certain order.
For example, I have this:
ospht421 4.52E-02 -1.20E-02 2.98E-03 3.19E-02 -1.93E-02 -6.87E-02 4.16E-02 1.71E-02 -2087 2.95E-02
And I need it to look like this:
ospht421
4.52E-02 -1.20E-02 2.98E-03
3.19E-02 -1.93E-02 -6.87E-02
4.16E-02 1.71E-02 -2082.95E-02
I have a lot of data and it takes forever to do it by hand. Any advice would be appreciated!
Thanks,
Kim
• Hello Kimberly Plomp,
Once more, this kind of modification of text can be easily achieved with regular expressions !
At first sight, your text seems to contain a list of numbers, in the classical E scientific notation ! Am I right ?
I supposed so. Therefore, I, first, tried to build a regex, in order to match such numbers. Taking in account, all the different syntaxes for these numbers, with an example below :
``````+9.9999998E+03
+1.23e-07
-5.4625e+04
-6.258E-00
5.789E+02
1.008E-06
+9.E+03
+1.E-07
-5.e+04
-6.E-00
5.E+02
1.e-06
+9E+03
+1e-07
-5E+04
-6e-00
5E+02
1E-06
``````
I got this regex : `[+-]?\d+(\.(\d+)?)?[Ee][+-]\d\d`
• The part `[+-]?` matches an optional sign ( remain that the regex quantifier `?` means 0 or 1 time )
• The part `\d+` matches the mantissa part, before the dot ( The regex quantifier `+` means 1 or more time(s) )
• The part `(\.(\d+)?)?` represents the optional fractional part of a number, itself composed of a dot `\.` ( which must be escaped as it’s a meta character in regexes ) and an optional digits `(\d+)?`, after the dot
• The part `[Ee]` matches the E notation letter, whatever the case
• The part `[+-]` matches the mandatory sign
• The part `\d\d` represents the two digits of the exponent
Right. Now, from your text, below :
``````ospht421 4.52E-02 -1.20E-02 2.98E-03 3.19E-02 -1.93E-02 -6.87E-02 4.16E-02 1.71E-02 -2082.95E-02
``````
We notice that any E notation number is preceded by a space. So, as you expect to split on several lines, every 3 numbers, we can build the final search regex `( [+-]?\d+(\.(\d+)?)?[Ee][+-]\d\d){3}`, which will matches 3 numbers
• Enclosed in round brackets, it begins with a space and ends with the `{3}` quantifier
• The replacement part `\r\n\$0` will replace this range of numbers by an Windows End of Line characters `\r\n`, followed by the entire regex matched `\$0`
• Don’t forget, in the Replace dialog, to set the Regular expression search mode !
So , from the test example, below
``````ospht421 4.52E-02 -1.20E-02 2.98E-03 3.19E-02 -1.93E-02 -6.87E-02 4.16E-02 1.71E-02 -2082.95E-02
ospht000 +9.9999998E+03 +1.23e-07 -5.4625e+04 -6.258E-00 5.789E+02 1.008E-06 +9.E+03 +1.E-07 -5.e+04
ospht999 -6.E-00 5.E+02 1.e-06 +9E+03 +1e-07 -5E+04 -6e-00 5E+02 1E-06
``````
After clicking on the Replace All button, we get the new text :
``````ospht421
4.52E-02 -1.20E-02 2.98E-03
3.19E-02 -1.93E-02 -6.87E-02
4.16E-02 1.71E-02 -2082.95E-02
ospht000
+9.9999998E+03 +1.23e-07 -5.4625e+04
-6.258E-00 5.789E+02 1.008E-06
+9.E+03 +1.E-07 -5.e+04
ospht999
-6.E-00 5.E+02 1.e-06
+9E+03 +1e-07 -5E+04
-6e-00 5E+02 1E-06
``````
Possibly, to get rid of the leading space(s), just use the simple search regex `^ +` and leave the replacement zone empty
Et voilà !
Best Regards,
guy038
• Thanks, guy038!
I have never used Notepad++ before, so I am not familiar with how to use it. I have tried your suggestion in the Replace box but it say there are 0 replacements.
Find what: ([±]?\d+(.(\d+)?)?[Ee][±]\d\d){3}
Replace with: \r\n\$0
And the Regular Expression box is ticked.
I am sure it is just a silly mistake on my part, but I can’t seem to get it working.
Thanks!
Kim
• Hi Kim,
From your reply, it happens that one SPACE should be present, in the search regex, between the opening round bracket and the block `[+-]` !
Well, I just realized that your numbers could be separated by more than one space characters ! Moreover, your file may, also, contain some tabulation characters. In that case, prefer the search regex below ( The replacement regex is unchanged ):
`(\h+[+-]?\d+(\.(\d+)?)?[Ee][+-]\d\d){3}`
Notes :
• The `\h` regex syntax matches one horizontal blank character, that is to say :
• The normal space character ( `\x20` )
• The tabulation character ( `\x09` )
• The No-Break space ( abbreviated NBSP ) ( `\xA0` )
• As usual, the `+` quantifier means one or more times the previous character
So given the test example below, where I put, between numbers, several spaces, in the first line, several tabulations in the second line and a mix of these two, in the third line :
`````` ospht421 4.52E-02 -1.20E-02 2.98E-03 3.19E-02 -1.93E-02 -6.87E-02 4.16E-02 1.71E-02 -2082.95E-02
ospht000 +9.9999998E+03 +1.23e-07 -5.4625e+04 -6.258E-00 5.789E+02 1.008E-06 +9.E+03 +1.E-07 -5.e+04
ospht999 -6.E-00 5.E+02 1.e-06 +9E+03 +1e-07 -5E+04 -6e-00 5E+02 1E-06
``````
After clicking on the Replace All button, we get the following text :
`````` ospht421
4.52E-02 -1.20E-02 2.98E-03
3.19E-02 -1.93E-02 -6.87E-02
4.16E-02 1.71E-02 -2082.95E-02
ospht000
+9.9999998E+03 +1.23e-07 -5.4625e+04
-6.258E-00 5.789E+02 1.008E-06
+9.E+03 +1.E-07 -5.e+04
ospht999
-6.E-00 5.E+02 1.e-06
+9E+03 +1e-07 -5E+04
-6e-00 5E+02 1E-06
``````
Now, we have to get rid of all the possible blanks characters, at the beginning of the lines and just keep one space character between the different numbers. The following S/R will achieve it, nicely :
Find what : `^\h+|(\h+)`
Replace with : `(?1 )` , with a space after the digit 1
Notes :
• Due to the alternative regex symbol `|`, this search regex looks :
• for any non null range of blank characters, that begins the line ( the `^` symbol represents the zero length assertion beginning of line )
• for any subsequent range of these blank characters, between the numbers
• The second part `(\h+)`, ( the subsequent blanks ), is enclosed in round brackets, and represents the group 1
• In replacement, we use the conditional form `(?n....)` :
• which replace the searched regex with the string located after digit `n` , till the ending round bracket, if the group `n` exists
• which does NO replacement if the group `n` does NOT exist
So :
• When the first part, of the search regex, matches possible blank characters, at beginning of a line, group 1, does not exist. Therefore, there’s NO replacement
• When the second part, of the search regex, matches blank characters, before the numbers, group 1 exists. Then they are replaced with the single space, located between the digit 1 and the ending round bracket, of the replacement regex
This time, after performing this second S/R, we obtain the final text below :
``````ospht421
4.52E-02 -1.20E-02 2.98E-03
3.19E-02 -1.93E-02 -6.87E-02
4.16E-02 1.71E-02 -2082.95E-02
ospht000
+9.9999998E+03 +1.23e-07 -5.4625e+04
-6.258E-00 5.789E+02 1.008E-06
+9.E+03 +1.E-07 -5.e+04
ospht999
-6.E-00 5.E+02 1.e-06
+9E+03 +1e-07 -5E+04
-6e-00 5E+02 1E-06
``````
Cheers,
guy038 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9017658233642578, "perplexity": 5864.080461395796}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703527850.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20210121194330-20210121224330-00597.warc.gz"} |
http://link.springer.com/article/10.2478%2Fs13540-012-0024-1 | , Volume 15, Issue 2, pp 332-343
Date: 18 Mar 2012
Covariant fractional extension of the modified Laplace-operator used in 3D-shape recovery
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Abstract
Extending the Liouville-Caputo definition of a fractional derivative to a nonlocal covariant generalization of arbitrary bound operators acting on multidimensional Riemannian spaces an appropriate approach for the 3D shape recovery of aperture afflicted 2D slide sequences is proposed. We demonstrate, that the step from a local to a nonlocal algorithm yields an order of magnitude in accuracy and by using the specific fractional approach an additional factor 2 in accuracy of the derived results. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8496542572975159, "perplexity": 1478.2045372373789}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936465487.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074105-00306-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3177721/determining-whether-a-relation-is-an-equivalence-relation | # Determining whether a relation is an equivalence relation
Define a relation R on the set of functions from R to R as follows:
(f, g) ∈ R if and only if f(x) − g(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R .
Is this relation reflexive? symmetric? transitive? Is it an equivalence relation? Explain.
so far I have that the relations is reflexive because f(x)-f(x) ≥ 0: which is true
but I'm not quite sure if the relation is symmetric or transitive as I am not quite familiar.
• Welcome to MSE. $R$ is not symmetric, because $(f,g)\in R \not\implies (g,f)\in R$, so $R$ is not an equivalence relation – J. W. Tanner Apr 7 at 3:46
• Does the condition $f(x)-g(x)\ge0$ look "symmetric" in the functions $f$ and $g$? – Lord Shark the Unknown Apr 7 at 3:48
• I don't quite understand why it is not symmetric. However, is it true that the relation is reflexive and transitive? – ph-quiett Apr 7 at 3:51
• For example, "$<$" is not symmetric on real numbers because $a<b$ does not imply $b<a$ – J. W. Tanner Apr 7 at 4:00
• @ ph-quiett Consider $x ^ 2 + 1$ and $x ^ 2$ to disprove the symmetry – Minz Apr 7 at 4:02
Reflexive $$f(x)-f(x)\geq 0 \forall x\in \mathbb{R}$$ Yes it is reflexive.
Transitive $$f(x)-g(x)\geq 0 \forall x\in \mathbb{R}$$ $$g(x)-h(x)\geq 0 \forall x\in \mathbb{R}$$ Add above equations, $$\Longrightarrow f(x)-h(x)\geq 0 \forall x\in \mathbb{R}$$ Yes it is transitive.
$$f(x)-g(x)\geq 0 \forall x\in \mathbb{R}$$ $$g(x)-f(x)\leq 0 \forall x\in \mathbb{R}$$ Hence, $$(f,g)\in R$$ & $$(g,f)\in R$$ iff $$g=f$$ Hence, this relation is not symmetric. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 9, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9788236618041992, "perplexity": 423.9822293018301}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316783.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20190822042502-20190822064502-00250.warc.gz"} |
http://www.seamusbradley.net/blog/blog/2012/07/24/thesis-statistics-take-1/ | # Thesis Statistics: Take 1
“Hey, I wonder how hard it would be to generate a stacked graph of the word count of my thesis over time.” And bang goes an evening.
How are we to find a good word count of a .tex file? There’s a whole post in this question itself. For now, let’s just say that we are going to be using the texcount script. Here is how we are going to be word-counting our files:
The -q flag suppresses errors which would otherwise mess up our output, the -template="{SUM}" flag tells texcount that we only want the sum of words in text, headings, footnotes and so on. The -nosub flag tells texcount not to bother doing subcounts (how many words in each section). It doesn’t seem to have any effect on performance, but better safe than sorry.
How do we find out what the word count was at some point in the past? What, you mean you don’t have version control for your thesis? I use git to keep track of changes to my thesis. I can find out what a previous version of a file looked by doing:
Obviously, replace $COMMIT and $FILE with the name of the commit and the file you are interested in. So if I pipe this into texcount, I can find out what the word count was at various past times.
Next, we want to loop over a bunch of different commits, and get the word count for each previous version of the file. Here’s how to do that for git:
We use git rev-list to get us the last ten commits from the master branch and then pipe the output of git show into texcount for each $COMMIT. This we output to the terminal with printf. We also send stderr to /dev/null to avoid errors cluttering up out output. There will be errors if you try to show a file from a commit before the file was created. This isn’t a problem since then texcount will output 0 as expected, so it’s best just to ignore the errors. Once we get this working, we can get information on all the commits by removing the -n 10 flag. As well as each word count, we want the time the commit was made. We can get that with the following: Note our previous printf (in the git show line) ends with a comma and then a space. This means that our output will be wordcount, date. We’ll want the next record to be on the next line, hence the \n explicit newline at the end of this command. We want to word count for several files, so let’s work out how to loop over them. I don’t know much about how bash scripting works, so I’m pretty much stumbling around experimenting until something seems to work. The following seems to work. I define a list of files. I don’t know what sort of list structures bash understands, so I basically worked out by trial and error that putting each file on a line works. There’s probably a nicer way, but whatever. I have three files in this example. Note also the commented out line that pipes the show to wc -w instead of texcount. For testing purposes, this is useful, since it’s way quicker. Note also the commented out stuff at the top which would put a header row on your CSV table. Now obviously you’ll want to put this in a file with an appropriate header, e.g. #! /bin/bash or similar and then run it, and send the output to a file. I’ll assume the file is called dates.csv. Here’s a little output from one version of my dates.csv file. Wouldn’t it make more sense to put the date column first rather than last? Maybe, but I didn’t. This way you don’t have to worry about trailing commas after the last column, which is an advantage, I guess? Anyway. Now we want to use gnuplot to create some funky graphs. Rather than explain how to build the graph, I’ll point you to this post which shows how to draw stacked charts of the kind we want. That post recommends pre-processing the data to get it to work, but it’s much easier to use gnuplot’s built in capacities. I won’t explain much about this gnuplot configuration, but note that you can use $1+\$2 to get a graph of the sum of columns 1 and 2: this is easier than the pre-processing that the above linked post suggests. At least, that’s my opinion. Save something like the above as gwc.gp or whatever, and then call gnuplot feeding in this file as input and telling it where to put the output. Like so:
And that’s about all you need to know to create a stacked chart of change in word count over time.
Sadly, I didn’t start my git repo when I started writing, but only some time later. So I don’t have the gratifying experience of seeing the whole growth of the thing. But here’s the final product:
A word of warning: the bash script is quite slow. It takes about 30 seconds to do 3 files on 10 commits. Or 30 seconds to count 30k ish words 10 times. Now my actual thesis is approaching 70k words and there are at least 70 commits. It takes over six minutes to run. So if you are going to try this, use the wc -w line instead and make sure to limit the number of commits that rev-list spits out until you’re sure it’s working as hoped.
How’s that for structured procrastination! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18314091861248016, "perplexity": 855.831887036449}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400379466.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123259-00041-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/107382/package-animate-is-great-but-could-it-have-a-better-animation-compression | # Package animate is great but could it have a better animation compression?
I just tried the animate package to get pdf files with animations and it works great!
However, I noticed that the size of the files generated is 10 times larger that what it could be for the animations that I am dealing with, and for most cases it is even worse.
I believe that the reason is not using the difference between consecutive frames instead of the full frame for every frame. This is for example what gifsicle uses http://www.lcdf.org/gifsicle/ (source available) "Stores only the changed portion of each frame, and can radically shrink your GIFs."
Any chance this could be optimized in the animate package?
-
Welcome to TeX.sx! Usually, we don't put a greeting or a "thank you" in our posts. While this might seem strange at first, it is not a sign of lack of politeness, but rather part of our trying to keep everything very concise. Accepting and upvoting answers is the preferred way here to say "thank you" to users who helped you. – Kurt Apr 7 '13 at 13:28
I think you should take a look at my answer in: tex.stackexchange.com/questions/73067/… it addresses your exact proposition. By the way, it would be very difficult for the package to automatically determine equivalent code segments as. So I think this will be very hard to achieve. The only think I can think of is generation all pdf's without compression, then remove all duplicate objects, and then compress... But... So the answer would be, yes it can be optimized in animate, but only manually. – zeroth Apr 7 '13 at 13:49
I think PDF is not a good format for these type of improvements. It's just a document not a container after all. – percusse Apr 7 '13 at 14:27
@zeroth I guess the OP wants to animate bitmap sequences and optimize the PDF file size by using differential bitmaps, as gifsicle does. We can use gifsicle for producing a size-optimzed bitmap sequence to be used here. And the timeline feature is needed, as in your answer; thanks for the link! – AlexG Apr 8 '13 at 10:53
@AlexG yes, that is probably the essence. And of course generating the bitmaps via gifsicle seems like the way to go! :) Great. – zeroth Apr 8 '13 at 11:03
You can optimize the PDF animation for size using differential bitmaps and the timeline feature of the animate package.
Note however, that with every new animation frame to be shown the number of differential frames that needs to be re-displayed increases by one. This may slow down a running animation as time advances. Adobe Reader was not primarily optimized for graphical rendering speed. For long bitmap sequences, it may therefore be better to produce a video file (MP4/H.264) and embed this one with the media9 package.
If you still want to animate differential bitmap sequences, proceed as follows:
(1) Create a size optimized version of the original animated gif using gifsicle:
gifsicle -O3 animated.gif > optimized.gif
For testing purposes you could try this animated gif from the asymptote web site: http://asymptote.sourceforge.net/gallery/animations/wheel.gif
(2) Produce a PNG sequence (difference-0.png, difference-1.png, ...) of image differences, using the the ungif.sh script listed below. The script writes the timeline to be used with \animategraphics to standard output which is redirected into the text file timeline.txt:
ungif.sh optimized.gif difference.png > timeline.txt
(3) The PDF with the animated sequence can be produced from the following LaTeX source file (The max. frame number and perhaps the frame rate will need to be adjusted):
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{animate}
\begin{document}
\noindent\animategraphics[
controls,
width=0.5\linewidth,
timeline=timeline.txt
]{10}{difference-}{0}{99} %adjust the maximum frame number
\end{document}
(4) Before viewing the animation in Adobe Reader, make sure that 'Smooth images' in the Reader settings (Edit->Preferences->Page Display) is un-checked. Otherwise you get ugly artifacts.
Contents of Bash script ungif.sh (requires ImageMagick):
#!/bin/bash
wxh=$(identify -format '%Wx%H'$1[0])
fs=$(identify -format %n$1)
for (( i=0; i<$fs; i++ )) do convert -page$wxh ${1}[$i] -matte -background none -layers coalesce -quality 90 ${2/./-$i.}
echo "::\${i}x0"
done
-
Thank You so much for your clear explanation / description on how to proceed. I create a PDF file 50% smaller but as you pointed out it is too slow and gets slower as the frame count increases. I would like to explore how to generate a video file (MP4/H.264) and embed it with the media9 package (as you suggested above). I hope there is a compression method that keeps the lines sharp without blurring/aliasing/etc for animations such as geogebra.org/forum/… any advice will be appreciated. Thanks again for your help !!! – Carl Baum Apr 9 '13 at 19:22
@CarlBaum: Firstly, I'd try to export the frames as vectorial graphics files in either EPS or PDF formats (depending on whether latex or pdflatex is used) from within GeoGebra, and animate those with \animategraphics. With vectorial graphics files, text and lines are kept sharp at any magnification and frame rates of 12 FPS should be possible. – AlexG Apr 10 '13 at 7:10
@CarlBaum: If you want to create and embed a video (AdobeReader on Win or OSX required for viewing), proceed as follows: (1) gifsicle --unoptimize orig.gif > unopt.gif (2) convert unopt.gif frame.png (3) video at 12 FPS: ffmpeg -i frame-%d.png -vf scale="trunc(iw/2)*2:trunc(ih/2)*2" -vcodec libx264 -x264opts keyint=12 -r12 myvideo.mp4 (4) Go to tex.stackexchange.com/a/47116 for how to embed myvideo.mp4 using the media9 package. – AlexG Apr 10 '13 at 8:38
Alex, Thanks You so much for the instructions. I was able to generate the mp4 and then a pdf without any problems. In my case the size reduction was 1/4 compared with the animate approach, but also the resolution is lower (perhaps half?) which would lead to a 1/4 size ratio. It was good because I learned to include .mp4/etc, but for animated GIF files I will stick with the animate package for resolution, better resizing quality, and also has the controls. After non using latex for many years, I find that these tools have become very sophisticated !!!! Thank You !!! – Carl Baum Apr 11 '13 at 16:43
@CarlBaum: As for size, you can arbitrarily scale your video (\includemedia of media9) or animation (\animategraphics) via width and height options of these commands. Video resolution depends on the tool you are using. With ffmpeg, using the command line in my previous comment, the resolution is the same as of the input PNG sequence. In case you want to stick with the animate approach, consider animating vector graphics rather than bitmaps. You will probably get smaller files, better quality and higher frame rates. Look for PDF or EPS export in GeoGebra. – AlexG Apr 11 '13 at 19:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7542381882667542, "perplexity": 2417.0446542273517}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246648209.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045728-00000-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://www.mathworks.com/help/stats/friedman.html?nocookie=true | Accelerating the pace of engineering and science
# friedman
Friedman's test
## Syntax
• p = friedman(x,reps)
• p = friedman(x,reps,displayopt)
• [p,table] = friedman(___)
• [p,table,stats] = friedman(___)
## Description
p = friedman(x,reps) returns the p-value for the nonparametric Friedman's test to compare column effects in a two-way layout. friedman tests the null hypothesis that the column effects are all the same against the alternative that they are not all the same.
p = friedman(x,reps,displayopt) enables the ANOVA table display when displayopt is 'on' (default) and suppresses the display when displayopt is 'off'.
[p,table] = friedman(___) returns the ANOVA table (including column and row labels) in cell array table.
[p,table,stats] = friedman(___) also returns a structure stats that you can use to perform a follow-up multiple comparison test.
## Examples
expand all
### Test For Column Effects Using Friedman's Test
This example shows how to test for column effects in a two-way layout using Friedman's test.
```load popcorn
popcorn
```
```popcorn =
5.5000 4.5000 3.5000
5.5000 4.5000 4.0000
6.0000 4.0000 3.0000
6.5000 5.0000 4.0000
7.0000 5.5000 5.0000
7.0000 5.0000 4.5000
```
This data comes from a study of popcorn brands and popper type (Hogg 1987). The columns of the matrix popcorn are brands (Gourmet, National, and Generic). The rows are popper type (Oil and Air). The study popped a batch of each brand three times with each popper. The values are the yield in cups of popped popcorn.
Use Friedman's test to determine whether the popcorn brand affects the yield of popcorn.
```p = friedman(popcorn,3)
```
```p =
0.0010
```
The small value of p = 0.001 indicates the popcorn brand affects the yield of popcorn.
## Input Arguments
expand all
### x — Sample datamatrix
Sample data for the hypothesis test, specified as a matrix. The columns of x represent changes in a factor A. The rows represent changes in a blocking factor B. If there is more than one observation for each combination of factors, input reps indicates the number of replicates in each "cell," which must be constant.
Data Types: single | double
### reps — Number of replicates per cell1 (default) | positive integer value
Number of replicates per cell, specified as a positive integer value.
Data Types: single | double
### displayopt — ANOVA table display option'off' (default) | 'on'
ANOVA table display option, specified as 'off' or 'on'.
If displayopt is 'on', then friedman displays a figure showing an ANOVA table, which divides the variability of the ranks into two or three parts:
• The variability due to the differences among the column effects
• The variability due to the interaction between rows and columns (if reps is greater than its default value of 1)
• The remaining variability not explained by any systematic source
The ANOVA table has six columns:
• The first shows the source of the variability.
• The second shows the Sum of Squares (SS) due to each source.
• The third shows the degrees of freedom (df) associated with each source.
• The fourth shows the Mean Squares (MS), which is the ratio SS/df.
• The fifth shows Friedman's chi-square statistic.
• The sixth shows the p value for the chi-square statistic.
You can copy a text version of the ANOVA table to the clipboard by selecting Copy Text from the Edit menu.
## Output Arguments
expand all
### p — p-valuescalar value in the range [0,1]
p-value of the test, returned as a scalar value in the range [0,1]. p is the probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as, or more extreme than, the observed value under the null hypothesis. Small values of p cast doubt on the validity of the null hypothesis.
### table — ANOVA tablecell array
ANOVA table, including column and row labels, returned as a cell array. The ANOVA table has six columns:
• The first shows the source of the variability.
• The second shows the Sum of Squares (SS) due to each source.
• The third shows the degrees of freedom (df) associated with each source.
• The fourth shows the Mean Squares (MS), which is the ratio SS/df.
• The fifth shows Friedman's chi-square statistic.
• The sixth shows the p value for the chi-square statistic.
You can copy a text version of the ANOVA table to the clipboard by selecting Copy Text from the Edit menu.
### stats — Test datastructure
Test data, returned as a structure. friedman evaluates the hypothesis that the column effects are all the same against the alternative that they are not all the same. However, sometimes it is preferable to perform a test to determine which pairs of column effects are significantly different, and which are not. You can use the multcompare function to perform such tests by supplying stats as the input value.
expand all
### Friedman's Test
Friedman's test is similar to classical balanced two-way ANOVA, but it tests only for column effects after adjusting for possible row effects. It does not test for row effects or interaction effects. Friedman's test is appropriate when columns represent treatments that are under study, and rows represent nuisance effects (blocks) that need to be taken into account but are not of any interest.
The different columns of X represent changes in a factor A. The different rows represent changes in a blocking factor B. If there is more than one observation for each combination of factors, input reps indicates the number of replicates in each "cell," which must be constant.
The matrix below illustrates the format for a set-up where column factor A has three levels, row factor B has two levels, and there are two replicates (reps=2). The subscripts indicate row, column, and replicate, respectively.
$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}{x}_{111}& {x}_{121}& {x}_{131}\\ {x}_{112}& {x}_{122}& {x}_{132}\\ {x}_{211}& {x}_{221}& {x}_{231}\\ {x}_{212}& {x}_{222}& {x}_{232}\end{array}\right]$
Friedman's test assumes a model of the form
${x}_{ijk}=\mu +{\alpha }_{i}+{\beta }_{j}+{\epsilon }_{ijk}$
where μ is an overall location parameter, ${\alpha }_{i}$ represents the column effect,${\beta }_{j}$ represents the row effect, and ${\epsilon }_{ijk}$ represents the error. This test ranks the data within each level of B, and tests for a difference across levels of A. The p that friedman returns is the p value for the null hypothesis that ${\alpha }_{i}=0$. If the p value is near zero, this casts doubt on the null hypothesis. A sufficiently small p value suggests that at least one column-sample median is significantly different than the others; i.e., there is a main effect due to factor A. The choice of a critical p value to determine whether a result is "statistically significant" is left to the researcher. It is common to declare a result significant if the p value is less than 0.05 or 0.01.
Friedman's test makes the following assumptions about the data in X:
• All data come from populations having the same continuous distribution, apart from possibly different locations due to column and row effects.
• All observations are mutually independent.
The classical two-way ANOVA replaces the first assumption with the stronger assumption that data come from normal distributions.
## References
[1] Hogg, R. V., and J. Ledolter. Engineering Statistics. New York: MacMillan, 1987.
[2] Hollander, M., and D. A. Wolfe. Nonparametric Statistical Methods. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 6, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7327508926391602, "perplexity": 1665.4819141031057}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802770616.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075250-00062-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://dsp.stackexchange.com/questions/74957/help-with-literature-pointers-for-improving-estimation-of-underlying-mean-for-si | # Help with literature pointers for improving estimation of underlying mean for signal with periodic noise
I am in the starting phase of a master thesis and are having some trouble finding a good starting point in the literature for my thesis. The aim of my thesis is to provide as good of an estimate as possible to an underlying constant signal, given measured data with periodic noise. My degree is in informatics, with a specialization in machine learning, so I don’t have a strong background in signal processing.
The naïve approach is to just take the average of the measured data, it’s clear that the main issue with this approach, is the effect of incomplete wavelengths. Of course if one could measure long series the periodic noise would average out, the goal of my thesis is rather to see how short it is possible to measure and still accurately estimate the underlying mean value. A more sophisticated approach is to apply a filter before averaging the signal, but most filters are designed for this purpose so it is not clear which filters would be best suited. Many filters does not alter the average at all, but what we need is to flatten out the waves such that the incomplete waves at the ends does not affect the signal. One approach is tapering the edges of the signal, but we haven’t found any literature on that approach.
we will look into how to model the periodic noise as sine waves and then subtracting the periodic noise from the measured data. This approach works very well if you know the frequencies of the periodic noise but seems harder to do if little is known about the periodic noise.
I have looked a bit into using the autocovariance to sample the signal such that each wave top is accompanied by a wave bottom. I had a bit of an unfounded hunch about Fourier analysis, but it seems our signal might not be of sufficient quality for this. In any case, I just need to find some literature tackling this problem, so I have some background on the solutions others have made before.
I would think this is a problem occurring with many different measurements, and that it would have been tackled by someone previously, but I seem to have a bit of trouble navigating the literature.
You're looking at a cyclostationary random process. That's a concept you'll really need to understand! This will require a relatively solid basis on Fourier analysis, quite likely, but you might probably just take excourses into math basics literature while you read up on analyzing random processes and then specifically cyclostationary processes (really: do it in that order!).
So, Steven M. Kay: Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing: Estimation Theory is definitely a book you'd want to read, at least the first half, if this is the topic of your master thesis. That'd be the foundation of your "state of the art" chapter in your thesis, and it's really a good standard book that explains things in a very canonical way. Chances is your university library has it, or you can find it online for cheap (ask the library, and if that doesn't work, ask your professor to buy that book, by the way, if the university library doesn't have it. It's really, as far as I can tell, the standard book on the topic.)
with a specialization in machine learning
That means that you probably have a very solid foundation in stochastics, and my experience is that often, the relatively difficult jump from single (or families of) scalar random variables to stochastic processes has already been done, but often under some other name.
The naïve approach is to just take the average of the measured data, it’s clear that the main issue with this approach, is the effect of incomplete wavelengths.
Damn straight!
Of course if one could measure long series the periodic noise would average out, the goal of my thesis is rather to see how short it is possible to measure and still accurately estimate the underlying mean value
Good news: Well, I must admit this sounds either very unspecific, or very basic! In other words, soon as you refresh your stochastics knowledge and maybe extend it to a theoretical understanding of stochastic processes, you might be making relatively big jumps forward.
For example, assuming your noise $$N(t)$$ is additive, i.e. your observation $$Y(t) = X(t)+N(t)$$, and seeing that integration is a linear operation, you'll be pretty quickly be able to calculate the variance of your observation if your calculate the integral over some window $$w(t)$$, $$\int_a^b Y(t)w(t)\,\mathrm dt=\int_a^b X(t)w(t)\,\mathrm dt+\int_a^b N(t)w(t)\,\mathrm dt$$. Then, you'd throw a bit of the definition of cyclostationarity, and maybe Fourier analysis at the problem :)
One approach is tapering the edges of the signal, but we haven’t found any literature on that approach.
You must be reading the wrong literature! Thomson's Multitaper Method is indeed one of the classics in the analysis of random, periodic signals.
we will look into how to model the periodic noise as sine waves and then subtracting the periodic noise from the measured data.
You can never subtract noise unless you know it, that's the thing about noise, so you'll need to estimate it first, and that's a spectral estimation problem.
• Thank you so much for the response Marcus! I will get my hands on that book, seems like a good starting point. – PerHM May 7 at 7:50 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 4, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7558079957962036, "perplexity": 365.3505896821714}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153531.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728060744-20210728090744-00009.warc.gz"} |
https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/177010 | Smooth function
A bump function is a smooth function with compact support.
In mathematical analysis, a differentiability class is a classification of functions according to the properties of their derivatives. Higher order differentiability classes correspond to the existence of more derivatives. Functions that have derivatives of all orders are called smooth.
Differentiability classes
Consider an open set on the real line and a function f defined on that set with real values. Let k be a non-negative integer. The function f is said to be of class Ck if the derivatives f', f'', ..., f(k) exist and are continuous (the continuity is automatic for all the derivatives except for f(k)). The function f is said to be of class C, or smooth, if it has derivatives of all orders.[1] f is said to be of class Cω, or analytic, if f is smooth and if it equals its Taylor series expansion around any point in its domain.
To put it differently, the class C0 consists of all continuous functions. The class C1 consists of all differentiable functions whose derivative is continuous; such functions are called continuously differentiable. Thus, a C1 function is exactly a function whose derivative exists and is of class C0. In general, the classes Ck can be defined recursively by declaring C0 to be the set of all continuous functions and declaring Ck for any positive integer k to be the set of all differentiable functions whose derivative is in Ck−1. In particular, Ck is contained in Ck−1 for every k, and there are examples to show that this containment is strict. C is the intersection of the sets Ck as k varies over the non-negative integers. Cω is strictly contained in C; for an example of this, see bump function or also below.
Examples
The C0 function f(x)=x for x≥0 and 0 otherwise.
The function f(x)=x2 sin(1/x) for x>0.
A smooth function that is not analytic.
The function
$f(x) = \begin{cases}x & \mbox{if }x \ge 0, \\ 0 &\mbox{if }x < 0\end{cases}$
is continuous, but not differentiable at $\scriptstyle x=0$, so it is of class C0 but not of class C1.
The function
$f(x) = \begin{cases}x^2\sin{(1/x)} & \mbox{if }x \neq 0, \\ 0 &\mbox{if }x = 0\end{cases}$
is differentiable, with derivative
$f'(x) = \begin{cases}-\mathord{\cos(1/x)} + 2x\sin{(1/x)} & \mbox{if }x \neq 0, \\ 0 &\mbox{if }x = 0.\end{cases}$
Because cos(1/x) oscillates as x approaches zero, f ’(x) is not continuous at zero. Therefore, this function is differentiable but not of class C1. Moreover, if one takes f(x) = x3/2 sin(1/x) (x ≠ 0) in this example, it can be used to show that the derivative function of a differentiable function can be unbounded on a compact set and, therefore, that a differentiable function on a compact set may not be locally Lipschitz continuous.
The functions
f(x) = | x | k + 1
where k is even, are continuous and k times differentiable at all x. But at $\scriptstyle x=0$ they are not (k+1) times differentiable, so they are of class C k but not of class C j where j>k.
The exponential function is analytic, so, of class Cω. The trigonometric functions are also analytic wherever they are defined.
The function
$f(x) = \begin{cases}e^{-1/(1-x^2)} & \mbox{ if } |x| < 1, \\ 0 &\mbox{ otherwise }\end{cases}$
is smooth, so of class C, but it is not analytic at $\scriptstyle x=\pm 1$, so it is not of class Cω. The function f is an example of a smooth function with compact support.
Multivariate differentiability classes
Let n and m be some positive integers. If f is a function from an open subset of Rn with values in Rm, then f has component functions f1, ..., fm. Each of these may or may not have partial derivatives. We say that f is of class Ck if all of the partial derivatives $\frac{\partial^l f_i}{\partial x_{i_1}^{l_1}\partial x_{i_2}^{l_2}\cdots\partial x_{i_n}^{l_n}}$ exist and are continuous, where each of $i, i_1, i_2, \ldots, i_k$ is an integer between 1 and n, each of $l, l_1, l_2, \ldots l_n$ is an integer between 0 and k, $l_1+l_2+\cdots +l_n=l$.[1] The classes C and Cω are defined as before.[1]
These criteria of differentiability can be applied to the transition functions of a differential structure. The resulting space is called a Ck manifold.
If one wishes to start with a coordinate-independent definition of the class Ck, one may start by considering maps between Banach spaces. A map from one Banach space to another is differentiable at a point if there is an affine map which approximates it at that point. The derivative of the map assigns to the point x the linear part of the affine approximation to the map at x. Since the space of linear maps from one Banach space to another is again a Banach space, we may continue this procedure to define higher order derivatives. A map f is of class Ck if it has continuous derivatives up to order k, as before.
Note that Rn is a Banach space for any value of n, so the coordinate-free approach is applicable in this instance. It can be shown that the definition in terms of partial derivatives and the coordinate-free approach are equivalent; that is, a function f is of class Ck by one definition iff it is so by the other definition.
The space of Ck functions
Let D be an open subset of the real line. The set of all Ck functions defined on $\scriptstyle D$ and taking real values is a Fréchet space with the countable family of seminorms
$p_{K, m}=\sup_{x\in K}\left|f^{(m)}(x)\right|$
where K varies over an increasing sequence of compact sets whose union is D, and m = 0, 1, …, k.
The set of C functions over $\scriptstyle D$ also forms a Fréchet space. One uses the same seminorms as above, except that $\scriptstyle m$ is allowed to range over all non-negative integer values.
The above spaces occur naturally in applications where functions having derivatives of certain orders are necessary; however, particularly in the study of partial differential equations, it can sometimes be more fruitful to work instead with the Sobolev spaces.
Parametric continuity
Parametric continuity is a concept applied to parametric curves describing the smoothness of the parameter's value with distance along the curve.
Definition
A curve can be said to have Cn continuity if
$\frac{d^n s}{dt^n}$
is continuous of value throughout the curve.
As an example of a practical application of this concept, a curve describing the motion of an object with a parameter of time, must have C1 continuity for the object to have finite acceleration. For smoother motion, such as that of a camera's path while making a film, higher levels of parametric continuity are required.
Order of continuity
Two Bézier curve segments attached that is only C0 continuous.
Two Bézier curve segments attached in such a way that they are C1 continuous.
The various order of parametric continuity can be described as follows:[2]
• C−1: curves include discontinuities
• C0: curves are joined
• C1: first derivatives are equal
• C2: first and second derivatives are equal
• Cn: first through nth derivatives are equal
The term parametric continuity was introduced to distinguish it from geometric continuity (Gn) which removes restrictions on the speed with which the parameter traces out the curve.[3]
Geometric continuity
The concept of geometrical or geometric continuity was primarily applied to the conic sections and related shapes by mathematicians such as Leibniz, Kepler, and Poncelet. The concept was an early attempt at describing, through geometry rather than algebra, the concept of continuity as expressed through a parametric function.
The basic idea behind geometric continuity was that the five conic sections were really five different versions of the same shape. An ellipse tends to a circle as the eccentricity approaches zero, or to a parabola as it approaches one; and a hyperbola tends to a parabola as the eccentricity drops toward one; it can also tend to intersecting lines. Thus, there was continuity between the conic sections. These ideas led to other concepts of continuity. For instance, if a circle and a straight line were two expressions of the same shape, perhaps a line could be thought of as a circle of infinite radius. For such to be the case, one would have to make the line closed by allowing the point x = ∞ to be a point on the circle, and for x = +∞ and x = −∞ to be identical. Such ideas were useful in crafting the modern, algebraically defined, idea of the continuity of a function and of .
Smoothness of curves and surfaces
A curve or surface can be described as having Gn continuity, n being the increasing measure of smoothness. Consider the segments either side of a point on a curve:
• G0: The curves touch at the join point.
• G1: The curves also share a common tangent direction at the join point.
• G2: The curves also share a common center of curvature at the join point.
In general, Gn continuity exists if the curves can be reparameterized to have Cn (parametric) continuity.[4] A reparametrization of the curve is geometrically identical to the original; only the parameter is affected.
Equivalently, two vector functions $\scriptstyle f(s)$ and $\scriptstyle g(t)$ have Gn continuity if $\scriptstyle f^{(n)}(t) \,\neq\, 0$ and $\scriptstyle f^{(n)}(t) \,=\, kg^{(n)}(t)$, for a scalar $\scriptstyle k \,>\, 0$ (i.e., if the direction, but not necessarily the magnitude, of the two vectors is equal).
While it may be obvious that a curve would require G1 continuity to appear smooth, for good aesthetics, such as those aspired to in architecture and sports car design, higher levels of geometric continuity are required. For example, reflections in a car body will not appear smooth unless the body has G2 continuity.[citation needed]
A rounded rectangle (with ninety degree circular arcs at the four corners) has G1 continuity, but does not have G2 continuity. The same is true for a rounded cube, with octants of a sphere at its corners and quarter-cylinders along its edges. If an editable curve with G2 continuity is required, then cubic splines are typically chosen; these curves are frequently used in industrial design.
Smoothness
Relation to analyticity
While all analytic functions are smooth on the set on which they are analytic, the above example shows that the converse is not true for functions on the reals: there exist smooth real functions which are not analytic. For example, the Fabius function is smooth but not analytic at any point. Although it might seem that such functions are the exception rather than the rule, it turns out that the analytic functions are scattered very thinly among the smooth ones; more rigorously, the analytic functions form a meagre subset of the smooth functions. Furthermore, for every open subset A of the real line, there exist smooth functions which are analytic on A and nowhere else.
It is useful to compare the situation to that of the ubiquity of transcendental numbers on the real line. Both on the real line and the set of smooth functions, the examples we come up with at first thought (algebraic/rational numbers and analytic functions) are far better behaved than the majority of cases: the transcendental numbers and nowhere analytic functions have full measure (their complements are meagre).
The situation thus described is in marked contrast to complex differentiable functions. If a complex function is differentiable just once on an open set it is both infinitely differentiable and analytic on that set.
Smooth partitions of unity
Smooth functions with given closed support are used in the construction of smooth partitions of unity (see partition of unity and topology glossary); these are essential in the study of smooth manifolds, for example to show that Riemannian metrics can be defined globally starting from their local existence. A simple case is that of a bump function on the real line, that is, a smooth function f that takes the value 0 outside an interval [a,b] and such that
$f(x) > 0 \quad \text{ for } \quad a < x < b.\,$
Given a number of overlapping intervals on the line, bump functions can be constructed on each of them, and on semi-infinite intervals (-∞, c] and [d,+∞) to cover the whole line, such that the sum of the functions is always 1.
From what has just been said, partitions of unity don't apply to holomorphic functions; their different behavior relative to existence and analytic continuation is one of the roots of sheaf theory. In contrast, sheaves of smooth functions tend not to carry much topological information.
Smooth functions between manifolds
Smooth maps between smooth manifolds may be defined by means of charts, since the idea of smoothness of function is independent of the particular chart used. If F is a map from an m-manifold M to an n-manifold N, then F is smooth if, for every $\scriptstyle p \in M$, there is a chart $\scriptstyle (U, \varphi)$ in M containing p and a chart $\scriptstyle (V, \psi)$ in N containing F(p) with $\scriptstyle F(U) \subset V$, such that $\scriptstyle\psi\circ F \circ \varphi^{-1}$ is smooth from $\scriptstyle\varphi(U)$ to $\scriptstyle\psi(V)$ as a function from $\scriptstyle\mathbb{R}^m$ to $\scriptstyle\mathbb{R}^n$.
Such a map has a first derivative defined on tangent vectors; it gives a fibre-wise linear mapping on the level of tangent bundles.
Smooth functions between subsets of manifolds
There is a corresponding notion of smooth map for arbitrary subsets of manifolds. If $\scriptstyle f : X \to Y$ is a function whose domain and range are subsets of manifolds $\scriptstyle X \subset M$ and $\scriptstyle Y \subset N$ respectively. $\scriptstyle f$ is said to be smooth if for all $\scriptstyle x \in X$ there is an open set $\scriptstyle U \subset M$ with $\scriptstyle x \in U$ and a smooth function $\scriptstyle F : U \to N$ such that $\scriptstyle F(p)=f(p)$ for all $\scriptstyle p \in U \cap X$.
References
1. ^ a b c Warner (1883), p. 5, Definition 1.2.
2. ^ Parametric Curves
3. ^ (Bartels, Beatty & Barsky 1987, Ch. 13)
4. ^ Brian A. Barsky and Tony D. DeRose, "Geometric Continuity of Parametric Curves: Three Equivalent Characterizations," IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 9(6), Nov. 1989, pp. 60–68.
• This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Guillemin, Pollack. Differential Topology. Prentice-Hall (1974).
• Warner, Frank Wilson (1983). Foundations of differentiable manifolds and Lie groups. Springer. ISBN 9780387908946.
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• smooth — I. adjective Etymology: Middle English smothe, from Old English smōth; akin to Old Saxon smōthi smooth Date: before 12th century 1. a. (1) having a continuous even surface (2) of a curve being the representation of a function with a continuous… … New Collegiate Dictionary | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 41, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8962666392326355, "perplexity": 468.8890020135669}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704798089.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126042704-20210126072704-00218.warc.gz"} |
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# What is the Name of Function for Probability of a Certain Sum on Random Die Rolls?
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Hi.
I'm writing a book about using statistics for roleplaying game design and am using this equation for calculating the probability of rolling a particular sum "n" on "z" throws of an "a"-sided die
$${{1} \over {a^{z}}} \displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^{\lfloor (n - z) / a \rfloor } (-1)^{k} (_zC_k) (_{(n-a)(k-1)}C_{(z-1)})$$
What is the name for this function? I'm trying to search for calculators to recommend that support it, and I can't think of the words to search for.
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I don't know some special name for exactly that sum, but it is closely related to what are known as polynomial coefficients or extended binomial coefficients. These are often written as ${n \choose j}_{k+1}$ and are defined indirectly via: $$\left(\sum_{i=0}^k x^i\right)^n = \sum_{j=0}^{nk} {n \choose j}_{k+1} x^j$$ with ${n \choose 0}_0 = 1$ and ${n \choose j}_{k+1} = 0$ for $j\notin \{0,\dots,nk\}$.
Polynomial coefficients and distribution of the sum of discrete uniform variables by Caiado, C.C.S. and Rathie, P.N. provides this definition and a recurrence relation to compute this number. As the title suggests, it also provides a direct solution to your probability problem. If $Y = \sum_{i=0}^n X_i$ where each $X_i$ is a discrete random variable uniformly sampled from $\{0,\dots,k\}$, then $$P(Y=y) = \frac{1}{(k+1)^n}{n \choose y}_{k+1}$$ This is the probability that rolling $n$ dice with values from $0$ to $k$ produces the sum $y$. The more usual case of dice with values $1$ to $k$ can be reproduced by noting this is equivalent to rolling $n$ dice with values from $0$ to $k-1$ to produce the sum $y-n$.
The aforementioned paper gives a summation expression in terms of gamma functions which probably does reduce to your sum, but a clearer expression is in Restricted Weighted Integer Compositions and Extended Binomial Coefficients by Steffen Eger. Table 1 in the conclusion (page 22) list various binomial identities and the corresponding extended binomial identities derived in that paper. (See also equation 15 in Example 33.) One of which is: $${k \choose n}_{l+1} = \sum_{j\geq 0}(-1)^j{k \choose j}{n + k - (l + 1)j - 1 \choose k-1}$$
Matching your notation and performing the adjustment as above gives: $${z \choose n-z}_a = \sum_{k\geq 0}(-1)^k{z \choose k}{n - ak - 1 \choose z-1}$$ This is almost exactly the sum you wrote except you have $(n-a)(k-1)$ where I have $n - ak - 1$. Checking the $n=3$ and $a=z=2$ case, the above formula gives the correct result of $2$ whereas your variant is $0$, so I'm going to assume that was just a typo.
Just for completeness, for the second binomial coefficient factor to be non-zero we need $n - ak - 1 \geq z - 1$ or $k \leq (n-z)/a$ giving $\lfloor (n-z)/a \rfloor$ as an upperbound to the summation assuming the other numbers make sense, i.e. that $z \leq n \leq az$.
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/178490/reference-request-symmetric-product-schemes | # Reference-Request: Symmetric Product Schemes
Is there a good reference for the theory of symmetric product schemes? (I only need a few basic things, the construction, etc.)
Googling it turned up a lot of papers which use it as if it's common knowledge, so I suspect there should be a reference somewhere, but I can't find any.
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Do you know how to construct products of schemes? Do you know how to quotient schemes by the action of a finite group? – Qiaochu Yuan Aug 3 '12 at 17:09
I didn't know that you could quotient schemes by the action of a finite group. How would you do that? – only Aug 3 '12 at 17:21
If $R$ is a commutative ring, then an action of $G$ on $\text{Spec } R$ by scheme automorphisms is equivalent to an action of $G$ on $R$ by ring automorphisms, and $\text{Spec } R^G$ is a sensible model of the quotient scheme (where $R^G$ denotes the invariant subring of $R$). The inclusion $R^G \to R$ dualizes to the quotient map $\text{Spec } R \to \text{Spec } R^G$. To extend this to schemes it suffices to find a covering by $G$-invariant affine opens; unfortunately I am not sure if this is always possible... – Qiaochu Yuan Aug 3 '12 at 17:25
Hmm, the answers to mathoverflow.net/questions/1558/… seem to suggest that it's not always possible to quotient by a finite group... – only Aug 3 '12 at 18:17
Yes, okay, the issue is that orbits may not be contained in affine opens. For any scheme $S$ such that a finite subset of $S$ is contained in an affine open this is not a problem for the action of the symmetric group on $S \times S \times ... \times S$. – Qiaochu Yuan Aug 3 '12 at 18:25
I don't think there is a reference addressing exactly your question, so I'll just try my best to answer your question using more general knowledge and providing a number of references.
• If we have a finite group $G$ acting on a finitely generated algebra $A$ over a field $k$, we know by the Artin-Tate lemma that $A^G$ is also noetherian (it is a finitely generated algebra over $k$ in case $A$ is). You can find this e.g. in Atiyah & Macdonald, Introduction to Commutative Algebra. The idea is that $A$ is an $A^G$-module of finite type. It is easy to see that $K^G$ is the quotient field of $A^G$, in the case where $A$ is a domain.
• For actions of finite groups on schemes: when we have a scheme $S$ and a finite group $G$ acting on $X$, one may reduce with some generality to the affine case, solved above. Indeed, this is the case for $X$ quasiprojective scheme over a ring $A$ (we will take $A$ to be Noetherian). I know that this result is due to Michael Artin, but I saw it in James Milne's Etale Cohomology book.
I would say that a good reference in general is Mumford's Geometric Invariant Theory.
IMPORTANT: The condition that is required to ensure the reduction to the affine case is the following. If any $G$-orbit admits an affine open set containing it, then we may construct $X/G$ by reduction to the affine case. If $X$ is quasiprojective over an affine ring, this is the case for any finite set of points.
• It is easy to see that, if $X$ is normal, so is $X/G$ provided $X$ is quasiprojective over a field or so (i.e. provided we fall under the above hypotheses).
• In the case of a smooth curve $C$, you may consider the symmetric product $S^d(C).$ This is smooth, and the proof is done via local coordinates, as follows.
1) In the case where $C={\mathbb A}^1$, we are still in the affine case. We know by the theorem on elementary symmetric polynomials (Waring) that (here $X=(X_i)_{i\leq n}$)
$$k[X]^{S_n}=k[s_1, \cdots , s_n],$$
where $s_i$ are defined by $$T^n-s_1T^{n-1} + \cdots +(-1)^ns_n= \prod (T-X_i).$$
2) In the case of a smooth curve $C$, consider a point $\sum n_i P_i$, where $P_i \in C$ and $\sum n_i=d.$ Without much effort (but by proceeding carefully) one may reduce to the above by choosing local coordinates and considering the decomposition group of a point of $C^d$ above our chosen point in $S^dC$.
• If $X$ is a smooth projective surface, then the desingularisation of $S^dX$ (which is always non-smooth for $\dim X\geq 2$ as the branch locus is a union of diagonals which has codimension $\leq 2$) has a correspondence with the Hilbert scheme of zero-dimensional subschemes of $X$ of length $d$. The standard reference is H. Nakajima's book: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9413790106773376, "perplexity": 133.70016403301278}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440646249598.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827033049-00109-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/FG9JJmAYDq9Ghuudg/some-potential-lessons-from-carrick-s-congressional-bid | # 295
The primary for Oregon’s 6th congressional district is now over, and it’s looking like Carrick is going to lose, coming in second out of nine candidates. That Carrick lost is a real shame. My sense is if Carrick had won, he could have done a lot of good – in particular, advancing pandemic prevention (e.g., via participating in bill markups), with an outside chance of getting Biden’s pandemic prevention plan enacted. As a silver lining, I think the value of information from this race was quite high, and I wouldn’t be surprised if the information this race provides will be valuable enough to EA that it outweighs the costs associated with the race.
First off, I want to applaud Carrick for taking the plunge and running; as a general rule, I think EAs should be more ambitious, especially in novel situations where the value of information is high, and it’s nice to see someone really following through with this. Carrick, his wife Kathryn, and their whole team put it in an enormous amount of work, faced many obstacles outside of their control, and withstood unfair public criticism, all in the service of improving the world.
Below are what I believe to be some of the more important lessons that we should take away from this race. For transparency sake, I started jotting down notes and sketching part of a draft of this piece before the day of the race – I didn’t write the piece entirely today. I also got feedback on this post from a few people in my network, and I strongly recommend others who plan on writing further posts on this topic similarly get feedback from other EAs before posting, in order to ensure that the post embodies community ideals, both to those reading it from within our community and those who may be looking in from the outside, especially right now as more external attention is being directed at EA. Personally, some of the feedback I got from others led me to rephrase certain things in ways I hadn’t considered and for which I think was helpful for reducing misunderstandings of EA.
## Lesson 1: EAs can seriously compete for open congressional seats, and preparing to run well in advance of a race probably would significantly further improve the odds of winning
Yes, Carrick lost. But he came in second out of nine, despite several factors pushing pretty strongly against him. Had things shaken out differently on a few key factors, he could have won.
Here’s a partial list of factors that were pushing against Carrick:
• lack of local political connections, which led local political actors to strongly fight against him
• relative lack of practice/training in talking like a politician, which understandably led to politically costly misstatements
• running in a state that he had very recently moved back to (he moved back after COVID hit), which appears to have led to some skepticism
• a combination of the above factors led to unfavorable media coverage
• Salinas (the winner of the primary) benefitting from $1M of Super PAC money herself from BOLD PAC. Most of the items on that list seem avoidable by any future EA candidate who preps for a political career far ahead of time instead of first beginning to think about running when a seat opens up – even the adversarial Super PAC spending (the least controllable item on the list) may be reduced by having better long-term relationships with the political community. For instance, if Carrick had held local office before running for the House, I think he would have been in a much stronger position for this race (I think he probably would have won). To be clear, this point is not a criticism of Carrick running for the House directly – I actually agree with the decision, given that Congressional seats only open up so often, and the value of information here was likely substantially larger than it would have been if he had just ran for a local position. Meanwhile, I don’t think there were any factors of comparable size pushing in Carrick’s favor that couldn’t apply to other potential future EA candidates. Carrick’s most positive traits don’t seem to have mattered a ton in this election – Carrick seems unusually selfless and intelligent, even for an EA, but these don't seem to have been the largest deciding factors for most voters. Carrick is definitely more charismatic than some EAs, but he’s not unusually charismatic for an EA (see, for instance, this interview; also, sorry if including this point causes offense – I’m choosing to prioritize faithful assessment over tact). So the fact that Carrick came in second, despite several (in the future, mostly avoidable) factors strongly pushing against him, and no comparable unique factors pushing in his favor, makes me more optimistic about the prospects of any future EAs who decide to run. To be concrete, my personal best guess is that >30% of American EAs would have at least a decent shot (say, >20%) of making it into Congress if they chose to dedicate themselves to their local community and spend time practicing the appropriate communication skills. ## Lesson 2: When running for Congress, having political experience and a good track record is very valuable – including if your campaign is backed up with lots of Super PAC donations Having a political track record is obviously helpful for showing voters what sort of policies you’ll pursue in office. Having political connections is further valuable, as politics is an inherently social process, and pre-existing relationships make it much easier to convince local party officials and other respected members of the community to endorse your campaign. The best way to prove to voters that you will work in their best interests is by having a track record of working in their best interests and having respected community leaders who can vouch for you. I think these points are especially true if your campaign is backed up with large donations from Super PACs, as voters may otherwise be skeptical about your motives and more susceptible to speculations. In this campaign, both Carrick’s opponents and the local media semi-successfully portrayed Carrick as a crypto shill, despite Carrick (as far as I can tell) not caring much about crypto one way or the other, and actually caring a great deal about other issues such as pandemic preparedness. If Carrick had held local office previously and used his time there to advance policies for pandemic preparedness and expanding the social safety net (another one of the issues he campaigned on), I think voters and the local media would have been more trusting of his message, and, further, he would have been able to secure more local endorsements. As another piece of data, SBF has also supported a number of other (non-EA) candidates across the country this cycle, all of whom have more political experience than Carrick. In several of these cases, the candidate SBF supported has either already won their primary or is very likely to win. In each of these races, the candidate’s opponent(s) have similarly tried to portray them as a tool of crypto, but these criticisms have mostly fallen flat, and in none of them did the local media play along in the same way they did here. While we can’t completely rule out that the differentiating factor here is the amount of money donated, I’m skeptical that this was the main factor – while SBF didn’t donate quite as much to other candidates as to Carrick, he still donated substantial sums (e.g., ~$2M to one candidate, ~1 to four more), and, due to scope neglect, I’m skeptical that the emotional response to one or two million dollars donated is substantially different from that of ten million dollars donated. (I suppose it’s also possible that the relevant difference between Carrick and other candidates SBF supported here is actually more due to stochastic effects, in which case Carrick may have gotten “unlucky” while others got “lucky” – there may be something to this, though I’d be surprised if it was the main relevant difference.) ## Lesson 3: In Congressional races, more recent ties to the district/state matter much more than ties from long ago As far as I can tell, other than Carrick, none of the other candidates in the primary appear to have been born or grown up in Oregon (for instance, Salinas, the winner, doesn’t appear to have information about her childhood online, but she did attend UC Berkeley). Carrick, meanwhile, is originally from the area, and teachers from the local school remember him fondly. Despite Carrick’s deeper roots to the area, his lack of more recent ties to the state caused him to be portrayed as a geographic outsider (Carrick moved back to Oregon in 2020). Meanwhile, none of his competitors appeared to suffer politically for not originally being from Oregon. “Carpetbagger” is a dirty word in US politics – but apparently the way it applies today is to refer to people who recently moved to an area to run for office, without developing connections to the community. People who moved to an area long enough ago to develop real connections to the community evidently aren’t considered carpetbaggers – especially if they’ve already gotten involved in local politics. The implication seems to be that if two potential candidates are deciding whether to run for office, one that’s recently moved back to their hometown, and another that, as an adult, has moved to an area they did not grow up in but have since become part of the community, the latter is will probably be in a better position to run, ceteris paribus. ## Lesson 4: If you think you might run for office in the future, make sure to vote in every election One of the main substantive attacks against Carrick was that he had only voted in 2 of the previous 30 elections. Now, I know Carrick was living overseas for much of that time so voting would have been a pain, and further that Oregon isn’t exactly a swing state, significantly decreasing the expected impact of his vote. Having said that, the optics here are still not great, and voting records are public information (whether or not you vote is public, the way you vote is obviously secret). Since voting is generally pretty low cost, I think that (barring incredibly extenuating circumstances) every EA that’s eligible to vote should vote. ## Lesson 5: EA candidates themselves may face bad press when running for office, as may the candidates’ large donors, but this doesn’t automatically translate into bad PR for EA as a community It’s no secret that both Carrick and SBF faced a fair bit of negative press throughout this campaign. I was surprised by the extent to which one local media outlet went after Carrick (not linking to them since I think it’s generally good for there to be a little bit of friction between someone posting negatively about a thing on the internet and their readers/followers descending on that thing – I’m sure you can find them if you want). While I think most of this negative press could be avoided in the future with proper precautions (e.g., being part of the local political community before running, running for local office in the district before Congress, etc, as mentioned above), we should obviously expect some negative press from running candidates, due to the inherently adversarial nature of party politics. One thing that I found interesting in this race, however, is the bad press didn’t seem to rub off much on EA as a whole. I’ve heard people previously worry that running EA candidates may substantially worsen the reputation of the movement. I believe this race provides an update against this view. While Carrick faced a barrage of attacks from other candidates, as well as several hit pieces from a local media outlet, none of these attacks focused on EA – instead, they focussed on the crypto connection, money in politics, Carrick’s political inexperience, Carrick only recently having moved to the area, and things like voting record and political misstatements. Two major media pieces about the race were focused on EA, but both of them were mostly positive on EA (and, for that matter, neutral-to-positive on Carrick). In retrospect, I suppose it’s not that surprising that attacks focused on things other than EA. “Preventing pandemics” isn’t exactly particularly unpopular, and tying in EA to a political attack would add one more step of reasoning compared to more direct attacks; from a strategic perspective, it makes sense that competitors would instead highlight bigger and more direct political vulnerabilities or call into question motives, rather than highlighting the connection between Carrick and EA, and then attacking EA as a whole. Of course, none of this is a guarantee that future campaigns couldn’t trash EA’s reputation – but it is worth noting that in this race, that didn’t occur to any significant degree at all, even in a very heated primary, where, among other things, the local political machine lined up to try to take Carrick down. ## Lesson 6: As a Democratic candidate, being “the crypto guy” is a political liability; being tied to EA, not as much This point is a bit of the inverse of the above point. I’ve heard some EAs worry that a candidate being tied to EA would be a political nonstarter, with several potential reasons given: political candidates are supposed to represent their constituents and prioritize their country, so the cosmopolitan aspect of valuing all lives everywhere equally would end any campaign; veganism has a bad rap, most people intuitively think of vegans as weak/soft, and further the agricultural industry would lobby heavily to stop an EA candidate; heavy involvement in a niche subculture just seems weird, and EA has some weird beliefs; etc. Note how, if any of those lines of attack were particularly effective, they should have destroyed Carrick. Carrick previously has worked in Kenya, Liberia, Timor-Leste, India, Malaysia, and Ethiopia, helping people that were most definitely not American citizens. He is publicly vegan (as is his wife). He co-founded GovAI, and he’s published articles explicitly about the subject of superintelligent AI, with Nick Bostrom as co-author. There was also a very-highly-upvoted post on the EA forum by a public-facing EA in good standing with the EA community, which used EA logic to recommend that EAs support Carrick (who, the post reminded everyone, is an EA) – and this post was picked up by the political media. If ever there was a person that could be tied to EA, in exactly the ways that some have thought might sink EA political campaigns, Carrick should fit that bill. Yet none of those factors hurt his campaign at all (none led to negative press coverage, a couple of national media outlets had positive coverage of the EA connection, and his opponents didn’t seize on any of these points for attacks). To be clear, none of those factors seem to have helped his campaign either, so to the few people I’ve previously heard argue that EA traits such as the selflessness might be attractive to voters (e.g., “accepting a low salary and donating much to charity would signal good things to voters”), well, that didn’t really happen. I just don’t think being tied to EA as a candidate has much effect one way or the other (at least it didn’t in a single Democratic primary in Oregon during 2022). On the other hand, the (much more tenuous in reality) crypto connection was a real negative – bigger than I would have thought ahead of time. As mentioned above, I think local political experience and connections would weaken that connection by, among other things, honestly and credibly signaling to voters priorities unrelated to crypto. ## Lesson 7: Even among EAs, politics might somewhat degrade our typical epistemics and rigor – we should guard against this I should start off by saying that I think many of the actions that EAs took surrounding this campaign were both positive in EV terms and well supported as such. I think the case for small-dollar donations, for instance, was strong, and I personally maxed out my donation and made the case to many others to do the same. I also think it’s great that members of this community are generally supportive of each other's goals and want to help each other. But some of the arguments that EAs took regarding supporting the campaign, especially as the election became closer, seemed less to be well reasoned by EA lights, and more to be simply emotionally motivated, out of something like a sense of tribalism or a desire to do something. A lot of this is picking up on vibe, and it’s possible I’m misinterpreting things, but it felt like some of what some EAs were doing late on in the campaign was defended within the movement more on activist-y grounds than on truth seeker-y grounds. As just one concrete point, a few times I saw EAs (while arguing for further support for Carrick) advance the claim that this race was likely to be very close, as predictit was giving Carrick and Salinas each ~50% odds (with the implication that actions that only very marginally helped Carrick could still be very high EV). While one possible interpretation of this datapoint is that the race was likely to be very close, another (in my opinion, more obvious) possibility was that the race was just very uncertain – after all, there weren’t very many polls, and those that did exist showed a large majority of voters not having coalesced around either Carrick or Salinas. I think that most EAs that were arguing the race would be very close would have, in other contexts, realized the other interpretation was the more likely one. Insofar as our epistemics were momentarily weakened during the campaign, I don’t think this led to any terrible decisions. But I do think that, in any future political endeavors, we want to guard against emotional interests clouding rational analysis. My sense is that the best defense against motivated political reasoning may simply be to be conscious of the biases, and to screen arguments a bit harder – especially as other people’s enthusiasm rises or as an election approaches. ## Conclusion I’m upset that Carrick lost. But I’m also happy that he ran. I think the information we can gain from his run is quite valuable. First off, I think this race showed that EAs have the ability to win Congressional seats, and that the downsides to pursuing these seats likely aren’t catastrophic if future candidates embody the best attributes of EA as Carrick does. Second off, I think the race yields many specific lessons about how to increase the chances of winning, as well as how to limit the downsides, and pitfalls to avoid. # 295 New Comment 95 comments, sorted by Click to highlight new comments since: Some comments are truncated due to high volume. Change truncation settings As someone deeply involved in politics in Oregon (I am a house district leader in one of the districts Flynn would have been representing, I am co-chair of the county Democratic campaign committee and I am chair of a local Democratic group that focuses on policy and local electeds and that sponsored a forum that Flynn participated in ) I feel that much of the discussion on this site about Carrick Flynn lacks basic awareness of what the campaign looked like on the ground. I also have some suggestions about how the objectives you work for might be better achieved. First, Flynn remained an enigma to the voters. In spite of more advertising than ever seen before in a race (there were often three ads in a single television hour program), his history and platform were unclear. While many of the ads came from Protect our Future PAC, Flynn had multiple opportunities to clarify these and failed. Statements such as “He directed a billion dollars to health programs to save children’s lives and removed a legal barrier that may have cost several thousand more lives.” that was featured on his website led people to come to me and ask “What did he do to accomplish this? Who was he... Thank you for taking the time to share your perspective. I'm not sure I share your sense that spending money to reach out to Salinas could have made the same expected difference to pandemic preparedness, but I appreciated reading your thoughts, and I'm sure they point to some further lessons learned for those in the EA community who will keep being engaged in US politics. I strongly upvoted your post, and thanks for taking the time to write it. I note that you’re effectively recommending a strategy of lobbying instead of electioneering in order to advance the cause of pandemic preparedness. Do you have data or personal experience to support the idea that lobbying is a more effective method than campaign sponsorship of aligned candidates to build political support for an issue? Matt Lerner spent some time looking into lobbying for altruistic causes and posted about it on the EA forum. I appreciate his research, and would like to see more exploring the effectiveness of altruistic lobbying and how to do it well. Link: https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/K638s9L2wCEW78DEF/informational-lobbying-theory-and-effectiveness Personally (though obviously Carol may disagree), I don't think that's necessarily the strategic takeaway from Carol's post. The value of electioneering vs. lobbying probably depends on the specifics of the districts and candidates. When an EA-oriented candidate has stronger ties to the district, a more robust political history, deeper local political connections, etc? Sure, the monetary value of donating to that candidate probably exceeds lobbying. . But at the end of the day, none of those factors were remotely there for Flynn. As an aside, I grew up in OR-06 and still have a ton of connections there, and Carol's post is 100% spot-on. The only thing I'd add is that -- in the absence of clearly defining himself -- the fact he was backed by what appeared to be crypto did the defining for him. And in the context of a Dem primary, that's not a helpful association As someone who has both worked to elect candidates and who has lobbied at many levels, my experience is that lobbying can be quite effective if it is done with a candidate who shares your values and goals. I have done this mostly at the state level and find that, until they rise to a position of some power, candidates may not be able to achieve what they wish. In contrast to this, spending time with committee chairs who have much power over the agenda is quite effective, especially if you can establish yourself as a source of reliable information and policy directions. Both are valuable. Thanks for the article referral. I look forward to reading it. 1Tet Toe5d I strongly agree with you. It is not a power thing. Thanks for writing this Carol. To specifically flag this, I agree with you that I do not like the quoted behaviour at all. I do not think that EA or EA adjacent campaigns should be misrepresenting other candidates. It hurts ability to cooperate later and damages the democratic environment. Perhaps this is naive of me, but I think the cost from these behaviours in terms of reputation were greater than what they added. It advanced, the practice of grainy dark pictures, untruths, and inappropriate use of information (such as calling a250 contribution from a drug company in 2018 financing the Salinas campaign) which just subverts the electoral process.
Beyond that, I'm not sure I agree that this was a huge miscalculation from Carrick. He took a risk and he lost. You describe him as "assuming he could win a race with many qualified candidates". I am unsure whether he thought he would probably win, but he thought it was worth a shot. And he didn't do terribly, but the people of Oregon chose a candidate they preferred, as is their right. To me, that seems to be how democracy works.
This is an excellent post, one slightly subtle point about the political dynamics that I think it misses is the circumstances around BoldPAC's investment in Salinas.
BoldPAC is the superpac for Hispanic House Democrats. It happens to be the case that in the 2022 election cycle there is a Hispanic state legislator (Andrea Salinas) living in a blue-leaning open US House of Representatives seat. It also happens to be the case that given the ups and downs of the political cycle, this is the only viable opportunity to add a Hispanic Democrat to the caucus this year. So just as it's basically happenstance the the EA community got involved in the Oregon 6th as opposed to some other district, it's also happenstance that BoldPAC was deeply invested in this race. It's not a heavily Hispanic area or anything, Salinas just happens to be Latina.
If it was an Anglo state legislator holding down the seat, the "flood the zone with unanswered money" strategy might have worked. And if there were four other promising Hispanic prospects in the 2022 cycle, it also might have worked because BoldPAC might have been persuaded that it wasn't worth going toe-to-toe with Protect Our Future. N...
Where to even start here? Nearly every fact in this post is wrong, the interpretation of events is backwards, and the conclusion is contrarian, wrong and frankly fairly ugly.
It's not a heavily Hispanic area or anything
OR-6 contains the most populated areas of three counties in western OR with the highest Hispanic populations (map from wikipedia). It also contains towns like Woodburn, which is 57% Hispanic or Latino.
By the way, Rep. Salinas and Rep. Leon are actually both Latina, and I believe both are the children of immigrant farm workers. That's a substantial constituency in the Willamette Valley and they've always been under represented in government.
Salinas had enough money to make it a competitive race not because there is some deep-pocked anti-EA lobby that was out to get Carrick Flynn, his aspirations just collided with another agenda by coincidence.
This isn't how it was. The timeline tells a pretty clear story. Here's what happened:
First, Flynn-aligned super PACs spent a ton of money in the race and made it the country's most expensive primary.
Then, Nancy Pelosi-aligned House Majority PAC announced they were spending $1m to support Flynn, around April 10. Their firs... By the way, as an aside, the final chapter here is that Protect our Future PAC went negative in May -- perhaps a direct counter to BoldPAC's spending. (Are folks here proud of that? Is misleading negative campaigning compatible with EA values?) I wanted to see exactly how misleading these were. I found this example of an attack ad, which (after some searching) I think cites this, this, this, and this. As far as I can tell: • The first source says that Salinas "worked for the chemical manufacturers’ trade association for a year", in the 90s. • The second source says that she was a "lobbyist for powerful public employee unions SEIU Local 503 and AFSCME Council 75 and other left-leaning groups" around 2013-2014. The video uses this as a citation for the slide "Andrea Salinas — Drug Company Lobbyist". • The third source says that insurers' drug costs rose by 23% between 2013-2014. (Doesn't mention Salinas.) • The fourth source is just the total list of contributors to Salina's campaigns, and the video doesn't say what company she supposedly lobbied for that gave her money. The best I can find is that this page says she lobbied for Express Scripts in 2014, who is listed as giving her$250.
So my impr...
Thanks for checking. I initially thought _pk's claims were overblown, so it was helpful to get a sanity check. I now agree that the claims were quite misleading.
I at least do not want to be associated with claims at this level of misleadingness. I guess it's possible that this is just "American politics as usual" (I'm pretty unfamiliar with this space). To the extent that this is normal/default politics, then I guess we have to reluctantly accede to the usual norms. But this appears regrettable, and to the extent it's abnormal, my own opinion is that we should have a pretty high bar before endorsing such actions.
I don't think we have to accede to that at all - it's not like it's useful for our goals anyway. What probably happened is sbf's money hired consultants, and they just did their job without supervision on trying to push better epistemics. A reputation for not going negative in a misleading way ever might be a political advantage, if you can make it credible.
What's the proportion of Hispanic people in OR-6? Based on the county data I'd guess it's close to the national average of 18.7%. Someone should probably compute this.
17.4% of the citizen voting age population of OR-6 is Hispanic
https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::9b2b545f-5cd2-4e0d-a9b9-cc3915a4750f
2_pk6mo
Wow, davesredestricting.org [http://davesredestricting.org] is a great tool, thanks for posting that! I'll just note that according to the link you posted, OR-6 has the highest % Hispanic representation in the state by nearly 5%. So this is a definitional issue: is it accurate to call the most Hispanic district in the 14th most Hispanic state (per Wikipedia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_Hispanic_and_Latino_population] ) "not a heavily Hispanic area or anything?"
So this is a definitional issue: is it accurate to call the most Hispanic district in the 14th most Hispanic state (per Wikipedia) "not a heavily Hispanic area or anything?"
17.4% of the citizen voting age population of OR-6 is Hispanic. Of 9 candidates who ran in OR-6, two, Salinas and Leon, are Hispanic, making Hispanics 22.2% of the candidate pool. So they were not particularly over- or under-represented in this race. It is slightly surprising that the strongest candidate in this race happened to be Hispanic, but 22.2% chances happen all the time. Obviously, referring to this as "chance" is in no way suggesting that Salinas won "by luck," she's clearly a skilled legislator.
Matt says that "this is the only viable opportunity to add a Hispanic Democrat to the caucus this year." It seems like we have to consider four counterfactuals here:
1. Salinas didn't run
I think it's a safe assumption that people who vote for Hispanic candidates specifically because they are Hispanic and represent Hispanic issues are a subset of the Hispanic population.
Let's say that the entire Hispanic vote in OR-6 went for Salinas (surely an overestimate), that this repr...
6N N6mo
This is a great comment, you may want to consider making it a top level post on the forum so more people will see it.
3Charles He6mo
Thoughts: 1. Your writing is really good! Wow! 2. Almost none of this seems like secret info or hard to find. It seems like EAs could have been informed about the potential collision of the seat value to the relevant Hispanic movement. It seems healthier to discuss this during the campaign (and still proceed relentlessly). By the way, I suspect some of the absence of discussion and problematic norms around the past campaign is the ultimate result of defective discourse—where criticism of low quality is normalized. EAs are aware of this defect and as a result, when it matters, EAs don’t trust discourse on actual things that matter. Even if this suspicion was partly true, that would be really bad once you stop to think about it. 3. You support many candidates because you point out idiosyncrasies specific to each contest are large, which makes sense. So, isn’t there about 3 other EA candidates running? Should we talk about those?
8Charles He6mo
My comment has some underlying ideas that are good, but is really badly written, and I retract it.
I think that these are good lessons learned, but regarding the last point, I want to highlight a comment by Oliver Habryka;
It seems obvious to me that anyone saying anything bad right now about Carrick would be pretty severely socially punished by various community leaders, and I expected the community leadership to avoid saying so many effusively positive things in a context where it's really hard for people to provide counterevidence, especially when it comes with an ask for substantial career shifts and funding.
This seems really important, and while I'm not sure that politics is the mind-killer, I think that the forum and EA in general needs to be really, really careful about the community dynamics. I think that the principal problem pointed out by the recent "Bad Omens" post was peer pressure towards conformity in ways that lead to people acting like jerks, and I think that we're seeing that play out here as well, but involving central people in EA orgs pushing the dynamics, rather than local EA groups. And that seems far more worrying.
So yes, I think there are lots of important lessons learned about politics, but those matter narrowly. And I think that the biggest ...
I've been thinking about this too. I was really struck by the contrast between the high level of explicit support for "one of our own" running for office vs. the usual resistance to political activism or campaigning otherwise. Personally, I'm strongly in favor of good-faith political campaigning on EA grounds, but from my perspective explicit ties to the EA community shouldn't matter so much in that calculus -- rather, what matters is our expectations of what the candidates would do to advance or block EA-aligned priorities, whether the candidates are branded as EA or not.
In 2020 I suggested that it might be a good idea to set up an entity to vet and endorse candidates for office on EA grounds. While I'm sure such an entity would have still supported Carrick in retrospect, I think one benefit of having a resource like this is that it would allow us to identify, support, and develop relationships with other politicians around the US and in the rest of the world who would be really helpful to have in office while not facing some of the disadvantages of being a newcomer/outsider that Carrick faced.
There are a variety of reasons that having people who are both aligned with our goals, and ALSO willing to listen to pitches on specific policy suggestions, is far more impactful than having people who we are just aligned with in general - but if you look at the list of candidates that Guarding Against Pandemics is supporting, it's definitely inclusive of many people who are aligned with our goals and not aware or not particularly engaged with EA, but have more background in politics. And while we're focused on longtermist policy, rather than EA more generally, we are doing much of what you suggest in terms of finding and vetting candidates - and doing more to actually engage and develop relationships.
I think that among the majority of EAs, we haven't been as clear as we should be that Carrick's campaign was part of a larger set of things that GAP is doing, and there are lots of specific political campaigns we still encourage donations towards - in addition to being happy for people to donate directly to the "hard money" PAC, which is capped at 5,000 per donor. 1. We're supportive of other EA policy ideas and goals, but we both have limited capacity, and are not cur ... I think that the principal problem pointed out by the recent "Bad Omens" post was peer pressure towards conformity in ways that lead to people acting like jerks, and I think that we're seeing that play out here as well, but involving central people in EA orgs pushing the dynamics, rather than local EA groups. And that seems far more worrying. What are examples of "pressure toward conformity" or "acting like jerks" that you saw among "central people in EA orgs"? Are you counting the people running the campaign as “central”? (I do agree with some of Matthew’s points there.) I guess you could say that public support for Carrick felt like "pressure". But there are many things in EA that have lots of support and also lots of pushback (e.g. community-building strategies, 80K career advice). Lots of people are excited about higher funding levels in EA; lots of people are worried about it; vigorous discussion follows. Did something about the campaign make it feel different? ***** Habryka expressed concern that negative evidence on the campaign would be "systematically filtered out". This kind of claim is really hard to disprove. If you don't see strong criticism of X from an EA pers... Overall, I agree with Habryka's comment that "negative evidence on the campaign would be 'systematically filtered out'". Although I maxed out donations to the primary campaign and phone banked a bit for the campaign, I had a number of concerns about the campaign that I never saw mentioned in EA spaces. However, I didn't want to raise these concerns for fear that this would negatively affect Carrick's chances of winning the election. Now that Carrick's campaign is over, I feel more free to write my concerns. These included: ... I'd recommend cross-posting your critiques of the "especially useful" post onto that post — will make it easier for anyone who studies this campaign later (I expect many people will) to learn from you. 2mic6mo Thanks for the suggestion, just copied the critiques of the "especially useful" post over! 9Aaron Gertler6mo Thanks for sharing all of this! I'm curious about your fear that these comments would negatively affect Carrick's chances. What was the mechanism you expected? The possibility of reduced donations/volunteering from people on the Forum? The media picking up on critical comments? If "reduced donations" were a factor, would you also be concerned about posting criticism of other causes you thought were important for the same reason? I'm still working out what makes this campaign different from other causes (or maybe there really are similar issues across a bunch of causes). One thing that comes to mind is time-sensitivity: if you rethink your views on a different cause later, you can encourage more donations to make up for a previous reduction. If you rethink views on a political campaign after Election Day, it's too late. If that played a role, I can think of other situations that might exert the same pressure — for example, organizations running out of runway having a strong fundraising advantage if people are worried about dooming them. Not sure what to do about that, and would love to hear ideas (from anyone, this isn't specifically aimed at Michael). I think I was primarily concerned that negative information about the campaign could get picked up by the media. Thinking it over now though, that motivation doesn't make sense for not posting about highly visible negative news coverage (which the media would have already been aware of) or not posting concerns on a less publicly visible EA platform, such as Slack. Other factors for why I didn't write up my concerns about Carrick's chances of being elected might have been that: • no other EAs seemed to be posting much negative information about the campaign, and I thought there might have been a good reason for that • aside from the posting of "Why Helping the Flynn Campaign is especially useful right now", there weren't any events that triggered me to consider writing up my concerns • the negative media coverage was obvious enough that I thought anyone considering volunteering would already know about it, and it had to already have been priced into the election odds estimates on Metaculus and PredictIt, so drawing attention to it might not have been valuable • time-sensitivity, as you mentioned • public critiques might have to be quite well-reasoned, and I might want to check-in with the campaign ... 3Vilfredo's Ghost6mo The only EA who's ever been an asshole to me was an asshole because I supported Flynn, so I don't think there was some hidden anti-donations-to-Flynn movement that self-censored. EAs who opposed the idea were quite loud about it. Just because some people loudly opposed it, doesn't mean most people who opposed it were loud. (I imagine there were also a lot of people like me who simply chose not to investigate whether or not they thought this race was competitive with donations elsewhere - in my case because I'm not American so couldn't donate either way.) I'm sorry someone was an ass to you. I'm glad to see EAs running for political office explicitly as EAs. But I hope that the attitude and approach by the EA community towards the Flynn campaign doesn't become the norm. I felt that the campaign was intrusive and pushy, and the standard of care was much lower than what we expect for other causes/interventions. Some points: • I got direct campaign emails from the Flynn campaign, even though I never signed up for campaign emails. Presumably some EA organization gave the Flynn campaign a list of emails or they scraped it off some EA website. I would prefer EA organizations to keep contact information private and adopt an "opt-in" policy for sharing emails. I don't want to get spammed by people asking money for causes or campaigns, especially if EA political campaigns become more frequent. • One of my local group co-organizers got a personal appeal from the Flynn campaign in the final days of the election asking them to fly to Oregon to do door-knocking for the campaign saying how it was high expected value. Not only is it a troubling sign that the campaign did not already have a large, local population of door-knockers, but the campaign didn't seem to consider the terribl ... re: your second bullet point, I volunteered for door-knocking, and none of the other volunteers I knew/met (which was basically all of them) were either asked to come doorknock or offered travel subsidies by the campaign team. Some volunteers did reach out to their friends to encourage them to come help out (though the campaign didn't ask people to do this). I would guess that's what happened with the message your friend got. That said, I really appreciate how carefully you're trying to think through this. I wish we saw more in-depth red-teaming and criticism of popular ideas floating around in the community. Edit: I checked with the campaign and they explicitly said that they didn’t pay for anyones flight nor offer to pay for anyones flight The values and views of other candidates the EA candidate is displacing should be a significant consideration in whether to support the campaign This seems like a very surprising claim to me fwiw. Like it sounds reasonable and rational on the face of it, but if I think about it for even 15 seconds, it breaks down under (my current and potentially very flawed) understanding of the world. Can you elaborate? I expected this critique when I wrote that claim. I think I understand why someone would see the other candidate as being insignificant. Let me know if I'm presuming the wrong reasons here: It seemed that the Flynn campaign message was all about pandemic preparedness. At least that's how it was marketed in EA spaces. And it's mostly true that there isn't anybody in congress championing pandemic preparedness. If you are a single-issue voter on pandemic preparedness or AGI, I can see how the opposing candidate doesn't matter to you; your candidate will do more for the cause than any other candidate, regardless of party, who likely doesn't care or have an opinion on it. It's more of a binary. If you care more about existential risks much more than anything else, this reasoning make sense. But if you care about other causes like animal welfare, local or global poverty, climate change, democracy health, etc., chances are the other candidate does have views on it. If they are a progressive democratic candidate like Andrea Salinas, EA-aligned poverty alleviation, climate change action, and voting reform are significant parts of their platform. Also, one of the key... It's very much not obvious to me that EAs should generally prefer progressive democratic candidates in general, or Salinas in particular. Speaking personally, I am generally not excited about Democratic progressives gaining more power in the party relative to centrists, and I'm pretty confident I'm not alone here in that[1] I also think it's false to claim that Salinas's platform as linked gives much reason to think she will be a force for good on global poverty, animal welfare, or meaningful voting reform. (I'd obviously change my mind on this if there are other Salinas quotes that pertain more directly to these issues.) There are also various parts of her platform that make me think there's a decent chance that her time in office will turn out to be bad for the world by my lights (not just relative to Carrick). I obviously don't expect everyone here to agree with me on that, and I'm certainly not confident about it, but I also don't want broad claims that progressives are better by EA values to stand uncontested, because I personally don't think that's true. 1. ^ To be clear, I think this is very contestable within an EA framework, and am not trying to claim that my political pref ... Can you elaborate? I think your paraphrase is roughly right. But this is not exactly how I'd frame it. Instead, I'd frame it as: I think improving the long-term future significantly is quite hard. So you need either a pretty targeted theory of change, or the type of mindset that has an implicitly very strong ToC that lets you spot great opportunities along the implicit ToC and execute on it. Some people do manage to accidentally improve the long-term future significantly (e.g. there's an argument for Petrov's grandmother), but this is very much not the default, and we should not rely on them being successful at this, especially ex ante. 4MatthewDahlhausen6mo Thanks for clarifying. I agree with you that if the main reason you are supporting a candidate is their potential impact on long-term future oriented policy then the opposing candidate doesn't matter much beyond a simple estimate of their electoral chances vs. your candidate. I guess I'm also not convinced if you care about typical neartermist EA causes that the math checks out. Like, I don't think typical progressive democrats are very good at e.g. increasing foreign aid or phasing out factory farming, though at least this seems more plausible. * I did look briefly at Salinas' platform and I didn't see anything about (e.g.) increasing global health spending. (EDIT: I do think the "functioning democracy" angle may be a reasonably strong contender for the type of crucial consideration that could flip my conclusion, though I'm currently at <10% here. I think it's great that you brought this up). * Obviously there are more exceptions for specific Democrat candidates on non-LT issues, e.g. I was (and am) a Cory Booker shill. I don't understand why you keep presenting this as a long-term vs near-term issue. I would have been thrilled to support a candidate who advocated for comprehensive and unprecedented welfare reform for farmed animals, or for massive increases in well-targeted global health spending. Support for such issues is so rare in American politics, and could be so disproportionately impactful, that it makes perfect sense to focus exclusively on the exceptional candidate who decides to make them a top priority. I don't understand why you keep presenting this as a long-term vs near-term issue. I probably framed my first reply to Matthew in a way that was unhelpfully focused only on LT stuff, which I'd guess partially led to the presentation in his response. 1[comment deleted]6mo Yes, it was one thing to say the money was worth it because of the (small) chance of Carrick winning, but saying it was worth it for the information value alone really stings when you think about how far that money could go if donated elsewhere. Furthermore, I'm not sure the information value alone was worth the millions spent on this campaign by the EA community. The 'lessons learned' listed in this forum post seem obvious. The post author doesn't say anything about having a special connection to the campaign. I assume the "value of information" argument is that campaign staff/insiders gained knowledge they couldn't have gotten otherwise, and I'm not sure this post would shed much light on that argument either way. As a relatively trivial example of learning not available from a Google search: the campaign presumably learned things like how many people would show up to make calls, how much money they could raise, etc. 4Raven6mo People who worked on the campaign can speak to this better than I can, but I would give them more credit for doing reasonable due diligence. I have a strong expectation that: * There were lots of Democratic strategists involved * There were lots of attempts at polling / predicting the race I also think there can be a meaningful difference between knowing on paper that "having connections in the district is important" and "spending money can help you win" and "having a voting record is helpful", and seeing how those factors actually play out in practice. That said, I hope (and expect) that there was more "know-how" generated by the race than just the lessons reflected in this post. Condolences to the campaign team. Their efforts were not a waste, because we've learned a lot from them. In retrospect, we can see that too many variables were stacked against Carrick. • The candidate had little history in the location, voting history, credentials, political inclination, little practice with speaking to a mass audience, and little of the style of a public figure. • The campaign suffered from too few local connections, a hostile media response, too little local funding. • Outside the campaign, there was an allergic reaction to the crypto-backing, and the HMP endorsement. There were some variables in his favour. To name a few, his compelling personal history, talented team and volunteers, and campaign and outside funding. But it wasn't nearly enough. A good half of these weaknesses are changeable, though. I think a candidate who has a bit more inclination toward politics and mass outreach, who has experience in the state house, and some of the connections that come with that, will have good chances. This is a great post, but I would like to present a counterargument to the claim that the extent of the funding did not matter due to scope neglect. Specifically, I think Flynn's race could suggest there are limits to the amount one organisation can spend on primary races relative to other ones (I agree that absolute numbers are unlikely to matter). I have two reasons for thinking that the relative levels of spending could have mattered. Firstly, it does seem highly unusual for a well-funded campaign to get all its funding from just one donor, which may have made it easier to land attacks relating to SBF. Secondly, this race becoming the most expensive primary in the country grabbed the attention of national media outlets and possibly political groups (e.g., the opposition PAC), potentially helping rally support around viable opponents. Finally, I will note that my argument is reasoning from one unusual data point and thus am not certain of it myself. Yes, I strongly agree with this. Almost all money in politics goes to establishing and maintaining narratives about the candidates, but money becomes a problem rather than a help in politics when the supporter and candidate allow the money itself to become the narrative. This is especially true in a Democratic primary. 4Vilfredo's Ghost6mo I was going to make essentially the same point. I may have too much political experience for my emotional reaction to be worth anything in judging how a normal voter would feel, but to me, half or more of the money coming from one person feels like a big deal. Less than half feels like something that would receive criticism but that I would generally write it off as sour grapes. The fact that it's crypto money specifically probably matters a lot. The partisan valence of crypto among average people is pretty right-wing because of bitcoiners' libertarian fantasies. In a more rational world that wouldn't affect perceptions of crypto generally but in this world it does. This may be too expensive to be worth it, but if SBF is really going to be spending a lot of money on Democratic primaries he may want to give some consideration to how to rehabilitate the image of non-BTC cryptocurrencies among Dem voters. 1utilistrutil4mo The second point implies more of a bright line than scalar dynamic, which seems consistent with scope insensitivity over lower donation amounts. That is, we might expect scope insensitivity to equalize the perception of1m and $5m dollars, but once you hit$10m, then you attract negative media coverage. If we restrict ourselves to donation sizes that allow us to fly under the radar of national media outlets, then the scope insensitivity argument may still bite.
Maybe someone should user-interview or survey Oregonians to see what made people not want to vote for Carrick
"I received a flyer for Flynn multiple times a week for months. Made me 100% sure I wasn’t going to vote for him."
"Great! I voted for her. There IS a point where you can run too many commercials. Was turned off by the non stop deluge of ads from the Flynn PAC. A little more restraint might have tricked people. Way too obvious of an attempt to buy a seat."
"I guess you really can't buy anything with crypto."
"Crypto bro goes down just like crypto did"
The Reddit comments I've seen have been largely the same as well: people being tired of apparently incessant campaign ads along with some suspicion of large out of state money and crypto.
Here are some impressions of him from various influential Oregonians. No idea how these six were chosen from the "more than a dozen" originally interviewed.
4Charles He6mo
It seems reasonable that most of these people were selected because they were expected to be hostile and aligned with other candidates. This belief is because it is probably this sort of “local establishment” to whom the EA candidate had the weakest comparative ties (or even was threatening to), and also because the WW put out specific aggressive pieces of low substance (the “owl” quote).
There's a weird detail I see in this post that seems to overemphasize the campaign's success:
Yes, Carrick lost. But he came in second out of nine, despite several factors pushing pretty strongly against him. Had things shaken out differently on a few key factors, he could have won.
and
So the fact that Carrick came in second, despite several (in the future, mostly avoidable) factors strongly pushing against him, and no comparable unique factors pushing in his favor, makes me more optimistic about the prospects of any future EAs who decide to run. To be concrete, my personal best guess is that >30% of American EAs would have at least a decent shot (say, >20%) of making it into Congress if they chose to dedicate themselves to their local community and spend time practicing the appropriate communication skills.
However, Carrick only received half as many votes as the winning candidate (results). Maybe this wasn't immediately clear as the data was tentative, but I find it hard to update much on this data.
Great post, and I hope folks will consider it carefully. I was thinking of writing up my thoughts on how to field better candidates, and points 1-4 cover what I would have written. (And do it really thoroughly, nice job Daniel_Eth!)
One thing about all of those points: they're not just about optics or voter preferences. They're proxies for being prepared to do the job. You don't just need to live in the district for a while before you run so you won't get called a carpetbagger, you need it to know what's going on. You need local connections to get support, but also to know who to call on when new issues come up. Experience in local office doesn't just look good on the bio, it shows that you've got experience with committee meetings and all the other basic blocking and tackling on a local level. And so on --these are matters of substance not just optics.
It would be great to see more long-term thinking in Congress, and I think if you all back candidates that would be viable without their EA connection and also add that perspective, you could do a lot of good.
I hope Mr. Flynn also considers running for local or state office. There's been a lot of churn in the Oregon state legislature recently, and that's likely to continue. He'd be a strong candidate for state rep in the next cycle.
Just wanted to say that I really appreciated this post. As someone who followed the campaign with interest, but not super closely, I found it very informative about the campaign. And it covered all of the key questions I have been vaguely wondering about re: EAs running for office.
As a Democratic candidate, being “the crypto guy” is a political liability; being tied to EA, not as much
How strongly do you think this was an update in the favor of an underlying reality of “EA being easy to present”, instead of “EA getting really good draws” in one campaign?:
• It seems like the Politico and WaPo articles were really fair, even good for EA. National press could have ended up being hostile as others were.
• A lot of attention was on money and crypto, which take up mindshare/sound bites. Maybe this shielded discussion of more cerebral criticism of “being an EA”.
• The campaign manager, much of the staff, and the candidate himself are some the best talent in EA. I guess they worked hard. It might be hard to see how many fires they put out or issues they massaged over, this could be consequential.
If the speculation in this comment is true, it might be hard to tell the difference. This is because these “draws” from this one instance have lasting effects and will set a positive tone for EA for a long time.
I guess one difference is that, if the story in this comment is right, EA can’t be confident that a median quality political effort wouldn’t create issues or erode positive sentiment.
edited a lot due to comments
My view is that this is a bet we'd take again. Copied from my twitter:
Sam Bankman-Fried et al spent $13 million on an I'd estimate an additional 25% chance for Carrick Flynn to win. Assuming an 80% chance to win in the national, that's$60 million to win house seat on expectation for someone who cares deeply about pandemic prevention + great record + all the information learned in the campaign. My 25% comes from the metaculus estimate of 30% (which I think we should accept as a reasonable guess) assuming a 5% chance of him winning without the money.
Should Sam spend that much to increase the chances on many house seats? I don't know, probably? How many seats do you need to pass pandemic bills? Also the first person has much higher marginal value. This looks like a choice that those involved would make again.
Also, this has great signalling value. If I were in a tough race in the next 2 years, I'd be pushing for Pandemic Legislation and negotiating for some money. "If he's willing to blow $13 mill on a nobody, if I back this legislation, maybe he'll back me" correct me if I'm wrong How much did the$13 million shift the odds? That's the key question. The conventional political science on this is skeptical that donations have much of an effect on outcomes (albeit it's a bit more positive about lower profile candidates like Carrick) https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/money-and-elections-a-complicated-love-story/
(In this case, given the crypto backlash, it's surely possible SBF's donations hurt Carrick's election chances. I don't want to suggest this was actually the case, just noting that the confidence interval should include the possibility of a negative effect, here.)
Signaling is a more interesting idea, but raises more questions about effectiveness. How much is it worth spending to get someone elected on the basis that they've endorsed pandemic prevention for self-interested reasons?
Fundraising is particularly effective in open primaries, such as this one. From the linked article:
But in 2017, Bonica published a study that found, unlike in the general election, early fundraising strongly predicted who would win primary races. That matches up with other research suggesting that advertising can have a serious effect on how people vote if the candidate buying the ads is not already well-known and if the election at hand is less predetermined along partisan lines.
Basically, said Darrell West, vice president and director of governance studies at the Brookings Institution, advertising is useful for making voters aware that a candidate or an issue exists at all. Once you’ve established that you’re real and that enough people are paying attention to you to give you a decent chunk of money, you reach a point of diminishing returns (i.e., Paul Ryan did not have to spend $13 million to earn his seat). But a congressperson running in a close race, with no incumbent — or someone running for small-potatoes local offices that voters often just skip on the ballot — is probably getting a lot more bang for their buck. Although early fundraising could be correlational with success rather than causal, if it's an indicator of who can generate support from the electorate. (I'd be pretty confident there's an effect like this but don't know how strong, and haven't tried to understand if the article you're quoting from tries to correct for it.) 3Nathan Young6mo Yeah good question, but maybe 25%. So overall it's about$60M for a seat. I really think Carrick had no chance without this money (there were several other crypto people + conventional candidates) I believe there might have been too many mail shots, say, but I don't beleive Carrick was hurt overall, because without SBF noone woudl know who he was.
I think your cost-effectiveness analysis is a little bit misleading: You're assuming there was a binary choice between spending $0 and having a 5% chance of a seat or spending$13mn and having a 30% chance*. This is not the case, though, as they could have spent anything between those two amounts. It is quite reasonable that spending say $3mn would have led to something between 25-28% chance of winning and spending$10mn probably to something like 29.9%, so the effectiveness of most of the $13mn spent is much lower than you are suggesting. *I'm much more sceptical than you though that the Metaculus estimate is a reasonable guess: It seems plausible to me that there could be a significant overlap between people highly excited about Flynn and people estimating on this question, which could very well have biased the estimate in Flynn's favour. 3Nathan Young6mo So I'm hearing the following: * It might be cheaper than this because perhaps most of the value was created by some small proportion of the money. Perhaps if you spent 60 million across 60 races, you'd expect more than 1 pro pandemic preparedness seat. * It might be more costly than this because metaculus was miscalibrated. I find this a little frustrating because "maybe the well-calibrated forecasters were wrong" is an exceptionally cheap attack against the best forecasting we had ahead of time. That said, we'll find out in future races anyway. On balance I reckon the first bullet point dominates the second, so I reckon this is an overestimate of costs. It probably costs less than$60 mil to campaign on expectation. What cost effectiveness guesses would you give?
2Nathan Young6mo
What do you think the cost-effectiveness was?
6RyanCarey6mo
Perhaps it was reasonable in prospect, but not in retrospect. He lost by a lot. So we can see now that the chance of winning was more like 10%. Whereas, if someone does a (generally two-year) stint in the state house, they can build up the resources required for a run that is credible, with a >30% chance of success. It will almost always make sense to build a public persona beforehand, in that manner, or another, rather than running "out of nowhere" again. Also, you didn't take into account the diminishing returns of funding, and I think in future, folks will not need to spend as much per constituent.
3Linch6mo
Yglesias argues in a different thread that Salinas was more competitive than expected [https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/FG9JJmAYDq9Ghuudg/some-potential-lessons-from-carrick-s-congressional-bid?commentId=La6fGRCiTa95JroCg] for fairly arbitrary reasons.
5RyanCarey6mo
Yglesias is more the expert here, but I would question whether boldpac explains Carrick being outvoted by 2x. Also, presumably there are only like 50 competitive primaries each cycle (with new seat, no incumbent), and many of them will include an opponent who is as strong as Salinas for one reason or another.
2Nathan Young6mo
A number of people have downvote this, and while I now think my number was a little low, I don't think it was really wrong. So I stick by my now edited number. If you downvoted, what do you think was wrong?
You might want to use more political sensitivity re the perception of "buying" a seat.
2Nathan Young6mo
Do you prefer the current wording? Also, this feels a little arbitrary? Do people not think that lots of money was thrown at a race to try and win it and that whatever we call that it is what it is? Are we arguing over the behaviour or what I called the behaviour?)
I think it's immoral to (attempt to) buy seats in a democracy; it goes against my values.
Fundraising in order to try to make sure voters are aware of your candidate and his message is fine, but "buying seats" isn't.
Thank you for this statement. I am including the current results from FEC filings here. It is clear that there was not only a lot of money spent to buy the election, but there was a good deal of subterfuge. Contributions to other PACs from Protect our Future were made just late enough to escape reporting until after the election.
One of the mysteries about this election was what the Justice Unites US Pac was. It spent almost $850,000 on canvassers for Flynn and touted itself as an AAPI led and run organization. Campaign filings now show that money for the PAC came exclusively from Protect our Future and supported only one candidate. Protect our Future spent over$10 million supporting Flynn and almost a million dollars against Andrea Salinas, the victor in this race.
These current filings also confirm that Bankman-Fried donated $6 million to the House Democratic Majority PAC just before that PAC gave an inexplicable$1 million to Flynn.
This was neither effective nor altruistic. It was an experiment in whether big money could overcome the unquestionable advantages of other candidates.
This is a great post that I think captures a lot about what happened here. Especially 5. I think to some extent the super PAC donations backfired — after all, you're right that Carrick got terrible press from the gifts. The dominant storyline in local media about Flynn was about how much money he was getting from this crypto gazillionaire in The Bahamas. Not to say that it would have been better for him not to have had the money. But I wonder how this election would've been different if POF had spent only, say, $2m on his behalf. FWIW, we just published this on POF over here at Puck which may be of interest to the thread. I do agree that this provided quite some useful information. However, there may also be a big downside if the criticism of SBF is sticky and will carry to future EAs being funded in politics by him. While it's uncertain, I think it's more likely that the signal sent by the overwhelming funding of Carrick's campaign by both SBF and by a large network of private EA donors, and the ability to push the national party to support a primary candidate, was actually central to the success of so many other campaigns that GAP is funding and supporting, and that this will be useful in the future. Did Carrick anywhere address the 'crypto-shill' claim directly? I have not followed this campaign closely, but I can totally see why Carrick came across as being inauthentic - because he sort of was. He was downplaying his EA side and presenting himself as a normal local politician. I think the bold move here would have been openness: talking more deeply about his true motivations and those of SBF. Obviously, that brings EA much more in the scope of opponents, with major risks. The lesson I'm (tentatively) drawing is that an "EA insider" cannot easily enter politics because it's hard to be authentic without exposing EA to political attacks. • Carrick repeatedly said that he's not a crypto guy, hasn't met SBF, etc. • He didn't hide his pandemic-preparedness agenda -- in fact, he ran on it as a major qualification I am not sure if he did this / this sort of thing is feasible, but it could have been a great move to say something like: I will not in any way seek to influence crypto policy while in office OR I will not seek relevant committee assignments for crypto regulation OR even I will abstain from all votes related to cryptocurrencies. Might have been better to be more forceful in distancing himself from SBF. But I guess this is all very easy to say in hindsight. It was pointed out a while ago in some EA groups that the campaign website was bland and had less specificity than even the non-EA contenders. 3Zach Stein-Perlman6mo Yes, the website was confusingly vague and remarkably unexciting. (But in interviews and some ads he ran on being a "pandemic preparedness expert," I think.) 4Linch6mo What percentage of primary voters pay a lot of attention to interviews and stuff? 3Zach Stein-Perlman6mo I don't know, but media coverage is important both for its direct effects and because the media pays attention to other media coverage, so what's said in interviews/etc affects other coverage. The general media sentiment of Carrick as the crypto PAC candidate mattered a lot, I think. (Edit: also of course gaffes in interviews get picked up in media.) In this “news cycle” of EA posts related to the election, has anyone actually written on the actual issue of how compulsion/authority was used on EA in any sense, mechanical/intent/norms/solutions? This purported undue authority or compulsion is what is motivating a lot of this anxiety right? But I get the sense this all stemmed from just one very well liked (or high status if you’re cynical) EA (ASB) who promoted the candidate, along with a number of colleagues of some EA status. As devil’s advocate, it’s unclear what the issue was, or how this could be prevented in the future (especially if no one is going to articulate this). (Credit for idea of EA “news cycles” goes to Nathan Young). Am a bit late to this but wanted to jot down a few thoughts: 1. Does EA Represent Electoral Constituents? Since EA is cosmopolitan and disregards national and possibly temporal boundaries, does that mean EA politicians will prioritize non-voters over the interest of voters? A lot of EAs may feel like which Americans have health insurance coverage or have a right to an abortion is less important than Africans dying of malaria or humanity going extinct. But 1. is this a legitimate basis for democratic politics and 2. if legitimate, will espousing it inhere ... I'm worried about how much this campaign hurt the perception of EA as a whole. My guess would be not too much, since it's a local primary race, but I'm sure there are some people skeptical of the community. It's also possible that crypto is just easier to understand as bad than EA is, so that's what Salinas decided to run on. I'd argue that we don't know yet how EA affects a candidate's campaign. Although, most candidates probably have something that could drown out EA anyway, although probably not anything as damaging as crypto was. Curious about this part: “To be concrete, my personal best guess is that >30% of American EAs would have at least a decent shot (say, >20%) of making it into Congress if they chose to dedicate themselves to their local community and spend time practicing the appropriate communication skills.” Would be curious for a bit more explanation from OP or others on this part. So now that it's over, can someone explain what the heck was up with SBF donating$6m to HMP in exchange for a \$1m donation to Flynn? From an outside perspective it seems tailor made to look vaguely suspicious and generate bad press, without seeming to produce any tangible benefits for Flynn or EA.
7Aleks_K6mo
I don't know anything about the SBF donation to HMP, but it it seems plausible that the HMP support for Flynn could well have been positive had it not led to a large pushback from Latino democrats and BOLD PAC spending for Salinas, so whoever is responsible for getting HMP involved probably didn't realise that there was a risk that this might happen.
1Liam_Donovan6mo
What was the positive effect supposed to be?
Endorsement by the Democratic congressional leadership. There are plenty of low-information voters who hardly follow politics but generally prefer Democrats to Republicans so in the primary, they are more likely to vote for candidate endorsed by the those people who aim to get a Democratic majority in Congress.
Thanks so much for writing this up! I agree that we should be taking lessons from this run.
I haven't read all the related articles. This may be the Crypto case. Carrick is not a weak person. He dedicate his life to all human. He travel much, success much so that he would have won primary in his native town. But he don't have political playbook. People want to associate with the high power, if not they can't possess it, Virtual reality worsen the bad media intervention. Media is a dangerous estate. Summing up, virtual reality and people who get exponential rate of return from crypto exchange is I think, not the way. Carrick didn't connect with l... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3303034007549286, "perplexity": 1877.7337372553227}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00062.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/potential-energy-of-two-atoms.717129/ | # Potential Energy of Two Atoms?
1. Oct 17, 2013
### baubletop
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
The potential energy of two atoms separated by a distance r may be written as:
U(r) = 4Uatomic * [(r0/r)12 - (r0/r)6]
>Given r0 = 4.0 Ao and Uatomic = -0.012795 eV, what is the distance at which there is no net force between the atoms? Express your answer in terms of Ao.
>What is the potential energy at the position where the net force is 0 N? Express your answer in terms of eV.
2. Relevant equations
The above equation.
3. The attempt at a solution
I tried using Coulomb's Law, but I don't know the charges so it's not very helpful. Finding the total energy is also not relevant since I don't know mass or velocity. I'm pretty stuck here. I know once I find the first part I can find the second part easily, but I feel like I'm overlooking something simple for the first part of the question.
2. Oct 17, 2013
### Staff: Mentor
Hint: What's the relationship between force and the potential function? (Use calculus.)
3. Oct 17, 2013
### baubletop
F = -dU/dr :) I tried it and it worked! Thanks for the hint!
Draft saved Draft deleted
Similar Discussions: Potential Energy of Two Atoms? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9000044465065002, "perplexity": 591.9703738006491}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948623785.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20171218200208-20171218222208-00567.warc.gz"} |
https://www.quizover.com/online/course/14-4-electric-power-and-energy-by-openstax?page=4 | # 14.4 Electric power and energy (Page 5/7)
Page 5 / 7
With a 1200-W toaster, how much electrical energy is needed to make a slice of toast (cooking time = 1 minute)? At $\text{9.0 cents/kW · h}$ , how much does this cost?
What would be the maximum cost of a CFL such that the total cost (investment plus operating) would be the same for both CFL and incandescent 60-W bulbs? Assume the cost of the incandescent bulb is 25 cents and that electricity costs $\text{10 cents/kWh}$ . Calculate the cost for 1000 hours, as in the cost effectiveness of CFL example.
$6.25 Some makes of older cars have 6.00-V electrical systems. (a) What is the hot resistance of a 30.0-W headlight in such a car? (b) What current flows through it? Alkaline batteries have the advantage of putting out constant voltage until very nearly the end of their life. How long will an alkaline battery rated at $1\text{.}\text{00 A}\cdot \text{h}$ and 1.58 V keep a 1.00-W flashlight bulb burning? 1.58 h A cauterizer, used to stop bleeding in surgery, puts out 2.00 mA at 15.0 kV. (a) What is its power output? (b) What is the resistance of the path? The average television is said to be on 6 hours per day. Estimate the yearly cost of electricity to operate 100 million TVs, assuming their power consumption averages 150 W and the cost of electricity averages $\text{12}\text{.}0\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{cents/kW}\cdot \text{h}$ .$3.94 billion/year
An old lightbulb draws only 50.0 W, rather than its original 60.0 W, due to evaporative thinning of its filament. By what factor is its diameter reduced, assuming uniform thinning along its length? Neglect any effects caused by temperature differences.
00-gauge copper wire has a diameter of 9.266 mm. Calculate the power loss in a kilometer of such wire when it carries $1.00×{\text{10}}^{\text{2}}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{A}$ .
25.5 W
Integrated Concepts
Cold vaporizers pass a current through water, evaporating it with only a small increase in temperature. One such home device is rated at 3.50 A and utilizes 120 V AC with 95.0% efficiency. (a) What is the vaporization rate in grams per minute? (b) How much water must you put into the vaporizer for 8.00 h of overnight operation? (See [link] .)
Integrated Concepts
(a) What energy is dissipated by a lightning bolt having a 20,000-A current, a voltage of $1.00×{\text{10}}^{\text{2}}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{MV}$ , and a length of 1.00 ms? (b) What mass of tree sap could be raised from $\text{18}\text{.}0º\text{C}$ to its boiling point and then evaporated by this energy, assuming sap has the same thermal characteristics as water?
(a) $2\text{.}\text{00}×{\text{10}}^{9}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{J}$
(b) 769 kg
Integrated Concepts
What current must be produced by a 12.0-V battery-operated bottle warmer in order to heat 75.0 g of glass, 250 g of baby formula, and $3.00×{\text{10}}^{\text{2}}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{g}$ of aluminum from $\text{20}\text{.}0º\text{C}$ to $\text{90}\text{.}0º\text{C}$ in 5.00 min?
Integrated Concepts
How much time is needed for a surgical cauterizer to raise the temperature of 1.00 g of tissue from $\text{37}\text{.}0º\text{C}$ to $\text{100º}\text{C}$ and then boil away 0.500 g of water, if it puts out 2.00 mA at 15.0 kV? Ignore heat transfer to the surroundings.
45.0 s
Integrated Concepts
Hydroelectric generators (see [link] ) at Hoover Dam produce a maximum current of $8.00×{\text{10}}^{\text{3}}\phantom{\rule{0.25em}{0ex}}\text{A}$ at 250 kV. (a) What is the power output? (b) The water that powers the generators enters and leaves the system at low speed (thus its kinetic energy does not change) but loses 160 m in altitude. How many cubic meters per second are needed, assuming 85.0% efficiency?
Do somebody tell me a best nano engineering book for beginners?
what is fullerene does it is used to make bukky balls
are you nano engineer ?
s.
what is the Synthesis, properties,and applications of carbon nano chemistry
so some one know about replacing silicon atom with phosphorous in semiconductors device?
Yeah, it is a pain to say the least. You basically have to heat the substarte up to around 1000 degrees celcius then pass phosphene gas over top of it, which is explosive and toxic by the way, under very low pressure.
Harper
how to fabricate graphene ink ?
for screen printed electrodes ?
SUYASH
What is lattice structure?
of graphene you mean?
Ebrahim
or in general
Ebrahim
in general
s.
Graphene has a hexagonal structure
tahir
On having this app for quite a bit time, Haven't realised there's a chat room in it.
Cied
what is biological synthesis of nanoparticles
what's the easiest and fastest way to the synthesize AgNP?
China
Cied
types of nano material
I start with an easy one. carbon nanotubes woven into a long filament like a string
Porter
many many of nanotubes
Porter
what is the k.e before it land
Yasmin
what is the function of carbon nanotubes?
Cesar
I'm interested in nanotube
Uday
what is nanomaterials and their applications of sensors.
what is nano technology
what is system testing?
preparation of nanomaterial
Yes, Nanotechnology has a very fast field of applications and their is always something new to do with it...
what is system testing
what is the application of nanotechnology?
Stotaw
In this morden time nanotechnology used in many field . 1-Electronics-manufacturad IC ,RAM,MRAM,solar panel etc 2-Helth and Medical-Nanomedicine,Drug Dilivery for cancer treatment etc 3- Atomobile -MEMS, Coating on car etc. and may other field for details you can check at Google
Azam
anybody can imagine what will be happen after 100 years from now in nano tech world
Prasenjit
after 100 year this will be not nanotechnology maybe this technology name will be change . maybe aftet 100 year . we work on electron lable practically about its properties and behaviour by the different instruments
Azam
name doesn't matter , whatever it will be change... I'm taking about effect on circumstances of the microscopic world
Prasenjit
how hard could it be to apply nanotechnology against viral infections such HIV or Ebola?
Damian
silver nanoparticles could handle the job?
Damian
not now but maybe in future only AgNP maybe any other nanomaterials
Azam
Hello
Uday
I'm interested in Nanotube
Uday
this technology will not going on for the long time , so I'm thinking about femtotechnology 10^-15
Prasenjit
can nanotechnology change the direction of the face of the world
At high concentrations (>0.01 M), the relation between absorptivity coefficient and absorbance is no longer linear. This is due to the electrostatic interactions between the quantum dots in close proximity. If the concentration of the solution is high, another effect that is seen is the scattering of light from the large number of quantum dots. This assumption only works at low concentrations of the analyte. Presence of stray light.
how did you get the value of 2000N.What calculations are needed to arrive at it
Privacy Information Security Software Version 1.1a
Good
4
Because I'm writing a report and I would like to be really precise for the references
where did you find the research and the first image (ECG and Blood pressure synchronized)? Thank you!! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 14, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6430280804634094, "perplexity": 2529.383849777591}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267160085.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20180924011731-20180924032131-00451.warc.gz"} |
http://geoscripting-wur.github.io/system_setup/ | Week 1, Lesson 1: Introduction to the geo-scripting course
# Introduction
This page details the easiest ways to set up all the necessary software for taking the Geoscripting course. This is useful to know in the following cases:
• You are following the course externally
• You have followed the course in the past and wish to revisit some of the lessons or want to have all the same software on your own computer
• You’d like to try running Linux on your own device
Note: regular students taking the Geoscripting course are already provided with an environment with all software preinstalled! This environment will be introduced in lesson 4. Thus this guide is only needed for those who want to set an equivalent environment on their own.
Having your system properly set-up is a cricial step before starting any geo-processing with R and Python. The figure below provides an overview of some of the different components of the system and how they are connected with each other.
The easiest way to get it all running is to work via a Linux environment. There, all (or almost all) the tools are already preinstalled for you. However, getting it to run takes a bit of practice. There are a few options:
• Running Linux from a virtual machine inside Windows/macOS - easiest but slowest
• Running Linux off of a USB drive (Live system) - best support and ease-of-setup ratio
• Installing Linux on a hard drive (external or internal) - best for long-term Linux use
The OSGeo Live Linux distribution includes almost everything you need in the course. Alternatively, you can use Ubuntu 16.04 Xenial Xerus, which is more lightweight. We have prepared an install script that installs all the missing tools for the course for both of these options.
If you are taking the course externally and want to follow just one or two lessons, you can often successfully install the needed software also on Windows and macOS. However, it is more difficult to set it up and thus we do not provide support for such installations: you are on your own for that.
Warning for students taking the course: during the course we will not support non-standard software stacks, because software setup is a time-consuming, difficult to debug process, and different software versions/platforms often cause unexpected bugs. Thus please use the provided VDI introduced in lesson 4, or if that is not available, one of the options described below.
# Running Linux
## Linux on a virtual machine
Follow the instructions on the OSGeo Live website to set up VirtualBox and OSGeo Live.
Note: If you get screen corruption upon booting to OSGeo Live, press right Ctrl + F1, then right Ctrl + F7.
If you want to use Ubuntu 16.04, follow this guide to set it up manually, or download a premade VirtualBox VDI image of Ubuntu 16.04 64-bit from OSBoxes and then follow the OSGeo Live guide to set it up.
For those who wish to set it up on Wageningen PCs, keep in mind that virtualisation needs to be enabled in the PC’s UEFI BIOS first.
## Linux on a USB drive
Download the ISO image of either OSGeo Live or Ubuntu 16.04, and write it onto a USB stick. There are several programs to do so depending on your operating system, e.g. Rufus on Windows.
This will create a non-persistent Live USB. That means that any changes you do will be lost on reboot. If you want to keep your changes, you have two options: 1) Write a persistent Live USB from within Linux, or 2) install Linux on external/internal hard drive.
### Persistent Live USB
To make a persistent Live USB, you need to: 1) have a large enough USB drive (8 GiB minimum, 16 GiB recommended), 2) be booted into Linux. This is a bit of a chicken-and-egg problem (only Linux can read and write Linux file systems, and a Linux file system is required to create a persistence file larger than 4 GiB). This point can be solved by either using an existing Linux PC, or by using two USB sticks. An example of the latter follows.
In addition, you need to have the ISO image of the OS you want to install. You can either use a yet another USB stick that holds this ISO, or download the ISO from the web once booted into Linux (provided you have enough RAM to hold it).
On the small USB stick, create a non-persistent Live USB by following the directions above. Boot into it, connect the large USB stick, open the terminal, and install and run the USB creation tool by running the commands:
sudo add-apt-repository universe
sudo apt update
sudo apt install mkusb usb-pack-efi
sudo -H mkusb /path/to/iso/filename.iso
When the mkusb program is launched, choose d (dus option). Then option p “Persistent live”, upefi, select the target device, choose the amount of space (100% is fine), select Go. If the terminal says Done :-), then it’s finished. If it gives an error, it might still have succeeded, as some errors are non-critical.
Danger: when you are asked to select the target device, be very careful not to wipe your small USB or an internal disk! Make sure that the size matces the size of your large USB drive.
Reboot, take out the small USB stick, boot from the large one, and you should be good to go. Any changes you make will be stored and persist between reboots.
## Linux on a hard drive
The methods descrived above make a Live system, that is, the contents of the USB drive are mostly stored in memory, which is fast but limits the amount of memory you can use for data processing. You can also install Linux, to make it a regular operating system. It can be installed on an internal hard drive, or even an external hard drive or a large, fast USB stick. In case of an external drive, you get a portable system that you can boot from any PC, but it may be slower than when using a persistent Live USB. If installed on an internal hard drive, it can live alongside another OS like Windows in a dual boot setup.
To install Linux onto a hard drive, boot from a Live USB (as detailed above) and double-click on the “Install” icon on the desktop, and follow the setup wizard.
Danger: again, be very careful in the partitioning step! If you damage a partition that stores valuable data or another operating system, it will be permanently lost!
Pro-tip: See the installing Linux on your own hardware page for more details.
## Installing necessary software
Now that you are running Linux, you should run the install script that fetches all the needed software for you. For that, open the terminal and run the following commands:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install git
git clone https://github.com/GeoScripting-WUR/InstallLinuxScript.git
cd InstallLinuxScript
cd xenial ## In case you're running Ubuntu 16.04
cd osgeo-bionic ## In case you're running OSGeo Live 12
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# Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected
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Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected [#permalink]
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05 Dec 2014, 06:45
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Tough and Tricky questions: Probability.
Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected by a certain biological agent could be expected to be killed for each day that passes during which they have not received an antidote. What fraction of a group of 1,000 people could be expected to be killed if infected and not treated for three full days?
A) 16/81
B) 8/27
C) 2/3
D) 19/27
E) 65/81
Kudos for a correct solution.
Source: Chili Hot GMAT
[Reveal] Spoiler: OA
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Re: Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected [#permalink]
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05 Dec 2014, 07:15
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at the end of day 1 - Dead = 1/3, alive = 1 - 1/3 = 2/3
at the end of day 2 - Dead = 1/3 + (1/3).(2/3), alive = 1 - {1/3 + (1/3).(2/3)} = 4/9
at the end of day 3 - Dead = 1/3 + (1/3).(2/3) + (1/3).(4/9) = 19/27
Hence D
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Re: Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected [#permalink]
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06 Dec 2014, 01:30
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At the end of each day we will have 2/3 alive. So after 3 days we will have (2/3)^3 people alive. Therefore, fraction of dead people will be 1-(2/3)^3=19/27.
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Re: Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected [#permalink]
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06 Dec 2014, 01:32
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Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected by a certain biological agent could be expected to be killed for each day that passes during which they have not received an antidote. What fraction of a group of 1,000 people could be expected to be killed if infected and not treated for three full days?
A) 16/81
B) 8/27
C) 2/3
D) 19/27
E) 65/81
People expected to be killed at the end of first day = $$1000*(\frac{1}{3})$$
Remaining people, expected not to be killed at the end of first day= $$1000*(\frac{2}{3})$$
People expected to be killed at the end of second day = $$1000*(\frac{2}{3})(\frac{1}{3})$$
Remaining people, expected not to be killed at the end of second day= $$1000*(\frac{2}{3})^2$$
One may observe that the number of people expected as not killed follows a geometric progression with initial value as 1000 and fixed common ratio ($$\frac{2}{3}$$). Thus, people expected not to be killed at the end of third day = $$1000*(\frac{2}{3})^3 = (\frac{8}{27})*1000$$
Therefore, fraction of 1,000 people that could be expected to be killed in three full days = $$1-\frac{8}{27}= \frac{19}{27}$$
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Re: Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected [#permalink]
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29 Nov 2017, 01:34
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Bunuel wrote:
Tough and Tricky questions: Probability.
Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected by a certain biological agent could be expected to be killed for each day that passes during which they have not received an antidote. What fraction of a group of 1,000 people could be expected to be killed if infected and not treated for three full days?
A) 16/81
B) 8/27
C) 2/3
D) 19/27
E) 65/81
Kudos for a correct solution.
Source: Chili Hot GMAT
Since we need the answer in fraction, we can ignore the 1000.
At the end of every day, 2/3rd of the previous day's number is left.
So at the end of day three, (2/3)*(2/3)*(2/3) = 8/27 are left
So by the end of day three, 1 - 8/27 = 19/27 could be expected to be killed.
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Re: Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected [#permalink]
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01 Dec 2017, 06:50
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Expert's post
Bunuel wrote:
Tough and Tricky questions: Probability.
Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected by a certain biological agent could be expected to be killed for each day that passes during which they have not received an antidote. What fraction of a group of 1,000 people could be expected to be killed if infected and not treated for three full days?
A) 16/81
B) 8/27
C) 2/3
D) 19/27
E) 65/81
Instead of using 1,000, let’s use variable t.
After day 1, (1/3)t have not survived and (2/3)t are left.
After day 2, (2/3)t x 1/3 = (2/9)t have not survived and (2/3)t x 2/3 = (4/9)t are left.
After day 3, (4/9)t x 1/3 = (4/27)t have not survived and (4/9)t x 2/3 = (8/27)t are left.
Thus, after 3 days the fraction that have not survived is (1/3)t + (2/9)t + (4/27)t = (9/27)t + (6/27)t + (4/27)t = (19/27)t.
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Re: Medical analysts predict that one-third of all people who are infected [#permalink] 01 Dec 2017, 06:50
Display posts from previous: Sort by | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.32134875655174255, "perplexity": 6818.703044423804}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948563629.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20171215040629-20171215060629-00491.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/197894/direction-of-a-bearing?answertab=oldest | # Direction of a bearing
What is the direction in degrees that corresponds to the bearing S 48 W? Do not give any units in your answer. As usual, your answer should consist only of a number. Your answer must be between -180 and 179.
so since its -(90+48)= -138 correct?
This is the theory i have in my textbook
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I don't understand the problem, but I really don't understand why there's a 480 in the problem and a 48 in your solution. Or is that 480 supposed to be 48 degrees? – Gerry Myerson Sep 17 '12 at 5:42
I would concur with Brian's answer. More typically it would be expressed as 228°. – copper.hat Sep 17 '12 at 7:14
What you have in your textbook confirms my guess at the meaning of $S$48\$° W but doesn’t have any bearing (sorry!) on the other assumptions. – Brian M. Scott Sep 17 '12 at 7:28
Agree with copper.hat. I have never seen a compass dial with negative numbers. Quite irrespective of what OP's textbook says. OTOH adding/subtracting a multiple of 360 to accomodate for the whims of a textbook author is also a basic skill. Anyway I'm fairly sure that copper.hat was simply making the observation that the prescribed interval of length 360 is an odd choice in the context of compass bearings. – Jyrki Lahtonen Sep 17 '12 at 7:33
@JyrkiLahtonen ya i also knew that there is no negative compass.. u know wat i am going to clarify this with my teacher and going to show him this post haha.. – JackyBoi Sep 17 '12 at 7:40 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8250303268432617, "perplexity": 865.8911190693116}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00285-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/111326/poker-game-probability-question?answertab=active | # Poker game probability question
In a standard poker game (no wild cards), suppose you are dealt five cards and your hand contains exactly one pair. You trade in the three worthless cards for new ones. What is the probability that your hand improves? meaning that there is a substantive transformation from one "kind" of hand into another
-
As noted above, the easiest way is to calculate $P(\text{Not improving})$, and then $P(\text{Improving})=1-P(\text{Not improving})$.
If you already have a pair, you can't get a straight or a flush. You can only improve by making trips or two pairs. Once you have improved to trips or two pairs you can improve further, but we don't need to concern ourselves with that.
The rough way to calculate this is: $$P(\text{First card won't give you trips}) = \frac{45}{47}$$ as there are two card that give you trips.
$$P(\text{Second card won't give trips or two pairs}) = \frac{41}{46}$$ as there are two cards for trips + three cards for two pairs.
$$P(\text{last card won't give trips or two pairs}) = \frac{37}{45}$$ i.e. $2 + 3 + 3$ cards that improve. $$P(\text{Not improved}) = \frac{45}{47} \cdot \frac{41}{46} \cdot \frac{37}{45} \approx 0.702$$ and hence $$P(\text{Improved}) \approx 0.298.$$
This isn't exact, as you may have picked a card of the same rank that was earlier removed. In that case, there are only two and not three matches, which improves your odds slightly. Likewise, for your last card, you may have picked one or two cards of ranks that were earlier discarded. In all, this adds $\approx 1\%$ to your chances of not improving.
-
You have a pair, so these are the (mutually exclusive) ways of improving your hand:
• Being dealt two worthless cards and a third of the number in the pair, giving you three of a kind
• Being dealt one extra card and the remaining two of the number in the pair, giving you four of a kind
• Being dealt one extra card and another pair, giving you two pair
• Being dealt three of a kind, giving you a full house
Note that you cannot get a flush or a straight. Also observe that the three cards you discarded all had distinct numbers, otherwise you would have had two pair.
Let us assume that there are no other players, so that there are $47$ cards remaining. (If there are other players, you need to do essentially the following for each possible hand they're dealt, then sum over all of their possible hands times the probability of those hands. Probably intractable by hand.) Fix the hand you were dealt. We count the number of ways of being dealt each of the preceding possibilities.
• Think about picking two worthless cards. You can't pick the number you've been dealt, so you have $45$ options for the first. For the second, you can no longer pick the same number as the first, or you'd be dealt two pair, so you have $45 - 3 = 42$ options for the second. Now divide by $2$ (you double-counted each pair of cards). Now there are $2$ ways of picking a third card of the number of the pair you've been dealt, so there are $$\frac{45\cdot 42}{2}2=45\cdot 42$$ hands ways of getting three of a kind.
• There is exactly one way of being dealt the remaining two cards of the number in your pair. There are $45$ options for the worthless extra card. So there are $$45$$ ways of being dealt a four pair.
• There are $12$ numbers remaining for another pair. However, $9$ of them have four suits for each number, while $3$ of them are the same number as the three you discarded, so there are $\binom{9}{1}\binom{4}{2} + \binom{3}{1}\binom{3}{2}$ ways of choosing another pair. Then the extra card can't be from the same number as that pair, nor the same number as your original pair, so there are $43$ cards to select it from if you picked your pair from the $9$ full sets of numbers and $44$ cards to select it from if you picked your pair from the $3$ sets of numbers from which you discarded. Therefore, there are $$43\cdot \bigg( 9\binom{4}{2} + 3\binom{3}{2} \bigg)$$ ways of being dealt two pair.
• To be dealt a full house, you can either be dealt a pair with extra card same number as your original pair, or you can be dealt three of a kind. For the former, replace $43$ by $2$ in the previous bullet point. For the latter, there are $9$ numbers to choose from with $4$ suits and $3$ numbers to choose from with $3$ suits, so $\binom{9}{1}\binom{4}{3} + \binom{3}{1}\binom{3}{3}$ ways of being dealt a three-of-a-kind. Adding, $$2\cdot \bigg( 9\binom{4}{2} + 3\binom{3}{2} \bigg) + \bigg(\binom{9}{1}\binom{4}{3} + \binom{3}{1}\binom{3}{3}\bigg)$$ ways of being dealt a full house.
Since there are $\binom{45}{3}$ ways of being dealt three replacement cards, we have the probability of improvement is: $$\frac{45\cdot 42 + 45 + 43\cdot 9\binom{4}{2} + 45\cdot 3\binom{3}{2} + 2\cdot 9\binom{4}{2} + 3\binom{3}{2} + \bigg(\binom{9}{1}\binom{4}{3} + \binom{3}{1}\binom{3}{3}\bigg)}{\binom{45}{3}}$$
Google's calculator says that is about $34\%.$
I think I covered everything here without error, but these counting arguments can be tricky.
-
Can I also say that I want to find the possibility of the hand not improving, and use 1-P(not improved)=P(improved)? Are there any flaws in that?If not, what is the probability that we still get 3 worthless cards? – user25329 Feb 20 '12 at 19:14
Yes, you can certainly do that as well. You'll have to rule out various cases, which I thought would lead to about as much work as the direct computation. – Neal Feb 20 '12 at 20:19
Hints:
I know nothing of poker; but I'm assuming the three cards you throw away are not added back to the deck before you choose three new cards from it. If this is not the case, the following isn't relevant (but you can suitably modify it, and in fact it becomes an easier problem):
You may assume that the "new deck" from which you choose the three new cards:
$\ \$1) has a pair missing
$\ \$2) has three other cards missing that have distinct face values and distinct from the face value of $\ \ \ \ \ \$the original pair.
So, for example, the new deck is missing the two of hearts, the two of spades, the four of diamonds, the five of diamonds, and the ace of hearts. You may assume that this is the case.
Now you want to find the probability that selecting three cards from this new deck of 47 gives you a better hand. This can occur in, and only in, the following mutually exclusive ways:
$\ \$1) you obtain a three of a kind whose face value is the same as your original pair (and nothing $\ \ \ \ \ \$better).
$\ \$2) you obtain a four of a kind.
$\ \$3) you obtain an additional pair, distinct from the original pair, and nothing better.
$\ \$4) you obtain a full house (note this can occur in two fundamentally different ways).
As stated above, the above list is complete. You better your hand if and only if one of the above occurs.
So, find the probability of each of the above cases ocurring and take their sum.
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https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Statistical_Mechanics/Advanced_Statistical_Mechanics/Postulates_of_Quantum_Mechanics/The_Heisenberg_Picture | # The Heisenberg Picture
In all of the above, notice that we have formulated the postulates of quantum mechanics such that the state vector $$\vert\Psi(t)\rangle$$ evolves in time, but the operators corresponding to observables are taken to be stationary. This formulation of quantum mechanics is known as the Schrödinger picture. However, there is another, completely equivalent, picture in which the state vector remains stationary and the operators evolve in time. This picture is known as the Heisenberg picture. This particular picture will prove particularly useful to us when we consider quantum time correlation functions.
The Heisenberg picture specifies an evolution equation for any operator $$A$$, known as the Heisenberg equation. It states that the time evolution of $$A$$ is given by
${dA \over dt} = {1 \over i\hbar}[A,H]$
While this evolution equation must be regarded as a postulate, it has a very immediate connection to classical mechanics. Recall that any function of the phase space variables $$A (x, p)$$ evolves according to
${dA \over dt} = \{A,H\}$
where $$\{...,...\}$$ is the Poisson bracket. The suggestion is that in the classical limit ( $$\hbar$$ small), the commutator goes over to the Poisson bracket. The Heisenberg equation can be solved in principle giving
$A (t) = e^{iHt/\hbar}A e^{-iHt/\hbar}$
$= U^{\dagger}(t)A U(t)$
where $$A$$ is the corresponding operator in the Schrödinger picture. Thus, the expectation value of $$A$$ at any time $$t$$ is computed from
$\langle A(t) \rangle = \langle \Psi\vert A(t)\vert\Psi\rangle$
where $$\vert \Psi \rangle$$ is the stationary state vector.
Let's look at the Heisenberg equations for the operators $$X$$ and $$P$$. If $$H$$ is given by
$H = {P^2 \over 2m} + U(X)$
then Heisenberg's equations for $$X$$ and $$P$$ are
${dX \over dt} = \underline { {1 \over i\hbar}[X,H] = {P \over m} }$
${dP \over dt} = {1 \over i\hbar}[P,H] = -{\partial U \over \partial X}$
Thus, Heisenberg's equations for the operators $$X$$ and $$P$$ are just Hamilton's equations cast in operator form. Despite their innocent appearance, the solution of such equations, even for a one-particle system, is highly nontrivial and has been the subject of a considerable amount of research in physics and mathematics.
Note that any operator that satisfies $$\left [ A(t), H \right ] = 0$$ will not evolve in time. Such operators are known as constants of the motion. The Heisenberg picture shows explicitly that such operators do not evolve in time. However, there is an analog with the Schrödinger picture: Operators that commute with the Hamiltonian will have associated probabilities for obtaining different eigenvalues that do not evolve in time. For example, consider the Hamiltonian, itself, which it trivially a constant of the motion. According to the evolution equation of the state vector in the Schrödinger picture,
$\vert\Psi(t)\rangle = \sum_i e^{-iE_it/\hbar}\vert E_i\rangle \langle E_i\vert\Psi(0)\rangle$
the amplitude for obtaining an energy eigenvalue $$E_j$$ at time $$t$$ upon measuring $$H$$ will be
$\langle E_j\vert\Psi(t)\rangle = \sum_i e^{-iE_it/\hbar}\langle E_j\vert E_i\rangle \langle E_i\vert\Psi(0)\rangle$
$= \sum_i e^{-iE_it/\hbar}\delta_{ij}\langle E_i\vert\Psi(0)\rangle$
$= e^{-iE_jt/\hbar}\langle E_j\vert\Psi(0)\rangle$
Thus, the squared modulus of both sides yields the probability for obtaining $$E_j$$, which is
$\vert\langle E_j\vert\Psi(t)\rangle \vert^2 = \vert\langle E_j\vert\Psi(0)\rangle \vert^2$
Thus, the probabilities do not evolve in time. Since any operator that commutes with $$H$$ can be diagonalized simultaneously with $$H$$ and will have the same set of eigenvectors, the above arguments will hold for any such operator. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9812648296356201, "perplexity": 131.13830127232504}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585305.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020090145-20211020120145-00632.warc.gz"} |
https://twobit.org/2011/05/23/understanding-multi-level-security-part-1/ | # Understanding Multi-Level Security Part 1
In my last post I introduced a topic I’ve been working on over the past year. That post provided a description of the problem and it’s importance, but didn’t get into the details behind the technologies used in the solution I’ve worked up. This post is the first of several to come that will fill in these details.
## Purpose
I’ve been having a hard time sorting out the best way to present the relatively complex topic of computer security policy and it’s application to my specific project. My first few attempts to write this up resulted in some very convoluted ramblings.
It seemed like I was starting in the middle and missing all the background. Hoping to fix this I’m starting from the beginning with a quick explanation of the security policy that’s at the core of my project: military security policies and their implementation in SELinux.
To explain this I’m using a logical framework put forward by Chin and Older in their recent book [1]. I took a class with Dr. Chin this past fall and was particularly impressed with the contents of the book and the clear, concise syntax they developed.
## Classifications
Everyone who’s seen a good spy movie has heard references to military security policy. I think it’s safe to day that every James Bond or Jason Bourne movie made a few references to Unclassified, Secret or Top Secret data. These are typically referred to as classifications or sensitivity levels in the literature. Everyone who’s seen these movies understands what the policy is, but few people have a solid grasp on the mathematical rules that govern access control systems implementing this policy.
It really is as simple as it seams though and easy to explain in the context of subjects (generally people or computer processes acting on their behalf) and objects (either physical or electronic). There are two governing principles [2]:
• the simple security property: a subject operating at a given sensitivity level can read objects at the same level or below
• the ★-property: a subject operating at a given sensitivity level can write to objects at the same level or higher
A computer system that implements these two rules is said to implement a multi-level security (MLS) policy.
Inherent in these two rules is a partial ordering among classification labels. Chin and Older describe this ordering by first defining a function that produces the sensitivity of a principle or object: $slev (X)$. For a given object O that is classified Secret we would say:
$
slev (O) = Secret
$
They also define an operator: $le_{s}$ that describes the relationship between two sensitivity levels. Going back to the sensitivity levels we’re so familiar with we would say:
$
Unclass le_{s} Secret le_{s} TopSecret
$
Simply put a TopSecret principle is more sensitive than (or dominates) a Secret principle, which dominates an $Unclass$ principle. Combining these two operators we can now describe these relationships in an access control scenario.
### The Simple Security Property
Getting back to the security properties for military data we can use the above syntax to describe the system. The simple security property requires that a subject operating at a given security level can read objects at the same level or below. We’d such a situation as:
$
(slev (O) le_{s} slev (S)) supset read
$
Above we assume the ‘O’ and ‘S’ are an object and a subject in our system respectively. By the definition of $slev ()$ we know it returns the sensitivity level of its parameter so let’s say that object O is classified Secret and subject S is classified Top Secret. We could then say:
$
$
Knowing that $S le_{s} TS$ is true by the ordering we’ve defined and our knowledge of logical implication (modus ponens WHAT!) we can deduce $read$ from this for future use in our logical framework and we take this to mean a read operation would be granted. Chin and Older provide a more rigorous approach but for our purposes the short hand I’m using is sufficient (because I say so).
### The ★-Property
The ★-property requires that the sensitivity level of a subject is lower than or equal to that of the object for a write access to be permitted. We’d represent this as:
$
(slev (S) le_{s} slev (O)) supset write
$
If ‘S’ and ‘O’ are the same subject and object as in the previous example the values of $slev (S)$ and $slev (O)$ will again be top secret and secret respectively. Thus:
$
TS le_{s} S supset write
$
Using the same partial ordering defined previously we can see that the first part of the implication here is false. This time from our knowledge of logical implication we can’t say anything about the term on the right (the $write$ statement), so we cannot say a write would be granted. It would then be denied by any sane access control implementation. Again I’m using short hand.
## Conclusion
This brief introduction was an attempt to frame basic MLS constructs in a simple logic developed by Chin and Older. Alone this post won’t mean much to most people but it’s intended as a foundation. In my next post I’ll introduce SELinux constraints, MLS constraints and use the logic from this post to illustrate how a reference monitor would evaluate constraints in an access control decision.
## References
1 Chin, Shiu-Kai and Older, Susan. Access Control, Security and Trust CRC Press, 2011.
2 Bell, David Elliott and LaPadula, Leonard J. Secure Computer Systems: A Mathematical Model, MITRE Corporation, 1973.
3 Chad Hanson, SELinux and MLS: Putting the Pieces Together, TCS | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 15, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.38618776202201843, "perplexity": 970.6609055943718}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195525133.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20190717081450-20190717103450-00542.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/199294/elsarticle-not-working-with-citep | # elsarticle not working with citep
I'm trying to use the \citep command in Latex and my document class is elsarticle. The problem is that it displays numbers not authoryear citations in the text which is what I'm looking for. Here are related parts of my code:
\documentclass[preprint,11pt]{elsarticle}
\usepackage{natbib}
...
\bibliographystyle{plainnat}
\bibliography{ML}
And I'm obviously using the \citep command like this:
I once read \citep{edelman1993magnetic}
And my .bib file looks like this:
@article{wolf2009regional,
title={Regional brain activation changes and abnormal functional connectivity of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during working memory processing in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder},
author={Wolf, Robert C and Plichta, Michael M and Sambataro, Fabio and Fallgatter, Andreas J and Jacob, Christian and Lesch, Klaus-Peter and Herrmann, Martin J and Sch{\"o}nfeldt-Lecuona, Carlos and Connemann, Bernhard J and Gr{\"o}n, Georg and others},
journal={Human brain mapping},
volume={30},
number={7},
pages={2252--2266},
year={2009},
publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}
The result looks like:
I once read[1]
I'm looking for a result like this:
I once read(wolf., 2009)
Elsevier is actually looking for:
Text: All citations in the text should refer to:
1. Single author: the author's name (without initials, unless there is ambiguity) and the year of publication;
2. Two authors: both authors' names and the year of publication;
3. Three or more authors: first author's name followed by 'et al.' and the year of publication.
The elsarticle class loads natbib by default so you don't need to load natbib via \usepackage. By default it loads it with a numerical scheme, but the class option authoryear will change that. The matching bibliography style is then elsarticle-harv:
\documentclass[preprint,11pt,authoryear]{elsarticle}
\begin{document} | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5827698707580566, "perplexity": 9177.663773852915}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662588661.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220525151311-20220525181311-00226.warc.gz"} |
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Maddalena Ghezzi Caracteres : Estudios Culturales y Críticos de la Esfera Digital , 2012, Abstract: Review of the book "Escribir en internet: guía para los nuevos medios y las redes sociales" written by Mario Tascón.
Pietro Ghezzi International Journal of General Medicine , 2011, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S15618 Abstract: le of glutathione in immunity and inflammation in the lung Review (5064) Total Article Views Authors: Pietro Ghezzi Published Date January 2011 Volume 2011:4 Pages 105 - 113 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S15618 Pietro Ghezzi Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, Falmer, Brighton, UK Abstract: Reactive oxygen species and thiol antioxidants, including glutathione (GSH), regulate innate immunity at various levels. This review outlines the redox-sensitive steps of the cellular mechanisms implicated in inflammation and host defense against infection, and describes how GSH is not only important as an antioxidant but also as a signaling molecule. There is an extensive literature of the role of GSH in immunity. Most reviews are biased by an oversimplified picture where “bad” free radicals cause all sorts of diseases and “good” antioxidants protect from them and prevent oxidative stress. While this may be the case in certain fields (eg, toxicology), the role of thiols (the topic of this review) in immunity certainly requires wearing scientist’s goggles and being prepared to accept a more complex picture. This review aims at describing the role of GSH in the lung in the context of immunity and inflammation. The first part summarizes the history and basic concepts of this picture. The second part focuses on GSH metabolism/levels in pathology, the third on the role of GSH in innate immunity and inflammation, and the fourth gives 4 examples describing the importance of GSH in the response to infections.
Pietro Ghezzi International Journal of General Medicine , 2011, Abstract: Pietro GhezziBrighton and Sussex Medical School, Trafford Centre, Falmer, Brighton, UKAbstract: Reactive oxygen species and thiol antioxidants, including glutathione (GSH), regulate innate immunity at various levels. This review outlines the redox-sensitive steps of the cellular mechanisms implicated in inflammation and host defense against infection, and describes how GSH is not only important as an antioxidant but also as a signaling molecule. There is an extensive literature of the role of GSH in immunity. Most reviews are biased by an oversimplified picture where “bad” free radicals cause all sorts of diseases and “good” antioxidants protect from them and prevent oxidative stress. While this may be the case in certain fields (eg, toxicology), the role of thiols (the topic of this review) in immunity certainly requires wearing scientist’s goggles and being prepared to accept a more complex picture. This review aims at describing the role of GSH in the lung in the context of immunity and inflammation. The first part summarizes the history and basic concepts of this picture. The second part focuses on GSH metabolism/levels in pathology, the third on the role of GSH in innate immunity and inflammation, and the fourth gives 4 examples describing the importance of GSH in the response to infections.Keywords: antioxidants, oxidative stress, sepsis, infection, cysteine
Laura Ghezzi Mathematics , 2008, Abstract: We consider a set $X$ of distinct points in the $n$-dimensional projective space over an algebraically closed field $k$. Let $A$ denote the coordinate ring of $X$, and let $a_i(X)=\dim_k [{\rm Tor}_i^R(A,k)]_{i+1}$. Green's Strong Castelnuovo Lemma (SCL) shows that if the points are in general position, then $a_{n-1}(X)\neq 0$ if and only if the points are on a rational normal curve. Cavaliere, Rossi and Valla conjectured that if the points are not necessarily in general position the possible extension of the SCL should be the following: $a_{n-1}(X)\neq 0$ if and only if either the points are on a rational normal curve or in the union of two linear subspaces whose dimensions add up to $n$. In this work we prove the conjecture.
Roberta Ghezzi Mathematics , 2012, Abstract: An almost-Riemannian structure on a surface is a generalized Riemannian structure whose local orthonormal frames are given by Lie bracket generating pairs of vector fields that can become collinear. The distribution generated locally by orthonormal frames has maximal rank at almost every point of the surface, but in general it has rank 1 on a nonempty set which is generically a smooth curve. In this paper we provide a short introduction to 2-dimensional almost-Riemannian geometry highlighting its novelties with respect to Riemannian geometry. We present some results that investigate topological, metric and geometric aspects of almost- Riemannian surfaces from a local and global point of view.
Maddalena Taras Práxis Educativa , 2010, Abstract: In a performance – and results – driven educational world the concept of formative assessment has inspired the educational community by its discourse and focus on learning and learners. However, a number of controversies have surfaced: primary among these are terminological opacities and disparities both within and across continents and sectors (TARAS 2007b, 2009). Among others, Perrenoud (1998) signals the importance of positioning theoretical and practical discourse on assessment within a wider pedagogic context and within theories of learning. Taras (2005) argues that concepts of assessment, including formative assessment, are best and more effectively understood firstly within the wider assessment framework and, secondly, within the relationships of summative, formative and self-assessment. This paper examines definitions of assessments. It begins with basic concepts of assessment, summative, formative, self-assessment and feedback and inter-relates these. The principles inherent in definitions set the parameters of both processes and practice as part of a logical sequence and framework.
Maddalena Cavicchioli Journal of Mathematics , 2013, DOI: 10.1155/2013/747128 Abstract: An acute triangulation of a polygon is a triangulation whose triangles have all their angles less than . The number of triangles in a triangulation is called the size of it. In this paper, we investigate acute triangulations of trapezoids and convex pentagons and prove new results about such triangulations with minimum size. This completes and improves in some cases the results obtained in two papers of Yuan (2010). 1. Introduction and Preliminaries A triangulation of a planar polygon is a finite set of nonoverlapping triangles covering the polygon in such a way that any two distinct triangles are either disjoint or intersect in a single common vertex or edge. An acute (resp., nonobtuse) triangulation of a polygon is a triangulation whose triangles have all their angles less (resp., not larger) than . The number of triangles in a triangulation is called the size. Burago and Zalgaller [1] and, independently, Goldberg and Manheimer [2] proved that every obtuse triangle can be triangulated into seven acute triangles and this bound is the best possible. Cassidy and Lord [3] showed that every square can be triangulated into eight acute triangles and eight is the minimum number. This remains true for any rectangle as proved by Hangan et al. in [4]. Acute triangulations of trapezoids, quadrilaterals, and pentagons were investigated in [5–8]. Further information, historical notes, and problems about acute triangulations of polygons and surfaces can be found in the survey paper [9]. Let denote a family of planar polygons, and for , let be the minimum size of an acute triangulation of . Then, let denote the maximum value of for all . The following results are known. Theorem 1. (i) Reference [7]: let denote the family of all trapezoids, that is, quadrilaterals with at least one pair of parallel sides. Then, , where is the family of all rectangles (also including squares). (ii) Reference [6]: let be the family of all quadrilaterals. Then, . (iii) Reference [5]: let be the family of all convex quadrilaterals. Then, . (iv) Reference [8]: let denote the family of all planar pentagons. Then, . In this paper, we discuss acute triangulations of trapezoids and convex pentagons and prove new results of such triangulations with minimum size. For example, we get the following characterization of the right trapezoids: they are the only trapezoids needing exactly six triangles and one interior vertex for an acute triangulation of minimum size. For the family of convex pentagons, we show that the bound stated in Theorem 1(iv) can be improved under some additional conditions.
American Journal of Climate Change (AJCC) , 2014, DOI: 10.4236/ajcc.2014.31007 Abstract: Climate change is a living topic when dealing with modern natural sciences. The increase in the average air temperature, as measured in the last decades, is considered as the most relevant effect of climate change on the Earth system. Since the air temperature has a key role in determining the partitioning between liquid and solid precipitation events at a site, important changes in rainfall dynamics are expected, especially in mountainous areas. Thus, an important issue for modern hydrology is to determine how climate change would affect the liquid-solid partitioning of precipitation and its statistical properties. The main aim here is to determine, via statistical analysis and goodness-of-fit tests, whether the duration of precipitation events under the different forms (namely solid, liquid and mixed) may be characterized by the same probability distribution. Similar issue is tested for the volume of precipitation. For this aim, our study pays attention to hourly data collected along an altitude gradient identified through six automatic weather stations in Trentino region, northeast Italy. To distinguish the different types of events from observed heated pluviometers’ data, a partitioning procedure has been used and validated, through some disdrometer data. Sample data of duration and volume, relatively to solid, liquid and mixed events, are extracted, and univariate and bivariate statistics are calculated. Then, the two-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to test if the data distinguished by different types of precipitation can be considered extracted from the same distribution. The results showed that in most cases, durations, as well as volumes of the different types of events, cannot be considered equally distributed. This consideration is particularly clear at high elevations.
Mediators of Inflammation , 1993, DOI: 10.1155/s0962935193000365 Abstract:
Arbor : Ciencia, Pensamiento y Cultura , 2001, Abstract: Not available No disponible
第1页/共306条 每页显示 5 10 20 条 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5809128880500793, "perplexity": 1659.949532506586}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189377.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00008-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/119582/seqsplit-problems-with-utf8 | # Seqsplit problems with UTF8
I'm using seqsplit to split long words within cells of a longtable. I'm using utf8x and ucs packages too. I'm generating PDFs out of those .tex files.
When words have UTF-8 characters, the first one in the sequence raises an error.
\seqsplit{Música} using utf8x appears as M[U+FFFD]sica
This is the error it raises:
! Package utf8x Error: MalformedUTF-8sequence.
See the utf8x package documentation for explanation.
Type H <return> for immediate help.
...
l.398 .. com} & \seqsplit{Música}
Ifthecharacterisanargument,putitin{}
Package ucs Warning: Unknown character 65533 = 0xFFFD appeared again. on input
line 398.
If I remove seqsplit, the word appears correctly, but I need to use this package, maybe someone knows an alternative or macro I can use.
The funniest part is that if the word contains two or more UTF-8 characters, what I get is:
\seqsplit{Múúsica} M[U+FFFD]úsica
Only fails in the first character, so I'm sure UTF-8 encoding is correctly done.
Unicode points > 7 bit are encoded with several bytes in UTF-8. Package seqsplit does not know this, as it is written for long DNA/RNA/protein/… sequences. It is the wrong package for natural text. Languages have rules, where breakpoints are allowed in words (usually not after each letter) and they request the insertion of a hyphenation char.
Thus for narrow columns I recommend package ragged2e with command \Raggedright that is similar to \raggedright, but allows hyphenation. It therefore fills the available space better.
Nevertheless, if a sequence for \seqsplit contains UTF-8 chars and a Unicode TeX engine (XeTeX, LuaTeX) is not used, then the UTF-8 sequences can be grouped and protected for \seqsplit:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[utf8x]{inputenc}
\usepackage{seqsplit}
\begin{document}
\seqsplit{M{ú}sica}
\end{document}
• Is soul a suitable package? Jun 17 '13 at 17:37
• @MarcoDaniel: For what purpose (text in narrow columns or DNA sequences)? Jun 17 '13 at 18:05
• For the issue of the op. Maybe soul can handle such special tokens. Jun 17 '13 at 18:40
• Thanks for the detailed explanation Heiko! really useful. Jun 18 '13 at 7:47 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7836986184120178, "perplexity": 6227.302925362873}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358953.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130050047-20211130080047-00514.warc.gz"} |
http://www.tomshardware.com/forum/236800-45-help-file-clean-computer | # Help! Can this file be used to clean computer?
Tags:
Last response: in Windows XP
Share
December 27, 2007 1:37:35 AM
Hi all,
My dad saw this thing written out on another forum that said the following commands typed in notepad as a .bat file can help clean your computer. It seems like it clears out the temporary internet files and temp, but there are some that I don't know so I was wondering if anyone of you know. Well, here it is:
@echo off
echo
del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.tmp
del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*._mp
del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.log
del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.gid
del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.chk
del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\*.old
del /f /s /q %systemdrive%\recycled\*.*
del /f /s /q %windir%\*.bak
del /f /s /q %windir%\prefetch\*.*
rd /s /q %windir%\temp & md %windir%\temp
del /f /q %userprofile%\recent\*.*
del /f /s /q "%userprofile%\Local Settings\Temporary Internet Files\*.*"
del /f /s /q "%userprofile%\Local Settings\Temp\*.*"
del /f /s /q "%userprofile%\recent\*.*"
echo
echo. & pause
So do you think this thing can be used?
Thanks!
More about : file clean computer
December 27, 2007 11:16:51 PM
You could get a lot of "denied access" errors. You can purge cookies and Internet temp files the right way by using "internet options" in the control panel. Killing all the logs in a drive is not a good idea, some of them can get you out of a problem. And purging the Recycle Bin thru a command prompt is an overkill. I'd stick to deleting everything in "C:\Windows\Temp" and "%userprofile%\Local Settings\Temp\*.*", but some files can be in use, so you can't delete them.
December 28, 2007 10:23:31 PM
You could also use a free program like CClean to clean things out. Running in Safe Mode under the Administrator log in will get the most stuff
! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9002726078033447, "perplexity": 19224.94416582371}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205137.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00103-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/14864/how-do-i-cut-down-on-file-size-of-exported-eps-without-losing-quality | # How do I cut down on file size of exported eps without losing quality?
I need to import the following to eps so that I can put it into my TeX file. The problem is two-fold: the exported file looks terrible (unlike the Mathematica output), and secondly, the file size is huge (over 1 MB), making it take forever to render in the pdf file.
potential1 =
Plot3D[-3600. h^2 + 0.02974 h^4 - 5391.90 s^2 + 0.275 h^2 s^2 + 0.125 s^4, {h, -400, 400},
{s, -300, 300}, PlotRange -> {-1.4*10^8, 2*10^7}, ClippingStyle -> None,
MeshFunctions -> {#3 &}, Mesh -> 10, MeshStyle -> {AbsoluteThickness[1], Blue},
Lighting -> "Neutral", MeshShading -> {{Opacity[.4], Blue}, {Opacity[.2], Blue}},
Boxed -> False, Axes -> False]
Export["pot1.eps", potential1, ImageSize -> 500]
The Mathematica output (in png) is . I can't use png in LaTeX. I tried to export in pdf, but I'm running into an error: "Cannot determine size of graphic in pot1.pdf (no BoundingBox)."
-
I've never had problems with using png in LaTeX. It may be due to my use of graphicx and pdflatex. – rcollyer Nov 19 '12 at 2:14
Maybe you have an older version of $\LaTeX$ installed that doesn't play nicely with PDF of PNG. So you need to export as EPS, encapsulated postscript.
The answer is the same as for this question: Exporting BarChart3D as PDF produces artefacts - I'll repeat it here because you're asking about EPS export, and that question was about PDF export:
Map[SetOptions[#,
Prolog -> {{EdgeForm[], Texture[{{{0, 0, 0, 0}}}],
Polygon[#, VertexTextureCoordinates -> #] &[{{0, 0}, {1,
0}, {1, 1}}]}}] &, {Graphics3D, ContourPlot3D,
ListContourPlot3D, ListPlot3D, Plot3D, ListSurfacePlot3D,
ListVectorPlot3D, ParametricPlot3D, RegionPlot3D, RevolutionPlot3D,
SphericalPlot3D, VectorPlot3D, BarChart3D}];
potential1 =
Plot3D[-3600. h^2 + 0.02974 h^4 - 5391.90 s^2 + 0.275 h^2 s^2 +
0.125 s^4, {h, -400, 400}, {s, -300, 300},
PlotRange -> {-1.4*10^8, 2*10^7}, ClippingStyle -> None,
MeshFunctions -> {#3 &}, Mesh -> 10,
MeshStyle -> {AbsoluteThickness[1], Blue}, Lighting -> "Neutral",
MeshShading -> {{Opacity[.4], Blue}, {Opacity[.2], Blue}},
Boxed -> False, Axes -> False]
Export["pot1.eps", potential1, ImageSize -> 500]
The first cell is there to add a Prolog to all your 3D plots that forces the conversion to bitmap upon export. Since this also applies to EPS, you'll get a bitmap wrapped in an EPS container that can be included in $\LaTeX$. The resulting EPS will look just like what you have posted.
Also note that you have to execute the first cell only one time, and all subsequent plots will look fine when exported to EPS or PDF.
- | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.33838024735450745, "perplexity": 6783.792314871448}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936460576.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074100-00188-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://ask.sagemath.org/users/1374/tsang/?sort=recent | 2016-06-07 13:58:32 -0600 received badge ● Famous Question (source) 2015-11-15 03:29:36 -0600 received badge ● Famous Question (source) 2015-03-14 14:28:25 -0600 received badge ● Notable Question (source) 2014-11-10 19:50:23 -0600 received badge ● Notable Question (source) 2014-01-26 10:08:48 -0600 received badge ● Popular Question (source) 2013-11-04 12:58:23 -0600 received badge ● Popular Question (source) 2013-02-09 15:23:13 -0600 answered a question plot digraph use adjacency matrix Hi Fidelbc, thanks again for your reply. I think I figured out how to get the graph done, thanks for all your help. Just one more small question, my output graph (same as what you got as output), seem like the graphs are not displayed fully, some of the edges or loops at the end of the graph seem cut off. I tried to re-scale the image to make it bigger, but still resulted the same graph. Do you know why this happened? Is there anyway to fix it to make the graph displayed fully? Thanks a lot. 2013-02-07 17:12:33 -0600 answered a question plot digraph use adjacency matrix Yes, I know, that's why I don't understand the problem here, I copy and pasted the exact same format as my "result" file, as below: (0000, a, 1000) (0000, b, 0000) (0000, c, 0000) (0001, a, 1001) (0001, b, 0001) (0001, c, 0001) (0010, a, 1010) (0010, b, 0010) (0010, c, 0010) (0011, a, 1011) (0011, b, 0011) (0011, c, 0011) (0100, a, 1110) (0100, b, 0100) (0100, c, 0100) (0101, a, 1111) (0101, b, 0101) (0101, c, 0101) (0110, a, 1100) (0110, b, 0111) (0110, c, 0111) (0111, a, 1101) (0111, b, 0110) (0111, c, 0110) (1000, a, 0000) (1000, b, 1000) (1000, c, 1100) (1001, a, 0001) (1001, b, 1001) (1001, c, 1101) (1010, a, 0010) (1010, b, 1010) (1010, c, 1111) (1011, a, 0011) (1011, b, 1011) (1011, c, 1110) (1100, a, 0110) (1100, b, 1110) (1100, c, 1000) (1101, a, 0111) (1101, b, 1111) (1101, c, 1001) (1110, a, 0100) (1110, b, 1100) (1110, c, 1011) (1111, a, 0101) (1111, b, 1101) (1111, c, 1010) That's why I really don't understand, it is so strange. 2013-02-07 13:22:11 -0600 answered a question plot digraph use adjacency matrix Hi Fedelbc, thanks for reminding me update my question! :) Here is the error I got: sage: def my_digraph(filename): f = open(filename, 'r') D=DiGraph(loops=True,multiedges=True) for c in f: c = c[1:-2] s1, g, s2 = c.split(', ') D.add_edge([ s1, s2, g ]) f.close() return D ....: sage: graph = my_digraph("result") --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ValueError Traceback (most recent call last) /mount/autofs/home_stude/tsang/ in () /mount/autofs/home_stude/tsang/ in my_digraph(filename) ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack Do you have any suggestions please? Thanks again for your kind help. :) 2013-02-07 11:27:58 -0600 received badge ● Supporter (source) 2013-02-07 11:26:09 -0600 commented answer plot digraph use adjacency matrix Hi Fidelbc, thanks a lot, I did try your suggested answer, but seems like still no plotting outcome, it really gives error says "need more than 1 value to unpack", I don't know why that. Also, I changed my code into "f.readlines()", rather than "f.readline()", it seems start working, however, it still wouldn't plot anything after I typed in "graph.show()". I wonder if it has anything to do just because I am working on mac terminal? 2013-02-06 12:35:50 -0600 answered a question plot digraph use adjacency matrix Hi Fidelbc, thanks heaps for your help. You are right that I didn't have 'word: ' at the beginning when I define i and j, but it constantly producing error message says "x is not in the list". So what I did was print out list S, then I saw it is the format as: ['word: 0000', 'word: 0001', 'word: 0010', 'word: 0011', 'word: 0100', 'word: 0101', 'word: 0110', 'word: 0111', 'word: 1000', 'word: 1001', 'word: 1010', 'word: 1011', 'word: 1100', 'word: 1101', 'word: 1110', 'word: 1111'] That's why I added 'word: ' into the expression for i and j. I just tried to change to M[i,j] += 1, but still having same error message says "use copy(M) to change a copy of M". The labels a, b, and c are the labels for edges, as they represent different states for certain group structures. I also tried your suggested version, but it produce another error message says: "need more than 1 value to unpack". Do you mind spending a bit more time to help me to look into it please? Thanks a lot for your time. 2013-02-05 17:53:39 -0600 received badge ● Editor (source) 2013-02-05 17:47:34 -0600 asked a question plot digraph use adjacency matrix Hi everyone, I got a question here, and I have been trying to debug it for past week, still can't get it sorted out, can anyone please help me? Thanks heaps. I have a file as my data (will paste at the bottom), basically the vertices are all binary strings with directed edges named "a" or "b", or "c". For example, if in my data, there is line says (0000, a, 1000), that means there is an edge from vertex 0000 to 1000 named a. Similarly, if I have (0000, b, 0000), means there is a self-loop from 0000 to it self named b. So there can be more than one self-loops sometimes. Now I have written the function digraph as below: def digraph(n, filename): f = open(filename, 'r') W = Words('01', length=n) S = [str(w) for w in W] M = zero_matrix(ZZ, 2^n) f.readline() for c in f: c = c[1:-2] s1, g, s2 = c.split(', ') i = S.index('word: ' + s1) j = S.index('word: ' + s2) M[i,j] = 1 f.close() return DiGraph(M, vertex_labels=S, loops = True, implementation="c_graph") So the idea should be pretty simple, create list of words with all binary strings length 4, then search where my data the words are allocated in the list, then assign value to 1 to the entries of my original zero matrix. But I keep getting error message says change a copy of the matrix instead, I tried to make a copy(M), but still doesn't work, then it says something else like "need more than 1 value unpack" etc. I really need a hand on this please, can anybody help me please? Also, I can't understand why it is exactly same code, but used to run very well on someone else's linux computer two months ago, and I didn't change anything but it just wouldn't run here and the error messages seem like syntax error. Here are my data as below (0000, a, 1000) (0000, b, 0000) (0000, c, 0000) (0001, a, 1001) (0001, b, 0001) (0001, c, 0001) (0010, a, 1010) (0010, b, 0010) (0010, c, 0010) (0011, a, 1011) (0011, b, 0011) (0011, c, 0011) (0100, a, 1110) (0100, b, 0100) (0100, c, 0100) (0101, a, 1111) (0101, b, 0101) (0101, c, 0101) (0110, a, 1100) (0110, b, 0111) (0110, c, 0111) (0111, a, 1101) (0111, b, 0110) (0111, c, 0110) (1000, a, 0000) (1000, b, 1000) (1000, c, 1100) (1001, a, 0001) (1001, b, 1001) (1001, c, 1101) (1010, a, 0010) (1010, b, 1010) (1010, c, 1111) (1011, a, 0011) (1011, b, 1011) (1011, c, 1110) (1100, a, 0110) (1100, b, 1110) (1100, c, 1000) (1101, a, 0111) (1101, b, 1111) (1101, c, 1001) (1110, a, 0100) (1110, b, 1100) (1110, c, 1011) (1111, a, 0101) (1111, b, 1101) (1111, c, 1010) 2013-01-14 11:25:24 -0600 commented answer sage recursive functions programming I will try a little bit with this, thanks heaps. If I still cannot make it work, I may try to ask you again, thanks a lot. 2013-01-14 11:23:46 -0600 commented question sage recursive functions programming Hi, thanks for reply. It is not homework, but part of research program, trying to program automatons, which is self-similar groups. I basically really weak with programming, but need to try to test some group structures. 2013-01-10 13:23:15 -0600 asked a question sage recursive functions programming Hi everyone, can anybody please help me with this please? I am still relatively new to sage programming. I have two states here a and b, and function f to compute binary strings. If f is at state a, then f(1) = 0, also return to state a, while f(0)=1, but goes to next state b. b is the identity state, when f is at b, b(0)=0, and stays at state b, while b(1)=1, but goes back to state a. for example: suppose start from state a, then we have f(100) = a(100) = 0a(00) = 01b(0) = 010 similarly, suppose we start from state b, then we have f(100) = b(100) = 1a(00) = 11b(0) = 110 Therefore, any binary strings can be calculated by the function and output another binary strings. Can anybody please help me on how to program this in sage please? Thanks a lot. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.20424458384513855, "perplexity": 3786.846964950773}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00488.warc.gz"} |
https://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7250/ | # Large Covariance Matrix Estimation by Composite Minimization
Farne', Matteo (2016) Large Covariance Matrix Estimation by Composite Minimization, [Dissertation thesis], Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna. Dottorato di ricerca in Scienze statistiche, 28 Ciclo. DOI 10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/7250.
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## Abstract
The present thesis concerns large covariance matrix estimation via composite minimization under the assumption of low rank plus sparse structure. Existing methods like POET (Principal Orthogonal complEment Thresholding) perform estimation by extracting principal components and then applying a soft thresholding algorithm. In contrast, our method recovers the low rank plus sparse decomposition of the covariance matrix by least squares minimization under nuclear norm plus $l_1$ norm penalization. This non-smooth convex minimization procedure is based on semidefinite programming and subdifferential methods, resulting in two separable problems solved by a singular value thresholding plus soft thresholding algorithm. The most recent estimator in literature is called LOREC (Low Rank and sparsE Covariance estimator) and provides non-asymptotic error rates as well as identifiability conditions in the context of algebraic geometry. Our work shows that the unshrinkage of the estimated eigenvalues of the low rank component improves the performance of LOREC considerably. The same method also recovers covariance structures with very spiked latent eigenvalues like in the POET setting, thus overcoming the necessary condition $p\leq n$. In addition, it is proved that our method recovers structures with intermediate degrees of spikiness, obtaining a loss which is bounded accordingly. Then, an ad hoc model selection criterion which detects the optimal point in terms of composite penalty is proposed. Empirical results coming from a wide original simulation study where various low rank plus sparse settings are simulated according to different parameter values are described outlining in detail the improvements upon existing methods. Two real data-sets are finally explored highlighting the usefulness of our method in practical applications.
Abstract
Tipologia del documento
Tesi di dottorato
Autore
Farne', Matteo
Supervisore
Dottorato di ricerca
Scuola di dottorato
Scienze economiche e statistiche
Ciclo
28
Coordinatore
Settore disciplinare
Settore concorsuale
Parole chiave
covariance matrix, nuclear norm, thresholding, low rank plus sparse decomposition, unshrinkage
URN:NBN
DOI
10.6092/unibo/amsdottorato/7250
Data di discussione
4 Marzo 2016
URI | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.772406816482544, "perplexity": 2913.3003986339195}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046151531.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210724223025-20210725013025-00717.warc.gz"} |
http://scenelink.org/no-bounding/cannot-determine-size-of-graphic-in-no-boundingbox-pdf.php | Home > No Bounding > Cannot Determine Size Of Graphic In No Boundingbox Pdf
# Cannot Determine Size Of Graphic In No Boundingbox Pdf
## Contents
How is it getting the bounding box values ? –euphoria83 Apr 8 '09 at 21:38 MacTex seems to be more robust than other Tex distributions that I've seen. Is adding the ‘tbl’ prefix to table names really a problem? Can I hint the optimizer by giving the range of an integer? Change \includegraphics[]{../../results2/html/zerooneloss_stumps.jpg} to \includegraphics{../../results2/html/zerooneloss_stumps.jpg} still has the no BoundingBox error. http://scenelink.org/no-bounding/cannot-determine-size-of-graphic-in-png-no-boundingbox.php
share|improve this answer answered Apr 8 '09 at 21:45 Tom 10.3k42941 yeah. Anyway to use the default setting without need to specify the width and height? asked 7 years ago viewed 98314 times active 3 years ago Visit Chat Related 3Included LaTeX figures do not show in dvi but do in pdf3Dimension Preserving JPEG to EPS Conversion1LaTeX Add-in salt to injury?
## Latex No Bounding Box Pdf
Why is using let inside a for loop so slow on Chrome? The only difference this time seems to be that I'm using the style files from the journal Statistical Science (http://www.e-publications.org/ims/support/sts-instructions.html). Does the "bat wing" aircraft paint design have a proper name?
• ImageMagick is able to convert many image formats to many other types.
• I need the image to take up about 80% of text width and be centered.
• Could it be that their server is using an old compiler ?
• Type H for immediate help. ...
• more stack exchange communities company blog Stack Exchange Inbox Reputation and Badges sign up log in tour help Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed
• n-dimensional circles!
• The following one worked for me: \usepackage[dvipdfmx]{graphicx} \usepackage{bmpsize} –zeroos May 12 '15 at 20:56 Just to add: specificying natwidth and natheight also solved a problem I had with jpgs
In fact, I could compile it fine with MacTex on my machine. Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Error including image in Latex [closed] up vote 29 down vote favorite 6 I am getting the following error while compiling my Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Here's how it works: Anybody can ask a question Anybody can answer The best answers are voted up and rise to the ! Latex Error: Option Clash For Package Graphicx. Is the image readable by latex? –kennytm Mar 20 '10 at 13:37 Can you post a minimal latex file to reproduce the error? –baol Mar 20 '10 at 13:42
Figuring out why I'm going over hard-drive quota If a ring R with 1 has characteristic 0. No Bounding Box Error In Latex A lot of the ACM journals and conferences actually take word files, which is even worse. –Uri Apr 8 '09 at 22:01 | show 7 more comments up vote 25 down Linked 8 Error including a .png: Cannot determine size of graphic 1 Latex Error: Cannot determine the size of graphic no bounding box 0 Problem to show image. http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/94869/error-including-a-png-cannot-determine-size-of-graphic I changed one method signature and broke 25,000 other classes.
natwidth=... (not width= as that tries to scale to that size but still needs the natural size. Latex Error File Dvipdfm Def Not Found share|improve this answer answered Mar 20 '13 at 13:01 Tommy 10819 add a comment| Not the answer you're looking for? Is there any known limit for how many dice RPG players are comfortable adding up? latex scales your image to this dimension.
## No Bounding Box Error In Latex
What has this to do with an .eps file ? navigate to this website Beamer: I have modified the color scheme (as well as a few other minor things) of a basic Beamer theme to better suit university presentations. Connecting sino japanese verbs An easy calculus inequality that I can't prove Graph Chromatic Number Problem Why is this C++ code faster than my hand-written assembly for testing the Collatz conjecture? more stack exchange communities company blog Stack Exchange Inbox Reputation and Badges sign up log in tour help Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed Natwidth Latex
So remove it. \documentclass[sts]{imsart} In general dvips, pdftex or xetex should not be used even with packages that know them, such as graphicx hyperref geometry that can deduce the needed driver You are however able to state the natural size of the images using natwidth and natheight which will make latex compile without error. LaTeX Error: Cannot determine size of graphic in Pictures/logo.png (no BoundingBox)2No BoundingBox in LaTeX for a JPEG figure2Using psfragfig: Error processing graphic0Size error with *.png-files when compiling with LaTex2problem to insert More about the author I could not change teh documentclass command, so this workaround worked. –piffy Sep 4 at 17:40 add a comment| Your Answer draft saved draft discarded Sign up or log in
Requirement Guide ERROR The requested URL could not be retrieved The following error was encountered while trying to retrieve the URL: http://0.0.0.10/ Connection to 0.0.0.10 failed. Convert Png To Eps more stack exchange communities company blog Stack Exchange Inbox Reputation and Badges sign up log in tour help Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed Join them; it only takes a minute: Sign up Here's how it works: Anybody can ask a question Anybody can answer The best answers are voted up and rise to the
## In the past I have done this with \epsfig but from reading archives of this mailing list --- this doesn't work for pdflatex.
graphics errors png share|improve this question edited Jan 22 '13 at 15:55 Martin Schröder 11.2k43196 asked May 8 '11 at 11:56 user5371 possible duplicate of: tex.stackexchange.com/questions/11193/… (untagged) –Ciro Santilli See the LaTeX manual or LaTeX Companion for explanation. via dvips). Pdf To Eps Mac more stack exchange communities company blog Stack Exchange Inbox Reputation and Badges sign up log in tour help Tour Start here for a quick overview of the site Help Center Detailed
I am using the following syntax for including the images : \begin{figure}[!h] \begin{center} \scalebox{0.45}{ \includegraphics{tree.jpg}} \end{center} \caption{\small A sample} \label{tree} \end{figure} What should I do ? I could not find it here and on the internet. –euphoria83 Apr 8 '09 at 21:56 1 @euphoria: Which journal are you publishing to? The system returned: (22) Invalid argument The remote host or network may be down. click site Does The Amazing Lightspeed Horse work, RAW?
Java precedence for multiple + and - operators My manager said I spend too much time on Stack Exchange. l.67 \includegraphics{mol.png} Some months ago I used the same procedure and it worked. The produced DVI file will only link to the PDF and the DVI-to-PDF converter will need to include it in the final PDF. Player claims their wizard character knows everything (from books).
This is usually no problem for me. Does the "bat wing" aircraft paint design have a proper name? Ph.D. Is this different than pdflatex? –zkurtz Jul 17 '13 at 13:11 @dustin, no, [demo] is not there ... –zkurtz Jul 17 '13 at 13:12 1 Can you post
How do I handle this? Paragraph ended before \Gin at iii was complete. \par The same error occurs when I use latex rather than pdflatex. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.26691800355911255, "perplexity": 4092.9150744419476}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891813832.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222002257-20180222022257-00706.warc.gz"} |
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/s/survey+iii+global.html | #### Sample records for survey iii global
1. Global Positioning System III (GPS III)
Science.gov (United States)
2015-12-01
Selected Acquisition Report (SAR) RCS: DD-A&T(Q&A)823-292 Global Positioning System III ( GPS III) As of FY 2017 President’s Budget Defense...Acquisition Management Information Retrieval (DAMIR) March 23, 2016 16:15:29 UNCLASSIFIED GPS III December 2015 SAR March 23, 2016 16:15:29 UNCLASSIFIED 2...Document OSD - Office of the Secretary of Defense O&S - Operating and Support PAUC - Program Acquisition Unit Cost GPS III December 2015 SAR March 23
2. The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey. IV. Global properties of C III] emitters
Science.gov (United States)
Maseda, Michael V.; Brinchmann, Jarle; Franx, Marijn; Bacon, Roland; Bouwens, Rychard J.; Schmidt, Kasper B.; Boogaard, Leindert A.; Contini, Thierry; Feltre, Anna; Inami, Hanae; Kollatschny, Wolfram; Marino, Raffaella A.; Richard, Johan; Verhamme, Anne; Wisotzki, Lutz
2017-11-01
The C III] λλ1907, 1909 emission doublet has been proposed as an alternative to Lyman-α in redshift confirmations of galaxies at z ≳ 6 since it is not attenuated by the largely neutral intergalactic medium at these redshifts and is believed to be strong in the young, vigorously star-forming galaxies present at these early cosmic times. We present a statistical sample of 17 C III]-emitting galaxies beyond z 1.5 using 30 h deep VLT/MUSE integral field spectroscopy covering 2 square arcminutes in the Hubble Deep Field South (HDFS) and Ultra Deep Field (UDF), achieving C III] sensitivities of 2 × 10-17 erg s-1 cm-2 in the HDFS and 7 × 10-18 erg s-1 cm-2 in the UDF. The rest-frame equivalent widths range from 2 to 19 Å. These 17 galaxies represent 3% of the total sample of galaxies found between 1.5 ≲ z ≲ 4. They also show elevated star formation rates, lower dust attenuation, and younger mass-weighted ages than the general population of galaxies at the same redshifts. Combined with deep slitless grism spectroscopy from the HST/WFC3 in the UDF, we can tie the rest-frame ultraviolet C III] emission to rest-frame optical emission lines, namely [O III] λ5007, finding a strong correlation between the two. Down to the flux limits that we observe ( 1 × 10-18 erg s-1 cm-2 with the grism data in the UDF), all objects with a rest-frame [O III] λλ4959, 5007 equivalent width in excess of 250 Å, the so-called extreme emission line galaxies, have detections of C III] in our MUSE data. More detailed studies of the C III]-emitting population at these intermediate redshifts will be crucial to understand the physical conditions in galaxies at early cosmic times and to determine the utility of C III] as a redshift tracer. Based on observations made with ESO telescopes at the La Silla Paranal Observatory under program IDs 60.A-9100(C), 094.A-2089(B), 095.A-0010(A), 096.A-0045(A), and 096.A-0045(B). This work is also based on observations made with the NASA/ESA Hubble
3. Treating Globalization in History Surveys
Science.gov (United States)
Stearns, Peter N.
2003-01-01
Globalization provides history teachers with an opportunity to link past to present in new ways and to test historical thinking. This is particularly true in world history surveys, but has relevance to Western civilization or United States history surveys as well. For globalization in turn, the historical perspective offers opportunities for more…
4. 2007 Global Energy Survey
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Lauzon, Jean-Claude; Preng, Richard; Sutton, Bob; Pavlovic, Bojan
2007-06-15
The World Energy Council (WEC), in partnership with Korn/Ferry International undertook a survey focussing on the topic ''Tackling the Three S's: Sustainability, Security and Strategy.'' More than 50 senior executives from the world's leading energy companies and their strategic suppliers were interviewed by Korn/Ferry International.
5. Surveying the global virome
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Scheel, Troels K H; Simmonds, Peter; Kapoor, Amit
2015-01-01
for understanding animal disease, the origin and evolution of human viruses, as well as zoonotic reservoirs for emerging infections. Although the human hepacivirus, hepatitis C virus (HCV), was identified 25years ago, its origin has remained elusive. In 2011, the first HCV homolog was reported in dogs...... but subsequent studies showed the virus to be widely distributed in horses. This indicated a wider hepacivirus host range and paved the way for identification of rodent, bat and non-human primate hepaciviruses. The equine non-primate hepacivirus (NPHV) remains the closest relative of HCV and is so far the best......, their genetic relationship and characterization and the potential use of animal hepaciviruses as models to study hepaciviral infection, immunity and pathogenesis. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "Hepatitis C: Next steps toward global eradication."...
6. Surveys in differential-algebraic equations III
CERN Document Server
Reis, Timo
2015-01-01
The present volume comprises survey articles on various fields of Differential-Algebraic Equations (DAEs), which have widespread applications in controlled dynamical systems, especially in mechanical and electrical engineering and a strong relation to (ordinary) differential equations. The individual chapters provide reviews, presentations of the current state of research and new concepts in - Flexibility of DAE formulations - Reachability analysis and deterministic global optimization - Numerical linear algebra methods - Boundary value problems The results are presented in an accessible style, making this book suitable not only for active researchers but also for graduate students (with a good knowledge of the basic principles of DAEs) for self-study.
7. Global thunderstorm activity research survey
Science.gov (United States)
Coroniti, S. C.
1982-01-01
The published literature on the subject of the monitoring of global thunderstorm activity by instrumented satellites was reviewed. A survey of the properties of selected physical parameters of the thunderstorm is presented. The concepts used by satellites to identify and to measure terrestrial lightning pulses are described. The experimental data acquired by satellites are discussed. The scientific achievements of the satellites are evaluated against the needs of scientists and the potential requirements of user agencies. The performances of the satellites are rated according to their scientific and operational achievements.
8. Global Properties of M31’s Stellar Halo from the SPLASH Survey. III. Measuring the Stellar Velocity Dispersion Profile
Science.gov (United States)
Gilbert, Karoline M.; Tollerud, Erik; Beaton, Rachael L.; Guhathakurta, Puragra; Bullock, James S.; Chiba, Masashi; Kalirai, Jason S.; Kirby, Evan N.; Majewski, Steven R.; Tanaka, Mikito
2018-01-01
We present the velocity dispersion of red giant branch stars in M31’s halo, derived by modeling the line-of-sight velocity distribution of over 5000 stars in 50 fields spread throughout M31’s stellar halo. The data set was obtained as part of the Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of Andromeda’s Stellar Halo (SPLASH) Survey, and covers projected radii of 9 to 175 kpc from M31’s center. All major structural components along the line of sight in both the Milky Way (MW) and M31 are incorporated in a Gaussian Mixture Model, including all previously identified M31 tidal debris features in the observed fields. The probability that an individual star is a constituent of M31 or the MW, based on a set of empirical photometric and spectroscopic diagnostics, is included as a prior probability in the mixture model. The velocity dispersion of stars in M31’s halo is found to decrease only mildly with projected radius, from 108 km s‑1 in the innermost radial bin (8.2 to 14.1 kpc) to ∼80 to 90 km s‑1 at projected radii of ∼40–130 kpc, and can be parameterized with a power law of slope ‑0.12 ± 0.05. The quoted uncertainty on the power-law slope reflects only the precision of the method, although other sources of uncertainty we consider contribute negligibly to the overall error budget. The data presented herein were obtained at the W.M. Keck Observatory, which is operated as a scientific partnership among the California Institute of Technology, the University of California and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Observatory was made possible by the generous financial support of the W.M. Keck Foundation.
9. Global Management Education Graduate Survey, 2011. Survey Report
Science.gov (United States)
Schoenfeld, Gregg
2011-01-01
Each year for the past 12 years, the Graduate Management Admission Council[R] (GMAC[R]) has conducted a survey of graduate management education students in their final year of business school. This Global Management Education Graduate Survey is distributed to students at participating business schools. The survey allows students to express their…
10. 2012 Global Management Education Graduate Survey. Survey Report
Science.gov (United States)
Leach, Laura
2012-01-01
Each year for the past 13 years, the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) has conducted a survey of graduate management education students in their final year of business school. The Global Management Education Graduate Survey is distributed to students at participating schools. The survey allows students to express their opinions about…
11. MMT hypervelocity star survey. III. The complete survey
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Brown, Warren R.; Geller, Margaret J.; Kenyon, Scott J., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States)
2014-05-20
We describe our completed spectroscopic survey for unbound hypervelocity stars (HVSs) ejected from the Milky Way. Three new discoveries bring the total number of unbound late B-type stars to 21. We place new constraints on the nature of the stars and on their distances using moderate resolution MMT spectroscopy. Half of the stars are fast rotators; they are certain 2.5-4 M {sub ☉} main sequence stars at 50-120 kpc distances. Correcting for stellar lifetime, our survey implies that unbound 2.5-4 M {sub ☉} stars are ejected from the Milky Way at a rate of 1.5 × 10{sup –6} yr{sup –1}. These unbound HVSs are likely ejected continuously over the past 200 Myr and do not share a common flight time. The anisotropic spatial distribution of HVSs on the sky remains puzzling. Southern hemisphere surveys like SkyMapper will soon allow us to map the all-sky distribution of HVSs. Future proper motion measurements with Hubble Space Telescope and Gaia will provide strong constraints on origin. Existing observations are all consistent with HVS ejections from encounters with the massive black hole in the Galactic center.
12. MMT hypervelocity star survey. III. The complete survey
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Brown, Warren R.; Geller, Margaret J.; Kenyon, Scott J.
2014-01-01
We describe our completed spectroscopic survey for unbound hypervelocity stars (HVSs) ejected from the Milky Way. Three new discoveries bring the total number of unbound late B-type stars to 21. We place new constraints on the nature of the stars and on their distances using moderate resolution MMT spectroscopy. Half of the stars are fast rotators; they are certain 2.5-4 M ☉ main sequence stars at 50-120 kpc distances. Correcting for stellar lifetime, our survey implies that unbound 2.5-4 M ☉ stars are ejected from the Milky Way at a rate of 1.5 × 10 –6 yr –1 . These unbound HVSs are likely ejected continuously over the past 200 Myr and do not share a common flight time. The anisotropic spatial distribution of HVSs on the sky remains puzzling. Southern hemisphere surveys like SkyMapper will soon allow us to map the all-sky distribution of HVSs. Future proper motion measurements with Hubble Space Telescope and Gaia will provide strong constraints on origin. Existing observations are all consistent with HVS ejections from encounters with the massive black hole in the Galactic center.
13. QUEST1 VARIABILITY SURVEY. III. LIGHT CURVE CATALOG UPDATE
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Rengstorf, A. W.; Thompson, D. L.; Mufson, S. L.; Honeycutt, R. K.; Adams, B.; Baltay, C.; Gebhard, M.; Andrews, P.; Coppi, P.; Emmet, W.; Vivas, A. K.; Abad, C.; Bongiovanni, A.; Briceno, C.; Bruzual, G.; Prugna, F. Della; Hernandez, J.; Bailyn, C.; Ferrin, I.; Fuenmayor, F.
2009-01-01
This paper reports an update to the QUEST1 (QUasar Equatorial Survey Team, Phase 1) Variability Survey (QVS) light curve catalog, which links QVS instrumental magnitude light curves to Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) objects and photometry. In the time since the original QVS catalog release, the overlap between publicly available SDSS data and QVS data has increased by 8% in sky coverage and 16,728 in number of matched objects. The astrometric matching and the treatment of SDSS masks have been refined for the updated catalog. We report on these improvements and present multiple bandpass light curves, global variability information, and matched SDSS photometry for 214,941 QUEST1 objects.
14. Target Selection for the SDSS-III MARVELS Survey
Science.gov (United States)
Paegert, Martin; Stassun, Keivan G.; De Lee, Nathan; Pepper, Joshua; Fleming, Scott W.; Sivarani, Thirupathi; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Mack, Claude E., III; Dhital, Saurav; Hebb, Leslie; Ge, Jian
2015-06-01
We present the target selection process for the Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanets Large-area Survey (MARVELS), which is part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) III. MARVELS is a medium-resolution (R ∼ 11,000) multi-fiber spectrograph capable of obtaining radial velocities for 60 objects at a time in order to find brown dwarfs and giant planets. The survey was configured to target dwarf stars with effective temperatures approximately between 4500 and 6250 K. For the first 2 years MARVELS relied on low-resolution spectroscopic pre-observations to estimate the effective temperature and log (g) for candidate stars and then selected suitable dwarf stars from this pool. Ultimately, the pre-observation spectra proved ineffective at filtering out giant stars; many giants were incorrectly classified as dwarfs, resulting in a giant contamination rate of ∼30% for the first phase of the MARVELS survey. Thereafter, the survey instead applied a reduced proper motion cut to eliminate giants and used the Infrared Flux Method to estimate effective temperatures, using only extant photmetric and proper-motion catalog information. The target selection method introduced here may be useful for other surveys that need to rely on extant catalog data for selection of specific stellar populations.
15. The World Fertility Survey: charting global childbearing.
Science.gov (United States)
Lightbourne R; Singh, S; Green, C P
1982-03-01
Interviewing some 350,000 women in 42 developing countries and 20 developed countries representing nearly 40% of the world's population, the World Fertility Survey (WFS) is in a unique position to document the historic 1970s slowdown in global population growth. This Bulletin describes efforts begun in 1972 to ensure high quality, internationally comparable, accessible data, the data's importance for policymakers, planners and researchers, and major findings available by early 1982 from directly assisted WFS surveys in 29 developing countries and contraceptive use data from WFS-type surveys in 16 developed countries. Marital fertility has declined in all developing regions except Africa but still averages from 4.6 children/woman in Latin America to 6.7 in Africa, while preferred family size ranges from 3.0 children in Turkey to 8.9 in Senegal--far above the average 2.2-2.5 children/woman needed to end developing countries' population growth in the long run. However, women ages 15-19 prefer nearly 2 children fewer than the oldest women ages 45-49; 3.8 vs. 5.7 on the average. Nearly 1/2 (48%) of married women surveyed in 27 countreis said they wanted no more children. Preventing all unwanted births would reduce birth rates up to 15 births/1000 population in these countries. Overall, 32% of married, fecund women in developing countries are using contraception compared to an average 72% in 16 developed countries. Education, literacy, and more available family planning services increase contraceptive use. Age at marriage is rising in Asia, but this factor alone has little effect on fertility. Infant mortality is higher in many developing countries than previously thought. Breastfeeding is an important restraint on fertility in most developing countries but is declining among more educated, employed, and urban women which could raise fertility if not compensated for by gains in contraceptive use.
16. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) - Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)
Data.gov (United States)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — 2008-2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) â Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) - Global Adult Tobacco...
17. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) - Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS)
Data.gov (United States)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — 2008-2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Office on Smoking and Health (OSH) – Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) - Global Adult Tobacco...
18. Leptin Level and Skipping Breakfast: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Keiko Asao
2016-02-01
Full Text Available Skipping breakfast is a common dietary habit considered to be unhealthy. However, the mechanisms underlying skipping breakfast have not been fully explored. Leptin is a hormone that regulates food intake and energy storage and secretes in a diurnal rhythm with lowest levels in the morning. We examined the association between the serum leptin level and skipping breakfast in 5714 adults in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988–1994. We defined breakfast as any food or beverage consumed between 5:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. using a single 24-h recall. Skipped breakfast was seen in 13.1%. In the logistic regression models with and without adjusting for adiposity and sex, leptin levels were not associated with skipping breakfast. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and time of venipuncture, the association remained insignificant. After further adjusting for potential confounders: physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking and diabetes and after further adjusting for: dietary factors, insulin and glucose levels, there was a 9% and 11%–12%, respectively, statistically significantly higher likelihood of skipping breakfast if the leptin level was more than 50% greater. Further investigation into the biological reasons for skipping breakfast may be useful for promoting healthy lifestyles.
19. Leptin Level and Skipping Breakfast: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III).
Science.gov (United States)
Asao, Keiko; Marekani, Amandine Sambira; VanCleave, Jessica; Rothberg, Amy E
2016-02-25
Skipping breakfast is a common dietary habit considered to be unhealthy. However, the mechanisms underlying skipping breakfast have not been fully explored. Leptin is a hormone that regulates food intake and energy storage and secretes in a diurnal rhythm with lowest levels in the morning. We examined the association between the serum leptin level and skipping breakfast in 5714 adults in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988-1994. We defined breakfast as any food or beverage consumed between 5:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. using a single 24-h recall. Skipped breakfast was seen in 13.1%. In the logistic regression models with and without adjusting for adiposity and sex, leptin levels were not associated with skipping breakfast. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and time of venipuncture, the association remained insignificant. After further adjusting for potential confounders: physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking and diabetes and after further adjusting for: dietary factors, insulin and glucose levels, there was a 9% and 11%-12%, respectively, statistically significantly higher likelihood of skipping breakfast if the leptin level was more than 50% greater. Further investigation into the biological reasons for skipping breakfast may be useful for promoting healthy lifestyles.
20. 75 FR 54086 - Global Intellectual Property Academy Program Survey
Science.gov (United States)
2010-09-03
... DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Patent and Trademark Office Global Intellectual Property Academy Program... Global Intellectual Property Academy Program Survey comment'' in the subject line of the message. Fax... Manager, Global Intellectual Property Academy, United States Patent and Trademark Office, P.O. Box 1450...
1. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) - Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS)
Data.gov (United States)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — 1999-2011. The GYTS is a school-based survey that collects data on students aged 13–15 years using a standardized methodology for constructing the sample frame,...
2. THE ALI/III GLOBAL PRINCIPLES PROJECT IF Fletcher* 1 ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
Dr Tanya du Plessis
4 The author served as an adviser to the Project from 1999 onwards. For accounts of the work of the ALI Insolvency Project during its successive phases, see Westbrook and .... taken into account in the course of the Global Principles Project.11. 3.1 First steps in ..... matured and payable prior to a certain date), then Article 6.
3. Business Cycle Volatility and Globalization: A Survey
OpenAIRE
Claudia M. Buch
2002-01-01
The globalization of capital and product markets has many implications for economic welfare. Countries can specialize in the production of goods for which they have comparative advantages, and capital is allocated more efficiently. However, one potentially adverse effect of globalization is the possibility that business cycle volatility might increase. Rapid and badly co-ordinated capital account liberalization has been blamed for enhancing the vulnerability of emerging markets to unstable in...
4. Essays and surveys in global optimization
CERN Document Server
Audet, Charles; Savard, Giles
2005-01-01
Global optimization aims at solving the most general problems of deterministic mathematical programming. In addition, once the solutions are found, this methodology is also expected to prove their optimality. With these difficulties in mind, global optimization is becoming an increasingly powerful and important methodology. This book is the most recent examination of its mathematical capability, power, and wide ranging solutions to many fields in the applied sciences.
5. Global Tobacco Surveillance System (GTSS) - Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS)
Data.gov (United States)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — 1999-2011. The GYTS is a school-based survey that collects data on students aged 13â15 years using a standardized methodology for constructing the sample frame,...
6. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor - Canada Survey | IDRC ...
International Development Research Centre (IDRC) Digital Library (Canada)
Understanding entrepreneurship on a global scale allows researchers to analyze trends in policies and practice, and identify lessons for improving entrepreneurship. This three-year study will generate valuable information about entrepreneurship in Canada, complementing similar studies underway in developing countries ...
7. Internationalizing the Business School: A Global Survey in 2000
OpenAIRE
Chuck C Y Kwok; Jeffrey S Arpan
2002-01-01
We summarize the major findings of the sixth global survey of business school internationalization sponsored by the Academy of International Business (AIB). The survey covers various aspects of internationalization including: objectives, organizational issues, curriculum and faculty internationalization, foreign institutional arrangements, and satisfaction with progress achieved. The empirical results indicate that, across all dimensions, significant progress continued to be made in the inter...
8. National Youth Survey US: Wave III (NYS-1978)
Data.gov (United States)
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services — Youth data for the third wave of the National Youth Survey are contained in this data collection, which includes data for youth interviewed in 1979 about events and...
9. A global magnetic topology model for magnetic clouds. III
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hidalgo, M. A.
2014-01-01
In two previous papers, we presented a global model for the analysis of magnetic clouds (MCs), where the three components of the magnetic field were fitted to the corresponding Geocentric Solar Ecliptic experimental data, obtaining reliable information, for example, about the orientation of these events in the interplanetary medium. That model, due to its non-force-free character, (∇p ≠ 0), could be extended to determine the plasma behavior. In the present work, we develop that extension, now including the plasma behavior inside the cloud through the analysis of the plasma pressure, and define a fitting procedure where the pressure and the magnetic field components are fitted simultaneously. After deducing the magnetic field topology and the current density components of the model, we calculate the expression of the pressure tensor and, in particular, its trace. In light of the results, we conclude that incorporating the plasma behavior in the analysis of the MCs can give us a better scenario in which to understand the physical mechanisms involved in the evolution of such magnetic structures in the interplanetary medium.
10. Global Land Survey Impervious Mapping Project Web Site
Science.gov (United States)
DeColstoun, Eric Brown; Phillips, Jacqueline
2014-01-01
The Global Land Survey Impervious Mapping Project (GLS-IMP) aims to produce the first global maps of impervious cover at the 30m spatial resolution of Landsat. The project uses Global Land Survey (GLS) Landsat data as its base but incorporates training data generated from very high resolution commercial satellite data and using a Hierarchical segmentation program called Hseg. The web site contains general project information, a high level description of the science, examples of input and output data, as well as links to other relevant projects.
11. Global Energetics of Solar Flares. III. Nonthermal Energies
Science.gov (United States)
Aschwanden, Markus J.; Holman, Gordon; O'Flannagain, Aidan; Caspi, Amir; McTiernan, James M.; Kontar, Eduard P.
2016-11-01
This study entails the third part of a global flare energetics project, in which Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) data of 191 M and X-class flare events from the first 3.5 years of the Solar Dynamics Observatory mission are analyzed. We fit a thermal and a nonthermal component to RHESSI spectra, yielding the temperature of the differential emission measure (DEM) tail, the nonthermal power-law slope and flux, and the thermal/nonthermal cross-over energy e co. From these parameters, we calculate the total nonthermal energy E nt in electrons with two different methods: (1) using the observed cross-over energy e co as low-energy cutoff, and (2) using the low-energy cutoff e wt predicted by the warm thick-target bremsstrahlung model of Kontar et al. Based on a mean temperature of T e = 8.6 MK in active regions, we find low-energy cutoff energies of {e}{wt}=6.2+/- 1.6 {keV} for the warm-target model, which is significantly lower than the cross-over energies {e}{co}=21+/- 6 {keV}. Comparing with the statistics of magnetically dissipated energies E mag and thermal energies E th from the two previous studies, we find the following mean (logarithmic) energy ratios with the warm-target model: {E}{nt}=0.41 {E}{mag}, {E}{th}=0.08 {E}{mag}, and {E}{th}=0.15 {E}{nt}. The total dissipated magnetic energy exceeds the thermal energy in 95% and the nonthermal energy in 71% of the flare events, which confirms that magnetic reconnection processes are sufficient to explain flare energies. The nonthermal energy exceeds the thermal energy in 85% of the events, which largely confirms the warm thick-target model.
12. Global Energetics of Solar Flares. Part III; Nonthermal Energies
Science.gov (United States)
Aschwanden, Markus J.; Holman, Gordon; O'Flannagain, Aidan; Caspi, Amir; McTiernan, James M.; Kontar, Eduard P.
2016-01-01
This study entails the third part of a global flare energetics project, in which Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) data of 191 M and X-class flare events from the first 3.5 years of the Solar Dynamics Observatory mission are analyzed. We fit a thermal and a nonthermal component to RHESSI spectra, yielding the temperature of the differential emission measure (DEM) tail, the nonthermal power-law slope and flux, and the thermal nonthermal cross-over energy eco. From these parameters, we calculate the total nonthermal energy E(sub nt) in electrons with two different methods: (1) using the observed cross-over energy e(sub co) as low-energy cutoff, and (2) using the low-energy cut off e(sub wt) predicted by the warm thick-target bremsstrahlung model of Kontar et al. Based on a mean temperature of T(sub e) = 8.6 MK in active regions, we find low-energy cutoff energies of e(sub wt) = 6.2 +/-1.6 keV for the warm-target model, which is significantly lower than the cross-over energies e(sub co) = 21 +/- 6 keV. Comparing with the statistics of magnetically dissipated energies E(sub mag) and thermal energies E(sub th) from the two previous studies, we find the following mean (logarithmic) energy ratios with the warm-target model: E(sub nt) = 0.41E(sub mag), E(sub th) = 0.08 E(sub mag), and E(sub th) = 0.15 E(sub nt). The total dissipated magnetic energy exceeds the thermal energy in 95% and the nonthermal energy in 71% of the flare events, which confirms that magnetic reconnection processes are sufficient to explain flare energies. The nonthermal energy exceeds the thermal energy in 85% of the events, which largely confirms the warm thick-target model.
13. Global health in general surgery residency: a national survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Jayaraman, Sudha P; Ayzengart, Alexander L; Goetz, Laura H; Ozgediz, Doruk; Farmer, Diana L
2009-03-01
Interest in global health during postgraduate training is increasing across disciplines. There are limited data from surgery residency programs on their attitudes and scope of activities in this area. This study aims to understand how global health education fits into postgraduate surgical training in the US. In 2007 to 2008, we conducted a nationwide survey of program directors at all 253 US general surgery residencies using a Web-based questionnaire modified from a previously published survey. The goals of global health activities, type of activity (ie, clinical versus research), and challenges to establishing these programs were analyzed. Seventy-three programs responded to the survey (29%). Of the respondents, 23 (33%) offered educational activities in global health and 86% (n = 18) of these offered clinical rotations abroad. The primary goals of these activities were to prepare residents for a career in global health and to improve resident recruitment. The greatest barriers to establishing these activities were time constraints for faculty and residents, lack of approval from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and Residency Review Committee, and funding concerns. Lack of interest at the institution level was listed by only 5% of program directors. Of the 47 programs not offering such activities, 57% (n = 27) were interested in establishing them. Few general surgery residency programs currently offer clinical or other educational opportunities in global health. Most residencies that responded to our survey are interested in such activities but face many barriers, including time constraints, Residency Review Committee restrictions, and funding.
14. THE BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF SDSS-III
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Dawson, Kyle S.; Ahn, Christopher P.; Bolton, Adam S.; Schlegel, David J.; Bailey, Stephen; Anderson, Scott F.; Bhardwaj, Vaishali; Aubourg, Éric; Bautista, Julian E.; Barkhouser, Robert H.; Beifiori, Alessandra; Berlind, Andreas A.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Brewington, Howard; Blake, Cullen H.; Blanton, Michael R.; Blomqvist, Michael; Borde, Arnaud; Bovy, Jo; Brandt, W. N.
2013-01-01
The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) is designed to measure the scale of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in the clustering of matter over a larger volume than the combined efforts of all previous spectroscopic surveys of large-scale structure. BOSS uses 1.5 million luminous galaxies as faint as i = 19.9 over 10,000 deg 2 to measure BAO to redshifts z A to an accuracy of 1.0% at redshifts z = 0.3 and z = 0.57 and measurements of H(z) to 1.8% and 1.7% at the same redshifts. Forecasts for Lyα forest constraints predict a measurement of an overall dilation factor that scales the highly degenerate D A (z) and H –1 (z) parameters to an accuracy of 1.9% at z ∼ 2.5 when the survey is complete. Here, we provide an overview of the selection of spectroscopic targets, planning of observations, and analysis of data and data quality of BOSS.
15. Global Connectedness and Global Migration: Insights from the International Changing Academic Profession Survey
Science.gov (United States)
McGinn, Michelle K.; Ratkovic, Snežana; Wolhunter, Charl C.
2013-01-01
The Changing Academic Profession (CAP) international survey was designed in part to consider the effects of globalization on the work context and activities of academics in 19 countries or regions around the world. This paper draws from a subset of these data to explore the extent to which academics are globally connected in their research and…
16. Survey of biomass gasification. Volume III. Current technology and research
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
None
1980-04-01
This survey of biomass gasification was written to aid the Department of Energy and the Solar Energy Research Institute Biological and Chemical Conversion Branch in determining the areas of gasification that are ready for commercialization now and those areas in which further research and development will be most productive. Chapter 8 is a survey of gasifier types. Chapter 9 consists of a directory of current manufacturers of gasifiers and gasifier development programs. Chapter 10 is a sampling of current gasification R and D programs and their unique features. Chapter 11 compares air gasification for the conversion of existing gas/oil boiler systems to biomass feedstocks with the price of installing new biomass combustion equipment. Chapter 12 treats gas conditioning as a necessary adjunct to all but close-coupled gasifiers, in which the product is promptly burned. Chapter 13 evaluates, technically and economically, synthesis-gas processes for conversion to methanol, ammonia, gasoline, or methane. Chapter 14 compiles a number of comments that have been assembled from various members of the gasifier community as to possible roles of the government in accelerating the development of gasifier technology and commercialization. Chapter 15 includes recommendations for future gasification research and development.
17. Groups of galaxies. III. the CfA survey
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Geller, M.J.; Huchra, J.P.
1983-01-01
We present a statistically homogeneous group catalog (CfA) based on the CfA redshift survey (Huchra et al.). Groups in the catalog are all density enhancements in redshift space of a factor greater than 20. Group members are identified according to the procedure described in our previous study (Huchra and Geller) of a shallower whole-sky sample. All groups contain at least three members. Of the 176 groups in the CfA catalog, 102 have been identified in one or more previous studies. Because our algorithm searches for volume rather than surface density enhancements, the groups in a given region generally change only through the addition of fainter members when the magnitude limit of the galaxy catalog increases. In the region of overlap, agreement between our shallow catalog and the CfA catalog is excellent
18. Analysis of noise bother by survey method | MENKITI | Global ...
African Journals Online (AJOL)
19. THE OPTICALLY UNBIASED GRB HOST (TOUGH) SURVEY. III. REDSHIFT DISTRIBUTION
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Jakobsson, P.; Chapman, R.; Vreeswijk, P. M. [Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, 107 Reykjavik (Iceland); Hjorth, J.; Malesani, D.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Milvang-Jensen, B. [Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, 2100 Copenhagen (Denmark); Tanvir, N. R.; Starling, R. L. C. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH (United Kingdom); Letawe, G. [Departement d' Astrophysique, Geophysique et Oceanographie, ULg, Allee du 6 aout, 17-Bat. B5c B-4000 Liege (Sart-Tilman) (Belgium)
2012-06-10
We present 10 new gamma-ray burst (GRB) redshifts and another five redshift limits based on host galaxy spectroscopy obtained as part of a large program conducted at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The redshifts span the range 0.345 {<=} z {approx}< 2.54. Three of our measurements revise incorrect values from the literature. The homogeneous host sample researched here consists of 69 hosts that originally had a redshift completeness of 55% (with 38 out of 69 hosts having redshifts considered secure). Our project, including VLT/X-shooter observations reported elsewhere, increases this fraction to 77% (53/69), making the survey the most comprehensive in terms of redshift completeness of any sample to the full Swift depth, analyzed to date. We present the cumulative redshift distribution and derive a conservative, yet small, associated uncertainty. We constrain the fraction of Swift GRBs at high redshift to a maximum of 14% (5%) for z > 6 (z > 7). The mean redshift of the host sample is assessed to be (z) {approx}> 2.2, with the 10 new redshifts reducing it significantly. Using this more complete sample, we confirm previous findings that the GRB rate at high redshift (z {approx}> 3) appears to be in excess of predictions based on assumptions that it should follow conventional determinations of the star formation history of the universe, combined with an estimate of its likely metallicity dependence. This suggests that either star formation at high redshifts has been significantly underestimated, for example, due to a dominant contribution from faint, undetected galaxies, or that GRB production is enhanced in the conditions of early star formation, beyond that usually ascribed to lower metallicity.
20. Sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid synthesis to reduce iron deficiency globally.
Science.gov (United States)
Loots, Du T; van Lieshout, M; Lieshout, M V; Lachmann, G
2007-02-01
Despite major interest in sodium iron (III) ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid's (EDTA) potential use in food fortification programs in potentially curbing the global problem of iron deficiency and its anemia, synthesis methods of stable isotope-labeled sodium iron (III) EDTA for use in human bioavailability studies are incomplete, incorrect or totally lacking. Owing to a number of clinical research groups requiring this compound in bioavailability studies, in both developing and already developed countries, we simplified and optimized the synthesis of sodium iron (III) EDTA from a block of isotopically enriched iron metal, in order that it be easily reproduced, cheaply, using simple basic laboratory apparatus. The resulting product is of high purity (>99.0%), and may be used for human stable isotope bioavailability studies. The simplicity of this method allows for the many research groups, currently doing such studies, to perform their own syntheses. Additionally, more uniformity in this synthesis will reduce the variation observed between such studies.
1. Barriers to global health development: An international quantitative survey.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Bahr Weiss
Full Text Available Global health's goal of reducing low-and-middle-income country versus high-income country health disparities faces complex challenges. Although there have been discussions of barriers, there has not been a broad-based, quantitative survey of such barriers.432 global health professionals were invited via email to participate in an online survey, with 268 (62% participating. The survey assessed participants' (A demographic and global health background, (B perceptions regarding 66 barriers' seriousness, (C detailed ratings of barriers designated most serious, (D potential solutions.Thirty-four (of 66 barriers were seen as moderately or more serious, highlighting the widespread, significant challenges global health development faces. Perceived barrier seriousness differed significantly across domains: Resource Limitations mean = 2.47 (0-4 Likert scale, Priority Selection mean = 2.20, Corruption, Lack of Competence mean = 1.87, Social and Cultural Barriers mean = 1.68. Some system-level predictors showed significant but relatively limited relations. For instance, for Global Health Domain, HIV and Mental Health had higher levels of perceived Social and Cultural Barriers than other GH Domains. Individual-level global health experience predictors had small but significant effects, with seriousness of (a Corruption, Lack of Competence, and (b Priority Selection barriers positively correlated with respondents' level of LMIC-oriented (e.g., weeks/year spent in LMIC but Academic Global Health Achievement (e.g., number of global health publications negatively correlated with overall barrier seriousness.That comparatively few system-level predictors (e.g., Organization Type were significant suggests these barriers may be relatively fundamental at the system-level. Individual-level and system-level effects do have policy implications; e.g., Priority Selection barriers were among the most serious, yet effects on seriousness of how LMIC-oriented a professional
2. Barriers to global health development: An international quantitative survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Weiss, Bahr; Pollack, Amie Alley
2017-01-01
Global health's goal of reducing low-and-middle-income country versus high-income country health disparities faces complex challenges. Although there have been discussions of barriers, there has not been a broad-based, quantitative survey of such barriers. 432 global health professionals were invited via email to participate in an online survey, with 268 (62%) participating. The survey assessed participants' (A) demographic and global health background, (B) perceptions regarding 66 barriers' seriousness, (C) detailed ratings of barriers designated most serious, (D) potential solutions. Thirty-four (of 66) barriers were seen as moderately or more serious, highlighting the widespread, significant challenges global health development faces. Perceived barrier seriousness differed significantly across domains: Resource Limitations mean = 2.47 (0-4 Likert scale), Priority Selection mean = 2.20, Corruption, Lack of Competence mean = 1.87, Social and Cultural Barriers mean = 1.68. Some system-level predictors showed significant but relatively limited relations. For instance, for Global Health Domain, HIV and Mental Health had higher levels of perceived Social and Cultural Barriers than other GH Domains. Individual-level global health experience predictors had small but significant effects, with seriousness of (a) Corruption, Lack of Competence, and (b) Priority Selection barriers positively correlated with respondents' level of LMIC-oriented (e.g., weeks/year spent in LMIC) but Academic Global Health Achievement (e.g., number of global health publications) negatively correlated with overall barrier seriousness. That comparatively few system-level predictors (e.g., Organization Type) were significant suggests these barriers may be relatively fundamental at the system-level. Individual-level and system-level effects do have policy implications; e.g., Priority Selection barriers were among the most serious, yet effects on seriousness of how LMIC-oriented a professional was
3. Field Surveys, IOC Valleys. Volume III, Part I. Cultural Resources Survey, Dry Lake Valley, Nevada.
Science.gov (United States)
1981-08-01
Artemisia nova) but also include cliffrose (Cowania mexicana ) and broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothreae) as dominant species. Other species include... CULTURA Ale ~~REOUC SURVEYa AREASczCAvE L CU 11U CUUI 3-2 E-TR-48-III-I 69 was used because it is considered intensive by the Bureau of Land Management and
4. Methodology of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey - 2008-2010.
Science.gov (United States)
Palipudi, Krishna Mohan; Morton, Jeremy; Hsia, Jason; Andes, Linda; Asma, Samira; Talley, Brandon; Caixeta, Roberta D; Fouad, Heba; Khoury, Rula N; Ramanandraibe, Nivo; Rarick, James; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Pujari, Sameer; Tursan d'Espaignet, Edouard
2016-06-01
In 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization developed the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), an instrument to monitor global tobacco use and measure indicators of tobacco control. GATS, a nationally representative household survey of persons aged 15 years or older, was conducted for the first time during 2008-2010 in 14 low- and middle-income countries. In each country, GATS used a standard core questionnaire, sample design, and procedures for data collection and management and, as needed, added country-specific questions that were reviewed and approved by international experts. The core questionnaire included questions about various characteristics of the respondents, their tobacco use (smoking and smokeless), and a wide range of tobacco-related topics (cessation; secondhand smoke; economics; media; and knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions). In each country, a multistage cluster sample design was used, with households selected proportionate to the size of the population. Households were chosen randomly within a primary or secondary sampling unit, and one respondent was selected at random from each household to participate in the survey. Interviewers administered the survey in the country's local language(s) using handheld electronic data collection devices. Interviews were conducted privately, and same-sex interviewers were used in countries where mixed-sex interviews would be culturally inappropriate. All 14 countries completed the survey during 2008-2010. In each country, the ministry of health was the lead coordinating agency for GATS, and the survey was implemented by national statistical organizations or surveillance institutes. This article describes the background and rationale for GATS and includes a comprehensive description of the survey methods and protocol. © The Author(s) 2013.
5. Arecibo Pulsar Survey Using ALFA. III. Precursor Survey and Population Synthesis
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Swiggum, J.K.; Lorimer, D.R.; McLaughlin, M.A.; Bates, S.D.; Champion, D.J.; Ransom, S.M.; Lazarus, P.; Brazier, A.; Hessels, J.W.T.; Nice, D.J.; Ellis, J.; Senty, T.R.; Allen, B.; Bhat, N.D.R.; Bogdanov, S.; Camilo, F.; Chatterjee, S.; Cordes, J.M.; Crawford, F.; Deneva, J.S.; Freire, P.C.C.; Jenet, F.A.; Karako-Argaman, C.; Kaspi, V.M.; Knispel, B.; Lee, K.J.; van Leeuwen, J.; Lynch, R.; Lyne, A.G.; Scholz, P.; Siemens, X.; Stairs, I.H.; Stappers, B.W.; Stovall, K.; Venkataraman, A.; Zhu, W.W.
2014-01-01
The Pulsar Arecibo L-band Feed Array (PALFA) Survey uses the ALFA 7-beam receiver to search both inner and outer Galactic sectors visible from Arecibo (32° lsim ℓ lsim 77° and 168° lsim ℓ lsim 214°) close to the Galactic plane (|b| lsim 5°) for pulsars. The PALFA survey is sensitive to sources
6. Current practice in the management of Rockwood type III acromioclavicular joint dislocations-National survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Domos, Peter; Sim, Frank; Dunne, Mike; White, Andrew
2017-01-01
Our aim was to conduct this survey among consultant shoulder surgeons in the United Kingdom to document the current management of Rockwood type III acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) injuries. British Elbow and Shoulder Society Research Committee-approved online survey was used and 137 responses were collected within 3 months. One hundred percent of responders would treat type III injuries conservatively initially. Routine physiotherapy would be offered by 86% of surgeons. The patient's factors that influence the decision to consider surgery are pre-injury functional demand, current functional deficit, pain and patient request for surgery. Across all groups the mean time to surgical intervention from injury was 3.8 months. About 45% of all consultants would use the same technique for all cases and there were differences between the varieties of techniques used by surgeons, depending on their degree of experience. LockDown was the most widely used technique in all groups of patients. This was followed by Ligament Augmentation & Reconstruction System (LARS), hook plate and Arthroscopic TightRope/DogBone technique for acute injuries. LARS, modified Weaver-Dunn and ACJ resection were used most commonly after LockDown for delayed cases. Our survey revealed the current trends in clinical practice to treat symptomatic Rockwood type III ACJ injuries, but it also confirmed the controversial and complex management differences, which vary among shoulder surgeons in the United Kingdom.
7. Methodology of Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), Malaysia, 2011.
Science.gov (United States)
Malaysia participated in the second phase of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in 2011. GATS, a new component of the Global Tobacco Surveillance System, is a nationally representative household survey of adults 15 years old or above. The objectives of GATS Malaysia were to (i) systematically monitor tobacco use among adults and track key indicators of tobacco control and (ii) track the implementation of some of the Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC)-recommended demand related policies. GATS Malaysia 2011 was a nationwide cross-sectional survey using multistage stratified sampling to select 5112 nationally representative households. One individual aged 15 years or older was randomly chosen from each selected household and interviewed using handheld device. GATS Core Questionnaire with optional questions was pre-tested and uploaded into handheld devices after repeated quality control processes. Data collectors were trained through a centralized training. Manuals and picture book were prepared to aid in the training of data collectors and during data collection. Field-level data were aggregated on a daily basis and analysed twice a week. Quality controls were instituted to ensure collection of high quality data. Sample weighting and analysis were conducted with the assistance of researchers from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA. GATS Malaysia received a total response rate of 85.3% from 5112 adults surveyed. Majority of the respondents were 25-44 years old and Malays. The robust methodology used in the GATS Malaysia provides national estimates for tobacco used classified by socio-demographic characteristics and reliable data on various dimensions of tobacco control.
8. A Statistical Study of Brown Dwarf Companions from the SDSS-III MARVELS Survey
Science.gov (United States)
Grieves, Nolan; Ge, Jian; Thomas, Neil; Ma, Bo; De Lee, Nathan M.; Lee, Brian L.; Fleming, Scott W.; Sithajan, Sirinrat; Varosi, Frank; Liu, Jian; Zhao, Bo; Li, Rui; Agol, Eric; MARVELS Team
2016-01-01
We present 23 new Brown Dwarf (BD) candidates from the Multi-object APO Radial-Velocity Exoplanet Large-Area Survey (MARVELS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III). The BD candidates were selected from the processed MARVELS data using the latest University of Florida 2D pipeline, which shows significant improvement and reduction of systematic errors over the 1D pipeline results included in the SDSS Data Release 12. This sample is the largest BD yield from a single radial velocity survey. Of the 23 candidates, 18 are around main sequence stars and 5 are around giant stars. Given a giant contamination rate of ~24% for the MARVELS survey, we find a BD occurrence rate around main sequence stars of ~0.7%, which agrees with previous studies and confirms the BD desert, while the BD occurrence rate around the MARVELS giant stars is ~0.6%. Preliminary results show that our new candidates around solar type stars support a two population hypothesis, where BDs are divided at a mass of ~42.5 MJup. BDs less massive than 42.5 MJup have eccentricity distributions consistent with planet-planet scattering models, where BDs more massive than 42.5 MJup have both period and eccentricity distributions similar to that of stellar binaries. Special Brown Dwarf systems such as multiple BD systems and highly eccentric BDs will also be presented.
9. THE ELM SURVEY. III. A SUCCESSFUL TARGETED SURVEY FOR EXTREMELY LOW MASS WHITE DWARFS
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Brown, Warren R.; Kenyon, Scott J. [Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, 60 Garden St., Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Kilic, Mukremin [Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, 440 W. Brooks St., Norman, OK 73019 (United States); Allende Prieto, Carlos, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain)
2012-01-10
Extremely low mass (ELM) white dwarfs (WDs) with masses < 0.25 M{sub Sun} are rare objects that result from compact binary evolution. Here, we present a targeted spectroscopic survey of ELM WD candidates selected by color. The survey is 71% complete and has uncovered 18 new ELM WDs. Of the seven ELM WDs with follow-up observations, six are short-period binaries and four have merger times less than 5 Gyr. The most intriguing object, J1741+6526, likely has either a pulsar companion or a massive WD companion making the system a possible supernova Type Ia or an Ia progenitor. The overall ELM survey has now identified 19 double degenerate binaries with <10 Gyr merger times. The significant absence of short orbital period ELM WDs at cool temperatures suggests that common envelope evolution creates ELM WDs directly in short period systems. At least one-third of the merging systems are halo objects, thus ELM WD binaries continue to form and merge in both the disk and the halo.
10. THE SDSS-III BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: THE QUASAR LUMINOSITY FUNCTION FROM DATA RELEASE NINE
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Ross, Nicholas P.; White, Martin; Bailey, Stephen; McGreer, Ian D.; Richards, Gordon T.; Myers, Adam D.; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Yèche, Christophe; Strauss, Michael A.; Anderson, Scott F.; Shen, Yue; Swanson, Molly E. C.; Brandt, W. N.; Aubourg, Éric; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Brewington, Howard; Brinkmann, J.; Bovy, Jo; DeGraf, Colin; Di Matteo, Tiziana
2013-01-01
We present a new measurement of the optical quasar luminosity function (QLF), using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-III: Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (SDSS-III: BOSS). From the SDSS-III Data Release Nine, a uniform sample of 22,301 i ∼ 2 , with confirmed spectroscopic redshifts between 2.2 i (z = 2.2) ≈ –24.5 and see a clear break in the QLF at all redshifts up to z = 3.5. A log-linear relation (in log Φ* – M*) for a luminosity evolution and density evolution model is found to adequately describe our data within the range 2.2 < z < 3.5; across this interval the break luminosity increases by a factor of ∼2.6 while Φ* declines by a factor of ∼8. At z ∼< 2.2 our data are reasonably well fit by a pure luminosity evolution model, and only a weak signature of ''AGN downsizing'' is seen, in line with recent studies of the hard X-ray luminosity function. We compare our measured QLF to a number of theoretical models and find that models making a variety of assumptions about quasar triggering and halo occupation can fit our data over a wide range of redshifts and luminosities
11. Forward Global Photometric Calibration of the Dark Energy Survey
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Burke, D. L.; Rykoff, E. S.; Allam, S.; Annis, J.; Bechtol, K.; Bernstein, G. M.; Drlica-Wagner, A.; Finley, D. A.; Gruendl, R. A.; James, D. J.; Kent, S.; Kessler, R.; Kuhlmann, S.; Lasker, J.; Li, T. S.; Scolnic, D.; Smith, J.; Tucker, D. L.; Wester, W.; Yanny, B.; Abbott, T. M. C.; Abdalla, F. B.; Benoit-Lévy, A.; Bertin, E.; Rosell, A. Carnero; Kind, M. Carrasco; Carretero, J.; Cunha, C. E.; D’Andrea, C. B.; da Costa, L. N.; Desai, S.; Diehl, H. T.; Doel, P.; Estrada, J.; García-Bellido, J.; Gruen, D.; Gutierrez, G.; Honscheid, K.; Kuehn, K.; Kuropatkin, N.; Maia, M. A. G.; March, M.; Marshall, J. L.; Melchior, P.; Menanteau, F.; Miquel, R.; Plazas, A. A.; Sako, M.; Sanchez, E.; Scarpine, V.; Schindler, R.; Sevilla-Noarbe, I.; Smith, M.; Smith, R. C.; Soares-Santos, M.; Sobreira, F.; Suchyta, E.; Tarle, G.; Walker, A. R.
2017-12-28
Many scientific goals for the Dark Energy Survey (DES) require calibration of optical/NIR broadband $b = grizY$ photometry that is stable in time and uniform over the celestial sky to one percent or better. It is also necessary to limit to similar accuracy systematic uncertainty in the calibrated broadband magnitudes due to uncertainty in the spectrum of the source. Here we present a "Forward Global Calibration Method (FGCM)" for photometric calibration of the DES, and we present results of its application to the first three years of the survey (Y3A1). The FGCM combines data taken with auxiliary instrumentation at the observatory with data from the broad-band survey imaging itself and models of the instrument and atmosphere to estimate the spatial- and time-dependence of the passbands of individual DES survey exposures. "Standard" passbands are chosen that are typical of the passbands encountered during the survey. The passband of any individual observation is combined with an estimate of the source spectral shape to yield a magnitude $m_b^{\\mathrm{std}}$ in the standard system. This "chromatic correction" to the standard system is necessary to achieve sub-percent calibrations. The FGCM achieves reproducible and stable photometric calibration of standard magnitudes $m_b^{\\mathrm{std}}$ of stellar sources over the multi-year Y3A1 data sample with residual random calibration errors of $\\sigma=5-6\\,\\mathrm{mmag}$ per exposure. The accuracy of the calibration is uniform across the $5000\\,\\mathrm{deg}^2$ DES footprint to within $\\sigma=7\\,\\mathrm{mmag}$. The systematic uncertainties of magnitudes in the standard system due to the spectra of sources are less than $5\\,\\mathrm{mmag}$ for main sequence stars with 0.5 12. Comparing acquired angioedema with hereditary angioedema (types I/II): findings from the Icatibant Outcome Survey. Science.gov (United States) Longhurst, H J; Zanichelli, A; Caballero, T; Bouillet, L; Aberer, W; Maurer, M; Fain, O; Fabien, V; Andresen, I 2017-04-01 Icatibant is used to treat acute hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency types I/II (C1-INH-HAE types I/II) and has shown promise in angioedema due to acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-AAE). Data from the Icatibant Outcome Survey (IOS) were analysed to evaluate the effectiveness of icatibant in the treatment of patients with C1-INH-AAE and compare disease characteristics with those with C1-INH-HAE types I/II. Key medical history (including prior occurrence of attacks) was recorded upon IOS enrolment. Thereafter, data were recorded retrospectively at approximately 6-month intervals during patient follow-up visits. In the icatibant-treated population, 16 patients with C1-INH-AAE had 287 attacks and 415 patients with C1-INH-HAE types I/II had 2245 attacks. Patients with C1-INH-AAE versus C1-INH-HAE types I/II were more often male (69 versus 42%; P = 0·035) and had a significantly later mean (95% confidence interval) age of symptom onset [57·9 (51·33-64·53) versus 14·0 (12·70-15·26) years]. Time from symptom onset to diagnosis was significantly shorter in patients with C1-INH-AAE versus C1-INH-HAE types I/II (mean 12·3 months versus 118·1 months; P = 0·006). Patients with C1-INH-AAE showed a trend for higher occurrence of attacks involving the face (35 versus 21% of attacks; P = 0·064). Overall, angioedema attacks were more severe in patients with C1-INH-HAE types I/II versus C1-INH-AAE (61 versus 40% of attacks were classified as severe to very severe; P < 0·001). Median total attack duration was 5·0 h and 9·0 h for patients with C1-INH-AAE versus C1-INH-HAE types I/II, respectively. © 2016 British Society for Immunology. 13. Progress Towards a Global Understanding of Plankton Dynamics: The Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) Science.gov (United States) Batten, S.; Richardson, A.; Melrose, C.; Muxagata, E.; Hosie, G.; Verheye, H.; Hall, J.; Edwards, M.; Koubbi, P.; Abu-Alhaija, R.; Chiba, S.; Wilson, W.; Nagappa, R.; Takahashi, K. 2016-02-01 The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) was first used in 1931 to routinely sample plankton and its continued deployment now sustains the longest-running, and spatially most extensive marine biological sampling programme in the world. Towed behind, for the most part commercial, ships it collects plankton samples from the surface waters that are subsequently analysed to provide taxonomically-resolved abundance data on a broad range of planktonic organisms from the size of coccolithophores to euphausiids. Plankton appear to integrate changes in the physical environment and by underpinning most marine food-webs, pass on this variability to higher trophic levels which have societal value. CPRs are deployed increasingly around the globe in discrete regional surveys that until recently interacted in an informal way. In 2011 the Global Alliance of CPR Surveys (GACS) was launched to bring these surveys together to collaborate more productively and address issues such as: methodological standardization, data integration, capacity building, and data analysis. Early products include a combined global database and regularly-released global marine ecological status reports. There are, of course, limitations to the exploitation of CPR data as well as the current geographic coverage. A current focus of GACS is integration of the data with models to meaningfully extrapolate across time and space. In this way the output could be used to provide more robust synoptic representations of key plankton variables. Recent years have also seen the CPR used as a platform in itself with the inclusion of additional sensors and water samplers that can sample the microplankton. The archive of samples has already been used for some molecular investigations and curation of samples is maintained for future studies. Thus the CPR is a key element of any regional to global ocean observing system of biodiversity. 14. Simulation and curriculum design: a global survey in dental education. Science.gov (United States) Perry, S; Burrow, M F; Leung, W K; Bridges, S M 2017-12-01 Curriculum reforms are being driven by globalization and international standardization. Although new information technologies such as dental haptic virtual reality (VR) simulation systems have provided potential new possibilities for clinical learning in dental curricula, infusion into curricula requires careful planning. This study aimed to identify current patterns in the role and integration of simulation in dental degree curricula internationally. An original internet survey was distributed by invitation to clinical curriculum leaders in dental schools in Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania (Australia and New Zealand). The results (N = 62) showed Asia, Europe and Oceania tended towards integrated curriculum designs with North America having a higher proportion of traditional curricula. North America had limited implementation of haptic VR simulation technology but reported the highest number of scheduled simulation hours. Australia and New Zealand were the most likely regions to incorporate haptic VR simulation technology. This survey indicated considerable variation in curriculum structure with regionally-specific preferences being evident in terms of curriculum structure, teaching philosophies and motivation for incorporation of VR haptic simulation into curricula. This study illustrates the need for an improved evidence base on dental simulations to inform curriculum designs and psychomotor skill learning in dentistry. © 2017 Australian Dental Association. 15. The SDSS-III APOGEE radial velocity survey of M dwarfs. I. Description of the survey and science goals Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Deshpande, R.; Bender, C. F.; Mahadevan, S.; Terrien, R. C.; Schneider, D. P.; Fleming, S. W. [Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Blake, C. H. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 (United States); Carlberg, J. K. [Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW, Washington, DC 20015 (United States); Zasowski, G.; Hearty, F. [University of Virginia, 530 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904 (United States); Crepp, J. [Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, 225 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, IN 46556 (United States); Rajpurohit, A. S.; Reylé, C. [Institut UTINAM, CNRS UMR 6213, Observatoire des Sciences de l' Univers THETA Franche-Comt é-Bourgogne, Université de Franche Comté, Observatoire de Besançon, BP 1615, F-25010 Besançon Cedex (France); Nidever, D. L. [Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States); Prieto, C. Allende; Hernández, J. [Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain); Bizyaev, D. [Apache Point Observatory, P.O. Box 59, Sunspot, NM 88349-0059 (United States); Ebelke, G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas Christian University, TCU Box 298840, Fort Worth, TX 76129 (United States); Frinchaboy, P. M. [Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, 211 Bryant Space Science Center, Gainesville, FL 32611-2055 (United States); Ge, J. [Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States); and others 2013-12-01 We are carrying out a large ancillary program with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, SDSS-III, using the fiber-fed multi-object near-infrared APOGEE spectrograph, to obtain high-resolution H-band spectra of more than 1200 M dwarfs. These observations will be used to measure spectroscopic rotational velocities, radial velocities, physical stellar parameters, and variability of the target stars. Here, we describe the target selection for this survey, as well as results from the first year of scientific observations based on spectra that will be publicly available in the SDSS-III DR10 data release. As part of this paper we present radial velocities and rotational velocities of over 200 M dwarfs, with a vsin i precision of ∼2 km s{sup –1} and a measurement floor at vsin i = 4 km s{sup –1}. This survey significantly increases the number of M dwarfs studied for rotational velocities and radial velocity variability (at ∼100-200 m s{sup –1}), and will inform and advance the target selection for planned radial velocity and photometric searches for low-mass exoplanets around M dwarfs, such as the Habitable Zone Planet Finder, CARMENES, and TESS. Multiple epochs of radial velocity observations enable us to identify short period binaries, and adaptive optics imaging of a subset of stars enables the detection of possible stellar companions at larger separations. The high-resolution APOGEE spectra, covering the entire H band, provide the opportunity to measure physical stellar parameters such as effective temperatures and metallicities for many of these stars. At the culmination of this survey, we will have obtained multi-epoch spectra and radial velocities for over 1400 stars spanning the spectral range M0-L0, providing the largest set of near-infrared M dwarf spectra at high resolution, and more than doubling the number of known spectroscopic vsin i values for M dwarfs. Furthermore, by modeling telluric lines to correct for small instrumental radial velocity shifts, we 16. Mapping Impervious Surfaces Globally at 30m Resolution Using Global Land Survey Data Science.gov (United States) DeColstoun, Eric Brown; Huang, Chengquan; Tan, Bin; Smith, Sarah Elizabeth; Phillips, Jacqueline; Wang, Panshi; Ling, Pui-Yu; Zhan, James; Li, Sike; Taylor, Michael P.; 2013-01-01 Impervious surfaces, mainly artificial structures and roads, cover less than 1% of the world's land surface (1.3% over USA). Regardless of the relatively small coverage, impervious surfaces have a significant impact on the environment. They are the main source of the urban heat island effect, and affect not only the energy balance, but also hydrology and carbon cycling, and both land and aquatic ecosystem services. In the last several decades, the pace of converting natural land surface to impervious surfaces has increased. Quantitatively monitoring the growth of impervious surface expansion and associated urbanization has become a priority topic across both the physical and social sciences. The recent availability of consistent, global scale data sets at 30m resolution such as the Global Land Survey from the Landsat satellites provides an unprecedented opportunity to map global impervious cover and urbanization at this resolution for the first time, with unprecedented detail and accuracy. Moreover, the spatial resolution of Landsat is absolutely essential to accurately resolve urban targets such a buildings, roads and parking lots. With long term GLS data now available for the 1975, 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010 time periods, the land cover/use changes due to urbanization can now be quantified at this spatial scale as well. In the Global Land Survey - Imperviousness Mapping Project (GLS-IMP), we are producing the first global 30 m spatial resolution impervious cover data set. We have processed the GLS 2010 data set to surface reflectance (8500+ TM and ETM+ scenes) and are using a supervised classification method using a regression tree to produce continental scale impervious cover data sets. A very large set of accurate training samples is the key to the supervised classifications and is being derived through the interpretation of high spatial resolution (approx. 2 m or less) commercial satellite data (Quickbird and Worldview2) available to us through the unclassified 17. Science.gov (United States) Brown de Colstoun, E.; Huang, C.; Wolfe, R. E.; Tan, B.; Tilton, J.; Smith, S.; Phillips, J.; Wang, P.; Ling, P.; Zhan, J.; Xu, X.; Taylor, M. P. 2013-12-01 Impervious surfaces, mainly artificial structures and roads, cover less than 1% of the world's land surface (1.3% over USA). Regardless of the relatively small coverage, impervious surfaces have a significant impact on the environment. They are the main source of the urban heat island effect, and affect not only the energy balance, but also hydrology and carbon cycling, and both land and aquatic ecosystem services. In the last several decades, the pace of converting natural land surface to impervious surfaces has increased. Quantitatively monitoring the growth of impervious surface expansion and associated urbanization has become a priority topic across both the physical and social sciences. The recent availability of consistent, global scale data sets at 30m resolution such as the Global Land Survey from the Landsat satellites provides an unprecedented opportunity to map global impervious cover and urbanization at this resolution for the first time, with unprecedented detail and accuracy. Moreover, the spatial resolution of Landsat is absolutely essential to accurately resolve urban targets such a buildings, roads and parking lots. With long term GLS data now available for the 1975, 1990, 2000, 2005 and 2010 time periods, the land cover/use changes due to urbanization can now be quantified at this spatial scale as well. In the Global Land Survey - Imperviousness Mapping Project (GLS-IMP), we are producing the first global 30 m spatial resolution impervious cover data set. We have processed the GLS 2010 data set to surface reflectance (8500+ TM and ETM+ scenes) and are using a supervised classification method using a regression tree to produce continental scale impervious cover data sets. A very large set of accurate training samples is the key to the supervised classifications and is being derived through the interpretation of high spatial resolution (~2 m or less) commercial satellite data (Quickbird and Worldview2) available to us through the unclassified 18. Global Health Education in Gastroenterology Fellowship: A National Survey. Science.gov (United States) Jirapinyo, Pichamol; Hunt, Rachel S; Tabak, Ying P; Proctor, Deborah D; Makrauer, Frederick L 2016-12-01 Interest in global health (GH) education is increasing across disciplines. To assess exposure to and perception of GH training among gastroenterology fellows and program directors across the USA. Design: Electronic survey study. The questionnaire was circulated to accredited US gastroenterology fellowship programs, with the assistance of the American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology program directors and fellows. The questionnaire was returned by 127 respondents (47 program directors, 78 fellows) from 55 training programs (36 % of all training programs). 61 % of respondents had prior experience in GH. 17 % of programs offered GH curriculum with international elective (13 %), didactic (9 %), and research activity (7 %) being the most common. Fellows had adequate experience managing hepatitis B (93 %), cholangiocarcinoma (84 %), and intrahepatic duct stones (84 %). 74, 69 and 68 % reported having little to no experience managing hepatitis E, tuberculosis mesenteritis, or epidemic infectious enteritis, respectively. Most fellows would participate in an elective in an underserved area locally (81 %) or a 4-week elective abroad (71 %), if available. 44 % of fellows planned on working or volunteering abroad after fellowship. Barriers to establishing GH curriculum included funding (94 %), scheduling (88 %), and a lack of standardized objectives (78 %). Lack of interest, however, was not a concern. Fellows (49 %), more than faculty (29 %) (χ 2 = 21.9; p = 0.03), believed that GH education should be included in fellowship curriculum. Program directors and trainees recognize the importance of GH education. However, only 17 % of ACGME-approved fellowship programs offer the opportunity. Global health curriculum may enhance gastroenterology training. 19. Brazil Geologic Basic Survey Program - Barbacena - Sheet SF.23-X-C-III -Minas Gerais State International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Brandalise, L.A. 1991-01-01 The present report refers to the Barbacena sheet (SF.23-X-C-III) systematic geological mapping, on the 1:10,000 scale, related to the Levantamentos Geologicos Basicos do Brasil Program - PLGB, carried out by CPRM for the DNPM. Integrated to geochemical and geophysical surveys, the geological mapping not only yielded geophysical and geochemical maps but a consistent to the 1:100.000 scale Metallogenetic/Provisional one as well. The geological mapping carried out during the Project has really evidenced that samples of distinct stratigraphic units had been employed to define the one and only isochrone. However geochronologic Rb/Sr dating performed during the geological mapping phase evidenced Archean ages for rocks of the Sao Bento dos Torres Metamorphic Suite (2684 ± 110 m.y.) and ages of about 2000 m.y. for the Ressaquinha Complex rocks. An analysis of crustal evolution patterns based on geological mapping, gravimetric survey data, aeromagnetometry and available geochronologic data is given in the Chapter 6, Part II, in the test. Major element oxides, trace-elements and rare-earths elements were analysed to establish parameters for the rocks environment elucidation. Geochemical survey was carried out with base on pan concentrated and stream sediments distributed throughout the sheet. (author) 20. Early Giant Planet Candidates from the SDSS-III MARVELS Planet Survey Science.gov (United States) Thomas, Neil; Ge, J.; Li, R.; Sithajan, S.; Chen, Y.; Shi, J.; Ma, B.; Liu, J. 2014-01-01 We report the first discoveries of giant planet candidates from the SDSS-III MARVELS survey. These candidates are found using the new MARVELS data pipeline developed at UF from scratch over the past two years. Unlike the old data pipeline, this pipeline carefully corrects most of the instrument effects (such as trace, slant, distortion, drifts and dispersion) and observation condition effects (such as illumination profile). The result is long-term RV precisions that approach the photon limits in many cases and has yielded four giant planet candidates of ~1-6 Jupiter mass from only the initial fraction of data processed with the new techniques. More survey data is being processed which will likely lead to discoveries of additional giant planet candidates that will be verified and characterized with follow-up observations by the MARVELS team. The MARVELS survey has produced the largest homogeneous RV measurements of 3300 V=7.6-12 FGK stars with well defined cadence 27 RV measurements over 2 years). The MARVELS RV data and other follow-up data (photometry, high contrast imaging, high resolution spectroscopy and RV measurements) will explore the diversity of giant planet companion formation and evolution around stars with a broad range in metallicity ([Fe/H -1.5-0.5), mass ( 0.6-2.5M(sun)), and environment (thin disk and thick disk), and will help to address the key scientific questions identified for the MARVELS survey including, but not limited to: Do metal poor stars obey the same trends for planet occurrence as metal rich stars? What is the distribution of giant planets around intermediate-mass stars and binaries? Is the “planet desert” within 0.6 AU in the planet orbital distribution of intermediate-mass stars real? 1. Investigation of global particulate nitrate from the AeroCom phase III experiment Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) H. Bian 2017-11-01 Full Text Available An assessment of global particulate nitrate and ammonium aerosol based on simulations from nine models participating in the Aerosol Comparisons between Observations and Models (AeroCom phase III study is presented. A budget analysis was conducted to understand the typical magnitude, distribution, and diversity of the aerosols and their precursors among the models. To gain confidence regarding model performance, the model results were evaluated with various observations globally, including ground station measurements over North America, Europe, and east Asia for tracer concentrations and dry and wet depositions, as well as with aircraft measurements in the Northern Hemisphere mid-to-high latitudes for tracer vertical distributions. Given the unique chemical and physical features of the nitrate occurrence, we further investigated the similarity and differentiation among the models by examining (1 the pH-dependent NH3 wet deposition; (2 the nitrate formation via heterogeneous chemistry on the surface of dust and sea salt particles or thermodynamic equilibrium calculation including dust and sea salt ions; and (3 the nitrate coarse-mode fraction (i.e., coarse/total. It is found that HNO3, which is simulated explicitly based on full O3-HOx-NOx-aerosol chemistry by all models, differs by up to a factor of 9 among the models in its global tropospheric burden. This partially contributes to a large difference in NO3−, whose atmospheric burden differs by up to a factor of 13. The atmospheric burdens of NH3 and NH4+ differ by 17 and 4, respectively. Analyses at the process level show that the large diversity in atmospheric burdens of NO3−, NH3, and NH4+ is also related to deposition processes. Wet deposition seems to be the dominant process in determining the diversity in NH3 and NH4+ lifetimes. It is critical to correctly account for contributions of heterogeneous chemical production of nitrate on dust and sea salt, because this process 2. Exploring the brown dwarf desert: new substellar companions from the SDSS-III MARVELS survey Science.gov (United States) Grieves, Nolan; Ge, Jian; Thomas, Neil; Ma, Bo; Sithajan, Sirinrat; Ghezzi, Luan; Kimock, Ben; Willis, Kevin; De Lee, Nathan; Lee, Brian; Fleming, Scott W.; Agol, Eric; Troup, Nicholas; Paegert, Martin; Schneider, Donald P.; Stassun, Keivan; Varosi, Frank; Zhao, Bo; Jian, Liu; Li, Rui; Porto de Mello, Gustavo F.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Pan, Kaike; Dutra-Ferreira, Letícia; Lorenzo-Oliveira, Diego; Santiago, Basílio X.; da Costa, Luiz N.; Maia, Marcio A. G.; Ogando, Ricardo L. C.; del Peloso, E. F. 2017-06-01 Planet searches using the radial velocity technique show a paucity of companions to solar-type stars within ˜5 au in the mass range of ˜10-80 MJup. This deficit, known as the brown dwarf desert, currently has no conclusive explanation. New substellar companions in this region help assess the reality of the desert and provide insight to the formation and evolution of these objects. Here, we present 10 new brown dwarf and 2 low-mass stellar companion candidates around solar-type stars from the Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-Area Survey (MARVELS) of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. These companions were selected from processed MARVELS data using the latest University of Florida Two Dimensional pipeline, which shows significant improvement and reduction of systematic errors over previous pipelines. The 10 brown dwarf companions range in mass from ˜13 to 76 MJup and have orbital radii of less than 1 au. The two stellar companions have minimum masses of ˜98 and 100 MJup. The host stars of the MARVELS brown dwarf sample have a mean metallicity of [Fe/H] = 0.03 ± 0.08 dex. Given our stellar sample we estimate the brown dwarf occurrence rate around solar-type stars with periods less than ˜300 d to be ˜0.56 per cent. 3. The Eighth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Data from SDSS-III International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2011-01-01 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) started a new phase in August 2008, with new instrumentation and new surveys focused on Galactic structure and chemical evolution, measurements of the baryon oscillation feature in the clustering of galaxies and the quasar Lyα forest, and a radial velocity search for planets around ∼8000 stars. This paper describes the first data release of SDSS-III (and the eighth counting from the beginning of the SDSS). The release includes 5-band imaging of roughly 5200 deg 2 in the Southern Galactic Cap, bringing the total footprint of the SDSS imaging to 14,555 deg 2 , or over a third of the Celestial Sphere. All the imaging data have been reprocessed with an improved sky-subtraction algorithm and a final, self-consistent recalibration and flat-field determination. This release also includes all data from the second phase of the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Evolution (SEGUE-2), consisting of spectroscopy of approximately 118,000 stars at both high and low Galactic latitudes. All the more than half a million stellar spectra obtained with the SDSS spectrograph have been reprocessed through an improved stellar parameters pipeline, which has better determination of metallicity for high metallicity stars. 4. THE EIGHTH DATA RELEASE OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY: FIRST DATA FROM SDSS-III International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Aihara, Hiroaki; Allende Prieto, Carlos; An, Deokkeun; Anderson, Scott F.; Aubourg, Eric; Busca, Nicolas G.; Balbinot, Eduardo; Beers, Timothy C.; Berlind, Andreas A.; Bickerton, Steven J.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Brinkmann, J.; Blanton, Michael R.; Bovy, Jo; Bochanski, John J.; Brandt, W. N.; Bolton, Adam S.; Brown, Peter J.; Brownstein, Joel R.; Campbell, Heather 2011-01-01 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) started a new phase in 2008 August, with new instrumentation and new surveys focused on Galactic structure and chemical evolution, measurements of the baryon oscillation feature in the clustering of galaxies and the quasar Lyα forest, and a radial velocity search for planets around ∼8000 stars. This paper describes the first data release of SDSS-III (and the eighth counting from the beginning of the SDSS). The release includes five-band imaging of roughly 5200 deg 2 in the southern Galactic cap, bringing the total footprint of the SDSS imaging to 14,555 deg 2 , or over a third of the Celestial Sphere. All the imaging data have been reprocessed with an improved sky-subtraction algorithm and a final, self-consistent photometric recalibration and flat-field determination. This release also includes all data from the second phase of the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration (SEGUE-2), consisting of spectroscopy of approximately 118,000 stars at both high and low Galactic latitudes. All the more than half a million stellar spectra obtained with the SDSS spectrograph have been reprocessed through an improved stellar parameter pipeline, which has better determination of metallicity for high-metallicity stars. 5. The Eighth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Data from SDSS-III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Aihara, Hiroaki; /Tokyo U.; Prieto, Carlos Allende; /Laguna U., Tenerife; An, Deokkeun; /Ewha Women' s U., Seoul; Anderson, Scott F.; /Washington U., Seattle, Astron. Dept.; Aubourg, Eric; /APC, Paris /DAPNIA, Saclay; Balbinot, Eduardo; /Rio Grande do Sul U. /Rio de Janeiro Observ.; Beers, Timothy C.; /Michigan State U.; Berlind, Andreas A.; /Vanderbilt U.; Bickerton, Steven J.; /Princeton U.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; /Apache Point Observ.; Blanton, Michael R.; /New York U., CCPP /Penn State U. 2011-01-01 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) started a new phase in August 2008, with new instrumentation and new surveys focused on Galactic structure and chemical evolution, measurements of the baryon oscillation feature in the clustering of galaxies and the quasar Ly{alpha} forest, and a radial velocity search for planets around {approx}8000 stars. This paper describes the first data release of SDSS-III (and the eighth counting from the beginning of the SDSS). The release includes 5-band imaging of roughly 5200 deg{sup 2} in the Southern Galactic Cap, bringing the total footprint of the SDSS imaging to 14,555 deg{sup 2}, or over a third of the Celestial Sphere. All the imaging data have been reprocessed with an improved sky-subtraction algorithm and a final, self-consistent recalibration and flat-field determination. This release also includes all data from the second phase of the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Evolution (SEGUE-2), consisting of spectroscopy of approximately 118,000 stars at both high and low Galactic latitudes. All the more than half a million stellar spectra obtained with the SDSS spectrograph have been reprocessed through an improved stellar parameters pipeline, which has better determination of metallicity for high metallicity stars. 6. “Cultural Policy”: Towards a Global Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yudhishthir Raj Isar 2009-06-01 Full Text Available The field of “cultural policy” has acquired sufficient purchase internationally to warrant a comparative global survey. This article examines questions that arise preliminary to such an endeavour. It looks first at the problems posed by the divided nature of “cultural policy” research: on the one hand policy advisory work that is essentially pragmatic, and on the other so-called “theoretical” analysis which has little or no purchase on policy-making. In both cases, key elements are missed. A way out of the quandary would be to privilege a line of inquiry that analyzes the “arts and heritage” both in relation to the institutional terms and objectives of these fields but also as components of a broader “cultural system” whose dynamics can only be properly grasped in terms of the social science or “ways of life” paradigm. Such a line of inquiry would address: the ways in which subsidized cultural practice interacts with or is impacted by social, economic and political forces; the domains of public intervention where the cultural in the broader social science sense elicits policy stances and policy action; the nature of public intervention in both categories; whether and how the objects and practices of intervention are conceptualised in a holistic way. A second set of interrogations concerns axes for the comparison of “cultural policy” trans-nationally. One possible axis is provided by different state stances with respect to Raymond Williams’ categories of national aggrandizement, economic reductionism, public patronage of the arts, media regulation and the negotiated construction of cultural identity. Another avenue would be to unpack interpretations of two leading current agendas, namely “cultural diversity” and the “cultural and/or creative industries”. 7. Implications of a global survey of venusian impact craters Science.gov (United States) Herrick, Robert R.; Phillips, Roger J. 1994-01-01 We present a global survey of the areal distribution, size-frequency distribution, and morphometric properties of the venusian impact cratering record. We explore the resurfacing history of Venus, crater degradation, ejecta emplacement, and cratering mechanics. The number of volcanically embayed and tectonically deformed craters from 0.5 to 1.0 km above mean planetary radius is disproportionately high for an otherwise crater-deficient elevation range. More resurfacing occurred in this range, an elevation range dominated by volcanic rises, rifts, and coronae, than elsewhere on Venus. Although the majority of craters appear to be relatively undisturbed and have intact ejecta blankets, some craters appear particularly fresh' because thay have radar-bright floors, a radar-dark halo surrounding the ejecta blanket, and a west facing parabola of low radar return; 20, 35, and 8%, respectively, of craters with diameters greater than 22.6 km have these features. Characteristics of ejecta deposits for venusian craters change substantially with size, particularly at 20 km crater diameter, which marks the transition at which the boundaries of ejecta blankets go from ragged to lobate and the slope of the ejecta distance vs diameter curve steepens. Secondary craters are a ubiquitous part of the ejecta blanket for craters over 50 km but occur infrequently as isolated rays about smaller craters. Comparison of complex craters found on Venus with those of other planets gave results that were consistent with the idea that interplanetary differences in complex crater shape are controlled by interplanetary differences in gravity and crustal strength. The interplanetary comparison indicates that Venus, the Moon, and Mercury appear to have stronger crusts than do Mars and Ganymede/Callisto. 8. CLUSTERING OF SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY III PHOTOMETRIC LUMINOUS GALAXIES: THE MEASUREMENT, SYSTEMATICS, AND COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ho, Shirley; White, Martin; Schlegel, David J.; Seljak, Uros; Reid, Beth; Cuesta, Antonio; Padmanabhan, Nikhil; Seo, Hee-Jong; De Putter, Roland; Ross, Ashley J.; Percival, Will J.; Saito, Shun; Schlafly, Eddie; Hernández-Monteagudo, Carlos; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Blanton, Michael; Skibba, Ramin; Schneider, Don; Mena, Olga; Viel, Matteo 2012-01-01 spectra give consistent constraints on cosmological models when compared with pre-systematic correction power spectra in the angular scales of interest. The SDSS-III Data Release 8 (SDSS-III DR8) Angular Clustering Data allow a wide range of investigations into the cosmological model, cosmic expansion (via BAO), Gaussianity of initial conditions, and neutrino masses. Here, we refer to our companion papers for further investigations using the clustering data. Our calculation of the survey selection function, systematics maps, and likelihood function for the COSMOMC package will be released at http://portal.nersc.gov/project/boss/galaxy/photoz/. 9. CLUSTERING OF SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY III PHOTOMETRIC LUMINOUS GALAXIES: THE MEASUREMENT, SYSTEMATICS, AND COSMOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ho, Shirley; White, Martin; Schlegel, David J.; Seljak, Uros; Reid, Beth [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, MS 50R-5045, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Cuesta, Antonio; Padmanabhan, Nikhil [Yale Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 (United States); Seo, Hee-Jong [Berkeley Center for Cosmological Physics, LBL and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); De Putter, Roland [ICC, University of Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Marti i Franques 1, E-08028 Barcelona (Spain); Ross, Ashley J.; Percival, Will J. [Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, Dennis Sciama Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 3FX (United Kingdom); Saito, Shun [Department of Astronomy, University of California Berkeley, CA (United States); Schlafly, Eddie [Department of Astronomy, Harvard University, 60 Garden St. MS 20, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Hernandez-Monteagudo, Carlos [Centro de Estudios de Fisica del Cosmos de Aragon (CEFCA), Plaza de San Juan 1, planta 2, E-44001 Teruel (Spain); Sanchez, Ariel G. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse 1, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Blanton, Michael [Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003 (United States); Skibba, Ramin [Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721 (United States); Schneider, Don [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Mena, Olga [Instituto de Fisica Corpuscular, Universidad de Valencia-CSIC (Spain); Viel, Matteo, E-mail: [email protected] [INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste (Italy); and others 2012-12-10 surveys such as the SDSS Data Release 7 (DR7) and WiggleZ. We also find that systematic-corrected power spectra give consistent constraints on cosmological models when compared with pre-systematic correction power spectra in the angular scales of interest. The SDSS-III Data Release 8 (SDSS-III DR8) Angular Clustering Data allow a wide range of investigations into the cosmological model, cosmic expansion (via BAO), Gaussianity of initial conditions, and neutrino masses. Here, we refer to our companion papers for further investigations using the clustering data. Our calculation of the survey selection function, systematics maps, and likelihood function for the COSMOMC package will be released at http://portal.nersc.gov/project/boss/galaxy/photoz/. 10. SDSS-III: MASSIVE SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEYS OF THE DISTANT UNIVERSE, THE MILKY WAY, AND EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETARY SYSTEMS International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Weinberg, David H.; Agol, Eric; Anderson, Scott F.; Aihara, Hiroaki; Allende Prieto, Carlos; Arns, James A.; Aubourg, Eric; Bailey, Stephen; Balbinot, Eduardo; Barkhouser, Robert; Beers, Timothy C.; Berlind, Andreas A.; Bickerton, Steven J.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Blanton, Michael R.; Bochanski, John J.; Bolton, Adam S. 2011-01-01 Building on the legacy of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-I and II), SDSS-III is a program of four spectroscopic surveys on three scientific themes: dark energy and cosmological parameters, the history and structure of the Milky Way, and the population of giant planets around other stars. In keeping with SDSS tradition, SDSS-III will provide regular public releases of all its data, beginning with SDSS Data Release 8 (DR8), which was made public in 2011 January and includes SDSS-I and SDSS-II images and spectra reprocessed with the latest pipelines and calibrations produced for the SDSS-III investigations. This paper presents an overview of the four surveys that comprise SDSS-III. The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey will measure redshifts of 1.5 million massive galaxies and Lyα forest spectra of 150,000 quasars, using the baryon acoustic oscillation feature of large-scale structure to obtain percent-level determinations of the distance scale and Hubble expansion rate at z 5 evolved, late-type stars, measuring separate abundances for ∼15 elements per star and creating the first high-precision spectroscopic survey of all Galactic stellar populations (bulge, bar, disks, halo) with a uniform set of stellar tracers and spectral diagnostics. The Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS) will monitor radial velocities of more than 8000 FGK stars with the sensitivity and cadence (10-40 m s -1 , ∼24 visits per star) needed to detect giant planets with periods up to two years, providing an unprecedented data set for understanding the formation and dynamical evolution of giant planet systems. As of 2011 January, SDSS-III has obtained spectra of more than 240,000 galaxies, 29,000 z ≥ 2.2 quasars, and 140,000 stars, including 74,000 velocity measurements of 2580 stars for MARVELS. 11. The global burden of mental disorders : An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys NARCIS (Netherlands) Kessler, Ronald C.; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Alonso, Jordi; Chatterji, Somnath; Lee, Sing; Ormel, Johan; Uestuen, T. Bedirhan; Wang, Philip S. 2009-01-01 Aims - The paper reviews recent findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys oil the global burden of mental disorders. Methods - The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about 12. Methods of practice and guidelines for using survey-grade global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) to establish vertical datum in the United States Geological Survey Science.gov (United States) Rydlund, Jr., Paul H.; Densmore, Brenda K. 2012-01-01 flexibility regarding efficiency and quality of data collection. Quality assurance of survey-grade global positioning is often overlooked or not understood and perceived uncertainties can be misleading. GNSS users can benefit from a blueprint of data collection standards used to ensure consistency among USGS mission areas. A classification of GNSS survey qualities provide the user with the ability to choose from the highest quality survey used to establish objective points with low uncertainties, identified as a Level I, to a GNSS survey for general topographic control without quality assurance, identified as a Level IV. A Level I survey is strictly limited to post-processed methods, whereas Level II, Level III, and Level IV surveys integrate variations of a RT approach. Among these classifications, techniques involving blunder checks and redundancy are important, and planning that involves the assessment of the overall satellite configuration, as well as terrestrial and space weather, are necessary to ensure an efficient and quality campaign. Although quality indicators and uncertainties are identified in post-processed methods using CORS, the accuracy of a GNSS survey is most effectively expressed as a comparison to a local benchmark that has a high degree of confidence. Real-time and post-processed methods should incorporate these "trusted" benchmarks as a check during any campaign. Global positioning surveys are expected to change rapidly in the future. The expansion of continuously operating reference stations, combined with newly available satellite signals, and enhancements to the conterminous geoid, are all sufficient indicators for substantial growth in real-time positioning and quality thereof. 13. Giant Planet Candidates, Brown Dwarfs, and Binaries from the SDSS-III MARVELS Planet Survey. Science.gov (United States) Thomas, Neil; Ge, Jian; Li, Rui; de Lee, Nathan M.; Heslar, Michael; Ma, Bo; SDSS-Iii Marvels Team 2015-01-01 We report the discoveries of giant planet candidates, brown dwarfs, and binaries from the SDSS-III MARVELS survey. The finalized 1D pipeline has provided 18 giant planet candidates, 16 brown dwarfs, and over 500 binaries. An additional 96 targets having RV variability indicative of a giant planet companion are also reported for future investigation. These candidates are found using the advanced MARVELS 1D data pipeline developed at UF from scratch over the past three years. This pipeline carefully corrects most of the instrument effects (such as trace, slant, distortion, drifts and dispersion) and observation condition effects (such as illumination profile, fiber degradation, and tracking variations). The result is long-term RV precisions that approach the photon limits in many cases for the ~89,000 individual stellar observations. A 2D version of the pipeline that uses interferometric information is nearing completion and is demonstrating a reduction of errors to half the current levels. The 2D processing will be used to increase the robustness of the detections presented here and to find new candidates in RV regions not confidently detectable with the 1D pipeline. The MARVELS survey has produced the largest homogeneous RV measurements of 3300 V=7.6-12 FGK stars with a well defined cadence of 27 RV measurements over 2 years. The MARVELS RV data and other follow-up data (photometry, high contrast imaging, high resolution spectroscopy and RV measurements) will explore the diversity of giant planet companion formation and evolution around stars with a broad range in metallicity (Fe/H -1.5-0.5), mass ( 0.6-2.5M(sun)), and environment (thin disk and thick disk), and will help to address the key scientific questions identified for the MARVELS survey including, but not limited to: Do metal poor stars obey the same trends for planet occurrence as metal rich stars? What is the distribution of giant planets around intermediate-mass stars and binaries? Is the 'planet desert 14. The Ninth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: First Spectroscopic Data from the SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ahn, Christopher P.; Alexandroff, Rachael; Allende Prieto, Carlos; Anderson, Scott F.; Anderton, Timothy; Andrews, Brett H.; Aubourg, Éric; Bailey, Stephen; Balbinot, Eduardo; Barnes, Rory; Bautista, Julian; Beers, Timothy C.; Beifiori, Alessandra; Berlind, Andreas A.; Bhardwaj, Vaishali; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Blake, Cullen H.; Blanton, Michael R.; Blomqvist, Michael; Bochanski, John J.; Bolton, Adam S.; Borde, Arnaud; Bovy, Jo; Brandt, W. N.; Brinkmann, J.; Brown, Peter J.; Brownstein, Joel R.; Bundy, Kevin; Busca, N. G.; Carithers, William; Carnero, Aurelio R.; Carr, Michael A.; Casetti-Dinescu, Dana I.; Chen, Yanmei; Chiappini, Cristina; Comparat, Johan; Connolly, Natalia; Crepp, Justin R.; Cristiani, Stefano; Croft, Rupert A. C.; Cuesta, Antonio J.; da Costa, Luiz N.; Davenport, James R. A.; Dawson, Kyle S.; de Putter, Roland; De Lee, Nathan; Delubac, Timothée; Dhital, Saurav; Ealet, Anne; Ebelke, Garrett L.; Edmondson, Edward M.; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Escoffier, S.; Esposito, Massimiliano; Evans, Michael L.; Fan, Xiaohui; Femenía Castellá, Bruno; Fernández Alvar, Emma; Ferreira, Leticia D.; Filiz Ak, N.; Finley, Hayley; Fleming, Scott W.; Font-Ribera, Andreu; Frinchaboy, Peter M.; García-Hernández, D. A.; Pérez, A. E. García; Ge, Jian; Génova-Santos, R.; Gillespie, Bruce A.; Girardi, Léo; González Hernández, Jonay I.; Grebel, Eva K.; Gunn, James E.; Guo, Hong; Haggard, Daryl; Hamilton, Jean-Christophe; Harris, David W.; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Hearty, Frederick R.; Ho, Shirley; Hogg, David W.; Holtzman, Jon A.; Honscheid, Klaus; Huehnerhoff, J.; Ivans, Inese I.; Ivezić, Željko; Jacobson, Heather R.; Jiang, Linhua; Johansson, Jonas; Johnson, Jennifer A.; Kauffmann, Guinevere; Kirkby, David; Kirkpatrick, Jessica A.; Klaene, Mark A.; Knapp, Gillian R.; Kneib, Jean-Paul; Le Goff, Jean-Marc; Leauthaud, Alexie; Lee, Khee-Gan; Lee, Young Sun; Long, Daniel C.; Loomis, Craig P.; Lucatello, Sara; Lundgren, Britt; Lupton, Robert H.; Ma, Bo; Ma, Zhibo; MacDonald, Nicholas; Mack, Claude E.; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Maia, Marcio A. G.; Majewski, Steven R.; Makler, Martin; Malanushenko, Elena; Malanushenko, Viktor; Manchado, A.; Mandelbaum, Rachel; Manera, Marc; Maraston, Claudia; Margala, Daniel; Martell, Sarah L.; McBride, Cameron K.; McGreer, Ian D.; McMahon, Richard G.; Ménard, Brice; Meszaros, Sz.; Miralda-Escudé, Jordi; Montero-Dorta, Antonio D.; Montesano, Francesco; Morrison, Heather L.; Muna, Demitri; Munn, Jeffrey A.; Murayama, Hitoshi; Myers, Adam D.; Neto, A. F.; Nguyen, Duy Cuong; Nichol, Robert C.; Nidever, David L.; Noterdaeme, Pasquier; Nuza, Sebastián E.; Ogando, Ricardo L. C.; Olmstead, Matthew D.; Oravetz, Daniel J.; Owen, Russell; Padmanabhan, Nikhil; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Pan, Kaike; Parejko, John K.; Parihar, Prachi; Pâris, Isabelle; Pattarakijwanich, Petchara; Pepper, Joshua; Percival, Will J.; Pérez-Fournon, Ismael; Pérez-Ràfols, Ignasi; Petitjean, Patrick; Pforr, Janine; Pieri, Matthew M.; Pinsonneault, Marc H.; Porto de Mello, G. F.; Prada, Francisco; Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Raddick, M. Jordan; Rebolo, Rafael; Rich, James; Richards, Gordon T.; Robin, Annie C.; Rocha-Pinto, Helio J.; Rockosi, Constance M.; Roe, Natalie A.; Ross, Ashley J.; Ross, Nicholas P.; Rossi, Graziano; Rubiño-Martin, J. A.; Samushia, Lado; Sanchez Almeida, J.; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Santiago, Basílio; Sayres, Conor; Schlegel, David J.; Schlesinger, Katharine J.; Schmidt, Sarah J.; Schneider, Donald P.; Schultheis, Mathias; Schwope, Axel D.; Scóccola, C. G.; Seljak, Uros; Sheldon, Erin; Shen, Yue; Shu, Yiping; Simmerer, Jennifer; Simmons, Audrey E.; Skibba, Ramin A.; Skrutskie, M. F.; Slosar, A.; Sobreira, Flavia; Sobeck, Jennifer S.; Stassun, Keivan G.; Steele, Oliver; Steinmetz, Matthias; Strauss, Michael A.; Streblyanska, Alina; Suzuki, Nao; Swanson, Molly E. C.; Tal, Tomer; Thakar, Aniruddha R.; Thomas, Daniel; Thompson, Benjamin A.; Tinker, Jeremy L.; Tojeiro, Rita; Tremonti, Christy A.; Vargas Magaña, M.; Verde, Licia; Viel, Matteo; Vikas, Shailendra K.; Vogt, Nicole P.; Wake, David A.; Wang, Ji; Weaver, Benjamin A.; Weinberg, David H.; Weiner, Benjamin J.; West, Andrew A.; White, Martin; Wilson, John C.; Wisniewski, John P.; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; Yanny, Brian; Yèche, Christophe; York, Donald G.; Zamora, O.; Zasowski, Gail; Zehavi, Idit; Zhao, Gong-Bo; Zheng, Zheng; Zhu, Guangtun; Zinn, Joel C. 2012-11-19 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) presents the first spectroscopic data from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). This ninth data release (DR9) of the SDSS project includes 535,995 new galaxy spectra (median z=0.52), 102,100 new quasar spectra (median z=2.32), and 90,897 new stellar spectra, along with the data presented in previous data releases. These spectra were obtained with the new BOSS spectrograph and were taken between 2009 December and 2011 July. In addition, the stellar parameters pipeline, which determines radial velocities, surface temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities of stars, has been updated and refined with improvements in temperature estimates for stars with T_eff<5000 K and in metallicity estimates for stars with [Fe/H]>-0.5. DR9 includes new stellar parameters for all stars presented in DR8, including stars from SDSS-I and II, as well as those observed as part of the SDSS-III Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration-2 (SEGUE-2). The astrometry error introduced in the DR8 imaging catalogs has been corrected in the DR9 data products. The next data release for SDSS-III will be in Summer 2013, which will present the first data from the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) along with another year of data from BOSS, followed by the final SDSS-III data release in December 2014. 15. THE HETDEX PILOT SURVEY. III. THE LOW METALLICITIES OF HIGH-REDSHIFT Lyα GALAXIES International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Finkelstein, Steven L.; Papovich, Casey; Tran, Kim-Vy; Hill, Gary J.; Gebhardt, Karl; Adams, Joshua; Blanc, Guillermo A.; Ciardullo, Robin; Gronwall, Caryl; Schneider, Donald P.; Drory, Niv; Gawiser, Eric 2011-01-01 We present the results of Keck/NIRSPEC spectroscopic observations of three Lyα emitting galaxies (LAEs) at z∼ 2.3 discovered with the HETDEX pilot survey. We detect Hα, [O III], and Hβ emission from two galaxies at z= 2.29 and 2.49, designated HPS194 and HPS256, respectively, representing the first detection of multiple rest-frame optical emission lines in galaxies at high redshift selected on the basis of their Lyα emission. We find that the redshifts of the Lyα emission from these galaxies are offset redward of the systemic redshifts (derived from the Hα and [O III] emission) by Δv = 162 ± 37 (photometric) ± 42 (systematic) km s -1 for HPS194 and Δv = 36 ± 35 ± 18 km s -1 for HPS256. An interpretation for HPS194 is that a large-scale outflow may be occurring in its interstellar medium. This outflow is likely powered by star-formation activity, as examining emission line ratios implies that neither LAE hosts an active galactic nucleus. Using the upper limits on the [N II] emission, we place meaningful constraints on the gas-phase metallicities in these two LAEs of Z sun (1σ). Measuring the stellar masses of these objects via spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting (∼10 10 and 6 x 10 8 M sun , respectively), we study the nature of LAEs in a mass-metallicity plane. At least one of these two LAEs appears to be more metal poor than continuum-selected star-forming galaxies at the same redshift and stellar mass, implying that objects exhibiting Lyα emission may be systematically less chemically enriched than the general galaxy population. We use the SEDs of these two galaxies to show that neglecting the contribution of the measured emission line fluxes when fitting stellar population models to the observed photometry can result in overestimates of the population age by orders of magnitude and the stellar mass by a factor of ∼2. This effect is particularly important at z∼> 7, where similarly strong emission lines may masquerade in the photometry 16. The HETDEX Pilot Survey. III. The Low Metallicities of High-redshift Lyα Galaxies Science.gov (United States) Finkelstein, Steven L.; Hill, Gary J.; Gebhardt, Karl; Adams, Joshua; Blanc, Guillermo A.; Papovich, Casey; Ciardullo, Robin; Drory, Niv; Gawiser, Eric; Gronwall, Caryl; Schneider, Donald P.; Tran, Kim-Vy 2011-03-01 We present the results of Keck/NIRSPEC spectroscopic observations of three Lyα emitting galaxies (LAEs) at z~ 2.3 discovered with the HETDEX pilot survey. We detect Hα, [O III], and Hβ emission from two galaxies at z= 2.29 and 2.49, designated HPS194 and HPS256, respectively, representing the first detection of multiple rest-frame optical emission lines in galaxies at high redshift selected on the basis of their Lyα emission. We find that the redshifts of the Lyα emission from these galaxies are offset redward of the systemic redshifts (derived from the Hα and [O III] emission) by Δv = 162 ± 37 (photometric) ± 42 (systematic) km s-1 for HPS194 and Δv = 36 ± 35 ± 18 km s-1 for HPS256. An interpretation for HPS194 is that a large-scale outflow may be occurring in its interstellar medium. This outflow is likely powered by star-formation activity, as examining emission line ratios implies that neither LAE hosts an active galactic nucleus. Using the upper limits on the [N II] emission, we place meaningful constraints on the gas-phase metallicities in these two LAEs of ZLAEs in a mass-metallicity plane. At least one of these two LAEs appears to be more metal poor than continuum-selected star-forming galaxies at the same redshift and stellar mass, implying that objects exhibiting Lyα emission may be systematically less chemically enriched than the general galaxy population. We use the SEDs of these two galaxies to show that neglecting the contribution of the measured emission line fluxes when fitting stellar population models to the observed photometry can result in overestimates of the population age by orders of magnitude and the stellar mass by a factor of ~2. This effect is particularly important at zgsim 7, where similarly strong emission lines may masquerade in the photometry as a 4000 Å break. The data presented herein were obtained at the W. M. Keck Observatory from telescope time allocated to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through 17. Preliminary results of the global forest biomass survey Science.gov (United States) S. Healey; E. Lindquist 2014-01-01 Many countries do not yet have well-established national forest inventories, and among those that do, significant methodological differences exist, particularly in the estimation of standing forest biomass. Global space-based LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) from NASAâs now-completed ICESat mission provided consistent, high-quality measures of canopy height and... 18. Factor analysis in hydrochemical survey | Ephraim | Global Journal ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Global Journal of Geological Sciences. Journal Home · ABOUT THIS JOURNAL · Advanced Search · Current Issue · Archives · Journal Home > Vol 1, No 2 (2003) >. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. Username, Password, Remember me, or Register · Download this PDF file. The PDF file you selected ... 19. THE NINTH DATA RELEASE OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY: FIRST SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FROM THE SDSS-III BARYON OSCILLATION SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ahn, Christopher P.; Anderton, Timothy [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (United States); Alexandroff, Rachael; Blake, Cullen H. [Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 (United States); Allende Prieto, Carlos [Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (IAC), C/Via Lactea, s/n, E-38200 La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain); Anderson, Scott F.; Barnes, Rory; Bhardwaj, Vaishali; Bochanski, John J. [Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195 (United States); Andrews, Brett H. [Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States); Aubourg, Eric; Bautista, Julian [APC, University of Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cite, F-75205 Paris (France); Bailey, Stephen [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Balbinot, Eduardo [Instituto de Fisica, UFRGS, Caixa Postal 15051, Porto Alegre, RS-91501-970 (Brazil); Beers, Timothy C. [National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719 (United States); Beifiori, Alessandra [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Berlind, Andreas A. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, VU Station 1807, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Bizyaev, Dmitry [Apache Point Observatory, P.O. Box 59, Sunspot, NM 88349 (United States); Blanton, Michael R. [Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, Department of Physics, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003 (United States); Blomqvist, Michael [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 (United States); and others 2012-12-15 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) presents the first spectroscopic data from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). This ninth data release (DR9) of the SDSS project includes 535,995 new galaxy spectra (median z {approx} 0.52), 102,100 new quasar spectra (median z {approx} 2.32), and 90,897 new stellar spectra, along with the data presented in previous data releases. These spectra were obtained with the new BOSS spectrograph and were taken between 2009 December and 2011 July. In addition, the stellar parameters pipeline, which determines radial velocities, surface temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities of stars, has been updated and refined with improvements in temperature estimates for stars with T{sub eff} < 5000 K and in metallicity estimates for stars with [Fe/H] > -0.5. DR9 includes new stellar parameters for all stars presented in DR8, including stars from SDSS-I and II, as well as those observed as part of the SEGUE-2. The astrometry error introduced in the DR8 imaging catalogs has been corrected in the DR9 data products. The next data release for SDSS-III will be in Summer 2013, which will present the first data from the APOGEE along with another year of data from BOSS, followed by the final SDSS-III data release in 2014 December. 20. Rising to the Challenge: Developing a Survey of Workplace Skills, Civic Engagement, and Global Awareness Science.gov (United States) Ouimet, Judith A.; Pike, Gary R. 2008-01-01 This chapter describes the ongoing development of a survey of students' workplace skills, civic engagement, and global awareness that colleges and universities can use to document their contributions to the public good. The student growth survey currently under development offers colleges and universities an opportunity to refocus the attention of… 1. The eleventh and twelfth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Final data from SDSS-III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Alam, Shadab; Albareti, Franco D.; Prieto, Carlos Allende; Anders, F.; Anderson, Scott F.; Anderton, Timothy; Andrews, Brett H.; Armengaud, Eric; Aubourg, Éric; Bailey, Stephen; Basu, Sarbani; Bautista, Julian E.; Beaton, Rachael L.; Beers, Timothy C.; Bender, Chad F.; Berlind, Andreas A.; Beutler, Florian; Bhardwaj, Vaishali; Bird, Jonathan C.; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Blake, Cullen H.; Blanton, Michael R.; Blomqvist, Michael; Bochanski, John J.; Bolton, Adam S.; Bovy, Jo; Bradley, A. Shelden; Brandt, W. N.; Brauer, D. E.; Brinkmann, J.; Brown, Peter J.; Brownstein, Joel R.; Burden, Angela; Burtin, Etienne; Busca, Nicolás G.; Cai, Zheng; Capozzi, Diego; Rosell, Aurelio Carnero; Carr, Michael A.; Carrera, Ricardo; Chambers, K. C.; Chaplin, William James; Chen, Yen-Chi; Chiappini, Cristina; Chojnowski, S. Drew; Chuang, Chia-Hsun; Clerc, Nicolas; Comparat, Johan; Covey, Kevin; Croft, Rupert A. C.; Cuesta, Antonio J.; Cunha, Katia; Costa, Luiz N. da; Rio, Nicola Da; Davenport, James R. A.; Dawson, Kyle S.; Lee, Nathan De; Delubac, Timothée; Deshpande, Rohit; Dhital, Saurav; Dutra-Ferreira, Letícia; Dwelly, Tom; Ealet, Anne; Ebelke, Garrett L.; Edmondson, Edward M.; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Ellsworth, Tristan; Elsworth, Yvonne; Epstein, Courtney R.; Eracleous, Michael; Escoffier, Stephanie; Esposito, Massimiliano; Evans, Michael L.; Fan, Xiaohui; Fernández-Alvar, Emma; Feuillet, Diane; Ak, Nurten Filiz; Finley, Hayley; Finoguenov, Alexis; Flaherty, Kevin; Fleming, Scott W.; Font-Ribera, Andreu; Foster, Jonathan; Frinchaboy, Peter M.; Galbraith-Frew, J. G.; García, Rafael A.; García-Hernández, D. A.; Pérez, Ana E. García; Gaulme, Patrick; Ge, Jian; Génova-Santos, R.; Georgakakis, A.; Ghezzi, Luan; Gillespie, Bruce A.; Girardi, Léo; Goddard, Daniel; Gontcho, Satya Gontcho A.; Hernández, Jonay I. González; Grebel, Eva K.; Green, Paul J.; Grieb, Jan Niklas; Grieves, Nolan; Gunn, James E.; Guo, Hong; Harding, Paul; Hasselquist, Sten; Hawley, Suzanne L.; Hayden, Michael; Hearty, Fred R.; Hekker, Saskia; Ho, Shirley; Hogg, David W.; Holley-Bockelmann, Kelly; Holtzman, Jon A.; Honscheid, Klaus; Huber, Daniel; Huehnerhoff, Joseph; Ivans, Inese I.; Jiang, Linhua; Johnson, Jennifer A.; Kinemuchi, Karen; Kirkby, David; Kitaura, Francisco; Klaene, Mark A.; Knapp, Gillian R.; Kneib, Jean-Paul; Koenig, Xavier P.; Lam, Charles R.; Lan, Ting-Wen; Lang, Dustin; Laurent, Pierre; Goff, Jean-Marc Le; Leauthaud, Alexie; Lee, Khee-Gan; Lee, Young Sun; Licquia, Timothy C.; Liu, Jian; Long, Daniel C.; López-Corredoira, Martín; Lorenzo-Oliveira, Diego; Lucatello, Sara; Lundgren, Britt; Lupton, Robert H.; III, Claude E. Mack; Mahadevan, Suvrath; Maia, Marcio A. G.; Majewski, Steven R.; Malanushenko, Elena; Malanushenko, Viktor; Manchado, A.; Manera, Marc; Mao, Qingqing; Maraston, Claudia; Marchwinski, Robert C.; Margala, Daniel; Martell, Sarah L.; Martig, Marie; Masters, Karen L.; Mathur, Savita; McBride, Cameron K.; McGehee, Peregrine M.; McGreer, Ian D.; McMahon, Richard G.; Ménard, Brice; Menzel, Marie-Luise; Merloni, Andrea; Mészáros, Szabolcs; Miller, Adam A.; Miralda-Escudé, Jordi; Miyatake, Hironao; Montero-Dorta, Antonio D.; More, Surhud; Morganson, Eric; Morice-Atkinson, Xan; Morrison, Heather L.; Mosser, Benôit; Muna, Demitri; Myers, Adam D.; Nandra, Kirpal; Newman, Jeffrey A.; Neyrinck, Mark; Nguyen, Duy Cuong; Nichol, Robert C.; Nidever, David L.; Noterdaeme, Pasquier; Nuza, Sebastián E.; O’Connell, Julia E.; O’Connell, Robert W.; O’Connell, Ross; Ogando, Ricardo L. C.; Olmstead, Matthew D.; Oravetz, Audrey E.; Oravetz, Daniel J.; Osumi, Keisuke; Owen, Russell; Padgett, Deborah L.; Padmanabhan, Nikhil; Paegert, Martin; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Pan, Kaike; Parejko, John K.; Pâris, Isabelle; Park, Changbom; Pattarakijwanich, Petchara; Pellejero-Ibanez, M.; Pepper, Joshua; Percival, Will J.; Pérez-Fournon, Ismael; Pe´rez-Rafols, Ignasi; Petitjean, Patrick; Pieri, Matthew M.; Pinsonneault, Marc H.; Mello, Gustavo F. Porto de; Prada, Francisco; Prakash, Abhishek; Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Protopapas, Pavlos; Raddick, M. Jordan; Rahman, Mubdi; Reid, Beth A.; Rich, James; Rix, Hans-Walter; Robin, Annie C.; Rockosi, Constance M.; Rodrigues, Thaíse S.; Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio; Roe, Natalie A.; Ross, Ashley J.; Ross, Nicholas P.; Rossi, Graziano; Ruan, John J.; Rubiño-Martín, J. A.; Rykoff, Eli S.; Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador; Salvato, Mara; Samushia, Lado; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Santiago, Basílio; Sayres, Conor; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Schlegel, David J.; Schmidt, Sarah J.; Schneider, Donald P.; Schultheis, Mathias; Schwope, Axel D.; Scóccola, C. G.; Scott, Caroline; Sellgren, Kris; Seo, Hee-Jong; Serenelli, Aldo; Shane, Neville; Shen, Yue; Shetrone, Matthew; Shu, Yiping; Aguirre, V. Silva; Sivarani, Thirupathi; Skrutskie, M. F.; Slosar, Anže; Smith, Verne V.; Sobreira, Flávia; Souto, Diogo; Stassun, Keivan G.; Steinmetz, Matthias; Stello, Dennis; Strauss, Michael A.; Streblyanska, Alina; Suzuki, Nao; Swanson, Molly E. C.; Tan, Jonathan C.; Tayar, Jamie; Terrien, Ryan C.; Thakar, Aniruddha R.; Thomas, Daniel; Thomas, Neil; Thompson, Benjamin A.; Tinker, Jeremy L.; Tojeiro, Rita; Troup, Nicholas W.; Vargas-Magaña, Mariana; Vazquez, Jose A.; Verde, Licia; Viel, Matteo; Vogt, Nicole P.; Wake, David A.; Wang, Ji; Weaver, Benjamin A.; Weinberg, David H.; Weiner, Benjamin J.; White, Martin; Wilson, John C.; Wisniewski, John P.; Wood-Vasey, W. M.; Yeche, Christophe; York, Donald G.; Zakamska, Nadia L.; Zamora, O.; Zasowski, Gail; Zehavi, Idit; Zhao, Gong-Bo; Zheng, Zheng; Zhou (周旭), Xu; Zhou (周志民), Zhimin; Zou (邹虎), Hu; Zhu, Guangtun 2015-07-20 The third generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III) took data from 2008 to 2014 using the original SDSS wide-field imager, the original and an upgraded multi-object fiber-fed optical spectrograph, a new near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, and a novel optical interferometer. All of the data from SDSS-III are now made public. In particular, this paper describes Data Release 11 (DR11) including all data acquired through 2013 July, and Data Release 12 (DR12) adding data acquired through 2014 July (including all data included in previous data releases), marking the end of SDSS-III observing. Relative to our previous public release (DR10), DR12 adds one million new spectra of galaxies and quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over an additional 3000 deg2 of sky, more than triples the number of H-band spectra of stars as part of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and includes repeated accurate radial velocity measurements of 5500 stars from the Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS). The APOGEE outputs now include the measured abundances of 15 different elements for each star. In total, SDSS-III added 5200 deg2 of ugriz imaging; 155,520 spectra of 138,099 stars as part of the Sloan Exploration of Galactic Understanding and Evolution 2 (SEGUE-2) survey; 2,497,484 BOSS spectra of 1,372,737 galaxies, 294,512 quasars, and 247,216 stars over 9376 deg2; 618,080 APOGEE spectra of 156,593 stars; and 197,040 MARVELS spectra of 5513 stars. Since its first light in 1998, SDSS has imaged over 1/3 of the Celestial sphere in five bands and obtained over five million astronomical spectra. 2. THE ELEVENTH AND TWELFTH DATA RELEASES OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY: FINAL DATA FROM SDSS-III International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Alam, Shadab; Albareti, Franco D.; Prieto, Carlos Allende; Anders, F.; Anderson, Scott F.; Anderton, Timothy; Andrews, Brett H.; Armengaud, Eric; Aubourg, Éric; Bautista, Julian E.; Bailey, Stephen; Basu, Sarbani; Beaton, Rachael L.; Beers, Timothy C. 2015-01-01 The third generation of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-III) took data from 2008 to 2014 using the original SDSS wide-field imager, the original and an upgraded multi-object fiber-fed optical spectrograph, a new near-infrared high-resolution spectrograph, and a novel optical interferometer. All of the data from SDSS-III are now made public. In particular, this paper describes Data Release 11 (DR11) including all data acquired through 2013 July, and Data Release 12 (DR12) adding data acquired through 2014 July (including all data included in previous data releases), marking the end of SDSS-III observing. Relative to our previous public release (DR10), DR12 adds one million new spectra of galaxies and quasars from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) over an additional 3000 deg 2 of sky, more than triples the number of H-band spectra of stars as part of the Apache Point Observatory (APO) Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), and includes repeated accurate radial velocity measurements of 5500 stars from the Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS). The APOGEE outputs now include the measured abundances of 15 different elements for each star. In total, SDSS-III added 5200 deg 2 of ugriz imaging; 155,520 spectra of 138,099 stars as part of the Sloan Exploration of Galactic Understanding and Evolution 2 (SEGUE-2) survey; 2,497,484 BOSS spectra of 1,372,737 galaxies, 294,512 quasars, and 247,216 stars over 9376 deg 2 ; 618,080 APOGEE spectra of 156,593 stars; and 197,040 MARVELS spectra of 5513 stars. Since its first light in 1998, SDSS has imaged over 1/3 of the Celestial sphere in five bands and obtained over five million astronomical spectra 3. Parametric Modelling of Potential Evapotranspiration: A Global Survey OpenAIRE Aristoteles Tegos; Nikolaos Malamos; Andreas Efstratiadis; Ioannis Tsoukalas; Alexandros Karanasios; Demetris Koutsoyiannis 2017-01-01 We present and validate a global parametric model of potential evapotranspiration (PET) with two parameters that are estimated through calibration, using as explanatory variables temperature and extraterrestrial radiation. The model is tested over the globe, taking advantage of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO CLIMWAT) database that provides monthly averaged values of meteorological inputs at 4300 locations worldwide. A preliminary analysis of these data allows for explaining the ma... 4. Science and technology related global problems: An international survey of science educators Science.gov (United States) Bybee, Rodger W.; Mau, Teri This survey evaluated one aspect of the Science-Technology-Society theme, namely, the teaching of global problems related to science and technology. The survey was conducted during spring 1984. Two hundred sixty-two science educators representing 41 countries completed the survey. Response was 80%. Findings included a ranking of twelve global problems (the top six were: World Hunger and Food Resources, Population Growth, Air Quality and Atmosphere, Water Resources, War Technology, and Human Health and Disease). Science educators generally indicated the following: the science and technology related global problems would be worse by the year 2000; they were slightly or moderately knowledgeable about the problems; print, audio-visual media, and personal experiences were their primary sources of information; it is important to study global problems in schools; emphasis on global problems should increase with age/grade level; an integrated approach should be used to teach about global problems; courses including global problems should be required of all students; most countries are in the early stages of developing programs including global problems; there is a clear trend toward S-T-S; there is public support for including global problems; and, the most significant limitations to implementation of the S-T-S theme (in order of significance) are political, personnel, social, psychological, economic, pedagogical, and physical. Implications for research and development in science education are discussed. 5. Field Surveys, IOC Valleys. Volume III, Part II. Cultural Resources Survey, Pine and Wah Wah Valleys, Utah. Science.gov (United States) 1981-08-01 others), cacti, especially prickly pear ( Opuntia basilaris and others), saltbrush (Atriplex canescens), shadscale Ert r E-TR-48- III-II 17 (Atriplex...supplies were depleted by the settlers through plowing and hunting, and the slave trade, disease , and indentured servitude to the Mormons decimated the 6. SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Weinberg, David H.; Agol, Eric; Aihara, Hiroaki; Prieto, Carlos Allende; Anderson, Scott F.; Arns, James A.; Aubourg, Eric; Bailey, Stephen; Balbinot, Eduardo; Barkhouser, Robert 2011-01-01 Building on the legacy of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-I and II), SDSS-III is a program of four spectroscopic surveys on three scientific themes: dark energy and cosmological parameters, the history and structure of the Milky Way, and the population of giant planets around other stars. The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) will measure redshifts of 1.5 million massive galaxies and Lyα forest spectra of 150,000 quasars, using the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature of large scale structure to obtain percent-level determinations of the distance scale and Hubble expansion rate at z 5 evolved, late-type stars, measuring separate abundances for ∼ 15 elements per star and creating the first high-precision spectroscopic survey of all Galactic stellar populations (bulge, bar, disks, halo) with a uniform set of stellar tracers and spectral diagnostics. The Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Large-area Survey (MARVELS) will monitor radial velocities of more than 8000 FGK stars with the sensitivity and cadence (10-40 m s -1 , ∼ 24 visits per star) needed to detect giant planets with periods up to two years, providing an unprecedented data set for understanding the formation and dynamical evolution of giant planet systems. As of January 2011, SDSS-III has obtained spectra of more than 240,000 galaxies, 29,000 z (ge) 2.2 quasars, and 140,000 stars, including 74,000 velocity measurements of 2580 stars for MARVELS. In keeping with SDSS tradition, SDSS-III will provide regular public releases of all its data, beginning with SDSS Data Release 8 (DR8) in January 2011. 7. Global challenges of graduate level Ayurvedic education: A survey. Science.gov (United States) Patwardhan, Kishor; Gehlot, Sangeeta; Singh, Girish; Rathore, H C S 2010-01-01 In the present day scenario, Ayurveda is globally being perceived in several contradictory ways. Poor quality of Ayurveda graduates produced as a result of poorly structured and poorly regulated education system is at least one of the important factors responsible for this scenario. The present study was carried out to evaluate the 'Global challenges of graduate level Ayurvedic education' and is based on the responses of Ayurvedic students and Ayurvedic teachers from various educational institutions of India to a methodically validated questionnaire. As the study indicates, the poor standard of Ayurvedic education in India is definitely a cause of concern. The curriculum of Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) course of studies is required to be reviewed and restructured. The syllabi are required to be updated with certain relevant topics like laws governing the intellectual property rights, basic procedures of standardization of medicinal products, fundamental methods of evaluating the toxicity of the medicinal products, essentials of healthcare management and the basics of cultivation and marketing of medicinal plants. Furthermore, the study suggests that the Ayurvedic academicians are required to be trained in standard methods of research and documentation skills, and the educational institutions are required to be encouraged to contribute their share in building up the evidence base for Ayurveda in the form of quality education and research. 8. Survey on sedation in paediatric dentistry: a global perspective. Science.gov (United States) Wilson, Stephen; Alcaino, Eduardo A 2011-09-01 Paediatric dentists receive training in sedation during their advanced education training, but evidence suggests that this training varies widely. The purpose of this study was to survey members of the International Association of Paediatric Dentistry (IAPD) and the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) on their opinion on pharmacological and other behavioural management techniques and their training related to provision of oral health care of paediatric patients in the dental setting. A request was made for access to the IAPD and EAPD membership email addresses. The responses were recorded anonymously and data uploaded into spss (version 9) and analysed using descriptive analysis and chi-square with and without tabulation processes. A total of 311 respondents of 1973 targeted individuals answered the survey. The response rate was 16%. The majority of the respondents came from the continent of Europe, Asia, and the Americas. The most frequent type of sedation was general anaesthesia (52% of the respondents), followed by nitrous oxide (46%) and then oral sedation (44%). At least 91% of the respondents indicated that they were interested in the development of continuing education on the topic of sedation. Paediatric dentists around the world use relatively few behaviour management techniques, including pharmacological management. There is a definite interest in continuing education in the area of sedation. The Authors. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry © 2011 BSPD, IAPD and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 9. KMTNet: A Cold Exoplanet Census Through a Global Microlensing Survey Science.gov (United States) Henderson, Calen B.; Gaudi, B. Scott; Han, Cheongho; Nataf, David; Skowron, Jan; Penny, Matthew; Gould, Andrew 2015-01-01 The unique sensitivity of gravitational microlensing to low-mass planets near and beyond the snow line makes it an indispensable tool for understanding the distribution and formation mechanisms of exoplanets. The Korean Microlensing Telescope Network (KMTNet) consists of three 1.6m telescopes each with a 4 deg2 field of view and will be dedicated to monitoring the Galactic Bulge in order to detect exoplanets via gravitational microlensing. With its relatively large aperture, large field of view, high (~10-minute) cadence, and near-complete longitudinal coverage of the Galactic Bulge for 8 months a year, KMTNet is expected to increase the the annual detection rate of exoplanets via microlensing by a factor of ~5 over current surveys, pushing down to the mass of Earth for bound and unbound planets. I will summarize the predicted yields of KMTNet's survey based on detailed simulations, highlighting its sensitivity to low-mass planets and its expected haul of free-floating planets. I will also describe the prospects for characterization of the exoplanetary systems KMTNet will detect, focusing on the variety of techniques current and future high-resolution facilities such as VLT, GMT, and JWST can use to measure the flux from the host stars and ultimately derive planet masses. 10. Parametric Modelling of Potential Evapotranspiration: A Global Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Aristoteles Tegos 2017-10-01 Full Text Available We present and validate a global parametric model of potential evapotranspiration (PET with two parameters that are estimated through calibration, using as explanatory variables temperature and extraterrestrial radiation. The model is tested over the globe, taking advantage of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO CLIMWAT database that provides monthly averaged values of meteorological inputs at 4300 locations worldwide. A preliminary analysis of these data allows for explaining the major drivers of PET over the globe and across seasons. The model calibration against the given Penman-Monteith values was carried out through an automatic optimization procedure. For the evaluation of the model, we present global maps of optimized model parameters and associated performance metrics, and also contrast its performance against the well-known Hargreaves-Samani method. Also, we use interpolated values of the optimized parameters to validate the predictive capacity of our model against monthly meteorological time series, at several stations worldwide. The results are very encouraging, since even with the use of abstract climatic information for model calibration and the use of interpolated parameters as local predictors, the model generally ensures reliable PET estimations. Exceptions are mainly attributed to irregular interactions between temperature and extraterrestrial radiation, as well as because the associated processes are influenced by additional drivers, e.g., relative humidity and wind speed. However, the analysis of the residuals shows that the model is consistent in terms of parameters estimation and model validation. The parameter maps allow for the direct use of the model wherever in the world, providing PET estimates in case of missing data, that can be further improved even with a short term acquisition of meteorological data. 11. Global GPS data analysis at the National Geodetic Survey Science.gov (United States) Kass, William G.; Dulaney, Robert L.; Griffiths, Jake; Hilla, Stephen; Ray, Jim; Rohde, James 2009-03-01 NOAA’s National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has been one of the Analysis Centers (ACs) of the International GNSS Service (IGS) since its inception in 1994. Solutions for daily GPS orbits and Earth orientation parameters are regularly contributed to the IGS Rapid and Final products, as well as solutions of weekly station positions. These solutions are combined with those of the other ACs and then the resultant IGS products are distributed to users. To perform these tasks, NGS has developed and refined the Program for the Adjustment of GPS EphemerideS (PAGES) software. Although PAGES has continuously evolved over the past 15 years, recent efforts have focused mostly on updating models and procedures to conform more closely to IGS and the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) conventions. Details of our processing updates and demonstrations of the improvements will be provided. 12. Trend survey of the global environment adaptation type industry technology Science.gov (United States) 1992-03-01 A global CO2 recycling system which combines utilization of natural energy and CO2 recovered from combustion of fossil fuel is studied. In the model, CO2 recovered at the place of energy demand is transported to the place where energy is produced, and from the CO2 fuels are synthesized by use of solar energy and transported to the place of energy demand. Facilities worth a large amount of money are required to transmit electric power generated by the photovoltaic power generation in the desert to the fuel synthesizing plant. Therefore, production of electrolytic hydrogen by the on-site power generation and transport by pipe may be considered. As a synthetic fuel being sent back by ocean transport, methanol is considered, and synthetic methane (LNG) can also be a candidate. CO2 is recovered as liquid carbon dioxide. Possibility of CO2 recycling is dependent on development of the desert solar base, as well as depletion of fossil fuel and price increase, CO2 penalty. It has still been difficult to say which of the fuel synthesis, CO2 tanker or securing of the solar base becomes a bottleneck. Entry of recycling fuels to the market will be possible in proportion to restrictions on fossil fuels, and evaluation of the system depends almost on the rate of energy arriving from the energy-producing region. 13. Epidemiology of travelers' diarrhea: details of a global survey. Science.gov (United States) Steffen, Robert; Tornieporth, Nadia; Clemens, Sue-Ann Costa; Chatterjee, Santanu; Cavalcanti, Ana-Maria; Collard, Françoise; De Clercq, Norbert; DuPont, Herbert L; von Sonnenburg, Frank 2004-01-01 Recent epidemiologic data on travelers' diarrhea (TD) are essential for the evaluation of conventional and future prophylactic and therapeutic measures. To determine the epidemiology, including risk factors, impact and quality-of-life evaluation of TD, a cross-sectional survey was conducted over 12 months at the airports of Mombasa (Kenya), Goa (India), Montego Bay (Jamaica) and Fortaleza (Brazil) by distributing questionnaires to visitors just prior to their flying home. The study period was March 1996 to July 1998. Overall, 73,630 short-term visitors completed a questionnaire. The total diarrhea attack rate varied between a high of 54.6% in Mombasa and a low of 13.6% in Fortaleza, but only between 31.5% and 5.4% of all travelers had classic TD. The 14-day incidence rates varied between 19.5% and 65.7%. Few travelers meticulously avoided potentially dangerous food items, although in India and Kenya most travelers avoided those considered most dangerous. Risk factors were stays exceeding 1 week, age between 15 and 30 years, and residence in the UK. The impact, measured as incapacity or quality-of-life scores, was very considerable. TD continues to affect vacationers and business travelers as frequently as it did some 20 years ago. Compliance with recommendations to reduce exposure to pathogens by avoiding dangerous food items is poor among travelers from all countries. Implementation of food safety education programs may be difficult to achieve. 14. Basel III Global Liquidity Standards: Critical Discussion and Impact onto the European Banking Sector Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Veronika Bučková 2011-09-01 Full Text Available Together with the Basel III regulatory equity rules, two liquidity ratios have been published. Resulting from the illiquidity of some banks during the financial crisis in 2008, these ratios shall help to prevent further crisis in the European banking sector. But do they really fulfill their aim? This article presents the new liquidity ratios, the actual liquidity situation in banks and describes the consequences for banks at a simplified example. It has to be stated that implementing more detailed liquidity frameworks into the banking supervision process is necessary. The financial crisis in 2008 showed that several banks did not have adequate liquidity risk models and processes to prevent illiquidity. But the LCR and the NSFR seem to be wrong methods. Both ratios will increase. The implementation of both ratios has to be done very carefully in order to prevent this. 15. Global impact of Salmonella type III secretion effector SteA on host cells Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Cardenal-Muñoz, Elena, E-mail: [email protected]; Gutiérrez, Gabriel, E-mail: [email protected]; Ramos-Morales, Francisco, E-mail: [email protected] 2014-07-11 Highlights: • We analyzed HeLa cells transcriptome in response to Salmonella SteA. • Significant differential expression was detected for 58 human genes. • They are involved in ECM organization and regulation of some signaling pathways. • Cell death, cell adhesion and cell migration were decreased in SteA-expressing cells. • These results contribute to understand the role of SteA during infections. - Abstract: Salmonella enterica is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes gastroenteritis, bacteremia and typhoid fever in several animal species including humans. Its virulence is greatly dependent on two type III secretion systems, encoded in pathogenicity islands 1 and 2. These systems translocate proteins called effectors into eukaryotic host cell. Effectors interfere with host signal transduction pathways to allow the internalization of pathogens and their survival and proliferation inside vacuoles. SteA is one of the few Salmonella effectors that are substrates of both type III secretion systems. Here, we used gene arrays and bioinformatics analysis to study the genetic response of human epithelial cells to SteA. We found that constitutive synthesis of SteA in HeLa cells leads to induction of genes related to extracellular matrix organization and regulation of cell proliferation and serine/threonine kinase signaling pathways. SteA also causes repression of genes related to immune processes and regulation of purine nucleotide synthesis and pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation. In addition, a cell biology approach revealed that epithelial cells expressing steA show altered cell morphology, and decreased cytotoxicity, cell–cell adhesion and migration. 16. Bayesian galaxy shape measurement for weak lensing surveys - III. Application to the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Lensing Survey Science.gov (United States) Miller, L.; Heymans, C.; Kitching, T. D.; van Waerbeke, L.; Erben, T.; Hildebrandt, H.; Hoekstra, H.; Mellier, Y.; Rowe, B. T. P.; Coupon, J.; Dietrich, J. P.; Fu, L.; Harnois-Déraps, J.; Hudson, M. J.; Kilbinger, M.; Kuijken, K.; Schrabback, T.; Semboloni, E.; Vafaei, S.; Velander, M. 2013-03-01 A likelihood-based method for measuring weak gravitational lensing shear in deep galaxy surveys is described and applied to the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) Lensing Survey (CFHTLenS). CFHTLenS comprises 154 deg2 of multi-colour optical data from the CFHT Legacy Survey, with lensing measurements being made in the i' band to a depth i'AB noise ratio νSN ≳ 10. The method is based on the lensfit algorithm described in earlier papers, but here we describe a full analysis pipeline that takes into account the properties of real surveys. The method creates pixel-based models of the varying point spread function (PSF) in individual image exposures. It fits PSF-convolved two-component (disc plus bulge) models to measure the ellipticity of each galaxy, with Bayesian marginalization over model nuisance parameters of galaxy position, size, brightness and bulge fraction. The method allows optimal joint measurement of multiple, dithered image exposures, taking into account imaging distortion and the alignment of the multiple measurements. We discuss the effects of noise bias on the likelihood distribution of galaxy ellipticity. Two sets of image simulations that mirror the observed properties of CFHTLenS have been created to establish the method's accuracy and to derive an empirical correction for the effects of noise bias. 17. The European large area ISO survey - III. 90-mu m extragalactic source counts DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Efstathiou, A.; Oliver, S.; Rowan-Robinson, M. 2000-01-01 We present results and source counts at 90 mum extracted from the preliminary analysis of the European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS). The survey covered about 12 deg(2) of the sky in four main areas and was carried out with the ISOPHOT instrument onboard the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). The ... 18. A Global Survey of International Business Education in the 1990s OpenAIRE Chuck C Y Kwok; Jeffrey Arpan; William R Folks 1994-01-01 This article presents the major findings of the fifth global curriculum survey of the Academy of International Business (AIB)—an examination of the status and trends in international business education around the world as of the early 1990s. The survey's findings, based on responses from more than 500 business schools, encompass different goals and methods of internationalization, international linkages and experiential activities, organizational issues, amounts of internationalization progre... 19. Chronic pain and pattern of health care utilization among Malaysian elderly population: National Health and Morbidity Survey III (NHMS III, 2006). Science.gov (United States) Mohamed Zaki, Lily R; Hairi, Noran N 2014-12-01 The aims of this study were to report prevalence of chronic pain and to examine whether chronic pain influence healthcare usage among elderly Malaysian population. This was a sub-population analysis of the elderly sample in the Malaysia's Third National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006, a nation-wide population based survey. A subset of 4954 elderly aged 60 years and above was used in the analysis. Chronic pain, pain's interference and outcome variables of healthcare utilization (hospital admission and ambulatory care service) were all measured and determined by self-report. Prevalence of chronic pain among elderly Malaysian was 15.2% (95% CI: 14.5, 16.8). Prevalence of chronic pain increased with advancing age, and the highest prevalence was seen among the old-old group category (21.5%). Across young-old and old-old groups, chronic pain was more prevalent among females, Indian ethnicity, widows/widowers, rural residency and those with no educational background. Our study showed that chronic pain alone increased hospitalization but not visits to ambulatory facilities. Presence of chronic pain was significantly associated with the frequency of hospitalization (aIRR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02, 1.38) but not ambulatory care service. Chronic pain is a prevalent health problem among the elderly in Malaysia and is associated with higher hospitalization rate among the elderly population. This study provides insight into the distribution of chronic pain among the elderly and its relationship with the patterns of healthcare utilization. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 20. DSM-5 Tobacco Use Disorder and Sleep Disturbance: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). Science.gov (United States) Hayley, Amie C; Stough, Con; Downey, Luke A 2017-12-06 The DSM-5 Tobacco use disorder diagnosis incorporates tobacco misuse, addictive behaviors and withdrawal symptomology. Tobacco use is bidirectionally associated with sleep pathology; however, no epidemiological studies have yet evaluated the associations between DSM-5 Tobacco use disorder and self-reported sleep disturbance. The current study aimed to evaluate health, medical and sleep-related factors among individuals within this diagnostic stratum. A total of N = 36,177 adults who participated in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III) were included for analyses. The adjusted odd ratios (AOR) for individual classifications of DSM-5 Tobacco use disorder among those with subjective sleep disturbances were used as the primary outcome measure and relevant demographic, clinical and medical factors were considered in all univariate and multivariable analyses. Current and lifetime DSM-5 tobacco use disorder diagnoses were associated with poorer health and medical outcomes and higher rates of subjective sleep disturbances (all p DSM-5 tobacco use disorder and subjective sleep disturbances were maintained in multivariable analyses following adjustment for a range of health, lifestyle, and psychiatric factors (adjusted OR 1.11, 95%CI 1.00-1.23 and adjusted OR = 1.24, 95%CI 1.15-1.34, respectively); however, these relationships were fully explained by diagnoses of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder. Data from this large, representative survey indicate that the association between DSM-5 Tobacco use disorder and sleep disturbance is explained by underlying diagnoses of DSM-5 alcohol use disorder. Multifaceted substance abuse treatment protocols may improve treatment outcomes for affected patient groups. 1. HP2 survey. III. The California Molecular Cloud: A sleeping giant revisited Science.gov (United States) Lada, Charles J.; Lewis, John A.; Lombardi, Marco; Alves, João 2017-10-01 suggesting that cloud structure plays a major role in setting the global star formation rates in GMCs HP2 (Herschel-Planck-2MASS) survey is a continuation of the series originally entitled "Herschel-Planck dust opacity and column density maps" (Lombardi et al. 2014, Zari et al. 2016).The reduced Herschel and Planck map and the column density and temperature maps are available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (http://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/606/A100 2. A survey of Type III restriction-modification systems reveals numerous, novel epigenetic regulators controlling phase-variable regulons; phasevarions Science.gov (United States) Atack, John M; Yang, Yuedong; Jennings, Michael P 2018-01-01 Abstract Many bacteria utilize simple DNA sequence repeats as a mechanism to randomly switch genes on and off. This process is called phase variation. Several phase-variable N6-adenine DNA-methyltransferases from Type III restriction-modification systems have been reported in bacterial pathogens. Random switching of DNA methyltransferases changes the global DNA methylation pattern, leading to changes in gene expression. These epigenetic regulatory systems are called phasevarions — phase-variable regulons. The extent of these phase-variable genes in the bacterial kingdom is unknown. Here, we interrogated a database of restriction-modification systems, REBASE, by searching for all simple DNA sequence repeats in mod genes that encode Type III N6-adenine DNA-methyltransferases. We report that 17.4% of Type III mod genes (662/3805) contain simple sequence repeats. Of these, only one-fifth have been previously identified. The newly discovered examples are widely distributed and include many examples in opportunistic pathogens as well as in environmental species. In many cases, multiple phasevarions exist in one genome, with examples of up to 4 independent phasevarions in some species. We found several new types of phase-variable mod genes, including the first example of a phase-variable methyltransferase in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Phasevarions are a common epigenetic regulation contingency strategy used by both pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria. PMID:29554328 3. SDSS-III: Massive Spectroscopic Surveys of the Distant Universe, the Milky Way Galaxy, and Extra-Solar Planetary Systems Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Eisenstein, Daniel J.; /Arizona U., Astron. Dept. - Steward Observ. /Harvard U., Phys. Dept.; Weinberg, David H.; /Ohio State U.; Agol, Eric; /Washington U., Seattle, Astron. Dept.; Aihara, Hiroaki; /Tokyo U.; Prieto, Carlos Allende; /Laguna U., Tenerife; Anderson, Scott F.; /Washington U., Seattle, Astron. Dept.; Arns, James A.; /Michigan U.; Aubourg, Eric; /APC, Paris /DAPNIA, Saclay; Bailey, Stephen; /LBL, Berkeley; Balbinot, Eduardo; /Rio Grande do Sul U. /Rio de Janeiro Observ.; Barkhouser, Robert; /Johns Hopkins U. /Michigan State U. 2011-01-01 Building on the legacy of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-I and II), SDSS-III is a program of four spectroscopic surveys on three scientific themes: dark energy and cosmological parameters, the history and structure of the Milky Way, and the population of giant planets around other stars. The Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) will measure redshifts of 1.5 million massive galaxies and Ly{alpha} forest spectra of 150,000 quasars, using the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) feature of large scale structure to obtain percent-level determinations of the distance scale and Hubble expansion rate at z < 0.7 and at z {approx} 2.5. SEGUE-2, a now-completed continuation of the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration, measured medium-resolution (R = {lambda}/{Delta}{lambda} 1800) optical spectra of 118,000 stars in a variety of target categories, probing chemical evolution, stellar kinematics and substructure, and the mass profile of the dark matter halo from the solar neighborhood to distances of 100 kpc. APOGEE, the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment, will obtain high-resolution (R {approx} 30,000), high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N {ge} 100 per resolution element), H-band (1.51 {micro}m < {lambda} < 1.70 {micro}m) spectra of 10{sup 5} evolved, late-type stars, measuring separate abundances for {approx} 15 elements per star and creating the first high-precision spectroscopic survey of all Galactic stellar populations (bulge, bar, disks, halo) with a uniform set of stellar tracers and spectral diagnostics. The Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Large-area Survey (MARVELS) will monitor radial velocities of more than 8000 FGK stars with the sensitivity and cadence (10-40 m s{sup -1}, {approx} 24 visits per star) needed to detect giant planets with periods up to two years, providing an unprecedented data set for understanding the formation and dynamical evolution of giant planet systems. As of January 2011, SDSS-III has obtained 4. The Heart of Great Teaching: Pearson Global Survey of Educator Effectiveness Science.gov (United States) McKnight, Katherine; Graybeal, John; Yarbro, Jessica; Graybeal, Lacey 2016-01-01 To contribute to the global discussion about what makes an effective teacher, Pearson surveyed students ages 15-19, teachers, principals, education researchers, education policymakers, and parents of school-aged children in 23 countries (Canada, U.S., Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Finland, Germany, Poland, England, Morocco, Egypt, South Africa,… 5. The Philippines Is Marlboro Country for Youth Smoking: Results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) Science.gov (United States) Page, Randy M.; West, Joshua H. 2012-01-01 The purpose of this study was to determine cigarette brand preference trends and differences in Marlboro smokers in smoking-related attitudes and behaviors from smokers of other brands. This study analyzed data from 25,027 adolescents represented in the 2000, 2003, and 2007 Philippine Global Youth Tobacco Surveys. Results indicated that from 2000… 6. Now what do people know about global climate change? Survey studies of educated laypeople. Science.gov (United States) Reynolds, Travis William; Bostrom, Ann; Read, Daniel; Morgan, M Granger 2010-10-01 In 1992, a mental-models-based survey in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, revealed that educated laypeople often conflated global climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion, and appeared relatively unaware of the role of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions in global warming. This study compares those survey results with 2009 data from a sample of similarly well-educated laypeople responding to the same survey instrument. Not surprisingly, following a decade of explosive attention to climate change in politics and in the mainstream media, survey respondents in 2009 showed higher awareness and comprehension of some climate change causes. Most notably, unlike those in 1992, 2009 respondents rarely mentioned ozone depletion as a cause of global warming. They were also far more likely to correctly volunteer energy use as a major cause of climate change; many in 2009 also cited natural processes and historical climatic cycles as key causes. When asked how to address the problem of climate change, while respondents in 1992 were unable to differentiate between general "good environmental practices" and actions specific to addressing climate change, respondents in 2009 have begun to appreciate the differences. Despite this, many individuals in 2009 still had incorrect beliefs about climate change, and still did not appear to fully appreciate key facts such as that global warming is primarily due to increased concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and the single most important source of this carbon dioxide is the combustion of fossil fuels. © 2010 Society for Risk Analysis. 7. Results of Global Youth Tobacco Surveys in Public Schools in Bogota, Colombia Science.gov (United States) Pardo, Constanza; Pineros, Marion; Jones, Nathan R.; Warren, Charles W. 2010-01-01 Background: The purpose of this paper is to use data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) conducted in Bogota, Colombia, in 2001 and 2007 to examine changes in tobacco use among youth 13-15 years of age. The current tobacco control effort in Bogota will be accessed relative to Colombia ratifying the World Health Organization Framework… 8. The Gould's Belt Very Large Array Survey. III. The Orion Region Science.gov (United States) Kounkel, Marina; Hartmann, Lee; Loinard, Laurent; Mioduszewski, Amy J.; Dzib, Sergio A.; Ortiz-León, Gisela N.; Rodríguez, Luis F.; Pech, Gerardo; Rivera, Juana L.; Torres, Rosa M.; Boden, Andrew F.; Evans, Neal J., II; Briceño, Cesar; Tobin, John 2014-07-01 We present results from a high-sensitivity (60 μJy), large-scale (2.26 deg2) survey obtained with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array as part of the Gould's Belt Survey program. We detected 374 and 354 sources at 4.5 and 7.5 GHz, respectively. Of these, 148 are associated with previously known young stellar objects (YSOs). Another 86 sources previously unclassified at either optical or infrared wavelengths exhibit radio properties that are consistent with those of young stars. The overall properties of our sources at radio wavelengths such as their variability and radio to X-ray luminosity relation are consistent with previous results from the Gould's Belt Survey. Our detections provide target lists for follow-up Very Long Baseline Array radio observations to determine their distances as YSOs are located in regions of high nebulosity and extinction, making it difficult to measure optical parallaxes. 9. The European large area ISO survey - III. 90-mu m extragalactic source counts DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Efstathiou, A.; Oliver, S.; Rowan-Robinson, M. 2000-01-01 We present results and source counts at 90 mum extracted from the preliminary analysis of the European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS). The survey covered about 12 deg(2) of the sky in four main areas and was carried out with the ISOPHOT instrument onboard the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO). The ...... or small groups of galaxies, suggesting that the sample may include a significant fraction of luminous infrared galaxies. The source counts extracted from a reliable subset of the detected sources are in agreement with strongly evolving models of the starburst galaxy population.... 10. Factors influencing healthcare provider respondent fatigue answering a globally administered in-app survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Vikas N. O’Reilly-Shah 2017-09-01 Full Text Available Background Respondent fatigue, also known as survey fatigue, is a common problem in the collection of survey data. Factors that are known to influence respondent fatigue include survey length, survey topic, question complexity, and open-ended question type. There is a great deal of interest in understanding the drivers of physician survey responsiveness due to the value of information received from these practitioners. With the recent explosion of mobile smartphone technology, it has been possible to obtain survey data from users of mobile applications (apps on a question-by-question basis. The author obtained basic demographic survey data as well as survey data related to an anesthesiology-specific drug called sugammadex and leveraged nonresponse rates to examine factors that influenced respondent fatigue. Methods Primary data were collected between December 2015 and February 2017. Surveys and in-app analytics were collected from global users of a mobile anesthesia calculator app. Key independent variables were user country, healthcare provider role, rating of importance of the app to personal practice, length of time in practice, and frequency of app use. Key dependent variable was the metric of respondent fatigue. Results Provider role and World Bank country income level were predictive of the rate of respondent fatigue for this in-app survey. Importance of the app to the provider and length of time in practice were moderately associated with fatigue. Frequency of app use was not associated. This study focused on a survey with a topic closely related to the subject area of the app. Respondent fatigue rates will likely change dramatically if the topic does not align closely. Discussion Although apps may serve as powerful platforms for data collection, responses rates to in-app surveys may differ on the basis of important respondent characteristics. Studies should be carefully designed to mitigate fatigue as well as powered with the 11. Global modeling of land water and energy balances. Part III: Interannual variability Science.gov (United States) Shmakin, A.B.; Milly, P.C.D.; Dunne, K.A. 2002-01-01 The Land Dynamics (LaD) model is tested by comparison with observations of interannual variations in discharge from 44 large river basins for which relatively accurate time series of monthly precipitation (a primary model input) have recently been computed. When results are pooled across all basins, the model explains 67% of the interannual variance of annual runoff ratio anomalies (i.e., anomalies of annual discharge volume, normalized by long-term mean precipitation volume). The new estimates of basin precipitation appear to offer an improvement over those from a state-of-the-art analysis of global precipitation (the Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation, CMAP), judging from comparisons of parallel model runs and of analyses of precipitation-discharge correlations. When the new precipitation estimates are used, the performance of the LaD model is comparable to, but not significantly better than, that of a simple, semiempirical water-balance relation that uses only annual totals of surface net radiation and precipitation. This implies that the LaD simulations of interannual runoff variability do not benefit substantially from information on geographical variability of land parameters or seasonal structure of interannual variability of precipitation. The aforementioned analyses necessitated the development of a method for downscaling of long-term monthly precipitation data to the relatively short timescales necessary for running the model. The method merges the long-term data with a reference dataset of 1-yr duration, having high temporal resolution. The success of the method, for the model and data considered here, was demonstrated in a series of model-model comparisons and in the comparisons of modeled and observed interannual variations of basin discharge. 12. VizieR Online Data Catalog: Global energetics of solar flares. III. (Aschwanden+, 2016) Science.gov (United States) Aschwanden, M. J.; Holman, G.; O'Flannagain, A.; Caspi, A.; McTiernan, J. M.; Kontar, E. P. 2017-02-01 This study entails the third part of a global flare energetics project, in which Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) data of 191 M and X-class flare events from the first 3.5yrs of the Solar Dynamics Observatory mission are analyzed. We fit a thermal and a nonthermal component to RHESSI spectra, yielding the temperature of the differential emission measure (DEM) tail, the nonthermal power-law slope and flux, and the thermal/nonthermal cross-over energy eco. From these parameters, we calculate the total nonthermal energy Ent in electrons with two different methods: (1) using the observed cross-over energy eco as low-energy cutoff, and (2) using the low-energy cutoff ewt predicted by the warm thick-target bremsstrahlung model of Kontar et al. Based on a mean temperature of Te=8.6MK in active regions, we find low-energy cutoff energies of ewt=6.2+/-1.6keV for the warm-target model, which is significantly lower than the cross-over energies eco=21+/-6keV. Comparing with the statistics of magnetically dissipated energies Emag and thermal energies Eth from the two previous studies, we find the following mean (logarithmic) energy ratios with the warm-target model: Ent=0.41Emag, Eth=0.08Emag, and Eth=0.15Ent. The total dissipated magnetic energy exceeds the thermal energy in 95% and the nonthermal energy in 71% of the flare events, which confirms that magnetic reconnection processes are sufficient to explain flare energies. The nonthermal energy exceeds the thermal energy in 85% of the events, which largely confirms the warm thick-target model. (1 data file). 13. Non-auditory effects of noise in industry. III. Secondary analysis of a national survey NARCIS (Netherlands) Verbeek, J. H.; van Dijk, F. J.; de Vries, F. F. 1986-01-01 A secondary analysis of data from a national survey was carried out in order to assess the number of industrial workers exposed to noise and other adverse working conditions. This permitted us to study correlations with parameters of health. More than half of the male blue collar workers in industry 14. The Pristine survey - III. Spectroscopic confirmation of an efficient search for extremely metal-poor stars Science.gov (United States) Youakim, K.; Starkenburg, E.; Aguado, D. S.; Martin, N. F.; Fouesneau, M.; González Hernández, J. I.; Allende Prieto, C.; Bonifacio, P.; Gentile, M.; Kielty, C.; Côté, P.; Jablonka, P.; McConnachie, A.; Sánchez Janssen, R.; Tolstoy, E.; Venn, K. 2017-12-01 The Pristine survey is a narrow-band, photometric survey focused around the wavelength region of the Ca II H&K absorption lines, designed to efficiently search for extremely metal-poor stars. In this work, we use the first results of a medium-resolution spectroscopic follow-up to refine the selection criteria for finding extremely metal-poor stars ([Fe/H] ≤ -3.0) in the Pristine survey. We consider methods by which stars can be selected from available broad-band and infrared photometry plus the additional Pristine narrow-band photometry. The sample consists of 205 stars in the magnitude range 14 cuts the sample down to 149 stars, and from these we report a success rate of 70 per cent for finding stars with [Fe/H] ≤ -2.5 and 22 per cent for finding stars with [Fe/H] ≤ -3.0. These statistics compare favourably with other surveys that search for extremely metal-poor stars, namely an improvement by a factor of ∼4 - 5 for recovering stars with [Fe/H] ≤ -3.0. In addition, Pristine covers a fainter magnitude range than its predecessors and can thus probe deeper into the Galactic halo. 15. CALIFA, the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area survey. III. Second public data release NARCIS (Netherlands) García-Benito, R.; Zibetti, S.; Sánchez, S. F.; Husemann, B.; de Amorim, A. L.; Castillo-Morales, A.; Cid Fernandes, R.; Ellis, S. C.; Falcón-Barroso, J.; Galbany, L.; Gil de Paz, A.; González Delgado, R. M.; Lacerda, E. A. D.; López-Fernandez, R.; de Lorenzo-Cáceres, A.; Lyubenova, M.; Marino, R. A.; Mast, D.; Mendoza, M. A.; Pérez, E.; Vale Asari, N.; Aguerri, J. A. L.; Ascasibar, Y.; Bekerait*error*ė, S.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Barrera-Ballesteros, J. K.; Bomans, D. J.; Cano-Díaz, M.; Catalán-Torrecilla, C.; Cortijo, C.; Delgado-Inglada, G.; Demleitner, M.; Dettmar, R.-J.; Díaz, A. I.; Florido, E.; Gallazzi, A.; García-Lorenzo, B.; Gomes, J. M.; Holmes, L.; Iglesias-Páramo, J.; Jahnke, K.; Kalinova, V.; Kehrig, C.; Kennicutt, R. C.; López-Sánchez, Á. R.; Márquez, I.; Masegosa, J.; Meidt, S. E.; Mendez-Abreu, J.; Mollá, M.; Monreal-Ibero, A.; Morisset, C.; del Olmo, A.; Papaderos, P.; Pérez, I.; Quirrenbach, A.; Rosales-Ortega, F. F.; Roth, M. M.; Ruiz-Lara, T.; Sánchez-Blázquez, P.; Sánchez-Menguiano, L.; Singh, R.; Spekkens, K.; Stanishev, V.; Torres-Papaqui, J. P.; van de Ven, G.; Vilchez, J. M.; Walcher, C. J.; Wild, V.; Wisotzki, L.; Ziegler, B.; Alves, J.; Barrado, D.; Quintana, J. M.; Aceituno, J. This paper describes the Second Public Data Release (DR2) of the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) survey. The data for 200 objects are made public, including the 100 galaxies of the First Public Data Release (DR1). Data were obtained with the integral-field spectrograph PMAS/PPak 16. Moving on From Representativeness: Testing the Utility of the Global Drug Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Monica J Barratt 2017-06-01 Full Text Available A decline in response rates in traditional household surveys, combined with increased internet coverage and decreased research budgets, has resulted in increased attractiveness of web survey research designs based on purposive and voluntary opt-in sampling strategies. In the study of hidden or stigmatised behaviours, such as cannabis use, web survey methods are increasingly common. However, opt-in web surveys are often heavily criticised due to their lack of sampling frame and unknown representativeness. In this article, we outline the current state of the debate about the relevance of pursuing representativeness, the state of probability sampling methods, and the utility of non-probability, web survey methods especially for accessing hidden or minority populations. Our article has two aims: (1 to present a comprehensive description of the methodology we use at Global Drug Survey (GDS, an annual cross-sectional web survey and (2 to compare the age and sex distributions of cannabis users who voluntarily completed (a a household survey or (b a large web-based purposive survey (GDS, across three countries: Australia, the United States, and Switzerland. We find that within each set of country comparisons, the demographic distributions among recent cannabis users are broadly similar, demonstrating that the age and sex distributions of those who volunteer to be surveyed are not vastly different between these non-probability and probability methods. We conclude that opt-in web surveys of hard-to-reach populations are an efficient way of gaining in-depth understanding of stigmatised behaviours and are appropriate, as long as they are not used to estimate drug use prevalence of the general population. 17. Moving on From Representativeness: Testing the Utility of the Global Drug Survey. Science.gov (United States) Barratt, Monica J; Ferris, Jason A; Zahnow, Renee; Palamar, Joseph J; Maier, Larissa J; Winstock, Adam R 2017-01-01 A decline in response rates in traditional household surveys, combined with increased internet coverage and decreased research budgets, has resulted in increased attractiveness of web survey research designs based on purposive and voluntary opt-in sampling strategies. In the study of hidden or stigmatised behaviours, such as cannabis use, web survey methods are increasingly common. However, opt-in web surveys are often heavily criticised due to their lack of sampling frame and unknown representativeness. In this article, we outline the current state of the debate about the relevance of pursuing representativeness, the state of probability sampling methods, and the utility of non-probability, web survey methods especially for accessing hidden or minority populations. Our article has two aims: (1) to present a comprehensive description of the methodology we use at Global Drug Survey (GDS), an annual cross-sectional web survey and (2) to compare the age and sex distributions of cannabis users who voluntarily completed (a) a household survey or (b) a large web-based purposive survey (GDS), across three countries: Australia, the United States, and Switzerland. We find that within each set of country comparisons, the demographic distributions among recent cannabis users are broadly similar, demonstrating that the age and sex distributions of those who volunteer to be surveyed are not vastly different between these non-probability and probability methods. We conclude that opt-in web surveys of hard-to-reach populations are an efficient way of gaining in-depth understanding of stigmatised behaviours and are appropriate, as long as they are not used to estimate drug use prevalence of the general population. 18. Report of Class III Survey and Testing of Cultural Resources at Cuchillo, New Mexico. Science.gov (United States) 1986-04-01 least at the survey level. The need for systematic dating by radiocarbon, archaeomagnetic , and dendrochronolo- gical analyses is clear; moreover, the... archaeomagnetic or radiocarbon dating for floor hearths is therefore only assumed. % VV -l_ -S; %- 1,- 1Ma a "w -*- ś _C -67- Distinguishable roof fall...Site C-14 Archaeomagnetic Dendrochron- Hydration escent Dating Dating ological Dating Dating Dating MA235F-1/LA53479 ? ? ? ? ? MA235F-2/LA50548 19 6 19. Sexual and reproductive health and human rights of women living with HIV: a global community survey. Science.gov (United States) Narasimhan, Manjulaa; Orza, Luisa; Welbourn, Alice; Bewley, Susan; Crone, Tyler; Vazquez, Marijo 2016-04-01 To determine the sexual and reproductive health priorities of women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and to allow the values and preferences of such women to be considered in the development of new guidelines. A core team created a global reference group of 14 women living with HIV and together they developed a global community online survey. The survey, which contained mandatory and optional questions, was based on an appreciative enquiry approach in which the life-cycle experiences of women living with HIV were investigated. The same set of questions was also used in focus group discussions led by the global reference group. The study covered 945 women (832 in the survey and 113 in the focus groups) aged 15-72 years in 94 countries. Among the respondents to the optional survey questions, 89.0% (427/480) feared or had experienced gender-based violence, 56.7% (177/312) had had an unplanned pregnancy, 72.3% (227/314) had received advice on safe conception and 58.8% (489/832) had suffered poor mental health after they had discovered their HIV-positive status. The sexual and reproductive health needs and rights of women living with HIV are complex and require a stronger response from the health sector. The online survey placed the voices of women living with HIV at the start of the development of new global guidelines. Although not possible in some contexts and populations, a similar approach would merit replication in the development of guidelines for many other health considerations. 20. The global and local stellar mass assembly histories of galaxies from the MaNGA survey Science.gov (United States) Ibarra-Medel, Hétor J.; Sánchez,, Sebastián F.; Avila-Reese, Vladimir; Hernández-Toledo, Héctor M., J.; González, J. Jesús; Drory, Niv; Bundy, Kevin; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Cano-Díaz, Mariana; Malanushenko, Elena; Pan, Kaike; Roman-Lopes, Alexandre; Thomas, Daniel 2016-06-01 By means of the fossil record method implemented through Pipe3D we reconstruct the global and radial stellar mass growth histories (MGHs) of a large sample of galaxies in the mass range 10^{8.5}M⊙-10^{11.5}M⊙ from the MaNGA survey. We find that: (1) The main driver of the global MGHs is mass, with more massive galaxies assembling their masses earlier (downsizing). (2) For most galaxies in their late evolutionary stages, the innermost regions formed earlier than the outermost ones (inside-out). This behaviour is stronger for blue/late-type galaxies. 1. Polarimetric survey of main-belt asteroids⋆. III. Results for 33 X-type objects Science.gov (United States) Cañada-Assandri, M.; Gil-Hutton, R.; Benavidez, P. 2012-06-01 Aims: We present results of a polarimetric survey of main-belt asteroids at Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito (Casleo), San Juan, Argentina. The aims of this survey are to increase the database of asteroid polarimetry, to estimate diversity in polarimetric properties of asteroids that belong to different taxonomic classes, and to search for objects that exhibit anomalous polarimetric properties. Methods: The data were obtained with the Torino and CASPROF polarimeters at the 2.15 m telescope. The Torino polarimeter is an instrument that allows the simultaneous measurement of polarization in five different bands, and the CASPROF polarimeter is a two-hole aperture polarimeter with rapid modulation. Results: The survey began in 2003, and up to 2009 data of a sample of more than 170 asteroids were obtained. In this paper the results for 33 X-type objects are presented, several of them are being polarimetrically observed for the first time. Using these data we found polarization curves and polarimetric parameters for different groups among this taxonomic class and that there are objects with very different albedo in the sub-classes of the X taxonomic complex. Based on observations carried out at the Complejo Astronómico El Leoncito, operated under agreement between the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina and the National Universities of La Plata, Córdoba, and San Juan.Table 1 is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/qcat?J/A+A/542/A11 2. Behavioral symptoms of eating disorders in Native Americans: results from the ADD Health Survey Wave III. Science.gov (United States) Striegel-Moore, Ruth H; Rosselli, Francine; Holtzman, Niki; Dierker, Lisa; Becker, Anne E; Swaney, Gyda 2011-09-01 To examine prevalence and correlates (gender, Body Mass Index) of disordered eating in American Indian/Native American (AI/NA) and white young adults. We examined data from the 10,334 participants (mean age 21.93 years, SD = 1.8) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (ADD Health) Wave III for gender differences among AI/NA participants (236 women, 253 men) and ethnic group differences on measures of eating pathology. Among AI/NA groups, women were significantly more likely than men to report loss of control and embarrassment due to overeating. In gender-stratified analyses, a significantly higher prevalence of AI/NA women reported disordered eating behaviors compared with white women; there were no between group differences in prevalence for breakfast skipping or having been diagnosed with an eating disorder. Among men, disordered eating behaviors were uncommon and no comparison was statistically significant. Our study offers a first glimpse into the problem of eating pathology among AI/NA individuals. Gender differences among AI/NA participants are similar to results reported in white samples. That AI/NA women were as likely as white women to have been diagnosed with an eating disorder is striking in light of well documented under-utilization of mental health care among AI/NA individuals. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 3. THE GALACTIC O-STAR SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY (GOSSS). III. 142 ADDITIONAL O-TYPE SYSTEMS Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Apellániz, J. Maíz [Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA, campus ESAC, camino bajo del castillo s/n, E-28 692 Madrid (Spain); Sota, A.; Alfaro, E. J. [Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18 008 Granada (Spain); Arias, J. I.; Barbá, R. H. [Departamento de Física, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Cisternas 1200 Norte, La Serena (Chile); Walborn, N. R. [Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21 218 (United States); Simón-Díaz, S.; Herrero, A. [Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38 200 La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain); Negueruela, I.; Marco, A. [DFISTS, EPS, Universidad de Alicante, carretera San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, E-03 690 Alicante (Spain); Leão, J. R. S. [Univ. Federal do Rio Grande do Norte—UFRN, Caixa Postal 1524, CEP 59 078-970, Natal—RN (Brazil); Gamen, R. C., E-mail: [email protected] [Instituto de Astrofísica de La Plata (CONICET, UNLP), Paseo del Bosque s/n, 1900 La Plata (Argentina) 2016-05-01 This is the third installment of the Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey (GOSSS), a massive spectroscopic survey of Galactic O stars, based on new homogeneous, high signal-to-noise ratio, R ∼ 2500 digital observations selected from the Galactic O-Star Catalog. In this paper, we present 142 additional stellar systems with O stars from both hemispheres, bringing the total of O-type systems published within the project to 590. Among the new objects, there are 20 new O stars. We also identify 11 new double-lined spectroscopic binaries, 6 of which are of O+O type and 5 of O+B type, and an additional new tripled-lined spectroscopic binary of O+O+B type. We also revise some of the previous GOSSS classifications, present some egregious examples of stars erroneously classified as O-type in the past, introduce the use of luminosity class IV at spectral types O4-O5.5, and adapt the classification scheme to the work of Arias et al. 4. The 6-GHz Multibeam Maser Survey - III. Comparison between the MMB and HOPS Science.gov (United States) Breen, S. L.; Contreras, Y.; Ellingsen, S. P.; Green, J. A.; Walsh, A. J.; Avison, A.; Longmore, S. N.; Fuller, G. A.; Voronkov, M. A.; Horton, J.; Kroon, A. 2018-03-01 We have compared the occurrence of 6.7- and 12.2-GHz methanol masers with 22-GHz water masers and 6035-MHz excited-state OH masers in the 100 deg2 region of the southern Galactic plane common to the Methanol Multibeam and H2O southern Galactic Plane Surveys. We find the most populous star formation species to be 6.7-GHz methanol, followed by water, then 12.2-GHz and, finally, excited-state OH masers. We present association statistics, flux density (and luminosity where appropriate) and velocity range distributions across the largest, fully surveyed portion of the Galactic plane for four of the most common types of masers found in the vicinity of star formation regions. Comparison of the occurrence of the four maser types with far-infrared dust temperatures shows that sources exhibiting excited-state OH maser emission are warmer than sources showing any of the other three maser types. We further find that sources exhibiting both 6.7- and 12.2-GHz methanol masers are warmer than sources exhibiting just 6.7-GHz methanol maser emission. These findings are consistent with previously made suggestions that both OH and 12.2-GHz methanol masers generally trace a later stage of star formation compared to other common maser types. 5. THE TIME-DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: UNDERSTANDING THE OPTICALLY VARIABLE SKY WITH SEQUELS IN SDSS-III Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ruan, John J.; Anderson, Scott F.; Davenport, James R. A. [Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195 (United States); Green, Paul J.; Morganson, Eric [Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Eracleous, Michael; Brandt, William N. [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Myers, Adam D. [Department of Physics and Astronomy 3905, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University, Laramie, WY 82071 (United States); Badenes, Carles [Department of Physics and Astronomy and Pittsburgh Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Center (PITT-PACC), University of Pittsburgh (United States); Bershady, Matthew A. [Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 475 N. Charter Street, Madison, WI 53706 (United States); Chambers, Kenneth C.; Flewelling, Heather; Kaiser, Nick [Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 (United States); Dawson, Kyle S. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (United States); Heckman, Timothy M. [Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 (United States); Isler, Jedidah C. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Kneib, Jean-Paul [Laboratoire d’astrophysique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Observatoire de Sauverny, 1290 Versoix (Switzerland); MacLeod, Chelsea L.; Ross, Nicholas P. [Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Edinburgh, EH9 3HJ (United Kingdom); Paris, Isabelle, E-mail: [email protected] [INAF—Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Via G. B. Tiepolo 11, I-34131 Trieste (Italy); and others 2016-07-10 The Time-Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) is an SDSS-IV eBOSS subproject primarily aimed at obtaining identification spectra of ∼220,000 optically variable objects systematically selected from SDSS/Pan-STARRS1 multi-epoch imaging. We present a preview of the science enabled by TDSS, based on TDSS spectra taken over ∼320 deg{sup 2} of sky as part of the SEQUELS survey in SDSS-III, which is in part a pilot survey for eBOSS in SDSS-IV. Using the 15,746 TDSS-selected single-epoch spectra of photometrically variable objects in SEQUELS, we determine the demographics of our variability-selected sample and investigate the unique spectral characteristics inherent in samples selected by variability. We show that variability-based selection of quasars complements color-based selection by selecting additional redder quasars and mitigates redshift biases to produce a smooth quasar redshift distribution over a wide range of redshifts. The resulting quasar sample contains systematically higher fractions of blazars and broad absorption line quasars than from color-selected samples. Similarly, we show that M dwarfs in the TDSS-selected stellar sample have systematically higher chromospheric active fractions than the underlying M-dwarf population based on their H α emission. TDSS also contains a large number of RR Lyrae and eclipsing binary stars with main-sequence colors, including a few composite-spectrum binaries. Finally, our visual inspection of TDSS spectra uncovers a significant number of peculiar spectra, and we highlight a few cases of these interesting objects. With a factor of ∼15 more spectra, the main TDSS survey in SDSS-IV will leverage the lessons learned from these early results for a variety of time-domain science applications. 6. THE TIME-DOMAIN SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY: UNDERSTANDING THE OPTICALLY VARIABLE SKY WITH SEQUELS IN SDSS-III International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ruan, John J.; Anderson, Scott F.; Davenport, James R. A.; Green, Paul J.; Morganson, Eric; Eracleous, Michael; Brandt, William N.; Myers, Adam D.; Badenes, Carles; Bershady, Matthew A.; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Flewelling, Heather; Kaiser, Nick; Dawson, Kyle S.; Heckman, Timothy M.; Isler, Jedidah C.; Kneib, Jean-Paul; MacLeod, Chelsea L.; Ross, Nicholas P.; Paris, Isabelle 2016-01-01 The Time-Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) is an SDSS-IV eBOSS subproject primarily aimed at obtaining identification spectra of ∼220,000 optically variable objects systematically selected from SDSS/Pan-STARRS1 multi-epoch imaging. We present a preview of the science enabled by TDSS, based on TDSS spectra taken over ∼320 deg 2 of sky as part of the SEQUELS survey in SDSS-III, which is in part a pilot survey for eBOSS in SDSS-IV. Using the 15,746 TDSS-selected single-epoch spectra of photometrically variable objects in SEQUELS, we determine the demographics of our variability-selected sample and investigate the unique spectral characteristics inherent in samples selected by variability. We show that variability-based selection of quasars complements color-based selection by selecting additional redder quasars and mitigates redshift biases to produce a smooth quasar redshift distribution over a wide range of redshifts. The resulting quasar sample contains systematically higher fractions of blazars and broad absorption line quasars than from color-selected samples. Similarly, we show that M dwarfs in the TDSS-selected stellar sample have systematically higher chromospheric active fractions than the underlying M-dwarf population based on their H α emission. TDSS also contains a large number of RR Lyrae and eclipsing binary stars with main-sequence colors, including a few composite-spectrum binaries. Finally, our visual inspection of TDSS spectra uncovers a significant number of peculiar spectra, and we highlight a few cases of these interesting objects. With a factor of ∼15 more spectra, the main TDSS survey in SDSS-IV will leverage the lessons learned from these early results for a variety of time-domain science applications. 7. The International Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy Survey (IPOEMS): a snapshot of the global POEM experience. Science.gov (United States) Stavropoulos, Stavros N; Modayil, Rani J; Friedel, David; Savides, Thomas 2013-09-01 Per oral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) represents a Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery (NOTES) approach to Heller myotomy. Even though we are now entering an exponential phase of growth with a large number of centers interested in POEM, published data to guide them are limited. As part of the July 2012 NOSCAR meeting, a conference was organized to review POEM and develop a consensus document. Authors SNS and TS who chaired the NOSCAR panel recognized the dearth of published data, which also may lag the rapid developments in POEM. Therefore, they undertook a survey of early POEM adopters around the world to rapidly obtain global, extensive, and current data on POEM. The raw survey data were made available to NOSCAR panel participants to assist with their presentations. We summarize the salient findings of the survey. A comprehensive POEM survey was created and tested. The final survey instrument consisted of 197 questions that covered all aspects of POEM, including operator discipline, prior training, patient selection, setting, technique preference, results, adverse events, regulatory requirements, and perspectives on the future. An automated online response collector was used. The International Per Oral Endoscopic Myotomy Survey (IPOEMS) involved 16 expert centers, 7 in North America, 5 in Asia, 4 in Europe, including all high-volume centers (≥30 POEMs per center), as of July 2012. These centers had performed 841 POEMs. There were modest variations among centers in technique and periprocedural management, but all centers uniformly reported excellent efficacy and safety outcomes. The international POEM survey provides a "global snapshot" of the experience of early adopters. The excellent outcomes over a large cumulative volume of procedures are in line with those of published small series and lend further support to the notion that POEM represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of achalasia. 8. Phenomenological survey on the potential profile evolution in III-V binary compounds Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alejandro Mendoza Álvarez 2011-01-01 Full Text Available En este artículo se presenta el cambio en el perfil de eficacia potencial de algunos compuestos cuando el bandmixing de huecos ligeros y pesados se altera. Se obtuvieron mediante la aplicación de este teorema generalizado Shur a un problema de valores propios cuadrática obtenidos a partir de un sistema con N ecuaciones de segundo orden, junto en el contexto de la aproximación de masa efectiva multibanda. Se consideraron los valores de energía incidente que fue menor, igual y superior a la altura de la barrera de dispersión potencial de diferentes compuestos de semiconductores III-V binario. La mayoría de las propiedades estándar de los compuestos binarios en este estudio están garantizados, pero no todos los materiales que elegimos, han puesto de manifiesto la evolución que se espera en su perfil de potencial efectivo: algunos de los que constituyen los pozos cuánticos (QW en aplicaciones tecnológicas sólo convertirse en efectiva barrera (B las conductas de los agujeros de luz (LH cuando están en la energía incidente diferente (E se extiende y bandmixing diferentes presentes. Ninguno de los compuestos que constituyen barreras para las aplicaciones tecnológicas en este estudio se convierte en eficaz comportamientos QW válido tanto para la LH y HH. Sorprendentemente, todos los compuestos en este estudio que constituyen barreras estándar en las aplicaciones tecnológicas, las transiciones presente desde CS a B para la LH en el rango donde el valor de E es mayor que la altura de la barrera. 9. State of global pediatric neurosurgery outreach: survey by the International Education Subcommittee. Science.gov (United States) Davis, Matthew C; Rocque, Brandon G; Singhal, Ash; Ridder, Thomas; Pattisapu, Jogi V; Johnston, James M 2017-08-01 OBJECTIVE Neurosurgical services are increasingly recognized as essential components of surgical care worldwide. The degree of interest among neurosurgeons regarding international work, and the barriers to involvement in global neurosurgical outreach, are largely unexplored. The authors distributed a survey to members of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons (AANS/CNS) Joint Section on Pediatric Neurosurgery to assess the state of global outreach among its members and to identify barriers to involvement. METHODS An internet-based questionnaire was developed by the International Education Subcommittee of the AANS/CNS Joint Section on Pediatric Neurosurgery and distributed to pediatric neurosurgeons via the AANS/CNS Joint Section email contact list. Participants were surveyed on their involvement in global neurosurgical outreach, geographic location, nature of the participation, and barriers to further involvement. RESULTS A 35.3% response rate was obtained, with 116 respondents completing the survey. Sixty-one percent have performed or taught neurosurgery in a developing country, and 49% travel at least annually. Africa was the most common region (54%), followed by South America (30%), through 29 separate organizing entities. Hydrocephalus was the most commonly treated condition (88%), followed by spinal dysraphism (74%), and tumor (68%). Most respondents obtained follow-up through communications from local surgeons (77%). Seventy-one percent believed the international experience improved their practice, and 74% were very or extremely interested in working elsewhere. Interference with current practice (61%), cost (44%), and difficulty identifying international partners (43%) were the most commonly cited barriers to participation. CONCLUSIONS Any coordinated effort to expand global neurosurgical capacity begins with appreciation for the current state of outreach efforts. Increasing participation in global outreach will 10. State of Global Pediatric Neurosurgery Outreach: Survey by the International Education Subcommittee Science.gov (United States) Davis, Matthew C.; Rocque, Brandon G.; Singhal, Ash; Ridder, Tom; Pattisapu, Jogi V.; Johnston, James M. 2017-01-01 Object Neurosurgical services are increasingly recognized as essential components of surgical care worldwide. Degree of interest among neurosurgeons regarding international work, and barriers to involvement in global neurosurgical outreach, are largely unexplored. We distributed a survey to members of the AANS/CNS Joint Section on Pediatric Neurosurgery to assess the state of global outreach among its members and identify barriers to involvement. Methods An internet-based questionnaire was developed by the International Education Subcommittee of the AANS/CNS Joint Section on Pediatric Neurosurgery, and distributed to pediatric neurosurgeons via the AANS/CNS Joint Section email contact list. Participants were surveyed on involvement in global neurosurgical outreach, geographic location, nature of participation, and barriers to further involvement. Results A 35.3% response rate was obtained, with 116 respondents completed the survey. 61% performed or taught neurosurgery in a developing country, 49% traveling at least annually. Africa was the most common region (54%), followed by South America (30%), through 29 separate organizing entities. Hydrocephalus was the most commonly treated condition (88%), followed by spinal dysraphism (74%) and tumor (68%). Most respondents obtained follow-up through communication from local surgeons (77%). 71% believed the international experience improved their practice, and 74% were very or extremely interested in working elsewhere. Interference with current practice (61%), cost (44%), and difficulty identifying international partners (43%) were the most commonly cited barriers to participation. Conclusion Any coordinated effort to expand global neurosurgical capacity begins with appreciation for the current state of outreach efforts. Increasing participation in global outreach will require addressing both real and perceived barriers to involvement. Creation and curation of a centralized online database of ongoing projects to facilitate 11. THE GREEN BANK TELESCOPE H II REGION DISCOVERY SURVEY. III. KINEMATIC DISTANCES Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Anderson, L. D. [Department of Physics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506 (United States); Bania, T. M. [Institute for Astrophysical Research, Department of Astronomy, Boston University, 725 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215 (United States); Balser, Dana S. [National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903-2475 (United States); Rood, Robert T., E-mail: [email protected] [Astronomy Department, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 3818, Charlottesville, VA 22903-0818 (United States) 2012-07-20 Using the H I emission/absorption method, we resolve the kinematic distance ambiguity and derive distances for 149 of 182 (82%) H II regions discovered by the Green Bank Telescope H II Region Discovery Survey (GBT HRDS). The HRDS is an X-band (9 GHz, 3 cm) GBT survey of 448 previously unknown H II regions in radio recombination line and radio continuum emission. Here, we focus on HRDS sources from 67 Degree-Sign {>=} l {>=} 18 Degree-Sign , where kinematic distances are more reliable. The 25 HRDS sources in this zone that have negative recombination line velocities are unambiguously beyond the orbit of the Sun, up to 20 kpc distant. They are the most distant H II regions yet discovered. We find that 61% of HRDS sources are located at the far distance, 31% at the tangent-point distance, and only 7% at the near distance. 'Bubble' H II regions are not preferentially located at the near distance (as was assumed previously) but average 10 kpc from the Sun. The HRDS nebulae, when combined with a large sample of H II regions with previously known distances, show evidence of spiral structure in two circular arc segments of mean Galactocentric radii of 4.25 and 6.0 kpc. We perform a thorough uncertainty analysis to analyze the effect of using different rotation curves, streaming motions, and a change to the solar circular rotation speed. The median distance uncertainty for our sample of H II regions is only 0.5 kpc, or 5%. This is significantly less than the median difference between the near and far kinematic distances, 6 kpc. The basic Galactic structure results are unchanged after considering these sources of uncertainty. 12. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, physical activity and tobacco use in Argentine youth: Global School-Based Student Health Survey and Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 2007-2012. Science.gov (United States) Ferrante, Daniel; Linetzky, Bruno; Ponce, Miguel; Goldberg, Lucila; Konfino, Jonathan; Laspiur, Sebastián 2014-12-01 In 2007 and 2012, the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) and the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) were implemented to estimate the prevalence of risk behaviors and protection factors among 13 to 15 year-old adolescents. To assess changes in dietary, body weight, tobacco and physical activity indicators in the past five years. Cross-sectional study. A randomized, two-stage sampling with 600 schools selected at a national level was used. Students from randomly selected courses were invited to answer a self-administered questionnaire (either the GSHS or the GYTS). In 2012, the GSHS was completed by 20 697 students from 544 schools, while the GYTS was completed by 2062 students from 73 schools. Between 2007 and 2012, overweight and obesity prevalence significantly increased (overweight: 24.5% in 2007, 28.6% in 2012; obesity 4.4% in 2007, 5.9% in 2012), while the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and fast food remained high. A slight improvement was observed in the level of physical activity (12.7% in 2007, 16.7% in 2012), although it remains below what is recommended. The prevalence of tobacco use was reduced (24.5% in 2007, 19.6% in 2012), but access to tobacco products and exposure to secondhand smoke remains high in public places, including schools. The spread of the overweight and obesity epidemic calls for a need to consolidate actions tending towards a healthy diet and physical activity. Despite a decrease in the prevalence of tobacco use, it is necessary to continue strengthening tobacco control actions. 13. Stellar substructures in the solar neighbourhood. III. Kinematic group 2 in the Geneva-Copenhagen survey Science.gov (United States) Ženovienė, R.; Tautvaišienė, G.; Nordström, B.; Stonkutė, E. 2014-03-01 Context. From correlations between orbital parameters, several new coherent groups of stars were recently identified in the Galactic disc and suggested to correspond to remnants of disrupted satellites. To reconstruct their origin at least three main observational parameters - kinematics, chemical composition and age - must be known. Aims: We determine detailed elemental abundances in stars belonging to the so-called Group 2 of the Geneva-Copenhagen Survey and compare the chemical composition with Galactic thin- and thick-disc stars, as well as with the Arcturus and AF06 streams (Arifyanto & Fuchs 2006, A&A, 449, 533). The aim is to search for chemical signatures that might give information about the formation history of this kinematic group of stars. Methods: High-resolution spectra were obtained with the FIES spectrograph at the Nordic Optical Telescope, La Palma, and were analysed with a differential model atmosphere method. Comparison stars were observed and analysed with the same method. Results: The average value of [Fe/H] for the 32 stars of Group 2 is - 0.42 ± 0.10 dex. The investigated group consists mainly of two 8- and 12-Gyr-old stellar populations. Abundances of oxygen, α-elements, and r-process-dominated elements are higher than in Galactic thin-disc dwarfs. This elemental abundance pattern has similar characteristics as that of the Galactic thick-disc. Conclusions: The similarity in chemical composition of stars in Group 2 with that in stars of the thick-disc might suggest that their formation histories are linked. The chemical composition together with the kinematic properties and ages of stars in the stars investigated provides evidence of their common origin and possible relation to an ancient merging event. A gas-rich satellite merger scenario is proposed as the most likely origin. Groups 2 and 3 of the Geneva-Copenhagen Survey might have originated in the same merging event. Tables 4 and 5 are available in electronic form at http://www.aanda.org 14. The GIRAFFE Inner Bulge Survey (GIBS). III. Metallicity distributions and kinematics of 26 Galactic bulge fields Science.gov (United States) Zoccali, M.; Vasquez, S.; Gonzalez, O. A.; Valenti, E.; Rojas-Arriagada, A.; Minniti, J.; Rejkuba, M.; Minniti, D.; McWilliam, A.; Babusiaux, C.; Hill, V.; Renzini, A. 2017-03-01 Context. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the Galactic bulge hosts two components with different mean metallicities, and possibly different spatial distribution and kinematics. As a consequence, both the metallicity distribution and the radial velocity of bulge stars vary across different lines of sight. Aims: We present here the metallicity distribution function of red clump stars in 26 fields spread across a wide area of the bulge, with special emphasis on fields close to Galactic plane, at latitudes b = -2° and b = -1°, that have not been explored before. Methods: This paper includes new metallicities from a sample of approximately 5000 K giant stars, observed at spectral resolution R 6500, in the Calcium II Triplet region. These represent the main dataset from the GIRAFFE Inner Bulge Survey. As part of the same survey we have previously published results for a sample of approximately 600 K giant stars, at latitude b -4°, derived from higher resolution spectra (R = 22 500). Results: The combined sample allows us to trace and characterize the metal poor and metal rich bulge populations down to the inner bulge. We present a density map for each of the two components. Contrary to expectations from previous works, we found the metal poor population to be more centrally concentrated than the metal rich one, and with a more axisymmetric spatial distribution. The metal rich population, on the other hand, is arranged in a boxy distribution, consistent with an edge-on bar. By coupling metallicities and radial velocities we show that the metal poor population has a velocity dispersion that varies rather mildly with latitude. On the contrary, the metal rich population has a low velocity dispersion far from the plane (b = -8.5°), yet has a steeper gradient with latitude, becoming higher than the metal poor one in the innermost field (b = -1°). Conclusions: This work provides new observational constraints on the actual chemodynamical properties of the 15. On the limitations of statistical absorption studies with the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys I-III Science.gov (United States) Lan, Ting-Wen; Ménard, Brice; Baron, Dalya; Johnson, Sean; Poznanski, Dovi; Prochaska, J. Xavier; O'Meara, John M. 2018-04-01 We investigate the limitations of statistical absorption measurements with the SDSS optical spectroscopic surveys. We show that changes in the data reduction strategy throughout different data releases have led to a better accuracy at long wavelengths, in particular for sky line subtraction, but a degradation at short wavelengths with the emergence of systematic spectral features with an amplitude of about one percent. We show that these features originate from inaccuracy in the fitting of modeled F-star spectra used for flux calibration. The best-fit models for those stars are found to systematically over-estimate the strength of metal lines and under-estimate that of Lithium. We also identify the existence of artifacts due to masking and interpolation procedures at the wavelengths of the hydrogen Balmer series leading to the existence of artificial Balmer α absorption in all SDSS optical spectra. All these effects occur in the rest-frame of the standard stars and therefore present Galactic longitude variations due to the rotation of the Galaxy. We demonstrate that the detection of certain weak absorption lines reported in the literature are solely due to calibration effects. Finally, we discuss new strategies to mitigate these issues. 16. Serum Phosphorus Concentrations in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) Science.gov (United States) de Boer, Ian H.; Rue, Tessa C.; Kestenbaum, Bryan 2011-01-01 Background Higher serum phosphorus concentrations within the normal laboratory range have been associated with cardiovascular events and mortality in large prospective cohort studies of individuals with and without kidney disease. Reasons for interindividual variation in steady-state serum phosphorus concentrations are largely unknown. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Setting & Participants 15,513 participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Predictors Demographic data, dietary intake measured by means of 24-hour dietary recall and food-frequency questionnaire, and established cardiovascular risk factors. Outcome & Measurements Serum phosphorus concentration. Results Mean serum phosphorus concentrations were significantly greater in women (+0.16 mg/dL versus men; P phosphorus and phosphorus-rich foods were associated only weakly with circulating serum phosphorus concentrations, if at all. Higher serum phosphorus levels were associated with lower calculated Framingham coronary heart disease risk scores, which are based on traditional atherosclerosis risk factors. In aggregate, demographic, nutritional, cardiovascular, and kidney function variables explained only 12% of the variation in circulating serum phosphorus concentrations. Limitations Results may differ with advanced kidney disease. Conclusions Serum phosphorus concentration is weakly related to dietary phosphorus and not related to a diverse array of phosphorus-rich foods in the general population. Factors determining serum phosphorus concentration are largely unknown. Previously observed associations of serum phosphorus concentrations with cardiovascular events are unlikely to be a result of differences in dietary intake or traditional cardiovascular risk factors. PMID:18992979 17. THE DiskMass SURVEY. III. STELLAR KINEMATICS VIA CROSS-CORRELATION International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Westfall, Kyle B.; Bershady, Matthew A.; Verheijen, Marc A. W. 2011-01-01 We describe a new cross-correlation (CC) approach used by our survey to derive stellar kinematics from galaxy-continuum spectroscopy. This approach adopts the formal error analysis derived by Statler, but properly handles spectral masks. Thus, we address the primary concerns regarding application of the CC method to censored data, while maintaining its primary advantage by consolidating kinematic and template-mismatch information toward different regions of the CC function. We identify a systematic error in the nominal CC method of approximately 10% in velocity dispersion incurred by a mistreatment of detector-censored data, which is eliminated by our new method. We derive our approach from first principles, and we use Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate its efficacy. An identical set of Monte Carlo simulations performed using the well-established penalized-pixel-fitting code of Cappellari and Emsellem compares favorably with the results from our newly implemented software. Finally, we provide a practical demonstration of this software by extracting stellar kinematics from SparsePak spectra of UGC 6918. 18. Sloan Digital Sky Survey III photometric quasar clustering: probing the initial conditions of the Universe International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ho, Shirley; Agarwal, Nishant; Lyons, Richard; Disbrow, Ashley; O'Connell, Ross; Myers, Adam D.; Seo, Hee-Jong; Schlegel, David; Ross, Nicholas P.; Ross, Ashley; Hirata, Christopher; Huff, Eric; Weinberg, David; Padmanabhan, Nikhil; Slosar, Anže; Strauss, Michael; Bahcall, Neta; Schneider, Donald P.; Brinkmann, J.; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie 2015-01-01 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey has surveyed 14,555 square degrees of the sky, and delivered over a trillion pixels of imaging data. We present the large-scale clustering of 1.6 million quasars between z=0.5 and z=2.5 that have been classified from this imaging, representing the highest density of quasars ever studied for clustering measurements. This data set spans 0∼ 11,00 square degrees and probes a volume of 80 h −3 Gpc 3 . In principle, such a large volume and medium density of tracers should facilitate high-precision cosmological constraints. We measure the angular clustering of photometrically classified quasars using an optimal quadratic estimator in four redshift slices with an accuracy of ∼ 25% over a bin width of δ l ∼ 10−15 on scales corresponding to matter-radiation equality and larger (0ℓ ∼ 2−3). Observational systematics can strongly bias clustering measurements on large scales, which can mimic cosmologically relevant signals such as deviations from Gaussianity in the spectrum of primordial perturbations. We account for systematics by employing a new method recently proposed by Agarwal et al. (2014) to the clustering of photometrically classified quasars. We carefully apply our methodology to mitigate known observational systematics and further remove angular bins that are contaminated by unknown systematics. Combining quasar data with the photometric luminous red galaxy (LRG) sample of Ross et al. (2011) and Ho et al. (2012), and marginalizing over all bias and shot noise-like parameters, we obtain a constraint on local primordial non-Gaussianity of f NL = −113 +154 −154 (1σ error). We next assume that the bias of quasar and galaxy distributions can be obtained independently from quasar/galaxy-CMB lensing cross-correlation measurements (such as those in Sherwin et al. (2013)). This can be facilitated by spectroscopic observations of the sources, enabling the redshift distribution to be completely determined, and 19. The MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field Survey. III. Testing photometric redshifts to 30th magnitude Science.gov (United States) Brinchmann, J.; Inami, H.; Bacon, R.; Contini, T.; Maseda, M.; Chevallard, J.; Bouché, N.; Boogaard, L.; Carollo, M.; Charlot, S.; Kollatschny, W.; Marino, R. A.; Pello, R.; Richard, J.; Schaye, J.; Verhamme, A.; Wisotzki, L. 2017-11-01 We tested the performance of photometric redshifts for galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep field down to 30th magnitude. We compared photometric redshift estimates from three spectral fitting codes from the literature (EAZY, BPZ and BEAGLE) to high quality redshifts for 1227 galaxies from the MUSE integral field spectrograph. All these codes can return photometric redshifts with bias |(zMUSE-pz) / (1 + zMUSE)| 3 they are systematically biased high by up to (zMUSE-pz) / (1 + zMUSE) = 0.05, an offset that can in part be explained by adjusting the amount of intergalactic absorption applied. In agreement with previous studies we find little difference in the performance of the different codes, but in contrast to those we find that adding extensive ground-based and IRAC photometry actually can worsen photo-z performance for faint galaxies. We find an outlier fraction, defined through |(zMUSE-pz) / (1 + zMUSE)| > 0.15, of 8% for BPZ and 10% for EAZY and BEAGLE, and show explicitly that this is a strong function of magnitude. While this outlier fraction is high relative to numbers presented in the literature for brighter galaxies, they are very comparable to literature results when the depth of the data is taken into account. Finally, we demonstrate that while a redshift might be of high confidence, the association of a spectrum to the photometric object can be very uncertain and lead to a contamination of a few percent in spectroscopic training samples that do not show up as catastrophic outliers, a problem that must be tackled in order to have sufficiently accurate photometric redshifts for future cosmological surveys. 20. BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - III. An Observed Link Between AGN Eddington Ratio and Narrow-Emission-Line Ratios Science.gov (United States) Oh, Kyuseok; Schawinski, Kevin; Koss, Michael; Trakhtenbrot, Benny; Lamperti, Isabella; Ricci, Claudio; Mushotzky, Richard; Veilleux, Sylvain; Berney, Simon; Crenshaw, D. Michael; 2016-01-01 We investigate the observed relationship between black hole mass (M(sub BH)), bolometric luminosity (L(sub bol)) and Eddington ratio (lambda(sub Edd)) with optical emission-line ratios ([N II] lambda6583/Halpha, [S II]lambda-lamda6716, 6731/Halpha, [O I] lamda6300/Halpha, [O III] lamda5007/Hbeta, [Ne III] lamda3869/Hbeta and He II lamda4686/Hbeta) of hard X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGN) from the BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey. We show that the [N II] lamda6583/Halpha ratio exhibits a significant correlation with lamda(sub Edd) (R(sub Pear) = -0.44, p-value 3 x 10(exp. -13) sigma = 0.28 dex), and the correlation is not solely driven by M(sub BH) or L(sub bol). The observed correlation between [N II] lamda6583/Halpha ratio and M(sub BH) is stronger than the correlation with L(sub bol), but both are weaker than the lamda(sub Edd) correlation. This implies that the large-scale narrow lines of AGN host galaxies carry information about the accretion state of the AGN central engine. We propose that [N II] lamda6583/Halpha is a useful indicator of Eddington ratio with 0.6 dex of rms scatter, and that it can be used to measure lambda(sub Edd) and thus M(sub BH) from the measured L(sub bol), even for high-redshift obscured AGN. We briefly discuss possible physical mechanisms behind this correlation, such as the mass-metallicity relation, X-ray heating, and radiatively driven outflows. 1. [Global health education in Italian medical schools: survey from 2007 to 2010]. Science.gov (United States) Bruno, S; Silvestrini, G; Carovillano, S; Rinaldi, A; Civitelli, G; Frisicale, E; Marceca, M; Tarsitani, G; Ricciardi, W 2011-01-01 Global Health (GH) issues are becoming a common feature of Medical and Public Health Schools worldwide. In Italy the Network for Education on Global Health (RIISG) was created with the purpose of spreading the concept of GH. The aim of the study was to assess the availability of educational opportunities in Italian Health Faculties from 2007 to 2010. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire administered to Professors. A frequency distribution of GH elective courses, grouped by three Italian geographical areas (North, Centre, South and Islands), for each academic year was assessed. The features of the courses - consistent with the pattern of course, suggested by RIISG - were analysed through a score. From 2007 onwards, in chronological order the surveyed faculties were 40, 36, 36 and the main coverage of survey was 92%. The courses listed were 26, 22 and 40 respectively for each academic year considered. The average of the courses number highlighted an increasing trend: national mean rose from 0.65 (SD +/- 1.53) in 2007 to 1.11 (SD +/- 1.18) in 2010. Regarding the evaluation of consistency a national improvement was shown. The assessment revealed a limited educational offer and differences between macroareas. Further investigations are needed. 2. Do Americans Understand That Global Warming Is Harmful to Human Health? Evidence From a National Survey. Science.gov (United States) Maibach, Edward W; Kreslake, Jennifer M; Roser-Renouf, Connie; Rosenthal, Seth; Feinberg, Geoff; Leiserowitz, Anthony A 2015-01-01 Global warming has significant negative consequences for human health, with some groups at greater risk than others. The extent to which the public is aware of these risks is unclear; the limited extant research has yielded discrepant findings. This paper describes Americans' awareness of the health effects of global warming, levels of support for government funding and action on the issue, and trust in information sources. We also investigate the discrepancy in previous research findings between assessments based on open- versus closed-ended questions. A nationally representative survey of US adults (N = 1275) was conducted online in October 2014. Measures included general attitudes and beliefs about global warming, affective assessment of health effects, vulnerable populations and specific health conditions (open- and closed-ended), perceived risk, trust in sources, and support for government response. Most respondents (61%) reported that, before taking the survey, they had given little or no thought to how global warming might affect people's health. In response to a closed-ended question, many respondents (64%) indicated global warming is harmful to health, yet in response to an open-ended question, few (27%) accurately named one or more specific type of harm. In response to a closed-ended question, 33% indicated some groups are more affected than others, yet on an open-ended question only 25% were able to identify any disproportionately affected populations. Perhaps not surprising given these findings, respondents demonstrated only limited support for a government response: less than 50% of respondents said government should be doing more to protect against health harms from global warming, and about 33% supported increased funding to public health agencies for this purpose. Respondents said their primary care physician is their most trusted source of information on this topic, followed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the World Health 3. Promoting oral health of children through schools--results from a WHO global survey 2012 DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jürgensen, N; Petersen, P E 2013-01-01 This paper reviews the range of school-based approaches to oral health and describes what is meant by a Health Promoting School. The paper then reports the results of a World Health Organization global survey of school-based health promotion. Purposive sampling across 100 countries produced 108...... evaluations of school oral health projects spread across 61 countries around the globe. The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion noted that schools can provide a supportive environment for promoting children's health. However, while a number of well-known strategies are being applied, the full range of health...... promoting actions is not being used globally. A greater emphasis on integrated health promotion is advised in place of narrower, disease- or project-specific approaches. Recommendations are made for improving this situation, for further research and for specifying an operational framework for sharing... 4. Global innovation networks and university-firm interactions: an exploratory survey analysis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gustavo Britto 2015-02-01 Full Text Available The literature on Global Innovation Networks has contributed to identify changes in the innovation activities of multinational corporations. Although university-firm interactions are seen as an important factor for the emergence of GINs, their role has received limited attention. This paper aims to fill this gap in two ways. First, it carries out an exploratory analysis of an original survey dataset, of firms in three industrial sectors from nine developed and developing countries. Second, the paper analyses whether the role of universities in global innovation networks is related to national systems of innovation with varying degrees of maturity. Multiple correspondence analysis and a Probit model are used to establish the relevance of key factors in driving GINs. The results identify distinctive profiles constructed mainly according to firm characteristics, but reflecting country specific patterns of association. The Probit model confirms that internationalization processes and the existence of local interactions substantially increase the probability of interactions with international institutions. 5. Irritable Bowel Syndrome on the US Mexico Border: A Survey in an Indigent Population Using Rome III Criteria. Science.gov (United States) Zuckerman, Marc J; Schmulson, Max J; Bashashati, Mohammad; Jia, Yi; Dwivedi, Alok; Ortiz, Melchor; Casner, Nancy; Byrd, Theresa; Shokar, Navkiran 2017-08-04 To investigate the prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and its association with health perception and health care-seeking behavior in this Mexican American population. The prevalence of IBS ranges from 3% to 20.4% in the United States and 4.4% to 16% in Mexico, based on Rome III and II criteria. However, its epidemiological profile in the US Mexico border is unknown. We conducted a survey in a randomly selected indigent population (N=521) recruited into a colon cancer screening program (ACCION). The prevalence of IBS was estimated and a multivariable logistic regression was carried out to determine the associated risk factors. Results are summarized using odds ratio and 95% confidence interval (CI). A total of 464 (89%) completed the survey (mean age, 56.7 y; female, 74.8%). Country of birth was Mexico in 90.5% and the United States in 8.2% and acculturation was more Spanish (94.8%) than English (5.2%). Overall, 5.6% (95% CI, 3.7-8.1) fulfilled criteria for IBS with a predominance among women (6.9%) versus men (1.7%) (P=0.03). On the basis of multivariable analysis, lower number of bowel movements/week (odds ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.80-1.00), having a primary care physician: 4.09 (1.51-11.12), using herbal treatments: 2.76 (1.08-7.06) and a previous IBS diagnosis: 23.11 (3.44-155.45), were significantly associated with the presence of IBS. The prevalence of IBS on the US Mexico border is comparable with data obtained from studies in both countries. Consulting a primary care physician as an associated factor may reveal the high rate of health-care seeking in IBS patients, while herbal treatments may reflect a cultural influence. 6. The Impact of Knowledge Management Practices on NPP Organizational Performance - Results of a Global Survey International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2013-06-01 The IAEA has been asked by Member States in the 2012 General Conference Resolutions to ''further increase the level of awareness of efforts in managing nuclear knowledge'' and to continue ''to further develop and disseminate guidance and methodologies for planning, designing, and implementing nuclear knowledge management programs''. The present report summarizes the results of empirical research on the relationship between KM practices in nuclear power plants, their impact on the quality of organizational knowledge processes and the resulting effects on the organizational effectiveness of nuclear power plants. It presents the basic findings of the ''IAEA Global Nuclear Power Plant Survey: Investigating the Link Between Knowledge Management Practices and Organizational Performance'', which was conducted in 2010. This benchmark survey of KM practices in nuclear power plants was developed using a standard research methodology. The survey was made available on a global basis to all nuclear power plant sites. Senior operations managers were asked to complete the survey with input, as required, from their plant management team. Data from individual survey responses were treated as confidential, and only aggregate findings were reported. A total of 124 station ''site organizations'' participated in the survey, representing a response rate of approximately 60%. The findings provide empirical evidence of the importance of KM practices in improving the organizational effectiveness of nuclear power plants. They provide information about the current state of the industry with respect to KM practices, illustrating the direct and tangible benefits of implementing such practices and justifying continued or further efforts to ensure that KM programmes and systems are strategically planned and implemented in operating nuclear power plants. The research provides insights into the mechanisms by which KM practices have an impact on organizational effectiveness and provides a basis for 7. U.S. Geological Survey Global Seismographic Network - Five-Year Plan 2006-2010 Science.gov (United States) Leith, William S.; Gee, Lind S.; Hutt, Charles R. 2009-01-01 The Global Seismographic Network provides data for earthquake alerting, tsunami warning, nuclear treaty verification, and Earth science research. The system consists of nearly 150 permanent digital stations, distributed across the globe, connected by a modern telecommunications network. It serves as a multi-use scientific facility and societal resource for monitoring, research, and education, by providing nearly uniform, worldwide monitoring of the Earth. The network was developed and is operated through a partnership among the National Science Foundation (http://www.nsf.gov), the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/gsn), and the U.S. Geological Survey (http://earthquake.usgs.gov/gsn). 8. Open Data in Global Environmental Research: The Belmont Forum's Open Data Survey. Science.gov (United States) Schmidt, Birgit; Gemeinholzer, Birgit; Treloar, Andrew 2016-01-01 This paper presents the findings of the Belmont Forum's survey on Open Data which targeted the global environmental research and data infrastructure community. It highlights users' perceptions of the term "open data", expectations of infrastructure functionalities, and barriers and enablers for the sharing of data. A wide range of good practice examples was pointed out by the respondents which demonstrates a substantial uptake of data sharing through e-infrastructures and a further need for enhancement and consolidation. Among all policy responses, funder policies seem to be the most important motivator. This supports the conclusion that stronger mandates will strengthen the case for data sharing. 9. Open Data in Global Environmental Research: The Belmont Forum’s Open Data Survey Science.gov (United States) Schmidt, Birgit; Gemeinholzer, Birgit; Treloar, Andrew 2016-01-01 This paper presents the findings of the Belmont Forum’s survey on Open Data which targeted the global environmental research and data infrastructure community. It highlights users’ perceptions of the term “open data”, expectations of infrastructure functionalities, and barriers and enablers for the sharing of data. A wide range of good practice examples was pointed out by the respondents which demonstrates a substantial uptake of data sharing through e-infrastructures and a further need for enhancement and consolidation. Among all policy responses, funder policies seem to be the most important motivator. This supports the conclusion that stronger mandates will strengthen the case for data sharing. PMID:26771577 10. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Science.gov (United States) Kessler, Ronald C; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Alonso, Jordi; Chatterji, Somnath; Lee, Sing; Ormel, Johan; Ustün, T Bedirhan; Wang, Philip S 2009-01-01 The paper reviews recent findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys on the global burden of mental disorders. The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, distribution, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders. The first 17 WMH surveys show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance use disorders) is 18.1-36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8-19.1%. Prevalence estimates of 12-month Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are 4-6.8% in half the countries, 2.3-3.6% in one-fourth, and 0.8-1.9% in one-fourth. Many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions in the WMH data. Adult mental disorders are found to be associated with such high role impairment in the WMH data that available clinical interventions could have positive cost-effectiveness ratios. Mental disorders are commonly occurring and often seriously impairing in many countries throughout the world. Expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both employer and societal perspectives. 11. Ethics Considerations in Global Mobile Phone-Based Surveys of Noncommunicable Diseases: A Conceptual Exploration. Science.gov (United States) Ali, Joseph; Labrique, Alain B; Gionfriddo, Kara; Pariyo, George; Gibson, Dustin G; Pratt, Bridget; Deutsch-Feldman, Molly; Hyder, Adnan A 2017-05-05 Mobile phone coverage has grown, particularly within low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), presenting an opportunity to augment routine health surveillance programs. Several LMICs and global health partners are seeking opportunities to launch basic mobile phone-based surveys of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). The increasing use of such technology in LMICs brings forth a cluster of ethical challenges; however, much of the existing literature regarding the ethics of mobile or digital health focuses on the use of technologies in high-income countries and does not consider directly the specific ethical issues associated with the conduct of mobile phone surveys (MPS) for NCD risk factor surveillance in LMICs. In this paper, we explore conceptually several of the central ethics issues in this domain, which mainly track the three phases of the MPS process: predata collection, during data collection, and postdata collection. These include identifying the nature of the activity; stakeholder engagement; appropriate design; anticipating and managing potential harms and benefits; consent; reaching intended respondents; data ownership, access and use; and ensuring LMIC sustainability. We call for future work to develop an ethics framework and guidance for the use of mobile phones for disease surveillance globally. ©Joseph Ali, Alain B Labrique, Kara Gionfriddo, George Pariyo, Dustin G Gibson, Bridget Pratt, Molly Deutsch-Feldman, Adnan A Hyder. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 05.05.2017. 12. Unrecorded alcohol use: a global modelling study based on nominal group assessments and survey data. Science.gov (United States) Probst, Charlotte; Manthey, Jakob; Merey, Aaron; Rylett, Margaret; Rehm, Jürgen 2018-01-27 Alcohol use is among the most important risk factors for burden of disease globally. An estimated quarter of the total alcohol consumed globally is unrecorded. However, due partly to the challenges associated with its assessment, evidence concerning the magnitude of unrecorded alcohol use is sparse. This study estimated country-specific proportions of unrecorded alcohol used in 2015. A statistical model was developed for data prediction using data on the country-specific proportion of unrecorded alcohol use from nominal group expert assessments and secondary, nationally representative survey data and country-level covariates. Estimates were calculated for the country level, for four income groups and globally. A total of 129 participants from 49 countries were included in the nominal group expert assessments. The survey data comprised 66 538 participants from 16 countries. Experts completed a standardized questionnaire assessing the country-specific proportion of unrecorded alcohol. In the national surveys, the number of standard drinks of total and unrecorded alcohol use was assessed for the past 7 days. Based on predictions for 167 countries, a population-weighted average of 27.9% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.4-44.9%] of the total alcohol consumed in 2015 was unrecorded. The proportion of unrecorded alcohol was lower in high (9.4%, 95% CI = 2.4-16.4%) and upper middle-income countries (18.3%, 95% CI = 9.0-27.6%) and higher in low (43.1%, 95% CI = 26.5-59.7%) and lower middle-income countries (54.4%, 95% CI = 38.1-70.8%). This corresponded to 0.9 (high-income), 1.2 (upper middle-income), 3.2 (lower middle-income) and 1.8 (low-income) litres of unrecorded alcohol per capita. A new method for modelling the country-level proportion of unrecorded alcohol use globally showed strong variation among geographical regions and income groups. Lower-income countries were associated with a higher proportion of unrecorded alcohol than higher-income countries 13. Surveillance of Human Rabies by National Authorities--A Global Survey. Science.gov (United States) Taylor, L H; Knopf, L 2015-11-01 Effective prevention of deaths due to human rabies is currently hampered by a lack of understanding of the scale of the problem, and the distribution of both animal and human cases across countries, regions and continents. Unfortunately, despite the severity of the disease, accurate data on which to assess these questions and to prioritize and direct public health interventions are not available for many parts of the world. This survey sought to understand the current global situation regarding the surveillance of human rabies. Data were collected from 91 countries across all continents and all categories of human rabies risk, generating the most complete and representative global data set currently available. Respondents were asked key questions about whether human rabies was a notifiable disease, how the surveillance system for human rabies operated and whether the respondent considered that the surveillance system was working effectively. Across the 91 countries from which data were collated, human rabies was a notifiable disease in all but eight. Despite international guidance, surveillance systems were very varied. Even where rabies is a notifiable disease, many countries had surveillance system judged to be ineffective, almost all of these being high and moderate rabies risk countries in Africa and Asia. Overall, 41% of the population covered by this survey (around 2.5 billion people) live in countries where there is no or ineffective rabies surveillance. The lack of robust surveillance is hindering rabies control efforts. However, whilst worldwide rabies surveillance would be improved if rabies were notifiable in all countries, many other challenges to the implementation of effective global human rabies surveillance systems remain. © 2015 Blackwell Verlag GmbH. 14. Analyzing Personal Happiness from Global Survey and Weather Data: A Geospatial Approach. Science.gov (United States) Peng, Yi-Fan; Tang, Jia-Hong; Fu, Yang-chih; Fan, I-chun; Hor, Maw-Kae; Chan, Ta-Chien 2016-01-01 Past studies have shown that personal subjective happiness is associated with various macro- and micro-level background factors, including environmental conditions, such as weather and the economic situation, and personal health behaviors, such as smoking and exercise. We contribute to this literature of happiness studies by using a geospatial approach to examine both macro and micro links to personal happiness. Our geospatial approach incorporates two major global datasets: representative national survey data from the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) and corresponding world weather data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). After processing and filtering 55,081 records of ISSP 2011 survey data from 32 countries, we extracted 5,420 records from China and 25,441 records from 28 other countries. Sensitivity analyses of different intervals for average weather variables showed that macro-level conditions, including temperature, wind speed, elevation, and GDP, are positively correlated with happiness. To distinguish the effects of weather conditions on happiness in different seasons, we also adopted climate zone and seasonal variables. The micro-level analysis indicated that better health status and eating more vegetables or fruits are highly associated with happiness. Never engaging in physical activity appears to make people less happy. The findings suggest that weather conditions, economic situations, and personal health behaviors are all correlated with levels of happiness. 15. Child oral health from the professional perspective - a global ICF-CY survey. Science.gov (United States) Faulks, Denise; Molina, Gustavo; Eschevins, Caroline; Dougall, Alison 2016-07-01 The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Children and Youth version (ICF-CY) (WHO) may serve as a tool for the application of holistic models of oral health. The ICF-CY Global Oral Health Survey explored international professional opinion regarding factors relating to child oral health, including social environment, functioning, activity, and participation. Networking resulted in 514 professionals from 81 countries registering for a two-round Delphi survey online. Participants were pooled into 18 groups according to six WHO world regions and three professional groups. In a randomized stratification process, eight from each pool (n = 144) completed the survey. The first round consisted of eight open-ended questions. Open-expression replies were analysed for meaningful concepts and linked using established rules to the ICF-CY. In the second round, items were rated for their relevance to oral health (86% response rate). A total of 86 ICF-CY items and 31 other factors were considered relevant to child oral health and function by at least 80% of professionals. The ICF-CY can describe the holistic experience of oral health in children from the professional perspective. The data from this study will contribute to the development of an ICF-CY Core Set in Oral Health. © 2015 BSPD, IAPD and John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 16. Global Positioning System surveys of storm-surge sensors deployed during Hurricane Ike, Seadrift, Texas, to Lake Charles, Louisiana, 2008 Science.gov (United States) Payne, Jason; Woodward, Brenda K.; Storm, John B. 2009-01-01 The U.S. Geological Survey installed a network of pressure sensors at 65 sites along the Gulf Coast from Seadrift, Texas, northeast to Lake Charles, Louisiana, to record the timing, areal extent, and magnitude of inland storm surge and coastal flooding caused by Hurricane Ike in September 2008. A Global Positioning System was used to obtain elevations of reference marks near each sensor. A combination of real-time kinematic (RTK) and static Global Positioning System surveys were done to obtain elevations of reference marks. Leveling relative to reference marks was done to obtain elevations of sensor orifices above the reference marks. This report summarizes the Global Positioning System data collected and processed to obtain reference mark and storm-sensor-orifice elevations for 59 storm-surge sensors recovered from the original 65 installed as a necessary prelude to computation of storm-surge elevations. National Geodetic Survey benchmarks were used for RTK surveying. Where National Geodetic Survey benchmarks were not within 12 kilometers of a sensor site, static surveying was done. Additional control points for static surveying were in the form of newly established benchmarks or reestablished existing benchmarks. RTK surveying was used to obtain positions and elevations of reference marks for 29 sensor sites. Static surveying was used to obtain positions and elevations of reference marks for 34 sensor sites; four sites were surveyed using both methods. Multiple quality checks on the RTK-survey and static-survey data were applied. The results of all quality checks indicate that the desired elevation accuracy for the surveys of this report, less than 0.1-meter error, was achieved. 17. Sarcopenia exacerbates obesity-associated insulin resistance and dysglycemia: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Preethi Srikanthan 2010-05-01 Full Text Available Sarcopenia often co-exists with obesity, and may have additive effects on insulin resistance. Sarcopenic obese individuals could be at increased risk for type 2 diabetes. We performed a study to determine whether sarcopenia is associated with impairment in insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in obese and non-obese individuals.We performed a cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data utilizing subjects of 20 years or older, non-pregnant (N = 14,528. Sarcopenia was identified from bioelectrical impedance measurement of muscle mass. Obesity was identified from body mass index. Outcomes were homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA IR, glycosylated hemoglobin level (HbA1C, and prevalence of pre-diabetes (6.0≤ HbA1C<6.5 and not on medication and type 2 diabetes. Covariates in multiple regression were age, educational level, ethnicity and sex.Sarcopenia was associated with insulin resistance in non-obese (HOMA IR ratio 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI 1.26 to 1.52 and obese individuals (HOMA-IR ratio 1.16, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.18. Sarcopenia was associated with dysglycemia in obese individuals (HbA1C ratio 1.021, 95% CI 1.011 to 1.043 but not in non-obese individuals. Associations were stronger in those under 60 years of age. We acknowledge that the cross-sectional study design limits our ability to draw causal inferences.Sarcopenia, independent of obesity, is associated with adverse glucose metabolism, and the association is strongest in individuals under 60 years of age, which suggests that low muscle mass may be an early predictor of diabetes susceptibility. Given the increasing prevalence of obesity, further research is urgently needed to develop interventions to prevent sarcopenic obesity and its metabolic consequences. 18. Epidemiology of DSM-5 bipolar I disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions - III. Science.gov (United States) Blanco, Carlos; Compton, Wilson M; Saha, Tulshi D; Goldstein, Benjamin I; Ruan, W June; Huang, Boji; Grant, Bridget F 2017-01-01 The objective of this study was to present 12-month and lifetime prevalence, correlates, comorbidity, treatment and disability of DSM-5 bipolar I disorder. Nationally representative U.S. adult sample (N = 36,309), the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions - III. Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime DSM-5 bipolar I disorder were 1.5% and 2.1% and did not differ between men (1.6% and 2.2%) and women (1.5% and 2.0%). Prevalences of bipolar I disorder were greater among Native Americans, and lower among Blacks, Hispanics and Asians/Pacific Islanders than whites. Rates were also lower among younger than older individuals, those previously married than currently married and with lower education and income relative to higher education and income. Bipolar I disorder was more strongly related to borderline and schizotypal personality disorders (adjusted odds ratios (AORS) = 2.2-4.7)), than to anxiety disorders (AORs = 1.3-2.9), and substance use disorders (AORs = 1.3-2.1) overall and among men and women. Quality of life was lower among individuals with bipolar I disorder relative to those without the disorder. Treatment rates among individuals with bipolar I disorder were low in the total sample (46%, SE = 2.63), among men (36.7%, SE = 3.82) and among women (55.8%, SE = 3.32). Bipolar I disorder continues to be common disabling and highly comorbid disorder among men and women, contributing substantially to low quality of life and burden of disease in our society. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 19. Global nuclear survey: Public support for new power plants remains tentative International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2005-01-01 14 of the 18 countries - and pluralities in the remaining four countries - believes that the risk of terrorist acts involving radioactive materials and nuclear facilities is high because of insufficient protection. A majority of 54 percent across all countries surveyed believe the risk of nuclear terrorism to be high, while three in ten (28%) say that the risk is low; 3) People appreciate the value of nuclear technology. When asked to consider the peaceful uses of nuclear technology, people in all but three countries are most supportive, by far, of medical applications, followed by electricity generation. Across the 18 countries surveyed, respondents are most likely to choose the use of nuclear technology to treat human diseases as their preferred application (39%). This is followed by electricity generation (26%); 4) Stressing the climate benefits of nuclear energy positively influences one in ten people to be more supportive of expanding the role of nuclear power in the world, but there is still a general reluctance to build more nuclear plants; 5) Awareness of the IAEA among the general population is generally low. However, one in four citizens across the 18 countries surveyed say that they have heard or read 'a lot' or 'some' about the agency, with higher awareness in Asia and the Middle East. The full report, Global Public Opinion on Nuclear Issues and the IAEA - Final Report from 18 Countries, is being released today by the IAEA in Vienna. The countries surveyed included: Argentina, Australia, Cameroon, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, Morocco, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, and the United States. (IAEA) 20. LACERTA I AND CASSIOPEIA III. TWO LUMINOUS AND DISTANT ANDROMEDA SATELLITE DWARF GALAXIES FOUND IN THE 3π PAN-STARRS1 SURVEY International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Martin, Nicolas F.; Laevens, Benjamin P. M.; Slater, Colin T.; Bell, Eric F.; Schlafly, Edward F.; Morganson, Eric; Rix, Hans-Walter; Bernard, Edouard J.; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; Finkbeiner, Douglas P.; Burgett, William S.; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Hodapp, Klaus W.; Kaiser, Nicholas; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Magnier, Eugene A.; Morgan, Jeffrey S.; Tonry, John L.; Wainscoat, Richard J.; Price, Paul A. 2013-01-01 We report the discovery of two new dwarf galaxies, Lacerta I/Andromeda XXXI (Lac I/And XXXI) and Cassiopeia III/Andromeda XXXII (Cas III/And XXXII), in stacked Pan-STARRS1 r P1 - and i P1 -band imaging data. Both are luminous systems (M V ∼ –12) located at projected distances of 20.°3 and 10.°5 from M31. Lac I and Cas III are likely satellites of the Andromeda galaxy with heliocentric distances of 756 +44 -28 kpc and 772 +61 -56 kpc, respectively, and corresponding M31-centric distances of 275 ± 7 kpc and 144 +6 -4 kpc. The brightest of recent Local Group member discoveries, these two new dwarf galaxies owe their late discovery to their large sizes (r h = 4.2 +0.4 -0.5 arcmin or 912 +124 -93 pc for Lac I; r h = 6.5 +1.2 -1.0 arcmin or 1456 ± 267 pc for Cas III) and consequently low surface brightness (μ 0 ∼ 26.0 mag arcsec –2 ), as well as to the lack of a systematic survey of regions at large radii from M31, close to the Galactic plane. This latter limitation is now alleviated by the 3π Pan-STARRS1 survey, which could lead to the discovery of other distant Andromeda satellite dwarf galaxies. 1. Peer Effects and Youth Smoking in the European Global Youth Tobacco Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nikaj Silda 2017-09-01 Full Text Available This paper investigates the effect of peer smoking on individual smoking among youths in 10 countries that participated in the European Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS. I control for endogeneity in school selection and unobserved school-level characteristics through the use of school fixed-effects. I use instrumental variables to address the simultaneity in peer and individual behaviours. Identification arises by comparing students in different classes within the same school. On average, an increase in the share of classmates who smoke by 10 percentage points increases the probability that an individual in that class will smoke by 3 to 6.9 percentage points. The results imply that any policy intervention such as anti-smoking messages, smoking bans, or higher cigarette prices will be even more cost-effective because of the social multiplier effect of peers – policies affecting some individuals in a group will generate spillovers to others through the peer effect. 2. Global spectroscopic survey of cloud thermodynamic phase at high spatial resolution, 2005-2015 Science.gov (United States) Thompson, David R.; Kahn, Brian H.; Green, Robert O.; Chien, Steve A.; Middleton, Elizabeth M.; Tran, Daniel Q. 2018-02-01 The distribution of ice, liquid, and mixed phase clouds is important for Earth's planetary radiation budget, impacting cloud optical properties, evolution, and solar reflectivity. Most remote orbital thermodynamic phase measurements observe kilometer scales and are insensitive to mixed phases. This under-constrains important processes with outsize radiative forcing impact, such as spatial partitioning in mixed phase clouds. To date, the fine spatial structure of cloud phase has not been measured at global scales. Imaging spectroscopy of reflected solar energy from 1.4 to 1.8 µm can address this gap: it directly measures ice and water absorption, a robust indicator of cloud top thermodynamic phase, with spatial resolution of tens to hundreds of meters. We report the first such global high spatial resolution survey based on data from 2005 to 2015 acquired by the Hyperion imaging spectrometer onboard NASA's Earth Observer 1 (EO-1) spacecraft. Seasonal and latitudinal distributions corroborate observations by the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). For extratropical cloud systems, just 25 % of variance observed at GCM grid scales of 100 km was related to irreducible measurement error, while 75 % was explained by spatial correlations possible at finer resolutions. 3. Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking in Turkey: Policy Implications and Trends from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Science.gov (United States) Erdöl, Cevdet; Ergüder, Toker; Morton, Jeremy; Palipudi, Krishna; Gupta, Prakash; Asma, Samira 2015-12-08 Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is an emerging tobacco product globally, especially among adolescents and young adults who may perceive WTS as a safe alternative to smoking cigarettes. Monitoring the use of WTS in Turkey in relation to the tobacco control policy context is important to ensure that WTS does not become a major public health issue in Turkey. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) was conducted in Turkey in 2008 and was repeated in 2012. GATS provided prevalence estimates on current WTS and change over time. Other indicators of WTS were also obtained, such as age of initiation and location of use. Among persons aged 15 and older in Turkey, the current prevalence of WTS decreased from 2.3% in 2008 to 0.8% in 2012, representing a 65% relative decline. Among males, WTS decreased from 4.0% to 1.1% (72% relative decline). While the overall smoking prevalence decreased among females, there was no change in the rate of WTS (0.7% in 2008 vs. 0.5% in 2012), though the WTS prevalence rate was already low in 2008. Comprehensive tobacco control efforts have been successful in reducing the overall smoking prevalence in Turkey, which includes the reduction of cigarette smoking and WTS. However, it is important to continue monitoring the use of waterpipes in Turkey and targeting tobacco control efforts to certain groups that may be vulnerable to future WTS marketing (e.g., youth, women). 4. The effect of prices on cigarette use among youths in the global youth tobacco survey. Science.gov (United States) Nikaj, Silda; Chaloupka, Frank J 2014-01-01 We estimated the impact of cigarette prices on youth smoking in 38 countries with the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. We used a 2-part model of cigarette demand. In the first part, we estimated the impact of prices on the decision to smoke. Conditional on smoking, we then estimated the effect of price on the number of cigarettes smoked. We employed 2-way fixed effects to address country-level time-invariant heterogeneity and controlled for an array of local-level variables to address local-level heterogeneity. The estimated total price elasticity is -1.5 for a sample that contains both high-income and low- and middle-income countries. Constraining the sample to only low- and middle-income countries, we found a total price elasticity of -2.2, suggesting that smoking among youths in low-income countries is more responsive to cigarette price changes. Cigarette price increases are highly effective in reducing smoking prevalence and consumption among youths globally and particularly among youths in low- and middle-income countries. 5. The global pediatric nephrology workforce: a survey of the International Pediatric Nephrology Association. Science.gov (United States) Glenn, Dorey; Ocegueda, Sophie; Nazareth, Meaghan; Zhong, Yi; Weinstein, Adam; Primack, William; Cochat, Pierre; Ferris, Maria 2016-07-15 The global pediatric nephrology workforce is poorly characterized. The objectives of our study were to assess pediatric nephrologists' perceptions of the adequacy of the pediatric nephrology workforce, and understand regional challenges to fellow recruitment and job acquisition. Perceptions regarding optimal length of training and research requirements were also queried. A 17-question web-based survey comprised of 14 close-ended and 3 open-ended questions was e-mailed to members of the International Pediatric Nephrology Association. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. We received 341 responses from members of the International Pediatric Nephrology Association from 71 countries. There was a high degree of overall perceived workforce inadequacy with 67 % of all respondents reporting some degree of shortage. Perceived workforce shortage ranged from 20 % in Australia/New Zealand to 100 % in Africa. Respondents from Africa (25 %) and North America (22.4 %) reported the greatest difficulty recruiting fellows. Respondents from Australia/New Zealand (53.3 %) and Latin America (31.3 %) reported the greatest perceived difficulty finding jobs as pediatric nephrologists after training. Low trainee interest, low salary, lack of government or institutional support, and few available jobs in pediatric nephrology were the most frequently reported obstacles to fellow recruitment and job availability. Globally, there is a high level of perceived inadequacy in the pediatric nephrology workforce. Regional variability exists in perceived workforce adequacy, ease of recruitment, and job acquisition. Interventions to improve recruitment targeted to specific regional barriers are suggested. 6. Measuring global surgical disparities: a survey of surgical and anesthesia infrastructure in Bangladesh. Science.gov (United States) Lebrun, Drake G; Dhar, Debashish; Sarkar, Md Imran H; Imran, T M Tanzil A; Kazi, Sayadat N; McQueen, K A Kelly 2013-01-01 Surgically treatable diseases weigh heavily on the lives of people in resource-poor countries. Though global surgical disparities are increasingly recognized as a public health priority, the extent of these disparities is unknown because of a lack of data. The present study sought to measure surgical and anesthesia infrastructure in Bangladesh as part of an international study assessing surgical and anesthesia capacity in low income nations. A comprehensive survey tool was administered via convenience sampling at one public district hospital and one public tertiary care hospital in each of the seven administrative divisions of Bangladesh. There are an estimated 1,200 obstetricians, 2,615 general and subspecialist surgeons, and 850 anesthesiologists in Bangladesh. These numbers correspond to 0.24 surgical providers per 10,000 people and 0.05 anesthesiologists per 10,000 people. Surveyed hospitals performed a large number of operations annually despite having minimal clinical human resources and inadequate physical infrastructure. Shortages in equipment and/or essential medicines were reported at all hospitals and these shortages were particularly severe at the district hospital level. In order to meet the immense demand for surgical care in Bangladesh, public hospitals must address critical shortages in skilled human resources, inadequate physical infrastructure, and low availability of equipment and essential medications. This study identified numerous areas in which the international community can play a vital role in increasing surgical and anesthesia capacity in Bangladesh and ensuring safe surgery for all in the country. 7. Limited Resources, Limited Opportunities, and the Accumulation of Disadvantage: Evidence from the Global Survey of Physicists Science.gov (United States) Ivie, Rachel 2012-03-01 Using the results of the Global Survey of Physicists, which we conducted in collaboration with the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics Working Group on Women, we document the effect of limited resources and opportunities on women physicists' careers. We find that women respondents are less likely than men to report access to a variety of resources and opportunities that would be helpful in advancing a scientific career. These include access to funding, travel money, lab and office space, equipment, clerical support, and availability of employees or students to help with research. When asked about specific opportunities, women report fewer invited talks and overseas research opportunities. Women who responded are less likely to have been journal editors, acted as bosses or managers, advised graduate students, served on thesis or dissertation committees, and served on committees for grant agencies. We also show the disproportionate effects of children on women physicists' careers. Women who responded are more likely than men to have changed their work situations upon becoming parents. Mothers are more likely than men and women without children to report that their careers have progressed more slowly than colleagues who finished their degrees at the same time. Furthermore, women are more likely than men to report that their careers affected the decisions they made about marriage and children. The results of this survey draw attention to the need to focus on factors other than representation when discussing the situation of women in physics. 15,000 physicists in 130 countries answered this survey, and across all these countries, women have fewer resources and opportunities and are more affected by cultural expectations concerning child care. Cultural expectations about home and family are difficult to change. However, for women to have successful outcomes and advance in physics, they must have equal access to resources and opportunities. 8. Epidemiology of DSM-5 Drug Use Disorder: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Science.gov (United States) Grant, Bridget F; Saha, Tulshi D; Ruan, W June; Goldstein, Risë B; Chou, S Patricia; Jung, Jeesun; Zhang, Haitao; Smith, Sharon M; Pickering, Roger P; Huang, Boji; Hasin, Deborah S 2016-01-01 Current information on the prevalence and sociodemographic and clinical profiles of individuals in the general population with DSM-5 drug use disorder (DUD) is limited. Given the present societal and economic context in the United States and the new diagnostic system, up-to-date national information is needed from a single uniform data source. To present nationally representative findings on the prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, disability, and treatment of DSM-5 DUD diagnoses overall and by severity level. In-person interviews were conducted with 36,309 adults in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, a cross-sectional representative survey of the United States. The household response rate was 72%; person-level response rate, 84%; and overall response rate, 60.1%. Data were collected April 2012 through June 2013 and analyzed from February through March 2015. Twelve-month and lifetime DUD, based on amphetamine, cannabis, club drug, cocaine, hallucinogen, heroin, nonheroin opioid, sedative/tranquilizer, and/or solvent/inhalant use disorders. Prevalences of 12-month and lifetime DUD were 3.9% and 9.9%, respectively. Drug use disorder was generally greater among men, white and Native American individuals, younger and previously or never married adults, those with lower education and income, and those residing in the West. Significant associations were found between 12-month and lifetime DUD and other substance use disorders. Significant associations were also found between any 12-month DUD and major depressive disorder (odds ratio [OR], 1.3; 95% CI, 1.09-1.64), dysthymia (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.09-2.02), bipolar I (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.06-2.05), posttraumatic stress disorder (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.27-2.10), and antisocial (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.11-1.75), borderline (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.41-2.24), and schizotypal (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.18-1.87) personality disorders. Similar associations were found for any lifetime DUD with the 9. Globalization Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tulio Rosembuj 2006-12-01 Full Text Available There is no singular globalization, nor is the result of an individual agent. We could start by saying that global action has different angles and subjects who perform it are different, as well as its objectives. The global is an invisible invasion of materials and immediate effects. 10. Globalization OpenAIRE Tulio Rosembuj 2006-01-01 There is no singular globalization, nor is the result of an individual agent. We could start by saying that global action has different angles and subjects who perform it are different, as well as its objectives. The global is an invisible invasion of materials and immediate effects. 11. Antismoking messages and current cigarette smoking status in Somaliland: results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2004 OpenAIRE Muula Adamson S; Rudatsikira Emmanuel; Siziya Seter 2008-01-01 Abstract Background Tobacco is a leading cause of death globally. There are limited reports on current cigarette smoking prevalence and its associated-antismoking messages among adolescents in conflict zones of the world. We, therefore, conducted secondary analysis of data to estimate the prevalence of current cigarette smoking, and to determine associations of antismoking messages with smoking status. Methods We used data from the Somaliland Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) of 2004 to esti... 12. The global regulator Crc plays a multifaceted role in modulation of type III secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa OpenAIRE Dong, Yi-Hu; Zhang, Xi-Fen; Zhang, Lian-Hui 2013-01-01 The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells that subvert normal host cell functions to the benefit of the pathogen, and results in serious infections. T3SS in P. aeruginosa is controlled by a complex system of regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways. In this study, we described that Crc, an RNA-binding protein, exerts a positive impact on T3SS in P. aeruginosa, as evidenced by prom... 13. The Impact of Economic Globalization on Higher Education. A Regional Project on the Global Economy and Higher Education in New England. Staff Paper Number III. Science.gov (United States) Groennings, Sven The third document in a series of special papers released by the Project on the Global Economy and Higher Education in New England is presented. The paper examines the causes and manifestations of change toward internationalization at New England colleges and universities and the extent to which change is linked to the coming of the global… 14. Chinese version of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey: cross-cultural instrument adaptation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Chiou Hung-Yi 2008-04-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Tobacco smoking poses public health concerns because of its high risk for many chronic diseases. Most smokers begin using tobacco in their teens and recent reports indicate that smoking prevalence is climbing among youth. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS is a worldwide, school-based, tobacco-specific survey, but cross-cultural differences limit its effectiveness in international studies. Specifically, the GYTS assesses not only the prevalence of smoking, but also tobacco-related attitudes, school curricula, and advertisements, which are culturally influenced. Therefore, we conducted this study to develop a Chinese version of the GYTS for both national surveillance and international comparison. Methods The original English GYTS was translated and back translated using a cross-cultural adaptation process. The comprehensiveness and feasibility of using the Chinese-version GYTS were reviewed by a panel of 6 tobacco-control experts. The understandability and cultural relevance of the Chinese-version GYTS were discussed in a focus group of 5 schoolteachers and 8 students. The expert and focus group feedback was incorporated into a final Chinese version of the GYTS, which was administered to 382 students throughout Taiwan by multi-stage sampling from 10 randomly selected schools. Results The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha for the GYTS subscales (smoking susceptibility, attitude toward smoking, and media messages about smoking ranged from 0.70 to 0.94. The internal logical agreement of responses ranged from 85.3 to 99.2%. Conclusion The Chinese version of the GYTS has good reliability and validity and can serve as the foundation for international comparison and tobacco control in Chinese-speaking communities. 15. Global Health Imaging in Radiology Residency: A Survey of Canadian Radiology Residents. Science.gov (United States) Zener, Rebecca; Ross, Ian 2017-11-01 The study sought to determine Canadian radiology resident perception of and interest in global health imaging (GHI) and the barriers they encounter in pursuing GHI experiences during residency training. A peer-reviewed, online, anonymous, multiple-choice survey was distributed to Canadian radiology residents at English-language programs. Fifty residents responded to the survey (∼16% response rate); 72% of respondents perceived an unmet need for medical imaging in the developing world. A majority of residents (60%) would have been likely to participate in a GHI experience if one had been available during their residency; 65% planned on pursuing international outreach work as future radiologists, 81% of whom with on-site collaboration in education and training of local staff. However, 82% of respondents were uncertain or believed they would not be adequately prepared to help improve access and availability of medical imaging services in developing countries upon completion of residency. Overall, residents believed a GHI program would increase their knowledge of infectious diseases, increase their exposure to diseases at advanced stage presentation, enhance their knowledge of basic imaging modalities, and improve their cultural competence. Lack of information about opportunities, lack of funding, and lack of infrastructure were ranked as the most important barriers to participating in a radiology rotation in a developing country during residency. While many Canadian radiology residents are interested in participating in GHI, their preparation to do so may be inadequate. Formalizing international GHI rotations may alleviate barriers impeding their pursuit. Copyright © 2017 Canadian Association of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16. Hardcore smoking in three South-East asian countries: results from the global adult tobacco survey. Science.gov (United States) Kishore, Jugal; Jena, Pratap Kumar; Bandyopadhyay, Chandan; Swain, Monali; Das, Sagarika; Banerjee, Indrani 2013-01-01 Hardcore smoking is represented by a subset of daily smokers with high nicotine dependence, inability to quit and unwillingness to quit. Estimating the related burden could help us in identifying a high risk population prone to tobacco induced diseases and improve cessation planning for them. This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of hardcore smoking in three South-East Asian countries and discussed its implication for smoking cessation intervention in this region. Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data of India, Bangladesh and Thailand were analyzed to quantify the hardcore smoking prevalence in the region. On the basis of review, an operational definition of hardcore smoking was adopted that includes (1) current daily smoker, (2) no quit attempt in the past 12 months of survey or last quit attempt of less than 24 hours duration, (3) no intention to quit in next 12 months or not interested in quitting, (4) time to first smoke within 30 minutes of waking up, and (5) knowledge of smoking hazards. Logistic regression analysis was carried out using hardcore smoking status as response variable and gender, type of residence, occupation, education, wealth index and age-group as possible predictors. There were 31.3 million hardcore smokers in the three Asian countries. The adult prevalence of hardcore smoking in these countries ranges between 3.1% in India to 6% in Thailand. These hardcore smokers constitute 18.3-29.7% of daily smokers. The logistic regression model indicated that age, gender, occupation and wealth index are the major predictors of hardcore smoking with varied influence across countries. Presence of a higher number of hardcore smoking populations in Asia is a major public health challenge for tobacco control and cancer prevention. There is need of intensive cessation interventions with due consideration of contextual predictors. 17. Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2003 and 2006 data to tobacco control policy in India. Science.gov (United States) Sinha, Dhirendra Narain; Gupta, Prakash C; Reddy, K Srinath; Prasad, Vinayak M; Rahman, Khalilur; Warren, Charles W; Jones, Nathan R; Asma, Samira 2008-07-01 India made 2 important policy statements regarding tobacco control in the past decade. First, the India Tobacco Control Act (ITCA) was signed into law in 2003 with the goal to reduce tobacco consumption and protect citizens from exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS). Second, in 2005, India ratified the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC). During this same period, India conducted the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in 2003 and 2006 in an effort to track tobacco use among adolescents. The GYTS is a school-based survey of students aged 13-15 years. Representative national estimates for India in 2003 and 2006 were used in this study. In 2006, 3.8% of students currently smoked cigarettes and 11.9% currently used other tobacco products. These rates were not significantly different than those observed in 2003. Over the same period, exposure to SHS at home and in public places significantly decreased, whereas exposure to pro-tobacco ads on billboards and the ability to purchase cigarettes in a store did not change significantly. The ITCA and the WHO FCTC have had mixed impacts on the tobacco control effort for adolescents in India. The positive impacts have been the reduction in exposure to SHS, both at home and in public places. The negative impacts are seen with the lack of change in pro-tobacco advertising and ability to purchase cigarettes in stores. The Government of India needs to consider new and stronger provisions of the ITCA and include strong enforcement measures. 18. Factors associated with exposure to antismoking information among adults in Vietnam, Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2010. Science.gov (United States) Giang, Kim Bao; Van Minh, Hoang; Nga, Pham Quynh; Hai, Phan Thi; Quan, Nguyen The; Tong, Van T; Xuan, Le Thi Thanh; Hsia, Jason 2013-09-12 The media play a critical role in tobacco control. Knowledge about the exposure of a population to antismoking information can provide information for planning communication activities in tobacco control. We examined exposure to antismoking information associated with socioeconomic and demographic factors among adults (≥15 years) in Vietnam. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) is a nationally representative household survey of noninstitutionalized men and women aged 15 years or older and was conducted in Vietnam in 2010 (N = 9,925). We used GATS data on exposure to sources of antismoking information and analyzed associations among socioeconomic and demographic groups. An estimated 91.6% of the adult population was exposed to at least 1 source of antismoking information, and the mean number of sources of exposure was 3.7. Compared with their counterparts, respondents who were older, had higher education levels, higher economic status, and higher knowledge levels about the health consequences of smoking were more likely to be exposed to any source of antismoking information and to more informational sources. The most common source of exposure was television (85.9%). Respondents of higher social class (education, occupation, wealth) had more exposure through modern media sources (television), and respondents of lower social class were exposed to more traditional sources such as radio or loudspeakers. Exposure to at least 1 source of antismoking information is high in Vietnam, and the number and type of source varied by sociodemographic group. Use of multiple communication channels is recommended to reinforce antismoking messages and to reach different groups in the population. 19. Tracking MPOWER in 14 countries: results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2008-2010. Science.gov (United States) Song, Yang; Zhao, Luhua; Palipudi, Krishna Mohan; Asma, Samira; Morton, Jeremy; Talley, Brandon; Hsia, Jason; Ramanandraibe, Nivo; Caixeta, Roberta; Fouad, Heba; Khoury, Rula; Sinha, Dhirendra; Rarick, James; Bettcher, Douglas; Peruga, Armando; Deland, Katherine; D'Espaignet, Edouard Tursan 2016-06-01 The World Health Organization (WHO) MPOWER is a technical package of six tobacco control measures that assist countries in meeting their obligations of the WHO Framework Convention Tobacco Control and are proven to reduce tobacco use. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) systematically monitors adult tobacco use and tracks key tobacco control indicators. GATS is a nationally representative household survey of adults aged 15 and older, using a standard and consistent protocol across countries; it includes information on the six WHO MPOWER measures. GATS Phase I was conducted from 2008-2010 in 14 high-burden low- and middle-income countries. We selected one key indicator from each of the six MPOWER measures and compared results across 14 countries. Current tobacco use prevalence rates ranged from 16.1% in Mexico to 43.3% in Bangladesh. We found that the highest rate of exposure to secondhand smoke in the workplace was in China (63.3%). We found the highest 'smoking quit attempt' rates in the past 12 months among cigarette smokers in Viet Nam (55.3%) and the lowest rate was in the Russian Federation (32.1%). In five of the 14 countries, more than one-half of current smokers in those 5 countries said they thought of quitting because of health warning labels on cigarette packages. The Philippines (74.3%) and the Russian Federation (68.0%) had the highest percentages of respondents noticing any cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship. Manufactured cigarette affordability ranged from 0.6% in Russia to 8.0% in India. Monitoring tobacco use and tobacco control policy achievements is crucial to managing and implementing measures to reverse the epidemic. GATS provides internationally-comparable data that systematically monitors and tracks the progress of the other five MPOWER measures. © The Author(s) 2013. 20. Globalization OpenAIRE Andru?cã Maria Carmen 2013-01-01 The field of globalization has highlighted an interdependence implied by a more harmonious understanding determined by the daily interaction between nations through the inducement of peace and the management of streamlining and the effectiveness of the global economy. For the functioning of the globalization, the developing countries that can be helped by the developed ones must be involved. The international community can contribute to the institution of the development environment of the gl... 1. Diffusional transport of the aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen in the interstitium of the globally ischaemic cat myocardium DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Høst, N B; Sejrsen, P; Jensen, L T 1996-01-01 , no attention has yet been paid to the resistance to diffusion offered by the myocardial interstitium. We determined the diffusion coefficient of PIIINP in the interstitium of the globally ischaemic interstitium of the cat (D'37) by means of a "true transient diffusion' method, and compared with the free... 2. Global Survey on Future Trends in Human Spaceflight: the Implications for Space Tourism Science.gov (United States) Gurtuna, O.; Garneau, S. 2002-01-01 With the much-publicized first ever space tourist flight, of Dennis Tito, and the announcement of the second space tourist flight to take place in April 2002, it is clear that an alternative motivation for human spaceflight has emerged. Human spaceflight is no longer only about meeting the priorities of national governments and space agencies, but is also about the tangible possibility of ordinary people seeing the Earth from a previously exclusive vantage point. It is imperative that major space players look beyond the existing human spaceflight rationale to identify some of the major driving forces behind space tourism, including the evolving market potential and developments in enabling technologies. In order to determine the influence of these forces on the future of commercial human spaceflight, the responses of a Futuraspace survey on future trends in human spaceflight are analyzed and presented. The motivation of this study is to identify sought-after space destinations, explore the expected trends in enabling technologies, and understand the future role of emerging space players. The survey will reflect the opinions of respondents from around the world including North America, Europe (including Russia) and Asia. The profiles of targeted respondents from space industry, government and academia are high-level executives/managers, senior researchers, as well as former and current astronauts. The survey instrument is a questionnaire which is validated by a pilot study. The sampling method is non-probabilistic, targeting as many space experts as possible who fit our intended respondent profile. Descriptive and comparative statistical analysis methods are implemented to investigate both global and regional perceptions of future commercial trends in human spaceflight. This study is not intended to be a formal market study of the potential viability of the space tourism market. Instead, the focus is on the future trends of human spaceflight, by drawing on the 3. Perspectives on the Market Globalization of Korean Herbal Manufacturers: A Company-Based Survey Science.gov (United States) Kim, Dongsu; Ahn, Miyoung; Jung, Jeeyoun; Kwon, Soohyun; Park, Eun-Ji; Koo, Ki Hoon; Woo, Jong-Min 2015-01-01 The growth of herbal markets has increased substantially in South Korea, but the worldwide market share remains small despite significant governmental efforts. This study aimed to characterize manufacturing employment and identify employees' general perceptions of market expansion. A survey study covering 567 companies was conducted using face-to-face interviews in 2012. Data were analyzed using comparisons among three manufacturing groups (i.e., the herbal dietary supplement manufacturing group, the herbal medicine manufacturing group, and the personal care product manufacturing group) or among the manufacturers themselves. We found that the majority of the manufacturing employee respondents were regular permanent and production workers. The domestic distributors were primarily chain stores/direct outlets or retailers/wholesalers, and the dominant product was red ginseng (hongsam). Although the responding companies exhibited a variety of perspectives, “advertisement/public relations” was cited as the most important factor in the development of the herbal industry. In contrast, “low manpower/seeking business partners” were the most crucial limiting and challenging factors for market globalization. Our results can be used to design a proper national plan by reducing the gaps in perspective between herbal product producers and policy makers. PMID:26199635 4. Perspectives on the Market Globalization of Korean Herbal Manufacturers: A Company-Based Survey. Science.gov (United States) Kim, Dongsu; Ahn, Miyoung; Jung, Jeeyoun; Kwon, Soohyun; Park, Eun-Ji; Koo, Ki Hoon; Woo, Jong-Min 2015-01-01 The growth of herbal markets has increased substantially in South Korea, but the worldwide market share remains small despite significant governmental efforts. This study aimed to characterize manufacturing employment and identify employees' general perceptions of market expansion. A survey study covering 567 companies was conducted using face-to-face interviews in 2012. Data were analyzed using comparisons among three manufacturing groups (i.e., the herbal dietary supplement manufacturing group, the herbal medicine manufacturing group, and the personal care product manufacturing group) or among the manufacturers themselves. We found that the majority of the manufacturing employee respondents were regular permanent and production workers. The domestic distributors were primarily chain stores/direct outlets or retailers/wholesalers, and the dominant product was red ginseng (hongsam). Although the responding companies exhibited a variety of perspectives, "advertisement/public relations" was cited as the most important factor in the development of the herbal industry. In contrast, "low manpower/seeking business partners" were the most crucial limiting and challenging factors for market globalization. Our results can be used to design a proper national plan by reducing the gaps in perspective between herbal product producers and policy makers. 5. Perspectives on the Market Globalization of Korean Herbal Manufacturers: A Company-Based Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dongsu Kim 2015-01-01 Full Text Available The growth of herbal markets has increased substantially in South Korea, but the worldwide market share remains small despite significant governmental efforts. This study aimed to characterize manufacturing employment and identify employees’ general perceptions of market expansion. A survey study covering 567 companies was conducted using face-to-face interviews in 2012. Data were analyzed using comparisons among three manufacturing groups (i.e., the herbal dietary supplement manufacturing group, the herbal medicine manufacturing group, and the personal care product manufacturing group or among the manufacturers themselves. We found that the majority of the manufacturing employee respondents were regular permanent and production workers. The domestic distributors were primarily chain stores/direct outlets or retailers/wholesalers, and the dominant product was red ginseng (hongsam. Although the responding companies exhibited a variety of perspectives, “advertisement/public relations” was cited as the most important factor in the development of the herbal industry. In contrast, “low manpower/seeking business partners” were the most crucial limiting and challenging factors for market globalization. Our results can be used to design a proper national plan by reducing the gaps in perspective between herbal product producers and policy makers. 6. Sustainability As A Success Factor In Global Operations: A Survey Of Car Manufacturing Supply Chains Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hamilton Pozo 2015-06-01 Full Text Available Since the 1990s, environmental issues have put companies under a growing pressure to reduce their environmental impact, especially in logistics operations. As a result, green supply chains have been gaining importance on the agendas of business executives seeking to create competitive distinction. Many companies have adopted a “green attitude,” seeking ways to integrate environmental dimensions into their business. Current research seeks to define green practices in each supply chain segment, to deepen the understanding of how companies formulate their green initiatives and to analyze the logistical bases and results connected with such decisions. The methodology used was a Survey with questions were based on patterns in green initiatives in the literature, this study’s sample was three large assembly companies in the automotive segment, with industrial plants located both in the southeast region of Brazil and globally. The results show that the wave of sustainability is a result of more than just the threat of negative publicity, and it is pushing enterprises into the green zone. At the same time, economic instability with oscillating growth is forcing enterprises to concentrate on improving efficiency to compensate for unstable demand and the price volatility of commodities, including water and energy. 7. LACERTA I AND CASSIOPEIA III. TWO LUMINOUS AND DISTANT ANDROMEDA SATELLITE DWARF GALAXIES FOUND IN THE 3{pi} PAN-STARRS1 SURVEY Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Martin, Nicolas F.; Laevens, Benjamin P. M. [Observatoire astronomique de Strasbourg, Universite de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7550, 11 rue de l' Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg (France); Slater, Colin T.; Bell, Eric F. [Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, 500 Church St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (United States); Schlafly, Edward F.; Morganson, Eric; Rix, Hans-Walter [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astronomie, Koenigstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg (Germany); Bernard, Edouard J.; Ferguson, Annette M. N. [Institute for Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Royal Observatory, Blackford Hill, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ (United Kingdom); Finkbeiner, Douglas P. [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Burgett, William S.; Chambers, Kenneth C.; Hodapp, Klaus W.; Kaiser, Nicholas; Kudritzki, Rolf-Peter; Magnier, Eugene A.; Morgan, Jeffrey S.; Tonry, John L.; Wainscoat, Richard J. [Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 (United States); Price, Paul A., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 (United States) 2013-07-20 We report the discovery of two new dwarf galaxies, Lacerta I/Andromeda XXXI (Lac I/And XXXI) and Cassiopeia III/Andromeda XXXII (Cas III/And XXXII), in stacked Pan-STARRS1 r{sub P1}- and i{sub P1}-band imaging data. Both are luminous systems (M{sub V} {approx} -12) located at projected distances of 20. Degree-Sign 3 and 10. Degree-Sign 5 from M31. Lac I and Cas III are likely satellites of the Andromeda galaxy with heliocentric distances of 756{sup +44}{sub -28} kpc and 772{sup +61}{sub -56} kpc, respectively, and corresponding M31-centric distances of 275 {+-} 7 kpc and 144{sup +6}{sub -4} kpc. The brightest of recent Local Group member discoveries, these two new dwarf galaxies owe their late discovery to their large sizes (r{sub h} = 4.2{sup +0.4}{sub -0.5} arcmin or 912{sup +124}{sub -93} pc for Lac I; r{sub h} = 6.5{sup +1.2}{sub -1.0} arcmin or 1456 {+-} 267 pc for Cas III) and consequently low surface brightness ({mu}{sub 0} {approx} 26.0 mag arcsec{sup -2}), as well as to the lack of a systematic survey of regions at large radii from M31, close to the Galactic plane. This latter limitation is now alleviated by the 3{pi} Pan-STARRS1 survey, which could lead to the discovery of other distant Andromeda satellite dwarf galaxies. 8. Global Survey of the Frequency of Atrial Fibrillation-Associated Stroke: Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source Global Registry NARCIS (Netherlands) Perera, Kanjana S.; Vanassche, Thomas; Bosch, Jackie; Swaminathan, Balakumar; Mundl, Hardi; Giruparajah, Mohana; Barboza, Miguel A.; O'Donnell, Martin J.; Gomez-Schneider, Maia; Hankey, Graeme J.; Yoon, Byung-Woo; Roxas, Artemio; Lavallee, Philippa; Sargento-Freitas, Joao; Shamalov, Nikolay; Brouns, Raf; Gagliardi, Rubens J.; Kasner, Scott E.; Pieroni, Alessio; Vermehren, Philipp; Kitagawa, Kazuo; Wang, Yongjun; Muir, Keith; Coutinho, Jonathan M.; Connolly, Stuart J.; Hart, Robert G.; Czeto, K.; Kahn, M.; Mattina, K. R.; Ameriso, S. F.; Pujol-Lereis, V.; Hawkes, M.; Pertierra, L.; Perera, N.; de Smedt, A.; van Dyck, R.; van Hooff, R. J.; Yperzeele, L.; Gagliardi, V. D. B.; Cerqueir, L. G.; Yang, X.; Chen, W.; Amarenco, P.; Guidoux, C.; Ringleb, P. A.; Bereczki, D.; Vastagh, I.; Canavan, M.; Toni, D.; Anzini, A.; Colosimo, C.; de Michele, M.; Di Mascio, M. T.; Durastanti, L.; Falcou, A.; Fausti, S.; Mancini, A.; Mizumo, S.; Uchiyama, S.; Kim, C. K.; Jung, S.; Kim, Y.; Kim, J. A.; Jo, J. Y.; Arauz, A.; Quiroz-Compean, A.; Colin, J.; Nederkoorn, P. J.; Marianito, V. P.; Cunha, L.; Santo, G.; Silva, F.; Coelho, J.; Kustova, M.; Meshkova, K.; Williams, G.; Siegler, J.; Zhang, C.; Gallatti, N.; Kruszewski, M. 2016-01-01 Atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasingly recognized as the single most important cause of disabling ischemic stroke in the elderly. We undertook an international survey to characterize the frequency of AF-associated stroke, methods of AF detection, and patient features. Consecutive patients 9. Cardiovascular prevention guidelines in daily practice: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I, II, and III surveys in eight European countries. LENUS (Irish Health Repository) Kotseva, Kornelia 2009-03-14 The first and second EUROASPIRE surveys showed high rates of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in patients with coronary heart disease. The third EUROASPIRE survey was done in 2006-07 in 22 countries to see whether preventive cardiology had improved and if the Joint European Societies\\' recommendations on cardiovascular disease prevention are being followed in clinical practice. 10. Locating REDD: A global survey and analysis of REDD readiness and demonstration activities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Cerbu, Gillian A.; Swallow, Brent M.; Thompson, Dara Y. 2011-01-01 Mechanisms that support reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD/REDD+) have potential to counteract a large share of global greenhouse gas emissions if implemented effectively across the tropics. In 2007 the conference of parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change called upon parties and international organizations to promote REDD through investments in capacity building and demonstration activities. This prompted many new actors to become involved in REDD activities at a variety of locations and scales. A global survey of REDD activities was undertaken in 2009 to enable better understanding of the intensity and geographic distribution of these activities. Existing compilations, literature review, web-based sources, face-to-face and telephone interviews, and e-mail questionnaires were used to compile data for the inventory. Inter alia, data were collected on the location of activities and official and unofficial factors influencing location choices. Inventory data were combined with secondary data to estimate a statistical count model (Poisson) of factors affecting the number of REDD activities undertaken in the 64 developing countries that experienced significant emissions from deforestation. The results show that there were at least 79 REDD readiness activities and 100 REDD demonstration activities as of October 2009. Of these, the largest shares of REDD readiness and demonstration activities were implemented in Indonesia (7 and 15 respectively) and Brazil (4 and 13 respectively), countries widely agreed to have the greatest potential for reducing forest-based emissions. The statistical results found no national characteristic to have a statistically-significant effect on the number of REDD readiness activities, but five national characteristics to have significant effects on the number of REDD demonstration projects. Baseline CO 2 emissions, forest carbon stock, number of threatened species, quality of 11. A global epidemiological survey and strategy of treatment of military ocular injury Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mao-nian ZHANG 2011-10-01 Full Text Available Objective To investigate the current global status of military ocular injury for the purpose of improving the level of domestic epidemiological investigation,in order to improve treatment strategies,and to prevent and reduce the incidence of military ocular injury in Chinese PLA.Methods The epidemiological literature concerning military ocular injury occurring in our country and abroad in recent five years was retrieved by information research;the problems and experiences in the aspects of epidemiological survey,registry,data collection,systematic treatment and prevention of military ocular injury existed in PLA were also summarized and analyzed.Results There were currently no systematic epidemiological data about ocular injury in PLA.A few articles about epidemiological study on ocular injury showed that servicemen were the high risk population of ocular injury.Both in peacetime or wartime the ocular injury was the primary cause leading to monocular blindness of soldiers.As to the ocular injury,in 51.55% of the patients,it occurred in the military operations and work,and 30.31% in military training.The incidence of ocular injury was different in various services,for example,the incidence in the internal security forces of armed police could be as high as 78.85% due to training of martial arts and boxing and wrestling.The deficiency of microsurgery equipments and untimely evacuation were the main causes affecting prognosis during treatment course in primary military hospitals.Conclusions Military affairs,physical training,military maneuver and defense constructions are the main causes of ocular injury in servicemen,and young male soldiers are the main group for prevention and treatment for military ocular injury.More attention should be paid to the epidemiological survey of military ocular injury to find out the causes leading to ocular injury,to improve treatment strategies,to formulate feasible protective measures and then military ocular 12. Exploration of Global Trend on Biomedical Application of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): A Patent Survey. Science.gov (United States) Ponnaiah, Paulraj; Vnoothenei, Nagiah; Chandramohan, Muruganandham; Thevarkattil, Mohamed Javad Pazhayakath 2018-01-30 Polyhydroxyalkanoates are bio-based, biodegradable naturally occurring polymers produced by a wide range of organisms, from bacteria to higher mammals. The properties and biocompatibility of PHA make it possible for a wide spectrum of applications. In this context, we analyze the potential applications of PHA in biomedical science by exploring the global trend through the patent survey. The survey suggests that PHA is an attractive candidate in such a way that their applications are widely distributed in the medical industry, drug delivery system, dental material, tissue engineering, packaging material as well as other useful products. In our present study, we explored patents associated with various biomedical applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Patent databases of European Patent Office, United States Patent and Trademark Office and World Intellectual Property Organization were mined. We developed an intensive exploration approach to eliminate overlapping patents and sort out significant patents. We demarcated the keywords and search criterions and established search patterns for the database request. We retrieved documents within the recent 6 years, 2010 to 2016 and sort out the collected data stepwise to gather the most appropriate documents in patent families for further scrutiny. By this approach, we retrieved 23,368 patent documents from all the three databases and the patent titles were further analyzed for the relevance of polyhydroxyalkanoates in biomedical applications. This ensued in the documentation of approximately 226 significant patents associated with biomedical applications of polyhydroxyalkanoates and the information was classified into six major groups. Polyhydroxyalkanoates has been patented in such a way that their applications are widely distributed in the medical industry, drug delivery system, dental material, tissue engineering, packaging material as well as other useful products. There are many avenues through which PHA & PHB could be 13. Self- and other-directed forms of violence and their relationship with lifetime DSM-5 psychiatric disorders: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). Science.gov (United States) Harford, Thomas C; Chen, Chiung M; Kerridge, Bradley T; Grant, Bridget F 2018-04-01 A combined history of violence toward self and others has been reported in clinical and incarcerated populations. Psychiatric disorders have been implicated as risk factors. This study examines the lifetime prevalence of this combined violence in the general population and its associations with DSM-5 psychiatric disorders in comparison with other- and self-directed violence. Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III) were analyzed, including 36,309 U.S. adults ages 18 and older. Violent behavior was defined by suicide attempts; recurrent suicidal behavior; gestures, threats, or self-mutilating behavior (self-directed); and multiple items of violence toward others (other-directed) in four categories: none, self-directed only, other-directed only, and combined self-/other-directed. Multinomial logistic regression examined these violence categories in association with sociodemographics and lifetime DSM-5 psychiatric disorders. Results show that approximately 18.1% of adults reported violent behavior, including self-directed only (4.4%), other-directed only (10.9%), and combined self- and other-directed violence (2.8%). DSM-5 psychiatric disorders significantly associated with the violence typology include alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other drug use disorders; mood disorders; posttraumatic stress disorder; and schizotypal, antisocial, and borderline personality disorders. Findings extend the clinical literature regarding the co-occurrence of self- and other-directed violent behaviors to the general population. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 14. An emperor penguin population estimate: the first global, synoptic survey of a species from space. Science.gov (United States) Fretwell, Peter T; Larue, Michelle A; Morin, Paul; Kooyman, Gerald L; Wienecke, Barbara; Ratcliffe, Norman; Fox, Adrian J; Fleming, Andrew H; Porter, Claire; Trathan, Phil N 2012-01-01 Our aim was to estimate the population of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes fosteri) using a single synoptic survey. We examined the whole continental coastline of Antarctica using a combination of medium resolution and Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite imagery to identify emperor penguin colony locations. Where colonies were identified, VHR imagery was obtained in the 2009 breeding season. The remotely-sensed images were then analysed using a supervised classification method to separate penguins from snow, shadow and guano. Actual counts of penguins from eleven ground truthing sites were used to convert these classified areas into numbers of penguins using a robust regression algorithm.We found four new colonies and confirmed the location of three previously suspected sites giving a total number of emperor penguin breeding colonies of 46. We estimated the breeding population of emperor penguins at each colony during 2009 and provide a population estimate of ~238,000 breeding pairs (compared with the last previously published count of 135,000-175,000 pairs). Based on published values of the relationship between breeders and non-breeders, this translates to a total population of ~595,000 adult birds.There is a growing consensus in the literature that global and regional emperor penguin populations will be affected by changing climate, a driver thought to be critical to their future survival. However, a complete understanding is severely limited by the lack of detailed knowledge about much of their ecology, and importantly a poor understanding of their total breeding population. To address the second of these issues, our work now provides a comprehensive estimate of the total breeding population that can be used in future population models and will provide a baseline for long-term research. 15. WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health in Latin America: classifying caesarean sections Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Faúndes Anibal 2009-10-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Caesarean section rates continue to increase worldwide with uncertain medical consequences. Auditing and analysing caesarean section rates and other perinatal outcomes in a reliable and continuous manner is critical for understanding reasons caesarean section changes over time. Methods We analyzed data on 97,095 women delivering in 120 facilities in 8 countries, collected as part of the 2004-2005 Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health in Latin America. The objective of this analysis was to test if the "10-group" or "Robson" classification could help identify which groups of women are contributing most to the high caesarean section rates in Latin America, and if it could provide information useful for health care providers in monitoring and planning effective actions to reduce these rates. Results The overall rate of caesarean section was 35.4%. Women with single cephalic pregnancy at term without previous caesarean section who entered into labour spontaneously (groups 1 and 3 represented 60% of the total obstetric population. Although women with a term singleton cephalic pregnancy with a previous caesarean section (group 5 represented only 11.4% of the obstetric population, this group was the largest contributor to the overall caesarean section rate (26.7% of all the caesarean sections. The second and third largest contributors to the overall caesarean section rate were nulliparous women with single cephalic pregnancy at term either in spontaneous labour (group 1 or induced or delivered by caesarean section before labour (group 2, which were responsible for 18.3% and 15.3% of all caesarean deliveries, respectively. Conclusion The 10-group classification could be easily applied to a multicountry dataset without problems of inconsistencies or misclassification. Specific groups of women were clearly identified as the main contributors to the overall caesarean section rate. This classification could help health care 16. Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use in India: evidence from recent Global Adult Tobacco Survey data. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Akansha Singh Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Tobacco use in India is characterized by a high prevalence of smoking and smokeless tobacco use, with dual use also contributing a noticeable proportion. In the context of such a high burden of tobacco use, this study examines the regional variations, and socioeconomic, demographic and other correlates of smoking, smokeless tobacco and dual use of tobacco in India. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We analyzed a cross sectional, nationally representative sample of individuals from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey in India (2009-10, which covered 69,296 individuals aged 15 years and above. The current tobacco use in three forms, namely, smoking only, smokeless tobacco use only, and both smoking and smokeless tobacco use were considered as outcomes in this study. Descriptive statistics, cross tabulations and multinomial logistic regression analysis were adopted as analytical tools. Smokeless tobacco use was the major form of tobacco use in India followed by smoking and dual tobacco use. Tobacco use was higher among males, the less educated, the poor, and the rural population in India. Respondents lacking knowledge of health hazards of tobacco had higher prevalence of tobacco use in each form. The prevalence of different forms of tobacco use varies significantly by states. The prevalence of tobacco use increases concomitantly with age among females. Middle-aged adult males had higher prevalence of tobacco use. Age, education and region were found to be significant determinants of all forms of tobacco use. Adults from the poor household had significantly higher risk of consuming smokeless tobacco. Lack of awareness about the selected hazards of tobacco significantly affects tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS: There is an urgent need to curb the use of tobacco among the sub-groups of population with higher prevalence. Tobacco control policies in India should adopt a targeted, population-based approach to control and reduce tobacco consumption in the country. 17. An emperor penguin population estimate: the first global, synoptic survey of a species from space. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Peter T Fretwell Full Text Available Our aim was to estimate the population of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes fosteri using a single synoptic survey. We examined the whole continental coastline of Antarctica using a combination of medium resolution and Very High Resolution (VHR satellite imagery to identify emperor penguin colony locations. Where colonies were identified, VHR imagery was obtained in the 2009 breeding season. The remotely-sensed images were then analysed using a supervised classification method to separate penguins from snow, shadow and guano. Actual counts of penguins from eleven ground truthing sites were used to convert these classified areas into numbers of penguins using a robust regression algorithm.We found four new colonies and confirmed the location of three previously suspected sites giving a total number of emperor penguin breeding colonies of 46. We estimated the breeding population of emperor penguins at each colony during 2009 and provide a population estimate of ~238,000 breeding pairs (compared with the last previously published count of 135,000-175,000 pairs. Based on published values of the relationship between breeders and non-breeders, this translates to a total population of ~595,000 adult birds.There is a growing consensus in the literature that global and regional emperor penguin populations will be affected by changing climate, a driver thought to be critical to their future survival. However, a complete understanding is severely limited by the lack of detailed knowledge about much of their ecology, and importantly a poor understanding of their total breeding population. To address the second of these issues, our work now provides a comprehensive estimate of the total breeding population that can be used in future population models and will provide a baseline for long-term research. 18. The Global Survey Method Applied to Ground-level Cosmic Ray Measurements Science.gov (United States) Belov, A.; Eroshenko, E.; Yanke, V.; Oleneva, V.; Abunin, A.; Abunina, M.; Papaioannou, A.; Mavromichalaki, H. 2018-04-01 The global survey method (GSM) technique unites simultaneous ground-level observations of cosmic rays in different locations and allows us to obtain the main characteristics of cosmic-ray variations outside of the atmosphere and magnetosphere of Earth. This technique has been developed and applied in numerous studies over many years by the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation (IZMIRAN). We here describe the IZMIRAN version of the GSM in detail. With this technique, the hourly data of the world-wide neutron-monitor network from July 1957 until December 2016 were processed, and further processing is enabled upon the receipt of new data. The result is a database of homogeneous and continuous hourly characteristics of the density variations (an isotropic part of the intensity) and the 3D vector of the cosmic-ray anisotropy. It includes all of the effects that could be identified in galactic cosmic-ray variations that were caused by large-scale disturbances of the interplanetary medium in more than 50 years. These results in turn became the basis for a database on Forbush effects and interplanetary disturbances. This database allows correlating various space-environment parameters (the characteristics of the Sun, the solar wind, et cetera) with cosmic-ray parameters and studying their interrelations. We also present features of the coupling coefficients for different neutron monitors that enable us to make a connection from ground-level measurements to primary cosmic-ray variations outside the atmosphere and the magnetosphere. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the current version of the GSM as well as further possible developments and improvements. The method developed allows us to minimize the problems of the neutron-monitor network, which are typical for experimental physics, and to considerably enhance its advantages. 19. The global regulator Crc plays a multifaceted role in modulation of type III secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Science.gov (United States) Dong, Yi-Hu; Zhang, Xi-Fen; Zhang, Lian-Hui 2013-01-01 The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate effector proteins into eukaryotic host cells that subvert normal host cell functions to the benefit of the pathogen, and results in serious infections. T3SS in P. aeruginosa is controlled by a complex system of regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways. In this study, we described that Crc, an RNA-binding protein, exerts a positive impact on T3SS in P. aeruginosa, as evidenced by promoter activity assays of several key T3SS genes, transcriptomics, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting in crc mutant. We further demonstrated that the regulatory function of Crc on the T3SS was mediated through the T3SS master regulator ExsA and linked to the Cbr/Crc signaling system. Expression profiling of the crc mutant revealed a downregulation of flagship T3SS genes as well as 16 other genes known to regulate T3SS gene expression in P. aeruginosa. On the basis of these data, we proposed that Crc may exert multifaceted control on the T3SS through various pathways, which may serve to fine-tune this virulence mechanism in response to environmental changes and nutrient sources. PMID:23292701 20. The Vimos VLT deep survey. Global properties of 20,000 galaxies in the IAB < 22.5 WIDE survey Science.gov (United States) Garilli, B.; Le Fèvre, O.; Guzzo, L.; Maccagni, D.; Le Brun, V.; de la Torre, S.; Meneux, B.; Tresse, L.; Franzetti, P.; Zamorani, G.; Zanichelli, A.; Gregorini, L.; Vergani, D.; Bottini, D.; Scaramella, R.; Scodeggio, M.; Vettolani, G.; Adami, C.; Arnouts, S.; Bardelli, S.; Bolzonella, M.; Cappi, A.; Charlot, S.; Ciliegi, P.; Contini, T.; Foucaud, S.; Gavignaud, I.; Ilbert, O.; Iovino, A.; Lamareille, F.; McCracken, H. J.; Marano, B.; Marinoni, C.; Mazure, A.; Merighi, R.; Paltani, S.; Pellò, R.; Pollo, A.; Pozzetti, L.; Radovich, M.; Zucca, E.; Blaizot, J.; Bongiorno, A.; Cucciati, O.; Mellier, Y.; Moreau, C.; Paioro, L. 2008-08-01 The VVDS-Wide survey has been designed to trace the large-scale distribution of galaxies at z ~ 1 on comoving scales reaching ~100~h-1 Mpc, while providing a good control of cosmic variance over areas as large as a few square degrees. This is achieved by measuring redshifts with VIMOS at the ESO VLT to a limiting magnitude IAB = 22.5, targeting four independent fields with sizes of up to 4 deg2 each. We discuss the survey strategy which covers 8.6 deg2 and present the general properties of the current redshift sample. This includes 32 734 spectra in the four regions, covering a total area of 6.1 deg2 with a sampling rate of 22 to 24%. This paper accompanies the public release of the first 18 143 redshifts of the VVDS-Wide survey from the 4 deg2 contiguous area of the F22 field at RA = 22^h. We have devised and tested an objective method to assess the quality of each spectrum, providing a compact figure-of-merit. This is particularly effective in the case of long-lasting spectroscopic surveys with varying observing conditions. Our figure of merit is a measure of the robustness of the redshift measurement and, most importantly, can be used to select galaxies with uniform high-quality spectra to carry out reliable measurements of spectral features. We also use the data available over the four independent regions to directly measure the variance in galaxy counts. We compare it with general predictions from the observed galaxy two-point correlation function at different redshifts and with that measured in mock galaxy surveys built from the Millennium simulation. The purely magnitude-limited VVDS Wide sample includes 19 977 galaxies, 304 type I AGNs, and 9913 stars. The redshift success rate is above 90% independent of magnitude. A cone diagram of the galaxy spatial distribution provides us with the current largest overview of large-scale structure up to z ~ 1, showing a rich texture of over- and under-dense regions. We give the mean N(z) distribution averaged over 6 1. The SDSS-III DR12 MARVELS radial velocity data release: the first data release from the multiple object Doppler exoplanet survey Science.gov (United States) Ge, Jian; Thomas, Neil B.; Li, Rui; Senan Seieroe Grieves, Nolan; Ma, Bo; de Lee, Nathan M.; Lee, Brian C.; Liu, Jian; Bolton, Adam S.; Thakar, Aniruddha R.; Weaver, Benjamin; SDSS-Iii Marvels Team 2015-01-01 We present the first data release from the SDSS-III Multi-object APO Radial Velocity Exoplanet Large-area Survey (MARVELS) through the SDSS-III DR12. The data include 181,198 radial velocity (RV) measurements for a total of 5520 different FGK stars with V~7.6-12, of which more than 80% are dwarfs and subdwarfs while remainders are GK giants, among a total of 92 fields nearly randomly spread out over the entire northern sky taken with a 60-object MARVELS dispersed fixed-delay interferometer instrument over four years (2008-2012). There were 55 fields with a total of 3300 FGK stars which had 14 or more observations over about 2-year survey window. The median number of observations for these plates is 27 RV measurements. This represents the largest homogeneous sample of precision RV measurements of relatively bright stars. In this first released data, a total of 18 giant planet candidates, 16 brown dwarfs, and over 500 binaries with additional 96 targets having RV variability indicative of a giant planet companion are reported. The released data were produced by the MARVELS finalized 1D pipeline. We will also report preliminary statistical results from the MARVELS 2D data pipeline which has produced a median RV precision of ~30 m/s for stable stars. 2. Survey on the prevalence of GERD and FD based on the Montreal definition and the Rome III criteria among patients presenting with epigastric symptoms in Japan. Science.gov (United States) Ohara, Shuichi; Kawano, Tatsuyuki; Kusano, Motoyasu; Kouzu, Teruo 2011-05-01 The present survey aimed to clarify the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and functional dyspepsia (FD) in patients presenting with epigastric symptoms in Japan based on the Montreal definition and the Rome III criteria, respectively, and to determine the degree of overlap between the two disease entities and the validity of using these Western-developed diagnostic criteria in Japan. Patients presenting with epigastric symptoms for whom the first upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was scheduled from April through August 2007 at 55 institutions were asked to complete a questionnaire to ascertain the type, frequency, and severity of epigastric symptoms. The prevalence of esophageal mucosal damage was also determined from endoscopic findings. A total of 1,076 patients were included in the analysis population. There was a high degree of coincidence for all symptoms, with the mean number of symptoms per patient of 2.8. With strict application of the Montreal and Rome III definitions, symptomatic GERD accounted for 15.6% (168 patients), whereas FD accounted for 10.3% (111 patients), and the overlap between GERD and FD symptoms was less than 10%. However, when frequency and severity alone were considered in more broadly defined criteria, the overlap between GERD and FD symptoms was 30-40%. A highly specific disease classification is possible when the Montreal definition and the Rome III criteria are strictly applied. On the other hand, the present survey highlighted a problem with the criteria whereby a definitive diagnosis could not be made in a substantial number of patients. This problem will require further research. 3. Globalization DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Plum, Maja Globalization is often referred to as external to education - a state of affair facing the modern curriculum with numerous challenges. In this paper it is examined as internal to curriculum; analysed as a problematization in a Foucaultian sense. That is, as a complex of attentions, worries, ways...... of reasoning, producing curricular variables. The analysis is made through an example of early childhood curriculum in Danish Pre-school, and the way the curricular variable of the pre-school child comes into being through globalization as a problematization, carried forth by the comparative practices of PISA... 4. Globalization OpenAIRE F. Gerard Adams 2008-01-01 The rapid globalization of the world economy is causing fundamental changes in patterns of trade and finance. Some economists have argued that globalization has arrived and that the world is “flat†. While the geographic scope of markets has increased, the author argues that new patterns of trade and finance are a result of the discrepancies between “old†countries and “new†. As the differences are gradually wiped out, particularly if knowledge and technology spread worldwide, the t... 5. Alcohol Marketing, Drunkenness, and Problem Drinking among Zambian Youth: Findings from the 2004 Global School-Based Student Health Survey OpenAIRE Swahn, Monica H.; Ali, Bina; Palmier, Jane B.; Sikazwe, George; Mayeya, John 2011-01-01 This study examines the associations between alcohol marketing strategies, alcohol education including knowledge about dangers of alcohol and refusal of alcohol, and drinking prevalence, problem drinking, and drunkenness. Analyses are based on the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in Zambia (2004) of students primarily 11 to 16 years of age ( = 2 2 5 7 ). Four statistical models were computed to test the associations between alcohol marketing and education and alcoh... 6. Self-reported health status of older adults in Malaysia and Singapore: evidence from the 2007 Global Ageing Survey OpenAIRE Khan, Hafiz T. A.; Flynn, Matthew 2015-01-01 The aim of this study is to investigate the correlates of self-reported health (SRH) among older adults in Malaysia and Singapore. The study uses data collected in the Global Ageing Study (GLAS) 2007, one of the largest surveys of its kind, specially designed to investigate attitudes towards later life, ageing and retirement. Data were collected from 1002 and 1004 respondents from Malaysia and Singapore respectively. The study found that Singaporeans report a healthier life than Malaysians. T... 7. National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A): III. Concordance of DSM-IV/CIDI Diagnoses with Clinical Reassessments Science.gov (United States) Kessler, Ronald C.; Avenevoli, Shelli; Green, Jennifer; Gruber, Michael J.; Guyer, Margaret; He, Yulei; Jin, Robert; Kaufman, Joan; Sampson, Nancy A.; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Merikangas, Kathleen R. 2009-01-01 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) diagnoses that was based on the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and implemented in the National comorbidity survey replication adolescent supplement is found to have good individual-level concordance with diagnosis based on blinded… 8. The Westerbork HI Survey os spiral and irregular galaxies III : HI observations of early-type disk galaxies NARCIS (Netherlands) Noordermeer, E.; Hulst, J.M. van der; Sancisi, R.; Swaters, R.A.; Abada, T.S. van 2005-01-01 Abstract: We present HI observations of 68 early-type disk galaxies from the WHISP survey. They have morphological types between S0 and Sab and absolute B-band magnitudes between -14 and -22. These galaxies form the massive, high surface-brightness extreme of the disk galaxy population, few of which 9. The HST/ACS Coma Cluster Survey : III. Structural parameters of galaxies using single Sersic fits star NARCIS (Netherlands) Hoyos, Carlos; den Brok, Mark; Verdoes Kleijn, Gijs; Carter, David; Balcells, Marc; Guzmán, Rafael; Peletier, Reynier; Ferguson, Henry C.; Goudfrooij, Paul; Graham, Alister W.; Hammer, Derek; Karick, Arna M.; Lucey, John R.; Matković, Ana; Merritt, David; Mouhcine, Mustapha; Valentijn, Edwin We present a catalogue of structural parameters for 8814 galaxies in the 25 fields of the Hubble Space Telescope/ACS Coma Treasury Survey. Parameters from Sersic fits to the two-dimensional surface brightness distributions are given for all galaxies from our published Coma photometric catalogue with 10. Control of main risk factors after ischaemic stroke across Europe: data from the stroke-specific module of the EUROASPIRE III survey. Science.gov (United States) Heuschmann, Peter U; Kircher, Julia; Nowe, Tim; Dittrich, Ralf; Reiner, Zeljko; Cifkova, Renata; Malojcic, Branko; Mayer, Otto; Bruthans, Jan; Wloch-Kopec, Dorota; Prugger, Christof; Heidrich, Jan; Keil, Ulrich 2015-10-01 Previous cross-sectional surveys in different European countries within the EUROASPIRE programme demonstrated a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors, unhealthy lifestyles and inadequate drug treatment in coronary heart disease patients. Comparable data for ischaemic stroke patients is lacking. A stroke-specific study module was added to the EUROASPIRE III core survey. This cross-sectional multicentre survey included consecutive patients with first-ever ischaemic stroke from four European countries. Data were obtained from medical records, patient interviews and patient examinations within 6-36 months after the stroke event. Control of modifiable risk factors after stroke was evaluated against contemporary European guidelines. A total of 881 patients was recruited. Median age was 66 years, 37.5% were female; average time from the stroke event to interview was 550 days. At the time of the interview, 17.6% of stroke patients smoked cigarettes, 35.5% had a body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2), 62.4% showed elevated blood pressure and 75.7% exhibited elevated LDL cholesterol levels. Antiplatelet drugs or oral anticoagulants were used by 87.2%, antihypertensive medication by 84.4% and statins by 56.8% of stroke patients. Among patients using antihypertensive drugs and lipid-lowering medication at the time of the interview, 34.3% and 34.4%, respectively, achieved target blood pressure and total cholesterol values according to current European guidelines. The EUROASPIRE III stroke-specific module shows that secondary prevention and risk factor control in patients after ischaemic stroke need to be improved in four European centres at the time of the study since about half of patients are not achieving risk factor targets defined in European guidelines. © The European Society of Cardiology 2014. 11. Determinants of Treatment Abandonment in Childhood Cancer: Results from a Global Survey. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Paola Friedrich Full Text Available Understanding and addressing treatment abandonment (TxA is crucial for bridging the pediatric cancer survival gap between high-income (HIC and low-and middle-income countries (LMC. In childhood cancer, TxA is defined as failure to start or complete curative cancer therapy and known to be a complex phenomenon. With rising interest on causes and consequences of TxA in LMC, this study aimed to establish the lay-of-the-land regarding determinants of TxA globally, perform and promote comparative research, and raise awareness on this subject.Physicians (medical oncologists, surgeons, and radiation therapists, nurses, social workers, and psychologists involved in care of children with cancer were approached through an online survey February-May 2012. Queries addressed social, economic, and treatment-related determinants of TxA. Free-text comments were collected. Descriptive and qualitative analyses were performed. Appraisal of overall frequency, burden, and predictors of TxA has been reported separately.581 responses from 101 countries were obtained (contact rate = 26%, cooperation rate = 70%. Most respondents were physicians (86%, practicing pediatric hematology/oncology (86% for >10 years (54%. Providers from LMC considered social/economic factors (families' low socioeconomic status, low education, and long travel time, as most influential in increasing risk of TxA. Treatment-related considerations such as preference for complementary and alternative medicine and concerns about treatment adverse effects and toxicity, were perceived to play an important role in both LMC and HIC. Perceived prognosis seemed to mediate the role of other determinants such as diagnosis and treatment phase on TxA risk. For example, high-risk of TxA was most frequently reported when prognosis clearly worsened (i.e. lack of response to therapy, relapse, or conversely when the patient appeared improved (i.e. induction completed, mass removed, as well as before aggressive 12. Teaching global public health in the undergraduate liberal arts: a survey of 50 colleges. Science.gov (United States) Hill, David R; Ainsworth, Robert M; Partap, Uttara 2012-07-01 Undergraduate public health and global health studies are usually found at universities with graduate programs in the disciplines. Following the experience of teaching a short course in global health within the liberal arts, we reviewed global and public health offerings at 50 liberal arts colleges for the 2009-2010 academic year. Forty-two percent had a track, concentration, or program, and 30% had global or public health student organizations. All colleges listed at least one course in the fields, with the highest number in the social sciences. However, many colleges had not coordinated them into a theme. Values of a liberal arts education are found in the study of global and public health: social responsibility, critical thinking, ethical reasoning, and knowledge of the wider world. We propose identifying these programs within the undergraduate liberal arts as global public health. Capturing interest in global public health will enhance the curriculum and student experience.In this day and age, when the world is so fluid with regard to news and information, the knowledge that unnecessary deaths are occurring and that health care lags so far behind in some regions cannot be ignored. From the standpoint of basic human rights, suffering and inequity cannot be tolerated. Williams College student during a global health short course. 13. Surveying the Need for Technology Management for Global Health Training Programmes Science.gov (United States) Balakrishnan, Usha R.; Troyer, Lisa; Brands, Edwin 2007-01-01 Technology licensing office managers often need to evaluate profitability and commercial potential in their decision making. However, increased consideration of important global public health goals requires forging new collaborative relationships, incorporating creative licensing practices and embracing global public good within the academic and… 14. A pilot study using global positioning systems (GPS) devices and surveys to ascertain older adults' travel patterns. Science.gov (United States) Yen, Irene H; Leung, Cindy W; Lan, Mars; Sarrafzadeh, Majid; Kayekjian, Karen C; Duru, O Kenrik 2015-04-01 Some studies indicate that older adults lead active lives and travel to many destinations including those not in their immediate residential neighborhoods. We used global positioning system (GPS) devices to track the travel patterns of 40 older adults (mean age: 69) in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Study participants wore the GPS devices for 7 days in fall 2010 and winter 2011. We collected survey responses concurrently about travel patterns. GPS data showed a mean of four trips/day, and a mean trip distance of 7.6 km. Survey data indicated that older adults commonly made trips for four activities (e.g., volunteering, work, visiting friends) at least once each week. Older adults regularly travel outside their residential neighborhoods. GPS can document the mode of travel, the path of travel, and the destinations. Surveys can document the purpose of the travel and the impressions or experiences in the specific locations. © The Author(s) 2013. 15. Globalization DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Plum, Maja Globalization is often referred to as external to education - a state of affair facing the modern curriculum with numerous challenges. In this paper it is examined as internal to curriculum; analysed as a problematization in a Foucaultian sense. That is, as a complex of attentions, worries, ways...... of reasoning, producing curricular variables. The analysis is made through an example of early childhood curriculum in Danish Pre-school, and the way the curricular variable of the pre-school child comes into being through globalization as a problematization, carried forth by the comparative practices of PISA....... It thus explores the systems of reason that educational comparative practices carry through time; focusing on the way configurations are reproduced and transformed, forming the pre-school child as a central curricular variable.... 16. [Hungarian Diet and Nutritional Status Survey -- the OTAP2009 study. III. Vitamin intake of the Hungarian population]. Science.gov (United States) Lugasi, Andrea; Bakacs, Márta; Zentai, Andrea; Kovács, Viktória Anna; Martos, Eva 2012-07-15 For the healthy status the adequate intake of vitamins is essential. The Hungarian Diet and Nutritional Status Survey - joining to the European Health Interview Survey - studied the dietary habits of the Hungarian population. This work presents the vitamins intake. The intake of all water soluble vitamins, vitamin E and D were significantly higher in men than in women. Favourable phenomena were the increased β-carotene and vitamin C intakes in men and women compared to the earlier data. Intakes of vitamin C, B1-, B2-, B6- and B12, and niacin meet the recommendations. Crucially low intakes of vitamin D and folate were calculated in both genders, particularly in the elders, mainly in case of vitamin D. Imperfect intakes of panthotenic acid and biotin were also observed. For maintaining the adequate vitamin supply and for prevention of vitamin deficiency, diversified nutrition, information of the population on the basic principles of healthy nutrition and availability of healthy food are essential. 17. The H alpha Galaxy Survey. III. Constraints on supernova progenitors from spatial correlations with H alpha emission OpenAIRE James, P. A.; Anderson, J. P. 2006-01-01 Aims: We attempt to constrain progenitors of the different types of supernovae from their spatial distributions relative to star formation regions in their host galaxies, as traced by H alpha + NII line emission. Methods: We analyse 63 supernovae which have occurred within galaxies from our H alpha survey of the local Universe. Three statistical tests are used, based on pixel statistics, H alpha radial growth curves, and total galaxy emission-line fluxes. Results: Many more type II supernovae... 18. THE TENTH DATA RELEASE OF THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY: FIRST SPECTROSCOPIC DATA FROM THE SDSS-III APACHE POINT OBSERVATORY GALACTIC EVOLUTION EXPERIMENT Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ahn, Christopher P.; Anderton, Timothy [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (United States); Alexandroff, Rachael [Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218 (United States); Allende Prieto, Carlos [Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), C/Vía Láctea, s/n, E-38200, La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain); Anders, Friedrich [Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), An der Sternwarte 16, D-14482 Potsdam (Germany); Anderson, Scott F.; Bhardwaj, Vaishali [Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Box 351580, Seattle, WA 98195 (United States); Andrews, Brett H. [Department of Astronomy, Ohio State University, 140 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 (United States); Aubourg, Éric; Bautista, Julian E. [APC, University of Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75205 Paris (France); Bailey, Stephen; Beutler, Florian [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Bastien, Fabienne A.; Berlind, Andreas A.; Bird, Jonathan C. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, VU Station 1807, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Beers, Timothy C. [National Optical Astronomy Observatory, 950 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85719 (United States); Beifiori, Alessandra [Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstraße, D-85748 Garching (Germany); Bender, Chad F. [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 (United States); Bizyaev, Dmitry [Apache Point Observatory, P.O. Box 59, Sunspot, NM 88349 (United States); Blake, Cullen H. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 219 S. 33rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104 (United States); and others 2014-04-01 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) has been in operation since 2000 April. This paper presents the Tenth Public Data Release (DR10) from its current incarnation, SDSS-III. This data release includes the first spectroscopic data from the Apache Point Observatory Galaxy Evolution Experiment (APOGEE), along with spectroscopic data from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) taken through 2012 July. The APOGEE instrument is a near-infrared R ∼ 22,500 300 fiber spectrograph covering 1.514-1.696 μm. The APOGEE survey is studying the chemical abundances and radial velocities of roughly 100,000 red giant star candidates in the bulge, bar, disk, and halo of the Milky Way. DR10 includes 178,397 spectra of 57,454 stars, each typically observed three or more times, from APOGEE. Derived quantities from these spectra (radial velocities, effective temperatures, surface gravities, and metallicities) are also included. DR10 also roughly doubles the number of BOSS spectra over those included in the Ninth Data Release. DR10 includes a total of 1,507,954 BOSS spectra comprising 927,844 galaxy spectra, 182,009 quasar spectra, and 159,327 stellar spectra selected over 6373.2 deg{sup 2}. 19. The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: constraining modified gravity Science.gov (United States) Mueller, Eva-Maria; Percival, Will; Linder, Eric; Alam, Shadab; Zhao, Gong-Bo; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Beutler, Florian; Brinkmann, Jon 2018-04-01 We use baryon acoustic oscillation and redshift space distortion from the completed Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, corresponding to Data Release 12 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, combined sample analysis in combination with cosmic microwave background, supernova, and redshift space distortion measurements from additional spectroscopic surveys to test deviations from general relativity. We present constraints on several phenomenological models of modified gravity: First, we parametrize the growth of structure using the growth index γ, finding γ = 0.566 ± 0.058 (68 per cent C.L.). Secondly, we modify the relation of the two Newtonian potentials by introducing two additional parameters, GM and GL. In this approach, GM refers to modifications of the growth of structure whereas GL to modification of the lensing potential. We consider a power law to model the redshift dependence of GM and GL as well as binning in redshift space, introducing four additional degrees of freedom, GM(z 0.5), GL(z 0.5). At 68 per cent C.L., we measure GM = 0.980 ± 0.096 and GL = 1.082 ± 0.060 for a linear model, GM = 1.01 ± 0.36 and GL = 1.31 ± 0.19 for a cubic model as well as GM(z 0.5) = 0.986 ± 0.022, GL(z 0.5) = 1.037 ± 0.029. Thirdly, we investigate general scalar tensor theories of gravity, finding the model to be mostly unconstrained by current data. Assuming a one-parameter f(R) model, we can constrain B0 models we considered, we find good agreement with general relativity. 20. Disclosure of funding sources and conflicts of interest in phase III surgical trials: survey of ten general surgery journals. Science.gov (United States) Bridoux, Valérie; Moutel, Grégoire; Schwarz, Lilian; Michot, Francis; Herve, Christian; Tuech, Jean-Jacques 2014-10-01 Discussions regarding disclosure of funding sources and conflicts of interest (COI) in published peer-reviewed journal articles are becoming increasingly more common and intense. The aim of the present study was to examine whether randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in leading surgery journals report funding sources and COI. All articles reporting randomized controlled phase III trials published January 2005 through December 2010 were chosen for review from ten international journals. We evaluated the number of disclosed funding sources and COI, and the factors associated with such disclosures. From a review of 657 RCT from the ten journals, we discovered that presence or absence of a funding source and COI was disclosed by 47 % (309) and 25.1 % (165), respectively. Most articles in "International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE)-affiliated journals" did not disclose COI. Disclosure of funding was associated with a journal impact factor >3 (51.7 vs 41.6 %; p journal being ICMJE-affiliated (49.3 vs 40 %; p journal not being affiliated with ICMJE (36.9 vs 21.3 %; p < 0.001). Of the published studies we investigated, over half did not disclose funding sources (i.e., whether or not there was a funding source), and almost three quarters did not disclose whether COI existed. Our findings suggest the need to adopt best current practices regarding disclosure of competing interests to fulfill responsibilities to readers and, ultimately, to patients. 1. OER use in the Global South: A baseline survey of higher education instructors OpenAIRE de Oliveira Neto, José Dutra; Pete, Judith; Daryono; Cartmill, Tess 2017-01-01 The research presented here provides baseline data regarding the use of Open Educational Resources (OER) by higher education instructors in the Global South (South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and Southeast Asia). It does so while attending to how such activity (or inactivity) is differentiated across continental regions and associated countries. The chapter addresses two questions: what proportion of instructors in the Global South have used OER, and which variables may account for... 2. Searches for new Milky Way satellites from the first two years of data of the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam survey: Discovery of Cetus III Science.gov (United States) Homma, Daisuke; Chiba, Masashi; Okamoto, Sakurako; Komiyama, Yutaka; Tanaka, Masayuki; Tanaka, Mikito; Ishigaki, Miho N.; Hayashi, Kohei; Arimoto, Nobuo; Garmilla, José A.; Lupton, Robert H.; Strauss, Michael A.; Miyazaki, Satoshi; Wang, Shiang-Yu; Murayama, Hitoshi 2018-01-01 We present the results from a search for new Milky Way (MW) satellites from the first two years of data from the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) Subaru Strategic Program (SSP) ˜300 deg2 and report the discovery of a highly compelling ultra-faint dwarf galaxy candidate in Cetus. This is the second ultra-faint dwarf we have discovered after Virgo I reported in our previous paper. This satellite, Cetus III, has been identified as a statistically significant (10.7 σ) spatial overdensity of star-like objects, which are selected from a relevant isochrone filter designed for a metal-poor and old stellar population. This stellar system is located at a heliocentric distance of 251^{+24}_{-11}kpc with a most likely absolute magnitude of MV = -2.4 ± 0.6 mag estimated from a Monte Carlo analysis. Cetus III is extended with a half-light radius of r_h = 90^{+42}_{-17}pc, suggesting that this is a faint dwarf satellite in the MW located beyond the detection limit of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Further spectroscopic studies are needed to assess the nature of this stellar system. We also revisit and update the parameters for Virgo I, finding M_V = -0.33^{+0.75}_{-0.87}mag and r_h = 47^{+19}_{-13}pc. Using simulations of Λ-dominated cold dark matter models, we predict that we should find one or two new MW satellites from ˜300 deg2 HSC-SSP data, in rough agreement with the discovery rate so far. The further survey and completion of HSC-SSP over ˜1400 deg2 will provide robust insights into the missing satellites problem. 3. The OmegaWhite survey for short-period variable stars - III: follow-up photometric and spectroscopic observations Science.gov (United States) Macfarlane, S. A.; Woudt, P. A.; Groot, P. J.; Ramsay, G.; Toma, R.; Motsoaledi, M.; Crause, L. A.; Gilbank, D. G.; O'Donoghue, D.; Potter, S. B.; Sickafoose, A. A.; van Gend, C.; Worters, H. L. 2017-02-01 We present photometric and spectroscopic follow-up observations of short-period variables discovered in the OmegaWhite survey, a wide-field high-cadence g-band synoptic survey targeting the Galactic Plane. We have used fast photometry on the SAAO 1.0- and 1.9-m telescopes to obtain light curves of 27 variables, and use these results to validate the period and amplitude estimates from the OmegaWhite processing pipeline. Furthermore, 57 sources (44 unique, 13 with new light curves) were selected for spectroscopic follow-up using either the SAAO 1.9-m telescope or the Southern African Large Telescope. We find that many of these variables have spectra which are consistent with being δ Scuti-type pulsating stars. At higher amplitudes, we detect four possible pulsating white dwarf/subdwarf sources and an eclipsing cataclysmic variable. Due to their rarity, these targets are ideal candidates for detailed follow-up studies. From spectroscopy, we confirm the symbiotic binary star nature of two variables identified as such in the SIMBAD database. We also report what could possibly be the first detection of the Bump Cepheid' phenomena in a δ Scuti star, with OW J175848.21-271653.7 showing a pronounced 22 per cent amplitude dip lasting 3 min during each pulsational cycle peak. However, the precise nature of this target is still uncertain as it exhibits the spectral features of a B-type star. 4. Association between asthma and physical activity in Korean adolescents: the 3rd Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS-III). Science.gov (United States) Kim, Jae-Woo; So, Wi-Young; Kim, Yeon Soo 2012-12-01 Asthma is the leading chronic illness among children and adolescents in several nations. This study investigated the association between asthma and physical activity (PA). The findings in this study are based on the data obtained from the 2007 3rd Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (KYRBWS-III), a cross-sectional survey of health-risk behaviours among a representative sample of Korean middle- and high-school students aged 13-18 years. This survey is conducted annually by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The 72 943 study subjects were selected using the complex sampling design of the survey. The association between asthma and PA was assessed by conducting multiple logistic regression analyses of the data by using the statistical software SPSS 17.0 Complex Sample. Compared with the adolescents without current asthma, significantly fewer adolescents with current asthma had a sedentary time of 3 h or less per day (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.75-0.97). Sedentary time was defined as time spent watching television, surfing the Internet, or playing computer games and excluded the time spent doing homework or study during leisure time. The analysis was adjusted for age, gender, family affluence level (FAL), obesity, allergic rhinitis, atopy and smoking. With regard to participation in adequate vigorous or moderate PA, strengthening exercise or physical education class, no significant differences were found between the adolescent students with current asthma and those without current asthma. In addition, it was found that all PA had no significant differences in their effects on asthma severity (medication, inability to work and absence from school). Our results show that the amount of sedentary time influenced asthma prevalence; however, PA did not influence asthma prevalence in Korean adolescents. 5. Why do the biotechnology and the climate change debates hardly mix? Evidence from a global stakeholder survey. Science.gov (United States) Aerni, Philipp 2013-05-25 Despite its potential to address climate change problems, the role of biotechnology is hardly ever touched upon in the global sustainability debate. We wanted to know why. For that purpose, we conducted a global online stakeholder survey on biotechnology and climate change. The relevant stakeholders and their representatives were selected by means of key informants that were familiar with either of the two debates. A self-assessment showed that a majority of respondents felt more familiar with the climate change than the biotechnology debate. Even though the survey results reveal that most respondents consider the potential of modern biotechnology to address climate change to be substantial, the policy network analysis revealed that one stakeholder who is not just considered to be relevant in both debates but also crucial in the formation of global public opinion, strongly rejects the view that biotechnology is a climate-friendly and therefore clean technology. This influential opposition seems to ensure that the biotechnology and the climate change debates do not mix. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 6. Salience and Impact of Health Warning Label on Cigarette Packs in Vietnam: Findings From the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2015. Science.gov (United States) Ngoc Bich, Nguyen; Thu Ngan, Tran; Bao Giang, Kim; Thi Hai, Phan; Thi Thu Huyen, Doan; Ngoc Khue, Luong; Tuan Lam, Nguyen; Van Minh, Hoang; Thi Quynh Nga, Pham; The Quan, Nguyen; Loan, Vu Hoang 2018-04-13 Viet Nam is among the countries having highest rate of male smokers in the world. The country has joined the Global Tobacco Surveillance System since 2010. Under this system, two rounds of Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) were conducted in 2010 and 2015. Those two surveys provide excellent comparable data on tobacco usage and its related aspects in Vietnam. This study using the data from GATS 2015 to examine the salience and impact of cigarette pack health warnings on quitting intention in Vietnam. The Vietnam GATS 2015 was a nationally representative survey in which 9,513 households were selected using two-stage random systematic sampling method. Results of multivariate analysis showed that the strongest predictor for quit intention because of health warnings was "ever made a quit attempt in the past 12 months" followed by "believes that tobacco smoking causes serious illness". Compared to GATS 2010, GATS 2015 observed the increase in salience of cigarette health warnings. However, the current pictorial health warnings are losing their impact on motivating intention to quit. The results highlight that it is time to start the rotation cycle to refresh the current health warning set. Actions to select a new and more impressive set of pictorial health warnings should be developed as soon as possible. 7. THE SWIFT X-RAY TELESCOPE CLUSTER SURVEY. III. CLUSTER CATALOG FROM 2005-2012 ARCHIVAL DATA International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Liu, Teng; Wang, Jun-Xian; Tozzi, Paolo; Tundo, Elena; Moretti, Alberto; Rosati, Piero; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero; Campana, Sergio; Giavalisco, Mauro 2015-01-01 We present the Swift X-ray Cluster Survey (SWXCS) catalog obtained using archival data from the X-ray telescope (XRT) on board the Swift satellite acquired from 2005 February to 2012 November, extending the first release of the SWXCS. The catalog provides positions, soft fluxes, and, when possible, optical counterparts for a flux-limited sample of X-ray group and cluster candidates. We consider the fields with Galactic latitude |b| > 20° to avoid high H I column densities. We discard all of the observations targeted at groups or clusters of galaxies, as well as particular extragalactic fields not suitable to search for faint extended sources. We finally select ∼3000 useful fields covering a total solid angle of ∼400 deg 2 . We identify extended source candidates in the soft-band (0.5-2 keV) images of these fields using the software EXSdetect, which is specifically calibrated for the XRT data. Extensive simulations are used to evaluate contamination and completeness as a function of the source signal, allowing us to minimize the number of spurious detections and to robustly assess the selection function. Our catalog includes 263 candidate galaxy clusters and groups down to a flux limit of 7 × 10 –15 erg cm –2 s –1 in the soft band, and the logN-logS is in very good agreement with previous deep X-ray surveys. The final list of sources is cross-correlated with published optical, X-ray, and Sunyaev-Zeldovich catalogs of clusters. We find that 137 sources have been previously identified as clusters in the literature in independent surveys, while 126 are new detections. Currently, we have collected redshift information for 158 sources (60% of the entire sample). Once the optical follow-up and the X-ray spectral analysis of the sources are complete, the SWXCS will provide a large and well-defined catalog of groups and clusters of galaxies to perform statistical studies of cluster properties and tests of cosmological models 8. The Swift X-Ray Telescope Cluster Survey. III. Cluster Catalog from 2005-2012 Archival Data Science.gov (United States) Liu, Teng; Tozzi, Paolo; Tundo, Elena; Moretti, Alberto; Rosati, Piero; Wang, Jun-Xian; Tagliaferri, Gianpiero; Campana, Sergio; Giavalisco, Mauro 2015-02-01 We present the Swift X-ray Cluster Survey (SWXCS) catalog obtained using archival data from the X-ray telescope (XRT) on board the Swift satellite acquired from 2005 February to 2012 November, extending the first release of the SWXCS. The catalog provides positions, soft fluxes, and, when possible, optical counterparts for a flux-limited sample of X-ray group and cluster candidates. We consider the fields with Galactic latitude |b| > 20° to avoid high H I column densities. We discard all of the observations targeted at groups or clusters of galaxies, as well as particular extragalactic fields not suitable to search for faint extended sources. We finally select ~3000 useful fields covering a total solid angle of ~400 deg2. We identify extended source candidates in the soft-band (0.5-2 keV) images of these fields using the software EXSdetect, which is specifically calibrated for the XRT data. Extensive simulations are used to evaluate contamination and completeness as a function of the source signal, allowing us to minimize the number of spurious detections and to robustly assess the selection function. Our catalog includes 263 candidate galaxy clusters and groups down to a flux limit of 7 × 10-15 erg cm-2 s-1 in the soft band, and the logN-logS is in very good agreement with previous deep X-ray surveys. The final list of sources is cross-correlated with published optical, X-ray, and Sunyaev-Zeldovich catalogs of clusters. We find that 137 sources have been previously identified as clusters in the literature in independent surveys, while 126 are new detections. Currently, we have collected redshift information for 158 sources (60% of the entire sample). Once the optical follow-up and the X-ray spectral analysis of the sources are complete, the SWXCS will provide a large and well-defined catalog of groups and clusters of galaxies to perform statistical studies of cluster properties and tests of cosmological models. 9. Survey of fish impingement at power plants in the United States. Volume III. Estuaries and coastal waters International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Stupka, R.C.; Sharma, R.K. 1977-03-01 Impingement of fish at cooling-water intakes of 32 power plants, located on estuaries and coastal waters has been surveyed and data are presented. Descriptions of site, plant, and intake design and operation are provided. Reports in this volume summarize impingement data for individual plants in tabular and histogram formats. Information was available from differing sources such as the utilities themselves, public documents, regulatory agencies, and others. Thus, the extent of detail in the reports varies greatly from plant to plant. Histogram preparation involved an extrapolation procedure that has inadequacies. The reader is cautioned in the use of information presented in this volume to determine intake-design acceptability or intensity of impacts on ecosystems. No conclusions are presented herein; data comparisons are made in Volume IV 10. Histoplasmosis and Paracoccidioidomycosis in northwestern Argentina III. Epidemiological survey in Vipos, La Toma, and Choromoro - Trancas, Tucuman, Argentina International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Komaid, Aida van Gelderen de; Duran, Estela; Kestelman, Isabel Borges de 1999-01-01 The present work was undertaken to obtain epidemiological data on the extent and distribution of Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum and Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis diseases in the Vipos, La Toma and Choromoro areas. Skin test surveys with histoplasmin and paracoccidioidin were carried out in the permanent human population of those localities. Mycological sputum studies and serological tests were performed to skin test reactors to determine if there were signs or symptoms of active mycotic disease. La Toma and Choromoro are highly prevalent areas of histoplasmosis ( > 30% the histoplasmin positive individuals) whereas Vipos can be relatively considered a highly prevalent area (between 20-30% the histoplasmin reactors) according to the normally accepted range used to define an endemic disease [2]. Early Histoplasma capsulatum infection ( < 10 years old) is reported for Vipos and Choromoro. La Toma has the highest rate of previous exposure to P. brasiliensis detected in the studied area (10.2%). Vipos residents are not infected with P. brasiliensis 11. Survey of fish impingement at power plants in the United States. Volume III. Estuaries and coastal waters Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Stupka, Richard C.; Sharma, Rajendra K. 1977-03-01 Impingement of fish at cooling-water intakes of 32 power plants, located on estuaries and coastal waters has been surveyed and data are presented. Descriptions of site, plant, and intake design and operation are provided. Reports in this volume summarize impingement data for individual plants in tabular and histogram formats. Information was available from differing sources such as the utilities themselves, public documents, regulatory agencies, and others. Thus, the extent of detail in the reports varies greatly from plant to plant. Histogram preparation involved an extrapolation procedure that has inadequacies. The reader is cautioned in the use of information presented in this volume to determine intake-design acceptability or intensity of impacts on ecosystems. No conclusions are presented herein; data comparisons are made in Volume IV. 12. Dimensionality of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder and its association with suicide attempts: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Chiung M; Yoon, Young-Hee; Harford, Thomas C; Grant, Bridget F 2017-06-01 Emerging confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) studies suggest that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is best characterized by seven factors, including re-experiencing, avoidance, negative affect, anhedonia, externalizing behaviors, and anxious and dysphoric arousal. The seven factors, however, have been found to be highly correlated, suggesting that one general factor may exist to explain the overall correlations among symptoms. Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III, a large, national survey of 36,309 U.S. adults ages 18 and older, this study proposed and tested an exploratory bifactor hybrid model for DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. The model posited one general and seven specific latent factors, whose associations with suicide attempts and mediating psychiatric disorders were used to validate the PTSD dimensionality. The exploratory bifactor hybrid model fitted the data extremely well, outperforming the 7-factor CFA hybrid model and other competing CFA models. The general factor was found to be the single dominant latent trait that explained most of the common variance (~76%) and showed significant, positive associations with suicide attempts and mediating psychiatric disorders, offering support to the concurrent validity of the PTSD construct. The identification of the primary latent trait of PTSD confirms PTSD as an independent psychiatric disorder and helps define PTSD severity in clinical practice and for etiologic research. The accurate specification of PTSD factor structure has implications for treatment efforts and the prevention of suicidal behaviors. 13. K1-95-HW, cruise report 1995: preliminary results. Phase III: sediment chemistry and biological sampling survey Science.gov (United States) Torresan, M.E.; Hampton, M.A.; Barber, J.H.; Wong, F.L. 1995-01-01 Mamala Bay, off the south shore of the island of Oahu, has been used as a repository of dredged material primarily from Pearl and Honolulu Harbors for over a century. The U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency are conducting an integrated study on the distribution and character of dredged materials as well as the effects of dredged material on the marine environment. A three phase study is providing information to evaluate the effects on seafloor substrate and the benthic fauna. The studies include geophysical profiling and imaging, bottom photography, sampling, chemical and physical analyses of sediment, and evaluations of the benthic population, population density, and adverse impacts to the benthic fauna. Phase 1, conducted in 1993, inventoried the seafloor via remote sensing. Sidescan sonar and subbottom profilers characterized the seafloor in and around the disposal sites, and the resulting products reveal the character and extent of the dredged material. These data were used to plan Phase 2 in 1994, a sampling program that employed subbottom profilers, video and still photography, and seafloor sampling to ground truth the sonar mosaic and identify the seafloor substrates responsible for the various acoustic signatures on the sonar images and subbottom profiles. Box coring provided the samples necessary to distinguish dredged material from native sediment, and for the chemical analyses used to determine contaminant concentrations. Phase 3 studies conducted in June of 1995 consisted of box core sampling for chemical and biological analyses. Specific studies include: infaunal taxonomy and population density, bioassay/bioaccumulation, sediment chemistry, and post-disposal resuspension and transport. The 1995 survey, conducted June 14 through 17, resulted in the collection of 39 box cores from 20 different stations. Multiple box cores were composited at 7 different locations occupied in 1994, to provide 14. Serum Phosphorus and Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III): Effect Modification by Fasting Science.gov (United States) Chang, Alex R.; Grams, Morgan 2014-01-01 Background Serum phosphorus levels have been associated with mortality in some but not all studies. Since dietary intake prior to measurement can affect serum phosphorus levels, we hypothesized that the association between serum phosphorus and mortality is strongest in those who have fasted for longer duration. Study Design Prospective cohort study. Setting & Participants Nationally representative sample of 12,984 participants aged 20 years or older in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988–1994). Factors Serum phosphorus, fasting duration (dichotomized as ≥12 or phosphorus measured in a central laboratory and fasting duration recorded as amount of time since food or drink other than water was consumed. Results Individuals fasting ≥12 hours had lower serum phosphorus levels than those fasting phosphorus was associated with increased mortality in participants fasting ≥12 hours (adjusted HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.38–2.20; reference, lowest quartile) but not in participants fasting phosphorus levels were associated with increased mortality. Risk prognostication based on serum phosphorus may be improved using fasting levels. PMID:24935232 15. Serum phosphorus and mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III): effect modification by fasting. Science.gov (United States) Chang, Alex R; Grams, Morgan E 2014-10-01 Serum phosphorus levels have been associated with mortality in some but not all studies. Because dietary intake prior to measurement can affect serum phosphorus levels, we hypothesized that the association between serum phosphorus level and mortality is strongest in those who have fasted longer. Prospective cohort study. Nationally representative sample of 12,984 participants 20 years or older in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Serum phosphorus level, fasting duration (dichotomized as ≥ 12 or fasting duration recorded as time since food or drink other than water was consumed. Individuals fasting 12 or more hours had lower serum phosphorus levels than those fasting less than 12 hours (3.34 vs 3.55 mg/dL; P fasting 12 or more hours (adjusted HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.38-2.20; reference, lowest quartile) but not in participants fasting less than 12 hours (adjusted HR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.89-1.32; P for interaction = 0.002). Relationships were consistent using 8 hours as the fasting cutoff point or cardiovascular mortality as the outcome. Observational study, lack of fibroblast growth factor 23 or intact parathyroid hormone measurements. Fasting but not nonfasting serum phosphorus levels were associated with increased mortality. Risk prognostication based on serum phosphorus may be improved using fasting levels. Copyright © 2014 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 16. Surveying Geology Concepts in Education Standards for a Rapidly Changing Global Context Science.gov (United States) Guffey, Sarah K.; Slater, Stephanie J.; Schleigh, Sharon P.; Slater, Timothy F.; Heyer, Inge 2016-01-01 Internationally much attention is being paid to which of a seemingly endless list of scientific concepts should be taught to schoolchildren to enable them to best participate in the global economy of the 21st Century. In regards to science education, the concepts framing the subject of geology holds exalted status as core scientific principles in… 17. Global survey of anthropogenic neighborhood threats to conservation of grass-shrub and forest vegetation Science.gov (United States) Kurt H. Riitters; James D. Wickham; Timothy G. Wade; Peter Vogt 2012-01-01 The conservation value of natural vegetation is degraded by proximity to anthropogenic land uses. Previous global assessments focused primarily on the amount of land protected or converted to anthropogenic uses, and on forest vegetation. Comparative assessments of extant vegetation in terms of proximity to anthropogenic land uses are needed to better inform... 18. The G8 global partnership - a survey of the German activities and their legal framework International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Fillbrandt, M. 2006-01-01 At the G8 summit in Kananaskis, Canada, in 2002, the G8 partners established the 'Global Partnership against the Proliferation of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction'. The Federal Republic of Germany and the Russian Federation at present cooperate in three areas within the framework of the G8 Global Partnership: (1) Destruction of chemical weapons. (2) Construction of a long-term interim store for the safe storage of irradiated reactor segments of decommissioned nuclear submarines. (3) Modernization of the physical protection of Russian nuclear material. The article mainly covers the 'Modernization of the Physical Protection of Russian Nuclear Material' project. The key part contains an explanation of the legal basis of the project. The main contents and functions of applicable bilateral and multilateral agreements are explained on the basis of the principles and guidelines adopted in connection with the declaration of the G8 Heads of State and Government about global partnership. It is shown that a complex set of rules and contracts are necessary to meet the requirements posed by projects of G8 Global Partnership. (orig.) 19. Survey on the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Education Abroad Science.gov (United States) Forum on Education Abroad, 2009 2009-01-01 The Forum on Education Abroad is a global membership association of nearly 400 institutions and organizations that together represent approximately 90% of the U.S. students that study abroad. The Forum is the only organization devoted exclusively to representing the field of education abroad and is designated the Standards Development Organization… 20. U.S. Geological Survey assessment of global potash production and resources—A significant advancement for global development and a sustainable future. Science.gov (United States) Cocker, Mark D.; Orris, Greta J.; Wynn, Jeff 2016-01-01 During the past 15 yr, the global requirement for fertilizers has grown considerably, mainly due to demand by a larger and wealthier world population for more and higher-quality food. The demand and price for potash as a primary fertilizer ingredient have increased in tandem, because of the necessity to increase the quantity and quality of food production on the decreasing amount of available arable land. The primary sources of potash are evaporates, which occur mainly in marine salt basins and a few brine-bearing continental basins. World potash resources are large, but distribution is inequitable and not presently developed in countries where population and food requirements are large and increasing. There is no known substitute for potash in fertilizer, so knowledge of the world’s potash resources is critical for a sustainable future. The U.S. Geological Survey recently completed a global assessment of evaporite-hosted potash resources, which included a geographic information system–based inventory of known potash resources. This assessment included permissive areas or tracts for undiscovered resources at a scale of 1:1,000,000. Assessments of undiscovered potash resources were conducted for a number of the world’s evaporite-hosted potash basins. The data collected provide a major advance in our knowledge of global potash resources that did not exist prior to this study. The two databases include: (1) potash deposits and occurrences, and (2) potash tracts (basins that contain these deposits and occurrences and potentially undiscovered potash deposits). Data available include geology, mineralogy, grade, tonnage, depth, thickness, areal extent, and structure, as well as numerous pertinent references. 1. Nosologic Comparisons of DSM-IV and DSM-5 Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III Science.gov (United States) Goldstein, Risë B.; Chou, S. Patricia; Smith, Sharon M.; Jung, Jeesun; Zhang, Haitao; Saha, Tulshi D.; Pickering, Roger P.; June Ruan, W.; Huang, Boji; Grant, Bridget F. 2015-01-01 Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine prevalences and concordances between Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), and Fifth Edition (DSM-5) substance use disorders (SUDs) in a newly completed U.S. epidemiologic survey. Method: The National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III surveyed 36,309 civilian, noninstitutionalized adults. SUDs were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule–5. Concordances between DSM-IV and DSM-5 disorders were assessed using kappa statistics. Results: Prevalences of past-year substance-specific DSM-5 disorders (2+ criteria) were modestly higher than those of DSM-IV dependence and abuse combined for alcohol, sedatives/tranquilizers, opioids, and heroin, but lower for cannabis, cocaine, and stimulants. Lifetime prevalences were lower under DSM-5. Prevalences were similar between moderate to severe (4+ criteria) DSM-5 disorders and dependence, whereas prevalences of DSM-5 disorders at 3+ criteria (DSM-5 [3+]) were higher, particularly for cannabis. Past-year concordances were excellent for DSM-IV dependence and abuse combined versus any DSM-5 and DSM-IV dependence versus DSM-5 moderate to severe disorders; lifetime concordances were fair to excellent. Past-year concordances between DSM-IV and DSM-5 (3+) were generally similar to or modestly higher than those with any DSM-5 disorder; lifetime concordances were mostly lower. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with those informing the development of DSM-5. Future research should examine differences in patterns between past-year and lifetime disorders, particularly for cannabis. Other questions warranting investigation include whether different combinations of the same numbers of criteria carry different clinical or nosologic implications, whether changes innosology yield changes in treatment demand, and whether changes in characteristics of individuals with DSM-5 SUDs 2. The VLA Nascent Disk And Multiplicity Survey of Perseus Protostars (VANDAM). III. Extended Radio Emission from Protostars in Perseus Science.gov (United States) Tychoniec, Łukasz; Tobin, John J.; Karska, Agata; Chandler, Claire; Dunham, Michael M.; Li, Zhi-Yun; Looney, Leslie W.; Segura-Cox, Dominique; Harris, Robert J.; Melis, Carl; Sadavoy, Sarah I. 2018-01-01 Centimeter continuum emission from protostars offers insight into the innermost part of the outflows, as shock-ionized gas produces free–free emission. We observed a complete population of Class 0 and I protostars in the Perseus molecular cloud at 4.1 and 6.4 cm with resolution and sensitivity superior to previous surveys. From a total of 71 detections, eight sources exhibit resolved emission at 4.1 cm and/or 6.4 cm. In this paper, we focus on this subsample, analyzing their spectral indices along the jet and their alignment with respect to the large-scale molecular outflow. Spectral indices for fluxes integrated toward the position of the protostar are consistent with free–free thermal emission. The value of the spectral index along a radio jet decreases with distance from the protostar. For six sources, emission is well aligned with the outflow central axis, showing that we observe the ionized base of the jet. This is not the case for two sources, where we note misalignment of the emission with respect to the large-scale outflow. This might indicate that the emission does not originate in the radio jet, but rather in an ionized outflow cavity wall or disk surface. For five of the sources, the spectral indices along the jet decrease well below the thermal free–free limit of ‑0.1 with > 2σ significance. This is indicative of synchrotron emission, meaning that high-energy electrons are being produced in the outflows close to the disk. This result can have far-reaching implications for the chemical composition of the embedded disks. 3. Associations of metabolic syndrome with inflammation in CKD: results From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Science.gov (United States) Beddhu, Srinivasan; Kimmel, Paul L; Ramkumar, Nirupama; Cheung, Alfred K 2005-10-01 Although metabolic syndrome is associated with inflammation in the general population, it is unknown whether similar associations exist in patients with chronic kidney disease. +7 cross-sectional associations of metabolic syndrome and its component conditions (diabetes, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, abdominal obesity, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level) with inflammation (C-reactive protein level > 3 mg/L) were examined by using logistic regression models in groups with high (>90 mL/min/1.73 m2 [>1.50 mL/s]), moderate (45 to 89 mL/min/1.73 m2 [0.75 to 1.49 mL/s]), and low (creatinine clearances in 15,314 subjects participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Adjusted for demographics, smoking, history of myocardial infarction or stroke, exercise level, and use of cholesterol medications, the presence of metabolic syndrome was associated with greater odds for inflammation in the groups with high (odds ratio, 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99 to 3.27), moderate (odds ratio, 2.17; 95% CI, 1.81 to 2.60), and low (odds ratio, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.36 to 2.56) creatinine clearances. When all 5 components of metabolic syndrome were included in the same model, only hypertension, abdominal obesity, and low high-density lipoprotein level were associated significantly with inflammation in all 3 groups. There also was a graded association between number of component conditions of metabolic syndrome and inflammation within each creatinine-clearance group. Metabolic syndrome is associated with inflammation in patients with varying levels of kidney function. Future studies are warranted to determine in patients with chronic kidney disease whether there is a synergistic effect of metabolic syndrome and inflammation on the incidence of atherosclerotic events and whether interventions targeted toward metabolic syndrome might modulate inflammation. 4. On the interpretation of World Values Survey trust question - global expectations vs. local beliefs DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Banerjee, Ritwik How should we interpret the World Values Survey (WVS) trust question? We conduct an experiment in India - a low trust country, to correlate the WVS trust question with trust decisions in an incentivized Trust Game. Evidence supports findings from one strand of the fractured literature - the WVS t... 5. A survey of snail farms in Cross River State, Nigeria | Ogogo | Global ... African Journals Online (AJOL) The existence of snail in the wild has become threatened, and information on the efficiency and effectiveness of ex - situ management of snails in many areas is urgently needed for consistent supply of snails. This work, therefore surveyed the practice and adoption of snail farming technology in Cross River State, Nigeria. 6. Determinants of Tobacco Use among Students Aged 13-15 Years in Nepal and Sri Lanka: Results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 2007 Science.gov (United States) Kabir, M. A.; Goh, Kim-Leng 2014-01-01 Objectives: This study aimed to investigate tobacco use behaviours and their correlates among secondary school students in Nepal and Sri Lanka together with cross-country comparisons. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Methods and Settings: The data were obtained from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), 2007. Current tobacco use was considered as… 7. WHO/UNEP global surveys of PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs and DDTs in human milk and benefit-risk evaluation of breastfeeding NARCIS (Netherlands) van den Berg, Martin|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/08660466X; Kypke, Karin; Kotz, Alexander; Tritscher, Angelika; Lee, Seoung Yong; Magulova, Katarina; Fiedler, Heidelore; Malisch, Rainer Since 1987, the World Health Organization (WHO) carried out global surveys on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in human milk. This study presents a review of the three most recent surveys from 2000 to 2010, 8. Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorder, 2012–2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions – III Science.gov (United States) Hasin, Deborah S.; Kerridge, Bradley T.; Saha, Tulshi D.; Huang, Boji; Pickering, Roger; Smith, Sharon M.; Jung, Jeesun; Zhang, Haitao; Grant, Bridget F. 2016-01-01 Objective Attitudes towards marijuana are changing, the prevalence of DSM-IV cannabis use disorder has increased, and DSM-5 modified the diagnostic criteria for cannabis use disorders. Therefore, updated information is needed on the prevalence, demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, disability and treatment for DSM-5 cannabis use disorders in the US adult population. Method In 2012–2013, a nationally representative sample of 36,309 participants ≥18 years were interviewed in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). Psychiatric and substance use disorders were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5. Results Prevalence of 12-month and lifetime marijuana use disorder was 2.5% and 6.3%. Among those with 12-month and lifetime marijuana use disorder, marijuana use was frequent; mean days used per year was 225.3 (SE=5.69) and 274.2 (SE=3.76). Odds of 12-month and lifetime marijuana use disorder were higher for men, Native Americans, those unmarried, with low incomes, and young adults, (e.g., OR=7.2, 95% CI 5.5–9.5 for 12-month disorder among those 18–24 years compared to those ≥45 years). Marijuana use disorder was associated with other substance disorders, affective, anxiety and personality disorders. Twelve-month marijuana use disorder was associated with disability. As disorder severity increased, virtually all associations became stronger. Only 24.3% with lifetime marijuana use disorder participated in 12-step programs or professional treatment. Conclusions DSM-5 marijuana use disorder is prevalent, associated with comorbidity and disability, and often untreated. Findings suggest the need to improve prevention methods, and educate the public, professionals and policy makers about the harms associated with marijuana use disorders and available interventions. PMID:26940807 9. The Impact of Entrepreneur-CEOs in Microfinance Institutions: A Global Survey OpenAIRE Randøy, Trond; Strøm, R. Øystein; Mersland, Roy 2015-01-01 Microfinance is a global high-growth industry, in which entrepreneurship is prevalent and substantial. Based on the theoretical argument that microfinance entrepreneur-CEOs are “motivated agents” with a unique ability to hire and socialize mission-oriented staff, we hypothesize that these CEOs produce more sustainable microfinance institutions with better social performance and lower costs. This study utilizes data from 295 microfinance institutions in 73 developing countries, assessed betwee... 10. Twenty years of global groundwater research: A Science Citation Index Expanded-based bibliometric survey (1993-2012) Science.gov (United States) Niu, Beibei; Loáiciga, Hugo A.; Wang, Zhen; Zhan, F. Benjamin; Hong, Song 2014-11-01 A bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate groundwater research from different perspectives in the period 1993-2012 based on the Science Citation Index-Expanded (SCIE) database. The bibliometric analysis summarizes output, categorical, geographical, and institutional patterns, as well as research hotspots in global groundwater studies. Groundwater research experienced notable growth in the past two decades. ;Environmental sciences;, ;water resources; and ;multidisciplinary geosciences; were the three major subject categories. The Journal of Hydrology published the largest number of groundwater-related publications in the surveyed period. Major author clusters and research regions are located in the United States, Western Europe, Eastern and Southern Asia, and Eastern Australia. The United States was a leading contributor to global groundwater research with the largest number of independent and collaborative papers, its dominance affirmed by housing 12 of the top 20 most active institutions reporting groundwater-related research. The US Geological Survey, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the USDA Agricultural Research Service were the three institutions with the largest number of groundwater-related publications. A keywords analysis revealed that groundwater quality and contamination, effective research technologies, and treatment technologies for water-quality improvement were the main research areas in the study period. Several keywords such as ;arsenic;, ;climate change;, ;fluoride;, ;groundwater management;, ;hydrogeochemistry;, ;uncertainty;, ;numerical modeling;, ;seawater intrusion;, ;adsorption;, ;remote sensing;, ;land use;, ;USA;(as study site), and ;water supply; received dramatically increased attention during the study period, possibly signaling future research trends. 11. Large Area Scene Selection Interface (LASSI). Methodology of Selecting Landsat Imagery for the Global Land Survey 2005 Science.gov (United States) Franks, Shannon; Masek, Jeffrey G.; Headley, Rachel M.; Gasch, John; Arvidson, Terry 2009-01-01 The Global Land Survey (GLS) 2005 is a cloud-free, orthorectified collection of Landsat imagery acquired during the 2004-2007 epoch intended to support global land-cover and ecological monitoring. Due to the numerous complexities in selecting imagery for the GLS2005, NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) sponsored the development of an automated scene selection tool, the Large Area Scene Selection Interface (LASSI), to aid in the selection of imagery for this data set. This innovative approach to scene selection applied a user-defined weighting system to various scene parameters: image cloud cover, image vegetation greenness, choice of sensor, and the ability of the Landsat 7 Scan Line Corrector (SLC)-off pair to completely fill image gaps, among others. The parameters considered in scene selection were weighted according to their relative importance to the data set, along with the algorithm's sensitivity to that weight. This paper describes the methodology and analysis that established the parameter weighting strategy, as well as the post-screening processes used in selecting the optimal data set for GLS2005. 12. Large area scene selection interface (LASSI): Methodology of selecting landsat imagery for The Global Land Survey 2005 Science.gov (United States) Franks, S.; Masek, J.G.; Headley, R.M.K.; Gasch, J.; Arvidson, T. 2009-01-01 The Global Land Survey (GLS) 2005 is a cloud-free, orthorec-tified collection of Landsat imagery acquired during the 2004 to 2007 epoch intended to support global land-cover and ecological monitoring. Due to the numerous complexities in selecting imagery for the GLS2005, NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) sponsored the development of an automated scene selection tool, the Large Area Scene Selection Interface (LASSI), to aid in the selection of imagery for this data set. This innovative approach to scene selection applied a user-defined weighting system to various scene parameters: image cloud cover, image vegetation greenness, choice of sensor, and the ability of the Landsat-7 Scan Line Corrector (SLC)-off pair to completely fill image gaps, among others. The parameters considered in scene selection were weighted according to their relative importance to the data set, along with the algorithm’s sensitivity to that weight. This paper describes the methodology and analysis that established the parameter weighting strategy, as well as the post-screening processes used in selecting the optimal data set for GLS2005. 13. A Global Oral Health Survey of professional opinion using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Science.gov (United States) Dougall, Alison; Molina, Gustavo F; Eschevins, Caroline; Faulks, Denise 2015-06-01 The concept of oral health is frequently reduced to the absence of disease, despite existing conceptual models exploring the wider determinants of oral health and quality of life. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (WHO) is designed to qualify functional, social and environmental aspects of health. This survey aimed to reach a consensual description of adult oral health, derived from the ICF using international professional opinion. The Global Oral Health Survey involved a two-round, online survey concerning factors related to oral health including functioning, participation and social environment. Four hundred eighty-six oral health professionals from 74 countries registered online. Professionals were pooled into 18 groups of six WHO world regions and three professional groups. In a randomised stratification process, eight professionals from each pool (n=144) completed the survey. The first round consisted of eight open-ended questions. Open expression replies were analysed for meaningful concepts and linked using established rules to the ICF. In Round 2, items were rated for their relevance to oral health (88% response rate). Eighty-nine ICF items and 30 other factors were considered relevant by at least 80% of participants. International professionals reached consensus on a holistic description of oral health, which could be qualified and quantified using the ICF. These results represent the first step towards developing an ICF Core Set in Oral Health, which would provide a practical tool for reporting outcome measures in clinical practice, for research and epidemiology, and for the improvement of interdisciplinary communication regarding oral health. Professional consensus reached in this survey is the foundation stone for developing an ICF Core Set in Oral Health, allowing the holistic aspects of oral health to be qualified and quantified. This tool is necessary to widen our approach to clinical decision making 14. Perspectives on the Market Globalization of Korean Herbal Manufacturers: A Company-Based Survey OpenAIRE Kim, Dongsu; Ahn, Miyoung; Jung, Jeeyoun; Kwon, Soohyun; Park, Eun-Ji; Koo, Ki Hoon; Woo, Jong-Min 2015-01-01 The growth of herbal markets has increased substantially in South Korea, but the worldwide market share remains small despite significant governmental efforts. This study aimed to characterize manufacturing employment and identify employees’ general perceptions of market expansion. A survey study covering 567 companies was conducted using face-to-face interviews in 2012. Data were analyzed using comparisons among three manufacturing groups (i.e., the herbal dietary supplement manufacturing gr... 15. Tenth Annual UCLA Survey of Business School Computer USage: A Global Perspective OpenAIRE Frand, Jason L.; Britt, Julia A.; Ng, Alvin 1993-01-01 Business schools today are allocating a greater and greater portion of their overall budget to support information technology. When UCLA’s Anderson School first began its survey ten years ago, microcomputers were a rare commodity on college campuses. This year, the 180 schools responding reported an average of 239 microcomputers per school. This explosive growth represents a technological evolution of major proportion and creates an opportunity to change the nature of business education. ... 16. Authors’ perspectives on academic publishing: initial observations from a large-scale global survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Basil D’Souza 2018-02-01 Full Text Available Authors are at the heart of academic publishing, but their voices are underrepresented in discussions about improving the academic publishing system. To understand the viewpoints of authors on various aspects of academic publishing and the challenges they face, we developed a large-scale survey entitled “Author perspectives on the academic publishing process” and made it available in December 2016. The survey has received 8,795 responses; this paper is based on the interim results drawn from 5,293 survey responses, and presents some interesting and thought-provoking trends that were observed in the authors’ responses, such as their interpretation of plagiarism and decisive factors in journal selection, as well as their thoughts on what needs to change in the publishing system for it to be more author-friendly. Some of the most important findings of the survey were: (1 the majority of the authors found manuscript preparation to be the most challenging task in the publication process, (2 the impact factor of a journal was reported to be the most important consideration for journal selection, (3 most authors found journal guidelines to be incomplete, (4 major gaps existed in author-journal communication, and (5 although awareness of ethics was high, awareness of good publication practice standards was low. Moreover, more than half of the participants indicated that among areas for improvement in the publishing system, they would like to see changes in the time it takes to publish a paper, the peer review process, and the fairness and objectivity of the publication process. These findings indicate the necessity of making the journal publication process more author-centered and smoothing the way for authors to get published. 17. Global Women's Health Education in Canadian Obstetrics and Gynaecology Residency Programs: A Survey of Program Directors and Senior Residents. Science.gov (United States) Millar, Heather C; Randle, Elizabeth A; Scott, Heather M; Shaw, Dorothy; Kent, Nancy; Nakajima, Amy K; Spitzer, Rachel F 2015-10-01 To become culturally competent practitioners with the ability to care and advocate for vulnerable populations, residents must be educated in global health priorities. In the field of obstetrics and gynaecology, there is minimal information about global women's health (GWH) education and interest within residency programs. We wished to determine within obstetrics and gynaecology residency programs across Canada: (1) current GWH teaching and support, (2) the importance of GWH to residents and program directors, and (3) the level of interest in a national postgraduate GWH curriculum. We conducted an online survey across Canada of obstetrics and gynaecology residency program directors and senior obstetrics and gynaecology residents. Of 297 residents, 101 (34.0%) responded to the survey and 76 (26%) completed the full survey. Eleven of 16 program directors (68.8%) responded and 10/16 (62.5%) provided complete responses. Four of 11 programs (36.4%) had a GWH curriculum, 2/11 (18.2%) had a GWH budget, and 4/11 (36.4%) had a GWH chairperson. Nine of 10 program directors (90%) and 68/79 residents (86.1%) felt that an understanding of GWH issues is important for all Canadian obstetrics and gynaecology trainees. Only 1/10 program directors (10%) and 11/79 residents (13.9%) felt that their program offered sufficient education in these issues. Of residents in programs with a GWH curriculum, 12/19 (63.2%) felt that residents in their program who did not undertake an international elective would still learn about GWH, versus only 9/50 residents (18.0%) in programs without a curriculum (P education is important for all trainees and is currently insufficient. There is a high level of interest in a national postgraduate GWH educational module. 18. Antismoking messages and current cigarette smoking status in Somaliland: results from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey 2004 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Muula Adamson S 2008-05-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Tobacco is a leading cause of death globally. There are limited reports on current cigarette smoking prevalence and its associated-antismoking messages among adolescents in conflict zones of the world. We, therefore, conducted secondary analysis of data to estimate the prevalence of current cigarette smoking, and to determine associations of antismoking messages with smoking status. Methods We used data from the Somaliland Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS of 2004 to estimate the prevalence of smoking. We also assessed whether being exposed to anti-smoking media, education and having discussed with family members on the harmful effects of smoking were associated with smoking. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess these associations. Current smoking was defined as having reported smoking cigarettes, even a single puff, in the last 30 days preceding the survey (main outcome. Results Altogether 1563 adolescents participated in the survey. However, 1122 had data on the main outcome. Altogether, 15.8% of the respondents reported having smoked cigarettes (10.3% among males, and 11.1% among females. Factors that were associated with reported non-smoking were: discussing harmful effects of smoking cigarettes with their family members (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.52, 0.71; being taught that smoking makes teeth yellow, causes wrinkles and smokers smell badly (OR = 0.62, 95% CI 0.52, 0.74; being taught that people of the respondent's age do not smoke (OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.69, 0.95; and having reported that religious organizations discouraged young people smoking (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.60, 0.82. However, exposure to a lot many antismoking messages at social gatherings was associated with smoking. Exposure to antismoking print media was not associated with smoking status. Conclusion A combination of school and home based antismoking interventions may be effective in controlling adolescent smoking in Somaliland. 19. The CALYMHA survey: Lyα luminosity function and global escape fraction of Lyα photons at z = 2.23 Science.gov (United States) Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Best, Philip; Stroe, Andra; Röttgering, Huub; Oteo, Iván; Smail, Ian; Morabito, Leah; Paulino-Afonso, Ana 2017-04-01 We present the CAlibrating LYMan-α with Hα (CALYMHA) pilot survey and new results on Lyman α (Lyα) selected galaxies at z ˜ 2. We use a custom-built Lyα narrow-band filter at the Isaac Newton Telescope, designed to provide a matched volume coverage to the z = 2.23 Hα HiZELS survey. Here, we present the first results for the COSMOS and UDS fields. Our survey currently reaches a 3σ line flux limit of ˜4 × 10-17 erg s-1 cm-2, and a Lyα luminosity limit of ˜1042.3 erg s-1. We find 188 Lyα emitters over 7.3 × 105 Mpc3, but also find significant numbers of other line-emitting sources corresponding to He II, C III] and C IV emission lines. These sources are important contaminants, and we carefully remove them, unlike most previous studies. We find that the Lyα luminosity function at z = 2.23 is very well described by a Schechter function up to LLy α ≈ 1043 erg s-1 with L^{ast }=10^{42.59^{+0.16}_{-0.08}} erg s-1, φ ^{ast }=10^{-3.09^{+0.14}_{-0.34}} Mpc-3 and α = -1.75 ± 0.25. Above LLy α ≈ 1043 erg s-1, the Lyα luminosity function becomes power-law like, driven by X-ray AGN. We find that Lyα-selected emitters have a high escape fraction of 37 ± 7 per cent, anticorrelated with Lyα luminosity and correlated with Lyα equivalent width. Lyα emitters have ubiquitous large (≈40 kpc) Lyα haloes, ˜2 times larger than their Hα extents. By directly comparing our Lyα and Hα luminosity functions, we find that the global/overall escape fraction of Lyα photons (within a 13 kpc radius) from the full population of star-forming galaxies is 5.1 ± 0.2 per cent at the peak of the star formation history. An extra 3.3 ± 0.3 per cent of Lyα photons likely still escape, but at larger radii. 20. The Global Garlic Mustard Field Survey (GGMFS: challenges and opportunities of a unique, large-scale collaboration for invasion biology Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Robert Colautti 2014-04-01 Full Text Available To understand what makes some species successful invaders, it is critical to quantify performance differences between native and introduced regions, and among populations occupying a broad range of environmental conditions within each region. However, these data are not available even for the world’s most notorious invasive species. Here we introduce the Global Garlic Mustard Field Survey, a coordinated distributed field survey to collect performance data and germplasm from a single invasive species: garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata across its entire distribution using minimal resources. We chose this species for its ecological impacts, prominence in ecological studies of invasion success, simple life history, and several genetic and life history attributes that make it amenable to experimental study. We developed a standardised field survey protocol to estimate population size (area and density, age structure, plant size and fecundity, as well as damage by herbivores and pathogens in each population, and to collect representative seed samples. Across four years and with contributions from 164 academic and non-academic participants from 16 countries in North America and Europe thus far, we have collected 45,788 measurements and counts of 137,811 plants from 383 populations and seeds from over 5,000 plants. All field data and seed resources will be curated for release to the scientific community. Our goal is to establish A. petiolata as a model species for plant invasion biology and to encourage large collaborative studies of other invasive species. 1. Cigarette smoking and cigarette marketing exposure among students in selected African countries: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Science.gov (United States) Zhao, Luhua; Palipudi, Krishna M; Ramanandraibe, Nivo; Asma, Samira 2016-10-01 To investigate cigarette smoking prevalence and exposure to various forms of cigarette marketing among students in 10 African countries. We used data collected during 2009-2011 from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), a school-based cross-sectional survey of students aged 13-15years, to measure the prevalence of cigarette smoking and exposure to cigarette marketing; comparisons to estimates from 2005 to 2006 were conducted for five countries where data were available. Current cigarette smoking ranged from 3.4% to 13.6% among students aged 13-15 in the 10 countries studied, although use of tobacco products other than cigarettes was more prevalent in all countries except in Cote D'Ivoire. Cigarette smoking was higher among boys than girls in seven out of the 10 countries. Among the five countries with two rounds of surveys, a significant decrease in cigarette smoking prevalence was observed in Mauritania and Niger; these two countries also experienced a decline in three measures of cigarette marketing exposure. It is also possible that smoking prevalence might have risen faster among girls than boys. Cigarette smoking among youth was noticeable in 10 African countries evaluated, with the prevalence over 10% in Cote D'Ivoire, Mauritania, and South Africa. Cigarette marketing exposure varied by the types of marketing; traditional venues such as TV, outdoor billboards, newspapers, and magazines were still prominent. Published by Elsevier Inc. 2. The economic impact of poor sample quality in clinical chemistry laboratories: results from a global survey. Science.gov (United States) Erdal, Erik P; Mitra, Debanjali; Khangulov, Victor S; Church, Stephen; Plokhoy, Elizabeth 2017-03-01 Background Despite advances in clinical chemistry testing, poor blood sample quality continues to impact laboratory operations and the quality of results. While previous studies have identified the preanalytical causes of lower sample quality, few studies have examined the economic impact of poor sample quality on the laboratory. Specifically, the costs associated with workarounds related to fibrin and gel contaminants remain largely unexplored. Methods A quantitative survey of clinical chemistry laboratory stakeholders across 10 international regions, including countries in North America, Europe and Oceania, was conducted to examine current blood sample testing practices, sample quality issues and practices to remediate poor sample quality. Survey data were used to estimate costs incurred by laboratories to mitigate sample quality issues. Results Responses from 164 participants were included in the analysis, which was focused on three specific issues: fibrin strands, fibrin masses and gel globules. Fibrin strands were the most commonly reported issue, with an overall incidence rate of ∼3%. Further, 65% of respondents indicated that these issues contribute to analyzer probe clogging, and the majority of laboratories had visual inspection and manual remediation practices in place to address fibrin- and gel-related quality problems (55% and 70%, respectively). Probe maintenance/replacement, visual inspection and manual remediation were estimated to carry significant costs for the laboratories surveyed. Annual cost associated with lower sample quality and remediation related to fibrin and/or gel globules for an average US laboratory was estimated to be100,247. Conclusions Measures to improve blood sample quality present an important step towards improved laboratory operations.
3. The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: cosmic flows and cosmic web from luminous red galaxies
Science.gov (United States)
Ata, Metin; Kitaura, Francisco-Shu; Chuang, Chia-Hsun; Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio; Angulo, Raul E.; Ferraro, Simone; Gil-Marín, Hector; McDonald, Patrick; Hernández Monteagudo, Carlos; Müller, Volker; Yepes, Gustavo; Autefage, Mathieu; Baumgarten, Falk; Beutler, Florian; Brownstein, Joel R.; Burden, Angela; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Guo, Hong; Ho, Shirley; McBride, Cameron; Neyrinck, Mark; Olmstead, Matthew D.; Padmanabhan, Nikhil; Percival, Will J.; Prada, Francisco; Rossi, Graziano; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Schlegel, David; Schneider, Donald P.; Seo, Hee-Jong; Streblyanska, Alina; Tinker, Jeremy; Tojeiro, Rita; Vargas-Magana, Mariana
2017-06-01
We present a Bayesian phase-space reconstruction of the cosmic large-scale matter density and velocity fields from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey-III Baryon Oscillations Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 12 CMASS galaxy clustering catalogue. We rely on a given Λ cold dark matter cosmology, a mesh resolution in the range of 6-10 h-1 Mpc, and a lognormal-Poisson model with a redshift-dependent non-linear bias. The bias parameters are derived from the data and a general renormalized perturbation theory approach. We use combined Gibbs and Hamiltonian sampling, implemented in the argo code, to iteratively reconstruct the dark matter density field and the coherent peculiar velocities of individual galaxies, correcting hereby for coherent redshift space distortions. Our tests relying on accurate N-body-based mock galaxy catalogues show unbiased real space power spectra of the non-linear density field up to k ˜ 0.2 h Mpc-1, and vanishing quadrupoles down to r ˜ 20 h-1 Mpc. We also demonstrate that the non-linear cosmic web can be obtained from the tidal field tensor based on the Gaussian component of the reconstructed density field. We find that the reconstructed velocities have a statistical correlation coefficient compared to the true velocities of each individual light-cone mock galaxy of r ˜ 0.68 including about 10 per cent of satellite galaxies with virial motions (about r = 0.75 without satellites). The power spectra of the velocity divergence agree well with theoretical predictions up to k ˜ 0.2 h Mpc-1. This work will be especially useful to improve, for example, baryon acoustic oscillation reconstructions, kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich, integrated Sachs-Wolfe measurements or environmental studies.
4. The Epidemiology of Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes in Adulthood: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.
Science.gov (United States)
Goldstein, Risë B; Chou, S Patricia; Saha, Tulshi D; Smith, Sharon M; Jung, Jeesun; Zhang, Haitao; Pickering, Roger P; Ruan, W June; Huang, Boji; Grant, Bridget F
2017-01-01
To present current, nationally representative US findings on prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, disability, and treatment of DSM-5 antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and adulthood antisocial behavioral syndrome without conduct disorder before 15 years of age (AABS). Face-to-face interviews were conducted with respondents (N = 36,309) in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. DSM-5 alcohol, nicotine, and specific drug use disorders and selected mood, anxiety, trauma-related, eating, and personality disorders were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5. Prevalences of ASPD and AABS were 4.3% and 20.3%, respectively, and were highest among male, white, Native American, younger, and unmarried respondents, those with high school or less education, lower incomes, and Western residence. Both antisocial syndromes were significantly associated with 12-month and lifetime substance use, dysthymia/persistent depressive, bipolar I, posttraumatic stress, and borderline and schizotypal personality disorders (odds ratios [ORs] = 1.2-7.0). ASPD was additionally associated with 12-month agoraphobia and lifetime generalized anxiety disorder (ORs = 1.3-1.6); AABS, with 12-month and lifetime major depressive and 12-month generalized anxiety disorders (ORs = 1.2-1.3). Both were associated with significant disability (P antisocial survey respondents were untreated. One in 4 US adults exhibits syndromal antisocial behavior, with similar sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates and disability regardless of whether onset occurred before 15 years of age, illustrating the clinical and public health significance of both ASPD and AABS. In addition to laying groundwork for estimates of social and economic costs, and further etiologic and nosologic research, these findings highlight the urgency of effectively preventing and treating antisocial syndromes, including investigation of
5. A global survey of HIV-positive people's attitudes towards cure research.
Science.gov (United States)
Simmons, R; Kall, M; Collins, S; Cairns, G; Taylor, S; Nelson, M; Fidler, S; Porter, K; Fox, J
2017-02-01
Involvement of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in the design of HIV cure studies is important, given the potential risks to participants. We present results of an international survey of PLHIV to define these issues and inform cure research. PLHIV were recruited in June-November 2014 through HIV websites, advocacy forums, social media and 12 UK HIV clinics. The survey included questions concerning demographics, HIV disease history, the desirability of types of cure and the patient's willingness to accept potential toxicity and treatment interruption (TI). We examined factors associated with TI and willingness to accept substantial risks. A total of 982 PLHIV completed the survey; 87% were male, 79% white and 81% men who have sex with men (MSM). Fifty-one per cent were aged 25-44 years and 69% were UK residents. The median time since diagnosis was 7 years [interquartile range (IQR) 2-17 years]. Eighty-eight per cent were receiving antiretrovirals (91% reported undetectable viral load). Health/wellbeing improvements (96%) and an inability to transmit HIV (90%) were more desirable cure characteristics than testing HIV-negative (69%). Ninety-five per cent were interested in participating in cure studies, and 59% were willing to accept substantial risks. PLHIV with a low CD4 count [201-350 cells/μL vs. ≥ 350 cells/μL; odds ratio (OR) 2.11; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-4.00] were more likely to accept risks, whereas those with limited knowledge of HIV treatments vs. excellent/good knowledge and those aged ≥ 65 years vs. 45-64 years were less likely to accept risks [OR 0.58 (95% CI 0.37-0.90) and OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.07-0.45), respectively]. TI was acceptable for 62% of participants, with the main concerns being becoming unwell (82%), becoming infectious (76%) and HIV spreading through the body (76%). Cure research was highly acceptable to the PLHIV surveyed. Most individuals would accept risks, including TI, even in the absence of personal benefit. An optimal cure
6. Paediatricians’ perspectives on global health priorities for newborn care in a developing country: a national survey from Nigeria
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Olusanya Bolajoko O
2012-07-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background An understanding of the perception of paediatricians as key stakeholders in child healthcare delivery and the degree of congruence with current investment priorities is crucial in accelerating progress towards the attainment of global targets for child survival and overall health in developing countries. This study therefore elicited the views of paediatricians on current global priorities for newborn health in Nigeria as possible guide for policy makers. Methods Paediatric consultants and residents in the country were surveyed nationally between February and March 2011 using a questionnaire requiring the ranking of nine prominent and other neonatal conditions based separately on hospital admissions, mortality, morbidity and disability as well as based on all health indices in order of importance or disease burden. Responses were analysed with Friedman test and differences between subgroups of respondents with Mann-Whitney U test. Results Valid responses were received from 152 (65.8% of 231 eligible physicians. Preterm birth/low birthweight ranked highest by all measures except for birth asphyxia which ranked highest for disability. Neonatal jaundice ranked next to sepsis by all measures except for disability and above tetanus except mortality. Preterm birth/low birthweight, birth asphyxia, sepsis, jaundice and meningitis ranked highest by composite measures while jaundice had comparable rating with sepsis. Birth trauma was most frequently cited under other unspecified conditions. There were no significant differences in ranking between consultants and residents except for birth asphyxia in relation to hospital admissions and morbidity as well as sepsis and tetanus in relation to mortality. Conclusions Current global priorities for neonatal survival in Nigeria largely accord with paediatricians’ views except for neonatal jaundice which is commonly subsumed under “other“ or "miscellaneous" neonatal conditions. While the
7. Association of respondent psychiatric comorbidity with family history of comorbidity: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.
Science.gov (United States)
Jung, Jeesun; Goldstein, Risë B; Grant, Bridget F
2016-11-01
Substance use disorders and major psychiatric disorders are common, highly comorbid with each other, and familial. However, the extent to which comorbidity is itself familial remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate associations between comorbidity among respondents with family history of comorbidity. We analyzed data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III to study the associations of family history (FH) of comorbidity among alcoholism, drug problems, depression, antisocial behavior, and anxiety disorders in parents and maternal and paternal grandparents with corresponding DSM-5 diagnostic comorbidity among respondents. We utilized multivariable multinomial logistic regression models controlling for age, sex, race, education, family income, marital status, and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). All comorbid associations of any two disorders with FH were statistically significant; almost all adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for respondent comorbidity in the presence of FH of the parallel comorbidity exceeded 10. ORs involving antisocial behavior in relatives and antisocial personality disorder in respondents were consistently larger than those for any other pairs of disorders. After further adjustment for ACEs, most patterns of association were similar but the ORs were reduced twofold to threefold. ACEs may be mediators in relationships between familial and respondent comorbidities. Further investigations of relationships among familial comorbidity, ACEs, and respondents' diagnoses may improve understanding of comorbidity. Published by Elsevier Inc.
8. Lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness in the US population: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III.
Science.gov (United States)
Tsai, Jack
2018-03-01
Homelessness remains a major public health problem in the USA but there have been few recent epidemiological studies in the general population. Using data from structured interviews with a nationally representative sample of 36 299 US adults from the 2012-13 Wave 3 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III), this study examined the lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness, and its correlates. Lifetime and 1-year prevalence of homelessness in the US population was found to be 4.2 and 1.5%, respectively. Low income, debt, borderline personality disorder (PD), past-year tobacco use disorder, any history of suicidal attempts and being a victim of crime in the past year were all independently strongly associated with past-year homelessness (all OR > 1.5). Low income, debt, history of incarceration, antisocial PD and any history of suicidal attempts were all independently strongly associated with lifetime homelessness (all OR > 1.5). These findings provide an update to the original NESARC, suggesting a possible increase in lifetime homelessness (2.7-4.2%) in the past decade. Along with known economic and behavioral health conditions, special attention should be paid to PDs in efforts to prevent and end homelessness.
9. Metals and organotins in multiple bivalve species in a one-off global survey
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Larsen, Martin Mørk; Strand, Jakob; Christensen, Jan H.
2011-01-01
concentrations (BACs) agreed in the Oslo-Paris convention (OSPAR) for the North Sea, and at most harbours the concentrations were orders of magnitude above BACs. The lowest concentrations of Cd and Pb measured here suggest that the BACs should be lower in a worldwide context. The sources of metals were......The Galathea 3 expedition circumnavigated the globe in 2006-2007 and collected marine samples from six continents. Bivalves were collected from harbours, other impacted locations and reference sites, and samples from 57 sites were analyzed for metals and 47 for organotins, to assess current...... contamination levels on a global scale. Metal concentrations in nine bivalve species were normalised to the Mytilidae family using conversion factors based on cosampled species and literature bioconcentration factors. The lowest metal and tributyltin concentrations were below background assessment...
10. IRSN 2011 opinion survey. The perception of risks and safety by French people. Global results
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
2011-01-01
Like every year, this report presents and comments the results of an opinion survey on risks, and more particularly on nuclear and radiological risks. The first part addresses the current concerns of French people (the main concerns in the present society and with respect to the environment, how science is considered). The second part addresses the opinion on expertise (who should control a hazardous installation, the role and image of experts, the access to expertise files, the perception of pluralist bodies). The third part examines the reaction of people in front of 33 different hazardous situations (risks to which people feel being exposed, confidence in authorities, confidence in information on hazards, hierarchy of 33 situations and relationship with installation acceptability). The fourth part addresses the nuclear issue (nuclear risk, ability and credibility of nuclear actors, the Chernobyl accident, radioactive wastes, demand of information on the nuclear risk).
11. IRSN 2014 opinion survey - The perception of risks and security by the French population. Global results
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
El Jammal, Marie-Helene; Mur, Emmanuelle; Rollinger, Francois; Schuler, Matthieu; Tchernia, Jean-Francois
2014-06-01
A first and synthetic part of this report comments the most remarkable results of the opinion survey. It first addresses results related to a context of economic crisis (importance of the economic crisis and unemployment as major concerns for French people, environmental concerns) and then analyzes the different aspects of the nuclear risk, from the accident to nuclear safety: strong fears of a nuclear accident, Fukushima and Chernobyl are immediately present in people's mind, concerns about nuclear are also related to the environment and health, the actual benefit of nuclear is an economic one, nuclear safety is a major challenge on which French people doubt, French people wish a citizen look on nuclear safety, the opinion of French people on nuclear worsened in 2013. Then, this report, illustrated by several graphs, presents and discusses the results of an annual opinion survey on the present concerns of French people (in the present society, for the environment, and as far as science is concerned), the opinion of French people on expertise (about who must control a risky installation, about the role and image of scientific experts, about the diffusion and sharing of scientific expertise, and about the perception of pluralistic structures), on the attitude of French people in front of 33 risk situations (risks to which French people feel exposed to, confidence of French people in authorities to protect them, the truth of information on hazards, the hierarchy of 33 situations according to 3 aspects and their relationship with installation acceptability). The fourth part addresses more particularly the nuclear sector: expectations in terms of nuclear risk management, fear of a serious accident, benefits and drawbacks of nuclear energy, skill and credibility of interveners. Graphs notably present the evolution of opinions with respect to last year or over the past years
12. The association between post-traumatic stress disorder and lifetime DSM-5 psychiatric disorders among veterans: Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III).
Science.gov (United States)
Smith, Sharon M; Goldstein, Rise B; Grant, Bridget F
2016-11-01
This study examined the prevalence, correlates and psychiatric comorbidity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a nationally representative sample of U.S. veterans using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (n = 3119 veteran respondents). The overall prevalence of lifetime PTSD was 6.9%. Lifetime PTSD prevalence was higher among veterans who were female (13.2%), aged 18-29 years (15.3%), Native American (24.1%) or Black (11.0%), previously or never married (9.6% and 11.2, respectively), had incomes less than 70,000 (7.2%-10.1%) and had >2 traumatic events (5.2%-14.7%). After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidity between lifetime PTSD and other psychiatric disorders was highest for any personality disorder (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 11.1, 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.7, 21.5), any mood disorder (AOR = 9.7, 95% CI, 4.6, 20.4) and any anxiety disorder (AOR = 9.6, 95% CI, 5.1, 17.7), followed by nicotine, drug, and alcohol use disorders (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI, 1.8, 6.5; AOR = 3.1, 95% CI, 2.0, 5.9; 2.1, 95% CI, 1.5, 3.1, respectively). Associations remained with any mood, anxiety, and personality disorders after controlling for other psychiatric disorders (AOR = 3.7, 95% CI, 1.2, 10.9; AOR = 3.5, 95% CI, 1.6, 7.4; AOR = 4.5, 95% CI, 2.3, 8.7, respectively). Veterans who sought treatment for PTSD had more comorbid conditions, although treatment was only associated with comorbid drug use disorder (AOR = 2.4, 95% CI, 1.0, 5.7). In U.S. veterans, PTSD is highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders. Although many veterans remain untreated, comorbidity may influence treatment seeking. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 13. MASSIV: Mass Assemby Survey with SINFONI in VVDS. I. Survey description and global properties of the 0.9 < z < 1.8 galaxy sample Science.gov (United States) Contini, T.; Garilli, B.; Le Fèvre, O.; Kissler-Patig, M.; Amram, P.; Epinat, B.; Moultaka, J.; Paioro, L.; Queyrel, J.; Tasca, L.; Tresse, L.; Vergani, D.; López-Sanjuan, C.; Perez-Montero, E. 2012-03-01 Aims: Understanding how galaxies evolve and assemble their mass across cosmic time is still a fundamental, unsolved issue. To get insight into the various processes of galaxy mass assembly, the Mass Assembly Survey with SINFONI in VVDS (MASSIV) aims at probing the kinematical and chemical properties of a significant and representative sample of high-redshift (0.9 ≤ z ≤ 1.8) star-forming galaxies. Methods: This paper presents the selection function, the observing strategy, and the global properties of the MASSIV sample. This sample contains 84 star-forming galaxies, selected from the VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS) and observed with the SINFONI integral-field spectrograph at the VLT. We present the redshift distribution, and derive the stellar masses and SED-based star formation rates (SFR). Integrated metallicities and the presence of type-2 AGNs are investigated using composite 1D spectra built from VIMOS and SINFONI observations. Results: The MASSIV selection function, based on star formation criteria ([O ii]λ3727 emission-line strength up to z ~ 1.5 and colors/UV absorption lines at higher redshifts), provides a good representation of "normal" star-forming galaxies with SED-based SFRs between 5 and 400 M⊙ yr-1 in the stellar mass regime 109 - 1011 M⊙. Analysis of typical emission-line ratios performed on composite spectra reveals that the contamination by type-2 AGNs is very low and that the integrated metallicity of the galaxies follows the well-known mass-metallicity relation. Conclusions: The MASSIV sample has been built upon a simple selection function, fully representative of the star-forming galaxy population at 0.9 global, volume averaged, galaxy kinematic, and chemical properties across the full mass and SFR range of the survey to derive robust conclusions for galaxy mass assembly on cosmological timescales. All the data published in this paper are publicly available at the time of publication following this link: type="uri" xlink:href="http 14. Priority Medicines for Maternal and Child Health: A Global Survey of National Essential Medicines Lists Science.gov (United States) Hill, Suzanne; Yang, Annie; Bero, Lisa 2012-01-01 Background In April 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a list of “priority medicines” for maternal and child health based on 1) the global burden of disease and 2) evidence of efficacy and safety. The objective of this study was to examine the occurrence of these priority medicines on national essential medicines lists. Methods and Findings All essential medicines lists published since 1999 were selected from the WHO website collection. The most-up-to date list for each country was then selected, resulting in 89 unique country lists. Each list was evaluated for inclusion of medicines (chemical entity, concentration, and dosage form) on the Priority Medicines List. There was global variation in the listing of the Priority Medicines. The most frequently listed medicine was paracetamol, on 94% (84/89) of lists. Sodium chloride, gentamicin and oral rehydration solution were on 93% (83/89) of lists. The least frequently listed medicine was the children's antimalarial rectal artesunate, on 8% of lists (7/89); artesunate injection was on 16% (14/89) of lists. Pediatric artemisinin combination therapy, as dispersible tablets or flexible oral solid dosage form, appeared on 36% (32/89) of lists. Procaine benzylpenicillin, for treatment of pediatric pneumonia and neonatal sepsis, was on 50% (45/89) of the lists. Zinc, for treatment of diarrhoea in children, was included on only 15% (13/89) of lists. For prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in women, oxytocin was more prevalent on the lists than misoprostol; they were included on 55 (62%) and 31 (35%) of lists, respectively. Cefixime, for treatment of uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infection in woman was on 26% (23/89) of lists. Magnesium sulfate injection for treatment of severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia was on 50% (45/89) of the lists. Conclusions The findings suggest that countries need to urgently amend their lists to provide all priority medicines as part of the efforts to improve 15. Insufficient global health education in European neurological post-graduate training: a European Association of Young Neurologists and Trainees survey. Science.gov (United States) Sauerbier, A; Macerollo, A; Györfi, O; Balicza, P; Moarcas, M; Papp, V; Zis, P; Klingelhoefer, L; Saifee, T; Struhal, W; Sellner, J 2016-11-01 The awareness of and demand for neurological expertise in global health (GH) have emerged over recent years and have become more relevant due to the increasing numbers of refugees from developing countries arriving in Europe. This study aimed to assess the provision of GH education and opportunities for international exchange during neurology post-graduate training with a focus on Europe. We developed a questionnaire covering different aspects of and interest in GH education on behalf of the European Association of Young Neurologists and Trainees. Residents in neurology and junior neurologists (RJN) were approached to complete this survey. Completed questionnaires were returned by 131 RJNs, of whom 65.7% were women and 84.0% were between 26 and 35 years old. In total, almost one-third (29.0%) of RJNs reported that their residency programs offered training in GH. Limited education was reported for women's or children's health and neurological disorders of immigrants and refugees, as only 22.1%, 25.2% and 22.1% of RJNs reported that such training was offered, respectively. The curriculum rarely included coverage of the global impact of neurological disorders. Definite plans to volunteer in a developing country were reported by 7.6%. The majority of the participants acknowledged the importance of GH training and international exchange during post-graduate education. This survey corroborates the interest in and appreciation of GH education by European RJNs. However, there are shortcomings in training and opportunities for international exchange. Academic neurology and international bodies, including the European Academy of Neurology, are requested to address this. © 2016 EAN. 16. Treatment gap for anxiety disorders is global: Results of the World Mental Health Surveys in 21 countries. Science.gov (United States) Alonso, Jordi; Liu, Zhaorui; Evans-Lacko, Sara; Sadikova, Ekaterina; Sampson, Nancy; Chatterji, Somnath; Abdulmalik, Jibril; Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio; Al-Hamzawi, Ali; Andrade, Laura H; Bruffaerts, Ronny; Cardoso, Graça; Cia, Alfredo; Florescu, Silvia; de Girolamo, Giovanni; Gureje, Oye; Haro, Josep M; He, Yanling; de Jonge, Peter; Karam, Elie G; Kawakami, Norito; Kovess-Masfety, Viviane; Lee, Sing; Levinson, Daphna; Medina-Mora, Maria Elena; Navarro-Mateu, Fernando; Pennell, Beth-Ellen; Piazza, Marina; Posada-Villa, José; Ten Have, Margreet; Zarkov, Zahari; Kessler, Ronald C; Thornicroft, Graham 2018-03-01 Anxiety disorders are a major cause of burden of disease. Treatment gaps have been described, but a worldwide evaluation is lacking. We estimated, among individuals with a 12-month DSM-IV (where DSM is Diagnostic Statistical Manual) anxiety disorder in 21 countries, the proportion who (i) perceived a need for treatment; (ii) received any treatment; and (iii) received possibly adequate treatment. Data from 23 community surveys in 21 countries of the World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. DSM-IV mental disorders were assessed (WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview, CIDI 3.0). DSM-IV included posttraumatic stress disorder among anxiety disorders, while it is not considered so in the DSM-5. We asked if, in the previous 12 months, respondents felt they needed professional treatment and if they obtained professional treatment (specialized/general medical, complementary alternative medical, or nonmedical professional) for "problems with emotions, nerves, mental health, or use of alcohol or drugs." Possibly adequate treatment was defined as receiving pharmacotherapy (1+ months of medication and 4+ visits to a medical doctor) or psychotherapy, complementary alternative medicine or nonmedical care (8+ visits). Of 51,547 respondents (response = 71.3%), 9.8% had a 12-month DSM-IV anxiety disorder, 27.6% of whom received any treatment, and only 9.8% received possibly adequate treatment. Of those with 12-month anxiety only 41.3% perceived a need for care. Lower treatment levels were found for lower income countries. Low levels of service use and a high proportion of those receiving services not meeting adequacy standards for anxiety disorders exist worldwide. Results suggest the need for improving recognition of anxiety disorders and the quality of treatment. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 17. The increasing globalization of health librarianship: a brief survey of international trends and activities. Science.gov (United States) Madge, Bruce; Plutchak, T Scott 2005-09-01 Throughout his career, Leslie Morton was interested in international developments in health librarianship. In memory of the work he did in this field, the authors examine current developments in international health librarianship and describe some current themes. The authors draw from their combined experience in international activities and the published information available from selected library associations and related organizations. Although many of the major health library associations around the world are tackling agendas specific to their own country, issues of international concern are emerging in common. These are grouped around globalization, partnerships and co-operation, electronic access, especially open access, and working with the developing world in a number of different ways. Of course, the basis of all of these initiatives is to improve the health of the population by providing the best possible access to materials. Professional associations can provide a useful institutional infrastructure for addressing issues of international interest. Librarians should encourage their associations to develop these international initiatives and to seek out new and innovative ways to work together across international boundaries. 18. Implementing Global Fund programs: a survey of opinions and experiences of the Principal Recipients across 69 countries. Science.gov (United States) Wafula, Francis; Marwa, Charles; McCoy, David 2014-03-24 Principal Recipients (PRs) receive money from the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Global Fund) to manage and implement programs. However, little research has gone into understanding their opinions and experiences. This survey set out to describe these, thereby providing a baseline against which changes in PR opinions and experiences can be assessed as the recently introduced new funding model is rolled out. An internet based questionnaire was administered to 315 PRs. A total of 115 responded from 69 countries in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe and Latin America. The study was conducted between September and December 2012. Three quarters of PRs thought the progress update and disbursement request (PU/DR) system was a useful method of reporting grant progress. However, most felt that the grant negotiation processes were complicated, and that the grant rating system did not reflect performance.While nearly all PRs were happy with the work being done by sub-Recipients (92%) and Fund Portfolio Managers (86%), fewer were happy with the Office of the Inspector General (OIG). Non-government PRs were generally less happy with the OIG's work compared to government PRs.Most PRs thought the Global Fund's Voluntary Pooled Procurement system made procurement easier. However, only 29% said the system should be made compulsory.When asked which aspects of the Global Fund's operations needed improvement, most PRs said that the Fund should re-define and clarify the roles of different actors, minimize staff turnover at its Secretariat, and shorten the grant application and approval processes. All these are currently being addressed, either directly or indirectly, under a new funding model. Vigorous assessments should nonetheless follow the roll-out of the new model to ensure the areas that are most likely to affect PR performance realize sustained improvement. Opinions and experiences with the Global Fund were varied, with PRs having good communication with Fund 19. SURVEY DEFF Research Database (Denmark) SURVEY er en udbredt metode og benyttes inden for bl.a. samfundsvidenskab, humaniora, psykologi og sundhedsforskning. Også uden for forskningsverdenen er der mange organisationer som f.eks. konsulentfirmaer og offentlige institutioner samt marketingsafdelinger i private virksomheder, der arbejder...... med surveys. Denne bog gennemgår alle surveyarbejdets faser og giver en praktisk indføring i: • design af undersøgelsen og udvælgelse af stikprøver, • formulering af spørgeskemaer samt indsamling og kodning af data, • metoder til at analysere resultaterne... 20. Global variations in health: evaluating Wilkinson's income inequality hypothesis using the World Values Survey. Science.gov (United States) Jen, Min Hua; Jones, Kelvyn; Johnston, Ron 2009-02-01 This international comparative study analyses individual-level data derived from the World Values Survey to evaluate Wilkinson's [(1996). Unhealthy societies: The afflictions of inequality. London: Routledge; (1998). Mortality and distribution of income. Low relative income affects mortality [letter; comment]. British Medical Journal, 316, 1611-1612] income inequality hypothesis regarding variations in health status. Random-coefficient, multilevel modelling provides a direct test of Wilkinson's hypothesis using micro-data on individuals and macro-data on income inequalities analysed simultaneously. This overcomes the ecological fallacy that has troubled previous research into links between individual self-rated health, individual income, country income and income inequality data. Logic regression analysis reveals that there are substantial differences between countries in self-rated health after taking account of age and gender, and individual income has a clear effect in that poorer people report experiencing worse health. The Wilkinson hypothesis is not supported, however, since there is no significant relationship between health and income inequality when individual factors are taken into account. Substantial differences between countries remain even after taking account of micro- and macro-variables; in particular the former communist countries report high levels of poor health. 1. A global survey of CRM1-dependent nuclear export sequences in the human deubiquitinase family. Science.gov (United States) García-Santisteban, Iraia; Bañuelos, Sonia; Rodríguez, Jose A 2012-01-01 The mechanisms that regulate the nucleocytoplasmic localization of human deubiquitinases remain largely unknown. The nuclear export receptor CRM1 binds to specific amino acid motifs termed NESs (nuclear export sequences). By using in silico prediction and experimental validation of candidate sequences, we identified 32 active NESs and 78 inactive NES-like motifs in human deubiquitinases. These results allowed us to evaluate the performance of three programs widely used for NES prediction, and to add novel information to the recently redefined NES consensus. The novel NESs identified in the present study reveal a subset of 22 deubiquitinases bearing motifs that might mediate their binding to CRM1. We tested the effect of the CRM1 inhibitor LMB (leptomycin B) on the localization of YFP (yellow fluorescent protein)- or GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged versions of six NES-bearing deubiquitinases [USP (ubiquitin-specific peptidase) 1, USP3, USP7, USP21, CYLD (cylindromatosis) and OTUD7B (OTU-domain-containing 7B)]. YFP-USP21 and, to a lesser extent, GFP-OTUD7B relocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in the presence of LMB, revealing their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling capability. Two sequence motifs in USP21 had been identified during our survey as active NESs in the export assay. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that one of these motifs mediates USP21 nuclear export, whereas the second motif is not functional in the context of full-length USP21. 2. IRSN 2017 opinion survey. The perception of risks and safety by French people. Global results International Nuclear Information System (INIS) El Jammal, Marie-Helene; Charron, Sylvie; Mur, Emmanuelle; Schuler, Matthieu; Tchernia, Jean-francois 2017-07-01 Like every year, this report presents and comments the results of an opinion survey on risks, and more particularly on risks related to nuclear and radiological activities. The first part addresses the current concerns of French people (main concerns in the present society, with respect to the environment, and risks related to industrial installations). The second part addresses the opinion on expertise (the role and image of experts, diffusion and sharing of scientific expertise, and the perception of pluralistic structures). The third part examines the reaction of people in front of 34 different hazardous situations (risks to which people feel being exposed, confidence people have in authorities to protect them, confidence in information on hazards, hierarchy of the 34 situations according to three different aspects, and relationship with installation acceptability). The fourth part addresses the nuclear domain: expectations related to the control of the nuclear risk, benefits and drawbacks of nuclear energy, fear of a severe accident, attention given by French people to nuclear energy, expertise and credibility of interveners in the nuclear sector 3. IRSN 2016 opinion survey. The perception of risks and safety by French people. Global results International Nuclear Information System (INIS) El Jammal, Marie-Helene; Charron, Sylvie; Mur, Emmanuelle; Schuler, Matthieu; Tchernia, Jean-francois 2016-07-01 Like every year, this report presents and comments the results of an opinion survey on risks, and more particularly on risks related to nuclear and radiological activities. The first part addresses the current concerns of French people (main concerns in the present society, with respect to the environment, and risks related to industrial installations). The second part addresses the opinion on expertise (the role and image of experts, diffusion and sharing of scientific expertise, and the perception of pluralistic structures). The third part examines the reaction of people in front of 34 different hazardous situations (risks to which people feel being exposed, confidence people have in authorities to protect them, confidence in information on hazards, hierarchy of the 34 situations according to three different aspects, and relationship with installation acceptability). The fourth part addresses the nuclear domain: expectations related to the control of the nuclear risk, fear of a severe accident, benefits and drawbacks of nuclear energy, expertise and credibility of interveners in the nuclear sector, fear of serious nuclear accidents, perception of the two main nuclear accidents: Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011) 4. IRSN 2015 opinion survey. The perception of risks and safety by French people. Global results International Nuclear Information System (INIS) El Jammal, Marie-Helene; Mur, Emmanuelle; Rollinger, Francois; Schuler, Matthieu; Tchernia, Jean-Francois 2015-07-01 Like every year, this report presents and comments the results of an opinion survey on risks, and more particularly on risks related to nuclear and radiological activities. The first part addresses the current concerns of French people (main concerns in the present society, with respect to the environment, and risks related to industrial installations). The second part addresses the opinion on expertise (the role and image of experts, diffusion and sharing of scientific expertise, and who should control a hazardous installation). The third part examines the reaction of people in front of 34 different hazardous situations (risks to which people feel being exposed, confidence people have in authorities to protect them, confidence in information on hazards, hierarchy of the 34 situations according to three different aspects, and relationship with installation acceptability). The fourth part addresses the nuclear domain: expectations related to the control of the nuclear risk, fear of a severe accident, benefits and drawbacks of nuclear energy, expertise and credibility of interveners in the nuclear sector. The fifth part addresses the presence of radon in dwellings (awareness of the risk, measures related to the control of radon in dwellings) 5. Prevalence of tobacco smoking in Vietnam: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2015. Science.gov (United States) Van Minh, Hoang; Giang, Kim Bao; Ngoc, Nguyen Bao; Hai, Phan Thi; Huyen, Doan Thi Thu; Khue, Luong Ngoc; Lam, Nguyen Tuan; Nga, Pham Thi Quynh; Quan, Nguyen The; Xuyen, Nguyen Thi 2017-02-01 We report the prevalence of tobacco smoking among adult populations in Vietnam, 2015. The Vietnam GATS 2015 was a nationally representative survey. 9513 households were selected using two-stage random systematic sampling method. Handheld computers were used for capturing data. Data collection was carried-out by National Statistics Office of Vietnam in 2015. Weight was used in all estimates. The Vietnam GATS 2015 found that the prevalence of smoking in Vietnam was 22.5% overall, 45.3% among men, and 1.1% among women. The overall 2015-2010 reduction in prevalence of any tobacco product was 5.3%. However, the reduction was not statistically significant. The significant reduction in prevalence of tobacco smoking was found for any type of cigarette (-8.4%), and especially for hand-rolled cigarettes (-38.3%). The use of cigarettes significantly decreased in urban areas (-14.7%). The reduction in the prevalence of tobacco smoking in Vietnam during the last 5 years (2010-2015) has not been as high as expected, especially in rural areas. Further efforts are needed to continue to reduce the harms caused by tobacco smoking. 6. Stakeholders' perceptions of 10years of the Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines (GAP) - Results from a survey. Science.gov (United States) Nannei, Claudia; Goldin, Shoshanna; Torelli, Guido; Fatima, Hiba; Kumar, Kaveri; Bubb-Humfryes, Oliver; Stenson, Bo; Sparrow, Erin 2016-10-26 Ten years after the launch of the Global Action Plan for Influenza Vaccines (GAP), the World Health Organization (WHO) surveyed stakeholders to understand their perceptions of what the programme had achieved. This article provides a summary of the findings; the full report will be available on-line on the GAP website in November 2016 (http://www.who.int/influenza_vaccines_plan/en/). Seventy-seven responses were received from stakeholders including medical doctors, national influenza center officials, country immunization programme teams, surveillance and disease centers, policy-makers, researchers, vaccine manufacturers, and non-governmental organizations from 28 countries, representing all six WHO regions. Respondents cited GAP's biggest successes as capacity building in developing countries; raising international awareness of global needs in the event of a pandemic; and collaborative alignment of influenza stakeholders. The most commonly reported challenges were the limited progress in development of a broadly protective or universal vaccine and the perceived absence of a major increase in seasonal demand. These findings aligned with the perception that less global progress had been made under the third GAP objective, focused on research and development of better vaccines, than on increasing seasonal vaccine use (objective 1) and pandemic vaccine production capacity (objective 2). Respondents explained what they saw as the major challenges to development of better vaccines, including to development of a universal influenza vaccine. The majority of respondents agreed that the goal chosen at the GAP II consultation is still relevant. Results highlighted the importance of promoting research and development of better vaccines, both for facilitating uptake of seasonal vaccines and for ensuring timely vaccine availability in the event of a pandemic. As the GAP concludes its mandate this year, these findings will contribute to discussions on the impact of programme 7. A cross-country study of cigarette prices and affordability: evidence from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Science.gov (United States) Kostova, Deliana; Chaloupka, Frank J; Yurekli, Ayda; Ross, Hana; Cherukupalli, Rajeev; Andes, Linda; Asma, Samira 2014-01-01 To describe the characteristics of two primary determinants of cigarette consumption: cigarette affordability and the range of prices paid for cigarettes (and bidis, where applicable) in a set of 15 countries. From this cross-country comparison, identify places where opportunities may exist for reducing consumption through tax adjustments. Self-response data from 45,838 smokers from 15 countries, obtained from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) 2008-2011. Using self-response data on individual cigarette expenditure and consumption, we construct a measure of the average cigarette price smokers pay for manufactured cigarettes (and bidis, where applicable) in 15 countries. We use these prices to evaluate cigarette affordability and the range of prices available in each country. These survey-derived measures of cigarette price and affordability are uniquely suited for cross-country comparison because they represent each country's distinctive mix of individual consumption characteristics such as brand choice, intensity of consumption, and purchasing behavior. In this sample of countries, cigarettes are most affordable in Russia, which has the most room for tobacco tax increase. Affordability is also relatively high in Brazil and China for cigarettes, and in India and Bangladesh for bidis. Although the affordability of cigarettes in India is relatively low, the range of cigarette prices paid is relatively high, providing additional evidence to support the call for simplifying the existing tax structure and reducing the width of price options. China has both high affordability and wide price ranges, suggesting multiple opportunities for reducing consumption through tax adjustments. 8. National survey of international electives for global health in undergraduate medical education in Japan, 2011-2014. Science.gov (United States) Suzuki, Tomio; Nishigori, Hiroshi 2018-02-01 Interest in global health in medical education is increasing in Western countries, whereas data from non-Western countries is scarce. Here, we conducted a nationwide study of international clinical electives at Japanese medical schools from 2011 to 2013. We constructed a 28-item cross-sectional survey in Japanese to investigate the rate and characteristics of both Japanese students going abroad and international students coming on exchange to Japan. The surveys were sent to the administrative offices of all 80 Japanese medical schools in each of the three years, through the Japan Medical Education Foundation. All 80 medical schools responded to the questionnaire (response rate, 100%). An average of 70 of the 80 medical universities provided exchange programs across the three years to allow students to travel abroad as part of the school curriculum and obtain academic credit. The schools provided support in the form of in- and outside-class preparatory programs, tuition fee exemptions and housing. The most popular destinations for Japanese students going abroad were Europe and North America, which may reflect the desire of Japanese students to acquire medical knowledge or experience through exposure to the English language. In contrast, the most common countries of origin of international exchange students coming to Japan were Asian countries such as South Korea, Thailand and Taiwan, with pediatrics being the most popular elective. Foreign exchange programs are becoming increasingly incorporated into the Japanese medical education curriculum and can help to strengthen international partnerships and collaborations. 9. National survey of international electives for global health in undergraduate medical education in Japan, 2011–2014 Science.gov (United States) Suzuki, Tomio; Nishigori, Hiroshi 2018-01-01 ABSTRACT Interest in global health in medical education is increasing in Western countries, whereas data from non-Western countries is scarce. Here, we conducted a nationwide study of international clinical electives at Japanese medical schools from 2011 to 2013. We constructed a 28-item cross-sectional survey in Japanese to investigate the rate and characteristics of both Japanese students going abroad and international students coming on exchange to Japan. The surveys were sent to the administrative offices of all 80 Japanese medical schools in each of the three years, through the Japan Medical Education Foundation. All 80 medical schools responded to the questionnaire (response rate, 100%). An average of 70 of the 80 medical universities provided exchange programs across the three years to allow students to travel abroad as part of the school curriculum and obtain academic credit. The schools provided support in the form of in- and outside-class preparatory programs, tuition fee exemptions and housing. The most popular destinations for Japanese students going abroad were Europe and North America, which may reflect the desire of Japanese students to acquire medical knowledge or experience through exposure to the English language. In contrast, the most common countries of origin of international exchange students coming to Japan were Asian countries such as South Korea, Thailand and Taiwan, with pediatrics being the most popular elective. Foreign exchange programs are becoming increasingly incorporated into the Japanese medical education curriculum and can help to strengthen international partnerships and collaborations. PMID:29581617 10. Global surveys of reservoirs and lakes from satellites and regional application to the Syrdarya river basin International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jean-François, Crétaux; Adalbert, Arsen; Muriel, Bergé-Nguyen; Sylvain, Biancamaria; Mélanie, Becker 2015-01-01 Large reservoirs along rivers regulate downstream flows to generate hydropower but may also store water for irrigation and urban sectors. Reservoir management therefore becomes critical, particularly for transboundary basins, where coordination between riparian countries is needed. Reservoir management is even more important in semiarid regions where downstream water users may be totally reliant on upstream reservoir releases. If the water resources are shared between upstream and downstream countries, potentially opposite interests arise as is the case in the Syrdarya river in Central Asia. In this case study, remote sensing data (radar altimetry and optical imagery) are used to highlight the potential of satellite data to monitor water resources: water height, areal extent and storage variations. New results from 20 years of monitoring using satellites over the Syrdarya basin are presented. The accuracy of satellite data is 0.6 km 3 using a combination of MODIS data and satellite altimetry, and only 0.2 km 3 with Landsat images representing 2–4% of average annual reservoir volume variations in the reservoirs in the Syrdarya basin. With future missions such as Sentinel-3A (S3A), Sentinel-3B (S3B) and surface water and ocean topography (SWOT), significant improvement is expected. The SWOT mission’s main payload (a radar interferometer in Ka band) will furthermore provide 2D maps of water height, reservoirs, lakes, rivers and floodplains, with a temporal resolution of 21 days. At the global scale, the SWOT mission will cover reservoirs with areal extents greater than 250 × 250 m with 20 cm accuracy. (letter) 11. Global surveys of reservoirs and lakes from satellites and regional application to the Syrdarya river basin Science.gov (United States) Jean-François, Crétaux; Sylvain, Biancamaria; Adalbert, Arsen; Muriel, Bergé-Nguyen; Mélanie, Becker 2015-01-01 Large reservoirs along rivers regulate downstream flows to generate hydropower but may also store water for irrigation and urban sectors. Reservoir management therefore becomes critical, particularly for transboundary basins, where coordination between riparian countries is needed. Reservoir management is even more important in semiarid regions where downstream water users may be totally reliant on upstream reservoir releases. If the water resources are shared between upstream and downstream countries, potentially opposite interests arise as is the case in the Syrdarya river in Central Asia. In this case study, remote sensing data (radar altimetry and optical imagery) are used to highlight the potential of satellite data to monitor water resources: water height, areal extent and storage variations. New results from 20 years of monitoring using satellites over the Syrdarya basin are presented. The accuracy of satellite data is 0.6 km3 using a combination of MODIS data and satellite altimetry, and only 0.2 km3 with Landsat images representing 2-4% of average annual reservoir volume variations in the reservoirs in the Syrdarya basin. With future missions such as Sentinel-3A (S3A), Sentinel-3B (S3B) and surface water and ocean topography (SWOT), significant improvement is expected. The SWOT mission’s main payload (a radar interferometer in Ka band) will furthermore provide 2D maps of water height, reservoirs, lakes, rivers and floodplains, with a temporal resolution of 21 days. At the global scale, the SWOT mission will cover reservoirs with areal extents greater than 250 × 250 m with 20 cm accuracy. 12. Impact of tobacco control policies on adolescent smoking: findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey in Taiwan. Science.gov (United States) Huang, Song-Lih; Lin, I-Feng; Chen, Chuan-Yu; Tsai, Tzu-I 2013-10-01 To assess the impact of a set of comprehensive tobacco control policies implemented in Taiwan in 2009, including extensive smoke-free policy, advertisement ban, pictorial warning and price increase, on adolescent smoking prevalence. Five waves of cross-sectional surveys. Taiwan, 2004-11. Nationally representative sample of junior high schools aged 13-15 years, in a biennial survey, total sample size 101,100. Core questionnaire of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, including ever smoking, 30-day smoking and number of cigarettes smoked. The magnitude of prevalence change before and after the 2009 policy implementation was quantified by adjusted odds ratios estimated by piecewise logistic regression models. The 30-day smoking prevalence demonstrated an upward trend [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02-1.10] between 2004 and 2008. Significant decline in 30-day smoking prevalence after the 2009 law implementation was observed (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71-0.99). Those living in non-city areas demonstrated a greater magnitude of change. In addition to changes in prevalence, we observed some delay in the age starting smoking, reduction in smokers who smoke fewer than one cigarette per day, and decrease in smokers who did not buy cigarettes. The decline in smoking prevalence was contributed primarily by the reduction in experimenters. The comprehensive tobacco control programme introduced in Taiwan in 2009 was associated with a reduction in adolescent smoking, particularly among those in earlier stages of smoking and those who resided in non-city areas. © 2013 Society for the Study of Addiction. 13. The potential Public Health Impact of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: Global Opinion Survey of Topic Specialists. Science.gov (United States) Waddell, L A; Rajić, A; Stärk, K D C; McEwen, S A 2016-05-01 Global research knowledge has accumulated over the past few decades, and there is reasonable evidence for a positive association between Mycobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease in humans, although its role as a human pathogen has not been entirely accepted. For this reason, management of public health risk due to M. paratuberculosis remains an important policy issue in agri-food public health arenas in many countries. Responsible authorities must decide whether existing mitigation strategies are sufficient to prevent or reduce human exposure to M. paratuberculosis. A Web-based questionnaire was administered to topic specialists to elicit empirical knowledge and opinion on the overall public health impact of M. paratuberculosis, the importance of various routes of human exposure to the pathogen, existing mitigation strategies and the need for future strategies. The questionnaire had four sections and consisted of 20 closed and five open questions. Topic specialists believed that M. paratuberculosis is likely a risk to human health (44.8%) and, given the paucity of available evidence, most frequently ranked it as a moderate public health issue (40.1%). A significant correlation was detected between topic specialists' commitment to M. paratuberculosis in terms of the number of years or proportion of work dedicated to this topic, and the likelihood of an extreme answer (high or low) to the above questions. Topic specialists identified contact with ruminants and dairy products as the most likely routes of exposure for humans. There was consensus on exposure routes for ruminants and what commodities to target in mitigation efforts. Described mandatory programmes mainly focused on culling diseased animals and voluntary on-farm prevention programmes. Despite ongoing difficulties in the identification of subclinical infections in animals, the topic specialists largely agreed that further enhancement of on-farm programmes in affected commodities by 14. Prevalence and Correlates of DSM-5 Cannabis Use Disorder, 2012-2013: Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Science.gov (United States) Hasin, Deborah S; Kerridge, Bradley T; Saha, Tulshi D; Huang, Boji; Pickering, Roger; Smith, Sharon M; Jung, Jeesun; Zhang, Haitao; Grant, Bridget F 2016-06-01 Attitudes toward marijuana are changing, the prevalence of DSM-IV cannabis use disorder has increased, and DSM-5 modified the cannabis use disorder criteria. Therefore, updated information is needed on the prevalence, demographic characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, disability, and treatment for DSM-5 cannabis use disorder. In 2012-2013, 36,309 participants ≥18 years old were interviewed in the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Psychiatric and substance use disorders were assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-5. The prevalences of 12-month and lifetime cannabis use disorder were 2.5% and 6.3%. Among those with 12-month and lifetime diagnoses, the mean days of marijuana use per year were 225.3 (SE=5.7) and 274.2 (SE=3.8). The odds of 12-month and lifetime cannabis use disorder were higher for men, Native Americans, unmarried individuals, those with low incomes, and young adults (e.g., among those age 18-24 years versus ≥45: odds ratio for 12-month disorder, 7.2; 95% confidence interval, 5.5-9.5). Cannabis use disorder was associated with other substance use disorders, affective disorders, anxiety, and personality disorders. Twelve-month cannabis use disorder was associated with disability. As disorder severity increased, virtually all associations became stronger. Only 13.2% with lifetime cannabis use disorder participated in 12-step programs or professional treatment. DSM-5 cannabis use disorder is prevalent, associated with comorbidity and disability, and largely untreated. Findings suggest the need to improve prevention and educate the public, professionals, and policy makers about possible harms associated with cannabis use disorders and available interventions. 15. The Epidemiology of Antisocial Behavioral Syndromes in Adulthood: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III Science.gov (United States) Goldstein, Risë B.; Chou, S. Patricia; Saha, Tulshi D.; Smith, Sharon M.; Jung, Jeesun; Zhang, Haitao; Pickering, Roger P.; Ruan, W. June; Huang, Boji; Grant, Bridget F. 2015-01-01 Objective To present current, nationally representative U.S. findings on prevalence, correlates, psychiatric comorbidity, disability and treatment of DSM-5 antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and syndromal adult antisocial behavior without conduct disorder before age 15 (AABS). Method Face-to-face interviews with respondents (n=36,309) in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions–III. DSM-5 alcohol, nicotine, specific drug use disorders, and selected mood, anxiety, trauma-related, eating, and personality disorders were assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule–5. Results Prevalences of ASPD and AABS were 4.3% and 20.3%, highest among male, white, Native American, younger, and unmarried respondents, those with high school or less education, lower incomes, and Western residence. Both antisocial syndromes were significantly associated with 12-month and lifetime substance use, dysthymia/persistent depressive, bipolar I, posttraumatic stress and borderline and schizotypal personality disorders (ORs=1.2-7.0). ASPD was additionally associated with 12-month agoraphobia and lifetime generalized anxiety disorder; AABS, with 12-month and lifetime major depressive and 12-month generalized anxiety disorders. Both were associated with significant disability (pantisocial respondents were untreated. Conclusions One in 4 U.S. adults exhibits syndromal antisocial behavior, with similar sociodemographic and psychiatric correlates and disability regardless of whether onset occurred before age 15, illustrating the clinical and public health significance of both ASPD and AABS. In addition to laying groundwork for estimates of social and economic costs, and further etiologic and nosologic research, these findings highlight the urgency of effectively preventing and treating antisocial syndromes, including investigation of whether treatment for comorbidity hastens symptomatic remission and improves 16. The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: cosmological analysis of the DR12 galaxy sample Science.gov (United States) Alam, Shadab; Ata, Metin; Bailey, Stephen; Beutler, Florian; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Blazek, Jonathan A.; Bolton, Adam S.; Brownstein, Joel R.; Burden, Angela; Chuang, Chia-Hsun; Comparat, Johan; Cuesta, Antonio J.; Dawson, Kyle S.; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Escoffier, Stephanie; Gil-Marín, Héctor; Grieb, Jan Niklas; Hand, Nick; Ho, Shirley; Kinemuchi, Karen; Kirkby, David; Kitaura, Francisco; Malanushenko, Elena; Malanushenko, Viktor; Maraston, Claudia; McBride, Cameron K.; Nichol, Robert C.; Olmstead, Matthew D.; Oravetz, Daniel; Padmanabhan, Nikhil; Palanque-Delabrouille, Nathalie; Pan, Kaike; Pellejero-Ibanez, Marcos; Percival, Will J.; Petitjean, Patrick; Prada, Francisco; Price-Whelan, Adrian M.; Reid, Beth A.; Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio A.; Roe, Natalie A.; Ross, Ashley J.; Ross, Nicholas P.; Rossi, Graziano; Rubiño-Martín, Jose Alberto; Saito, Shun; Salazar-Albornoz, Salvador; Samushia, Lado; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Satpathy, Siddharth; Schlegel, David J.; Schneider, Donald P.; Scóccola, Claudia G.; Seo, Hee-Jong; Sheldon, Erin S.; Simmons, Audrey; Slosar, Anže; Strauss, Michael A.; Swanson, Molly E. C.; Thomas, Daniel; Tinker, Jeremy L.; Tojeiro, Rita; Magaña, Mariana Vargas; Vazquez, Jose Alberto; Verde, Licia; Wake, David A.; Wang, Yuting; Weinberg, David H.; White, Martin; Wood-Vasey, W. Michael; Yèche, Christophe; Zehavi, Idit; Zhai, Zhongxu; Zhao, Gong-Bo 2017-09-01 We present cosmological results from the final galaxy clustering data set of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. Our combined galaxy sample comprises 1.2 million massive galaxies over an effective area of 9329 deg2 and volume of 18.7 Gpc3, divided into three partially overlapping redshift slices centred at effective redshifts 0.38, 0.51 and 0.61. We measure the angular diameter distance DM and Hubble parameter H from the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) method, in combination with a cosmic microwave background prior on the sound horizon scale, after applying reconstruction to reduce non-linear effects on the BAO feature. Using the anisotropic clustering of the pre-reconstruction density field, we measure the product DMH from the Alcock-Paczynski (AP) effect and the growth of structure, quantified by fσ8(z), from redshift-space distortions (RSD). We combine individual measurements presented in seven companion papers into a set of consensus values and likelihoods, obtaining constraints that are tighter and more robust than those from any one method; in particular, the AP measurement from sub-BAO scales sharpens constraints from post-reconstruction BAOs by breaking degeneracy between DM and H. Combined with Planck 2016 cosmic microwave background measurements, our distance scale measurements simultaneously imply curvature ΩK = 0.0003 ± 0.0026 and a dark energy equation-of-state parameter w = -1.01 ± 0.06, in strong affirmation of the spatially flat cold dark matter (CDM) model with a cosmological constant (ΛCDM). Our RSD measurements of fσ8, at 6 per cent precision, are similarly consistent with this model. When combined with supernova Ia data, we find H0 = 67.3 ± 1.0 km s-1 Mpc-1 even for our most general dark energy model, in tension with some direct measurements. Adding extra relativistic species as a degree of freedom loosens the constraint only slightly, to H0 = 67.8 ± 1.2 km s-1 Mpc-1. Assuming flat 17. Global survey of star clusters in the Milky Way. V. Integrated JHKS magnitudes and luminosity functions Science.gov (United States) Kharchenko, N. V.; Piskunov, A. E.; Schilbach, E.; Röser, S.; Scholz, R.-D. 2016-01-01 Aims: In this study we determine absolute integrated magnitudes in the J,H,KS passbands for Galactic star clusters from the Milky Way Star Clusters survey. In the wide solar neighbourhood, we derive the open cluster luminosity function (CLF) for different cluster ages. Methods: The integrated magnitudes are based on uniform cluster membership derived from the 2MAst catalogue (a merger of the PPMXL and 2MASS) and are computed by summing up the individual luminosities of the most reliable cluster members. We discuss two different techniques of constructing the CLF, a magnitude-limited and a distance-limited approach. Results: Absolute J,H,KS integrated magnitudes are obtained for 3061 open clusters, and 147 globular clusters. The integrated magnitudes and colours are accurate to about 0.8 and 0.2 mag, respectively. Based on the sample of open clusters we construct the general cluster luminosity function in the solar neighbourhood in the three passbands. In each passband the CLF shows a linear part covering a range of 6 to 7 mag at the bright end. The CLFs reach their maxima at an absolute magnitude of -2 mag, then drop by one order of magnitude. During cluster evolution, the CLF changes its slope within tight, but well-defined limits. The CLF of the youngest clusters has a steep slope of about 0.4 at bright magnitudes and a quasi-flat portion for faint clusters. For the oldest population, we find a flatter function with a slope of about 0.2. The CLFs at Galactocentric radii smaller than that of the solar circle differ from those in the direction of the Galactic anti-centre. The CLF in the inner area is flatter and the cluster surface density higher than the local one. In contrast, the CLF is somewhat steeper than the local one in the outer disk, and the surface density is lower. The corresponding catalogue of integrated magnitudes is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp to http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (ftp://130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsarc 18. Global priorities for research and the relative importance of different research outcomes: an international Delphi survey of malaria research experts. Science.gov (United States) Mulligan, Jo-Ann; Conteh, Lesong 2016-12-06 As global research investment increases, attention inevitably turns to assessing and measuring the outcomes and impact from research programmes. Research can have many different outcomes such as producing advances in scientific knowledge, building research capacity and, ultimately, health and broader societal benefits. The aim of this study was to test the use of a Delphi methodology as a way of gathering views from malaria research experts on research priorities and eliciting relative valuations of the different types of health research impact. An international Delphi survey of 60 malaria research experts was used to understand views on research outcomes and priorities within malaria and across global health more widely. The study demonstrated the application of the Delphi technique to eliciting views on malaria specific research priorities, wider global health research priorities and the values assigned to different types of research impact. In terms of the most important past research successes, the development of new anti-malarial drugs and insecticide-treated bed nets were rated as the most important. When asked about research priorities for future funding, respondents ranked tackling emerging drug and insecticide resistance the highest. With respect to research impact, the panel valued research that focuses on health and health sector benefits and informing policy and product development. Contributions to scientific knowledge, although highly valued, came lower down the ranking, suggesting that efforts to move research discoveries to health products and services are valued more highly than pure advances in scientific knowledge. Although the Delphi technique has been used to elicit views on research questions in global health this was the first time it has been used to assess how a group of research experts value or rank different types of research impact. The results suggest it is feasible to inject the views of a key stakeholder group into the research 19. Promoting and Protecting Apologetic Discourse through Law: A Global Survey and Critique of Apology Legislation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) John Charles Kleefeld 2017-08-01 Full Text Available The year 2016 was a milestone for the law-and-apology field, marking the thirtieth anniversary of the first general law aimed at enabling apologies for civil wrongs, introduced in Massachusetts in 1986, as well as the tenth anniversary of the Apology Act, enacted in British Columbia in 2006. The Apology Act seeks to promote apologies and apologetic discourse as an important form of out-of-court dispute resolution, chiefly by making apologetic statements inadmissible for proving liability in civil wrongs. It has served as a benchmark from which subsequent law reform efforts in Canada and abroad have been measured. In 2017, that benchmark was passed with the enactment in Hong Kong of the most ambitious apology law yet, which privileges not only statements of remorse, but also statements of facts embedded in apologies. This article summarises global apology legislation and court decisions to date. Part I considers each major jurisdiction, starting with the USA and concluding with Hong Kong. Part II draws some conclusions about where we have been and where we are going in our efforts to promote or protect apologetic discourse, including recommendations on interpreting existing laws and on drafting or redrafting apology legislation. El año 2016 supuso un hito en el campo del derecho y las disculpas, marcando el trigésimo aniversario de la primera ley general destinada a permitir las disculpas para daños civiles, aprobada en Massachusetts en 1986, así como el décimo aniversario de la Ley de Disculpa, aprobada en la Columbia Británica en 2006. La Ley de Disculpa busca promover las disculpas y el discurso de arrepentimiento como una forma importante para resolver disputas fuera de los tribunales, principalmente haciendo que las afirmaciones de arrepentimiento no fueran admisibles para probar la responsabilidad por daños civiles. Ha servido como ejemplo con el que comparar siguientes intentos de reforma jurídica en Canadá y el extranjero. En 20. Fe(III) fertilization mitigating net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in paddy rice-wheat rotation systems in China. Science.gov (United States) Liu, Shuwei; Zhang, Ling; Liu, Qiaohui; Zou, Jianwen 2012-05-01 A complete accounting of net greenhouse gas balance (NGHGB) and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) affected by Fe(III) fertilizer application was examined in typical annual paddy rice-winter wheat rotation cropping systems in southeast China. Annual fluxes of soil carbon dioxide (CO(2)), methane (CH(4)) and nitrous oxide (N(2)O) were measured using static chamber method, and the net ecosystem exchange of CO(2) (NEE) was determined by the difference between soil CO(2) emissions (R(H)) and net primary production (NPP). Fe(III) fertilizer application significantly decreased R(H) without adverse effects on NPP of rice and winter wheat. Fe(III) fertilizer application decreased seasonal CH(4) by 27-44%, but increased annual N(2)O by 65-100%. Overall, Fe(III) fertilizer application decreased the annual NGHGB and GHGI by 35-47% and 30-36%, respectively. High grain yield and low greenhouse gas intensity can be reconciled by Fe(III) fertilizer applied at the local recommendation rate in rice-based cropping systems. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. U.S. Geological Survey climate and land use change science strategy: a framework for understanding and responding to global change Science.gov (United States) Burkett, Virginia R.; Kirtland, David A.; Taylor, Ione L.; Belnap, Jayne; Cronin, Thomas M.; Dettinger, Michael D.; Frazier, Eldrich L.; Haines, John W.; Loveland, Thomas R.; Milly, Paul C.D.; ,; ,; ,; Robert, S.; Maule, Alec G.; McMahon, Gerard; Striegl, Robert G. 2013-01-01 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), a nonregulatory Federal science agency with national scope and responsibilities, is uniquely positioned to serve the Nation’s needs in understanding and responding to global change, including changes in climate, water availability, sea level, land use and land cover, ecosystems, and global biogeochemical cycles. Global change is among the most challenging and formidable issues confronting our Nation and society. Scientists agree that global environmental changes during this century will have far-reaching societal implications (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007; U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2009). In the face of these challenges, the Nation can benefit greatly by using natural science information in decisionmaking. 2. 'Loose' cigarettes association with intensity of smoking: A secondary data analysis from Global Adult Tobacco Survey, India, 2009-10 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mitasha Singh 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Context: Raising tax on tobacco products is one of the key tobacco control strategies. Globally, it has led to decrease in overall cigarette consumption but on the other hand contributed to increased sale and purchase of loose cigarettes. These loose cigarettes have many important public health implications. Aim: To assess the association between practice of buying loose cigarettes and intensity of smoking. Materials and Methods: A secondary analysis of Global Adult Tobacco Survey, India 2009–2010 data was performed in May 2014, on adult population age 15 years and above. The key outcome variable was “intensity of smoking” defined as average number of cigarettes smoked per day, whereas the key exposure variable was “practice of purchasing loose cigarettes.” Descriptive statistical analysis was performed using EpiData software (version 2.2.2.182 and STATA version 12.1. Results: Nearly, 57% of current cigarette smokers (approximately 3.46 million bought loose cigarettes. The proportion of buying loose cigarettes decreased with increasing level of education and wealth index as well as least among government employees. The intensity of smoking was 70% less among loose cigarette buyers than nonbuyers (odds ratio [OR]: 0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24–0.34. It was found to be significantly lower in rural areas (OR: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.68–0.97 and among homemakers and those who had formal schooling. Conclusion: This study showed that loose cigarette buying is associated with decreased in smoking intensity. This may be due to increased taxes leading to increased buying of single cigarettes. These findings, therefore, highlight a need for a comprehensive policy and further studies on loose cigarette selling. 3. The methodology of population surveys of headache prevalence, burden and cost: Principles and recommendations from the Global Campaign against Headache Science.gov (United States) 2014-01-01 The global burden of headache is very large, but knowledge of it is far from complete and needs still to be gathered. Published population-based studies have used variable methodology, which has influenced findings and made comparisons difficult. Among the initiatives of the Global Campaign against Headache to improve and standardize methods in use for cross-sectional studies, the most important is the production of consensus-based methodological guidelines. This report describes the development of detailed principles and recommendations. For this purpose we brought together an expert consensus group to include experience and competence in headache epidemiology and/or epidemiology in general and drawn from all six WHO world regions. The recommendations presented are for anyone, of whatever background, with interests in designing, performing, understanding or assessing studies that measure or describe the burden of headache in populations. While aimed principally at researchers whose main interests are in the field of headache, they should also be useful, at least in parts, to those who are expert in public health or epidemiology and wish to extend their interest into the field of headache disorders. Most of all, these recommendations seek to encourage collaborations between specialists in headache disorders and epidemiologists. The focus is on migraine, tension-type headache and medication-overuse headache, but they are not intended to be exclusive to these. The burdens arising from secondary headaches are, in the majority of cases, more correctly attributed to the underlying disorders. Nevertheless, the principles outlined here are relevant for epidemiological studies on secondary headaches, provided that adequate definitions can be not only given but also applied in questionnaires or other survey instruments. PMID:24467862 4. Impact of the Global Food Safety Initiative on Food Safety Worldwide: Statistical Analysis of a Survey of International Food Processors. Science.gov (United States) Crandall, Philip G; Mauromoustakos, Andy; O'Bryan, Corliss A; Thompson, Kevin C; Yiannas, Frank; Bridges, Kerry; Francois, Catherine 2017-10-01 In 2000, the Consumer Goods Forum established the Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) to increase the safety of the world's food supply and to harmonize food safety regulations worldwide. In 2013, a university research team in conjunction with Diversey Consulting (Sealed Air), the Consumer Goods Forum, and officers of GFSI solicited input from more than 15,000 GFSI-certified food producers worldwide to determine whether GFSI certification had lived up to these expectations. A total of 828 usable questionnaires were analyzed, representing about 2,300 food manufacturing facilities and food suppliers in 21 countries, mainly across Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and North America. Nearly 90% of these certified suppliers perceived GFSI as being beneficial for addressing their food safety concerns, and respondents were eight times more likely to repeat the certification process knowing what it entailed. Nearly three-quarters (74%) of these food manufacturers would choose to go through the certification process again even if certification were not required by one of their current retail customers. Important drivers for becoming GFSI certified included continuing to do business with an existing customer, starting to do business with new customer, reducing the number of third-party food safety audits, and continuing improvement of their food safety program. Although 50% or fewer respondents stated that they saw actual increases in sales, customers, suppliers, or employees, significantly more companies agreed than disagreed that there was an increase in these key performance indicators in the year following GFSI certification. A majority of respondents (81%) agreed that there was a substantial investment in staff time since certification, and 50% agreed there was a significant capital investment. This survey is the largest and most representative of global food manufacturers conducted to date. 5. Secondhand smoke exposure at home among one billion children in 21 countries: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS). Science.gov (United States) Mbulo, Lazarous; Palipudi, Krishna Mohan; Andes, Linda; Morton, Jeremy; Bashir, Rizwan; Fouad, Heba; Ramanandraibe, Nivo; Caixeta, Roberta; Dias, Rula Cavaco; Wijnhoven, Trudy M A; Kashiwabara, Mina; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Tursan d'Espaignet, Edouard 2016-12-01 Children are vulnerable to secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure because of limited control over their indoor environment. Homes remain the major place where children may be exposed to SHS. Our study examines the magnitude, patterns and determinants of SHS exposure in the home among children in 21 countries (19 low-income and middle-income countries and 2 high-income countries). Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data, a household survey of people 15 years of age or older. Data collected during 2009-2013 were analysed to estimate the proportion of children exposed to SHS in the home. GATS estimates and 2012 United Nations population projections for 2015 were also used to estimate the number of children exposed to SHS in the home. The proportion of children younger than 15 years of age exposed to SHS in the home ranged from 4.5% (Panama) to 79.0% (Indonesia). Of the approximately one billion children younger than 15 years of age living in the 21 countries under study, an estimated 507.74 million were exposed to SHS in the home. China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia and the Philippines accounted for almost 84.6% of the children exposed to SHS. The prevalence of SHS exposure was higher in countries with higher adult smoking rates and was also higher in rural areas than in urban areas, in most countries. A large number of children were exposed to SHS in the home. Encouraging of voluntary smoke-free rules in homes and cessation in adults has the potential to reduce SHS exposure among children and prevent SHS-related diseases and deaths. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/. 6. Social determinants of health and tobacco use in thirteen low and middle income countries: evidence from Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Krishna M Palipudi Full Text Available BACKGROUND: Tobacco use has been identified as the single biggest cause of inequality in morbidity. The objective of this study is to examine the role of social determinants on current tobacco use in thirteen low-and-middle income countries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We used nationally representative data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS conducted during 2008-2010 in 13 low-and-middle income countries: Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Viet Nam. These surveys provided information on 209,027 respondent's aged 15 years and above and the country datasets were analyzed individually for estimating current tobacco use across various socio-demographic factors (gender, age, place of residence, education, wealth index, and knowledge on harmful effects of smoking. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to predict the impact of these determinants on current tobacco use status. Current tobacco use was defined as current smoking or use of smokeless tobacco, either daily or occasionally. Former smokers were excluded from the analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for current tobacco use after controlling other cofactors, was significantly higher for males across all countries and for urban areas in eight of the 13 countries. For educational level, the trend was significant in Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Philippines and Thailand demonstrating decreasing prevalence of tobacco use with increasing levels of education. For wealth index, the trend of decreasing prevalence of tobacco use with increasing wealth was significant for Bangladesh, India, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay and Viet Nam. The trend of decreasing prevalence with increasing levels of knowledge on harmful effects of smoking was significant in China, India, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Thailand, Ukraine and Viet Nam. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate a 7. Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Science.gov (United States) Degenhardt, Louisa; Chiu, Wai-Tat; Sampson, Nancy; Kessler, Ronald C; Anthony, James C; Angermeyer, Matthias; Bruffaerts, Ronny; de Girolamo, Giovanni; Gureje, Oye; Huang, Yueqin; Karam, Aimee; Kostyuchenko, Stanislav; Lepine, Jean Pierre; Mora, Maria Elena Medina; Neumark, Yehuda; Ormel, J Hans; Pinto-Meza, Alejandra; Posada-Villa, José; Stein, Dan J; Takeshima, Tadashi; Wells, J Elisabeth 2008-07-01 Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use cause considerable morbidity and mortality, but good cross-national epidemiological data are limited. This paper describes such data from the first 17 countries participating in the World Health Organization's (WHO's) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative. Household surveys with a combined sample size of 85,052 were carried out in the Americas (Colombia, Mexico, United States), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine), Middle East and Africa (Israel, Lebanon, Nigeria, South Africa), Asia (Japan, People's Republic of China), and Oceania (New Zealand). The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess the prevalence and correlates of a wide variety of mental and substance disorders. This paper focuses on lifetime use and age of initiation of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Alcohol had been used by most in the Americas, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand, with smaller proportions in the Middle East, Africa, and China. Cannabis use in the US and New Zealand (both 42%) was far higher than in any other country. The US was also an outlier in cocaine use (16%). Males were more likely than females to have used drugs; and a sex-cohort interaction was observed, whereby not only were younger cohorts more likely to use all drugs, but the male-female gap was closing in more recent cohorts. The period of risk for drug initiation also appears to be lengthening longer into adulthood among more recent cohorts. Associations with sociodemographic variables were consistent across countries, as were the curves of incidence of lifetime use. Globally, drug use is not distributed evenly and is not simply related to drug policy, since countries with stringent user-level illegal drug policies did not have lower levels of use than countries with liberal ones. Sex differences were consistently documented, but are decreasing in more recent cohorts, who also have higher levels of illegal 8. Smoking behaviour of Czech adolescents: results of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey in the Czech Republic, 2002. Science.gov (United States) Sovinová, H; Csémy, L 2004-03-01 The Czech Republic Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) is a school-based survey of students in grades 7-9, conducted in 2002. A two-stage cluster sample design was used to produce representative data for all of the Czech Republic. On a large sample of students (N=4,149) from 7-9th grade it reveals that smoking among children has been continually growing. According to the results of this study, over 34% of the respondents smoke. Results of the study help us to understand social and attitudinal factors that affect adolescent smoking habits. Social factors include particularly the convenient availability of cigarettes and the lack of the legal regulation of the retail of cigarettes: over one half of all smokers under 15 years of age regularly purchase cigarettes in regular retail outlets; 72% of them reported never having been restricted in their purchases because of their age. Advertising and media coverage appears to be another important factor that affects smoking in this age group. Over 80% of children under 15 years of age reported that they have been exposed to the tobacco advertising. The study also allows an interesting analysis of the exposure to the environmental tobacco smoke. Compared to non-smokers, this exposure has been significantly higher in the case of smokers--both in their homes and at other locations (58% vs. 25%, and 90% vs. 57% respectively). The analysis of the data also revealed a strong misconception about the health risks related to passive smoking among smokers. The study provides three key findings for health promotion: (1) it is necessary to exert a continuous pressure on the political representation to strictly enforce the regulations of tobacco distribution and availability to minors; (2) school health education as well as community oriented prevention programs need to explicitly communicate non-smoking as a standard; and (3) it is important to increase the attractiveness and availability of smoking cessation programs. 9. Bullying victimization and physical fighting among Venezuelan adolescents in Barinas: results from the Global School-Based Health Survey 2003 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Herring Patricia 2009-01-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Violence among adolescents has untoward psycho-social and physical health effects among this age group. Most of the literature on this topic has been from high-income nations, and little information has come from middle- and low-income nations. This study was done to assess the relationship between physical fighting and bullying victimization among Venezuelan school-going adolescents in Barinas. Method We used data from the 2003 Global School-Based Health Survey conducted among in-school adolescents in Barinas, Venezuela. We estimated the prevalence of bullying victimization and physical fighting. We also conducted Logistic regression analysis to assess the association between a selected list of explanatory variables and physical fighting. We hypothesized that there would be a dose-response relationship between physical fighting and number of times the adolescent reported being a bullied in the past 30 days. Results A total of 2,249 adolescent students participated in the survey. However data on sex (gender were available for only 2,229 respondents, of whom 31.2 (47.4% males and 17.0% females reported having been involved in a physical fight in the last 12 months. Some 31.5% (37.0% males and 27.0% females reported having been bullied in the past 30 days. There was a dose-response relationship between bullying victimization and physical fighting (p-trend < 0.001. Compared to subjects who were not bullied, those who reported being bullied were more likely to engage in physical fighting after controlling for age, sex, substance use (smoking, alcohol drinking or drug use, and parental supervision. Conclusion Physical fighting and bullying victimization experience is common among in-school adolescents in Barinas, Venezuela. The fact that victims of bullying were more likely to have engaged in physical fighting may be evidence supporting the notion that "violence begets more violence". 10. Social determinants of health and tobacco use in thirteen low and middle income countries: evidence from Global Adult Tobacco Survey. Science.gov (United States) Palipudi, Krishna M; Gupta, Prakash C; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Andes, Linda J; Asma, Samira; McAfee, Tim 2012-01-01 Tobacco use has been identified as the single biggest cause of inequality in morbidity. The objective of this study is to examine the role of social determinants on current tobacco use in thirteen low-and-middle income countries. We used nationally representative data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) conducted during 2008-2010 in 13 low-and-middle income countries: Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Viet Nam. These surveys provided information on 209,027 respondent's aged 15 years and above and the country datasets were analyzed individually for estimating current tobacco use across various socio-demographic factors (gender, age, place of residence, education, wealth index, and knowledge on harmful effects of smoking). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to predict the impact of these determinants on current tobacco use status. Current tobacco use was defined as current smoking or use of smokeless tobacco, either daily or occasionally. Former smokers were excluded from the analysis. Adjusted odds ratios for current tobacco use after controlling other cofactors, was significantly higher for males across all countries and for urban areas in eight of the 13 countries. For educational level, the trend was significant in Bangladesh, Egypt, India, Philippines and Thailand demonstrating decreasing prevalence of tobacco use with increasing levels of education. For wealth index, the trend of decreasing prevalence of tobacco use with increasing wealth was significant for Bangladesh, India, Philippines, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay and Viet Nam. The trend of decreasing prevalence with increasing levels of knowledge on harmful effects of smoking was significant in China, India, Philippines, Poland, Russian Federation, Thailand, Ukraine and Viet Nam. These findings demonstrate a significant but varied role of social determinants on current tobacco use within and 11. Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Louisa Degenhardt 2008-07-01 Full Text Available Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use cause considerable morbidity and mortality, but good cross-national epidemiological data are limited. This paper describes such data from the first 17 countries participating in the World Health Organization's (WHO's World Mental Health (WMH Survey Initiative.Household surveys with a combined sample size of 85,052 were carried out in the Americas (Colombia, Mexico, United States, Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Ukraine, Middle East and Africa (Israel, Lebanon, Nigeria, South Africa, Asia (Japan, People's Republic of China, and Oceania (New Zealand. The WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI was used to assess the prevalence and correlates of a wide variety of mental and substance disorders. This paper focuses on lifetime use and age of initiation of tobacco, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine. Alcohol had been used by most in the Americas, Europe, Japan, and New Zealand, with smaller proportions in the Middle East, Africa, and China. Cannabis use in the US and New Zealand (both 42% was far higher than in any other country. The US was also an outlier in cocaine use (16%. Males were more likely than females to have used drugs; and a sex-cohort interaction was observed, whereby not only were younger cohorts more likely to use all drugs, but the male-female gap was closing in more recent cohorts. The period of risk for drug initiation also appears to be lengthening longer into adulthood among more recent cohorts. Associations with sociodemographic variables were consistent across countries, as were the curves of incidence of lifetime use.Globally, drug use is not distributed evenly and is not simply related to drug policy, since countries with stringent user-level illegal drug policies did not have lower levels of use than countries with liberal ones. Sex differences were consistently documented, but are decreasing in more recent cohorts, who also have higher levels of 12. The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS): male homosexuality among Arabic-speaking internet users in the Middle East--2010. Science.gov (United States) Shaeer, Osama; Shaeer, Kamal 2014-10-01 The prevalence of male homosexuality is difficult to elicit considering the sensitivity of one's sexual orientation. The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS) is an online epidemiologic study of male and female sexuality. The online nature of GOSS allows more confidentiality and wider geographic reach, particularly important in investigating sexual issues within the more conservative societies. This study aims to determine the prevalence of male homosexuality among Internet users in the Arabic-speaking Middle East and the unique characteristics of this subset of the population. Prevalence of male homosexuality. In the year 2010, GOSS was offered to Arabic-speaking web surfers above 18 years of age in the Middle East. Potential participants were invited via advertising on Facebook®. Invitations were dispatched randomly with the exception of geographic region and age, regardless web surfing preferences. GOSS relied in part on validated questionnaires such as the International Index of Erectile Function, as well on other nonvalidated questions. 17.1% reported desire toward the same sex, of whom 5.6% had homosexual encounters, mostly in the form of external stimulation rather than intercourse, and exclusively undercover. An overwhelming majority was ego-dystonic (78.2%). This is--to our knowledge--the first online survey to address the prevalence of homosexual orientation and practice in the Middle East, discriminating desire from practice, ego-syntonic from ego-dystonic, and investigating the pattern of practice. Homosexual desire is present in the Middle East as it is around the world, and homosexual encounters are as prevalent. Yet, the undercover and ego-dystonic states prevail. © 2014 International Society for Sexual Medicine. 13. Gaia-ESO Survey: Global properties of clusters Trumpler 14 and 16 in the Carina nebula ⋆⋆ Science.gov (United States) Damiani, F.; Klutsch, A.; Jeffries, R. D.; Randich, S.; Prisinzano, L.; Maíz Apellániz, J.; Micela, G.; Kalari, V.; Frasca, A.; Zwitter, T.; Bonito, R.; Gilmore, G.; Flaccomio, E.; Francois, P.; Koposov, S.; Lanzafame, A. C.; Sacco, G. G.; Bayo, A.; Carraro, G.; Casey, A. R.; Alfaro, E. J.; Costado, M. T.; Donati, P.; Franciosini, E.; Hourihane, A.; Jofré, P.; Lardo, C.; Lewis, J.; Magrini, L.; Monaco, L.; Morbidelli, L.; Worley, C. C.; Vink, J. S.; Zaggia, S. 2017-07-01 Aims: We present the first extensive spectroscopic study of the global population in star clusters Trumpler 16, Trumpler 14, and Collinder 232 in the Carina nebula, using data from the Gaia-ESO Survey, down to solar-mass stars. Methods: In addition to the standard homogeneous survey data reduction, a special processing was applied here because of the bright nebulosity surrounding Carina stars. Results: We find about 400 good candidate members ranging from OB types down to slightly subsolar masses. About 100 heavily reddened early-type Carina members found here were previously unrecognized or poorly classified, including two candidate O stars and several candidate Herbig Ae/Be stars. Their large brightness makes them useful tracers of the obscured Carina population. The spectroscopically derived temperatures for nearly 300 low-mass members enables the inference of individual extinction values and the study of the relative placement of stars along the line of sight. Conclusions: We find a complex spatial structure with definite clustering of low-mass members around the most massive stars and spatially variable extinction. By combining the new data with existing X-ray data, we obtain a more complete picture of the three-dimensional spatial structure of the Carina clusters and of their connection to bright and dark nebulosity and UV sources. The identification of tens of background giants also enables us to determine the total optical depth of the Carina nebula along many sightlines. We are also able to put constraints on the star formation history of the region with Trumpler 14 stars found to be systematically younger than stars in other subclusters. We find a large percentage of fast-rotating stars among Carina solar-mass members, which provide new constraints on the rotational evolution of pre-main-sequence stars in this mass range. Based on observations collected with the FLAMES spectrograph at VLT/UT2 telescope (Paranal Observatory, ESO, Chile), for the Gaia 14. Prevalence of smoking and other smoking related behaviors reported by the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) in four Peruvian cities. Science.gov (United States) Zavaleta, Alfonso; Salas, Maria; Peruga, Armando; Hallal, Ana Luiza Curi; Warren, Charles W; Jones, Nathan R; Asma, Samira 2008-12-15 In 2004, Peru ratified the Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) and in 2006 passed Law 28705 for tobacco consumption and exposure reduction. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) provides data on youth tobacco use for development of tobacco control programs. Findings from the GYTS conducted in four main cities in Peru in 2000 and 2003 are reported in this paper and can be used to monitor provisions of the WHO FCTC. The GYTS is a school-based survey that uses a standardized methodology for sampling, questionnaire construction, field procedures, and data management. In total, 5,332 and 7,824 students aged 13 to 15 years participated in the 2000 and 2003 surveys conducted in Huancayo, Lima, Tarapoto and Trujillo. In both years, Lima had the highest lifetime (54.6% and 59.6%) and current use of tobacco (18.6% and 19.2%) of the four cities. According to gender, boys smoked more than girls and less than 20% of students initiated smoking before the age of 10. Among smokers, more than 60% bought their cigarettes in a store with no restriction for their age, and approximately 12% had ever been offered "free cigarettes". Around 90% of students were in favor of banning smoking in public places. Changes between 2000 and 2003 included an increase in the percentage of smokers who wanted to have a cigarette first thing in the morning in Tarapoto (from 0% to 1.2%) and a decrease in exposure to tobacco at home in Huancayo (from 23.7% to 17.8%) and Trujillo (from 27.8% to 19.8%) While few changes in tobacco use among youth have been observed in the GYTS in Peru, the data in this report can be used as baseline measures for future evaluation efforts. At this time, tobacco control efforts in Peru need to focus on enhancing Law 28705 to include enforcement of existing provisions and inclusion of new laws and regulations. Most of these provisions are required of all countries, such as Peru, that have ratified the WHO FCTC. 15. Prevalence of smoking and other smoking related behaviors reported by the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS in four Peruvian cities Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Warren Charles W 2008-12-01 Full Text Available Abstract Introduction In 2004, Peru ratified the Health Organization (WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC and in 2006 passed Law 28705 for tobacco consumption and exposure reduction. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS provides data on youth tobacco use for development of tobacco control programs. Findings from the GYTS conducted in four main cities in Peru in 2000 and 2003 are reported in this paper and can be used to monitor provisions of the WHO FCTC. Methods The GYTS is a school-based survey that uses a standardized methodology for sampling, questionnaire construction, field procedures, and data management. In total, 5,332 and 7,824 students aged 13 to 15 years participated in the 2000 and 2003 surveys conducted in Huancayo, Lima, Tarapoto and Trujillo. Results In both years, Lima had the highest lifetime (54.6% and 59.6% and current use of tobacco (18.6% and 19.2% of the four cities. According to gender, boys smoked more than girls and less than 20% of students initiated smoking before the age of 10. Among smokers, more than 60% bought their cigarettes in a store with no restriction for their age, and approximately 12% had ever been offered "free cigarettes". Around 90% of students were in favor of banning smoking in public places. Changes between 2000 and 2003 included an increase in the percentage of smokers who wanted to have a cigarette first thing in the morning in Tarapoto (from 0% to 1.2% and a decrease in exposure to tobacco at home in Huancayo (from 23.7% to 17.8% and Trujillo (from 27.8% to 19.8% Conclusion While few changes in tobacco use among youth have been observed in the GYTS in Peru, the data in this report can be used as baseline measures for future evaluation efforts. At this time, tobacco control efforts in Peru need to focus on enhancing Law 28705 to include enforcement of existing provisions and inclusion of new laws and regulations. Most of these provisions are required of all countries, such as Peru 16. Association of APOE polymorphism with chronic kidney disease in a nationally representative sample: a Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III Genetic Study Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Berthier-Schaad Yvette 2009-10-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms (APOE have been associated with lowered glomerular filtration rate (GFR and chronic kidney disease (CKD with e2 allele conferring risk and e4 providing protection. However, few data are available in non-European ethnic groups or in a population-based cohort. Methods The authors analyzed 5,583 individuals from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III to determine association with estimated GFR by the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD equation and low-GFR cases. Low-GFR cases were defined as GFR 2; additionally, GFR was analyzed continuously. Results In univariate analysis, the e4 allele was negatively associated with low-GFR cases in non-Hispanic whites, odds ratio (OR: 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI: 0.60, 0.97. In whites, there was a significant association between increasing APOE score (indicating greater number of e2 alleles and higher prevalence of low-GFR cases (OR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.01, 1.45. Analysis of continuous GFR in whites found the e4 allele was associated with higher levels of continuous GFR (β-coefficient: 2.57 ml/min/1.73 m2, 95%CI: 0.005, 5.14; in non-Hispanic blacks the e2 allele was associated with lower levels of continuous GFR (β-coefficient: -3.73 ml/min/1.73 m2, 95%CI: -6.61, -0.84. APOE e2 and e4 alleles were rare and not associated with low-GFR cases or continuous GFR in Mexican Americans. Conclusion In conclusion, the authors observed a weak association between the APOE e4 allele and low-GFR cases and continuous GFR in non-Hispanic whites, and the APOE e2 allele and continuous GFR in non-Hispanic blacks, but found no association with either measure of kidney function in Mexican Americans. Larger studies including multiethnic groups are needed to determine the significance of this association. 17. Feasibility planning study for a behavior database. Volume III Appendix B, Compendium of survey questions on drinking and driving and occupant restraints Science.gov (United States) 1987-04-01 The general objective of the project was to determine the feasibility of and the general requirements for a centralized database on driver behavior and attitudes related to drunk driving and occupant restraints. Volume III is a compendium of question... 18. Comparison of the Carbon System Parameters at the Global CO2 Survey Crossover Locations in the North and South Pacific Ocean, 1990-1996 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Feely, Richard A [NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL); Lamb, Marilyn F. [NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL); Greeley, Dana J. [NOAA, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL); Wanninkhof, Rik [NOAA, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) 1999-10-01 As a collaborative program to measure global ocean carbon inventories and provide estimates of the anthropogenic carbon dioxide (C02) uptake by the oceans. the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Department of Energy have sponsored the collection of ocean carbon measurements as part of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment and Ocean-Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Study cruises. The cruises discussed here occurred in the North and South Pacific from 1990 through 1996. The carbon parameters from these 30 crossover locations have been compared to ensure that a consistent global data set emerges from the survey cruises. !'he results indicate that for dissolved inorganic carbon. fugacity of C02• and pH. the a~:,rreements at most crossover locations are well within the design specifications for the global CO) survey: whereas. in the case of total alkaliniry. the agreement between crossover locations is not as close. 19. Correlates of cigarette smoking among school-going adolescents in Thailand: findings from the Thai global youth tobacco survey 2005 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Rudatsikira Emmanuel 2008-06-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Many studies examining the social correlates of tobacco use among adolescents fail to recognise theories of health behaviour and health promotion in their analysis. Using the Socio-Ecologiocal Model (SEM we assessed the demographic and social factors associated with current cigarette smoking among adolescents in Thailand. Method A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from the Thai Global Youth Tobacco Survey (Thai GYTS 2005 was analysed to obtain prevalence of selected attributes and assess factors associated with current cigarette smoking. Current cigarette smoking was defined as having smoked a cigarette, even a single puff, in the last 30 days. Logistic regression was conducted to estimate the level of association between the explanatory variables and current smoking. Results Of the 18,368 respondents, 22.0% males and 5.2% females reported being current smokers (p Conclusion Current cigarette smoking was associated with male gender, smoking parents or closest peers. Perception that smoking was harmful to health was associated with less likelihood of being a current smoker. 20. Alcohol marketing, drunkenness, and problem drinking among Zambian youth: findings from the 2004 Global School-Based Student Health Survey. Science.gov (United States) Swahn, Monica H; Ali, Bina; Palmier, Jane B; Sikazwe, George; Mayeya, John 2011-01-01 This study examines the associations between alcohol marketing strategies, alcohol education including knowledge about dangers of alcohol and refusal of alcohol, and drinking prevalence, problem drinking, and drunkenness. Analyses are based on the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in Zambia (2004) of students primarily 11 to 16 years of age (N = 2257). Four statistical models were computed to test the associations between alcohol marketing and education and alcohol use, while controlling for possible confounding factors. Alcohol marketing, specifically through providing free alcohol through a company representative, was associated with drunkenness (AOR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.09-2.02) and problem drinking (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.06-1.87) among youth after controlling for demographic characteristics, risky behaviors, and alcohol education. However, alcohol education was not associated with drunkenness or problem drinking. These findings underscore the importance of restricting alcohol marketing practices as an important policy strategy for reducing alcohol use and its dire consequences among vulnerable youth. 1. Survey on bio-chemical complex harmonized with global environment. 3; Kankyo chowagata seibutsu kagaku konbinato ni kansuru chosa. 3 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1996-03-01 A survey was conducted of bio-chemical complex harmonized with the global environment for the purpose of constructing the material production process harmonized with the environment by the process fusion between biological conversion and chemical reaction. Palm oil was taken up as renewable raw material plant resource. The process utilizing bio-chemical reaction advances at normal temperature and pressure and is high in reaction specificity and selectivity. This is a recycling, circulation and environmental harmony type production technology which brings high yield, energy conservation, resource conservation, and low environmental loads. Waste water treatment and production of useful substances from sludge were thought as elementary technology. A possibility was studied of enzyme production by culturing solid waste, and the enzyme was applied to the hydrolysis process. The paper indicated trace components in the palm oil and the extraction method and proposed the production process of new derivatives for adding value to hydrolysate. A study was also made of the overall process flow which integrated these new processes and the material balance. The comprehensive evaluation of this new process was made from the aspect of the product structure, the market, construction cost, economical efficiency, and the environment. 133 refs., 65 figs., 56 tabs. 2. Strategies for restoration of deep-water coral ecosystems based on a global survey of oil and gas regulations Science.gov (United States) Cordes, E. E.; Jones, D.; Levin, L. A. 2016-02-01 The oil and gas industry is one of the most active agents of the global industrialization of the deep sea. The wide array of impacts following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill highlighted the need for a systematic review of existing regulations both in US waters and internationally. Within different exclusive economic zones, there are a wide variety of regulations regarding the survey of deep-water areas prior to leasing and the acceptable set-back distances from vulnerable marine ecosystems once they are discovered. There are also varying mitigation strategies for accidental release of oil and gas, including active monitoring systems, temporary closings of oil and gas production, and marine protected areas. The majority of these regulations are based on previous studies of typical impacts from oil and gas drilling, rather than accidental releases. However, the probability of an accident from standard operations increases significantly with depth. The Oil & Gas working group of the Deep Ocean Stewardship Initiative is an international partnership of scientists, managers, non-governmental organizations, and industry professionals whose goal is to review existing regulations for the oil & gas industry and produce a best practices document to advise both developed and developing nations on their regulatory structure as energy development moves into deeper waters. 3. Alcohol Marketing, Drunkenness, and Problem Drinking among Zambian Youth: Findings from the 2004 Global School-Based Student Health Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Monica H. Swahn 2011-01-01 Full Text Available This study examines the associations between alcohol marketing strategies, alcohol education including knowledge about dangers of alcohol and refusal of alcohol, and drinking prevalence, problem drinking, and drunkenness. Analyses are based on the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS conducted in Zambia (2004 of students primarily 11 to 16 years of age (=2257. Four statistical models were computed to test the associations between alcohol marketing and education and alcohol use, while controlling for possible confounding factors. Alcohol marketing, specifically through providing free alcohol through a company representative, was associated with drunkenness (AOR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.09–2.02 and problem drinking (AOR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.06–1.87 among youth after controlling for demographic characteristics, risky behaviors, and alcohol education. However, alcohol education was not associated with drunkenness or problem drinking. These findings underscore the importance of restricting alcohol marketing practices as an important policy strategy for reducing alcohol use and its dire consequences among vulnerable youth. 4. Prevalence and correlates of truancy among adolescents in Swaziland: findings from the Global School-Based Health Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Rudatsikira Emmanuel 2007-11-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background Educational attainment is an important determinant of diverse health outcomes. Truancy among adolescents jeopardizes chances of achieving their educational goals. Truant behaviors are also associated with various psychosocial problems. There is however limited data on the prevalence and factors associated with truancy among adolescents in Africa. Methods We used data from the Swaziland Global School-Based Health Survey (GSHS conducted in 2003 to estimate the prevalence of self-reported truancy within the last 30 days among adolescents. We also assessed the association between self-reported truancy and a selected list of independent variables using logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 7341 students participated in the study. In analysis of available data, 2526 (36.2% and 4470 (63.8% were males and females respectively. The overall prevalence of truancy within the last 30 days preceding the study was 21.6%. Prevalence of truancy was 27.4% (605 and 17.9% (723 in males and females respectively. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, being a male, having been bullied, lower school grades, and alcohol use were positively associated with truancy. Adolescents who perceived themselves as having parental support were less likely to have reported being truant. Conclusion Truancy among adolescents in Swaziland should be regarded as an important social problem as it is relatively prevalent. The design and implementation of intervention programs aimed to reduce truant behaviours should incorporate our knowledge of the factors identified as associated with bullying. 5. Risk factors of future smoking among Thai youth: a secondary analysis of the Thai Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Science.gov (United States) Lee, Gyeongsil; Lee, Joann; Lee, Sungkyu 2015-03-01 The study aimed to identify the risk factors for future smoking among Thai youth aged 13 to 15 years (seventh to ninth grade). Data from the nationally representative 2005 Thai Global Youth Tobacco Survey (n = 15 774) were analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Among nonsmoking Thai youth, boys were much more likely to have intention of future smoking (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.37-0.84). Younger youth were more likely to be cigarette smokers in the future (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.56-0.88). Youth having the intention of smoking from a friend's cigarette offer were 5.29 times more likely to have intention of future smoking, compared with those who did not (95% CI = 3.75-7.46). Understanding and targeting youth at higher risk for future smoking can provide for a lowering of the youth smoking rate in Thailand and contribute to the country's continued efforts in effective youth tobacco control. © 2013 APJPH. 6. Monitor III International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Grisham, D.L.; Lambert, J.E. 1986-01-01 Monitor III is a totally portable version of the Monitor I and II systems in use at the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) since 1976. The Monitor III system differs from the other systems in that it is capable of operating in any location accessible by truck. Although Monitor III was designed primarily for the handling and disposal of radioactive materials, it is also capable of performing the more sophisticated operations normally performed by the other Monitor systems. The development and operational capabilities of the Monitor remote handling system have been thoroughly reported since 1978. This paper reports on the commissioning of a new system with unique capabilities 7. An analysis of global youth tobacco survey for developing a comprehensive national smoking policy in Timor-Leste. Science.gov (United States) Ribeiro Sarmento, Decio; Yehadji, Degninou 2016-01-22 Smoking is a global public health concern. Timor-Leste is facing a rapidly growing epidemic of tobacco use. The trend of smoking in Timor-Leste seems to be increasing and the magnitude of the problem affects people who smoke before reaching adulthood. One of the factors implicated in the continuously rising trend of smoking among young people in Timor-Leste is clearly due to unavailability of restrictive laws and regulations. Therefore, our study sought to analyze available dataset from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) for developing a comprehensive national smoking policy in order to lower smoking risks among young people in Timor-Leste. We conducted a secondary analysis of the 2009 GYTS in Timor-Leste. The 2009 GYTS assessed 1657 in-school students aged 13-15 years for current smoking prevalence and determinants of tobacco use. We used IBM SPSS version 21 software to analyze the data. Frequency analyses were computed to identify demographic characteristics of study participants. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the association between each demographic characteristic as well as each independent variable and the outcome of being current smokers. Out of 1657 in-school students, 51 % were of ages less than 15; 53 % were girls; and 45 % were in grade 2. Prevalence of current cigarette smoking was found to be 51 %. The prevalence of current smoking among in-school students increased with ages (from 46 % in less than 15 to 57 % in 15 plus). Boys were more likely to be smokers than girls (59 % versus 28 %). Significant factors positively associated with current smoking included parental smoking; closed-peer smoking; number of days people smoked in the house; having family discussion about harmful effects of smoking; being smoking in areas such as school, public places and home; and having seen cigarette advertisements on billboard. Timor-Leste has higher prevalence of cigarette smoking among minors, especially among boys. Our analysis 8. Scientific publications on portal vein thrombosis and Budd-Chiari syndrome: a global survey of the literature. Science.gov (United States) Qi, Xingshun; Jia, Jia; Ren, Weirong; Yang, Man; De Stefano, Valerio; Wang, Juan; Fan, Daiming 2014-03-01 Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) are two rare vascular disorders of the liver that can lead to life-threatening complications. We conducted a global survey to systematically analyze the scientific publications in the fields of PVT and BCS. All papers regarding PVT and BCS were identified via the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases. The publication year, country, type of paper, study design, and number of citations were summarized. Good quality papers were defined as those in which a high proportion of homogeneous patients with BCS and/or PVT was observed. We identified 6691 and 4325 papers regarding PVT and BCS, respectively. The number of papers gradually increased over time. Researchers from the USA published the greatest number of papers (PVT: n=1418; BCS: n=888). Clinical studies were the most common type of paper (PVT: n=5395; BCS n=3171), but fewer than half of these observed more than 10 patients (PVT: n=2667/5395; BCS: n=1092/3171). Furthermore, fewer than half of the clinical studies with more than 10 patients were of good quality (PVT: 976/2667; BCS: 466/1092). According to the study design, the good quality papers were classified as cohort studies (PVT: n=865; BCS: n=421), case-control studies (PVT: n=98; BCS: n=45), and randomized controlled trials (PVT: n=13; BCS: n=0). The 5 most frequently cited original articles and guidelines/consensuses were also listed. Despite an increase in the number of papers regarding PVT and BCS over time, most of the papers had a small sample size, suggesting the necessity of large cohort studies or randomized controlled trials. 9. Tobacco Use Among Students Aged 13-15 Years in South Korea: The 2013 Global Youth Tobacco Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Sunhye Choi 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Objectives We examined the prevalence of tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke among middle-school students in Korea using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS in 2013. Methods The GYTS in Korea was conducted between July and August 2013 by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data were collected using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire from a nationally representative sample of middle-school students aged 13-15 years in sampled classrooms. Results The GYTS in Korea was completed by 4235 students aged 13-15 years in 43 middle schools. Approximately one in five of the students (17.8% reported that they had tried cigarettes in the past, while 5.2% reported currently being cigarette smokers. Current cigarette smoking was higher in boys (7.5% than in girls (2.6%. Of the students, 29.7% had been exposed to secondhand smoke at home, 47.4% inside enclosed public places, and 53.9% in outdoor public places. Of the current cigarette smokers, 25.7% bought their cigarettes from a store despite a law prohibiting this. Additionally, 58.0% of students noticed point-of-sale tobacco advertisements or promotions, 66.8% of current cigarette smokers wanted to stop smoking, and 70.9% of students had been taught about the dangers of tobacco use in school. Conclusions These findings provide an opportunity to develop, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive tobacco control policy. The results suggest that youth have relatively easy access to cigarettes and are regularly exposed to secondhand smoke in public places, as well as to point-of-sale tobacco advertisements and promotions. Strict enforcement of the ban on tobacco sales to youth, expanding smoke-free areas, and advertising bans are needed to reduce tobacco use among youth. 10. The global existence and large time behavior of smooth compressible fluid in an infinitely expanding ball, III: The 3-D Boltzmann equation Science.gov (United States) Yin, Huicheng; Zhao, Wenbin 2018-01-01 This paper is a continuation of the works in [35] and [37], where the authors have established the global existence of smooth compressible flows in infinitely expanding balls for inviscid gases and viscid gases, respectively. In this paper, we are concerned with the global existence and large time behavior of compressible Boltzmann gases in an infinitely expanding ball. Such a problem is one of the interesting models in studying the theory of global smooth solutions to multidimensional compressible gases with time dependent boundaries and vacuum states at infinite time. Due to the conservation of mass, the fluid in the expanding ball becomes rarefied and eventually tends to a vacuum state meanwhile there are no appearances of vacuum domains in any part of the expansive ball, which is easily observed in finite time. In the present paper, we will confirm this physical phenomenon for the Boltzmann equation by obtaining the exact lower and upper bound on the macroscopic density function. 11. The Process of Cessation Among Current Tobacco Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis From 21 Countries, Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009–2013 Science.gov (United States) Palipudi, Krishna M.; Nelson-Blutcher, Glenda; Murty, Komanduri S.; Asma, Samira 2015-01-01 We analyzed data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) from 21 countries to categorize smokers by stages of cessation and highlight interventions that could be tailored to each stage. GATS is a nationally representative household survey that measures tobacco use and other key indicators by using a standardized protocol. The distribution of smokers into precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages varied by country. Using the stages of change model, each country can design and implement effective interventions suitable to its cultural, social, and economic situations to help smokers advance successfully through the stages of cessation. PMID:26378897 12. The Process of Cessation Among Current Tobacco Smokers: A Cross-Sectional Data Analysis From 21 Countries, Global Adult Tobacco Survey, 2009-2013. Science.gov (United States) Mbulo, Lazarous; Palipudi, Krishna M; Nelson-Blutcher, Glenda; Murty, Komanduri S; Asma, Samira 2015-09-17 We analyzed data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) from 21 countries to categorize smokers by stages of cessation and highlight interventions that could be tailored to each stage. GATS is a nationally representative household survey that measures tobacco use and other key indicators by using a standardized protocol. The distribution of smokers into precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages varied by country. Using the stages of change model, each country can design and implement effective interventions suitable to its cultural, social, and economic situations to help smokers advance successfully through the stages of cessation. 13. A survey on job satisfaction among nursing staff before and after introduction of the NIDCAP model of care in a level III NICU in the Netherlands NARCIS (Netherlands) Wielenga, Joke M.; Smit, Bert J.; Unk, Karel A. 2008-01-01 PURPOSE: To study the effect of introduction of the Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) on nursing staff job satisfaction. SUBJECTS: Registered nurses, with specialist neonatal qualifications or in training, in a level III neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in 14. A 1.4 deg2 blind survey for C II], C III] and C IV at z ˜ 0.7-1.5 - I. Nature, morphologies and equivalent widths Science.gov (United States) Stroe, Andra; Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Calhau, João; Oteo, Ivan 2017-11-01 While traditionally associated with active galactic nuclei (AGN), the properties of the C II] (λ = 2326 Å), C III] (λ, λ = 1907, 1909 Å) and C IV (λ, λ = 1549, 1551 Å) emission lines are still uncertain as large, unbiased samples of sources are scarce. We present the first blind, statistical study of C II], C III] and C IV emitters at z ˜ 0.68, 1.05, 1.53, respectively, uniformly selected down to a flux limit of ˜4 × 10-17 erg s-1 cm-1 through a narrow-band survey covering an area of ˜1.4 deg2 over COSMOS and UDS. We detect 16 C II], 35 C III] and 17 C IV emitters, whose nature we investigate using optical colours as well as Hubble Space Telescope (HST), X-ray, radio and far-infrared data. We find that z ˜ 0.7 C II] emitters are consistent with a mixture of blue (UV slope β = -2.0 ± 0.4) star-forming (SF) galaxies with discy HST structure and AGN with Seyfert-like morphologies. Bright C II] emitters have individual X-ray detections as well as high average black hole accretion rates (BHARs) of ˜0.1 M⊙ yr-1. C III] emitters at z ˜ 1.05 trace a general population of SF galaxies, with β = -0.8 ± 1.1, a variety of optical morphologies, including isolated and interacting galaxies and low BHAR (frame equivalent widths (EWs) that could be as large as 50-100 Å. AGN or spatial offsets between the UV continuum stellar disc and the line-emitting regions may explain the large EW. These bright C II], C III] and C IV emitters are ideal candidates for spectroscopic follow-up to fully unveil their nature. 15. Richard III DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Lauridsen, Palle Schantz 2017-01-01 Kort analyse af Shakespeares Richard III med fokus på, hvordan denne skurk fremstilles, så tilskuere (og læsere) langt henad vejen kan føle sympati med ham. Med paralleller til Netflix-serien "House of Cards"......Kort analyse af Shakespeares Richard III med fokus på, hvordan denne skurk fremstilles, så tilskuere (og læsere) langt henad vejen kan føle sympati med ham. Med paralleller til Netflix-serien "House of Cards"... 16. Role of global stress in the health-related quality of life of caregivers: evidence from the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin. Science.gov (United States) Litzelman, Kristin; Skinner, Halcyon G; Gangnon, Ronald E; Nieto, F Javier; Malecki, Kristen; Witt, Whitney P 2014-06-01 Informal caregivers play a critical role in the care of individuals who are aging or have disabilities and are at increased risk for poor health outcomes. This study sought to determine whether and to what extent: (1) global stress and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) differed between caregivers and non-caregivers; (2) global stress mediated the relationship between caregiving status and HRQoL; and (3) caregiver strain (i.e., stress attributable to caregiving) was associated with worse HRQoL after accounting for global stress. Cross-sectional data were from the 2008-2010 Survey of the Health of Wisconsin, a representative sample of adults aged 21-74 years. Participants (n = 1,364) completed questionnaires about caregiving status, sociodemographics, global stress, and HRQoL. Staged generalized additive models assessed the impact of caregiving on HRQoL and the role of caregiver strain and global stress in this relationship. In the last 12 months, 17.2% of the sample reported caregiving. Caregivers reported worse mental HRQoL than non-caregivers (β -1.88, p = 0.02); global stress mediated this relationship (p stress (p stress, rather than caregiving per se, contributes to poor HRQoL among caregivers, above and beyond the effect of caregiving strain. Screening, monitoring, and reducing stress in multiple life domains presents an opportunity to improve HRQoL outcomes for caregivers. 17. The Global Online Sexuality Survey: public perception of female genital cutting among internet users in the Middle East. Science.gov (United States) Shaeer, Osama; Shaeer, Eman 2013-12-01 Female genital cutting (FGC) is a ritual involving cutting part or all of the female external genitalia, performed primarily in Africa. Understanding the motivation behind FGC whether religious or otherwise is important for formulating the anti-FGC messages in prevention and awareness campaigns. The study aims to provide an investigation of opinion over FGC, the root motive/s behind it, in addition to the current prevalence of FGC among Internet users in the Middle East. The Global Online Sexuality Survey was undertaken in the Middle East via paid advertising on Facebook®, comprising 146 questions. The main outcomes are the prevalence of and public opinion on FGC among Internet users. 31.6% of 992 participants experienced FGC at an average age of 9.6 ± 3.5 years, mostly in Egypt (50.2%). FGC was performed among both Muslims (36.9%) and Christians (18.8%), more in rural areas (78.7%) than urban (47.4%), and was performed primarily by doctors (54.7%) and nurses (9.5%). Whether or not it is necessary for female chastity, FGC was reported as highly necessary (22.5%), and necessary (21.6%). This was more among males, particularly among those with rural origin, with no difference as per educational level. This is in contrast to only 3.7% regarding FGC as a mandate of Islam. Religious opinion among Muslims was: 55.4% anti-FGC and 44.6% pro-FGC. An important motivation driving FGC seems to be males seeking female chastity rather than religion, especially with FGC not being an Islamic mandate, not to undermine the importance of religion among other motives. School and university education were void of an effective anti-FGC message, which should be addressed. There is a shift toward doctors and nurses for performing FGC, which is both a threat and an opportunity. We propose that the primary message against FGC should be delivered by medical and paramedical personnel who can deliver a balanced and confidential message. © 2013 International Society for Sexual Medicine. 18. NASA/DoD Aerospace knowledge diffusion research project. III - The impact of a sponsor letter on mail survey response rates Science.gov (United States) Kennedy, John M.; Pinelli, Thomas E. 1990-01-01 The paper describes the impact of two interventions in the design of mail surveys. The interventions were devised to increase response rates and to clarify sample eligibility. To test their effectiveness, interventions occurred at different points in each of three surveys. One intervention was a letter from the research sponsor (NASA) supporting the research. The other intervention was the inclusion of a postcard that could be used by the respondent to indicate that the questionnaire was not appropriate for him/her. The sample was drawn from the membership of the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics research society. The results indicate that the sponsor letter improved response rates under certain conditions described in the paper. The postcards assisted in identifying noneligible persons particularly when they accompanied a pre-survey letter. The implications for survey costs are discussed. 19. Physicians Experience with and Expectations of the Safety and Tolerability of WHO-Step III Opioids for Chronic (Low Back Pain: Post Hoc Analysis of Data from a German Cross-Sectional Physician Survey Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Michael A. Ueberall 2015-01-01 Full Text Available Objective. To describe physicians’ daily life experience with WHO-step III opioids in the treatment of chronic (low back pain (CLBP. Methods. Post hoc analysis of data from a cross-sectional online survey with 4.283 Germany physicians. Results. With a reported median use in 17% of affected patients, WHO-step III opioids play a minor role in treatment of CLBP in daily practice associated with a broad spectrum of positive and negative effects. If prescribed, potent opioids were reported to show clinically relevant effects (such as ≥50% pain relief in approximately 3 of 4 patients (median 72%. Analgesic effects reported are frequently related with adverse events (AEs. Only 20% of patients were reported to remain free of any AE. Most frequently reported AE was constipation (50%, also graded highest for AE-related daily life restrictions (median 46%. Specific AE countermeasures were reported to be necessary in approximately half of patients (median 45%; nevertheless AE-related premature discontinuation rates reported were high (median 22%. Fentanyl/morphine were the most/least prevalently prescribed potent opioids mentioned (median 20 versus 8%. Conclusion. Overall, use of WHO-step III opioids for CLBP is low. AEs, especially constipation, are commonly reported and interfere significantly with analgesic effects in daily practice. Nevertheless, beneficial effects outweigh related AEs in most patients with CLBP. 20. Levantamento da fauna entomológica no estado do Paraná III: Saturniidae (Lepidoptera Survey of the entomological fauna in Paraná State. III: Saturniidae (Lepidoptera Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Renato C. Marinoni 1997-01-01 Full Text Available In addition to the Survey of the Entomological Fauna in Paraná State, the family Saturniidae was studied in its ecological and faunistic aspects. The material was captured using one light trap installed in eight different sites of the State: Antonina, São José dos Pinhais, Colombo, Ponta Grossa, Telêmaco Borba, Jundiaí do Sul, Guarapuava and Fênix, from October 1986 to September 1987. The total number of specimens and means values of capture were analyzed. Indices of diversity and evenness were used to discuss richness and dominance of species in each locality. Besides using ecological indices, the data were also compared by Clustering Analysts, Principal Coordinate Analysis, Minimum Spanning Tree and Linear Correlation Coefficient. The results were compared with meteorological and floristic conditions in the eight localities. 1. Mitigation of global greenhouse gas emissions from waste: conclusions and strategies from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. Working Group III (Mitigation). Science.gov (United States) Bogner, Jean; Pipatti, Riitta; Hashimoto, Seiji; Diaz, Cristobal; Mareckova, Katarina; Diaz, Luis; Kjeldsen, Peter; Monni, Suvi; Faaij, Andre; Gao, Qingxian; Zhang, Tianzhu; Ahmed, Mohammed Abdelrafie; Sutamihardja, R T M; Gregory, Robert 2008-02-01 Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from post-consumer waste and wastewater are a small contributor (about 3%) to total global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Emissions for 2004-2005 totalled 1.4 Gt CO2-eq year(-1) relative to total emissions from all sectors of 49 Gt CO2-eq year(-1) [including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and F-gases normalized according to their 100-year global warming potentials (GWP)]. The CH4 from landfills and wastewater collectively accounted for about 90% of waste sector emissions, or about 18% of global anthropogenic methane emissions (which were about 14% of the global total in 2004). Wastewater N2O and CO2 from the incineration of waste containing fossil carbon (plastics; synthetic textiles) are minor sources. Due to the wide range of mature technologies that can mitigate GHG emissions from waste and provide public health, environmental protection, and sustainable development co-benefits, existing waste management practices can provide effective mitigation of GHG emissions from this sector. Current mitigation technologies include landfill gas recovery, improved landfill practices, and engineered wastewater management. In addition, significant GHG generation is avoided through controlled composting, state-of-the-art incineration, and expanded sanitation coverage. Reduced waste generation and the exploitation of energy from waste (landfill gas, incineration, anaerobic digester biogas) produce an indirect reduction of GHG emissions through the conservation of raw materials, improved energy and resource efficiency, and fossil fuel avoidance. Flexible strategies and financial incentives can expand waste management options to achieve GHG mitigation goals; local technology decisions are influenced by a variety of factors such as waste quantity and characteristics, cost and financing issues, infrastructure requirements including available land area, collection and transport considerations, and regulatory constraints 2. Fermilab III International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anon. 1990-01-01 The total ongoing plans for Fermilab are wrapped up in the Fermilab III scheme, centrepiece of which is the proposal for a new Main Injector. The Laboratory has been awarded a200,000 Illinois grant which will be used to initiate environmental assessment and engineering design of the Main Injector, while a state review panel recommended that the project should also benefit from \$2 million of funding
3. A Study of General Education Astronomy Students' Understandings of Cosmology. Part III. Evaluating Four Conceptual Cosmology Surveys: An Item Response Theory Approach
Science.gov (United States)
Wallace, Colin S.; Prather, Edward E.; Duncan, Douglas K.
2012-01-01
This is the third of five papers detailing our national study of general education astronomy students' conceptual and reasoning difficulties with cosmology. In this paper, we use item response theory to analyze students' responses to three out of the four conceptual cosmology surveys we developed. The specific item response theory model we use is…
4. The Complex Emergency Database: a global repository of small-scale surveys on nutrition, health and mortality.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Chiara Altare
Full Text Available Evidence has become central for humanitarian decision making, as it is now commonly agreed that aid must be provided solely in proportion to the needs and on the basis of needs assessments. Still, reliable epidemiological data from conflict-affected communities are difficult to acquire in time for effective decisions, as existing health information systems progressively lose functionality with the onset of conflicts. In the last decade, health and nutrition humanitarian agencies have made substantial progress in collecting quality data using small-scale surveys. In 2002, a group of academics, non-governmental organizations, and UN agencies launched the Standardized Monitoring and Assessment of Relief and Transitions (SMART methodology. Since then, field agencies have conducted thousands of surveys. Although the contribution of each survey by itself is limited by its small sample and the impossibility to extrapolate results to national level, their aggregation can provide a more stable view of both trends and distributions in a larger region. The Complex Emergency Database (CEDAT was set up in order to make best use of the collective force of these surveys. Functioning as a central repository, it can provide valuable information on trends and patterns of mortality and nutrition indicators from conflict-affected communities. Given their high spatial resolution and their high frequency, CEDAT data can complement official statistics in between nationwide surveys. They also provide information of the displacement status of the measured population, pointing out vulnerabilities. CEDAT is hosted at the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, University of Louvain. It runs on voluntary agreements between the survey implementer and the CEDAT team. To date, it contains 3309 surveys from 51 countries, and is a unique repository of such data.
5. Use of global coronary heart disease risk assessment in practice: a cross-sectional survey of a sample of U.S. physicians
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Shillinglaw Benjamin
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Global coronary heart disease (CHD risk assessment is recommended to guide primary preventive pharmacotherapy. However, little is known about physicians' understanding and use of global CHD risk assessment. Our objective was to examine US physicians' awareness, use, and attitudes regarding global CHD risk assessment in clinical practice, and how these vary by provider specialty. Methods Using a web-based survey of US family physicians, general internists, and cardiologists, we examined awareness of tools available to calculate CHD risk, method and use of CHD risk assessment, attitudes towards CHD risk assessment, and frequency of using CHD risk assessment to guide recommendations of aspirin, lipid-lowering and blood pressure (BP lowering therapies for primary prevention. Characteristics of physicians indicating they use CHD risk assessments were compared in unadjusted and adjusted analyses. Results A total of 952 physicians completed the questionnaire, with 92% reporting awareness of tools available to calculate CHD global risk. Among those aware of such tools, over 80% agreed that CHD risk calculation is useful, improves patient care, and leads to better decisions about recommending preventive therapies. However, only 41% use CHD risk assessment in practice. The most commonly reported barrier to CHD risk assessment is that it is too time consuming. Among respondents who calculate global CHD risk, 69% indicated they use it to guide lipid lowering therapy recommendations; 54% use it to guide aspirin therapy recommendations; and 48% use it to guide BP lowering therapy. Only 40% of respondents who use global CHD risk routinely tell patients their risk. Use of a personal digital assistant or smart phone was associated with reported use of CHD risk assessment (adjusted OR 1.58; 95% CI 1.17-2.12. Conclusions Reported awareness of tools to calculate global CHD risk appears high, but the majority of physicians in this sample do not
6. Results of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey and implementation of WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in former Soviet Union countries.
Science.gov (United States)
2013-04-01
We used data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) to monitor articles of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries. The GYTS is a school-based survey, which uses a two-stage sample design to produce representative, independent, cross-sectional estimates. The GYTS was conducted in 10 out of 12 FSU countries from 1999 to 2008. The prevalence of ever smoking and current smoking, smoking initiation, and exposure to second-hand smoking decreased over time. Overall, willingness to stop smoking, supporting smoking bans, and receiving information about the dangers of smoking increased over time. Overall, our study shows that FSU countries had positive changes in tobacco-use prevalence and perception among youth over time. Our findings should be used as baseline measures for future tobacco-control interventions aimed at reducing tobacco use among youth. Moreover, our results call for the enforcement of restricting advertising for tobacco products.
7. Toward the development of the International Classification of Functioning Core Sets for children with cerebral palsy: a global expert survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Schiariti, Veronica; Mâsse, Louise C; Cieza, Alarcos; Klassen, Anne F; Sauve, Karen; Armstrong, Robert; O'Donnell, Maureen
2014-05-01
The goal of the International Classification of Functioning is to standardize the classification of health and function of children around the world. To facilitate the application of this classification, International Classification of Functioning-based tools like the "Core Sets" are being developed. We conducted an international survey of professional experts to identify the most relevant areas of functioning in children with cerebral palsy. The questionnaire covered each component of the classification. In total, 193 professionals completed the survey (response rate 78%). Overall, 9706 answers were linked to the classification (pediatric version) by 2 professionals. From the experts' perspective, movement-related areas and social participation are the most relevant areas of functioning. Experts suggest a more comprehensive profile of functioning in particular in areas of personal capacity and social participation. The results of this survey will inform the development of the International Classification of Functioning Core Sets for children with cerebral palsy.
8. Validating a hospital medicines formulary survey in the Western Pacific Region--a global hospital pharmacy initiative based on the Basel Statements.
Science.gov (United States)
Penm, Jonathan; Chaar, Betty; Moles, Rebekah
2012-01-01
In 2008, the Basel Statements were developed to reflect the future of hospital pharmacy worldwide. Included were a key set of statements regarding the expanding role of hospital pharmacists' influence on prescribing from the management of medicines formularies to being an active member of the therapeutic decision-making process. This study aimed to validate a survey to measure Basel Statement 26 regarding the role of medicines formularies and the factors that affect its use in the Western Pacific Region (WPR). The survey was developed in consultation with a WPR advisory group and current literature. The survey was translated using the forward-backward method into Chinese (simplified) and Vietnamese. The instrument was pilot tested in a stratified random sample of 260 hospital pharmacy directors in the WPR. Principal components analysis (PCA) was applied to the data to assess construct validity of the Medicines Formulary Scale that assessed responders' perceptions of their formulary and impact on utilization. The Medicines Formulary Survey was completed by 107 hospital pharmacy directors or equivalent. The survey contained the Medicines Formulary Scale in addition to questions regarding the content and review process of the hospital's formulary as well as demographic questions. Application of the PCA procedures resulted in a parsimonious 2-factor solution in which 33.8% of the variance was explained. The Cronbach alpha for the 17-item scale was found to be 0.70. The Cronbach alpha values for the first and second factor/subscales were 0.76 and 0.68, respectively. The Medicines Formulary Survey appears reliable and valid for assessing hospital pharmacy directors' perceptions of hospital medicine formularies in the WPR. Further development of validated instruments to assess other areas of hospital pharmacy practice will help track the progression of hospital pharmacy and aid in globalization of the profession. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
9. A global population redistribution in a migrant shorebird detected with continent-wide qualitative breeding survey data
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Rakhimberdiev, E.; Verkuil, Y.I.; Saveliev, A.A.; Vaisanen, R.A.; Karagicheva, J.; Soloviev, M.Y.; Tomkovich, P.S.; Piersma, T.
2011-01-01
Aim Over the last two decades, thousands of northward migrating ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) have disappeared from western European staging sites. These migratory ruffs were partly temperate breeding birds, but most individuals head towards the Eurasian Arctic tundras where 95% of the global
10. A global population redistribution in a migrant shorebird detected with continent-wide qualitative breeding survey data
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Rakhimberdiev, Eldar; Verkuil, Yvonne I.; Saveliev, Anatoly A.; Vaisanen, Risto A.; Karagicheva, Julia; Soloviev, Mikhail Y.; Tomkovich, Pavel S.; Piersma, Theunis; Väisänen, Risto A.; Richardson, David
Aim Over the last two decades, thousands of northward migrating ruffs (Philomachus pugnax) have disappeared from western European staging sites. These migratory ruffs were partly temperate breeding birds, but most individuals head towards the Eurasian Arctic tundras where 95% of the global
11. Baseline Trachoma Surveys in Kaskazini A and Micheweni Districts of Zanzibar: Results of Two Population-Based Prevalence Surveys Conducted with the Global Trachoma Mapping Project.
Science.gov (United States)
Omar, Fatma J; Kabona, George; Abdalla, Khalfan M; Mohamed, Saleh J; Ali, Said M; Ame, Shaali M; Ngwalle, Abel; Mbise, Christina; Rotondo, Lisa; Willis, Rebecca; Flueckiger, Rebecca M; Massae, Patrick A; Bakhtiari, Ana; Solomon, Anthony W; Ngondi, Jeremiah M
2016-12-01
Based on health care records and trachoma rapid assessments, trachoma was suspected to be endemic in Kaskazini A and Micheweni districts of Zanzibar. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of trachomatous inflammation-follicular (TF), and trachomatous trichiasis (TT) in each of those districts. The survey was undertaken in Kaskazini A and Micheweni districts on Unguja and Pemba Islands, respectively. A multi-stage cluster random sampling design was applied, whereby 25 census enumeration areas (clusters) and 30 households per cluster were included. Consenting eligible participants (children aged 1-9 years and people aged 15 years and older) were examined for trachoma using the World Health Organization simplified grading system. A total of 1673 households were surveyed and 6407 participants (98.0% of those enumerated) were examined for trachoma. Examinees included a total of 2825 children aged 1-9 years and 3582 people aged 15 years and older. TF prevalence in 1-9-year-olds was 2.7% (95% confidence interval, CI, 2.7-4.1%) in Kazkazini A and 11.4% (95% CI 6.6-16.5%) in Micheweni. Among people aged 15 years and older, TT prevalence was 0.01% (95% CI 0.00-0.04%) in Kazkazini A and 0.21% (95% CI 0.08-0.39%) in Micheweni. Trachoma is a public health problem in Micheweni district, where implementation of all four components of the SAFE strategy (surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement), including mass drug administration with azithromycin, is required. These findings will facilitate planning for trachoma elimination.
12. Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use : Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Degenhardt, Louisa; Chiu, Wai-Tat; Sampson, Nancy; Kessler, Ronald C.; Anthony, James C.; Angermeyer, Matthias; Bruffaerts, Ronny; de Girolamo, Giovanni; Gureje, Oye; Huang, Yueqin; Karam, Aimee; Kostyuchenko, Stanislav; Lepine, Jean Pierre; Mora, Maria Elena Medina; Neumark, Yehuda; Ormel, J. Hans; Pinto-Meza, Alejandra; Posada-Villa, Jose; Stein, Dan J.; Takeshima, Tadashi; Wells, J. Elisabeth
Background Alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drug use cause considerable morbidity and mortality, but good cross-national epidemiological data are limited. This paper describes such data from the first 17 countries participating in the World Health Organization's (WHO's) World Mental Health (WMH) Survey
13. A CFH12k lensing survey of X-ray luminous galaxy clusters - II. Weak lensing analysis and global correlations
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Bardeau, S.; Soucail, G.; Kneib, J.-P.; Czoske, O.; Ebeling, H.; Hudelot, P.; Smail, I.; Smith, G. P.
Aims. We present a wide-field multi-color survey of a homogeneous sample of eleven clusters of galaxies for which we measure total masses and mass distributions from weak lensing. This sample, spanning a small range in both X-ray luminosity and redshift, is ideally suited to determining the
14. Exploring the gap between the practical and theoretical world of ERP implementations: results of a global survey.
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Catersels, R.; Helms, R.W.; Batenburg, R.
2010-01-01
This paper describes the differences between the theoretical world of ERP researchers and the practical world of ERP consultants. A survey was held among 129 ERP consultants to explore their opinion and experience with regard to a number of subjects that have been researched in many papers, such as
15. Development of the U.S. Geological Survey's PAGER system (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response)
Science.gov (United States)
Wald, D.J.; Earle, P.S.; Allen, T.I.; Jaiswal, K.; Porter, K.; Hearne, M.
2008-01-01
The Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) System plays a primary alerting role for global earthquake disasters as part of the U.S. Geological Survey’s (USGS) response protocol. We provide an overview of the PAGER system, both of its current capabilities and our ongoing research and development. PAGER monitors the USGS’s near real-time U.S. and global earthquake origins and automatically identifies events that are of societal importance, well in advance of ground-truth or news accounts. Current PAGER notifications and Web pages estimate the population exposed to each seismic intensity level. In addition to being a useful indicator of potential impact, PAGER’s intensity/exposure display provides a new standard in the dissemination of rapid earthquake information. We are currently developing and testing a more comprehensive alert system that will include casualty estimates. This is motivated by the idea that an estimated range of possible number of deaths will aid in decisions regarding humanitarian response. Underlying the PAGER exposure and loss models are global earthquake ShakeMap shaking estimates, constrained as quickly as possible by finite-fault modeling and observed ground motions and intensities, when available. Loss modeling is being developed comprehensively with a suite of candidate models that range from fully empirical to largely analytical approaches. Which of these models is most appropriate for use in a particular earthquake depends on how much is known about local building stocks and their vulnerabilities. A first-order country-specific global building inventory has been developed, as have corresponding vulnerability functions. For calibrating PAGER loss models, we have systematically generated an Atlas of 5,000 ShakeMaps for significant global earthquakes during the last 36 years. For many of these, auxiliary earthquake source and shaking intensity data are also available. Refinements to the loss models are ongoing
16. Associations of serum carotenoid concentrations and fruit or vegetable consumption with serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF binding protein-3 concentrations in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).
Science.gov (United States)
Diener, Anja; Rohrmann, Sabine
2016-01-01
Dietary intervention may alter the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system and thereby cancer risk. In a qualitative review, eleven of twenty studies showed a link between one or more carotenoids, vegetable or fruit intake and the IGF system, however, with partly contrary findings, such that no firm conclusion can be drawn. Therefore, we evaluated associations between serum carotenoid concentrations or the intake of fruits and vegetables with IGF-1, IGF binding protein (BP)-3 and their molar ratio (IGF-1:IGFBP-3) within the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994). In our analysis, we included 6061 NHANES III participants and used multivariable-adjusted linear regression models. IGF-1 concentrations were significantly positively associated with serum concentrations of lycopene, β-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and lutein/zeaxanthin in men and women. Statistically significant positive associations were observed for serum concentrations of α-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin and intake of fruits with serum IGFBP-3 concentrations in women, but not in men. The IGF-1:IGFBP-3 molar ratio was significantly positively associated with serum concentrations of lycopene, β-carotene and α-carotene in men and with β-carotene in women. In conclusion, dietary interventions with carotenoids, fruits and vegetables may affect the IGF system, although the direction of these effects is currently unclear.
17. WHO Global Oral Data Bank, 1986-96: an overview of oral health surveys at 12 years of age.
Science.gov (United States)
Nithila, A.; Bourgeois, D.; Barmes, D. E.; Murtomaa, H.
1998-01-01
The global oral health situation of 12-year-old children--decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index and the percentage of population affected--is described in this article using the latest representative studies for 80 countries included in the WHO Global Oral Data Bank (GODB) between 1986 and 1996. The quantity of information varied considerably: 68% of developed market economies had at least one national data set, compared with 38% of developing countries and 36% of economies in transition. By WHO region, the proportions were as follows: Eastern Mediterranean, 55%; European, 50%; Western Pacific, 48%; African, 39%; South-East Asia, 30%; and the Americas, 26%. Globally, the weighted DMFT index for all data in the GODB is Internationale goal for the year 2000. For the data reviewed in this article, achievement and nonachievement of this goal are discussed, as is the variation in DMFT means and proportions of children affected for various country groupings. There are difficulties in obtaining recent data for many countries, but the article emphasizes the need to maintain and develop the GODB to facilitate the compilation of valid, reliable and comparable data on oral health. PMID:9744243
18. Mutagens from the cooking of food. III. Survey by Ames/Salmonella test of mutagen formation in secondary sources of cooked dietary protein.
Science.gov (United States)
Bjeldanes, L F; Morris, M M; Felton, J S; Healy, S; Stuermer, D; Berry, P; Timourian, H; Hatch, F T
1982-08-01
A survey of mutagen formation during the cooking of a variety of protein-rich foods that are minor sources of protein intake in the American diet is reported (see Bjeldanes, Morris, Felton et al. (1982) for survey of major protein foods). Milk, cheese, tofu and organ meats showed negligible mutagen formation except following high-temperature cooking for long periods of time. Even under the most extreme conditions, tofu, cheese and milk exhibited fewer than 500 Ames/Salmonella typhimurium revertants/100 g equivalents (wet weight of uncooked food), and organ meats only double that amount. Beans showed low mutagen formation after boiling and boiling followed by frying (with and without oil). Only boiling of beans followed by baking for 1 hr gave appreciable mutagenicity (3650 revertants/100g equivalents). Seafood samples gave a variety of results: red snapper, salmon, trout, halibut and rock cod all gave more than 1000 revertants/100 g wet weight equivalents when pan-fried or griddle-fried for about 6 min/side. Baked or poached rock and deep-fried shrimp showed no significant mutagen formation. Broiled lamb chops showed mutagen formation similar to that in red meats tested in the preceding paper: 16,000 revertants/100 g equivalents. These findings show that as measured by bioassay in S. typhimurium, most of the foods that are minor sources of protein in the American diet are also minor sources of cooking-induced mutagens.
19. Prevalence of Chronic Illness and Health Seeking Behaviour in Malaysian Population: Results from the Third National Health Morbidity Survey (NHMS III) 2006.
Science.gov (United States)
Amal, N M; Paramesarvathy, R; Tee, G H; Gurpreet, K; Karuthan, C
2011-03-01
The third National Health Morbidity Survey was conducted in 2006 on a nationally representative sample of population in Malaysia in order to obtain community-based data and information on the prevalence of chronic illness. Of 57,500 eligible respondents 56710 (98.6%) participated in the study. Estimated overall prevalence of chronic illness in the Malaysian population within a recall period of one year was 15.5% (95% CI 15.1% - 15.9%). Chronic illness was reported significantly higher among the females, 16.8% (16.3 - 17.3). The most common chronic illness was hypertension (7.9%, 7.6 - 8.2), followed by diabetes mellitus (4.0%, 3.8 - 4.2) and highest reported by the Indians (19.7%, 18.4 - 21.0). Among the respondents who had sought treatment for chronic illness from government health facilities, Malays (65.8%) and those with monthly household income of less than RM400 (76.6%) were the highest. Chinese (44.5%) and those with household income of RM5000 and above (54.3%) were the highest groups who sought treatment from the private health facilities. Most of the respondents reported mild illness was the main reason for not seeking treatment for their chronic illness. It is hoped that the results of this survey will help the Ministry of Health Malaysia to enhance health programmes and planning resource allocation in order to improve health status of the population.
20. Fiscal 1994 survey report. Survey of energy supply/demand structure sophistication and global environmental impact; 1994 nendo energy jukyu kozo kodoka chikyu kankyo eikyo chosa hokokusho
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
NONE
1995-03-01
Outlines of various energy supply/demand analytical models are surveyed. With environmental problems gathering importance, a number of models are being introduced in which energy supply/demand structures, long-term climate changes, and impacts of policy options on social economy are linked to each other. Some socioeconomic impact models cover a single country and others the whole world. They are various in type, ranging from dynamic optimization models to static balance models. Twenty-four models are chosen, and grouped into two types respectively covering Japan and the whole world from a geographical viewpoint and into three groups in view of their structures. Under an optimization model, such optimization is accomplished as economic growth maximization and energy cost minimization and so forth under given energy supply restrictions. Under a general balance type econometric model, an adjustment process in which capital and labor and production are coordinated across multiple departments is expressly stated. Under a partial balance type econometric model, a demand function for goods is given and optimum behavior such as consumption maximization is indirectly described. (NEDO)
1. Exploring the gap between the practical and theoretical world of ERP implementations: results of a global survey.
OpenAIRE
Catersels, R.; Helms, R.W.; Batenburg, R.
2010-01-01
This paper describes the differences between the theoretical world of ERP researchers and the practical world of ERP consultants. A survey was held among 129 ERP consultants to explore their opinion and experience with regard to a number of subjects that have been researched in many papers, such as the use of ERP implementation methods, ERP phase models, critical success factors (CSF’s), and critical failure factors (CFF’s). A central question was to investigate the consultants’ use of scient...
2. Alcohol use in the Pacific region: Results from the STEPwise approach to surveillance, Global School-Based Student Health Survey and Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System.
Science.gov (United States)
Kessaram, Tara; McKenzie, Jeanie; Girin, Natalie; Roth, Adam; Vivili, Paula; Williams, Gail; Hoy, Damian
2016-07-01
3. The clustering of galaxies in the completed SDSS-III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey: theoretical systematics and Baryon Acoustic Oscillations in the galaxy correlation function
Science.gov (United States)
Vargas-Magaña, Mariana; Ho, Shirley; Cuesta, Antonio J.; O'Connell, Ross; Ross, Ashley J.; Eisenstein, Daniel J.; Percival, Will J.; Grieb, Jan Niklas; Sánchez, Ariel G.; Tinker, Jeremy L.; Tojeiro, Rita; Beutler, Florian; Chuang, Chia-Hsun; Kitaura, Francisco-Shu; Prada, Francisco; Rodríguez-Torres, Sergio A.; Rossi, Graziano; Seo, Hee-Jong; Brownstein, Joel R.; Olmstead, Matthew; Thomas, Daniel
2018-03-01
We investigate the potential sources of theoretical systematics in the anisotropic Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) distance scale measurements from the clustering of galaxies in configuration space using the final Data Release (DR12) of the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). We perform a detailed study of the impact on BAO measurements from choices in the methodology such as fiducial cosmology, clustering estimators, random catalogues, fitting templates, and covariance matrices. The theoretical systematic uncertainties in BAO parameters are found to be 0.002 in the isotropic dilation α and 0.003 in the quadrupolar dilation ɛ. The leading source of systematic uncertainty is related to the reconstruction techniques. Theoretical uncertainties are sub-dominant compared with the statistical uncertainties for BOSS survey, accounting 0.2σstat for α and 0.25σstat for ɛ (σα, stat ˜0.010 and σɛ, stat ˜ 0.012 respectively). We also present BAO-only distance scale constraints from the anisotropic analysis of the correlation function. Our constraints on the angular diameter distance DA(z) and the Hubble parameter H(z), including both statistical and theoretical systematic uncertainties, are 1.5% and 2.8% at zeff = 0.38, 1.4% and 2.4% at zeff = 0.51, and 1.7% and 2.6% at zeff = 0.61. This paper is part of a set that analyzes the final galaxy clustering dataset from BOSS. The measurements and likelihoods presented here are cross-checked with other BAO analysis in Alam et al. (2016). The systematic error budget concerning the methodology on post-reconstruction BAO analysis presented here is used in Alam et al. (2016). to produce the final cosmological constraints from BOSS.
4. The HYSPIRI Decadal Survey Mission: Update on the Mission Concept and Science Objectives for Global Imaging Spectroscopy and Multi-Spectral Thermal Measurements
Science.gov (United States)
Green, Robert O.; Hook, Simon J.; Middleton, Elizabeth; Turner, Woody; Ungar, Stephen; Knox, Robert
2012-01-01
The NASA HyspIRI mission is planned to provide global solar reflected energy spectroscopic measurement of the terrestrial and shallow water regions of the Earth every 19 days will all measurements downlinked. In addition, HyspIRI will provide multi-spectral thermal measurements with a single band in the 4 micron region and seven bands in the 8 to 12 micron region with 5 day day/night coverage. A direct broadcast capability for measurement subsets is also planned. This HyspIRI mission is one of those designated in the 2007 National Research Council (NRC) Decadal Survey: Earth Science and Applications from Space. In the Decadal Survey, HyspIRI was recognized as relevant to a range of Earth science and science applications, including climate: "A hyperspectral sensor (e.g., FLORA) combined with a multispectral thermal sensor (e.g., SAVII) in low Earth orbit (LEO) is part of an integrated mission concept [described in Parts I and II] that is relevant to several panels, especially the climate variability panel." The HyspIRI science study group was formed in 2008 to evaluate and refine the mission concept. This group has developed a series of HyspIRI science objectives: (1) Climate: Ecosystem biochemistry, condition & feedback; spectral albedo; carbon/dust on snow/ice; biomass burning; evapotranspiration (2) Ecosystems: Global plant functional types, physiological condition, and biochemistry including agricultural lands (3) Fires: Fuel status, fire frequency, severity, emissions, and patterns of recovery globally (4) Coral reef and coastal habitats: Global composition and status (5) Volcanoes: Eruptions, emissions, regional and global impact (6) Geology and resources: Global distributions of surface mineral resources and improved understanding of geology and related hazards These objectives are achieved with the following measurement capabilities. The HyspIRI imaging spectrometer provides: full spectral coverage from 380 to 2500 at 10 nm sampling; 60 m spatial sampling
5. Economic Challenges of Globalization. The Social Worlds of the Moroccan Company and its Cultural Adaptations. Guidelines for a Survey.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Noureddine El Aoufi
2000-09-01
Full Text Available By means of an analysis of the social worlds of the Moroccan company and of its cultures, the author comes to the conclusion that the Moroccan company is subject to a new strategic game in which “social worlds” inside and outside the company play a decisive role in competitive placement . His text urges that a survey be done and proposes the essential axes in regard to functioning, in terms of organization of labor and management, to types of cultural capital in general and linguistic registers in particular within the Moroccan company, and to the consequences of plurality in the companies’ efficiency of production and bottom lines.
6. Global survey of the omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in the blood stream of healthy adults.
Science.gov (United States)
Stark, Ken D; Van Elswyk, Mary E; Higgins, M Roberta; Weatherford, Charli A; Salem, Norman
2016-07-01
Studies reporting blood levels of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), were systematically identified in order to create a global map identifying countries and regions with different blood levels. Included studies were those of healthy adults, published in 1980 or later. A total of 298 studies met all inclusion criteria. Studies reported fatty acids in various blood fractions including plasma total lipids (33%), plasma phospholipid (32%), erythrocytes (32%) and whole blood (3.0%). Fatty acid data from each blood fraction were converted to relative weight percentages (wt.%) and then assigned to one of four discrete ranges (high, moderate, low, very low) corresponding to wt.% EPA+DHA in erythrocyte equivalents. Regions with high EPA+DHA blood levels (>8%) included the Sea of Japan, Scandinavia, and areas with indigenous populations or populations not fully adapted to Westernized food habits. Very low blood levels (≤4%) were observed in North America, Central and South America, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The present review reveals considerable variability in blood levels of EPA+DHA and the very low to low range of blood EPA+DHA for most of the world may increase global risk for chronic disease. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
7. Confidence to Perform in the Global Marketplace: Constructing and Validating a Survey Instrument for Community College Students.
Science.gov (United States)
Slantcheva-Durst, Snejana; Liu, Mingyang
This article discusses the construction and validation of an instrument to gauge community college students' confidence to perform in the global marketplace. The instrument was designed to capture students' beliefs in their own abilities to successfully carry out job-related tasks in cross-cultural work environments that are globally-interconnected and constantly at flux. The instrument items emerged from a comprehensive review of literature, nationwide workforce skills initiatives, rounds of expert panel analyses, and focus groups. Items were formulated within Bandura's framework of self-efficacy, and the instrument was analyzed with Rasch measurement. The Rasch analysis, conducted on a sample of 741 students, provided evidence of the content validity of the items, the generalizability of the measure, and its external validity. The instrument can offer useful feedback to community college internationalization-focused staff in their efforts to assess outcomes of international initiatives for community college students, thus supporting program assessment, evaluation of student growth, and institutional decision-making.
8. THE HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE CLUSTER SUPERNOVA SURVEY. III. CORRELATED PROPERTIES OF TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE AND THEIR HOSTS AT 0.9 < z < 1.46
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Meyers, J.; Barbary, K.; Fakhouri, H. K.; Goldhaber, G. [Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Aldering, G.; Faccioli, L.; Hsiao, E. [E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Barrientos, L. F. [Departmento de Astronomia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago (Chile); Brodwin, M. [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Dawson, K. S. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (United States); Deustua, S.; Fruchter, A. S. [Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218 (United States); Doi, M.; Ihara, Y. [Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-0015 (Japan); Eisenhardt, P. [Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 (United States); Gilbank, D. G. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University Of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1 (Canada); Gladders, M. D. [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States); Gonzalez, A. H. [Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 (United States); Hattori, T. [Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 650 North Aohaku Place, Hilo, HI 96720 (United States); Kashikawa, N., E-mail: [email protected] [National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 (Japan); Collaboration: Supernova Cosmology Project; and others
2012-05-01
Using the sample of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Cluster Supernova Survey and augmented with HST-observed SNe Ia in the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS) fields, we search for correlations between the properties of SNe and their host galaxies at high redshift. We use galaxy color and quantitative morphology to determine the red sequence in 25 clusters and develop a model to distinguish passively evolving early-type galaxies from star-forming galaxies in both clusters and the field. With this approach, we identify 6 SN Ia hosts that are early-type cluster members and 11 SN Ia hosts that are early-type field galaxies. We confirm for the first time at z > 0.9 that SNe Ia hosted by early-type galaxies brighten and fade more quickly than SNe Ia hosted by late-type galaxies. We also show that the two samples of hosts produce SNe Ia with similar color distributions. The relatively simple spectral energy distributions expected for passive galaxies enable us to measure stellar masses of early-type SN hosts. In combination with stellar mass estimates of late-type GOODS SN hosts from Thomson and Chary, we investigate the correlation of host mass with Hubble residual observed at lower redshifts. Although the sample is small and the uncertainties are large, a hint of this relation is found at z > 0.9. By simultaneously fitting the average cluster galaxy formation history and dust content to the red-sequence scatters, we show that the reddening of early-type cluster SN hosts is likely E(B - V) {approx}< 0.06. The similarity of the field and cluster early-type host samples suggests that field early-type galaxies that lie on the red sequence may also be minimally affected by dust. Hence, the early-type-hosted SNe Ia studied here occupy a more favorable environment to use as well-characterized high-redshift standard candles than other SNe Ia.
9. The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Lens Search. III Constraints on Dark Energy From The Third Data Release Quasar Lens Catalog
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Oguri, M; Inada, N; Strauss, M A; Kochanek, C S; Richards, G T; Schneider, D P; Becker, R H; Fukugita, M; Gregg, M D; Hall, P B; Hennawi, J F; Johnston, D E; Kayo, I; Keeton, C R; Pindor, B; Shin, M; Turner, E; White, R L; York, D G; Anderson, S F; Bahcall, N A; Brunner, R J; Burles, S; Castander, F J; Chiu, K; Clocchiatti, A; Einsenstein, D; Frieman, J; Kawano, Y; Lupton, R; Morokuma, T; Rix, H; Scranton, R; Sheldon, E S
2007-09-12
We present cosmological results from the statistics of lensed quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Quasar Lens Search. By taking proper account of the selection function, we compute the expected number of quasars lensed by early-type galaxies and their image separation distribution assuming a flat universe, which is then compared with 7 lenses found in the SDSS Data Release 3 to derive constraints on dark energy under strictly controlled criteria. For a cosmological constant model (w = -1) we obtain {Omega}{sub {Lambda}} = 0.74{sub -0.15}{sup +0.11}(stat.){sub -0.06}{sup +0.13}(syst.). Allowing w to be a free parameter we find {Omega}{sub M} = 0.26{sub -0.06}{sup +0.07}(stat.){sub -0.05}{sup +0.03}(syst.) and w = -1.1 {+-} 0.6(stat.){sub -0.5}{sup +0.3}(syst.) when combined with the constraint from the measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations in the SDSS luminous red galaxy sample. Our results are in good agreement with earlier lensing constraints obtained using radio lenses, and provide additional confirmation of the presence of dark energy consistent with a cosmological constant, derived independently of type Ia supernovae.
10. The effects of global climate change on Southeast Asia: A survey of likely impacts and problems of adaptation
Science.gov (United States)
Njoto, Sukrisno; Howe, Charles W.
1991-01-01
Study results indicate the likelihood of significant net damages from climate change, in particular damages from sea-level rise and higher temperatures that seem unlikely to be offset by favorable shifts in precipitation and carbon dioxide. Also indicated was the importance of better climate models, in particular models that can calculate climate change on a regional scale appropriate to policy-making. In spite of this potential for damage, there seems to be a low level of awareness and concern, probably caused by the higher priority given to economic growth and reinforced by the great uncertainty in the forecasts. The common property nature of global environment systems also leads to a feeling of helplessness on the part of country governments.
11. A global survey of the stable isotope and chemical compositions of bottled and canned beers as a guide to authenticity.
Science.gov (United States)
Carter, J F; Yates, H S A; Tinggi, U
2015-01-01
This study presents a dataset, derived from the analysis of 162 bottled and canned beers from around the globe, which may be used for comparison with suspected counterfeit or substitute products. The data comprise δ2H and δ18O compositions of the whole beer and δ13C compositions of the dry residue (mostly sugar) together with the concentrations of five anions (F, Cl, NO3, SO4, PO4) and seven cations (Ca, K, Mg, SiO2, V, Mn, Sr). A strong correlation, consistent with natural waters but offset from the Global Meteoric Water Line, was observed between the δ2H/δ18O composition of the beers. The extent of the offset could be explained by the brewing process and the alcohol and sugars present in the beers. Correlations between inorganic analytes were consistent with the addition of salts in the brewing process. Beers were classified as follows: ale, lager, stout or wheat-beer and the chemical composition was found to be characteristic of the assigned type, with lagers being the most readily classified. A combination of chemical and isotopic data was found to be characteristic of the geographical origin (on a continental scale) and could most easily identify beers from Australasia or Europe. A global map of δ18O data revealed a geo-spatial distribution that mirrored existing maps of the isotopic composition of annual precipitation. This confirmed a commonsense view that local precipitation will be the primary source for the water used in brewing. Using this isoscape (or alcoscape) it may be possible to assess the geographical origins of samples for which genuine comparative samples cannot be obtained. Copyright © 2014 Forensic Science Society. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
12. Multiyear, Multinational Survey of the Incidence and Global Distribution of Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Science.gov (United States)
Rabine, Sharon; Hackel, Meredith; McLaughlin, Robert E.; Biedenbach, Douglas J.; Bouchillon, Samuel K.; Sahm, Daniel F.; Bradford, Patricia A.
2015-01-01
Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) hydrolyze all classes of β-lactams except monobactams and are not inhibited by classic serine β-lactamase inhibitors. Gram-negative pathogens isolated from patient infections were collected from 202 medical centers in 40 countries as part of a global surveillance study from 2012 to 2014. Carbapenem-nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were characterized for bla genes encoding VIM, IMP, NDM, SPM, and GIM variants using PCR and sequencing. A total of 471 MBL-positive isolates included the following species (numbers of isolates are in parentheses): P. aeruginosa (308), Klebsiella spp. (85), Enterobacter spp. (39), Proteeae (16), Citrobacter freundii (12), Escherichia coli (6), and Serratia marcescens (5) and were submitted by sites from 34 countries. Of these, 69.6% were collected in 9 countries (numbers of isolates are in parentheses): Russia (72), Greece (61), Philippines (54), Venezuela (29), and Kuwait, Nigeria, Romania, South Africa, and Thailand (20 to 25 isolates each). Thirty-two different MBL variants were detected (14 VIM, 14 IMP, and 4 NDM enzymes). Seven novel MBL variants were encountered in the study, each differing from a previously reported variant by one amino acid substitution: VIM-42 (VIM-1 [V223I]), VIM-43 (VIM-4 [A24V]), VIM-44 (VIM-2 [K257N]), VIM-45 (VIM-2 [T35I]), IMP-48 (IMP-14 [I69T]), IMP-49 (IMP-18 [V49F]), and NDM-16 (NDM-1 [R264H]). The in vitro activities of all tested antibiotics against MBL-positive Enterobacteriaceae were significantly reduced with the exception of that of aztreonam-avibactam (MIC90, 0.5 to 1 μg/ml), whereas colistin was the most effective agent against MBL-positive P. aeruginosa isolates (>97% susceptible). Although the global percentage of isolates encoding MBLs remains relatively low, their detection in 12 species, 34 countries, and all regions participating in this surveillance study is concerning. PMID:26643349
13. Inequities in access to HIV prevention services for transgender men: results of a global survey of men who have sex with men.
Science.gov (United States)
Scheim, Ayden I; Santos, Glenn-Milo; Arreola, Sonya; Makofane, Keletso; Do, Tri D; Hebert, Patrick; Thomann, Matthew; Ayala, George
2016-01-01
14. First Results on the Cluster Galaxy Population from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam Survey. III. Brightest Cluster Galaxies, Stellar Mass Distribution, and Active Galaxies
Science.gov (United States)
Lin, Yen-Ting; Hsieh, Bau-Ching; Lin, Sheng-Chieh; Oguri, Masamune; Chen, Kai-Feng; Tanaka, Masayuki; Chiu, I.-Non; Huang, Song; Kodama, Tadayuki; Leauthaud, Alexie; More, Surhud; Nishizawa, Atsushi J.; Bundy, Kevin; Lin, Lihwai; Miyazaki, Satoshi
2017-12-01
The unprecedented depth and area surveyed by the Subaru Strategic Program with the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC-SSP) have enabled us to construct and publish the largest distant cluster sample out to z∼ 1 to date. In this exploratory study of cluster galaxy evolution from z = 1 to z = 0.3, we investigate the stellar mass assembly history of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), the evolution of stellar mass and luminosity distributions, the stellar mass surface density profile, as well as the population of radio galaxies. Our analysis is the first high-redshift application of the top N richest cluster selection, which is shown to allow us to trace the cluster galaxy evolution faithfully. Over the 230 deg2 area of the current HSC-SSP footprint, selecting the top 100 clusters in each of the four redshift bins allows us to observe the buildup of galaxy population in descendants of clusters whose z≈ 1 mass is about 2× {10}14 {M}ȯ . Our stellar mass is derived from a machine-learning algorithm, which is found to be unbiased and accurate with respect to the COSMOS data. We find very mild stellar mass growth in BCGs (about 35% between z = 1 and 0.3), and no evidence for evolution in both the total stellar mass–cluster mass correlation and the shape of the stellar mass surface density profile. We also present the first measurement of the radio luminosity distribution in clusters out to z∼ 1, and show hints of changes in the dominant accretion mode powering the cluster radio galaxies at z∼ 0.8.
15. Grant Administration Manual for Title III Coordinators.
Science.gov (United States)
Mathis, Emily Duncan; Ashmore, Frances W.
Guidelines for coordinators of programs under Title III of the Higher Education Act of 1965 are presented, based on a national survey of Title III program coordinators. The responsibilities of the coordinator and information on administering the Strengthening Developing Institutions Program (SDIP) grant are covered. The program can either be a…
16. Global positioning system survey data for active seismic and volcanic areas of eastern Sicily, 1994 to 2013.
Science.gov (United States)
Bonforte, Alessandro; Fagone, Sonia; Giardina, Carmelo; Genovese, Simone; Aiesi, Gianpiero; Calvagna, Francesco; Cantarero, Massimo; Consoli, Orazio; Consoli, Salvatore; Guglielmino, Francesco; Puglisi, Biagio; Puglisi, Giuseppe; Saraceno, Benedetto
2016-08-01
This work presents and describes a 20-year long database of GPS data collected by geodetic surveys over the seismically and volcanically active eastern Sicily, for a total of more than 6300 measurements. Raw data were initially collected from the various archives at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania-Osservatorio Etneo and organized in a single repository. Here, quality and completeness checks were performed, while all necessary supplementary information were searched, collected, validated and organized together with the relevant data. Once all data and information collections were completed, raw binary data were converted into the universal ASCII RINEX format; all data are provided in this format with the necessary information for precise processing. In order to make the data archive readily consultable, we developed software allowing the user to easily search and obtain the needed data by simple alphanumeric and geographic queries.
17. Global positioning system survey data for active seismic and volcanic areas of eastern Sicily, 1994 to 2013
Science.gov (United States)
Bonforte, Alessandro; Fagone, Sonia; Giardina, Carmelo; Genovese, Simone; Aiesi, Gianpiero; Calvagna, Francesco; Cantarero, Massimo; Consoli, Orazio; Consoli, Salvatore; Guglielmino, Francesco; Puglisi, Biagio; Puglisi, Giuseppe; Saraceno, Benedetto
2016-08-01
This work presents and describes a 20-year long database of GPS data collected by geodetic surveys over the seismically and volcanically active eastern Sicily, for a total of more than 6300 measurements. Raw data were initially collected from the various archives at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania—Osservatorio Etneo and organized in a single repository. Here, quality and completeness checks were performed, while all necessary supplementary information were searched, collected, validated and organized together with the relevant data. Once all data and information collections were completed, raw binary data were converted into the universal ASCII RINEX format; all data are provided in this format with the necessary information for precise processing. In order to make the data archive readily consultable, we developed software allowing the user to easily search and obtain the needed data by simple alphanumeric and geographic queries.
18. Exploring the characteristics, global distribution and reasons for retraction of published articles involving human research participants: a literature survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Li, Guowei; Kamel, Mariam; Jin, Yanling; Xu, Michael Kuan; Mbuagbaw, Lawrence; Samaan, Zainab; Levine, Mitchell Ah; Thabane, Lehana
2018-01-01
Article retraction is a measure taken by journals or authors where there is evidence of research misconduct or error, redundancy, plagiarism or unethical research. Recently, the retraction of scientific publications has been on the rise. In this survey, we aimed to describe the characteristics and distribution of retracted articles and the reasons for retractions. We searched retracted articles on the PubMed database and Retraction Watch website from 1980 to February 2016. The primary outcomes were the characteristics and distribution of retracted articles and the reasons for retractions. The secondary outcomes included how article retractions were handled by journals and how to improve the journal practices toward article retractions. We included 1,339 retracted articles. Most retracted articles had six authors or fewer. Article retraction was most common in the USA (26%), Japan (11%) and Germany (10%). The main reasons for article retraction were misconduct (51%, n = 685) and error (14%, n = 193). There were 66% (n = 889) of retracted articles having male senior or corresponding authors. Of the articles retracted after August 2010, 63% (n = 567) retractions were reported on Retraction Watch. Large discrepancies were observed in the ways that different journals handled article retractions. For instance, articles were completely withdrawn from some journals, while in others, articles were still available with no indication of retraction. Likewise, some retraction notices included a detailed account of the events that led to article retraction, while others only consisted of a statement indicating the article retraction. The characteristics, geographic distribution and reasons for retraction of published articles involving human research participants were examined in this survey. More efforts are needed to improve the consistency and transparency of journal practices toward article retractions.
19. Awareness and enforcement of guidelines for publishing industry-sponsored medical research among publication professionals: the Global Publication Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Wager, Elizabeth; Woolley, Karen; Adshead, Viv; Cairns, Angela; Fullam, Josh; Gonzalez, John; Grant, Tom; Tortell, Stephanie
2014-04-19
20. Large-Scale Distribution of Total Mass versus Luminous Matter from Baryon Acoustic Oscillations: First Search in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 10.
Science.gov (United States)
Soumagnac, M T; Barkana, R; Sabiu, C G; Loeb, A; Ross, A J; Abdalla, F B; Balan, S T; Lahav, O
2016-05-20
Baryon acoustic oscillations in the early Universe are predicted to leave an as yet undetected signature on the relative clustering of total mass versus luminous matter. A detection of this effect would provide an important confirmation of the standard cosmological paradigm and constrain alternatives to dark matter as well as nonstandard fluctuations such as compensated isocurvature perturbations (CIPs). We conduct the first observational search for this effect, by comparing the number-weighted and luminosity-weighted correlation functions, using the SDSS-III BOSS Data Release 10 CMASS sample. When including CIPs in our model, we formally obtain evidence at 3.2σ of the relative clustering signature and a limit that matches the existing upper limits on the amplitude of CIPs. However, various tests suggest that these results are not yet robust, perhaps due to systematic biases in the data. The method developed in this Letter used with more accurate future data such as that from DESI, is likely to confirm or disprove our preliminary evidence.
1. “The Effects of Limited Resources and Opportunities on Women’s Careers in Physics: Results from the Global Survey of Physicists
CERN Multimedia
CERN. Geneva
2012-01-01
The results of the Global Survey of Physicists draw attention to the need to focus on factors other than representation when discussing the situation of women in physics. Previous studies of women in physics have mostly focused on the lack of women in the field. This study goes beyond the obvious shortage of women and shows that there are much deeper issues. For the first time, a multinational study was conducted with 15000 respondents from 130 countries, showing that problems for women in physics transcend national borders. Across all countries, women have fewer resources and opportunities and are more affected by cultural expectations concerning child care. We show that limited resources and opportunities hurt career progress, and because women have fewer opportunities and resources, their careers progress more slowly. We also show the disproportionate effects of children on women physicists' careers. Cultural expectations about home and family are difficult to change. However, for women to have successful ...
2. An approach to regional wetland digital elevation model development using a differential global positioning system and a custom-built helicopter-based surveying system
Science.gov (United States)
Jones, J.W.; Desmond, G.B.; Henkle, C.; Glover, R.
2012-01-01
Accurate topographic data are critical to restoration science and planning for the Everglades region of South Florida, USA. They are needed to monitor and simulate water level, water depth and hydroperiod and are used in scientific research on hydrologic and biologic processes. Because large wetland environments and data acquisition challenge conventional ground-based and remotely sensed data collection methods, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) adapted a classical data collection instrument to global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies. Data acquired with this instrument were processed using geostatistics to yield sub-water level elevation values with centimetre accuracy (??15 cm). The developed database framework, modelling philosophy and metadata protocol allow for continued, collaborative model revision and expansion, given additional elevation or other ancillary data. ?? 2012 Taylor & Francis.
3. AND Dy(III)
African Journals Online (AJOL)
userpc
ACTIVITIES OF Sm(III) AND Dy(III) COMPLEXES WITH SCHIFF BASE DERIVED FROM ... and spectral analysis show that ligand coordinate to the central lanthanide(III)ion by its imine nitrogen, phenolic oxygen and carboxylic oxygen in 1:1 stoichemetry. The complexes were ... instance iron (III) and cobalt (III) complexes.
4. Social Determinants of Health and Tobacco Use in Five Low and Middle-Income Countries - Results from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), 2011 - 2012.
Science.gov (United States)
Tee, Guat Hiong; Aris, Tahir; Rarick, James; Irimie, Sorina
2016-01-01
Tobacco consumption continues to be the leading cause of preventable deaths globally. The objective of this study was to examine the associaton of selected socio-demographic variables with current tobacco use in five countries that participated in the Phase II Global Adult Tobacco Survey in 2011 - 2012. We analysed internationally comparable representative household survey data from 33,482 respondents aged ≥ 15 years in Indonesia, Malaysia, Romania, Argentina and Nigeria for determinants of tobacco use within each country. Socio-demographic variables analysed included gender, age, residency, education, wealth index and awareness of smoking health consequences. Current tobacco use was defined as smoking or use of smokeless tobacco daily or occasionally. The overall prevalence of tobacco use varied from 5.5% in Nigeria to 35.7% in Indonesia and was significantly higher among males than females in all five countries. Odds ratios for current tobacco use were significantly higher among males for all countries [with the greatest odds among Indonesian men (OR=67.4, 95% CI: 51.2-88.7)] and among urban dwellers in Romania. The odds of current tobacco use decreased as age increased for all countries except Nigeria where. The reverse was true for Argentina and Nigeria. Significant trends for decreasing tobacco use with increasing educational levels and wealth index were seen in Indonesia, Malaysia and Romania. Significant negative associations between current tobacco use and awareness of adverse health consequences of smoking were found in all countries except Argentina. Males and the socially and economically disadvantaged populations are at the greatest risk of tobacco use. Tobacco control interventions maybe tailored to this segment of population and incorporate educational interventions to increase knowledge of adverse health consequences of smoking.
5. Trends of violence among 7th, 8th and 9th grade students in the state of Lara, Venezuela: The Global School Health Survey 2004 and 2008.
Science.gov (United States)
Granero, Ricardo; Poni, Esteban S; Escobar-Poni, Bertha C; Escobar, Judith
2011-11-01
Violence by young people is one of the most visible forms of violence and contributes greatly to the global burden of premature death, injury and disability. The Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), State of Lara, Venezuela (GSHS-Lara) is a school-based surveillance system. It comprises a repeated, cross-sectional, self-administered survey drawn from a representative sample of 7th to 9th grade students, performed in the school years 2003-2004 (GSHS-Lara 2004) and 2007-2008 (GSHS-Lara 2008). It explores, among other things, a general violence indicator such as school absenteeism due to feeling unsafe at school or on the way to or from school for any reason; and more specific indicators of violence such as robbery, bullying, physical fights and use of weapons, as well as exposure to lectures on how to prevent violence. Results are given in terms of prevalence percentage. Absenteeism doubled between the two study periods (10.8% to 20.8%). The number of students that were a victim of robbery remained high and without change both outside (14.2% and 14.8%) and inside school (21.7% and 22.0%). The number of victims of bullying was high and increasing (33.4% and 43.6%). Bullying associated with being physically attacked decreased (18.5% to 14.3%). Physical attacks without active participation and not associated with bullying were frequent (21.5%). Physical fighting with active participation prevalence remained high and without change (27.5% and 28.2%). Carrying a weapon almost doubled (4.3% to 7.1%). Less than 65% reported classes for violence prevention. The GSHS-Lara shows that violence is an important public health problem that needs to be addressed by the community and its authorities.
6. A global assessment of the gender gap in self-reported health with survey data from 59 countries.
Science.gov (United States)
Boerma, Ties; Hosseinpoor, Ahmad Reza; Verdes, Emese; Chatterji, Somnath
2016-07-30
While surveys in high-income countries show that women generally have poorer self-reported health than men, much less is known about gender differences in other regions of the world. Such data can be used to examine the determinants of sex differences. We analysed data on respondents 18 years and over from the World Health Surveys 2002-04 in 59 countries, which included multiple measures of self-reported health, eight domains of functioning and presumptive diagnoses of chronic conditions. The age-standardized female excess fraction was computed for all indicators and analysed for five regional groups of countries. Multivariate regression models were used to examine the association between country gaps in self-reported health between the sexes with societal and other background characteristics. Women reported significantly poorer health than men on all self-reported health indicators. The excess fraction was 15 % for the health score based on the eight domains, 28 % for "poor" or "very poor" self-rated health on the single question, and 26 % for "severe" or "extreme" on a single question on limitations. The excess female reporting of poorer health occurred at all ages, but was smaller at ages 60 and over. The female excess was observed in all regions, and was smallest in the European high-income countries. Women more frequently reported problems in specific health domains, with the excess fraction ranging from 25 % for vision to 35 % for mobility, pain and sleep, and with considerable variation between regions. Angina, arthritis and depression had female excess fractions of 33, 32 and 42 % respectively. Higher female prevalence of the presumptive diagnoses was observed in all regional country groups. The main factors affecting the size of the gender gap in self-reported health were the female-male gaps in the prevalence of chronic conditions, especially arthritis and depression and gender characteristics of the society. Large female-male differences in self
7. A global survey on occupational health services in selected international commission on occupational health (ICOH) member countries.
Science.gov (United States)
Rantanen, Jorma; Lehtinen, Suvi; Valenti, Antonio; Iavicoli, Sergio
2017-10-05
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), the International Labour Organization (ILO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), and the European Union (EU) have encouraged countries to organize occupational health services (OHS) for all working people irrespective of the sector of economy, size of enterprise or mode of employment of the worker. The objective of this study was to survey the status of OHS in a sample of countries from all continents. A questionnaire focusing on the main aspects of OHS was developed on the basis of ILO Convention No. 161 and several other questionnaire surveys used in various target groups of OHS. The questionnaire was sent to 58 key informants: ICOH National Secretaries. A total of 49 National Secretaries responded (response rate 84.5%), from countries that employ 70% of the total world labour force. The majority of the respondent countries, 67%, had drawn up an OHS policy and implement it with the help of national occupational safety and health (OSH) authorities, institutes of occupational health or respective bodies, universities, and professional associations. Multidisciplinary expert OHS resources were available in the majority (82%) of countries, but varied widely in quantitative terms. The average OHS coverage of workers was 24.8%, with wide variation between countries. In over two thirds (69%) of the countries, the content of services was mixed, consisting of preventive and curative services, and in 29% preventive only. OHS financing was organized according to a mixed model among 63% and by employers only among 33% of the respondents. The majority of countries have drawn up policies, strategies and programmes for OHS. The infrastructures and institutional and human resources for the implementation of strategies, however, remain insufficient in the majority of countries (implementation gap). Qualitatively, the content and multidisciplinary nature of OHS corresponds to
8. A global assessment of the gender gap in self-reported health with survey data from 59 countries
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ties Boerma
2016-07-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background While surveys in high-income countries show that women generally have poorer self-reported health than men, much less is known about gender differences in other regions of the world. Such data can be used to examine the determinants of sex differences. Methods We analysed data on respondents 18 years and over from the World Health Surveys 2002–04 in 59 countries, which included multiple measures of self-reported health, eight domains of functioning and presumptive diagnoses of chronic conditions. The age-standardized female excess fraction was computed for all indicators and analysed for five regional groups of countries. Multivariate regression models were used to examine the association between country gaps in self-reported health between the sexes with societal and other background characteristics. Results Women reported significantly poorer health than men on all self-reported health indicators. The excess fraction was 15 % for the health score based on the eight domains, 28 % for “poor” or “very poor” self-rated health on the single question, and 26 % for “severe” or “extreme” on a single question on limitations. The excess female reporting of poorer health occurred at all ages, but was smaller at ages 60 and over. The female excess was observed in all regions, and was smallest in the European high-income countries. Women more frequently reported problems in specific health domains, with the excess fraction ranging from 25 % for vision to 35 % for mobility, pain and sleep, and with considerable variation between regions. Angina, arthritis and depression had female excess fractions of 33, 32 and 42 % respectively. Higher female prevalence of the presumptive diagnoses was observed in all regional country groups. The main factors affecting the size of the gender gap in self-reported health were the female-male gaps in the prevalence of chronic conditions, especially arthritis and depression and
9. A Global Survey of ATPase Activity in Plasmodium falciparum Asexual Blood Stages and Gametocytes
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Ortega, Corrie; Frando, Andrew; Webb-Robertson, Bobbie-Jo; Anderson, Lindsey N.; Fleck, Neil; Flannery, Erika L.; Fishbaugher, Matthew; Murphree, Taylor A.; Hansen, Joshua R.; Smith, Richard D.; Kappe, Stefan H. I.; Wright, Aaron T.; Grundner, Christoph
2017-10-27
Effective malaria control and elimination in hyperendemic areas of the world will require treatment of disease-causing Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) blood stage infection but also blocking parasite transmission from humans to mosquito to prevent disease spread. Numerous antimalarial drugs have become ineffective due to parasite drug resistance and many currently used therapies do not kill gametocytes, highly specialized sexual parasite stages with distinct physiology that are necessary for transmission from the human host to the mosquito vector. Further confounding next generation drug development against Pf is the lack of known biochemical activity for most parasite gene products as well as the unknown metabolic needs of non-replicating gametocyte. Here, we take a systematic activity-based proteomics approach to survey the large and druggable ATPase family that is associated with replicating blood stage asexual parasites and transmissible gametocytes. We experimentally confirm existing annotation and predict ATPase function for 38 uncharacterized proteins. ATPase activity broadly changes during the transition from asexual schizonts to gametocytes, indicating altered metabolism and regulatory roles of ATPases specific for each lifecycle stage. By mapping the activity of ATPases associated with gametocytogenesis, we assign biochemical activity to a large number of uncharacterized proteins and identify new candidate transmission blocking targets.
10. Network global navigation satellite system surveys to harmonize American and Canadian datum for the Lake Champlain Basin
Science.gov (United States)
Flynn, Robert H.; Rydlund, Jr., Paul H.; Martin, Daniel J.
2016-03-08
Historically high flood levels were observed during flooding in Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River from late April through May 2011. Flooding was caused by record spring precipitation and snowmelt from the third highest cumulative snowfall year on record, which included a warm, saturated late spring snowpack. Flood stage was exceeded for a total of 67 days from April 13 to June 19, 2011. During this flooding, shoreline erosion and lake flood inundation were exacerbated by wind-driven waves associated with local fetch and lake-wide seiche effects. In May 2011, a new water-surface-elevation record was set for Lake Champlain. Peak lake-level water-surface elevations varied at the three U.S. Geological Survey lake-level gages on Lake Champlain in 2011. The May 2011 peak water-surface elevations for Lake Champlain ranged from 103.20 feet above the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 at the northern end of Lake Champlain (at its outlet into the Richelieu River at Rouses Point, New York) to 103.57 feet above the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 at the southern end of the Lake in Whitehall, New York. The water-surface elevations for the Richelieu River in Canada are referenced to a different vertical datum than are those in Lake Champlain in the United States, which causes difficulty in assessing real-time flood water-surface elevations and comparing of flood peaks in the Lake Champlain Basin in the United States and Canada.
11. IRSN opinion survey - The perception of risks and security by the French population. Global results June 2013
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
2013-06-01
After having commented the most remarkable results (importance of the economic crisis as a major concern for French people before environmental concerns, an improved perception of industrial risks, the Fukushima accident is fading away but specific traces remain, expectations regarding nuclear energy), this report, illustrated by several graphs, presents and discusses the results of an annual opinion survey on the present concerns of French people (in the present society, for the environment, and as far as science is concerned), the opinion of French people on expertise (about who must control a risky installation, about the role and image of scientific experts, about the diffusion and sharing of scientific expertise, and about the perception of pluralistic structures), on the attitude of French people in front of 33 risk situations (risks to which French people feel exposed to, confidence of French people in authorities to protect them, the truth of information on hazards, the hierarchy of 33 situations according to three aspects and their relationship with installation acceptability). The fourth part addresses more particularly the nuclear sector: nuclear risk, ability and credibility of interveners, debate on energy transition. A last part addresses the perception of the Fukushima accident. Graphs notably present the evolution of opinions with respect to last year or over the past years
12. Status of pesticide management in the practice of vector control: a global survey in countries at risk of malaria or other major vector-borne diseases.
Science.gov (United States)
van den Berg, Henk; Hii, Jeffrey; Soares, Agnes; Mnzava, Abraham; Ameneshewa, Birkinesh; Dash, Aditya P; Ejov, Mikhail; Tan, Soo Hian; Matthews, Graham; Yadav, Rajpal S; Zaim, Morteza
2011-05-14
It is critical that vector control pesticides are used for their acceptable purpose without causing adverse effects on health and the environment. This paper provides a global overview of the current status of pesticides management in the practice of vector control. A questionnaire was distributed to WHO member states and completed either by the director of the vector-borne disease control programme or by the national manager for vector control. In all, 113 countries responded to the questionnaire (80% response rate), representing 94% of the total population of the countries targeted. Major gaps were evident in countries in pesticide procurement practices, training on vector control decision making, certification and quality control of pesticide application, monitoring of worker safety, public awareness programmes, and safe disposal of pesticide-related waste. Nevertheless, basic conditions of policy and coordination have been established in many countries through which the management of vector control pesticides could potentially be improved. Most countries responded that they have adopted relevant recommendations by the WHO. Given the deficiencies identified in this first global survey on public health pesticide management and the recent rise in pesticide use for malaria control, the effectiveness and safety of pesticide use are being compromised. This highlights the urgent need for countries to strengthen their capacity on pesticide management and evidence-based decision making within the context of an integrated vector management approach.
13. Status of pesticide management in the practice of vector control: a global survey in countries at risk of malaria or other major vector-borne diseases
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Tan Soo
2011-05-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background It is critical that vector control pesticides are used for their acceptable purpose without causing adverse effects on health and the environment. This paper provides a global overview of the current status of pesticides management in the practice of vector control. Methods A questionnaire was distributed to WHO member states and completed either by the director of the vector-borne disease control programme or by the national manager for vector control. In all, 113 countries responded to the questionnaire (80% response rate, representing 94% of the total population of the countries targeted. Results Major gaps were evident in countries in pesticide procurement practices, training on vector control decision making, certification and quality control of pesticide application, monitoring of worker safety, public awareness programmes, and safe disposal of pesticide-related waste. Nevertheless, basic conditions of policy and coordination have been established in many countries through which the management of vector control pesticides could potentially be improved. Most countries responded that they have adopted relevant recommendations by the WHO. Conclusions Given the deficiencies identified in this first global survey on public health pesticide management and the recent rise in pesticide use for malaria control, the effectiveness and safety of pesticide use are being compromised. This highlights the urgent need for countries to strengthen their capacity on pesticide management and evidence-based decision making within the context of an integrated vector management approach.
14. Global environment assessment survey by advancing the energy demand and supply structure. 4; Energy jukyu kozo kodoka chikyu kankyo eikyo chosa. 4
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
NONE
1997-03-01
To investigate the energy demand and supply structure in Japan, the international trend of approaches to global warming problems and the mitigation options to global warming in the energy related sectors have been surveyed. For the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, an Ad-hoc Group has discussed relevant topics after the 1st conference of the Parties. Meetings of the Group primarily focused on what objectives to set for the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in and in and after 2000. IPCC completed their Technical Paper in November 1996 in which technologies and measures to reduce GHG emissions and to enhance GHG sinks were analyzed and evaluated in various aspects. This Paper discusses about each sector of institutional buildings sector, transport sector, industrial sector, and energy supply sector. Especially, in the energy supply sector, promising approaches to reduce future emission include more efficient conversion of fossil fuels, switching to low-carbon fossil fuels, decarbonization of flue gas and fuels, CO2 storage, switching to nuclear energy, and switching to renewable sources of energy. 5 refs., 2 figs., 14 tabs.
15. Global rotation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Rosquist, K.
1980-01-01
Global rotation in cosmological models is defined on an observational basis. A theorem is proved saying that, for rigid motion, the global rotation is equal to the ordinary local vorticity. The global rotation is calculated in the space-time homogeneous class III models, with Godel's model as a special case. It is shown that, with the exception of Godel's model, the rotation in these models becomes infinite for finite affine parameter values. In some directions the rotation changes sign and becomes infinite in a direction opposite to the local vorticity. The points of infinite rotation are identified as conjugate points along the null geodesics. The physical interpretation of the infinite rotation is discussed, and a comparison with the behaviour of the area distance at conjugate points is given. (author)
16. Tobacco Use, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke, and Cessation Counseling Among Health Professions Students: Greek Data from the Global Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS).
Science.gov (United States)
Barbouni, Anastasia; Hadjichristodoulou, Christos; Merakou, Kyriakoula; Antoniadou, Eleni; Kourea, Kallirrhoe; Miloni, Evangelia; Warren, Charles W.; Rahiotis, George; Kremastinou, Jenny
2012-01-01
We conducted the GHPSS (Global Health Professions Student Survey) to obtain information regarding health profession students’ smoking habits and perceptions, exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) as well as level of knowledge and training on tobacco use and smoking cessation counseling. GHPSS is a survey for third-year students in the following fields: health visitors, dentistry, medicine, nursing and/or pharmacy. The highest tobacco use prevalence rate and exposure to SHS were recorded among health visitor students with 46.4% and 33.3% respectively. The majority of the respondents believed that their profession serves as a role model for their patients. Formal training on cessation counseling ranged between 10.7% for health visitor students to 22.4% for nursing students. The relatively high percentage of health profession students who currently smoke and the alarmingly high percentage of those exposed to SHS indicate lack of concerted efforts for implementation and effective enforcement of the anti-tobacco policy measures. Despite its significance, formal training on cessation counseling for students is strikingly low. These results indicate the urgent need to train health professional students on tobacco cessation counseling and educate them on the dangers of tobacco use, SHS and the positively influential role they can play to affect their patients’ smoking habits. PMID:22470295
17. Evaluation of the use of Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data for developing evidence-based tobacco control policies in Turkey.
Science.gov (United States)
Erguder, Toker; Cakir, Banu; Aslan, Dilek; Warren, Charles W; Jones, Nathan R; Asma, Samira
2008-12-15
The tobacco control effort in Turkey has made significant progress in recent years. Turkey initiated its tobacco control effort with the passing of Law 4207 (The Prevention of Harmful Effects of Tobacco Products) in 1996 and ratified the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2004. It is important to base policy decisions on valid and reliable evidence from population-based, representative studies that are periodically repeated to enable policy makers to monitor the results of their interventions and to appropriately tailor anti-tobacco activities towards future needs. The Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) was developed to track tobacco use among young people and enhance the capacity of countries to design, implement, and evaluate tobacco control and prevention programs. Turkey conducted the GYTS in 2003 and data from this survey can be used as baseline measures for evaluation of the tobacco control programs implemented by the Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Turkish government. The GYTS was conducted in 2003 on a representative sample of students aged 13 to 15 years. It indicated that almost 3 in 10 students in Turkey had ever smoked cigarettes, with significantly higher rates among boys. Current cigarette smoking rates were lower, at 9% for boys and 4% for girls. The prevalence of current use of other tobacco products was about half these figures for each gender. About 80% were exposed to secondhand smoke. Exposure to pro-smoking media messages was not rare. Almost half of the smokers 'usually' bought their tobacco from a store, despite the law prohibiting this. Exposure to teaching against smoking in schools was not universal. Findings from the GYTS, with periodic repeats of the survey, can be used to monitor the impact of enforcing various provisions of the present law (No: 4207), the progress made in achieving the goals of the WHO FCTC, and the effectiveness of various preventive interventions against smoking. Such
18. Patient-Reported Outcomes and Therapeutic Affordances of Social Media: Findings From a Global Online Survey of People With Chronic Pain
Science.gov (United States)
Gray, Kathleen; Martin-Sanchez, Fernando; Lopez-Campos, Guillermo
2015-01-01
Background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from social media use in chronic disease management continue to emerge. While many published articles suggest the potential for social media is positive, there is a lack of robust examination into mediating mechanisms that might help explain social media’s therapeutic value. This study presents findings from a global online survey of people with chronic pain (PWCP) to better understand how they use social media as part of self-management. Objective Our aim is to improve understanding of the various health outcomes reported by PWCP by paying close attention to therapeutic affordances of social media. We wish to examine if demographics of participants underpin health outcomes and whether the concept of therapeutic affordances explains links between social media use and PROs. The goal is for this to help tailor future recommendations for use of social media to meet individuals’ health needs and improve clinical practice of social media use. Methods A total of 231 PWCP took part in a global online survey investigating PROs from social media use. Recruited through various chronic disease entities and social networks, participants provided information on demographics, health/pain status, social media use, therapeutic affordances, and PROs from use. Quantitative analysis was performed on the data using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, and cluster analysis. Results The total dataset represented 218 completed surveys. The majority of participants were university educated (67.0%, 146/218) and female (83.9%, 183/218). More than half (58.7%, 128/218) were married/partnered and not working for pay (75.9%, 88/116 of these due to ill health). Fibromyalgia (46.6%, 55/118) and arthritis (27.1%, 32/118) were the most commonly reported conditions causing pain. Participants showed a clear affinity for social network site use (90.0%, 189/210), followed by discussion forums and blogs. PROs were consistent, suggesting that social
19. Patient-reported outcomes and therapeutic affordances of social media: findings from a global online survey of people with chronic pain.
Science.gov (United States)
Merolli, Mark; Gray, Kathleen; Martin-Sanchez, Fernando; Lopez-Campos, Guillermo
2015-01-22
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from social media use in chronic disease management continue to emerge. While many published articles suggest the potential for social media is positive, there is a lack of robust examination into mediating mechanisms that might help explain social media's therapeutic value. This study presents findings from a global online survey of people with chronic pain (PWCP) to better understand how they use social media as part of self-management. Our aim is to improve understanding of the various health outcomes reported by PWCP by paying close attention to therapeutic affordances of social media. We wish to examine if demographics of participants underpin health outcomes and whether the concept of therapeutic affordances explains links between social media use and PROs. The goal is for this to help tailor future recommendations for use of social media to meet individuals' health needs and improve clinical practice of social media use. A total of 231 PWCP took part in a global online survey investigating PROs from social media use. Recruited through various chronic disease entities and social networks, participants provided information on demographics, health/pain status, social media use, therapeutic affordances, and PROs from use. Quantitative analysis was performed on the data using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, and cluster analysis. The total dataset represented 218 completed surveys. The majority of participants were university educated (67.0%, 146/218) and female (83.9%, 183/218). More than half (58.7%, 128/218) were married/partnered and not working for pay (75.9%, 88/116 of these due to ill health). Fibromyalgia (46.6%, 55/118) and arthritis (27.1%, 32/118) were the most commonly reported conditions causing pain. Participants showed a clear affinity for social network site use (90.0%, 189/210), followed by discussion forums and blogs. PROs were consistent, suggesting that social media positively impact psychological
20. Race-ethnic differences in the association of genetic loci with HbA1c levels and mortality in U.S. adults: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)
Science.gov (United States)
2012-01-01
Background Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels diagnose diabetes, predict mortality and are associated with ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in white individuals. Genetic associations in other race groups are not known. We tested the hypotheses that there is race-ethnic variation in 1) HbA1c-associated risk allele frequencies (RAFs) for SNPs near SPTA1, HFE, ANK1, HK1, ATP11A, FN3K, TMPRSS6, G6PC2, GCK, MTNR1B; 2) association of SNPs with HbA1c and 3) association of SNPs with mortality. Methods We studied 3,041 non-diabetic individuals in the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) III. We stratified the analysis by race/ethnicity (NHW: non-Hispanic white; NHB: non-Hispanic black; MA: Mexican American) to calculate RAF, calculated a genotype score by adding risk SNPs, and tested associations with SNPs and the genotype score using an additive genetic model, with type 1 error = 0.05. Results RAFs varied widely and at six loci race-ethnic differences in RAF were significant (p race-ethnicity (NHW: 10.4, NHB: 11.0, MA: 10.7, p race-ethnic heterogeneity. The combined impact of common HbA1c-associated variants on HbA1c levels varied by race-ethnicity, but did not influence mortality. PMID:22540250
1. Therapeutic Affordances of Social Media: Emergent Themes From a Global Online Survey of People With Chronic Pain
Science.gov (United States)
Gray, Kathleen; Martin-Sanchez, Fernando
2014-01-01
Background Research continues to present tenuous suggestions that social media is well suited to enhance management of chronic disease and improve health outcomes. Various studies have presented qualitative reports of health outcomes from social media use and have examined discourse and communication themes occurring through different social media. However, there is an absence of published studies examining and unpacking the underlying therapeutic mechanisms driving social media’s effects. Objective This paper presents a qualitative analysis thoroughly describing what social media therapeutically affords people living with chronic pain who are self-managing their condition. From this therapeutic affordance perspective, we aim to formulate a preliminary conceptual model aimed at better understanding "how" social media can influence patient outcomes. Methods In total, 218 people with chronic pain (PWCP) completed an online survey, investigating patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from social media use. Supplementary to quantitative data collected, participants were also given the opportunity to provide further open commentary regarding their use of social media as part of chronic pain management; 68/218 unique users (31.2%) chose to provide these free-text responses. Through thematic content analysis, 117 free-text responses regarding 10 types of social media were coded. Quotes were extracted and tabulated based on therapeutic affordances that we had previously identified. Inductive analysis was then performed to code defining language and emergent themes central to describing each affordance. Three investigators examined the responses, developed the coding scheme, and applied the coding to the data. Results We extracted 155 quotes from 117 free-text responses. The largest source of quotes came from social network site users (78/155, 50.3%). Analysis of component language used to describe the aforementioned affordances and emergent themes resulted in a final revision
2. Therapeutic affordances of social media: emergent themes from a global online survey of people with chronic pain.
Science.gov (United States)
Merolli, Mark; Gray, Kathleen; Martin-Sanchez, Fernando
2014-12-22
Research continues to present tenuous suggestions that social media is well suited to enhance management of chronic disease and improve health outcomes. Various studies have presented qualitative reports of health outcomes from social media use and have examined discourse and communication themes occurring through different social media. However, there is an absence of published studies examining and unpacking the underlying therapeutic mechanisms driving social media's effects. This paper presents a qualitative analysis thoroughly describing what social media therapeutically affords people living with chronic pain who are self-managing their condition. From this therapeutic affordance perspective, we aim to formulate a preliminary conceptual model aimed at better understanding "how" social media can influence patient outcomes. In total, 218 people with chronic pain (PWCP) completed an online survey, investigating patient-reported outcomes (PROs) from social media use. Supplementary to quantitative data collected, participants were also given the opportunity to provide further open commentary regarding their use of social media as part of chronic pain management; 68/218 unique users (31.2%) chose to provide these free-text responses. Through thematic content analysis, 117 free-text responses regarding 10 types of social media were coded. Quotes were extracted and tabulated based on therapeutic affordances that we had previously identified. Inductive analysis was then performed to code defining language and emergent themes central to describing each affordance. Three investigators examined the responses, developed the coding scheme, and applied the coding to the data. We extracted 155 quotes from 117 free-text responses. The largest source of quotes came from social network site users (78/155, 50.3%). Analysis of component language used to describe the aforementioned affordances and emergent themes resulted in a final revision and renaming of therapeutic affordances
3. Prevalence and correlates of being bullied among in-school adolescents in Malawi: results from the 2009 Global School-Based Health Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Kubwalo, H W; Muula, A S; Siziya, S; Pasupulati, S; Rudatsikira, E
2013-03-01
4. Most Recent Sampling Results for Annex III Building
Science.gov (United States)
Contains email from Scott Miller, US EPA to Scott Kramer. Subject: Most Recent Sampling Results for Annex III Building. (2:52 PM) and Gore(TM) Surveys Analytical Results U.S. Geological Survey, Montgomery, AL.
5. Protocol for Combined Analysis of FOXFIRE, SIRFLOX, and FOXFIRE-Global Randomized Phase III Trials of Chemotherapy +/- Selective Internal Radiation Therapy as First-Line Treatment for Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.
Science.gov (United States)
Virdee, Pradeep S; Moschandreas, Joanna; Gebski, Val; Love, Sharon B; Francis, E Anne; Wasan, Harpreet S; van Hazel, Guy; Gibbs, Peter; Sharma, Ricky A
2017-03-28
In colorectal cancer (CRC), unresectable liver metastases are associated with a poor prognosis. The FOXFIRE (an open-label randomized phase III trial of 5-fluorouracil, oxaliplatin, and folinic acid +/- interventional radioembolization as first-line treatment for patients with unresectable liver-only or liver-predominant metastatic colorectal cancer), SIRFLOX (randomized comparative study of FOLFOX6m plus SIR-Spheres microspheres versus FOLFOX6m alone as first-line treatment in patients with nonresectable liver metastases from primary colorectal carcinoma), and FOXFIRE-Global (assessment of overall survival of FOLFOX6m plus SIR-Spheres microspheres versus FOLFOX6m alone as first-line treatment in patients with nonresectable liver metastases from primary colorectal carcinoma in a randomized clinical study) clinical trials were designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combining first-line chemotherapy with selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) using yttrium-90 resin microspheres, also called transarterial radioembolization. The aim of this analysis is to prospectively combine clinical data from 3 trials to allow adequate power to evaluate the impact of chemotherapy with SIRT on overall survival. Eligible patients are adults with histologically confirmed CRC and unequivocal evidence of liver metastases which are not treatable by surgical resection or local ablation with curative intent at the time of study entry. Patients may also have limited extrahepatic metastases. Final analysis will take place when all participants have been followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Efficacy and safety estimates derived using individual participant data (IPD) from SIRFLOX, FOXFIRE, and FOXFIRE-Global will be pooled using 2-stage prospective meta-analysis. Secondary outcome measures include progression-free survival (PFS), liver-specific PFS, health-related quality of life, response rate, resection rate, and adverse event profile. The large study population will
6. Global Managers
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Barakat, Livia L.; Lorenz, Melanie P.; Ramsey, Jase R.
2016-01-01
Purpose: – The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of cultural intelligence (CQ) on the job performance of global managers. Design/methodology/approach: – In total, 332 global managers were surveyed from multinational companies operating in Brazil. The mediating effect of job...... satisfaction was tested on the CQ-job performance relationship. Findings: – The findings suggest that job satisfaction transmits the effect of CQ to job performance, such that global managers high in CQ exhibit more job satisfaction in an international setting, and therefore perform better at their jobs....... Practical implications: – Results imply that global managers should increase their CQ in order to improve their job satisfaction and ultimately perform better in an international context. Originality/value: – The authors make three primary contributions to the international business literature. First...
7. Global Derivatives
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Torben Juul
, postgraduate qualification or MBA programme. This book also caters for practicing managers and executives who need to understand current developments in global derivatives markets and require cutting-edge insight on strategic risk management issues. Dr Torben Juul Andersen is currently Associate Professor...... approaches to dealing in the global business environment." - Sharon Brown-Hruska, Commissioner, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, USA. "This comprehensive survey of modern risk management using derivative securities is a fine demonstration of the practical relevance of modern derivatives theory to risk...... management practice. Of particular note is the global and integrated approach chosen in this book which should be of special interest to aspiring managers active in global and international markets." - Dr Jean-Pierre Zigrand, Lecturer in Finance, London School of Economics, UK. More than 90 per cent...
8. Socio-economic inequalities in health and health service use among older adults in India: results from the WHO Study on Global AGEing and adult health survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Brinda, E M; Attermann, J; Gerdtham, U G; Enemark, U
2016-12-01
9. The Association between Warning Label Requirements and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence by Education-Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS).
Science.gov (United States)
Shang, Ce; Huang, Jidong; Cheng, Kai-Wen; He, Yanyun; Chaloupka, Frank J
2017-01-21
The Guidelines for the implementation of Article 11 of the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) require that cigarette health warning labels should include pictures and take up 50% or more of the principal display area. This study examined how the association between large pictorial warnings, those covering ≥50% of the front and back of the package, and the prevalence of cigarette smoking varies by educational attainment. We pooled individual-level tobacco use data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) in 18 countries between 2008 and 2013 and linked them with warning label requirements during the same period from the MPOWER database and reports regarding warnings. The respondents' self-reported exposure to warnings was examined according to education. Logistic regressions were further employed to analyze education-specific associations between large pictorial warnings and smoking prevalence, and whether such association differed by education was examined using an interaction test. At the time of the survey, eight out of 18 countries had imposed graphic warning labels that covered ≥50% of the package. These warnings were associated with a 10.0% (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.97; p ≤ 0.01) lower cigarette smoking prevalence among adults with less than a secondary education or no formal education, but not among respondents with at least a secondary education. Less educated respondents were also less likely to be exposed to warnings in all 18 countries. The association between strong warnings and lower smoking prevalence among less educated respondents could be greater if their exposure to warnings increases. Prominent pictorial warning labels can potentially reduce health disparities resulting from smoking across different education levels.
10. The Association between Warning Label Requirements and Cigarette Smoking Prevalence by Education-Findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ce Shang
2017-01-01
Full Text Available Introduction: The Guidelines for the implementation of Article 11 of the World Health Organization (WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC require that cigarette health warning labels should include pictures and take up 50% or more of the principal display area. This study examined how the association between large pictorial warnings, those covering ≥50% of the front and back of the package, and the prevalence of cigarette smoking varies by educational attainment. Methods: We pooled individual-level tobacco use data from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS in 18 countries between 2008 and 2013 and linked them with warning label requirements during the same period from the MPOWER database and reports regarding warnings. The respondents’ self-reported exposure to warnings was examined according to education. Logistic regressions were further employed to analyze education-specific associations between large pictorial warnings and smoking prevalence, and whether such association differed by education was examined using an interaction test. Results: At the time of the survey, eight out of 18 countries had imposed graphic warning labels that covered ≥50% of the package. These warnings were associated with a 10.0% (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.97; p ≤ 0.01 lower cigarette smoking prevalence among adults with less than a secondary education or no formal education, but not among respondents with at least a secondary education. Less educated respondents were also less likely to be exposed to warnings in all 18 countries. The association between strong warnings and lower smoking prevalence among less educated respondents could be greater if their exposure to warnings increases. Conclusions: Prominent pictorial warning labels can potentially reduce health disparities resulting from smoking across different education levels.
11. Linking Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC): the case for the Philippines.
Science.gov (United States)
Miguel-Baquilod, Marina; Fishburn, Burke; Warren, Charles W; Jones, Nathan R; Asma, Samira
2008-09-01
The purpose of this paper is to present data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) conducted in the Philippines in 2000 and 2003 which can be used as baseline measures to monitor provisions of the 2003 Tobacco Regulatory Act and Articles of the WHO FCTC. The GYTS is a school-based survey which uses a two-stage sample design to produce representative, independent, cross-sectional estimates. In both 2000 and 2003, the GYTS was conducted in three geographic zones in the Philippines. The zones are then combined to produce a representative national estimate each year. Data in this report are limited to students aged 13-15 years. The findings in this study show that in the Philippines changes occurred between 2000 and 2003 in that: students were less likely to smoke cigarettes or use other tobacco products, less likely to be exposed to SHS in public places, more likely to support bans on smoking in public places, more likely to have learned in school and from the media about the health hazards of tobacco use, and less likely to have been offered "free" cigarettes by a tobacco company representative. The synergy between the Philippines' leadership in passing the Clean Air Act in 1999 and the Tobacco Regulatory Air in 2003, in ratifying the WHO FCTC in 2005, and in supporting the conduct of the GYTS offers the Philippines a unique opportunity to develop, implement and evaluate the youth component of their comprehensive tobacco control policy that can be most helpful to the country.
12. Cross-country comparison of waterpipe use: nationally representative data from 13 low and middle-income countries from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS).
Science.gov (United States)
Morton, Jeremy; Song, Yang; Fouad, Heba; Awa, Fatimah El; Abou El Naga, Randa; Zhao, Luhua; Palipudi, Krishna; Asma, Samira
2014-09-01
Evidence shows that smoking tobacco using a waterpipe is significantly associated with diseases. Despite this, waterpipe use seems to be increasing worldwide, though nationally representative data are not widely available. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) provides an opportunity to measure various indicators of waterpipe use from nationally representative surveys. Data were obtained for adults 15 years of age or older from 13 countries (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, Egypt, India, Mexico, Philippines, Russia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, Uruguay and Vietnam) who completed GATS from 2008-2010. The GATS questionnaire collected data on current waterpipe use, including daily/less than daily prevalence and number of sessions per day/week. An optional waterpipe module measured former use, age of initiation, and level of consumption during a session. GATS was successful in producing nationally representative data on waterpipe use from 13 countries, many of which for the first time. The prevalence of waterpipe use among men was highest in Vietnam (13.0%) and Egypt (6.2%); among women, waterpipe use was highest in Russia (3.2%) and Ukraine (1.1%). While over 90% of adults in Ukraine thought smoking tobacco causes serious illness, only 31.4% thought smoking tobacco using a waterpipe causes serious illness. GATS data provide the ability to analyse waterpipe use within a country and across countries. Monitoring of waterpipe use at a national level will better enable countries to target tobacco control interventions such as education campaigns about the negative health effects of waterpipe use. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
13. Awareness and Current Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Indonesia, Malaysia, Qatar, and Greece: Findings From 2011-2013 Global Adult Tobacco Surveys.
Science.gov (United States)
Palipudi, Krishna Mohan; Mbulo, Lazarous; Morton, Jeremy; Mbulo, Lazarous; Bunnell, Rebecca; Blutcher-Nelson, Glenda; Kosen, Soewarta; Tee, Guat Hiong; Abdalla, Amani Mohamed Elkhatim; Mutawa, Kholood Ateeq Al; Barbouni, Anastasia; Antoniadou, Eleni; Fouad, Heba; Khoury, Rula N; Rarick, James; Sinha, Dhirendra N; Asma, Samira
2016-04-01
Increases in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) awareness and current use have been documented in high income countries but less is known about middle and low income countries. Nationally representative household survey data from the first four Global Adult Tobacco Surveys to assess e-cigarettes were analyzed, including Indonesia (2011), Malaysia (2011), Qatar (2013), and Greece (2013). Correlates of e-cigarette awareness and current use were calculated. Sample sizes for Greece and Qatar allowed for further analysis of e-cigarette users. Awareness of e-cigarettes was 10.9% in Indonesia, 21.0% in Malaysia, 49.0% in Qatar, and 88.5% in Greece. In all four countries, awareness was higher among male, younger, more educated, and wealthier respondents. Current e-cigarette use among those aware of e-cigarettes was 3.9% in Malaysia, 2.5% in Indonesia, 2.2% in Greece and 1.8% in Qatar. Across these four countries, an estimated 818 500 people are currently using e-cigarettes. Among current e-cigarette users, 64.4% in Greece and 84.1% in Qatar also smoked cigarettes, and, 10.6% in Greece and 6.0% in Qatar were never-smokers. E-cigarette awareness and use was evident in all four countries. Ongoing surveillance and monitoring of awareness and use of e-cigarettes in these and other countries could help inform tobacco control policies and public health interventions. Future surveillance should monitor use of e-cigarettes among current smokers and uptake among never-smokers and relapsing former smokers. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected].
14. Prevalence and correlates for school truancy among pupils in grades 7-10: results from the 2004 Zambia Global School-based Health Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Muula, Adamson S; Rudatsikira, Emmanuel; Babaniyi, Olusegun; Songolo, Peter; Siziya, Seter
2012-01-20
There are limited data on the prevalence and associated factors of truancy in southern Africa. Yet truancy should attract the attention of public health professionals, educators and policy makers as it may be associated with adolescent problem behaviours. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence and determine correlates of school truancy among pupils in Zambia. We used data collected in 2004 in the Zambia Global School-based Health Survey. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with truancy. A total of 2257 pupils participated in the survey of whom 53.9% were male. Overall 58.8% of the participants (58.1% of males and 58.4% of females) reported being truant in the past 30 days. Factors associated with truancy were having been bullied (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.32, 1.36]), current alcohol use (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI [2.16, 2.23]), perception that other students were kind and helpful (AOR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.10, 1.14]), being male and being from the lowest school grade. Pupils whose parents or guardians checked their homework (AOR = 0.91 95% CI, [0.89, 0.92]) and those who reported parental supervision (AOR = 0.94, 95% CI [0.92-0.95]) were less likely to report being truant. We found a high prevalence of truancy among pupils in grades 7-10 in Zambia. Interventions aimed to reduce truancy should be designed and implemented with due consideration of the associated factors.
15. Awareness and Current Use of Electronic Cigarettes in Indonesia, Malaysia, Qatar, and Greece: Findings From 2011–2013 Global Adult Tobacco Surveys
Science.gov (United States)
Palipudi, Krishna Mohan; Mbulo, Lazarous; Morton, Jeremy; Mbulo, Lazarous; Bunnell, Rebecca; Blutcher-Nelson, Glenda; Kosen, Soewarta; Tee, Guat Hiong; Abdalla, Amani Mohamed Elkhatim; Al Mutawa, Kholood Ateeq; Barbouni, Anastasia; Antoniadou, Eleni; Fouad, Heba; Khoury, Rula N.; Rarick, James; Sinha, Dhirendra N.; Asma, Samira
2016-01-01
Introduction Increases in electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) awareness and current use have been documented in high income countries but less is known about middle and low income countries. Methods Nationally representative household survey data from the first four Global Adult Tobacco Surveys to assess e-cigarettes were analyzed, including Indonesia (2011), Malaysia (2011), Qatar (2013), and Greece (2013). Correlates of e-cigarette awareness and current use were calculated. Sample sizes for Greece and Qatar allowed for further analysis of e-cigarette users. Results Awareness of e-cigarettes was 10.9% in Indonesia, 21.0% in Malaysia, 49.0% in Qatar, and 88.5% in Greece. In all four countries, awareness was higher among male, younger, more educated, and wealthier respondents. Current e-cigarette use among those aware of e-cigarettes was 3.9% in Malaysia, 2.5% in Indonesia, 2.2% in Greece and 1.8% in Qatar. Across these four countries, an estimated 818 500 people are currently using e-cigarettes. Among current e-cigarette users, 64.4% in Greece and 84.1% in Qatar also smoked cigarettes, and, 10.6% in Greece and 6.0% in Qatar were never-smokers. Conclusions E-cigarette awareness and use was evident in all four countries. Ongoing surveillance and monitoring of awareness and use of e-cigarettes in these and other countries could help inform tobacco control policies and public health interventions. Future surveillance should monitor use of e-cigarettes among current smokers and uptake among never-smokers and relapsing former smokers. PMID:25895951
16. Prevalence and correlates for school truancy among pupils in grades 7-10: results from the 2004 Zambia Global School-based Health Survey
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2012-01-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background There are limited data on the prevalence and associated factors of truancy in southern Africa. Yet truancy should attract the attention of public health professionals, educators and policy makers as it may be associated with adolescent problem behaviours. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence and determine correlates of school truancy among pupils in Zambia. Findings We used data collected in 2004 in the Zambia Global School-based Health Survey. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with truancy. A total of 2257 pupils participated in the survey of whom 53.9% were male. Overall 58.8% of the participants (58.1% of males and 58.4% of females reported being truant in the past 30 days. Factors associated with truancy were having been bullied (AOR = 1.34, 95% CI [1.32, 1.36], current alcohol use (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI [2.16, 2.23], perception that other students were kind and helpful (AOR = 1.12, 95% CI [1.10, 1.14], being male and being from the lowest school grade. Pupils whose parents or guardians checked their homework (AOR = 0.91 95% CI, [0.89, 0.92] and those who reported parental supervision (AOR = 0.94, 95% CI [0.92-0.95] were less likely to report being truant. Conclusions We found a high prevalence of truancy among pupils in grades 7-10 in Zambia. Interventions aimed to reduce truancy should be designed and implemented with due consideration of the associated factors.
17. Towards global benchmarking of food environments and policies to reduce obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases: design and methods for nation-wide surveys.
Science.gov (United States)
Vandevijvere, Stefanie; Swinburn, Boyd
2014-05-15
Unhealthy diets are heavily driven by unhealthy food environments. The International Network for Food and Obesity/non-communicable diseases (NCDs) Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS) has been established to reduce obesity, NCDs and their related inequalities globally. This paper describes the design and methods of the first-ever, comprehensive national survey on the healthiness of food environments and the public and private sector policies influencing them, as a first step towards global monitoring of food environments and policies. A package of 11 substudies has been identified: (1) food composition, labelling and promotion on food packages; (2) food prices, shelf space and placement of foods in different outlets (mainly supermarkets); (3) food provision in schools/early childhood education (ECE) services and outdoor food promotion around schools/ECE services; (4) density of and proximity to food outlets in communities; food promotion to children via (5) television, (6) magazines, (7) sport club sponsorships, and (8) internet and social media; (9) analysis of the impact of trade and investment agreements on food environments; (10) government policies and actions; and (11) private sector actions and practices. For the substudies on food prices, provision, promotion and retail, 'environmental equity' indicators have been developed to check progress towards reducing diet-related health inequalities. Indicators for these modules will be assessed by tertiles of area deprivation index or school deciles. International 'best practice benchmarks' will be identified, against which to compare progress of countries on improving the healthiness of their food environments and policies. This research is highly original due to the very 'upstream' approach being taken and its direct policy relevance. The detailed protocols will be offered to and adapted for countries of varying size and income in order to establish INFORMAS globally as a new monitoring initiative
18. Globalization and Landscape Architecture
OpenAIRE
Robert R. Hewitt
2014-01-01
The literature review examines globalization and landscape architecture as discourse, samples its various meanings, and proposes methods to identify and contextualize its specific literature. Methodologically, the review surveys published articles and books by leading authors and within the WorldCat.org Database associated with landscape architecture and globalization, analyzing survey results for comprehensive concept...
19. Galaxy interactions and star formation: Results of a survey of global H-alpha emission in spiral galaxies in 8 clusters
Science.gov (United States)
Moss, C.
1990-01-01
Kennicutt and Kent (1983) have shown that the global H alpha emission from a spiral galaxy is an indicator of the formation rate of massive stars. Moss, Whittle and Irwin (1988) have surveyed two clusters (Abell 347 and 1367) for galaxies with H alpha emission using a high dispersion objective prism technique. The purpose of the survey is to investigate environmental effects on star formation in spiral galaxies, and in particular to ascertain whether star formation is enhanced in cluster spirals. Approximately 20 percent of CGCG galaxies were detected in emission. Two plates of excellent quality were obtained for each of the two clusters, and galaxies were only identified to have emission if this was detected on both plates of a plate pair. In this way, plate flaws and other spurious identifications of emission could be rejected, and weak emission confirmed. The results of this survey have been discussed by Moss (1987). The detected galaxies are of types SO-a and later. The frequency with which galaxies are detected in emission increases towards later morphological type as expected (cf. Kennicutt and Kent 1983). There is no evidence of any dependence of the frequency of detected emission on the absolute magnitude of the galaxy (cf. Moss and Whittle 1990), but there is a strong correlation between a disturbed morphological appearance of the galaxy and the detection of emission. Furthermore it is found that the emission is more centrally concentrated in those galaxies which show a disturbed morphology. It may be noted that the objective prism plate gives a spectrum of a 400 A region around rest wavelength H alpha, but superposed on this is the H alpha emission from the galaxy which, because the light is essentially monochromatic, results in a true two-dimensional image of the H alpha distribution. The visual appearance of the emission on the prism plates was classified according to its diffuseness on a 5 point scale (very diffuse, diffuse, intermediate, compact, and
20. The Association between Point-of-Sale Advertising Bans and Youth Experimental Smoking: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Ce Shang
2015-12-01
1. The Association between Point-of-Sale Advertising Bans and Youth Experimental Smoking: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS).
Science.gov (United States)
Shang, Ce; Huang, Jidong; Li, Qing; Chaloupka, Frank J
2. Alcohol marketing and drunkenness among students in the Philippines: findings from the nationally representative Global School-based Student Health Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Swahn, Monica H; Palmier, Jane B; Benegas-Segarra, Agnes; Sinson, Fe A
2013-12-10
A largely unaddressed issue in lower income countries and the Philippines, in particular, is the role of alcohol marketing and its potential link to early alcohol use among youth. This study examines the associations between exposures to alcohol marketing and Filipino youths' drinking prevalence and drunkenness. Cross-sectional analyses were used to examine the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in Philippines (2011). The self-administered questionnaires were completed by students primarily 13 to 16 years of age (N = 5,290). Three statistical models were computed to test the associations between alcohol marketing and alcohol use, while controlling for possible confounding factors. Alcohol marketing, specifically through providing free alcohol through a company representative, was associated with drunkenness (AOR: 1.84; 95% CI=1.06-3.21) among youths after controlling for demographic and psychosocial characteristics, peer environment, and risky behaviors. In addition, seeing alcohol ads in newspapers and magazines (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI=1.05-2.58) and seeing ads at sports events, concerts or fairs (AOR: 1.50, 95% CI =1.06-2.12) were significantly associated with increased reports of drunkenness. There are significant associations between alcohol marketing exposure and increased alcohol use and drunkenness among youth in the Philippines. These findings highlight the need to put policies into effect that restrict alcohol marketing practices as an important prevention strategy for reducing alcohol use and its dire consequences among vulnerable youth.
3. Current Tobacco Smoking and Desire to Quit Smoking Among Students Aged 13-15 Years - Global Youth Tobacco Survey, 61 Countries, 2012-2015.
Science.gov (United States)
Arrazola, René A; Ahluwalia, Indu B; Pun, Eugene; Garcia de Quevedo, Isabel; Babb, Stephen; Armour, Brian S
2017-05-26
Tobacco use is the world's leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality, resulting in nearly 6 million deaths each year (1). Smoked tobacco products, such as cigarettes and cigars, are the most common form of tobacco consumed worldwide (2), and most tobacco smokers begin smoking during adolescence (3). The health benefits of quitting are greater for persons who stop smoking at earlier ages; however, quitting smoking at any age has health benefits (4). CDC used the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data from 61 countries across the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions from 2012 to 2015 to examine the prevalence of current tobacco smoking and desire to quit smoking among students aged 13-15 years. Across all 61 countries, the median current tobacco smoking prevalence among students aged 13-15 years was 10.7% (range = 1.7%, Sri Lanka to 35.0%, Timor-Leste). By sex, the median current tobacco smoking prevalence was 14.6% among males (range = 2.9%, Tajikistan to 61.4%, Timor-Leste) and 7.5% among females (range = 1.6%, Tajikistan to 29.0%, Bulgaria). In the majority of countries assessed, the proportion of current tobacco smokers who desired to quit smoking exceeded 50%. These findings could be used by country level tobacco control programs to inform strategies to prevent and reduce youth tobacco use (1,4).
4. Prevalence and correlates of hunger among primary and secondary school children in Malawi: results from the 2009 Global School-based Health Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Mwambene, J B; Muula, A S; Leo, J C
2013-06-01
Education is important in improving economies and creating literate, self-reliant and healthy societies. However, hunger is a barrier to basic education in Malawi. Hunger is also associated with a number of health risk behaviours, such as bullying, suicide ideation and unhygienic behaviours that may jeopardize the future of children. There are, however, limited data on the prevalence and associated factors of hunger among school children in Malawi. The study used data from the Malawi Global School-Based Health Survey conducted in 2009 to estimate the prevalence of self-reported hunger within the last 30 days among primary and secondary school age group. It also assessed the association between self-reported hunger and some selected list of independent variables using frequency distribution, chi-squared test and logistic regression. A total of 2359 students were available for analysis. The overall self-reported prevalence of hunger within the last 30 days was 12.5% (18.9% (172) in the rural and 8.3% (115) in urban areas; and 11.9%(123) for male and 12.5(148) for female children). In the final analysis, geographical location, eating fruits, having been bullied, suicide ideation, and washing hands with soap were significantly associated with hunger. Hunger in both primary and secondary school children in Malawi is a major social problem. The design of school feeding programmes aimed to reduce hunger should incorporate the factors identified as associated with hunger.
5. Effects of the 2008 Global Economic Crisis on National Health Indicators: Results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Shin, Jung-Hyun; Lee, Gyeongsil; Kim, Jun-Suk; Oh, Hyung-Seok; Lee, Keun-Seung; Hur, Yong; Cho, Be-Long
2015-07-01
The relationship between economics and health has been of great interest throughout the years. The accumulated data is not sufficient enough to carry out long-term studies from the viewpoint of morbidity, although Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was carried out yearly since 1998 in Korea. Thus, we investigated the effect of the 2008 global economic crisis on health indicators of Korea. Health indicators were selected by paired t-test based on 2007 and 2009 KNHANES data. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, exercise, education, income, working status, and stress were used as confounding factors, which were analyzed with logistic and probit analyses. Validation was done by comparing gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates and probit analyses results of 2007-2012 KNHANES data. Among several health indicators, the prevalence of hypertension and stress perception was higher after the economic crisis. Factors related with higher hypertension prevalence include older age, male gender, higher BMI, no current tobacco use, recent drinking, lower education levels, and stress perception. Factors related with more stress perception were younger age, female gender, current smoking, lower education levels, and lower income. GDP growth rates, a macroeconomic indicator, are inversely associated with hypertension prevalence with a one-year lag, and also inversely associated with stress perception without time lag. The economic crisis increased the prevalence of hypertension and stress perception. In the case of GDP growth rate change, hypertension was an inversely lagging indicator and stress perception was an inversely-related coincident indicator.
6. The effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on the risk of developing prescription opioid use disorder: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III.
Science.gov (United States)
Hassan, Ahmed N; Foll, Bernard Le; Imtiaz, Sameer; Rehm, Jürgen
2017-10-01
To evaluate the effect of baseline post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and each symptoms cluster on the risk of developing opioid use disorder (OUD) in those exposed to opioid painkillers and to assess the effect of comorbid PTSD and OUD on functioning, OUD severity, and treatment seeking compared with individuals with OUD only. We obtained data from 4025 individuals exposed to opioid painkillers from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions III. We matched individuals with baseline PTSD with individuals without PTSD on demographics, developmental background, family history, personalities, and exposure to stressful life events with propensity score methodology. We controlled for clinical diagnoses and other risk factors that may have occurred after PTSD onset. Quality of life was assessed with the SF-12; the number of diagnostic criteria met indicated OUD severity. Baseline PTSD predicted OUD after controlling for matching variables and other risk factors, including baseline mood/anxiety disorders and other substance use disorders (odds ratio[OR]: 1.58; 95% confidence interval[CI]: 1.14-2.17; p=0.02). Among individuals with PTSD, arousal/reactivity cluster predicted OUD. Individuals with comorbid PTSD and OUD had lower mean scores on the SF-12 scale and greater severity of OUD than individuals with OUD. There were no differences in help-seeking. Baseline PTSD increases the risk of developing OUD after exposure to opioid painkillers. Clinicians should screen for PTSD diagnosis and arousal/reactivity symptoms prior to prescribing painkillers. Integrated treatments are strongly recommended for patients with this dual diagnosis. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
7. Global Trends in Surveying Education
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Enemark, Stig
2005-01-01
societal and administrative conditions. This of course imposes all kinds of challenges upon the profession and educational institutions. Furthermore, issues such as curricula development, quality assurance, continuing professional development, and mutual recognition are crucial to any professional...
8. Global Survey of National Constitutions
Science.gov (United States)
Perehudoff, Katrina
2017-01-01
Abstract General Comment No. 22, issued in 2016 by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR), clarifies states’ legal duties to respect, protect, and fulfill the right to sexual and reproductive health (SRH). Our study analyzes domestic constitutions around the world to investigate whether and to what extent the right to sexual and reproductive health is respected, protected, and fulfilled; to what extent these provisions are inclusive and non-discriminatory; and to what degree the interlinkages between this and other human rights are acknowledged. Of the 195 constitutions accessed, 27 enshrine sexual and/or reproductive health, and seven adopt restrictive approaches to this right. In the 27 constitutions, provisions most frequently enshrine respect of one’s sexual health and family planning decisions, the protection of sexual health, and the provision of reproductive health care and family planning services (fulfillment). Most of the 27 constitutions fail to adequately respect reproductive health rights; to protect reproductive health, family planning, and abortion services from third-party interference; and to fulfill all dimensions of sexual health and access to abortion. Three of the 27 constitutions enshrine a universal right to SRH, and additional constitutions protect specific vulnerable groups (such as women, children) and/or restrict the scope of rights holders to couples. Among the 27 constitutions, nine explicitly link the right to sexual and reproductive health to the rights to education, science, and/or to make autonomous decisions about sexuality and reproduction. Our results can serve as a baseline measure to track constitutional reforms in pursuit of the realization of sexual and reproductive health and rights, and as building blocks for future lawmakers committed to realizing these rights through domestic legal reform. PMID:29302182
9. Global identification, xenophobia and globalisation: A cross-national exploration.
Science.gov (United States)
Ariely, Gal
2017-12-01
This paper explores the ways in which globalisation influences social identity. Combining a psychological social-identity framework with sociological considerations regarding the contextual impact of globalisation, it tests whether global identification-that is, people's identification as global citizens-constitutes an inclusive category, negatively linked to xenophobic attitudes towards immigrants across countries and whether the actual country level of globalisation moderates the relationship between global identification and xenophobia. Unlike most psychological studies of globalisation, it draws its data from 124 national samples across 86 countries, with 154,760 respondents overall, using three different cross-national surveys. Study 1 (International Social Survey Program National Identity Module III 2013; N = 39,426, countries = 32) evinces that while global identification is in fact negatively linked to xenophobia, the correlation is moderated by the country level of globalisation, countries marked by higher levels of globalisation exhibiting a stronger negative relation between global identification and xenophobia than those characterised by a lower level of globalisation. Study 2 (European Values Study 2008; N = 53,083, countries = 44) and Study 3 (World Values Survey 6; N = 65,251, countries = 48) replicated these results across other countries employing dissimilar scales for global identification and xenophobia. © 2016 International Union of Psychological Science.
10. Global Derivatives
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Andersen, Torben Juul
." - Steen Parsholt, Chairman and CEO, Aon Nordic Region. "Andersen has done a wonderful job of developing a comprehensive text that deals with risk management in global markets. I would recommend this book to any student or businessman who has a need to better understand the risks and risk management......""In Global Derivatives: A Strategic Risk Management Perspective", Torben Juul Andersen has succeeded to gather in one book a complete and thorough summary and an easy-to-read explanation of all types of derivative instruments and their background, and their use in modern management of risk...... approaches to dealing in the global business environment." - Sharon Brown-Hruska, Commissioner, Commodity Futures Trading Commission, USA. "This comprehensive survey of modern risk management using derivative securities is a fine demonstration of the practical relevance of modern derivatives theory to risk...
11. Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III
Science.gov (United States)
Thomason, Larry W.; Chu, William P.; Pitts, Michael C.
1998-12-01
The SAGE III is the fourth generation of solar occultation instruments designed to measure aerosols and trace gas species in the stratosphere and upper troposphere. It will be launched aboard a Meteor-3M platform in the summer of 1999 and the International Space Station Alpha in 2001. SAGE III preserves the robust characteristics of the SAGE series, including self-calibration and high vertical resolution, and adds new capabilities including a lunar occultation mode. This paper will describe the SAGE III instrument and outline its potential contribution to global change research.
12. Secondhand smoke exposure and susceptibility to initiating cigarette smoking among never-smoking students in selected African countries: Findings from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Lee, Kyung A; Palipudi, Krishna M; English, Lorna M; Ramanandraibe, Nivo; Asma, Samira
2016-10-01
Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) causes premature death and illness in non-smokers. We examined SHS exposure at home and in public places, as well as susceptibility to initiate cigarette smoking among never cigarette smokers. We used 2006-2011 Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) data from 29 African countries (56,967 students). GYTS is a nationally representative, self-administered school-based survey, conducted among students aged 13-15years. Prevalence ratio, estimates and 95% confidence intervals were computed for SHS exposure in the homes and public places separately. The two-sample t-test was used to assess the difference in susceptibility to smoking by SHS exposure among never-smoking students (α=0.05). Among never-smoking students, exposure to SHS at home ranged from 12.7% (Cape Verde) to 44.0% (Senegal). The prevalence ratio (PR) comparing susceptibility to smoking initiation among never smokers exposed to SHS at home to those who were not exposed at home ranged from 1.2 to 2.6. Exposure to SHS in public places ranged from 23.9% (Cape Verde) to 80.4% (Mali). Of the countries being studied, 8 countries showed a significant difference in susceptibility to smoking initiation among never smokers exposed to SHS in public places compared to those not exposed in public places. (PR ranged from 0.5-3.5). In many African countries in the study, a substantial proportion of students who never smoked are exposed to SHS at home and in public places. Majority of never smokers who were exposed to SHS at home and in public places had a higher prevalence of susceptibility to initiate smoking than those that were not exposed to SHS at home and in public places. Adoption and enforcement of smoke-free policies in public places and smoke-free rules at home could substantially contribute to reducing SHS exposure in many of these countries. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
13. Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of tobacco use in four countries of the World Health Organization: South-East Asia region: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Palipudi, K; Rizwan, S A; Sinha, D N; Andes, L J; Amarchand, R; Krishnan, A; Asma, S
2014-12-01
Tobacco use is a leading cause of deaths and Disability Adjusted Life Years lost worldwide, particularly in South-East Asia. Health risks associated with exclusive use of one form of tobacco alone has a different health risk profile when compared to dual use. In order to tease out specific profiles of mutually exclusive categories of tobacco use, we carried out this analysis. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) data was used to describe the profiles of three mutually exclusive tobacco use categories ("Current smoking only," "Current smokeless tobacco [SLT] use only," and "Dual use") in four World Health Organization South-East Asia Region countries, namely Bangladesh, India, Indonesia and Thailand. GATS was a nationally representative household-based survey that used a stratified multistage cluster sampling design proportional to population size. Prevalence of different forms of usage were described as proportions. Logistics regression analyses was performed to calculate odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. All analyses were weighted, accounted for the complex sampling design and conducted using SPSS version 18. The prevalence of different forms of tobacco use varied across countries. Current tobacco use ranged from 27.2% in Thailand to 43.3% in Bangladesh. Exclusively smoking was more common in Indonesia (34.0%) and Thailand (23.4%) and less common in Bangladesh (16.1%) and India (8.7%). Exclusively using SLT was more common in Bangladesh (20.3%) and India (20.6%) and less common on Indonesia (0.9%) and Thailand (3.5%). Dual use of smoking and SLT was found in Bangladesh (6.8%) and India (5.3%), but was negligible in Indonesia (0.8) and Thailand (0.4%). Gender, age, education and wealth had significant effects on the OR for most forms of tobacco use across all four countries with the exceptions of SLT use in Indonesia and dual use in both Indonesia and Thailand. In general, the different forms of tobacco use increased among males and with increasing
14. Prevalence and correlates of being bullied among in-school adolescents in Beijing: results from the 2003 Beijing Global School-Based Health Survey.
Science.gov (United States)
Hazemba, Alice; Siziya, Seter; Muula, Adamson S; Rudatsikira, Emmanuel
2008-04-02
Bullying has public health importance. It has been reported that both the victims and perpetrators of bullying are more likely to have suicidal ideation and other suicidal behaviours. Moreover, bullying can be a precursor for school violence and can contribute to poor academic performance. The purpose of the study was to raise awareness on the subject in China. We, therefore conducted an analysis of secondary data to determine the prevalence and correlates of having been bullied among in-school adolescents. The data was taken from the Beijing Global School-Based Health Survey conducted in 2003. A weighted analysis to reduce bias due to differing patterns of non-response was conducted using statistical software (SPSS version 14.0). We conducted a backward logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors for being bullied. Out of a total of 2,348 in-school adolescents who participated in the survey, 20% (23% males, and 17% females) reported having been bullied. Risk factors for having been bullied were loneliness (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42-1.45), being worried (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.29-1.32), being sad or having feelings of hopelessness (AOR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.19-1.22), smoking cigarettes (AOR = 1.09; 95% CI 1.08-1.11), drinking alcohol (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.29-1.32), and being truant (AOR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.22-1.27). Meanwhile protective factors were having close friends (AOR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.83-0.86), receiving parental supervision (AOR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.80-0.81), and ever been drunk (AOR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.84-0.87). We believe the results of this study will raise awareness among school health practitioners and administrators, paediatric psychiatrists and psychologists on the prevalence and correlates of bullying among adolescents in Beijing, China.
15. Prevalence and correlates of being bullied among in-school adolescents in Beijing: results from the 2003 Beijing Global School-Based Health Survey
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
2008-04-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Bullying has public health importance. It has been reported that both the victims and perpetrators of bullying are more likely to have suicidal ideation and other suicidal behaviours. Moreover, bullying can be a precursor for school violence and can contribute to poor academic performance. The purpose of the study was to raise awareness on the subject in China. We, therefore conducted an analysis of secondary data to determine the prevalence and correlates of having been bullied among in-school adolescents. Methods The data was taken from the Beijing Global School-Based Health Survey conducted in 2003. A weighted analysis to reduce bias due to differing patterns of non-response was conducted using statistical software (SPSS version 14.0. We conducted a backward logistic regression analysis to determine independent predictors for being bullied. Results Out of a total of 2,348 in-school adolescents who participated in the survey, 20% (23% males, and 17% females reported having been bullied. Risk factors for having been bullied were loneliness (adjusted odds ratio (AOR = 1.44; 95% confidence interval (CI 1.42–1.45, being worried (AOR = 1.30; 95% CI 1.29–1.32, being sad or having feelings of hopelessness (AOR = 1.21; 95% CI 1.19–1.22, smoking cigarettes (AOR = 1.09; 95% CI 1.08–1.11, drinking alcohol (AOR = 1.31; 95% CI 1.29–1.32, and being truant (AOR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.22–1.27. Meanwhile protective factors were having close friends (AOR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.83–0.86, receiving parental supervision (AOR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.80–0.81, and ever been drunk (AOR = 0.86; 95% CI 0.84–0.87. Conclusion We believe the results of this study will raise awareness among school health practitioners and administrators, paediatric psychiatrists and psychologists on the prevalence and correlates of bullying among adolescents in Beijing, China.
16. The relationship between waterpipe and cigarette smoking in low and middle income countries: cross-sectional analysis of the global adult tobacco survey.
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Full Text Available INTRODUCTION: Waterpipe tobacco smoking is receiving growing attention due to accumulating evidence suggesting increasing prevalence in some populations and deleterious health effects. Nevertheless, the relationship between waterpipe and cigarette smoking remain unknown, particularly in low and middle income countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analysed waterpipe and cigarette smoking using data from Global Adult Tobacco Survey, a household survey of adults aged ≥15 years conducted between 2008-2010 in LMICs. Factors associated with waterpipe and cigarette use were assessed using multiple logistic regression. Factors associated with the quantity of waterpipe and cigarette smoking were assessed using log-linear regression models. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, gender, residence, education, occupation and smokeless tobacco use, waterpipe smoking was significantly higher among cigarette users than in non-cigarette users in India (5.6% vs. 0.6%, AOR 13.12, 95% CI 7.41-23.23 and Russia (6.7% vs. 0.2%, AOR 27.73, 95% CI 11.41-67.43, but inversely associated in Egypt (2.6% vs. 3.4%, AOR 0.21, 95% CI 0.15-0.30 and not associated in Vietnam (13.3% vs. 4.7%, AOR 0.96, 95% CI 0.74-1.23. Compared to non-cigarette smokers, waterpipe smokers who also used cigarettes had more waterpipe smoking sessions per week in Russia (1.3 vs. 2.9, beta coefficient 0.31, 95% CI 0.06, 0.57, but less in Egypt (18.2 vs. 10.7, beta coefficient -0.45, 95% CI -0.73, -0.17 and Vietnam (102.0 vs. 79.3, beta coefficient -0.31, 95% CI -0.56, -0.06 and similar amounts in India (29.4 vs. 32.6, beta coefficient -0.12, 95% CI -0.46, 0.22. CONCLUSIONS: Waterpipe smoking is low in most LMICs but important country-level differences in use, including concurrent cigarette smoking, should be taken into account when designing and evaluating tobacco control interventions.
17. Antithrombin III blood test
Science.gov (United States)
... medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003661.htm Antithrombin III blood test To use the sharing features on this page, ... a protein that helps control blood clotting. A blood test can determine the amount of AT III present ...
18. Impact of the 2008 global financial crisis on the health of Canadians: repeated cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2007-2013.
Science.gov (United States)
Nour, Sabrina; Labonté, Ronald; Bancej, Christina
2017-04-01
19. Patterns and Outcomes of Induction of Labour in Africa and Asia: a secondary analysis of the WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Neonatal Health.
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Joshua P Vogel
Full Text Available Labour induction should be performed where benefit outweighs potential harm, however epidemiology of induction in lower-income countries is not well described. We used the WHO Global Survey dataset to describe the epidemiology and outcomes of labour induction in 192,538 deliveries in 253 facilities across 16 countries in Africa and Asia.Data was analyzed separately for Africa and Asia. Prevalence of indications, methods, success and characteristics associated with labour induction were determined. Multilevel logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between induction (with medical indication and elective and maternal/perinatal outcomes.Induction accounted for 4.4% (Africa and 12.1% (Asia of deliveries. Oxytocin alone was the most common method (45.9% and 37.5% and success rates were generally over 80%. Medically indicated inductions were associated with increased adjusted odds of Apgar <7 at 5 minutes, low birthweight, NICU admission and fresh stillbirth in both regions. The odds of caesarean section in Africa were reduced (Adj OR 0.61, 95%CI 0.42-0.88. Elective induction was associated with increased adjusted odds of NICU (Africa and ICU (Asia admissions.Induction was generally less common than in higher-income countries. Prostaglandin use was uncommon despite evidence supporting use. Induction for medical indications may be associated with poorer outcomes due to maternal baseline risks. Despite one-third of elective inductions occurring at <39 weeks, the risk of maternal, fetal and neonatal mortality was not elevated following elective inductions.
20. The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS): the United States of America in 2011 chapter II: phosphodiesterase inhibitors utilization among English speakers.
Science.gov (United States)
Shaeer, Osama
2013-02-01
Utility of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEi's) for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) has been the focus of experimental and clinical studies. However, public preferences, attitudes, and experiences with PDEi's are rarely addressed from a population/epidemiology viewpoint. The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS) is a worldwide epidemiologic study of sexuality and sexual disorders, first launched in the Middle East in 2010, followed by the United States in 2011. To describe the utilization rates, trends, and attitudes toward PDEi's in the United States in the year 2011. GOSS was randomly deployed to English-speaking male Web surfers in the United States via paid advertising on Facebook®, comprising 146 questions. Utilization rates and preferences for PDEi's by brand. Six hundred three subjects participated; mean age 53.43 years ± 13.9. Twenty-three point seven percent used PDEi's on more consistent basis, 37.5% of those with ED vs. 15.6% of those without ED (recreational users). Unrealistic safety concerns including habituation were pronounced. Seventy-nine point six percent of utilization was on prescription basis. PDEi's were purchased through pharmacies (5.3% without prescription) and in 16.5% over the Internet (68% without prescription). Nine point six percent nonprescription users suffered coronary heart disease. Prescription use was inclined toward sildenafil, generally, and particularly in severe cases, and shifted toward tadalafil in moderate ED and for recreational use, followed by vardenafil. Nonprescription utilization trends were similar, except in recreational use where sildenafil came first. In the United States unrealistic safety concerns over PDEi's utility exist and should be addressed. Preference for particular PDEi's over the others is primarily dictated by health-care providers, despite lack of guidelines that govern physician choice. Online and over-the-counter sales of PDEi's are common, and can expose a subset of users to health
1. Disability weights from a household survey in a low socio-economic setting: how does it compare to the global burden of disease 2010 study?
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Ian Neethling
2016-08-01
Full Text Available Background: The global burden of disease (GBD 2010 study used a universal set of disability weights to estimate disability adjusted life years (DALYs by country. However, it is not clear whether these weights can be applied universally in calculating DALYs to inform local decision-making. This study derived disability weights for a resource-constrained community in Cape Town, South Africa, and interrogated whether the GBD 2010 disability weights necessarily represent the preferences of economically disadvantaged communities. Design: A household survey was conducted in Lavender Hill, Cape Town, to assess the health state preferences of the general public. The responses from a paired comparison valuation method were assessed using a probit regression. The probit coefficients were anchored onto the 0 to 1 disability weight scale by running a lowess regression on the GBD 2010 disability weights and interpolating the coefficients between the upper and lower limit of the smoothed disability weights. Results: Heroin and opioid dependence had the highest disability weight of 0.630, whereas intellectual disability had the lowest (0.040. Untreated injuries ranked higher than severe mental disorders. There were some counterintuitive results, such as moderate (15th and severe vision impairment (16th ranking higher than blindness (20th. A moderate correlation between the disability weights of the local study and those of the GBD 2010 study was observed (R2=0.440, p<0.05. This indicates that there was a relationship, although some conditions, such as untreated fracture of the radius or ulna, showed large variability in disability weights (0.488 in local study and 0.043 in GBD 2010. Conclusions: Respondents seemed to value physical mobility higher than cognitive functioning, which is in contrast to the GBD 2010 study. This study shows that not all health state preferences are universal. Studies estimating DALYs need to derive local disability weights using
2. Influence of tobacco industry advertisements and promotions on tobacco use in India: findings from the Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2009-2010.
Science.gov (United States)
Sinha, D N; Palipudi, K M; Oswal, K; Gupta, P C; Andes, L J; Asma, S
2014-12-01
3. The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS): the United States of America in 2011. Chapter I: erectile dysfunction among English-speakers.
Science.gov (United States)
Shaeer, Osama; Shaeer, Kamal
2012-12-01
The Global Online Sexuality Survey (GOSS) is a worldwide epidemiologic study of sexuality and sexual disorders, based on validated questionnaires and applying age adjustment to the World Standard Population (WSP) by the World Health Organization. In 2010, the first report of GOSS came from the Middle East, describing an erectile dysfunction (ED) prevalence rate of 47%. This report studies the prevalence rate of ED in the United States as of 2011-2012 and evaluates risk factors for ED. Prevalence of ED. GOSS was randomly deployed to English-speaking male web surfers in the United States via paid advertising on Facebook, comprising 146 questions including the abbreviated 5-item International Index of Erectile Function. Two thousand twenty-two males participated; with a mean age was 52.38 years ± 14.5. Prevalence of ED was 37.7%, adjusted to 33.7% according to WSP, comparable across ethnic groups. The following risk factors were associated with higher risk for ED: diabetes mellitus, hypertension with and without antihypertensive treatment, coronary heart disease, obesity (defined by body mass index), difficult micturition, subjectively reported depression, interpersonal distress, subjectively reported impotence, in addition to novel factors such as subjectively reported premature ejaculation (PE) and concerns over genital size (not a smaller penis per se), low libido, and irregular coitus. Frequency of smoking and alcohol were not associated with higher prevalence of ED, although duration of smoking was. Adjusted to WSP, prevalence rate of ED in the United States of America is 33.7% in the year 2011, in contrast to the adjusted prevalence in the Middle East (47%). Most of the classical risk factors for ED play the same role in the United States and the World, including diabetes, hypertension, and aging. Concerns over genital size and PE are emerging risk factors for ED. © 2012 International Society for Sexual Medicine.
4. Alcohol marketing and drunkenness among students in the Philippines: findings from the nationally representative Global School-based Student Health Survey
Science.gov (United States)
2013-01-01
Background A largely unaddressed issue in lower income countries and the Philippines, in particular, is the role of alcohol marketing and its potential link to early alcohol use among youth. This study examines the associations between exposures to alcohol marketing and Filipino youths’ drinking prevalence and drunkenness. Methods Cross-sectional analyses were used to examine the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) conducted in Philippines (2011). The self-administered questionnaires were completed by students primarily 13 to 16 years of age (N = 5290). Three statistical models were computed to test the associations between alcohol marketing and alcohol use, while controlling for possible confounding factors. Results Alcohol marketing, specifically through providing free alcohol through a company representative, was associated with drunkenness (AOR: 1.84; 95% CI = 1.06–3.21) among youths after controlling for demographic and psychosocial characteristics, peer environment, and risky behaviors. In addition, seeing alcohol ads in newspapers and magazines (AOR: 1.65, 95% CI = 1.05–2.58) and seeing ads at sports events, concerts or fairs (AOR: 1.50, 95% CI = 1.06–2.12) were significantly associated with increased reports of drunkenness. Conclusions There are significant associations between alcohol marketing exposure and increased alcohol use and drunkenness among youth in the Philippines. These findings highlight the need to put policies into effect that restrict alcohol marketing practices as an important prevention strategy for reducing alcohol use and its dire consequences among vulnerable youth. PMID:24325264
5. Adolescent injuries in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Uruguay: Results from the 2012-2013 Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS).
Science.gov (United States)
Beck, Naja I; Arif, Issra; Paumier, Michelle F; Jacobsen, Kathryn H
2016-12-01
The goals of this study were to identify the proportion of early adolescents in southern South America who were injured in the past year, to identify risk behaviours and other exposures associated with injuries, and to evaluate the most common types and causes of injury in this population. We used complex samples analysis to examine cross-sectional data from more than 35,000 students from all four countries in South America that participated in the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) in 2012-2013. The proportion of students reporting at least one injury in the past year that required medical treatment or caused at least one full day of missed school or usual activities was 27.1% in Argentina, 29.5% in Uruguay, 30.9% in Chile, and 36.8% in Bolivia. Significantly more boys than girls reported injuries. Injured students were more likely than non-injured students to report anxiety-induced insomnia, being physically attacked, being in a physical fight, and being lonely in the past year, and they were also more likely to report being bullied, using tobacco, drinking alcohol, and missing school in the past month. For both boys and girls, the most common type of injury reported was a broken bone or dislocated joint and the most common injury cause was the student falling. However, most students were not able to provide a specific answer to either question. The GSHS has been conducted in 100 low- and middle-income countries and territories around the world, and new waves of data collection are currently being planned and implemented. The utility of the injury data from the GSHS would be improved if the injury type and cause response items were updated to better capture information about self-harm, sports injuries, and other statistics that will provide a stronger foundation for evidence-based injury prevention interventions in adolescent populations. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
6. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates for serious injury among adolescents participating in the Djibouti 2007 Global School-based Health Survey
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Rudatsikira Emmanuel
2011-09-01
Full Text Available Abstract Background Mental health and injury are neglected public health issues especially in low-income nations. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and socio-demographic correlates for serious injury in the last 12 months. Findings The study used data of the 2007 Djibouti Global School-based Health Survey. Logistic regression analysis was used to establish associations. Of the 1, 777 respondents, 61.1% (63.2% males and 57.8% females reported having sustained serious injury (SSI. Compared to participants who were not bullied, those who reported being bullied 3-9 days per month were more likely to have sustained serious injury in the last 12 months (AOR = 1.27; 95% CI [1.06, 1.52] for 3-5 days of bullying victimization per month, and AOR = 3.19; 95% CI [2.28, 4.47] for 6-9 days per month. Adolescents who were engaged in physical fighting were 47% (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI [1.40, 1.55] more likely to have sustained serious injury compared to those who were not engaged in the fighting. Meanwhile, adolescents who used substances (cigarettes, other forms of tobacco or drugs were 30% (AOR = 1.30, 95% CI [1.19, 1.42] more likely to have sustained serious injury compared to those who did not use substances. Conclusions Serious injury is common among adolescents in Djibouti, and we suggest that health workers attending to injured adolescents explore the patients' psycho-social environment. Further, we suggest longitudinal studies where reduction of substance use and bullying may be assessed if they have an impact in reducing serious injury among adolescents.
7. The multi-ethnic global lung initiative 2012 and Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey reference values do not reflect spirometric measurements in Black boys and men from Tanzania.
Science.gov (United States)
Rębacz-Maron, Ewa
2018-01-01
The interpretation of spirometric results of Black Africans according to reference standards based on data from outside their native environment may lead to the wrong conclusions. This article aims to characterize the ventilatory capacity of boys and men from Tanzania according to forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ), forced vital capacity (FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF) and FEV 1 /FVC based on the collected anthropological material and to compare them to NHANES III, Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) African American predicted values and GLI2012 equations. The analysis included spirometric measurements of n = 295 participants from Tanzania. Pearson's correlation analysis and the backward stepwise multiple regression analysis were performed. FEV 1 , FVC, PEF and FEV 1 /FVC results were compared to the NHANES III African American predicted values as well as to the GLI2012 equations. FEV 1 measurements are lower than the reference values according to NHANES III and GLI2012 equations by 22·1% and 25·8%. FVC results fell short of the NHANES III predicted by 29·5% and of GLI2012 by 32·5%. The average %FEV 1 /FVC scores for the boys and men exceeded the recommended GLI2012 predicted by 10·5-15·2%. All the spirometric measurements included in the analysis were statistically significantly correlated with age, body height, sitting height, trunk length and body weight. The application of prediction formulae developed for non-African populations overestimates the values for Black Africans. The results of spirometric measurements are ecosensitive and dependent on various external (environmental) factors. © 2016 Scandinavian Society of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
8. 2012 Alumni Perspectives Survey. Survey Report
Science.gov (United States)
Leach, Laura
2012-01-01
Conducted in September 2011, this Alumni Perspectives Survey by the Graduate Management Admission Council (GMAC) is a longitudinal study of respondents to the Global Management Education Graduate Survey, the annual GMAC[R] exit survey of graduate management students in their final year of business school. This 12th annual report includes responses…
9. Alumni Perspectives Survey, 2010. Survey Report
Science.gov (United States)
Sheikh, Sabeen
2010-01-01
During the months of April and September of 2009, the Graduate Management Admission Council[R] (GMAC[R]) conducted the Alumni Perspectives Survey, a longitudinal study of prior respondents to the Global Management Education Graduate Survey of management students nearing graduation. A total of 3,708 alumni responded to the April 2009 survey,…
10. Metallothionein (MT)-III
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Carrasco, J; Giralt, M; Molinero, A
1999-01-01
and renamed as MT-III. In this study we have raised polyclonal antibodies in rabbits against recombinant rat MT-III (rMT-III). The sera obtained reacted specifically against recombinant zinc-and cadmium-saturated rMT-III, and did not cross-react with native rat MT-I and MT-II purified from the liver of zinc...... astrocyte migration in vitro, rMT-III promoted migration to a higher extent than MT-I+II. Thus, MT-III could not only affect neuronal sprouting as previously suggested, but also astrocyte function. Finally, MT-III protein levels of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were, if anything, increased when... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.44945618510246277, "perplexity": 10949.421222484516}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267862929.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20180619115101-20180619135101-00303.warc.gz"} |
http://glam-discovery.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/manuscripts/manuscript/Q2050980/Papyrus+115 | # Papyrus 115
Papirus 115Papiro 115Papir Oxirinc 4499
Language: Ancient Greek
Collection: Bodleian Library
Material: papyrus
Papyrus 115 (P. Oxy. 4499, designated by $P$115 in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a fragmented manuscript of the New Testament written in Greek on papyrus. It consists of 26 fragments of a codex containing parts of the Book of Revelation, and probably nothing more. It dates to the third century, c. 225-275 AD. Grenfell and Hunt discovered the papyrus in Oxyrhynchus, Egypt. (continued on English Wikipedia) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 1, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2232697457075119, "perplexity": 28847.196780972263}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027320156.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20190824084149-20190824110149-00348.warc.gz"} |
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8495555 | Format
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Circ Res. 1993 Jun;72(6):1276-84.
# Role of shear stress and endothelial prostaglandins in flow- and viscosity-induced dilation of arterioles in vitro.
### Author information
1
Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595.
### Abstract
We have studied the effect of changes in shear stress on diameter of isolated arterioles of rat cremaster muscle. The steady-state active diameter of arterioles at a constant perfusion pressure (60 mm Hg) was 80 +/- 1.2 microns. The vessels' passive diameter (Ca(2+)-free solution) was 156 +/- 1.8 microns. Changes in shear stress were induced either by an increase in flow (velocity) or by an increase in viscosity of the perfusion solution. At a constant perfusion pressure, the stepwise increase in perfusion flow (0-80 microliters/min in 10-microliters/min steps) elicited, with a delay of approximately 20 seconds, a gradual increase in diameter up to 46%. At a constant 20-microliters/min flow rate, increases in viscosity of the perfusate (2%, 4%, and 6% dextran [molecular weight, 77,800]) caused a gradual vasodilation up to 22%. Varying flow and viscosity of the perfusate simultaneously resulted in an upward shift of the flow-diameter curve. Both flow- and viscosity-induced dilations were eliminated by the removal of the endothelium of arterioles (by air) or were inhibited by indomethacin (10(-5) M). The efficacy and specificity of these inhibitory treatments were assessed with vasoactive agents whose action, with regard to endothelial mediation, has been determined previously. The arteriolar dilation maintained calculated wall shear stress close to control values during increases in flow and/or viscosity of the perfusate, but when the dilation was inhibited by removal of the endothelium or by indomethacin, wall shear stress increased significantly in a cumulative manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS).
PMID:
8495555
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http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/50342/concrete-example-illustrating-the-interior-product | # Concrete Example Illustrating the Interior Product
Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional vector space, let $v \in V$ and let $\omega$ be an alternating $k$-tensor on $V$, i.e., $\omega \in \Lambda^{k}(V)$. Then, the interior product of $v$ with $w$, denoted by $i_{v}$, is a mapping $$i_{v}:\Lambda^{k}(V)\rightarrow \Lambda^{k-1}(V)$$ determined by
$$(i_v \omega)(v_1, \dots, v_{k-1}) = \omega(v, v_1, \dots, v_{k-1}).$$
My understanding of this, which is probably far from complete, is that the interior product basically provides a mechanism to produce a $k-1$-tensor from a $k$ tensor relative to some fixed vector $v$. I'm trying to understand however what the interior product actually means and how it is used in practice. Therefore, my question is, Can anyone provide example(s) illustrating computations and/or physical examples that will shed light on its purpose?
Also, the interior product seems to be somewhat (inversely?) related to the exterior product in that an exterior product takes a $p$-tensor and a $q$ tensor and makes a $p+q$ tensor and therefore is an "expansion". The interior product, on the other hand, is a contraction but always produces a tensor of degree one less than you started out with. So, secondly, What is the precise relation between the interior and exterior products?
Unfortunately, the Wikipedia page is of little help here and I can't find a reference that clearly explains these things.
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Just nitpicking: you can identify elements of $\bigwedge^k$ with alternating k-tensors only in characteristic 0. – Alexei Averchenko Jul 8 '11 at 15:32
@Alexei the question is tagged differential geometry :-) – Willie Wong Jul 9 '11 at 15:37
For a physical example of the use of the interior product: that is how one can geometrically define the "electric" and "magnetic" parts of an electromagnetic field given by the Faraday tensor. It also shows conveniently how electric and magnetic fields change under Lorentz transformations. – Willie Wong Jul 9 '11 at 16:04
Let me give another illustration of how the interior and exterior products are related. This particular case, however, works not on differential geometry, but requires Riemannian geometry.
Given a metric $g$, denote by $\langle,\rangle$ the extension of its inner (not interior) product to forms. The metric $g$ induces an identification between the vector space $V$ and its dual $V^*$, via the operators $v\mapsto v^\flat$, where
$$v^\flat(w) = \langle v,w\rangle$$
($v^\flat \in V^*$ is a linear functional on $V$, and here we define it by its action on $w\in V$)
Then we have the nice property for $\eta\in\Lambda^{k-1}(V),\tau \in \Lambda^k(V)$, and $v\in V$ that
$$\langle v^\flat \wedge \eta, \tau\rangle = \langle \eta,(i_v)\tau \rangle$$
showing how the interior and exterior products are actually adjoint with respect to the metric inner product.
A similar statement can be made by appealing to the Hodge-star operator associated to a Riemannian metric. Up to a constant multiplier $C$ (whose form depends a bit on your conventions, and which depends on the dimension and the degree of the forms), you have that
$$(i_v)\tau = C *(x^\flat\wedge *\tau)$$
where $*$ is the Hodge star operator.
-
Very nice example – ItsNotObvious Jul 9 '11 at 21:34
I don't think this will completely satisfy your questions, but I think the interior product is a neat way to induce orientations. To give an orientation on an $n$-manifold with boundary $M$ is the same as giving a nowhere-vanishing $n$-form $\Omega$. If $H \subset M$ is a hypersurface and $N$ is a transverse vector field along $H$ (so $N\colon H \to TM$, such that $N_x \in T_xM$ and $T_xM = N_x + T_xH$ for $x \in H$), then $i_N\Omega$ restricts to an orientation form on $H$. If $H = \partial M$, then taking $N$ to be an outward-pointing vector field along $\partial M$ gives the usual orientation used in Stokes's theorem.
I don't have my copy with me, but a lot of this should be in Lee's Introduction to Smooth Manifolds.
-
Thanks for the reference; I've looked it up and it appears to be Proposition 13.12 on p 337. I have some work to do to completely understand the example but it's a start. – ItsNotObvious Jul 8 '11 at 17:38
No problem. To me it's kind of an uninspiring example, since the usefulness of orientation forms at that point is that they spit out a sign. I wonder if there's something involving volume forms. – Dylan Moreland Jul 8 '11 at 18:10
Lie derivative, of course! It's even mentioned in the interior product wiki page. As for the relation to the exterior product, IMO you should look more on the exterior derivative for comparison.
But if you insist, for any $1$-form $\alpha$ and $k$-form $\omega$ and any vector $x$ we have $i_x (\alpha \wedge \omega) = \alpha(x) \omega$.
UPD: from purely algebraic standpoint, it is useful to consider Lie coalgebra structure on $V^*$: a linear mapping $\mathrm{d}: V^* \to \bigwedge^2 V^*$ extended to a graded anti-derivation. It is easy to see that by defining $\omega([x, y]) = \mathrm{d}\omega(x, y)$ we get Lie algebra structure on $V$.
So, interesting things must arise when we extend some $f: \bigwedge^2 V^* \to V^*$ to a graded antiderivation, right? Well, I can't answer that question, but I'm pretty sure that was the motivation :)
-
Of course? I'm glad that others find it to be so obvious. Notice though that Wikipedia page discusses the interior product within the context of manifolds and differential forms. Although I tagged the question with "differential geometry", the definition I provided, which comes from Jeff Lee's Manifolds and Differential Geometry, makes no reference to smooth infrastructure. Therefore, I'm hoping for an explanation in the more elementary context of multilinear algebra. – ItsNotObvious Jul 8 '11 at 15:46
I didn't mean it's obvious, I meant it's useful for computing the Lie derivative. Is the interior product even used that much outside differential geometry? – Alexei Averchenko Jul 8 '11 at 15:48
As I'm just learning the concept I can't really say how it's used, but since it can be defined in a completely algebraic manner I would think that it would have some sort of meaning in that context. If its only purpose is to relate the exterior/Lie derivatives then I can accept that, but would be surprised if this was the case – ItsNotObvious Jul 8 '11 at 15:55
I wouldn't call it its whole purpose, no. – Alexei Averchenko Jul 8 '11 at 16:01
I'm a bit puzzled by your answer. Did you read the question at all? You don't seem to address it (except for something in the second paragraph). – t.b. Jul 8 '11 at 16:12
Here is a partial answer to my own question, specifically the part asking for a concrete example illustrating computational aspects of the interior product.
Let the vector space in question be $\mathbb{R}^3$ endowed with the ordered basis $(e_1, e_2, e_3)$ and let $e^1, e^2, e^3$ be the relative cobasis. Here, we can think of the cobasis as just ordinary vectors that satisfy $e^i(e_j) = \delta^i_j$ or consider them as linear functionals on the dual space $(\mathbb{R}^n)^*$ that satisfy the same relations.
Now, suppose $\omega \in \Lambda^{2}(\mathbb{R}^3)$ is given by $\omega = e^1 \wedge e^2$ and let $v = e_1$. Then, for any vector $x \in \mathbb{R}^3$ we can then compute the interior product as follows:
$$(i_v \omega)(x) = (e^1 \wedge e^2)(e_1, x) = e^1(e_1)e^2(x) - e^1(x)e^2(e_1) = e^2(x)$$
Therefore $i_v \omega = e^2$
Next, keep the same $\omega$ but let $v = e_2$. Then,
$$(i_v \omega)(x) = (e^1 \wedge e^2)(e_2, x) = e^1(e_2)e^2(x) - e^1(x)e^2(e_2) = -e^1(x)$$
So $i_v \omega = -e^1$
Finally, it is also easy to see by inspection that if $v =e_3$ then $i_v \omega = 0$
Computations for other values of $\omega$ proceed similarly.
-
This isn't an answer, but it certainly should be relevant to this discussion. Andrew McInerney's excellent new book "First Steps in Differential Geometry" discusses the interior product of a (o, k) tensor field (always alternating according to the book's conventions) on pp. 169 - 171.
He gives 2 examples: 4.6.17 and 4.6.18
If any one understands how the result follows in 4.6.18 which "the reader may verify" please inform me.
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https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Quantum_Mechanics/Advanced_Quantum_Mechanics_(Kok)/14%3A_Atomic_Orbitals/14.3%3A_Visualizing_Orbitals/14.3.1%3A_s_Orbitals | # 14.3.1: s Orbitals
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Orbits with $$l = 0$$ are called $$s$$ orbitals. Although this is not where the letter comes from, it’s useful to think of these as “spherical” orbitals, because they are spherically symmetric. However, they aren’t just spheres! Again, remember that the probability cloud for the electron is a fuzzy ball around the nucleus, representing where the electron is likely to be found.
The plot below shows two visualizations of the 1s orbital. On the left is a plot of $$\Psi^{*}(r) \Psi(r)$$. This gives the probability density for the electron to be found at radius $$r$$. That is, you must pick a small range $$dr$$ around the $$r$$ you’re interested in, and multiply this probability density by that $$dr$$. You then get the probability for finding the electron with that $$dr$$ of your chosen $$r$$. On the right is a cut through the $$x − z$$ plane showing the probability density as a function of position. Lighter colors mean more probability of finding the electron at that position. Notice that there is a darker spot at the center. This corresponds to the probability dropping to zero at $$r = 0$$, as seen in the left plot. In both cases, distances are plotted in terms of Angstroms; one Angstrom is 10−10 m which, as you can see from the plot, is about the size of an atom.
If you go to the 2s orbitals, an additional bump is added to the radial wave function. Also, the average distance the electron is from the center of the atom gets larger. While the probability clouds for a 1s and 2s orbital overlap, most of the probability for a 2s electron is outside most of the probability for a 1s electron. This means that to some extent, when working out the properties of an atom with two electrons in the 1s shell and one 2s electron (that would be Lithium), we can treat the nucleus plus the 1s shell as a single spherical ball of net charge +1. While this isn’t perfect, this does lend some support to the approximation we’ll make for multielectron atoms that each electron is moving in a nuclear potential and not interfering too much with other electrons.
Below are the same two plots for the 2s orbital. The scale of the axes is the same as the scale used previously in the 1s orbital, so that you may compare the plots directly.
As we move to the 3s orbital, we have to expand the limits of our plots, as the electron is starting to have more and more probability to be at greater radius. In the plots below, you can see that the electron cloud still has reasonable probability density at a radius of 15 Angstroms. You can also see that the 3s orbital is three concentric fuzzy spherical shells; equivalently, the radial function has three bumps. Again, sizes are in Angstroms.
This page titled 14.3.1: s Orbitals is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Pieter Kok via source content that was edited to the style and standards of the LibreTexts platform; a detailed edit history is available upon request. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9266142249107361, "perplexity": 285.8479528688579}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948765.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328042424-20230328072424-00033.warc.gz"} |
https://imathworks.com/tex/tex-latex-tikz-set-node-label-position-more-precisely/ | # [Tex/LaTex] TikZ set node label position more precisely
labelsnodestikz-pgf
This seems like it should be really easy but I can't seem to find it anywhere…
I'd like to be able to fine-tune the positioning of a node label.
I'm aware of the \node[label=above/below/etc:{label}] (x) {}; syntax, but that doesn't seem to give you many options on where the label goes. I'd like to be able to place the label slightly closer or farther away, or maybe in a direction other than the 8 presets available.
\tikz[label distance=x] isn't a good solution because I need it to be node-specific.
You can define the direction of the label by using label=<angle>:<label text>. To specify the distance on a per node distance, you have to supply it to the label options: label={[label distance=<distance>]<angle>:<label text>}
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\begin{document}
\begin{tikzpicture}[
every node/.style=draw,
every label/.style=draw
]
\node [label={[label distance=1cm]30:label}] {Node};
\end{tikzpicture}
\end{document} | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8869417905807495, "perplexity": 1034.4882133315139}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949644.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331144941-20230331174941-00271.warc.gz"} |
https://www.gradesaver.com/aristotles-poetics/e-text/xxi-poetic-diction | # Aristotle's Poetics
## XXI Poetic Diction
Words are of two kinds, simple and double. By simple I mean those composed of non-significant elements, such as {gamma eta}. By double or compound, those composed either of a significant and non-significant element (though within the whole word no element is significant), or of elements that are both significant. A word may likewise be triple, quadruple, or multiple in form, like so many Massilian expressions, e.g. 'Hermo-caico-xanthus who prayed to Father Zeus>.'
Every word is either current, or strange, or metaphorical, or ornamental, or newly-coined, or lengthened, or contracted, or altered.
By a current or proper word I mean one which is in general use among a people; by a strange word, one which is in use in another country. Plainly, therefore, the same word may be at once strange and current, but not in relation to the same people. The word {sigma iota gamma upsilon nu omicron nu}, 'lance,' is to the Cyprians a current term but to us a strange one.
Metaphor is the application of an alien name by transference either from genus to species, or from species to genus, or from species to species, or by analogy, that is, proportion. Thus from genus to species, as: 'There lies my ship'; for lying at anchor is a species of lying. From species to genus, as: 'Verily ten thousand noble deeds hath Odysseus wrought'; for ten thousand is a species of large number, and is here used for a large number generally. From species to species, as: 'With blade of bronze drew away the life,' and 'Cleft the water with the vessel of unyielding bronze.' Here {alpha rho upsilon rho alpha iota}, 'to draw away,' is used for {tau alpha mu epsilon iota nu}, 'to cleave,' and {tau alpha mu epsilon iota nu} again for {alpha rho upsilon alpha iota},--each being a species of taking away. Analogy or proportion is when the second term is to the first as the fourth to the third. We may then use the fourth for the second, or the second for the fourth. Sometimes too we qualify the metaphor by adding the term to which the proper word is relative. Thus the cup is to Dionysus as the shield to Ares. The cup may, therefore, be called 'the shield of Dionysus,' and the shield 'the cup of Ares.' Or, again, as old age is to life, so is evening to day. Evening may therefore be called 'the old age of the day,' and old age, 'the evening of life,' or, in the phrase of Empedocles, 'life's setting sun.' For some of the terms of the proportion there is at times no word in existence; still the metaphor may be used. For instance, to scatter seed is called sowing: but the action of the sun in scattering his rays is nameless. Still this process bears to the sun the same relation as sowing to the seed. Hence the expression of the poet 'sowing the god-created light.' There is another way in which this kind of metaphor may be employed. We may apply an alien term, and then deny of that term one of its proper attributes; as if we were to call the shield, not 'the cup of Ares,' but 'the wineless cup.'
<An ornamental word . . .>
A newly-coined word is one which has never been even in local use, but is adopted by the poet himself. Some such words there appear to be: as {epsilon rho nu upsilon gamma epsilon sigma}, 'sprouters,' for {kappa epsilon rho alpha tau alpha}, 'horns,' and {alpha rho eta tau eta rho}, 'supplicator,' for {iota epsilon rho epsilon upsilon sigma}, 'priest.'
A word is lengthened when its own vowel is exchanged for a longer one, or when a syllable is inserted. A word is contracted when some part of it is removed. Instances of lengthening are,--{pi omicron lambda eta omicron sigma} for {pi omicron lambda epsilon omega sigma}, and {Pi eta lambda eta iota alpha delta epsilon omega} for {Pi eta lambda epsilon iota delta omicron upsilon}: of contraction,--{kappa rho iota}, {delta omega}, and {omicron psi}, as in {mu iota alpha / gamma iota nu epsilon tau alpha iota / alpha mu phi omicron tau episilon rho omega nu / omicron psi}.
An altered word is one in which part of the ordinary form is left unchanged, and part is re-cast; as in {delta epsilon xi iota-tau epsilon rho omicron nu / kappa alpha tau alpha / mu alpha zeta omicron nu}, {delta epsilon xi iota tau epsilon rho omicron nu} is for {delta epsilon xi iota omicron nu}.
[Nouns in themselves are either masculine, feminine, or neuter. Masculine are such as end in {nu}, {rho}, {sigma}, or in some letter compounded with {sigma},--these being two, and {xi}. Feminine, such as end in vowels that are always long, namely {eta} and {omega}, and--of vowels that admit of lengthening--those in {alpha}. Thus the number of letters in which nouns masculine and feminine end is the same; for {psi} and {xi} are equivalent to endings in {sigma}. No noun ends in a mute or a vowel short by nature. Three only end in {iota},--{mu eta lambda iota}, {kappa omicron mu mu iota}, {pi epsilon pi epsilon rho iota}: five end in {upsilon}. Neuter nouns end in these two latter vowels; also in {nu} and {sigma}.] | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8470308184623718, "perplexity": 10362.383661202612}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221212768.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20180817182657-20180817202657-00317.warc.gz"} |
https://scholar.harvard.edu/jlhochschild/publications/affirmative-action-culture-war | # Affirmative Action as Culture War
### Citation:
Hochschild JL. Affirmative Action as Culture War. In: The Cultural Territories of Race: Black and White Boundaries. edited by Michèle Lamont. Chicago IL and New York: University of Chicago Press and Russell Sage Foundation ; 1999. pp. 343-368.
## Affirmative Action as Culture War
Jennifer Hochschild
Princeton University
July 13, 2001
For publication in The Blackwell Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, ed. David Theo Goldberg and John Solomos (Blackwell Publishers, forthcoming 2002).
Revision of article by the same name in The Cultural Territories of Race: White and Black Boundaries, ed. Michèle Lamont (Russell Sage Foundation Press and University of Chicago Press, 1999).
My thanks for comments on an earlier version of this article to Marianne Engelman Lado, Amy Gutmann, Luke Harris, Ira Katznelson, Michèle Lamont, Dale Miller, John Skrentny, Alan Wolfe, and the participants in various seminars at Princeton University.
NOTE: not quite final version.
If one examines any collection of books or syllabi on the subject of affirmative action over the past twenty-five years, one observes two phenomena -- a huge outpouring of legal and philosophical analyses of its merits and a paucity of empirical examinations of its mechanisms and effects.[1] The legal and philosophical analyses range from passionate assertions that quotas are essential in order to mitigate American racism to equally fervent arguments that any racial or gender-based preference violates core American values of equality of personhood and opportunity. One can even find a few carefully nuanced intermediate positions that subtly distinguish among recipients, procedures, triggering circumstances, and the like (e.g Appiah and Gutmann 1996). Without denigrating the energy and creativity of many of these efforts, I believe it is fair to say that the core legal and philosophical positions were laid out in the first few years of this debate. With the exception of the recent claim about the intrinsic benefits of diversity for an organization, the succeeding volumes have mostly developed or elaborated upon these original claims.[2]
### What We Don’t Know about Affirmative Action
There are, in contrast, huge holes in the corpus of what we know about how affirmative action actually works in practice.[3] For example, we know very little about just how people are hired or admitted to most universities. When is race or gender a tie-breaker; when does minority status still count against the applicant; when are less-qualified African Americans or women hired/admitted over more qualified whites, Asians, or men; when does the reverse occur? Do certain kinds of professional schools or firms consistently treat affirmative action in ways different from that of other kinds of professional schools or firms? I know of virtually no research within and across nonelite university admissions offices, corporate personnel offices, professional schools’ admissions offices, or police or fire departments that carefully traces these processes and analyzes them comparatively or theoretically.[4]
What happens after a person is hired or admitted in circumstances where affirmative action is presumed to have played a role? Do blacks or white women feel stigmatized, inferior, insecure? If so, do they overcompensate by rigidity or racial paranoia or timidity? Do they feel any more insecure than, for example, alumni children admitted to universities as legacies, or white working-class athletes admitted to bolster Big Ten football teams, or the boss’s nephew put in charge of the front office? Alternatively, if they do feel insecure or are stigmatized, are they able to overcome their initial obstacles and succeed at about the same rate as other workers or students? What are the processes by which people who are initially labeled as “affirmative action hires” move toward success or failure; do they have more to do with internal fortitude, organizational culture, structural opportunities, or what? Do some contexts facilitate success or reify stigma more than others? Again, there are very few careful and systematic studies of co-workers’ interactions and corporate or university practices in which affirmative action is a central part of the organizational context.
Another set of questions: How many whites or men are told by admissions officers or personnel directors that they would have been hired/admitted if it were not for affirmative action pressures? After all, that is an easy and mutually gratifying response from a gatekeeper to an angry or disappointed candidate -- and to many such candidates in a row, so long as each is addressed in the absence of the others. An example: one man reported on an e-mail list his stellar undergraduate record and his admission to several excellent law schools, but with little funding. “At least three admissions counselors stated outright, and others implied, that had I been anything but white male and had those numbers [GPA, LSAT scores etc.], I would’ve been immediately full-ride plus living expenses” (Finley 1996). If his experience occurs frequently, that would explain why so many more whites than is arithmetically possible believe that they or someone they know about was denied a job or promotion because of affirmative action. (See my discussion of survey results below.) But to my knowledge, no one has conducted research on how affirmative action is presented to non-minorities denied jobs or admission or promotion.
We know very little about how minority set-asides for contracts work. Conventional wisdom holds that the process is corrupt, with the most common allegation being that an African American (or woman of any race) is used as a “front” for predominantly white (or white male) owners of a firm (for example, see Oreskes 1984). How often does that occur? Why cannot those who grant contracts find out about it? Do they try? Conversely, how often do minority set-asides function as they were presumably intended to -- giving a start to a firm headed by a woman and/or person of color who would not otherwise be able to find clients or win contracts due to racial or gender stereotypes? How and when does that more positive dynamic work, and what distinguishes successful from unsuccessful firms once set-asides are in place? Some analysts have begun to answer these questions, but the disproportion between assertion and knowledge is enormous (House Government Operations Committee 1994; Bates and Williams 1996; Enchautegui et al. 1996; Myers and Chan 1996).
Broader political research would also be useful. Why did affirmative action surface as an especially “hot” political issue in 1995, given that white men (and to a lesser degree, white women) have always disliked strong versions of it (Bennett et al. 1995: tables 2, 3)? Conversely, why haven’t corporations, universities, most political candidates, and city governments jumped on the anti-affirmative action bandwagon? Do they see benefits in affirmative action policies that they would not be able to attain absent an apparently-coercive governmental mandate? (An analogy here might be school superintendents who welcomed judicial decisions mandating desegregation because the mandate allowed them to make changes in the school system that were otherwise politically too difficult.)[5] Why has there been an anti-affirmative action referendum only in two states (California and Washington) and one city (Houston) so far? [6] How should we understand the conflicting views of affirmative action held by white women and Asians?[7]
Broader historical research would similarly be illuminating. In the 1960s, as Stephen Carter (1991) reminds us, many on the left saw affirmative action as an individualistic sell-out. In their view, affirmative action encouraged personal mobility of the most energetic, articulate, and effective actors within a racial or gender group at the expense of structural transformation that would benefit the whole group. Regardless of whether it was right or wrong, what happened to that view? Why did support for affirmative action move from being a relatively right-wing position (President Nixon established the Philadelphia plan partly to give more blacks a stake in the extant economic system, and endorsed set-asides in order to encourage black capitalism) to being a relatively left-wing position over the past thirty years? Conversely, why hasn’t the political right embraced affirmative action as a classic case of sponsored mobility, a process of carefully and selectively admitting a few outsiders into the elite and defusing claims of the rest?
Who is eligible for affirmative action in various locations and venues, and why? In Richmond, Virginia, for example, the city’s set-aside program covered Hispanics, “Orientals,” American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts as well as blacks; as Justice O’Connor pointed out in Croson, “there is absolutely no evidence of past discrimination against” members of most of these groups; “it may well be that Richmond has never had an Aleut or Eskimo citizen.” [8] When are women treated as a distinct class, and why? Do they receive different (better? worse?) treatment under employers’ affirmative action guidelines than African Americans, or Hispanics, for example? Who decides about cases of mixed or ambiguous racial or ethnic identity, and to what effect?
I could list other arenas in which empirical research about the processes and effects of affirmative action are scarce or missing, but the point should be clear: Americans’ elaborate and sophisticated legal and normative debate about the legitimacy, desirability, and impact of affirmative action has until very recently taken place in something close to a factual vacuum.
That might not be surprising in the political arena -- after all, debates in Congress about abortion funding, illegal immigration, the effects of nuclear fallout, intervention in Kosovo, and other highly controversial issues often ignore what evidence exists or occur in the absence of much evidence at all. Such ignorance might not even be always inappropriate; elected officials and judges must sometimes make decisions regardless of whether they know enough about the choices confronting them. Similarly, the relative paucity of empirical knowledge might not be disconcerting to advocacy groups. Advocates of a particular policy position -- whether support or opposition to affirmative action, nuclear disarmament, abortion rights, or something else -- either are not primarily motivated by empirical considerations, or believe that they know enough facts or the right facts in order to espouse their position with confidence.
But the disproportion between legal and philosophical analysis on the one hand, and empirical analysis on the other, is inappropriate in the academy. Social scientists do, one normally assumes, believe that knowledge -- about how processes work, what effects policy innovations have, how historical and institutional contexts affect behaviors and outcomes -- matters. But except for a few crucial exceptions mostly buried in scholarly journals or legal briefs, they have not expended much effort on empirical analyses of affirmative action.[9] Why not? And what does the relative paucity of research compared with argumentation tell us about the policy of affirmative action, the cultural context of American racial and gender politics, and -- most broadly -- the ideology of the American dream?[10]
My argument, in brief, is the following: in the current American racial culture, affirmative action is more important to participants in the policy debate as a weapon with which to attack enemies in order to win some other battle than as an issue in and for itself. To be useful as a weapon, affirmative action must remain at the level of moral claims and single-dimensional outrage; the messy and complex realities that are likely to surface in careful empirical analyses do not help much in political and cultural warfare.[11] This phenomenon is as true in the university as in the explicitly political realm, because most scholars do not pursue the traditional objective of scholarly neutrality in the arena of racial politics and policy choices. To put it most succinctly, the debate over affirmative action is predominantly a culture war over who is an American and what it means to be a good American, and only secondarily a dispute between political parties or policy analysts over how best to improve the status of African Americans or women.
I do not make this assertion only to deplore it, although I will do some of that below. Nor do I claim that the culture war over affirmative action is unique; on issues ranging from a national bank in the 1830s to Communists in the State Department in the 1950s, Americans have always become passionately concerned about social “crises” that in fact matter little to their daily lives.[12] Instead, I want to explore the culture war over affirmative action for a more analytic reason: comparing what we believe about affirmative action with what we know and what we have chosen not to find out tells us a great deal about Americans’ hopes, fears, and self-images.
What Do We Know about Affirmative Action?
There has been, of course, some excellent empirical research on the subject of affirmative action (almost all of which has appeared only in esoteric professional journals or in unpublished legal briefs).[13] A review of what it tells us will begin to substantiate my claim about the symbolic functions of the debate over affirmative action.[14]
To begin with, a few solid historical analyses of the development and implementation of affirmative action policy have been published (Burstein 1985; Graham 1999; Skrentny 1996). With one clear exception (Skrentny), these analyses seldom address the issue of “why affirmative action?” and “why at a given historical moment?” Instead, their main burden has been to demonstrate that federal policy was in fact effective. That is, once federal officials, especially several presidents in a row beginning with Lyndon Johnson, decided to endorse affirmative action and develop an institutional structure to implement and enforce the policy, it happened. Graham (but not the other historians of affirmative action) even argues, roughly, that the federal government was too effective in the sense that affirmative action policy created an elaborate system of social regulation by bureaucrats and courts that is now unresponsive to public wishes, excessively interventionist, and counterproductive.
Thus affirmative action was encouraged, or at least not halted, by both conservative Republican presidents (Nixon, Reagan, Bush) and liberal Democratic ones (Johnson, Carter, Clinton). Federal laws and executive orders to foster or mandate affirmative action could have been reversed, but were not, when both houses of Congress were controlled by Republicans (or by Democrats); they could have been declared unconstitutional, but were not, when the Supreme Court was dominated by either liberal or conservative activists. The historical record is one of growth and persistence, with considerable trimming (especially of business set-asides) and usually more lip service than effort -- but without rejection of its core mission -- at the federal level (Rice and Mongkuo 1998; Leadership Conference on Civil Rights 1997: 2; Anderson 1996). Thus with a few exceptions, conservative opponents have not fought hard to eliminate affirmative action when they might have succeeded; that is the first suggestion of a gap between rhetoric and practice among policy actors and advocates purportedly on the same side of the issue.
A little research provides evidence about the economic effects of affirmative action policies on African Americans (and/or white women) and on the corporations that hire them (Leonard 1984a, 1984b, 1986, 1990; Heckman and Wolpin 1976; Heckman and Payner 1989; Badgett and Hartmann 1995; Holzer and Neumark 1999; Holzer 1998; Rodgers and Spriggs 1996). Aggregate analyses of employment suggest that affirmative action did target blacks during the 1970s, and that it contributed to the creation of a substantial black middle class that has persisted over the succeeding three decades.[15] Thus federal regulations not only institutionalized the initial policy but also produced the desired outcomes, at least to some degree.[16] Affirmative action did not, moreover, target only those already well-educated or in the middle income brackets; its initial effects were greatest for people in unskilled and semiskilled job categories (Leonard 1984b).[17] There is no evidence that affirmative action policies have harmed productivity of participating firms (Leonard 1984c).[18]
The same story appears to hold for university admissions. During the 1980s, the most selective four-year colleges were most likely to admit African American and Hispanic students preferentially. In nonelite schools, which 80% of college students attend, students of different races with similar characteristics were admitted at essentially the same rate (Kane 1998). Elite colleges were not harmed by their energetic affirmative action practices; by the end of the decade, their tuition had risen disproportionately compared with other universities’, as had the number of students applying for admission.[19]
For universities as for firms, individual participants as well as the institution appear to gain from being associated with affirmative action. Attending a high-quality school yields higher earnings in adulthood, even after controlling for family background and school achievement; studies even show higher payoffs to blacks than to whites of attending an elite school (Brewer et al. 1999; Kane 1998; Daniel et al. 1995; Bowen and Bok 1998). Thus affirmative action beneficiaries at elite universities did indeed benefit, to no apparent detriment to their fellow white students.[20]
Affirmative action was not, however, the most important factor in decreasing the racial wage gap between the 1960s and 1980s. Enforcement of laws against employment discrimination, as well as increasing educational attainment and achievement among blacks, did more (Heckman and Verkerke 1990; Leonard 1990; Smith and Welch 1984, 1989). During the 1980s, when enforcement of federal affirmative action regulations was all but halted and there was no demonstrable aggregate impact of affirmative action policy, the wage gap between fully-employed blacks and whites fluctuated, but did not fundamentally change (Farley 1996: 249; see also Leonard 1986).
Thus analyses of firms and universities, while thin, suggest several results: when implemented with at least a little pressure for compliance, affirmative action has had slight positive effects on beneficiary groups and no discernable negative effects on employers or colleges. When all pressure for compliance disappears, affirmative action mostly disappears. Even at its strongest, affirmative action has had less impact on racial wage inequality than have the much less controversial policies of improving educational attainment and achievement and enforcing the law against employment discrimination.
Another small arena of empirical research encompasses psychological experiments (Clayton and Crosby 1992; Crocker et al. 1991; Steele 1999; Nacoste 1985, 1994; Blanchard and Crosby 1989; Basic and Applied Social Psychology 1994). Results from these experiments are important, but so far do not move much beyond a demonstration of common sense. If people are told that affirmative action has influenced their attainment of a position, they devalue the position or their performance -- more so if they disapprove of affirmative action to begin with or if it was described as playing a central role, and less so if they see the apparent authority as racially biased. White women feel more demeaned by “unwarranted help” than do African Americans, who are more likely to see affirmative action as an entitlement. Coworkers may change their initial judgment that a new black manager is incompetent if he demonstrates that he is not or if they want to help him succeed. African Americans perform less well than they are capable of if they believe that they are underqualified compared with white students but must nevertheless uphold the honor of their race. In short, affirmative action may or may not have harmful psychological and interpersonal effects, depending on who is involved, how the policy is deployed, and the context within which it is deployed -- extremely useful knowledge, but hardly grounds for passion in either defense or opposition.
Another arena of scattered but important research findings treats the organizational effects of affirmative action (Kelly and Dobbin 1998; Dobbin et al. 1993; Edelman 1990, 1992; Sutton et al. 1994; Konrad and Linnehan 1995). Since the laws and executive orders creating affirmative action did not detail concrete compliance mechanisms, managers have constructed a wide variety of practices and structures. “Personnel professionals, in particular, saw opportunities in these new areas of law and promoted responses that would expand their power and numbers”(Dobbin 1996). The elaborate array of rules, offices, grievance procedures, plans, tests, and other mechanisms has come to have a life of its own; “over time, these structures, more than any particular substantive result, tend to be equated with compliance” (Edelman 1996). Forms of affirmative action that comport with the economic goals of a corporation -- such as “diversity” for certain firms or in certain markets -- become part of the corporate culture and are thereby domesticated. They neither disrupt conventional practices of hiring and promotion very much, nor do they generate much opposition. If anything, many executives and managers strongly support affirmative action as they understand it for several reasons: they believe that they are doing something socially productive, they believe that if properly handled “diversity” can increase their profits, and they are not paying high costs for endorsing affirmative action (Thomas and Ely 1996; Cox and Blake 1991; Badgett 1995). Again, few grounds for intense defense or opposition here.
The very small amount of aggregate data available show no evidence that affirmative action creates a sense of stigma or inferiority in its recipients. African Americans in firms that have affirmative action programs are at least as happy in their jobs as African Americans in firms that do not. The former demonstrate greater occupational ambition and are more likely to believe that people are helpful than the latter (Taylor 1994; Blanchard and Crosby 1989). Blacks who believe that affirmative action played a part in their hiring or promotion have no less confidence in their ability to do their job than do other workers (Hochschild 1995: 98-102, 290-292).
Surveys of public opinion offer the most fully developed research arena (Kinder and Sanders 1996; Pettigrew and Martin 1987; Bobo and Kluegel 1993; Bobo and Smith 1994; Gamson and Modigliani 1987; Sniderman and Piazza 1993; Kluegel and Smith 1983; Schuman et al.1997; Bobo 1998). Surveys provide several results crucial to my claim that the debate over affirmative action is more symbolic than substantive. About a third of white Americans cannot make any association with the phrase “affirmative action”(Steeh and Krysan 1996: 129).[21] Those who do have an opinion on the topic (most of whom presumably have some idea of what it means), produce more consensus than one would imagine possible if one listened solely to the political activists and news media.
Although about three-fourths of white Americans consistently agree that blacks should “work their way up... without any special favors,” so do about half of black Americans. Although 85% or more of whites endorse “ability” rather than “preferential treatment” to determine who gets jobs and college slots, so do about three-fifths of blacks. Conversely, fully seven in ten whites (compared with over eight in ten African Americans) favor affirmative action programs “provided there are no rigid quotas.” Solid majorities in both races endorse special job training and educational assistance for women and people of color, extra efforts to identify and recruit qualified minorities, redrawing of voting districts to ensure minority representation, and other “soft” forms of affirmative action (Steeh and Krysan 1996; see also Gallup Organization 1995). One quarter of those who voted for California’s referendum banning affirmative action in 1996 would have preferred a “mend it, don’t end it” option (Lempinen 1996).
If one can trust survey data, then, it seems possible to develop a workable political consensus around some “soft” affirmative action policies. African Americans and Latinos will always support these policies more strongly than will whites, and women will support them somewhat more strongly than will men. But that is no different from the pattern of support for any policy measure that benefits some citizens more than or at the expense of others. The likelihood of different levels of enthusiasm does not stop politicians and policy planners from initiating new laws and regulations, so long as they can forge a set of rules that some people strongly endorse and most can tolerate. There might be such a set of rules to be found within the wide range of possibilities for affirmative action policy, if the troops would declare a truce in the culture war long enough to move warily toward a no-man’s-land in the center.
Other survey data, however, suggest caution; this no-man’s-land will be safely occupied only if perceptions of affirmative action are brought more closely into line with its practice. Relatively few whites (under 10%) claim to have been harmed by the workings of affirmative action policy. Nevertheless, more (up to 20%) claim to know someone who has been so harmed, and still more (30% to 40%) claim to have heard about someone who was so harmed. Up to 80% of whites believe it likely that a white will lose a job or promotion to a less-qualified black due to affirmative action. One third of whites think affirmative action programs frequently “deprive someone... of their rights,” and half of white youth (compared with one-fifth of black youth) think that more whites lose out to blacks due to “special preference” than blacks lose to whites due to prejudice (Hochschild 1995: 144, 308; Steeh and Krysan 1996: 139-140).
Unless they define affirmative action as any situation in which an African American bests a white, regardless of why, these survey respondents are wrong. In 1994, only 2% of 641 government contractors polled complained of quotas or reverse discrimination. Of the more than 3000 discrimination cases to reach courts between 1990 and 1994, fewer than 100 charged reverse discrimination; most of those, like most claims about any kind of discrimination, were dismissed due to lack of merit (Stephanopoulos and Edley 1995, Sec. 6.3; Blumrosen 1995). Possibly political correctness inhibits firms from complaining about quotas, and perhaps white men suffer under the same constraint when they consider bringing charges of reverse discrimination. But surely a strong legal case would sweep aside those hypothesized constraints at least sometimes. Thus it seems safe to conclude that many more people are exercised by fears of the policy of affirmative action than are harmed by its implementation. If views about affirmative action are subject to rational consideration (a large “if,” and one which I dispute over the next few pages), then wide dissemination of information about who actually benefits from or is harmed by affirmative action would be an essential component of finding a workable middle position.
I have saved until last any discussion of the central exception to my complaint about the paucity of empirical studies of affirmative action. The Shape of the River is a very important work, both for its arguments themselves and because it is so unusual in this field. It confirms some of the critics’ fears; many African American students who attend elite colleges and universities do indeed enter with lower test scores and exit nearer the bottom than the top of their class. But it does more to confirm the supporters’ hopes: the more selective the school they attend, the better black students do in the short- and long-runs; white as well as black students value and benefit from racial diversity; black students are not paralyzed by insecurity, and black alumnae contribute importantly to their communities. The authors themselves, of course, are not neutral observers of the policy but they have striven – mostly successfully—to engage in serious social science research rather than in polemics. Responses have also been politically influenced, but they too have enhanced the discussion by reporting countervailing data of their own. Overall, The Shape of the River reinforces my basic points – that the consequences of affirmative action are mixed like those of most complex policies, that it is possible to do solid research on the subject, and that there are a huge number of unexamined questions remaining.
### Affirmative Action as Cultural Warfare
Unfortunately, many people’s views about affirmative action are not subject to rational consideration, any more than people could be persuaded to think coolly about the “monster Bank” or Communism. If people did think about affirmative action by weighing its costs against its benefits, passions would not run so high. After all, the research record gives complete warrant to neither the hopes of supporters nor the fears of opponents. The policy has certainly aided specific individuals applying to elite colleges (Bowen and Bok 1998) and professional schools or to middle-level public service jobs (Collins 1983, 1997). It has arguably harmed those who would have been admitted or hired absent affirmative action (Lynch 1989; Taylor 1991). It may even have simultaneously helped and harmed a few people (Carter 1991; Steele 1999; Clayton and Crosby 1992). It has had great impact on police and fire departments, on a few law and medical schools, and on the Army. But compared to legislation and litigation against employment discrimination or barriers to voting and office-holding, or desegregation of schools, affirmative action has had relatively little aggregate impact. And it has, perhaps, benefited professional personnel officers and attorneys more than any other single group of people.
We face therefore two puzzles. Why are a lot of people so exercised over this particular policy, which distributes outcomes about as most other policies do and which has done less to change American racial hierarchies than have a variety of other less controversial policies? And why is the empirical base for understanding the practice and effects of affirmative action so thin and in most cases publicly invisible compared with the rich philosophical and legal arguments that the issue has evoked?
These two puzzles are both resolved by one answer: political actors find affirmative action an immensely valuable issue over which to debate, and therefore have little desire to figure out just how it operates. That is, affirmative action is too precious as a political weapon in a broader cultural war about what America stands for to be blunted by attention to real-life complexities.
Many opponents of affirmative action are less concerned with the policy per se than with a wider assertion that racial (or gender) discrimination no longer exists, and that African Americans’ continued claims of its persistence are merely whining or self-seeking. At their crudest, opponents are racially hostile. Less crudely, they are unable or unwilling to see structural barriers or institutional advantages that are independent of individual intentions or awareness. The most sophisticated opponents are more concerned about class or individual, rather than racial or gender, barriers (Lind 1995, Woodson 1996), or they judge the costs of a continued focus on racial differences to be too great now that the black middle class is fairly well-established (Sleeper 1997, Gitlin 1995), or they judge that laws and regulations against employment discrimination are strong enough to take care of the remaining racial bias in jobs (James Heckman, personal communication with the author, 1997). Alternatively, they espouse a principle of individual meritocracy which supersedes caveats or shadings (Glazer 1975; Eastland 1996; Thernstrom and Thernstrom 1997).
Many proponents of affirmative action demonstrate an equal but opposite dynamic. They are less concerned with the policy per se than with a wider assertion that racial (or gender) discrimination is just as virulent as it has always been, and that whites’ opposition is merely covert racism or inexcusable naiveté (Preston and Lai 1998; Motley 1998). At their crudest, proponents are paranoid or self-seeking. Less crudely they believe, as one of my students put it, that blacks have just as much right to a class structure as whites do and just as much right to use all means legally available to reach the top of it. The most sophisticated proponents see affirmative action as a means for individual blacks to overcome persistent racism and attain resources that will help the African American community and the nation as a whole to overcome its shameful past -- DuBois’s talented tenth (Rosenfeld 1991). Alternatively, they see employment discrimination (or biases in universities’ admissions policies) as sufficiently subtle as well as widespread that standard laws and litigation are insufficient. In this view, people of color and/or white women must be inserted into the core of the hiring/promotion/admissions processes in order to identify and bring to justice persistent hidden biases that work on behalf of white men (Bergmann 1996; Edley 1996; Reskin 1998).
Political elites within these groups do not talk to one another and have no electoral, social, or organizational incentive to do so. Legally, they each have a rich set of court cases, laws, and regulations to bolster their claims. Normatively, each group has available to it more philosophical justifications for its position than anyone can possibly read or use. Historically, each group can point to its preferred victories and defeats. Politically, each group has a core constituency and a wider set of citizens to whom it can turn for occasional support. Organizationally, each group has well-established but complex and constantly renegotiated (thus energy-draining) internal ties of communication, bargaining, and resource extraction to maintain. Socially, members of the two groups seldom encounter one another outside of formal, scripted disputes. Neither group has, in short, much reason or incentive to question its own position or give serious consideration to the other’s.[22]
Academic research does not fit very clearly anywhere in this picture, which may explain why there has been so little of it compared with argumentation that is not empirically based. That is unfortunate for at least two reasons. First, some fascinating research questions are so far left untouched. Second, in my view only reasonably dispassionate analyses could provide the possibility of intellectual space for people to separate their broad beliefs about the role of race in America from their particular judgments about the efficacy of affirmative action compared with other possible routes to racial equality. Only if there is a cohort of people who can persuasively say, “it works in this regard but not in that one...” or “it works better than X but not as well as Y to achieve goal Z...” have we as a nation any chance to get past the shouting.[23]
Why have advocates on all sides of the debate over American racial policy seized on affirmative action rather than, for example, wage discrimination or the quality of schooling in inner cities as the battleground for deciding what race means in the United States today? After all, affirmative action neither affects many whites nor comes close to solving the deepest problems of African Americans. So why is it “the highest pole in the storm”?[24] Partly because opposition to affirmative action is one of the few remaining respectable vehicles for seeking to maintain white domination. No public figure can any longer argue, as one could fifty years ago, in favor of lesser schooling for black children or different wages for the same work based on one’s gender and race.[25] In that sense, “ascriptive Americanism” lost the public debate to liberalism in the last third of the twentieth century (Smith 1997). But even if part of one’s motivation is to resist black competitive success, one can oppose affirmative action in the name of values that all Americans publicly claim to share (see Hochschild 1995: chapter 7, on white opposition to black competitive success).
Opposition to affirmative action remains respectable because both sides to this dispute call on Americans’ deepest and most cherished values (often the same value, in fact). The set of values most closely associated with passion about affirmative action can be characterized as the American dream. The ideology of the American dream is the promise that all Americans, regardless of their race, sex, or background, can reasonably anticipate the attainment of some success, if they use means under their own control such as talent, ambition, and hard work. The pursuit of success is associated with virtue, and so can legitimately be seen as noble and elevating, rather than merely materialistic or selfish (Hochschild 1995). The ideology implies a balanced contract between the public sector and private individuals. The government is expected to provide equality of opportunity – thus no discrimination by race, gender, class, or religion – and a structure that makes anticipation of success reasonable – thus a strong system of public education, a flourishing economy with plenty of jobs, physical security from enemies without and crime within the nation. Citizens, in turn, are expected to act within that framework to take care of themselves – to attain skills, support themselves and their families, refrain from discrimination or false claims of victimization, and follow a moral code.
Most Americans believe in each component of the American dream and most share an implicit conviction that the balance between governmental and personal responsibility is about right (Hochschild 1995: chapter 1). Hence the United States lacks strong libertarian and Marxist political parties, as well as widespread white racist or black nationalist social movements. But, partly because their shared convictions are so strong, Americans contend fiercely over just how to translate those convictions into concrete practice.
To some, the American dream is necessarily individualist. The ideology is intended to create a structure within which each person can rise or fall according to his or her merit alone. Some individualists reluctantly support affirmative action on the grounds that it is a necessary way station on the path from racial domination to race-blind individualism. But most see affirmative action as a denial of the deepest tenets of the American dream, since in their eyes it gives special privileges to some at the expense of others. The government formerly discriminated in favor of whites, and now it discriminates in favor of blacks -- those are equal violations of the ideology of the American dream and they should be equally prohibited.
To others, the American dream is not necessarily individualist. The ideology can be just as well interpreted to mean that groups have the right to pursue success collectively. Until a group succeeds according to its members’ own shared vision, the individuals within it cannot attain their dreams (alternatively, the pursuit of group success shapes and directs individuals’ dreams). In the eyes of those committed to group identity as a defining characteristic of social engagement, prior (or current) discrimination in favor of whites is not symmetrical with current proactive efforts to benefit blacks. Until the two races are equal in political power, economic means, social status, and cultural autonomy, equality of opportunity does not exist in the United States and calls for symmetry are a mere pretence for continued domination.
Just as principled opposition to affirmative action may reinforce or be a cover for a desire to retain white racial domination, principled support for affirmative action may similarly reinforce a desire to use public policies to benefit oneself or one’s group. After all, Americans (like most other humans, probably) have historically shown themselves adept at making normative arguments that coincide with their self-interest. There is no reason to suppose that middle-class African Americans are any different from anyone else in this regard.
Thus some Americans see strong forms of affirmative action as violating the values of individualism, equal opportunity, and meritocracy that instantiate the American dream. Some of them may have less respectable grounds for opposition that merge with those values. Others see strong forms of affirmative action as the only lever available to pry open the hypocritical claim of purported equality but actual racial domination that characterizes “Amerikka.”[26] Some of them too may have other, less publicly compelling, reasons for support that merge with their understanding of the American dream. Where self-interest and ideology coincide so powerfully and in two such directly opposed camps, nuanced views do not flourish.
The clash between contending sets of interests and values is exacerbated by a growing perceptual gap between the races. On the one hand, the best-off African Americans -- those best poised to take advantage of the opportunities that affirmative action offers -- increasingly distrust white Americans’ racial values and practices. In the 1960s, poorly educated blacks were more likely than well-educated blacks to agree that “whites want to keep blacks down;” by the 1980s, the positions of the two groups were reversed (Hochschild 1995: 74). In 1990 and again in 1996, well-educated blacks agreed more than did poorly-educated blacks that “the Government deliberately makes sure that drugs are easily available in poor black neighborhoods in order to harm black people” (Hochschild 1995: 74 and analyses of New York Times/CBS News survey of October 13, 1996, in possession of author).[27] Given a perception of intransigent and even growing white racism in the United States, affirmative action becomes a crucial weapon in well-off African Americans’ arsenal (Hochschild 1995, chapters 4-7; Bositis 1997; Gallup Organization 1997).
On the other hand, whites are increasingly convinced that racial discrimination is declining, and that blacks no longer suffer much from the effects of previous discrimination. In 1995, 55% of whites (compared with 29% of blacks) mistakenly agreed that “the average African American” is as well off as or better off than “the average white person” in terms of jobs and education. Over 40% of whites (and about 20% of blacks) held the same mistaken view with regard to housing and income (Washington Post et al. 1995). By the 1990s a majority of whites typically agreed that blacks have equal or greater opportunities than do whites to get ahead generally, to attain an education, to be admitted to college, and to get a job (Hochschild 1995: 60-64, Appendix B). They see the existence of the new black middle class as evidence to support that perception. And given that 15 % of whites agree with the very strong statement that “almost all of the gains made by blacks in recent years have come at the expense of whites,” it is especially striking that the “average American” estimates up to one‑third of Americans to be black and one‑fifth to be Latino (the real figures are 12 percent and 9 percent) (Hochschild 1995: 143; Gallup and Newport 1990; Nadeau et al. 1993; Washington Post et al. 1995: table 1.1).
Thus for some whites as well as for some middle-class blacks, perceptions unite with interests and values to create passionate convictions about affirmative action, regardless of whether it “works” or not. No wonder there is a culture war over an issue that directly affects only a small fraction of the American population.
### Is There an Escape from the Impasse?
I noted earlier a broad band of rough consensus in the survey data -- quotas or preferences are bad (the Supreme Court agrees) but extra efforts to identify and train people who have been disadvantaged by race or gender is good (the Supreme Court agrees here also). That is a workable starting point for designing a policy that could achieve many of the purposes of affirmative action without generating so much hostility -- if people are susceptible to compromise on this issue.[28]
Even those who voted for California’s Proposition 209 in the November 1996 election were not all strongly opposed to affirmative action, and even those who voted against it were not all strongly supportive. A Field Poll conducted several days after the vote found that fewer than half of opponents agreed that “affirmative action policies should not be changed.” A third of the opponents further agreed that “affirmative action policies should be relaxed somewhat.” Conversely, about a quarter of the proposition’s supporters agreed that affirmative action policies should not be changed, or should be relaxed but not eliminated (Lempinen 1996). Some of these voters may simply have been confused about what they were voting for. But many apparently would have preferred a middle ground to the two stark alternatives they were offered. Similarly, 65% of respondents to a national survey the day of the 1996 presidential election hoped that President Clinton would “put more emphasis on affirmative action to improve educational and job opportunities for women and minorities” in a second term (“Clinton’s Second Term” 1996: 1). In Houston, Texas, 55% of the voters in November 1997 rejected a proposition that would have banned “affirmative action” in city contracting and hiring (Verhovek 1997b).[29] In all of these cases, we see the glimmering of a political context in which citizens’ opinions on affirmative action could come to stand for something other than racism or denial of meritocracy.
Similarly, many public officials and corporate officers seem wiser than either the activists or the academics. They focus more on the actual workings of affirmative action than the latter, and they find affirmative action more manipulable and less revolutionary (for better or for worse) than the former (Wolfe 1996; Hochschild 1998). Local public officials find that appointing a few well-connected black advocates has symbolic as well as substantive pay-offs in the next election. Corporate managers find that affirmative action has shifted from a pesky problem to a core management tool. A decade ago, problems of “equal employment opportunity” came in almost last (just above sexual harassment) on a list of executives' “human‑resource management issues;” by 1992, “cultural diversity” led corporate executives' list of “workforce concerns.” Almost two-thirds of companies surveyed by the Conference Board in 1991 offered diversity training to their employees, and most of the rest planned to do so soon (Schein 1986; Towers Perrin 1992:3; Wheeler 1994: 9; Glater and Hamilton 1995). The Conference Board now promotes conferences and publishes reports on “Managing Diversity for Sustaining Competitiveness” (Conference Board 1997).
We have, then, an electorate and many public and private officials who apparently seek a middle ground of “extra help” but not “reverse discrimination,” faced with a paired set of fiercely vocal activists who portray their opposites as either racist or unAmerican. For the former group, affirmative action is a policy with virtues and defects, appropriate interpretations and outrageous distortions -- much like any other policy. Its members have little use for academic analyses of the policy, but for the same reason that they have little use for academic analyses of virtually all policies; scholars are too slow, too methodologically driven, or too attuned to deep structures rather than useable facts. For the latter group, affirmative action is a symbol of deep racial claims and anxieties. Its members too have no use for empirical evidence, not because they find scholars irrelevant (often they are themselves scholars), but because the most careful analyses show that affirmative action seldom has dramatic impact, whether positive or negative, and that it frequently has unintended and ironic consequences.
At the most general level, affirmative action serves as a litmus test for anxieties about the meaning and validity of the American dream. Many African Americans fear, perhaps rightly, that the American dream was never meant to include them and can never be wrenched from its historical role of enabling some white men to legitimately dominate all other residents of the United States. In their eyes affirmative action instantiates a new and more sympathetic interpretation of the nation’s core ideology. It is also one of the only levers available to pry apart the tightly linked chains of meritocratic beliefs, personalistic practices, and structural biases in favor of the well-off. Many whites (especially but not only men) fear, perhaps rightly, that the American dream is losing its hold on Americans’ moral imagination. They see affirmative action as the tempter leading people to believe that what they do does not matter as much as who they are. For both groups, the devil is at the gate, and affirmative action is implicated in the defense of the city. Under these circumstances, we should not be surprised that evidence on how it actually works is irrelevant to all except those who have to put the policy into practice and live with the results.
### Works Cited
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### Endnotes
[1]. For example, Edley (1996) devotes twelve of the 280 text pages of his book to “facts” about America’s racial situation (and of them, only three pages address the effectiveness of affirmative action policies). A special issue on affirmative action of the National Council for Research on Women (1996) devotes one of its twelve substantive pages to “the evidence.”
The main counterevidence to my claim is, of course, The Shape of the River by William Bowen and Derek Bok. I will discuss it below; for now, it is important to note only that it was published fairly recently (1998), that it was not written by research scholars as that term is usually understood, and that it stands out as a dramatic and unique exception to the circumstances I describe in the text.
[2]. The past decade and a half have seen important judicial decisions on the extent of and reasons for legally acceptable affirmative action. These include City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. (1989), Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña (1995), and Hopwood v. University of Texas (1996). These decisions, however, did more to specify (mostly to narrow) the conditions under which affirmative action may be used and to define more precisely what the term itself may legitimately mean than to change the nature of the underlying debate over the need for affirmative action.
[3] Note the obvious but important point that there is no single entity or process called “affirmative action;” the term is used to mean everything from efforts to ensure a broad applicant pool to strict quotas. Both proponents and opponents play verbal games with the term.
[4] Another caveat: individual institutions and agencies sometimes analyze their own practices, and occasionally compare their own with similar institutions’ practices. But these analyses are seldom made public, and by definition are not conducted by neutral evaluators. Policy analysts have known for decades that it is virtually impossible for an organization to evaluate its own practices in ways that are uncontaminated by internal politics or by the goals of the evaluators, no matter how hard they try. So even if these analyses exist, they do not count much against the claim in the text.
[5] Many journalists have made some variant of this claim, but researchers have not investigated it carefully (Broder and Barnes 1995; Langfitt 1995; DelVecchio 1996; Pulley 1996; Kahlenberg 1996).
[6] See Hochschild (1998) for one effort to answer some of these questions.
[7] Half of women (compared with 57% of men) and 45% of Asian-Americans (compared with 60% of whites, 26% of blacks, and 30% of Latinos) voted for Proposition 209 (the California Civil Rights Initiative) in November 1996 (Ness 1996). White men and women supported the anti-affirmative action proposition more strongly than did men or women of color. In Washington, 65% of men, and 50% of women supported Initiative 200, which was modeled after Proposition 209. Almost 60% of whites, and 46% of nonwhites (almost all of whom are Hispanic or Asian American) similarly supported the initiative (Ladd 1998: 129). Onishi (1996) provides a good analysis of the Asian-American college students’ ambivalent views about affirmative action.
[8] Richmond is not alone. In San Francisco, those eligible for preference in bidding on city contracts include descendents from all nations in Asia, the Pacific islands, Africa, and Latin America, as well as Asian Indians, Arab Americans, Native Americans, women of all races, and locally owned businesses. In 1999, the city government considered adding Iranian Americans to the list.
[9]. To give only one example of the many observations similar to my own: “affirmative action’s detractors have generally sidestepped time-consuming, substantive research to verify their suppositions about who actually participates in or benefits from such programs. Even scholarly opponents of affirmative action have resorted to emotionally-charged rhetoric without offering clear evidence of their claims of reverse discrimination” (Washington State Commission on African American Affairs 1995a: 10). I would simply add that advocates have done little more.
[10] The argument in this paper extends and develops my analysis in Hochschild 1995. That book eschewed discussion of specific policy or political issues, since it focussed on variations within and across broad ideologies, especially the ideology of the American dream. Disputes over the meaning of the American dream, however, are often played out in the political and policy arena; I argue below that affirmative action is one of the most important sites for such a dispute.
[11]. Holzer and Neumark (1999) observe that “despite the intensity of the viewpoints held, the evidence to date on this issue [specifically, the underqualification of affirmative action beneficiaries] remains quite thin.” I agree with them on the intensity and the thinness; in my view, however, the evidence is thin because of rather than despite the intensity of the viewpoints.
[12] On the Bank War, see Meyers 1957; on McCarthyism, see Fried 1997, and Schrecker 1986. On the social construction of crises more generally, see Larana et al. 1994, and Gamson 1990.
[13]. Two comprehensive recent surveys of empirical research on affirmative action in employment are Reskin 1998 and Holzer and Neumark 2000. The latter point to many “shortfalls between what we do know and what we would like to know,” but points to a “growing literature that… begins to ask and answer some of the right questions” (p. 484). They are speaking explicitly, however, only from the perspective of economists.
Readers of an earlier version of this chapter pointed out that “much of the debate over affirmative action has taken place in the legal arena.... [Therefore] the lawyers and their experts build a record to support or oppose an affirmative action policy.... Moreover,... many public agencies and other organizations that receive federal assistance have conducted searching reviews of their affirmative action policies and extensive fact-finding” (personal communication from Marianne Engelman Lado and Luke Harris). They are, of course, correct, and this huge subterranean literature would be a gold mine for researchers seeking to make comparisons and draw generalizations about how and why affirmative action functions. But part of my point is the fact that researchers have seldom dug into this gold mine. And in any case each analysis in this literature is by definition biased in favor of or against affirmative action.
[14]. From here on, I will focus mostly on race-based rather than gender-based affirmative action, simply because I know more about the former than the latter. As I understand it, the evidence is roughly similar with regard to outcomes for white women as it is for black women and men. The symbolic politics of affirmative action, however, probably differ significantly between race and gender, and it would be illuminating to develop their differences in more detail.
[15]. For example, “between 1970 and 1990, the number of black electricians more than tripled (from 14,145 to 43,276) and the number of black police officers increased almost as rapidly (from 23,796 to 63,855)” (Karabel 1993: 159).
[16]. However, in Washington State “whites [including men as well as women] are the primary beneficiaries of the state’s affirmative action program affecting hiring,...of special admissions programs at public institutions of higher learning,... [and] of programs designed to assist minority- and women-owned firms seeking to do business with the state” (Washington State Commission on African American Affairs, 1995a: 1; see also ibid. 1995b and 1995c). We do not know how extensively or when these counterintuitive results hold.
[17]. However, Holzer (1998: 225) points out that “the magnitudes of the changes appear to be somewhat larger among white-collar than blue-collar occupations.” See also Holzer and Neumark 1999.
[18]. Echoing my complaint above, Holzer (1998: 243) points out that “we still have too little evidence on whether these programs are efficient, or whether they generate any net new employment for less educated workers.” Firms subject to affirmative action regulations experience an increase of about 5% in labor costs compared with firms not so subject, according to the only set of scholars who have studied the issue (Griffin et al.1996).
[19]. Average undergraduate tuition charges in private four-year colleges rose from under $4000 in 1980 to almost$13,000 in 1996-97. Tuition charges in public four-year colleges rose during the same period from about $1000 to$3000 (“Tuition Trends” 1997). For more detail, see Clotfelter 1996).
[20] Would-be students who are not admitted to elite universities have stronger grounds than almost anyone else for opposing affirmative action. But their claim of harm or injustice is weak for two reasons. First, the overwhelming majority of applicants would not be admitted to Harvard or Princeton even if every beneficiary of affirmative action were denied a slot in the freshman class. (About 12% of applicants to Princeton or Harvard are admitted.) Second, no one has a right to admission to an elite private (or public) university or to a given job; one may be deeply disappointed by rejection, but one cannot claim unjust treatment.
[21] Over four in ten Americans (41% of whites and Asians, 62% of blacks, and 57% of Latinos) perceive that “white men are generally covered under federal affirmative action” (Morin 1995). Legally they are correct. But I think it fair to assume that in the context of public opinion surveys, this result indicates ignorance of how affirmative action normally operates rather than subtle knowledge of the law.
[22] Skerry (1997) gives a somewhat similar analysis.
[23] As President Clinton put it rather plaintively in his conversation with a group of racial conservatives, “I’d like to… hear from you… on the question of, ‘Do you believe that race… is still a problem in some ways?’ And if so, instead of our getting into a big fight about affirmative action….” His plea was largely ignored; most responses to his and Vice-President Gore’s questions came back to a statement of opposition to preferences (“Excerpts from Round Table…”).
[24] Comment by Christopher Edley, in Holmes 1997: 1. Edley goes on to observe, “You can look at those figures [on how many are affected by federal contracts and elite college admissions] and ask, why are black folks making such a big deal out of affirmative action? That’s the wrong question. The real question is why are white folks making such a big deal out of it?”
[25] In 1942, only 32% of Americans agreed that white and black students should attend the same schools, and only 46% opposed “separate sections for Negroes in streetcars and buses.” As late as 1963, fewer than half of Americans agreed that they would vote for a black presidential candidate of their political party even if he were qualified. Most importantly for this paper, in 1944 and again in 1946, fewer than half of white Americans agreed that “Negroes should have as good a chance as white people to get any kind of job.” (The alternative response was “white people should have the first chance at any kind of job” (Schuman et al. 1997: 104 [all responses are percentages of those giving a substantive answer]).
[26] This is the spelling of “America” sometimes used by strong critics from the left. I do not know its provenance; it may be intended to evoke as association of the United States with the Ku Klux Klan.
[27] The 1990 survey was of residents of New York City; the 1996 survey was a national random sample.
[28] If I were made race czar, I would work to strengthen at least the “soft” forms of affirmative action. In the long run, however, it would be more valuable for the state of California, for example, to engage in structural reforms of inner city schools rather than merely allowing U.C. Berkeley to pick out the few black or Latino students who have somehow triumphed over the wasteland that has demoralized all of their fellow students. The university has taken tentative steps in that direction, in response to the brutal abolition of affirmative action through Proposition 209 (Tien 1999; Ponessa 1997).
[29] Polls prior to the election showed that two-thirds of Houston’s voters would have supported a proposition to “not discriminate against or grant preferential treatment to” any person on group based on race, sex, or ethnicity (Verhovek 1997a). The two propositions would have had identical effects; all the difference lay in the wording or, in my terms, in which variant of the American dream is invoked by the fluid concept of affirmative action. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.19807425141334534, "perplexity": 8404.541364798082}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146127.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200225172036-20200225202036-00054.warc.gz"} |
https://byjus.com/chemistry/cbse-class-11-chemistry-practical-syllabus/ | # CBSE Class 11 Chemistry Practical Syllabus
There are many different experiments for CBSE class 11 chemistry students, who are going to be writing their practical exams soon. You can find the entire CBSE Class 11 chemistry practical syllabus below:
#### A. Basic Laboratory Techniques
1. Cutting glass tube and glass rod
2. Bending a glass tube
3. Drawing out a glass jet
4. Boring a cork
#### B. Characterization and Purification of Chemical Substance
1. Determination of melting point of an organic compound.
2. Determination of boiling point of an organic compound.
3. Crystallization involving impure sample of any one of the following:
a. Alum, Copper Sulphate, Benzoic Acid.
#### C. Experiments Related to pH Change
(a) Any one of the following experiments:
• Determination of pH of some solutions obtained from fruit juices, solutions of known and varied concentrations of acids, bases and salts using pH paper or universal indicator.
• Comparing the pH of solutions of strong and weak acid of same concentration.
• Study the pH change in the titration of a strong acid with a strong base using universal indicator.
(b) Study of pH change by common-ion effect in case of weak acids and weak bases.
#### D. Chemical Equilibrium
One of the following experiments:
(a) Study the shift in equilibrium between ferric ions and thiocynate ions by increasing /decreasing the concentration of either of the ions.(b) Study the shift in equilibrium between [Co (H2 O)6 ] 2+and chloride ions by changing the concentration of either of the ions.
#### E. Quantitative Estimation
1. Using a chemical balance.
2. Preparation of standard solution of oxalic acid.
3. Determination of strength of a given solution of sodium hydroxide by titrating it against standard solution of oxalic acid.
4. Preparation of standard solution of sodium carbonate.
5. Determination of strength of a given solution of hydrochloric acid by titrating it against standard sodium carbonate solution.
#### F. Qualitative Analysis
(a) Determination of one anion and one cation in a given salt.Cations: $Pb^{2+}, Cu^{2+}, As^{3+}, Al^{3+}, Fe^{3+}, Mn^{2+}, Ni^{2+}, Zn^{2+}, Co^{2+}, Ca^{2+}, Sr^{2+}, Ba^{2+}, Mg^{2+}, NH^{+}_{4}$ Anions: $CO^{2-}_{3}, S^{2-}, SO^{2-}_{3}, NO^{-}_{2}, NO^{-}_{3}, Cl^{-}, I^{-}, PO^{3-}_{4}, C_{2}O^{2-}_{4}, CH_{3}COO^{-}$ (Note: Insoluble salts excluded) (b) Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, chlorine, in organic compounds.
#### Project
Scientific investigations involving laboratory testing and collecting information from other sources.A few suggested projects
• Checking the bacterial contamination in drinking water by testing sulphide ions.
• Study of the methods of purification of water.
• Testing the hardness, presence of iron, fluoride, chloride etc. depending upon the regional variation in drinking water and the study of causes of presences of these ions above permissible limit (if any).
• Investigation of the foaming capacity of different washing soaps and the effect of addition of sodium carbonate on them.
• Study of the acidity of different samples of the tea leaves.
• Determination of the rate of evaporation of different liquids.
• Study of the effect of acids and bases on the tensile strength of fibers.
• Analysis of fruit and vegetable juices for their acidity.
• Note: Any other investigatory project, which involves about 10 periods of work, can be chosen with the approval of the teacher.
For an in depth look into the various practical experiments for CBSE class 11 chemistry students you can check out the Chemistry Practical Class 11, for more information on the practical examination.
#### Practise This Question
0.1 mol of methyl amine (Kb = 5 × 104) is mixed with 0.08 mol of HCl and the solution is diluted to 1 litre. The hydrogen ion concentration of the resulting solution is: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8793746829032898, "perplexity": 4805.96518210557}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376829568.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20181218184418-20181218210418-00391.warc.gz"} |
http://people.cs.georgetown.edu/jthaler/graphstreams2014.html | # Semi-Streaming Algorithms for Annotated Graph Streams
J. Thaler
Abstract: Considerable effort has been devoted to the development of streaming algorithms for analyzing massive graphs. Unfortunately, many results have been negative, establishing that a wide variety of problems require $\Omega(n^2)$ space to solve. One of the few bright spots has been the development of semi-streaming algorithms for a handful of graph problems -- these algorithms use space $O(n\cdot\text{polylog}(n))$.
In the annotated data streaming model of Chakrabarti et al., a computationally limited client wants to compute some property of a massive input, but lacks the resources to store even a small fraction of the input, and hence cannot perform the desired computation locally. The client therefore accesses a powerful but untrusted service provider, who not only performs the requested computation, but also proves that the answer is correct.
We put forth the notion of semi-streaming algorithms for annotated graph streams (semi-streaming annotation schemes for short). These are protocols in which both the client's space usage and the length of the proof are $O(n \cdot \text{polylog}(n))$. We give evidence that semi-streaming annotation schemes represent a substantially more robust solution concept than does the standard semi-streaming model. On the positive side, we give semi-streaming annotation schemes for two dynamic graph problems that are intractable in the standard model: (exactly) counting triangles, and (exactly) computing maximum matchings. The former scheme answers a question of Cormode. On the negative side, we identify for the first time two natural graph problems (connectivity and bipartiteness in a certain edge update model) that can be solved in the standard semi-streaming model, but cannot be solved by annotation schemes of "sub-semi-streaming" cost. That is, these problems are just as hard in the annotations model as they are in the standard model.
Versions: | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7802602648735046, "perplexity": 917.9601490175412}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218186608.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212946-00210-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://homepages.laas.fr/ostasse/drupal/biblio?f%5Bauthor%5D=113 | # Biblio
Export 1 results:
Author Title Type [ Year]
Filters: Author is S. Rougeaux [Clear All Filters]
2000
, A Humanoid Vision System for Versatile Interaction, in Biologically Motivated Computer Vision, LNCS 1811, Seoul, Korea, 2000, pp. 512–526. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.828426718711853, "perplexity": 16796.96998881317}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00182.warc.gz"} |
http://www.skepticforum.com/viewtopic.php?f=34&t=13222&p=280145 | ## Tricky math question!
If the red house has blue shutters and the green house has red shutters, what's this section for?
Gord
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### Tricky math question!
Challenge: Divide fourteen sugar cubes into three cups of coffee so that each cup has an odd number of sugar cubes in it.
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jannette
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Spoiler:
Take the 3 cups of coffee and pour
it into 4 glasses, 1 in the first glass,
3 in the next, 5 in the next and 5 in the last glass.
might not be right but it works for me lol
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Haha! That's thinking outside the box, I like it!
Not the answer I was given though.
"Knowledge grows through infinite timelessness" -- the random fictional Deepak Chopra quote site
"Imagine an ennobling of what could be" -- the New Age BS Generator site
"You are also taking my words out of context." -- Justin
"Nullius in verba" -- The Royal Society ["take nobody's word for it"]
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fromthehills
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Zero's kind of an odd number, isn't it?
Gord
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### Re: Tricky math question!
fromthehills wrote:Zero's kind of an odd number, isn't it?
Kinda.
"Knowledge grows through infinite timelessness" -- the random fictional Deepak Chopra quote site
"Imagine an ennobling of what could be" -- the New Age BS Generator site
"You are also taking my words out of context." -- Justin
"Nullius in verba" -- The Royal Society ["take nobody's word for it"]
#ANDAMOVIE
Is Trump in jail yet?
OlegTheBatty
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Divide 7 cubes into smaller cubes - 1 horizontal and 1 vertical cut gives 7x8=56 little cubes and 7 big cubes. 63/3=21/cup, but there are many other solutions.
. . . with the satisfied air of a man who thinks he has an idea of his own because he has commented on the idea of another . . . - Alexandre Dumas 'The Count of Monte Cristo"
There is no statement so absurd that it has not been uttered by some philosopher. - Cicero
xouper
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Gord wrote:Challenge: Divide fourteen sugar cubes into three cups of coffee so that each cup has an odd number of sugar cubes in it.
Spoiler:
It's not possible to solve this using only the standard mathematical definitions of the terms, therefore the answer to this riddle is based on an equivocation of one of the terms, most likely the word "odd". And by "odd" you probably mean "weird" or "strange" or "unusual". Since 12 is an unusual number of sugar cubes to put in a cup of coffee, the answer is 1, 1, and 12.
Gord
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### Re: Tricky math question!
OlegTheBatty wrote:Divide 7 cubes into smaller cubes - 1 horizontal and 1 vertical cut gives 7x8=56 little cubes and 7 big cubes. 63/3=21/cup, but there are many other solutions.
Interesting. And yes, there are many other solutions. That's what I like about these "tricky" ones; you get a lot of interesting solutions.
"Knowledge grows through infinite timelessness" -- the random fictional Deepak Chopra quote site
"Imagine an ennobling of what could be" -- the New Age BS Generator site
"You are also taking my words out of context." -- Justin
"Nullius in verba" -- The Royal Society ["take nobody's word for it"]
#ANDAMOVIE
Is Trump in jail yet?
Gord
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### Re: Tricky math question!
xouper wrote:
Gord wrote:Challenge: Divide fourteen sugar cubes into three cups of coffee so that each cup has an odd number of sugar cubes in it.
Spoiler:
It's not possible to solve this using only the standard mathematical definitions of the terms, therefore the answer to this riddle is based on an equivocation of one of the terms, most likely the word "odd". And by "odd" you probably mean "weird" or "strange" or "unusual". Since 12 is an unusual number of sugar cubes to put in a cup of coffee, the answer is 1, 1, and 12.
Correct! And by "correct" I mean you got it word for word, which makes me suspect Googling!
"Knowledge grows through infinite timelessness" -- the random fictional Deepak Chopra quote site
"Imagine an ennobling of what could be" -- the New Age BS Generator site
"You are also taking my words out of context." -- Justin
"Nullius in verba" -- The Royal Society ["take nobody's word for it"]
#ANDAMOVIE
Is Trump in jail yet?
jannette
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### Re: Tricky math question!
I prefer thinking outside the box. tehe...
It's fun thinking up different solutions
thanx for posting it.
Hey if 12 is an odd # because 1+2=3
then there is another answer, 1/3/10.
Good bye cruel internet world. My days here are numbered.
This comp' sucks & I just lost my phone.
The End
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fromthehills
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### Re: Tricky math question!
xouper wrote:
Gord wrote:Challenge: Divide fourteen sugar cubes into three cups of coffee so that each cup has an odd number of sugar cubes in it.
Spoiler:
It's not possible to solve this using only the standard mathematical definitions of the terms, therefore the answer to this riddle is based on an equivocation of one of the terms, most likely the word "odd". And by "odd" you probably mean "weird" or "strange" or "unusual". Since 12 is an unusual number of sugar cubes to put in a cup of coffee, the answer is 1, 1, and 12.
I knew it must have been something like that when I said zero is kind of an odd number.
Aztexan
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### Re: Tricky math question!
If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
trump is Putin's bitch
brauneyz
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### Re: Tricky math question!
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
Yeah, I excelled at algebra, too!
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OlegTheBatty
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### Re: Tricky math question!
brauneyz wrote:
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
Yeah, I excelled at algebra, too!
Its another trick question. The hidden question is 'which train will be the first to be hijacked by Somali pirates?'
. . . with the satisfied air of a man who thinks he has an idea of his own because he has commented on the idea of another . . . - Alexandre Dumas 'The Count of Monte Cristo"
There is no statement so absurd that it has not been uttered by some philosopher. - Cicero
brauneyz
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### Re: Tricky math question!
OlegTheBatty wrote:
brauneyz wrote:
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
Yeah, I excelled at algebra, too!
Its another trick question. The hidden question is 'which train will be the first to be hijacked by Somali pirates?'
What? Pirates don't have rights any more? Arrrgh ....
"A society of sheep must in time beget a government of wolves." ~ Bertrand de Jouvenel
jannette
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### Re: Tricky math question!
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
Because when you use too much sugar
you will get there before the train.
Then you get impatient waiting. lol
Good bye cruel internet world. My days here are numbered.
This comp' sucks & I just lost my phone.
The End
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OlegTheBatty
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### Re: Tricky math question!
brauneyz wrote:
OlegTheBatty wrote:
brauneyz wrote:
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
Yeah, I excelled at algebra, too!
Its another trick question. The hidden question is 'which train will be the first to be hijacked by Somali pirates?'
What? Pirates don't have rights any more? Arrrgh ....
Sure we they do. That's why Ruben sent us them a couple of trains.
. . . with the satisfied air of a man who thinks he has an idea of his own because he has commented on the idea of another . . . - Alexandre Dumas 'The Count of Monte Cristo"
There is no statement so absurd that it has not been uttered by some philosopher. - Cicero
Gord
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### Re: Tricky math question!
I actually used to take 12 sugar in my coffee.
But looks where I am now...!
"Knowledge grows through infinite timelessness" -- the random fictional Deepak Chopra quote site
"Imagine an ennobling of what could be" -- the New Age BS Generator site
"You are also taking my words out of context." -- Justin
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### Re: Tricky math question!
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
What I want to know is how long does it take the two trains to end up in the ocean...?
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### Re: Tricky math question!
T. A. Gardner wrote:
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
What I want to know is how long does it take the two trains to end up in the ocean...?
I wonder the same thing about every train.
"Knowledge grows through infinite timelessness" -- the random fictional Deepak Chopra quote site
"Imagine an ennobling of what could be" -- the New Age BS Generator site
"You are also taking my words out of context." -- Justin
"Nullius in verba" -- The Royal Society ["take nobody's word for it"]
#ANDAMOVIE
Is Trump in jail yet?
Martin Brock
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### Re: Tricky math question!
1. Place 7 cubes in cup 1.
2. Place 5 cubes in cup 2.
3. Place 1 cube in cup 3.
4. Drink coffee in cup 3.
5. Place 1 cube in cup 3.
People associating freely respect norms of their choice, and relationships governed this way are necessarily interdependent.
More central authorities conquer by dividing, imposing norms channeling the value of synergy toward themselves.
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Aha! But then it's not a 'cup of coffee'! And you can't have sugar 'cubes' in coffee, because they dissolve.
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Mug 1: Two cubes
Mug 2: Five cubes
Mug 3: Seven cubes
All mugs hold a prime number of cubes. Prime numbers are strange. Strange is a synonym for odd.
QED
Numerology!
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Aztexan
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### Re: Tricky math question!
T. A. Gardner wrote:
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
What I want to know is how long does it take the two trains to end up in the ocean...?
Wow. I just saw my mistake. I didn't realize what I typed until now. I apologize for the error.
The correct question is: If a BLUE train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a RED train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph...
I regret any inconvenience I may have caused.
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brauneyz
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### Re: Tricky math question!
ruben lopez wrote:
T. A. Gardner wrote:
ruben lopez wrote:If a red train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a blue train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph., why should it matter how much %$#@# sugar I put in my$#%@ coffee?
What I want to know is how long does it take the two trains to end up in the ocean...?
Wow. I just saw my mistake. I didn't realize what I typed until now. I apologize for the error.
The correct question is: If a BLUE train with 50 passengers leaves Los Angeles at 5 pm, heading west at 100 mph and a RED train carrying 75 passengers leaves Boston at 4:45 pm, heading east at 120 mph...
I regret any inconvenience I may have caused.
I see what you did there!
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### Re: Tricky math question!
I ain't never gonna figure me out no maffs.
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Major Malfunction wrote:Aha! But then it's not a 'cup of coffee'! And you can't have sugar 'cubes' in coffee, because they dissolve.
In the second clause, "cube" describes a quantity of sugar, not a shape.
Or the third cup has an odd number of cubes before its cube melts and I drink the coffee, and it also has an odd number of cubes, so It comes down to the meaning that "has" has.
People associating freely respect norms of their choice, and relationships governed this way are necessarily interdependent.
More central authorities conquer by dividing, imposing norms channeling the value of synergy toward themselves.
"Every man for himself" is the prescription of a state, not a free community. A state protects the poor from the rich only in fairy tales.
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### Re: Tricky math question!
Martin Brock wrote:
Major Malfunction wrote:Aha! But then it's not a 'cup of coffee'! And you can't have sugar 'cubes' in coffee, because they dissolve.
In the second clause, "cube" describes a quantity of sugar, not a shape.
Or the third cup has an odd number of cubes before its cube melts and I drink the coffee, and it also has an odd number of cubes, so It comes down to the meaning that "has" has.
Thank you, Mr. President.
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Good one, oldie.
2.0 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4685700237751007, "perplexity": 7705.766292348689}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741764.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181114082713-20181114104713-00217.warc.gz"} |
https://www.reddit.com/r/math/comments/b8fqb/what_is_the_product_of_all_real_positive_numbers/c0lh76n | This is an archived post. You won't be able to vote or comment.
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[–] 45 points46 points (50 children)
How do you propose to compute the product of an uncountable set? Why should such a thing even exist?
[–] 23 points24 points (6 children)
This is the right idea. What is your definition of the "value" of an infinite sum/product? The only reasonable definition I know of is that you must take the limit of the partial sums/products.
Now you must ask what is the sequence of partial sums/products? In order for that sequence to encompass the entire set of reals, you must iteratively add/multiply by a real number in such a way that given any specific real number, x, x will have been added/multiplied at some finite step.
For example, suppose you propose a method of adding/multiplying reals in an order, and I ask you: "Alright, so how many numbers get added/multiplied before you add/multiply by pi"? You should, in theory, be able to answer that question with a specific number, say one million.
It turns out that there is no way to do this with the reals, no matter how hard you try. This result is due to Georg Cantor if you want to look into it.
The upshot of this is that your question doesn't even make sense. It's not that the answer is undefined (like 0/0), but its more like asking "What is the sum of white?"
On the other hand, if you change the word "reals" to "rationals", then another poster had it right with the notion that the product is conditionally convergent and thus is order-dependent as you surmised.
[–] 12 points13 points (5 children)
There is a standard way of defining sums (and products) over uncountable sets: take the sup of all finite sums. It doesn't help in this case because the finite products are unbounded, but the uncountability is not necessarily a big problem.
Edit: blarg, markdown
[–] 1 point2 points (0 children)
Uncountability is still a big problem, in fact--note that a sum of uncountably many positive numbers can never be finite. (this is mentioned in your link)
[–] 0 points1 point * (2 children)
I've seen that definition used for summations over uncountable sets, but never for products.
For summations over uncountable sets one can prove that the summation converges only if at most countably many of the summands are non-zero. Do you know if a similar result holds for products?
Edit: Fixed glaring error, lol
[–] 2 points3 points * (1 child)
A product is the same as the sum of logs, and applying that notion to every finite product that you are taking the sup over is definitely valid.
So yes, assuming what you said is true (and some quick thought seems to indicate that the union of the sets {x > 1/n} for integer n should necessarily be countable if the summation converges, so I believe you) then the same result applies but replacing "summation" with "product" and "non-zero" with "non-unit".
EDIT: Your "if and only if" should have been just "only if"... fixed my post to reflect the glaring inaccuracy that resulted from me not noticing that either
[–] 1 point2 points (0 children)
Oops, yea, the sum from n=1 to infinity of n definitely doesn't converge, lol
[–] 0 points1 point (0 children)
That's interesting... I think I might have seen that once in an Analysis class but forgotten about it. It only works if all the summands are positive though. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8850414752960205, "perplexity": 611.087006962403}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701163421.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193923-00255-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-devel/2003-07/msg00115.html | lilypond-devel
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## Re: page break?
From: Simon G. P. Bailey Subject: Re: page break? Date: 29 Jul 2003 16:55:00 +0200
```try putting it in one of the staff meta objects (\piece ="\newpage part
II")
that's how i got round this problem when i was using plain lilypond for
multipart scores...
hth,
simon.
On Tue, 2003-07-29 at 16:48, Laura Conrad wrote:
> >>>>> "Mats" == Mats Bengtsson <address@hidden> writes:
>
> Mats> It certainly works here, both with 1.6.11 and 1.7.late.
> Mats> I picked a score at random, inserted a \newpage in the
> Mats> \notes{} section and it certainly gives a page break, both
> Mats> when I use ly2dvi and when I include it in a LaTeX wrapper
> Mats> with lilypondfile{}. Of course, you have to remember that
> Mats> the \newpage macro involves a \break and will therefore only
> Mats> work at bar lines.
>
> You're correct; doing it in the middle of a set of notes (and putting
> an empty barline in to make sure it's at a bar) does seem to work.
>
> However, I'm putting it at the beginning of a part. That is, right
> now that part is being split between pages, and I'd rather have it all
> on one page. I don't seem to be able to make it work at the beginning
> of the part. I tried putting it at the end of the previous part, and
> that didn't work either.
>
>
> --
> Laura (mailto:address@hidden , http://www.laymusic.org/ )
> (617) 661-8097 fax: (801) 365-6574
> 233 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02139
>
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Lilypond-user mailing list | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.966038167476654, "perplexity": 6724.64693764337}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542686.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00010-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/45/7/1610/147047/Association-of-HLA-DQ-Heterodimer-Residues-18-and | OBJECTIVE
The purpose was to test the hypothesis that the HLA-DQαβ heterodimer structure is related to the progression of islet autoimmunity from asymptomatic to symptomatic type 1 diabetes (T1D).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Next-generation targeted sequencing was used to genotype HLA-DQA1-B1 class II genes in 670 subjects in the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1). Coding sequences were translated into DQ α- and β-chain amino acid residues and used in hierarchically organized haplotype (HOH) association analysis to identify motifs associated with diabetes onset.
RESULTS
The opposite diabetes risks were confirmed for HLA DQA1*03:01-B1*03:02 (hazard ratio [HR] 1.36; P = 2.01 ∗ 10−3) and DQA1*03:03-B1*03:01 (HR 0.62; P = 0.037). The HOH analysis uncovered residue −18β in the signal peptide and β57 in the β-chain to form six motifs. DQ*VA was associated with faster (HR 1.49; P = 6.36 ∗ 10−4) and DQ*AD with slower (HR 0.64; P = 0.020) progression to diabetes onset. VA/VA, representing DQA1*03:01-B1*03:02 (DQ8/8), had a greater HR of 1.98 (P = 2.80 ∗ 10−3). The DQ*VA motif was associated with both islet cell antibodies (P = 0.023) and insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) (P = 3.34 ∗ 10−3), while the DQ*AD motif was associated with a decreased IAA frequency (P = 0.015). Subjects with DQ*VA and DQ*AD experienced, respectively, increasing and decreasing trends of HbA1c levels throughout the follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS
HLA-DQ structural motifs appear to modulate progression from islet autoimmunity to diabetes among at-risk relatives with islet autoantibodies. Residue −18β within the signal peptide may be related to levels of protein synthesis and β57 to stability of the peptide-DQab trimolecular complex.
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting in the selective loss of pancreatic β-cells and leads to insulin dependence for life. It is one of the most common chronic diseases among children and young adults. Individuals with a positive family history have substantially increased risk (1), and genetic factors contribute considerably to familial aggregation of T1D (24). HLA class II genes contribute >50% of the inherited genetic susceptibility compared with >70 non-HLA genetic loci that individually contribute modestly to the genetic risk (5,6). HLA proteins function as antigen-presenting molecules and are key restricting elements of adaptive T and B responses. The importance of HLA also derives from studies highlighting associations of certain HLA types in secondary prevention studies to prevent progression to clinical onset of T1D, which was noted in subjects positive for HLA-DR4 but not in those positive for HLA-DR3 (7).
The development of robust autoantibody markers to multiple autoantigens and natural history studies of longitudinal cohorts have uncovered the chronic nature of islet autoimmunity. A combination of autoantibody and metabolic testing led to T1D being classified as stage 1 in the presence of two or more autoantibodies and the absence of dysglycemia, stage 2 as progression to dysglycemia, and stage 3 as diabetes (8). In many, but not all, subjects, autoantibody seroconversion may occur in the first years of life primarily in those positive for DR4-DQ8, with insulin autoantibodies (IAAs) as the first-appearing autoantibody category, while in those positive for DR3-DQ2, it may occur later, with GAD65 autoantibodies as the first-appearing autoantibody category (911). Unless conducted from birth, autoantibody screening of individuals at increased risk of T1D because of family relation to a proband, ascertained genetic risk, or both, will typically identify those with autoantibody positivity in whom the time of seroconversion is unknown. This is the case of the Diabetes Prevention Trial–Type 1 (DPT-1) (12,13), data from which are analyzed in here. Relatives who tested positive for autoantibodies (retrospectively classified as stage 1 and 2) were followed with periodic metabolic evaluation to estimate β-cell function and the development of stage 3 T1D. Progression to clinical symptoms was highly variable, taking from a few months to several years (14). It has been hypothesized that genetic mechanisms underlying the initiation and progression differ (10,1517). Because most of past T1D genetic studies were case-control based, we have limited understanding of the genetic mechanisms that may influence T1D progression.
Preclinical stages 1 and 2 of T1D represent opportunities for secondary prevention of T1D (13,14,18,19). A follow-up investigation of DPT-1 showed that HLA-DQB1*03:02 and HLA-DQB1*03:01 were differentially associated with faster or slower progression, respectively (20). In a related study of DPT-1 subjects, the 5 year risk of progression according to HLA-DQ types was confirmed (21) to also include earlier reports of strong protection afforded by the HLA-DQB1*06:02 allele occasionally found among relatives with autoantibody positivity (22). Furthermore, lack of metabolic progression and a limited autoantibody response was reported among at-risk relatives enrolled in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention study (23). We also found evidence that the HLA-DQ2/8 genotype was associated with fast progression and young age at clinical diagnosis, but the DQ2 association was limited among young people (24).
HLA is critically important to host immunity, and further studies of associations with disease progression remain of great importance. Such knowledge could inform risk assessment and guide enrollment and stratification of subjects in natural history and prevention studies. For example in most prevention trials, the presence of the T1D-protective HLA-DQB1*06:02 is used as an exclusion criterion. Genetic risk factors, together with the autoantibody profile, could improve the assessment of disease progression and recruit at-risk subjects to prevention studies. Finally, learning at least some of the molecular mechanisms by which HLA molecules are involved in the progression of islet autoimmunity from asymptomatic to symptomatic T1D (or progression hereafter) may provide new leads into therapeutic agents that could target specific immunological processes (i.e., stopping or slowing the autoimmunity against β-cells). Indeed, dissecting the contributions of HLA genes to T1D progression could affect the secondary prevention of T1D, a main motivation of the current project, using DNA resources collected by the DPT-1.
DPT-1
The DPT-1 screened first- and second-degree relatives of patients with T1D to identify those expressing islet cell antibodies (ICAs). Relatives positive for ICA who did not carry the T1D-protective HLA-DQB1*06:02 were randomly assigned to placebo or treatment, as previously described. After excluding participants with no DNA samples or those with poor-quality DNA, 670 subjects were included in the current investigation. Among them, 316 had a projected T1D risk of >50% over 5 years and were randomly assigned to a parenteral insulin regimen or to placebo; 354 subjects had a projected risk of 25–50% over 5 years and were randomly assigned to oral insulin and placebo, as previously described (20,25).
Risk Factors and Clinical Outcome
The DPT-1 collected clinical and demographic factors from each subject, including race, sex, age, treatment type, risk level, and use of parenteral or oral insulin. The distributions for all 670 subjects were calculated (Supplementary Table 1). All subjects were followed until the clinical diagnosis of T1D or termination of the trial, and progression from islet autoimmunity to T1D was quantified through a censored time to T1D. Incidences in four combinations with two risk levels and with treatment/placebo were calculated (Supplementary Fig. 1). Associations of all risk factors with time to T1D were evaluated using a Cox regression model (Supplementary Table 1). Furthermore, distributions of race, sex, treatment type, and use of insulin were largely comparable between subjects in the low- and high-risk groups (Supplementary Table 2). Both groups had comparable age distributions (Supplementary Fig. 2).
Repeatedly Measured Biomarkers
Subjects were evaluated at 6 month intervals. During each visit, they had blood glucose, ICA, IAA, and HbA1c levels assessed and underwent a 2 h oral glucose tolerance test, during which glucose and C-peptide levels were measured at −10, 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min.
Genotyping HLA Using Next-Generation Targeted Sequencing Technology
HLA typing was performed using the ScisGo HLA v6 Kit (Scisco Genetics Inc., Seattle, WA), following the kit protocol. Briefly, the method uses an amplicon-based two-stage PCR, followed by sample pooling and sequencing using a MiSeq v2 PE500 Kit (Illumina, San Diego, CA). The protocol yielded three-field coverage of HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1. Phase within each gene was determined in part by overlapping sequences for HLA class I and a database lookup table for HLA class II (26). Since next-generation targeted sequencing (NGTS) of DNA nucleotides of selected exons was originally used to infer DQA1 and DQB1 alleles (27), we determined HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genotypes at the high resolution of ≥6 digits based on the IMGT HLA nomenclature (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/ANHIG/IMGTHLA/Latest/alignments/DQB1_prot.txt; released July 2019; accessed July and October 2019). The physical positions of individual amino acids in the α-chain are referenced from codon α1 to α232 and in the β-chain from codon β1 to β237. We adopted the numbering system first suggested in 1998 (28) and improved in 2007 (29) that essentially allows for structural equivalence among residues of various MHC II alleles, regardless of gene locus or species, and based on the structure of the first published MHC II allele HLA-DR1 (30,31). There were also 23 and 32 residues in the signal peptides of DQA1 and DQB1, respectively, and their positions were referenced as positions −23 and −32 to position −1. By convention, the first amino acid of the mature functional chain is numbered 1.
Haplotype Association Analysis With Progression
HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 are in strong linkage disequilibrium, which can be used to infer a pair of haplotypes, known as diplotypes. Of 670 subjects, DQ haplotypes were inferred unambiguously for 667 (32). Of the remaining three subjects, DQ haplotypes were inferred with high confidence (corresponding posterior probability 0.94). We denote DQ diplotype as HLA-DQ or DQ hereafter, and each diplotype DQ has two DQ haplotypes H1/H2, each of which can take one of K haplotypes (h1, h2, . . ., hK). To assess the haplotype association with progression, we converted DQ diplotypes to a vector of K haplotype counts (ci1, ci2, . . ., ciK), in which each cik = 0, 1, and 2 corresponded to the number of observed haplotypes hk observed on the ith subject. The haplotypic association analysis assessed the association of haplotype counts with the time to T1D using a Cox proportional hazards regression model (33), which may be modeled through a hazard function and was written as
where $λ0(t)$ is the baseline hazard function estimated from the data, the coefficient $βk$ quantifies the haplotypic association, and $γ'xi$, a linear combination of covariates, is included for adjustment.
Hierarchically Organized Haplotype Association Analysis
Each DQ haplotype was coded by a sequence of amino acid residues. To uncover progression-associated residues, we applied a hierarchically organized haplotype (HOH) approach to cluster all DQ haplotypes based on similarities of their sequences and which clusters of DQ haplotypes were identified. Focusing on a cluster of multiple DQ haplotypes that have variable associations with progression HOH identified those polymorphic residues within the cluster after excluding monomorphic residues or nearly monomorphic ones. HOH further assessed the residue association within the cluster, through haplotyping residue and cluster, and selected those residues that were significantly associated with progression. The residue association was modeled through the Cox regression model described above. Multiple residues in phase form motifs and their associations with progression can be assessed through the same Cox regression model.
Generalized Estimating Equation Analysis of Repeatedly Measured Biomarkers
To functionally validate motif associations, we assessed their associations with protein-based biomarkers (ICA, IAA, and HbA1c) as well as with β-cell function (fasting blood glucose and C-peptide) that were measured repeatedly during the cohort study. Let yi(tij) denote the level of biomarker measured at time tij for the ith subject, we modeled the biomarker association with the genetic polymorphisms, after adjusting for the temporal trend, through the linear regression for the mean biomarker value:
where $νicik$ quantified the genetic association of the kth motif with the coefficient $νk,$ the temporal trend of the biomarker under the adjustment $ρktij$, and intercept $ηk.$ Recognizing that repeatedly measured biomarkers, denoted by vector $Yi=[yi(ti1),yi(ti2),…,yi(ti3)]',$ had intraindividual correlations, we used a generalized estimating equation (GEE) to estimate coefficients $(νk,ηk,ρk),$ along with estimated SEs, Wald statistics, and P values (3437). Since the temporal trend ($ρktij$) may vary with the genetic polymorphisms, we modified the above linear regression model by including an interaction term into the average level of the biomarker, which may be written as
where the coefficient $δk$ quantified the allele-specific linear trend. GEE was used to estimate all coefficients as described above.
Statistical Analysis
All analyses in this project relied on statistical functions and packages in R. To calculate distances between all unique sequences pairwise, we used the “stringdist” function with the Levenshtein distance and then applied the “hclust” function to perform the hierarchical clustering with the agglomeration method of ward.D2. For haplotyping DQA1 and DQB1, we applied the “haplo.em” function to deduce DQ diplotypes. After recoding DQ haplotypes, we performed the Cox regression analysis by the “coxph” function. Finally, we used the “geeglm” function to perform GEE association analysis.
To minimize the influence of skewed ICA, IAA, and HbA1c levels, we applied a bidirectional power transformation so that transformed values within normal and abnormal ranges had symmetric distributions. The threshold values for ICA, IAA, and HbA1c are chosen to be 10 JDFU, 100 units/mL, and 6.5%, respectively.
There were multiple comparisons involving multiple alleles, genotypes, residues, and outcomes in various analyses. To control for multiple comparisons in the initial allelic association analysis, we calculated the false-positive error rates (38,39) (i.e., q-value, complementary to the P value). Once DQ allelic associations were established, additional analyses were aimed at characterizing associations and, thus, produced P values without multiple comparisons adjustments.
Molecular Simulation and Depiction of HLA-DQ Molecules
The simulation of the structure of HLA-DQ7cis (DQA1*03:01-B1*03:01) in complex with antigenic peptides had been performed as previously described (4042) using antigenic peptides shown experimentally to bind to the purified molecule (41). The crystal structure of the very closely related molecule HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*03:01-B1*03:02) that confers susceptibility to T1D was used as the base molecule (42). Depictions of simulated and known structures were performed using the DSViewer Pro 6.0 and WebLab Viewer 3.5 programs (Accelrys, San Diego, CA). Details of the depictions are provided in the respective figures.
HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 Haplotypes Are Associated With Progression
By centering on a DQA1-B1 haplotype, we counted the number of DQ haplotypes observed in the data set, which took a value of 0, 1, or 2, corresponding to the number of haplotype copies. Regressing the haplotype count with time to onset of T1D allowed us to estimate hazard ratio (HR), SE, z-score, P value, and q-value (Supplementary Table 3). The sixth haplotype (DQA1*03:01-B1*03:02) had 446 copies and was significantly associated with faster progression (HR 1.36; P = 2.01 ∗ 10−3) (highlighted green in Supplementary Table 3). On the other hand, the ninth haplotype (DQA1*03:03-B1*03:01), with 79 copies, was significantly associated with slower progression (HR 0.62; P = 0.037) (highlighted red in Supplementary Table 3). All 16 rare haplotypes, with <10 observed copies, were merged into a rare haplotype category (Supplementary Table 3). All DQ haplotype–specific association analyses were adjusted for disease severity and age because these two were significantly associated with progression and could possibly be confounders (Supplementary Table 1).
Subjects With DQ8.1 Have Variable Associations With Disease Progression
The nucleotide sequence of each DQ haplotype was converted to a sequence of amino acid residues. We then evaluated distances between each pair of 29 DQ haplotypes (including 16 rare haplotypes) based on their amino acid sequence similarity measure and performed hierarchical cluster analysis over all DQ haplotypes. The fan representation of DQ haplotype clusters with rare haplotypes, neutral haplotypes (P > 0.05), risk association, and resistant association are illustrated in Fig. 1A. As expected, similar DQ haplotypes were clustered together because of their sequence similarities. Six haplotypes, belonging to DQ8.1, were clustered together, and were referred accordingly. Interestingly, the DQ8.1 cluster included one risk haplotype, one resistant haplotype, two neutral haplotypes, and two rare haplotypes, despite that they had highly similar residue sequences and protein structures.
Figure 1
A: Fan representation of DQA1-DQB1 HOHs based on their residue sequences and their associations with progression accelerating progression (green), deaccelerated progression (red), averaged progression (black), and uncommon haplotypes (gray). A dashed line identifies a cluster of DQ8.1 haplotypes. B: Estimated T1D incidence curves of six HLA-DQ genotypes: AA/AA, AA/AD, AA/Vx, AD/AD, AD/Vx, and Vx/Vx at amino acid residue positions −18β and β57. High (AA/AA, AA/Vx, AD/Vx, and Vx/Vx; n = 290) differs from low (AA/AD and AD/AD; n = 26; P = 0.0019). C: Detailed close-up T-cell receptor view of p9 from the modeled structure of HLA-DQ7 (A1*03:01-B1*03:01) in complex with the insulin A2–14 peptide (40,41). This allele has an identical peptide-binding motif as DQA1*03:03-B1*03:01 because of identical antigen-binding α1β1 domains. The prominence of the β57Asp-α76Arg interaction is evident. The HLA-DQ7 residues are depicted in stick form (nitrogen, blue; oxygen, red; carbon, orange; sulfur, yellow; hydrogen, white) with transparent surface according to atomic charge (positive, blue; negative, red; neutral, gray; partial positive or negative charges shown by shading in between). The bound antigenic peptide is in stick form (same atom convention except that carbon is green). In addition to the specified salt bridge, these two residues form hydrogen bonds with proximal amide and carbonyl groups of the antigenic peptide backbone (not shown for clarity). This interaction, in addition to the bulky β37Tyr, render the respective p9 as shallow; hence, only small polar/apolar residues, such as p9Ser here, are accommodated. D: Detailed T-cell receptor view of p9 of HLA-DQ8 (A1*03:01-B1*03:02) in complex with the insulin B11-23/Gly peptide from the respective crystal structure (1jk8.pdb), as previously reported (42). The β57Ala residue, present in this molecule, cannot at all substitute for any of the interactions of β57Asp and provides more space for p9; rather, a p9Glu anchor, as seen here, can well serve through a salt bridge to α76Arg to promote interactions between the antigenic peptide and the DQαβ molecule. This rendering has been rotated 20° around the x-axis (top side toward the reader, bottom side away from the reader) with respect to its conventional view (all β-sheet floor segments nearly parallel to the plane of the page/screen) to better reveal the p9Glu-α76Arg interactions. The same atom and surface color conventions are used as in panel C.
Figure 1
A: Fan representation of DQA1-DQB1 HOHs based on their residue sequences and their associations with progression accelerating progression (green), deaccelerated progression (red), averaged progression (black), and uncommon haplotypes (gray). A dashed line identifies a cluster of DQ8.1 haplotypes. B: Estimated T1D incidence curves of six HLA-DQ genotypes: AA/AA, AA/AD, AA/Vx, AD/AD, AD/Vx, and Vx/Vx at amino acid residue positions −18β and β57. High (AA/AA, AA/Vx, AD/Vx, and Vx/Vx; n = 290) differs from low (AA/AD and AD/AD; n = 26; P = 0.0019). C: Detailed close-up T-cell receptor view of p9 from the modeled structure of HLA-DQ7 (A1*03:01-B1*03:01) in complex with the insulin A2–14 peptide (40,41). This allele has an identical peptide-binding motif as DQA1*03:03-B1*03:01 because of identical antigen-binding α1β1 domains. The prominence of the β57Asp-α76Arg interaction is evident. The HLA-DQ7 residues are depicted in stick form (nitrogen, blue; oxygen, red; carbon, orange; sulfur, yellow; hydrogen, white) with transparent surface according to atomic charge (positive, blue; negative, red; neutral, gray; partial positive or negative charges shown by shading in between). The bound antigenic peptide is in stick form (same atom convention except that carbon is green). In addition to the specified salt bridge, these two residues form hydrogen bonds with proximal amide and carbonyl groups of the antigenic peptide backbone (not shown for clarity). This interaction, in addition to the bulky β37Tyr, render the respective p9 as shallow; hence, only small polar/apolar residues, such as p9Ser here, are accommodated. D: Detailed T-cell receptor view of p9 of HLA-DQ8 (A1*03:01-B1*03:02) in complex with the insulin B11-23/Gly peptide from the respective crystal structure (1jk8.pdb), as previously reported (42). The β57Ala residue, present in this molecule, cannot at all substitute for any of the interactions of β57Asp and provides more space for p9; rather, a p9Glu anchor, as seen here, can well serve through a salt bridge to α76Arg to promote interactions between the antigenic peptide and the DQαβ molecule. This rendering has been rotated 20° around the x-axis (top side toward the reader, bottom side away from the reader) with respect to its conventional view (all β-sheet floor segments nearly parallel to the plane of the page/screen) to better reveal the p9Glu-α76Arg interactions. The same atom and surface color conventions are used as in panel C.
Close modal
Residues −18β and β57 Among Subjects With DQ8.1 Associate With Disease Progression
Leaving out two rare haplotypes and extracting all polymorphic residues across four DQ8.1 haplotypes, we observed four residues (−6α, α157, −18β, and β57), which retained the same haplotype associations (Table 1). We then assessed the association of each residue, within the DQ8.1 cluster through HOH and found that residues −18β and β57 were significantly associated with time to T1D (P = 0.0052 and 0.018, respectively) (Table 1). In contrast, the residues on the α-chain were not significantly associated with progression.
Table 1
Results from HOH analysis
nEstimated coefficientHRSEz-scoreP*DQ haplotype
Motif
MAVA 446 0.31 1.36 0.10 3.09 2.01E-03 *03.01-*03.02
MDVA 70 0.31 1.36 0.20 1.58 1.15E-01 *03.03-*03.02
TDVD 10 0.64 1.90 0.45 1.42 1.57E-01 *03.02-*03.03
MDAD 79 −0.48 0.62 0.23 −2.09 3.69E-02 *03.03-*03.01
Residue
−6αT 0.53 1.70 0.45 1.17 2.43E.01
α157D −0.16 0.85 0.15 −1.10 2.72E-01
−18βA −0.64 0.53 0.23 −2.80 5.17E-03
β57D −0.49 0.61 0.21 −2.37 1.78E-02
DQ8.1 motif
Carriers
AA
AD −0.48 0.62 0.23 −2.13 3.28E-02
VA 0.38 1.47 0.10 3.73 1.94E-04
VD 0.62 1.86 0.45 1.37 1.69E-01
VS
VV
Noncarriers
AA −0.05 0.95 0.11 −0.45 6.52E-01
AD −0.43 0.65 0.24 −1.78 7.46E-02
VA −0.07 0.94 1.00 −0.06 9.48E-01
VD −0.10 0.91 0.19 −0.50 6.15E-01
VS −0.42 0.65 0.50 −0.84 4.01E-01
VV −0.17 0.84 0.15 −1.10 2.70E-01
Entire cohort
AA −0.09 0.91 0.11 −0.88 3.76E-01
AD −0.45 0.64 0.17 −2.71 6.70E-03
VA 0.40 1.49 0.10 3.88 1.06E-04
VD 0.03 1.03 0.18 0.14 8.87E-01
VS −0.28 0.76 0.51 −0.55 5.81E-01
VV −0.17 0.85 0.15 −1.08 2.80E-01
nEstimated coefficientHRSEz-scoreP*DQ haplotype
Motif
MAVA 446 0.31 1.36 0.10 3.09 2.01E-03 *03.01-*03.02
MDVA 70 0.31 1.36 0.20 1.58 1.15E-01 *03.03-*03.02
TDVD 10 0.64 1.90 0.45 1.42 1.57E-01 *03.02-*03.03
MDAD 79 −0.48 0.62 0.23 −2.09 3.69E-02 *03.03-*03.01
Residue
−6αT 0.53 1.70 0.45 1.17 2.43E.01
α157D −0.16 0.85 0.15 −1.10 2.72E-01
−18βA −0.64 0.53 0.23 −2.80 5.17E-03
β57D −0.49 0.61 0.21 −2.37 1.78E-02
DQ8.1 motif
Carriers
AA
AD −0.48 0.62 0.23 −2.13 3.28E-02
VA 0.38 1.47 0.10 3.73 1.94E-04
VD 0.62 1.86 0.45 1.37 1.69E-01
VS
VV
Noncarriers
AA −0.05 0.95 0.11 −0.45 6.52E-01
AD −0.43 0.65 0.24 −1.78 7.46E-02
VA −0.07 0.94 1.00 −0.06 9.48E-01
VD −0.10 0.91 0.19 −0.50 6.15E-01
VS −0.42 0.65 0.50 −0.84 4.01E-01
VV −0.17 0.84 0.15 −1.10 2.70E-01
Entire cohort
AA −0.09 0.91 0.11 −0.88 3.76E-01
AD −0.45 0.64 0.17 −2.71 6.70E-03
VA 0.40 1.49 0.10 3.88 1.06E-04
VD 0.03 1.03 0.18 0.14 8.87E-01
VS −0.28 0.76 0.51 −0.55 5.81E-01
VV −0.17 0.85 0.15 −1.08 2.80E-01
Extracted haplotype association results for DQ8.1 haplotypes with all polymorphic residues (−6α, α157, −18β, and β57); individual residues among DQ8.1 carriers; and motifs of −18β and β57 with progression among DQ8.1 carriers, noncarriers, and all subjects.
*
P value in individual haplotypes. When P < 0.05, the corresponding haplotype (or residue or motif) with HR >1 is taken as a risk haplotype, and, otherwise, is a resistant haplotype.
Focusing on the two residues −18β and β57, we observed six motifs (AA, AD, VA, VD, VS, VV) in the cohort (Table 1). Interestingly, only three motifs (AD, VA, and VD) were present on DQ8.1 haplotypes. Motif AD was associated with resistance to disease progression (HR 0.62; P = 0.033), while VA was associated with an increased risk to progression (HR 1.47; P = 1.94 ∗ 10−4). Motif VD tended to be associated with faster progression, but the elevated risk was not significant because of small sample size (P = 0.169). Surprisingly, all six motifs were observed on other haplotypes than DQ8.1, but none were associated with progression. When pooling them together, motifs AD and VA retained comparable associations to those observed among subjects with DQ8.1 (Table 1).
To build the linkage of the identified motifs with common DQ nomenclature, we list all corresponding DQ haplotypes that share the same motif (Supplementary Table 4). For example, the risk motif VA corresponds to the DQA1*03:01-B1*03:02, DQA1*03:03-B1*03:02, and DQA1*05:05-B1*03:02 haplotypes; the first two are within the DQ8.1 cluster, while the third represents a rare haplotype. The resistant motif AD included seven different haplotypes: Two were within the DQ8.1 cluster and the others within rare haplotypes. In contrast, the motif AA included DQA1*05:01-B1*02:01 (DQ2.5), DQA1*02:01-B1*02:02 and DQA1*03:03-B1*02:02 (DQ2.2), and a rare haplotype. Their haplotype frequencies are shown among subjects with DQ8.1 and subjects without DQ8.1 haplotypes in the first and second columns of Supplementary Table 4.
DQ Associations With Progression Are Restricted to Subjects at High Risk for Progressing to T1D
The DPT-1 began screening on 15 February 1994, and the first subject was randomly assigned on 31 December 1994. This study was conducted before the implementation of the current disease staging (8). DPT-1 investigated whether parenteral insulin could prevent T1D among high-risk subjects, most of whom were at what is currently classified as stage 2. The intervention with oral insulin was tested in subjects with an estimated 25–50% 5 year risk of T1D. Current staging would rather place these individuals in a stage 1 category. We thus performed the stratified association analysis among high- and low-risk subjects, adjusting for their age (Table 2). Interestingly, motifs AD and VA retained their significant resistant and risk associations with progression among the high-risk subjects (HR 0.57 and 1.70; P = 0.010 and 7.09 ∗ 10−5, respectively) in the parenteral insulin arm, but while the direction remained, the associations were not significant (P = 0.383 and 0.381, respectively) in the oral insulin arm.
Table 2
Results from motif −18β and β57 association analysis among subjects in the DPT-1 parenteral insulin and oral insulin arms
Parenteral insulin armOral insulin arm
MotifEstimated coefficientHRSEzP*Estimated coefficientHRSEzP*
AA −0.13 0.88 0.13 −0.94 3.48E-01 0.03 1.03 0.18 0.15 8.79E.01
AD −0.56 0.57 0.22 −2.56 1.04E-02 Resistant −0.22 0.80 0.26 −0.87 3.83E-01
VA 0.53 1.70 0.13 3.97 7.09E-05 Risk 0.15 1.16 0.17 0.88 3.81E-01
VD 0.02 1.02 0.24 0.07 9.41E-01 0.03 1.03 0.28 0.12 9.07E-01
VS −0.47 0.63 1.00 −0.47 6.41E-01 −0.20 0.82 0.59 −0.34 7.36E-01
VV −0.22 0.80 0.20 −1.10 2.72E-01 −0.11 0.89 0.24 −0.47 6.39E-01
Parenteral insulin armOral insulin arm
MotifEstimated coefficientHRSEzP*Estimated coefficientHRSEzP*
AA −0.13 0.88 0.13 −0.94 3.48E-01 0.03 1.03 0.18 0.15 8.79E.01
AD −0.56 0.57 0.22 −2.56 1.04E-02 Resistant −0.22 0.80 0.26 −0.87 3.83E-01
VA 0.53 1.70 0.13 3.97 7.09E-05 Risk 0.15 1.16 0.17 0.88 3.81E-01
VD 0.02 1.02 0.24 0.07 9.41E-01 0.03 1.03 0.28 0.12 9.07E-01
VS −0.47 0.63 1.00 −0.47 6.41E-01 −0.20 0.82 0.59 −0.34 7.36E-01
VV −0.22 0.80 0.20 −1.10 2.72E-01 −0.11 0.89 0.24 −0.47 6.39E-01
*
P value and q-value for false-positive error rate in individual haplotypes. When P < 0.05, the corresponding haplotype (or residue or motif) with HR >1 is taken as a risk haplotype, and, otherwise, is a resistant haplotype.
Genotypic Associations of DQ Motifs With Progression Among High-Risk Subjects
Recognizing that DQ associations were restricted to high-risk participants, we next investigated their genotypic associations. Six motifs formed 17 genotypes, and only 9 of them had >10 copies (Supplementary Table 5). The genotypic association results, in which all rare genotypes (with <10 copies) were grouped into a single composite genotype, showed that the genotype AA/AD, with only 17 copies, was significantly resistant to progression (HR 0.08; P = 0.014). On the other hand, VA/VA, observed among 35 subjects, was significantly associated with progression (HR 1.98; P = 0.0028). Interestingly, the T1D delaying effect of the composite rare genotypes appeared to be significant (P = 0.045). Note that three genotypes VA/VA, VA/VD, and VA/VV shared the same association direction, and they would be grouped into a single composite genotype Vx because VA, VD, VS, and VV shared the same residue −18βV. The six genotype-specific incidence curves shown in Fig. 1B reveal that the incidence curves of four genotypes (AA/AA, AA/Vx, AD/Vx, Vx/Vx) are intertwined, except that the Vx/Vx curve tended to have an upward trajectory. By contrast, AA/AD and AD/AD incidence curves were substantially below the four other genotypes. Comparing the aggregate of the top four incidence curves (high, gray line in Fig. 1B) with the aggregate of the bottom two incidence curves (low, gray dotted line in Fig. 1B) reveals that they are significantly different (P = 0.0019).
DQB1 Motifs Are Associated With Levels of Autoantibodies ICA and IAA and HbA1c
The DPT-1 measured ICA and IAA as well as HbA1c repeatedly during the follow-up, and the available data offered an opportunity to assess whether identified DQ motifs were associated with these biomarkers. As typical immune responses, these biomarkers had a skewed distribution with a long right tail along with some extreme outliers (Supplementary Fig. 3). Through bidirectional power transformation, these values were transformed to have a bimodal distribution in which the first modality corresponded to normal values and the second to the elevated levels.
The first analysis was to assess whether biomarker levels were associated with counts of each DQ motif through GEE analysis to account for multiple measurements for each subject. On each DQ motif, the estimated coefficient quantified the average change of biomarker levels with the incremental of a single observed DQ motif. From GEE, the association statistics included SE, z-score, and P value. We chose to group three less common motifs (VD, VS, VV) as V+, leaving VA as a separate motif for assessment (Table 3). Indeed, the motif DQ*VA was associated with elevated ICA and IAA levels (coefficients 0.09 and 0.17; P = 0.023 and 0.0033, respectively), but not with HbA1c levels (P = 0.135). On the other hand, the motif DQ*AD was associated with lower IAA levels (coefficient −0.21; P = 0.015), with no associations with ICA or HbA1c (P = 0.688 and 0.179, respectively). Note that each association analysis was adjusted for the linear temporal trend over the follow-up by incorporating times of observations as a covariate in the GEE analysis.
Table 3
Results from association analysis of motif −18β and β57 with repeatedly measured ICA, IAA, and HbA1c
ICAIAAHbA1c
MotifFreqCoeffSEzPCoeffSEzPCoeffSEzP
Main
AA 421 −0.04 0.04 −1.07 2.83E-01 −0.08 0.06 −1.43 1.52E-01 0.02 0.03 0.70 4.85E-01
AD 151 −0.02 0.06 −0.40 6.88E-01 −0.21 0.08 −2.45 1.45E-02 −0.05 0.04 −1.34 1.79E-01
VA 519 0.09 0.04 2.28 2.28E-02 0.17 0.06 2.93 3.34E-03 0.04 0.03 1.50 1.35E-01
V+ 249 −0.05 0.05 −1.10 2.71E-01 0.03 0.06 0.53 5.93E-01 −0.04 0.03 −1.41 1.60E-01
Trends
AA 421 0.01 0.04 0.31 7.55E-01 0.05 0.02 2.28 2.25E-02 0.01 0.02 0.50 6.17E-01
AD 151 −0.02 0.05 −0.34 7.33E-01 0.01 0.02 0.34 7.35E-01 −0.04 0.01 −2.98 2.87E-03
VA 519 0.03 0.04 0.75 4.53E-01 −0.02 0.02 −0.99 3.24E-01 0.03 0.01 2.51 1.21E-02
V+ 249 −0.04 0.05 −0.79 4.31E-01 −0.04 0.02 −1.79 7.31E-02 −0.03 0.02 −1.57 1.17E-01
ICAIAAHbA1c
MotifFreqCoeffSEzPCoeffSEzPCoeffSEzP
Main
AA 421 −0.04 0.04 −1.07 2.83E-01 −0.08 0.06 −1.43 1.52E-01 0.02 0.03 0.70 4.85E-01
AD 151 −0.02 0.06 −0.40 6.88E-01 −0.21 0.08 −2.45 1.45E-02 −0.05 0.04 −1.34 1.79E-01
VA 519 0.09 0.04 2.28 2.28E-02 0.17 0.06 2.93 3.34E-03 0.04 0.03 1.50 1.35E-01
V+ 249 −0.05 0.05 −1.10 2.71E-01 0.03 0.06 0.53 5.93E-01 −0.04 0.03 −1.41 1.60E-01
Trends
AA 421 0.01 0.04 0.31 7.55E-01 0.05 0.02 2.28 2.25E-02 0.01 0.02 0.50 6.17E-01
AD 151 −0.02 0.05 −0.34 7.33E-01 0.01 0.02 0.34 7.35E-01 −0.04 0.01 −2.98 2.87E-03
VA 519 0.03 0.04 0.75 4.53E-01 −0.02 0.02 −0.99 3.24E-01 0.03 0.01 2.51 1.21E-02
V+ 249 −0.04 0.05 −0.79 4.31E-01 −0.04 0.02 −1.79 7.31E-02 −0.03 0.02 −1.57 1.17E-01
Main genetic effects and linear trend effects (estimated mean, SE, Wald statistic, and P value). Note: V+ = VD, VS, and VV. When P < 0.05, the corresponding motif with HR > 0 increases the level autoantibody, and, otherwise, depresses the autoantibody level. Coeff, coefficient.
The next analysis investigated whether DQ motifs influenced the linear trend of biomarker levels over time during follow-up (Table 3). Again, we used GEE to estimate the coefficient that quantified the change in the linear trend, along with other association statistics. Interestingly, DQ*AD was significantly associated with the trend of decreasing values of HbA1c during the follow-up (coefficient −0.04; P = 0.0029), while DQ*VA was associated with the increasing trend of HbA1c values (coefficient 0.03; P = 0.0121). The motif DQ*AA marginally contributed to the positive incline of IAA levels over time (coefficient 0.05; P = 0.0225).
The Residue at β57 Has Significant Structural Properties, While the Role of −18β Is a Complete Unknown
Residue β57 is part of pocket 9 (p9), the last of the five pockets that contribute to the binding of antigenic peptides to HLA-DQ heterodimers (Fig. 1C and D). As this residue is polymorphic, each different amino acid at this position leads to a radically different anchoring residue at p9: β57Asp ensures a small aliphatic anchor at p9 (Fig. 1C), while β57Ala/Ser preferentially leads to an acidic anchor at this pocket, interacting with α76Arg (42) (Fig. 1D and Supplementary Fig. 4A and B). The two alleles have four differing residues in the antigen-binding groove and two outside it, with the first four residues having known important functional roles (Supplementary Table 6). In the HLA-DQ2 series of alleles, the spaciousness of this pocket places the preference for aromatic anchors (43). The expression of the DQB1*03:01 and DQB1*03:02 alleles was investigated at the mRNA and protein level where it was found that the former showed nearly twofold higher expression at both levels (44,45). This was due to polymorphisms in the 5′ upstream region that allowed for better binding of transcription factors in DQB1*03:01 than in DQB1*03:02. HLA class II expression levels are crucial in the magnitude of the immune response (46). The possible influence of the −18β residue, or any other residue of the signal peptide, in protein expression of HLA-DQ proteins has not been investigated to our knowledge. Structural studies of mammalian ribosomes docked onto the signal recognition particles (SRPs), with a newly synthesized protein containing a signal peptide emerging from the ribosomal exit tunnel, did not show any particular features of the signal peptide, as is necessary for improved expression of the given protein (47). Mutational studies of preprorenin and preproinsulin have revealed mutations at positions near −18 of the signal peptide as important (Supplementary Fig. 5).
Leveraging clinical data and biospecimens stored from DPT-1, we obtained high-resolution HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 genotypes using NGTS to assess genetic associations with T1D progression. We uncovered two residues, −18β and β57, that were associated with T1D progression to explain the association of DQ molecules carrying specific amino acid residues in those unique positions. The major finding that DQ*AD was significantly associated with resistance and DQ*VA with faster progression is novel, especially as both associations were restricted to those DPT-1 subjects enrolled because they had an estimated 5 year risk of >50%. Our findings that DQ*AD was associated with lower IAA levels and DQ*VA was associated with elevated ICA and IAA levels underscore the possible functional importance of the −18β and β57 residues in the overall disease process. This was further supported by the genotypic association analysis demonstrating that subjects with AA/AD and AD/AD had exceptionally slow progression to T1D. Taken together, subjects with these genotype-based motifs should be considered to be excluded from secondary prevention clinical trials, especially if the emphasis is on prevention among high-risk individuals. Indeed, future therapeutic interventions in subjects with these different genotypes may have to be tailored differently. It cannot be excluded that molecular or genetic targeting could be designed specifically for subjects with VA/VA and AA/AD. Equivalently, our observation that subjects with DQ*AD were found in seven DQ haplotypes (DQA1*01:03-B1*06:01, A1*03:03-B1*03:01, A1*05:03-B1*03:01, A1*05:05-B1*03:01, A1*05:05-B1*03:19, A1*05:05-B1*03:29, and A1*06:01-B1*03:01) and DQ*AA in four DQ haplotypes (DQA1*02:01-B1*02:02, A1*03:03-B1*02:02, A1*03:03-B1*03:04, and A1*05:01-B1*02:01) underscores the usefulness of identifying these amino acid residue motifs, as the −18β and β57 residues somehow contribute to disease progression associated with lower IAA levels (Supplementary Table 7). The identification of these motifs and their association with progression provides a novel approach that may advance prediction and risk assessment. Importantly, the NGTS to identify these residues also in rare DQ haplotypes could be applied toward distinguishing slow from rapid progressors.
The strength of our study is based on the DPT-1 (12,13) that was conducted among first- and second-degree relatives of subjects with T1D. ICA and IAA positivity were used as inclusion criteria, which today would represent stage 1 or stage 2 subjects (8). On the front of structure-function relationships of HLA-DQ as the main genetic component of disease susceptibility, we note that again the HLA-DQ8 (DQA1*03:01-B1*03:02) haplotype was associated with faster progression to disease. By contrast, the HLA-DQ7 (DQA1*03:03-B1*03:01) haplotype was associated with slower progression, as noted previously (20). Their difference at the most crucial position of β57, with HLA-DQ8 having an Ala residue and DQ7 an Asp residue, determines many diverse properties of the respective HLA-DQαβ heterodimer (40). Several T1D autoantigenic epitopes have been linked to HLA-DQ8 with the cloning of specific CD4+ T cells; however, this is not the case for HLA-DQ7. There have only been identifications of candidate epitopes with strong binding, but no specific and restricted CD4+ T cell lines or clones of effector T cells or regulatory T (Treg) cells were isolated and associated with T1D (41). The comparatively more stable pDQ7, in no small part due to β57Asp, would be expected to lead to comparatively more Treg cells (48). The most strongly T1D-protective HLA-DQA1*01:02-B1*06:02 heterodimer appears to protect through at least two mechanisms: 1) by binding strongly to diabetogenic epitopes, “stealing,” in fact, such peptides from T1D-susceptible HLA class II heterodimers, and 2) by inducing Treg cells able to block diabetogenic effector T cells (49,50). Such studies should be extended to heterodimers such as HLA-DQ7, shown to confer protection from T1D. Surprisingly, our results show that the HLA-DQ2 (DQA1*05:01-B1*02:01) haplotype, also associated with an increased risk of T1D, did not seem to predispose significantly to progression. The possible contribution of the HLA-DQ8 transdimer (DQA1*05:01-B1*03:02) may therefore need to be taken into account (51). Furthermore, it should be noted that the HLA-DQ typing by oligonucleotide-specific clones and allele-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms in prior studies, missed the DQB1*02:02 allele. This allele differs from DQB1*02:01 by one residue, β135Gly compared with Asp, respectively. In DPT-1 subjects, as well as in other populations, DQB1*02:02 pairs in cis with DQA1*02:01, while DQB1*02:01 pairs in cis with DQA1*05:01 (52).
Progression associated motif VA at −18β and β57, discovered in the parenteral insulin arm, showed persistent associations in the entire cohort, while there was only a weak association in the oral insulin arm. It was therefore of interest that motif VA was found to be associated with elevated IAA levels, while motif AD was associated with reduced IAA levels. The earlier ad hoc results of potential preventive benefit from oral insulin among those with IAA levels exceeding 80 nU/mL (12,13) makes it interesting to extend the observed association of DQ motifs with IAA levels. Indeed, assessing allelic associations of DQ motifs with IAA positivity (<80 vs. ≥80 nU/mL), we found that VA was positively (odds ratio 1.17; P = 0.02) and AD negatively (odds ratio 0.70; P = 0.02) associated with IAA levels (Supplementary Table 7). It cannot, therefore, be excluded that individuals with the VA motif may benefit from oral insulin.
A limitation of the study is that 41 (6%) of 711 subjects in the two arms of DPT-1, parenteral (12) and oral (13) insulin, were not available because of either lack of sample or poor DNA. Another limitation is the lack of studies that potentially could be used to validate the current findings. However, as both arms of DPT-1 did not prevent progression to clinical onset of diabetes, phase 2 or 3 clinical studies are not likely to materialize. The recent oral insulin study by TrialNet (53) had different inclusion criteria and protocol to validate observations in DPT-1.
The structural role of residue β57 has been shown to be pivotal and multifaceted (2831,54). It lies at the antigenic peptide’s carboxy terminus and when occupied by an acidic Asp residue, its interaction with apposed α76Arg, as well as with the carbonyl and amide groups of the bound antigenic peptide, adds to the stability of the complex (55). In addition, residue β57 is part of p9, the last of the five pockets that contribute to the binding of peptides to HLA-DQ. Because of its polymorphism, each different amino acid at this position leads to a different anchoring residue at p9 (42). The two alleles have a number of differing residues in the antigen-binding groove, ensuring different peptide-binding motifs, particularly at p4 and p9 (56) (Supplementary Table 6). Such differences ensure that the same autoantigenic epitopes would rarely fit into both molecules in the same binding register (32,41,56).
The identification of the polymorphism at −18β is novel and unexpected. The localization in the signal peptide may involve translocation of the β-chain, pairing with the α-chain and its expression on the cell surface, but this remains to be investigated. Signal peptides, marking proteins for membrane insertion or secretion, are mostly hydrophobic with interspersed basic residues. We are not aware of how variations in one residue, as −18βAla/Val of HLA-DQB1, could affect the process of biosynthesis and, perhaps, the function of the mature HLA-DQ protein (Supplementary Fig. 5). Mutations in the signal peptide of the human preprorenin gene are linked to severe renotubular kidney disease (57). Likewise, mutations at two positions of the human preproinsulin signal peptide result in mutant insulin gene–induced diabetes of youth (58). These mutations in the signal peptides are nonconservative and affect the expression of the respective mature proteins. There is also a single nucleotide substitution at codon 17 (Thr → Ala) of the signal peptide of CTLA-4 (position −19 in our numbering scheme) that along with two other polymorphisms in the same gene (one in the 5′ upstream region, the other in the 3′ downstream region) have been associated with T1D susceptibility (termed IDDM3) (59) as shown in Supplementary Fig. 5. The structure of bovine preprolactin signal peptide in complex with the ribosome and endoplasmic reticulum channel protein Sec61 (through which the nascent polypeptide chain proceeds) show that −18Val of this signal peptide interacts with residues from the channel protein (47). The role of residue −18Val compared with Ala in the signal peptide of HLA-DQB is unknown and needs to be examined through the entire process of biosynthesis of membrane/secreted proteins anchoring the synthesizing machinery to the endoplasmic reticulum SRP receptor through the signal peptide and SRP and proceeding to the Sec61 channel protein. It is intriguing that decamer and 11-mer sequences within the signal peptide (e.g., the 6–15 SLRIPGGLRA/V and 8–21 RIPGGLRA/VATV for DQ7 and DQ8, respectively) may serve as binding peptides for HLA-A2 (anchors as indicated by boldface), the most common of HLA-A alleles in Caucasians and perhaps also other alleles. Future research should explore the possibility that the signal peptide of MHC II molecules serve a similar stabilizing function as peptides of HLA class I signal peptides for HLA-E molecules (60). It cannot be excluded that the −18β homozygous states may affect intracellular and membrane HLA-DQ heterodimer levels in either the resting or the cytokine/pathogen-stimulated state. The subjects of this study, being T1D autoantibody positive, are certainly in the latter state that may enhance or decrease HLA-DQ expression. Decreased HLA-DQ cell surface mean fluorescence intensity with an increasing number of islet autoantibodies was observed in CD16+ cells, CD14+CD16 classical monocytes, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells in 10–15-year-olds at genetic risk for T1D (61). Critical amino acid residues in the −18β, β57 pair may explain the reduction in HLA-DQ cell surface expression.
In conclusion, we report that HLA-DQ motifs of −18β and β57 were associated with the rate of progression to T1D in DPT-1 subjects and that these associations were paralleled by higher or lower autoantibody levels. By using genotypes of HLA-DQ motifs, we effectively identified subjects with either more rapid or slower progression to T1D. Our approach to identify predicted amino acid residues rather than alleles also allows rare risk haplotypes to be included in the analyses of risk. This may improve the design and stratification strategies of future prevention trials beyond what is possible by examining individual alleles or genotypes. Identification of these two specific residues provides specific experimental targets to investigate the functional role of β57 and the possible regulatory role of −18β. Such a role might include influencing cell membrane protein levels or in any other manner the autoimmune response associated with specific HLA-DQ molecules. Finally, further studies are needed to determine whether DQ motifs influence the preventive potential by either parenteral or oral insulin.
§
G.K.P. has been retired from Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Epirus, Arta, Greece since 1 September 2018. The affiliation is given for identification purposes only. As of 1 October 2018, the TEI of Epirus has been absorbed by the University of Ioannina. The respective department is now called Department of Agriculture.
Acknowledgments. The authors thank the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Central Repository for approving their request to access DNA samples and for expeditiously delivering these to their laboratory. The authors also thank Dr. Ramanujan S. Hegde of the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, U.K., for help in guiding G.K.P. to the relevant signal peptide-Sec61 structure.
Funding. The study was supported by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant 1R56 DK117276. The molecular simulation studies by G.K.P., G.B.P., and A.K.M. and reported here were supported by grants from the Technological Educational Institute of Epirus Research Committee, a Biotech4 grant from the European Union (contract BIO4 CT95 0263), a supplementary grant from the Hellenic Secretariat of Research and Technology, and a grant from the European Union’s Third EU Regional Development Framework for Greece (EPEAEK II scheme, Program Archimedes).
Duality of Interest. No potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Author Contributions. L.P.Z., J.S., G.K.P., D.E.G., and Å.L. researched and analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. J.S. and A.P. were investigators who conducted DPT-1 trial. R.W., C.-W.P., W.C.N., and D.E.G. performed the NGTS and researched data. G.P.B., J.A.N., and A.K.M. performed molecular simulations and graphical representations of select HLA-DQ molecules and contributed to the Conclusions section of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and commented on the manuscript with respect to structural implications and discussions. L.P.Z. and Å.L. are guarantors of this work and, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
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https://sbseminar.wordpress.com/2011/03/23/how-to-think-about-hodge-decomposition/ | # How to think about Hodge decomposition
UPDATE: Greg Kuperberg writes the same things with fewer typos here.
This blog post is meant for me to work through some things I want to present in class tomorrow, so it won’t have as much background as I usually try to include.
Let $X$ be a compact complex manifold with a metric. Then we have operators $\partial$, $\overline{\partial}$, $\partial^*$ and $\overline{\partial}^*$. These go from $(p,q)$-forms to $(p+1,q)$, $(p,q+1)$, $(p-1,q)$ and $(p,q+1)$-forms respectively. They obey
$\displaystyle{\partial^2=0}$, $\displaystyle{\overline{\partial}^2=0}$, $\displaystyle{(\partial^*)^2=0}$, $\displaystyle{(\overline{\partial}^*)^2=0}$,
$\displaystyle{\partial \overline{\partial} = - \overline{\partial} \partial}$ and $\displaystyle{\partial^* \overline{\partial}^* = - \overline{\partial}^* \partial^*}$ $(1)$.
The exterior derivative $d$ is $\partial + \overline{\partial}$, the Hodge dual formula is $d^* = \partial^* + \overline{\partial}^*$. We define three Laplacians: $\Delta_d = d d^* + d^* d$, $\Delta_{\partial} = \partial \partial^* + \partial^* \partial$ and $\Delta_{\overline{\partial}} = \overline{\partial} \overline{\partial}^* + \overline{\partial}^* \overline{\partial}$.
So, in general,
$\displaystyle{ \Delta_d = (\partial+\overline{\partial}) (\partial^* + \overline{\partial}^*) + (\partial^* + \overline{\partial}^*) (\partial+\overline{\partial}) = }$
$\displaystyle{\Delta_{\partial} + \Delta_{\overline{\partial}} + (\partial \overline{\partial}^* + \overline{\partial}^* \partial) + ( \overline{\partial} \partial^* + \partial^* \overline{\partial})}$.
When $X$ is Kähler, we have $\Delta_{\partial} = \Delta_{\overline{\partial}} = (1/2) \Delta_{d}$. This identity is actually made up out of the following identities, which strike me as more fundamental:
$\displaystyle{ \partial \overline{\partial}^* + \overline{\partial}^* \partial =0}$ and $\displaystyle{ \overline{\partial} \partial^* + \partial^* \overline{\partial}=0}$ $(2)$.
$\displaystyle{ \partial \partial^* + \partial^* \partial = \overline{\partial} \overline{\partial}^* + \overline{\partial}^* \overline{\partial} }$ $(3)$.
The two quantities in the third equation are (by definition) $\Delta_{\partial}$ and $\Delta_{\overline{\partial}}$; we’ll denote them both by $\Delta$. So $\Delta$ takes $(p,q)$-forms to $(p,q)$-forms.
Also, $\Delta$ commutes with all of $\partial$, $\overline{\partial}$, $\partial^*$ and $\overline{\partial}^*$, this is an easy consequence of $(1)$ and $(3)$ (exercise!).
This is all standard. The rest is something that I haven’t seen written down, but strikes me as making the theory much simpler.
Results on elliptic operators tell us that there is a discrete sequence of eigenvalues $0=\lambda_0 < \lambda_1 < \lambda_2 < \cdots$ so that $\Omega^{p,q}(X)$ breaks up as a direct sum $\bigoplus \Omega_{\lambda}^{p,q}(X)$ of eigenspaces for $\Delta$, which each $\Omega^{p,q}_{\lambda}$ finite dimensional.
The precise meaning of the direct sum is a little tricky: The $L^2$ completion of $\Omega^{p,q}(X)$ is the $L^2$-direct sum of these spaces and, more generally, the same is true for all of the $(2,s)$ Sobolev norms. But you don't need to understand that to understand the rest.
Since $\partial$ etcetera commute with $\Delta$, they take each $\lambda$-eigenspace to itself. So, for each $\lambda$, we get $(n+1)^2$ finite dimensional vector spaces $\Omega^{p,q}_{\lambda}$ and maps $\partial$, $\overline{\partial}$, $\partial^*$ and $\overline{\partial}^*$ between them satisfying $(1)$, $(2)$ and
$\displaystyle{ \partial \partial^* + \partial^* \partial = \overline{\partial} \overline{\partial}^* + \overline{\partial}^* \overline{\partial} = \lambda }$ $(3')$.
When $\lambda=0$, all for maps are $0$; you just have a diamond of vector spaces with no maps.
Now, what about $\lambda>0$? There is an obvious way to satisfy the above equations: Put a one dimensional vector space in positions $(p,q)$, $(p+1,q)$, $(p,q+1)$ and $(p+1,q+1)$. Let the two nontrivial $\partial$ maps be $1$, the two nontrivial $\overline{\partial}$ maps also be $1$, and the nontrivial $\partial^*$ and $\overline{\partial}^*$ maps be $\lambda$. Call this configuration a square and denote it $S^{p,q}_{\lambda}$.
Then here is a nice algebraic lemma: Conditions $(1)$, $(2)$ and $(3')$ imply that $\Omega^{\bullet, \bullet}_{\lambda}$ is a direct sum of various $S^{p,q}_{\lambda}$‘s. (I put this as Problem 6 on a recent problem set and got good solutions from most of my students.)
So, what the Hodge decomposition tells us is that $\Omega^{\bullet, \bullet}(X)$ looks like a direct sum of (a) terms where all four derivatives act by $0$, call them $0$-terms, and (b) various squares. In particular, even once we forget the Kähler structure, and thus can only talk about $\partial$ and $\overline{\partial}$, we still get a nontrivial consequence: The double complex $\Omega^{\bullet, \bullet}$ is a direct sum of (a) $0$-terms, where $\partial$ and $\overline{\partial}$ act by $0$, and (b) $2 \times 2$ squares of one dimensional vector spaces where the nontrivial $\partial$ and $\overline{\partial}$ maps are isomorphisms.
Notice how easy this makes the standard results.
The deRham cohomology, $H^k$, is the cohomology of
$\displaystyle{ \cdots \to \bigoplus_{p+q=k-1} \Omega^{p,q} \stackrel{\partial+\partial^*}{\longrightarrow} \bigoplus_{p+q=k} \Omega^{p,q} \stackrel{\partial+\partial^*}{\longrightarrow} \bigoplus_{p+q=k+1} \Omega^{p,q} \to \cdots }.$
The Dolbeault cohomology, $H^{p,q}$ is the coholomogy of
$\displaystyle{ \cdots \to \Omega^{p,q-1} \stackrel{\overline{\partial}}{\longrightarrow} \Omega^{p,q} \stackrel{\overline{\partial}}{\longrightarrow} \Omega^{p,q+1} \to \cdots}$.
Hodge decomposition says that $H^k \cong \bigoplus H^{p,q}$.
Well, that’s clear enough. Cohomology distributes over direct sum. The terms on which $\partial$ and $\overline{\partial}$ both act by $0$ contribute one dimension to each. The square terms are exact in both settings.
Similarly, the $\partial \overline{\partial}$ lemma states that, if $\alpha$ is $d$-closed and in the image of $\partial$ then it is in the image of $\partial \overline{\partial}$. Proof: Decompose into these summands. If $\alpha$ is $d$-closed then the component of $\alpha$ on each summand is closed. The $d$-closed elements are (a) the $0$-terms, (b’) the bottom elements of squares (the element in degree $(p+1,q+1)$ in $S^{p,q}$) and (b”) the difference between the two middle terms of the square (the difference between the guy in degree $(p,q+1)$ and the guy in degree $(p+1,q)$). The image of $\partial$ can’t contain any terms of type (a) or (b”), so we see that $\alpha$ is a sum of terms of type (b’), which are, indeed, in the image of $\partial \overline{\partial}$.
Of course, this is essentially the statement that the spectral sequence degenerates at $E^2$. But I really think authors should write it out directly. It makes everything else much more obvious.
This statement is related to the statement that the spectral sequence degenerates at $E^1$, but stronger, see Greg Kuperberg’s MathOverflow post.
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## 5 thoughts on “How to think about Hodge decomposition”
1. (Actually I had to first make a search on Numdam to make sure it was Dolbeault and not Dolbeaut…)
2. I wrote about this topic in a MathOverflow post last year. In brief, any Dolbeault complex decomposes into dots, squares, and zigzags. The Hodge theorem implies that the Hodge spectral sequence degenerates at $E_1$ (I thought — you say $E_2$?). But the theorem is stronger than that, because the spectral sequence only detects even-length zigzags. The Hodge theorem actually says that there are no zigzags at all.
3. David Speyer says:
Sorry, should be $E_1$. The reason that I was thinking $E_2$ was that I was thinking of the Dolbeault complex as the $E_1$ page for the hypercohomology of the holomorphic deRham complex.
I’ll edit.
Comments are closed. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 130, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9621968865394592, "perplexity": 228.86968854210127}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189734.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00552-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://brilliant.org/problems/asymmetric-inequality/ | # Asymmetric inequality
Algebra Level 5
Find the largest constant $k$ such that
$\frac{kabc}{a+b+c} \leq (a+b)^2 + (a+b+4c)^2$
holds for all positive real numbers $a,b,c$.
× | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 3, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6573218107223511, "perplexity": 1456.7064385860608}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144027.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219030731-20200219060731-00066.warc.gz"} |
https://kb.osu.edu/dspace/handle/1811/13752 | # ON THE POSSIBILITY OF ESTIMATION HARMONIC FREQUENCIES OF MOLECULES (INTRAMOLECULAR FORCE FIELD PARAMETERS) ON THE BASE OF INFORMATION ABOUT ITS PURE ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/13752
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1996-WG-12.jpg 119.1Kb JPEG image
Title: ON THE POSSIBILITY OF ESTIMATION HARMONIC FREQUENCIES OF MOLECULES (INTRAMOLECULAR FORCE FIELD PARAMETERS) ON THE BASE OF INFORMATION ABOUT ITS PURE ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM Creators: Ulenikov, O. N.; Yurtchenko, S. N.; Tolchenov, R. N. Issue Date: 1996 Abstract: In the process of study near local mode $XY_{2}$ and $XY_{3}$ molecules we $found^{a}$ that all properties of spectroscopic parameters of such type molecules are determined, considerably , by the simplest solutions of equations, which connect ambiguous parameters sin $\gamma_{4}$ with the parameters of intramolecular potential function and masses of molecular nucleus. As the analysis of other solutions of above mentioned equations shown, simple (nondepended on intramolecular force constants) results for sin $\gamma_{1}$ parameters can be obtained in general enough case (with only one limitation $m/M\gg 1$) for $XY_{2}$ and $XY_{3}$ molecules. On this base it is shown that for molecules of such types experimental information on rotational and quartic centrifugal distortion parameters (e.g., determined from microwave spectra) allows one to predict with high enogh accuracy harmonic frequencies and quadratic force constants of intramolecular potential function even without any additional information about fundamental or overtone bands. Calculations for different real molecules are presented, as an illustration. Attempt of expansion of results to more complicated molecular systems is discussed. Part of this work was supported by Russian Foundation on Fundamental Researchs (Pr.N94-02-03081a). URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1811/13752 Other Identifiers: 1996-WG-12 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7934232354164124, "perplexity": 2401.3590357827393}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205375.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00561-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/82386-finding-vertices-center-foci-ellipse.html | # Math Help - Finding the vertices, center and foci for an ellipse
1. ## Finding the vertices, center and foci for an ellipse
Center: ( , )
Right vertex: ( , )
Left vertex: ( , )
Top vertex: ( , )
Bottom vertex: ( , )
Right focus: ( , )
Left focus: ( , )
Rearranging this is giving me trouble for some reason. Any help is appreciated. Thanks in advance!
2. Since they've given you no information (no equation, no points, no graph, no description, etc), there's no way to find the answers they're wanting you to fill in. Sorry!
To learn how to work with ellipses and their equations, try here. But to answer this exercise, you'll first need to contact your instructor for the missing information.
3. Originally Posted by Beeorz
There must have been a transient error with the LSU server. The above image wasn't displaying earlier. In case it disappears again, the equation is:
. . . . . $9x^2\, +\, 16y^2\, -\, 90x\, -\, 256y\, +\, 1105\, =\, 0$
The first step, as always, is to complete the square to start converting the above to "conics" form.
. . . . . $9x^2\, -\, 90x\, +\, 16y^2\, -\, 256y\, =\, -1105$
. . . . . $9(x^2\, -\, 10x)\, +\, 16(y^2\, -\, 16y)\, =\, -1105$
. . . . . $9(x^2\, -\, 10x\, +\, 25)\, +\, 16(y^2\, -\, 16y\, +\, 64)\, =\, 9(25)\, +\, 16(64)\, -\, 1105$
. . . . . $9(x\, -\, 5)^2\, +\, 16(y\, -\, 8)^2\, =\, 144$
Divide through and simplify to get this into "conics" form.
Then use the fact that the larger denominator is under the numerator with an x in it to confirm that this ellipse is wider than it is tall.
Read the values off the "conics" form of the equation for h, k, a, and b.
Use the equation you've memorized to find the value of c.
Then fill in the various values for which they've asked you.
If you get stuck, please reply with a clear listing of your steps and reasoning so far. Thank you!
4. got it, was simply subtracting 9(25) and 16(64) instead of adding them to -1105
thanks for the help | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 5, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8339277505874634, "perplexity": 1243.0570273911835}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772751.143/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00021-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/625682/proofs-involving-disjunctions-velleman-chapter-3-5 | # Proofs involving Disjunctions [Velleman, Chapter 3.5]
$\Large{{1.}}$ Are proofs using strategies $P136, P143$ always easier than those using $P140$? In the former two, only one statement (either $P$ or $Q$) must be proven. In the latter, both $P$ and $Q$ must be.
$\Large{{2.}}$ If so, should I be concerned with $P140$? Why moot it at all as a proof strategy?
$\Large{{3.}}$ I remember: $P \vee Q \text{ true} \iff \text{Either$P$or$Q$is true}$.
Nonetheless, I'm disconcerted and agitated by the act of assuming as true either $P$ or $Q$ without any proof, before proving the other statement. I can't pinpoint why. Could someone please help?
-
Related and a possible duplicate. I suggest you look at my answer since it's pretty much Velleman reworded. – Git Gud Jan 3 '14 at 9:20
In question 1. you're comparing $P\lor Q$ as a goal (P140) and as $P\lor Q$ as an hypothesis (P136) with $P\lor Q$ as a goal (P143), so there are in fact two comparisons here: P136 to P143 and P140 to P143, but the P136 to P143 doesn't seem to make much sense because in one of them $P\lor Q$ is a goal and in the other it is a given. Regarding the first part of question 2., P140 is important because it gives a different way of dealing with a $P\lor Q$ goal than that shown on P143. Regarding question 3, are you thinking of $P\lor Q$ as a goal or as an hypothesis here? – Git Gud Jan 3 '14 at 9:24 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8567181825637817, "perplexity": 681.2835764536542}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397749.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00133-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/users/17846/alex-suciu?tab=activity | # Alex Suciu
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# 61 Actions
Sep16 awarded Yearling Aug7 comment Is there a finitely presented group with infinite homology over $\mathbb{Q}$? Yes, $H_2$ of an fp group is finitely generated. But, say, $H_3$ needs not be finitely generated. The first such example was given by John Stallings, in a seminal paper, titled, sure enough, A finitely presented group whose 3-dimensional integral homology is not finitely generated, see here. Aug7 comment Is there a finitely presented group with infinite homology over $\mathbb{Q}$? Also, "infinite homology" means "infinite-dimensional homology" (as $\mathbb{Q}$-vector space), right? Aug7 comment Is there a finitely presented group with infinite homology over $\mathbb{Q}$? Just to make sure: the assertion that $H_i(G,\mathbb{Q})$ is finite-dimensional (for all $i>2$) is an assumption, yes? Jul19 awarded Nice Answer Jul18 revised Is it known which links have Seifert fibered complements? added 192 characters in body Jul18 answered Is it known which links have Seifert fibered complements? Apr3 comment Kahler structure on holomorphic principal bundles What's a "principle" bundle? Nov21 comment Action of $\pi_1(S)$ on its commutator subgroup I thought the question referred to the action of $G$ on the second derived quotient of $G$, that is, $H_1([G,G])$, rather than on the second nilpotent quotient of $G$, no? Oct18 revised Must the union of these two aspherical spaces be aspherical? added reference Oct13 answered good reference on brieskorn manifold Oct1 answered Must the union of these two aspherical spaces be aspherical? Sep16 awarded Yearling Jul29 comment On the wikipedia entry for Borel-Moore homology Maybe there is some language confusion here, but doesn't "finite CW-complex" mean a CW-complex with finitely many cells (that is, both finite-dimensional and finite type)? So how would $X=\mathbb{Z}$ (with the discrete topology) fit in that context? Jul15 awarded Informed Jul15 revised Cohomology of submanifold complements added 250 characters in body Jul15 revised Cohomology of submanifold complements edited body Jul15 comment Cohomology of submanifold complements Certainly property 3 will fail in that case, provided the degree of the hypersurface is at least 2. Jul15 answered Cohomology of submanifold complements Jun25 awarded Revival | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9289536476135254, "perplexity": 2061.6814597926577}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507450767.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005730-00050-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/114549/invariants-of-reductive-group-actions-and-completion | # Invariants of reductive group actions and completion
I'm trying to understand the extent to which taking invariants of a reductive group action "commutes" with completion. More precisely:
Let $X = \operatorname{Spec} A$ be a reduced finite type affine scheme over $\operatorname{Spec} R$, where $R$ is a discrete valuation ring. Let $G$ be a reductive algebraic group with connected fibers over $\operatorname{Spec} R$ that acts on $X$, and let $G'$ be the formal completion of $G$ at the identity in the special fiber.
Now if $x$ is a point in the special fiber of $X$, defined over the residue field of $R$, and corresponding to a maximal ideal ${\mathfrak m}$ of $A$, the action of $G$ on $X$ induces an action of $G'$ on the formal completion $X_x$ of $X$ at $x$. Let ${\mathcal O}_{X,x}^{G'}$ denote the ring of functions on $X_x$ that are invariant for this action.
If we let ${\mathcal O}_X^G$ denote the ring of $G$-invariant functions on $X$, and let ${\mathfrak m}'$ be the intersection of ${\mathfrak m}$ with ${\mathcal O}_X^G$, then we have a natural map:
$$\left({\mathcal O}_X^G\right)_{\mathfrak m'} \rightarrow {\mathcal O}_{X,x}^{G'}$$
[Here the subscript ${\mathfrak m'}$ denotes completion at ${\mathfrak m'}$.]
Under what conditions is this map an isomorphism?
It's clear that the map fails to be injective if there is an irreducible component of $X$ that meets the closure of the orbit of $x$ but does not contain $x$: the left hand side sees'' this component whereas the right hand side does not. Will the map always be injective if $x$ lies on every irreducible component that meets the orbit closure of $X$?
Will the map be surjective in general?
I am happy to make additional assumptions to guarantee that the map is an isomorphism. (In particular, in the applications I have in mind, $G = {\operatorname{GL}}_n$, $R$ is a $p$-adic integer ring, and $X$ is a complete intersection that is flat over $\operatorname{Spec} R$.)
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Thanks! I'm happy to assume that $G$ has connected fibers, and that $x$ is a rational point. I've edited the question to make things clearer. – David Helm Nov 26 '12 at 21:05
@David: Please let us know what is known a-priori concerning finiteness properties of $O_X^G$ (via Seshadri's work?) and $(O_{X,x})^{G'}$. – user28172 Nov 27 '12 at 3:02 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9836740493774414, "perplexity": 74.06467832664508}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656168.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00271-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://cvgmt.sns.it/paper/2370/ | # Conformal metrics on $R^{2m}$ with constant Q-curvature, prescribed volume and asymptotic behavior
created by martinazz on 23 Feb 2014
modified on 17 Jul 2018
[BibTeX]
Submitted Paper
Inserted: 23 feb 2014
Last Updated: 17 jul 2018
Year: 2014
ArXiv: 1401.0944 PDF
Abstract:
We study the solutions $u\in C^\infty(R^{2m})$ of the problem $(-\Delta)^m u= Qe^{2mu}$, where $Q=\pm (2m-1)!$, and $V :=\int_{R^{2m}}e^{2mu}dx <\infty$, particularly when $m>1$. This corresponds to finding conformal metrics $g_u:=e^{2u} dx ^2$ on $R^{2m}$ with constant Q-curvature $Q$ and finite volume $V$. Extending previous works of Chang-Chen, and Wei-Ye, we show that both the value $V$ and the asymptotic behavior of $u(x)$ as $x \to \infty$ can be simultaneously prescribed, under certain restrictions. When $Q=(2m-1)!$ we need to assume $V<vol(S^{2m})$, but surprisingly for $Q=-(2m-1)!$ the volume $V$ can be chosen arbitrarily.
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https://uk.arxiv.org/list/math.PR/recent | # Probability
## Authors and titles for recent submissions
[ total of 70 entries: 1-25 | 26-50 | 51-70 ]
[ showing 25 entries per page: fewer | more | all ]
### Tue, 15 Jun 2021
[1]
Title: Gaussian Unitary Ensemble in random lozenge tilings
Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Combinatorics (math.CO)
[2]
Title: Last passage isometries for the directed landscape
Authors: Duncan Dauvergne
Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
[3]
Title: Heat kernel estimates for Markov processes of direction-dependent type
Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Analysis of PDEs (math.AP)
[4]
Title: $A_1$ Fefferman-Stein inequality for maximal functions of martingales in uniformly smooth spaces
Subjects: Probability (math.PR)
[5]
Title: On a nonhierarchical generalization of the Perceptron GREM
Subjects: Probability (math.PR)
[6]
Title: On self-similar Bernstein functions and corresponding generalized fractional derivatives
Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA)
[7]
Title: Random cones in high dimensions II: Weyl cones
Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Metric Geometry (math.MG)
[8]
Title: Coupling from the past for exponentially ergodic one-dimensional probabilistic cellular automata
Authors: Jean Bérard (IRMA)
Subjects: Probability (math.PR)
[9]
Title: An inhomogeneous reverse ergodic theorem and application to a new uniqueness result for reflecting diffusions
Subjects: Probability (math.PR)
[10]
Title: Distributionally Robust Martingale Optimal Transport
Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Optimization and Control (math.OC); Statistics Theory (math.ST); Computational Finance (q-fin.CP)
[11]
Title: Large Deviations Asymptotics of Rectangular Spherical Integral
Subjects: Probability (math.PR)
[12]
Title: Invariant measures for a stochastic nonlinear and damped 2D Schrödinger equation
Subjects: Probability (math.PR)
[13]
Title: Ruin Probabilities for Risk Process in a Regime Switching Environment
Subjects: Probability (math.PR)
[14]
Title: When the geodesic becomes rigid in the directed landscape
Authors: Zhipeng Liu
Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Mathematical Physics (math-ph)
[15]
Title: A Cluster Model for Growth of Random Trees
Authors: Nomvelo Sibisi
Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Statistics Theory (math.ST)
[16]
Title: Singularity of energy measures on a class of inhomogeneous Sierpinski gaskets
Subjects: Probability (math.PR)
[17] arXiv:2106.07529 (cross-list from math.ST) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Estimating the interaction graph of stochastic neuronal dynamics by observing only pairs of neurons
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Probability (math.PR)
[18] arXiv:2106.07433 (cross-list from math.SP) [pdf, other]
Title: On the Largest Singular Value/Eigenvalue of a Random Tensor
Authors: Yuning Yang
Subjects: Spectral Theory (math.SP); Optimization and Control (math.OC); Probability (math.PR)
[19] arXiv:2106.07422 (cross-list from math.NT) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Gap asymptotics of the directions in an Ammann-Beenker-like quasicrystal
Subjects: Number Theory (math.NT); Probability (math.PR)
[20] arXiv:2106.07054 (cross-list from math.ST) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: Inferring the mixing properties of an ergodic process
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Probability (math.PR)
[21] arXiv:2106.06894 (cross-list from math.ST) [pdf, ps, other]
Title: A Large Deviation Approach to Posterior Consistency in Dynamical Systems
Subjects: Statistics Theory (math.ST); Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Probability (math.PR)
[22] arXiv:2106.06727 (cross-list from q-bio.PE) [pdf, other]
Title: Comparing the topology of phylogenetic network generators
Subjects: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE); Combinatorics (math.CO); Probability (math.PR)
[23] arXiv:2106.06614 (cross-list from cs.LO) [pdf, other]
Title: Nawrotzki's Algorithm for the Countable Splitting Lemma, Constructively
Subjects: Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO); Probability (math.PR)
### Mon, 14 Jun 2021 (showing first 2 of 12 entries)
[24]
Title: A Fubini type theorem for rough integration | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8149246573448181, "perplexity": 27234.347538140228}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487621519.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615180356-20210615210356-00486.warc.gz"} |
https://byjus.com/commerce/formulas-for-economics/ | # Formulas for Economics
Formulas for Economics plays an important role in all the students educational period. However, one of the significant responsibilities in economics is the assessment of options to decide which valid contents are given purposes or intentions. In order to do this, it is usually beneficial to ascertain reason and influence associations and to quantify variables. Economics is a strong device that supports both of these tasks. It is difficult to perform economic analysis without some rudimentary knowledge of fundamentals.
Economics is an accurate language that is helpful in articulating causal associations between associated variables. When decisions are taken about the distribution of resources, it is beneficial to be able to articulate how a difference in one input will modify the result and conclusively change the utility of individuals.
Important Economics Formulas $Average\, Total\, Cost\, (ATC)\, =\, \frac{Total\, Cost}{Q}$ $Average\, Variable\, Cost\, (AVC)\, =\, \frac{Total\, Variable\, Cost}{Average}$ Fixed Cost (AFC) = ATC – AVC $Total \, Cost \, (TC) =\, \left (AVC + AFC\right ) \times Output$ $Total\, Variable\, Cost \, (TVC) = AVC \times Output$ Total Fixed Cost (TFC) = TC – TVC $Marginal\, Cost (MC) = \frac{Change\, in \, Total \, Costs}{Change\, in \, Output}$ $Marginal\, Product \, (MP) = \frac{Change\, in\, Total \, Product}{Change\, in\, Variable\, Factor}$ $Marginal\, Revenue \, (MR) = \frac{Change\, in\, Total \, Revenue}{Change\, in \, Q}$ $Average \, Product \, (AP) =\frac{TP}{Variable\, Factor}$ $Total\, Revenue\, (TR) = Price \times Quantity$ $Average\, Revenue\, (AR) = \frac{TR}{Output}$ $Total\, Product (TP) = AP \times Variable\, Factor$ Economic Profit = TR – TC > 0 A Loss = TR – TC < 0 Break Even Point = AR = ATC Profit Maximizing Condition = MR = MC Explicit Costs = Payments to non-owners of the firm for the resources they supply
The above mentioned is the concept, that is elucidated in detail about ‘Formulas for Economics’ for the Commerce students. To know more, stay tuned to BYJU’S.
You Might Also Like to Read: Common Abbreviations in Economics | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.737162709236145, "perplexity": 1546.9574316006212}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627999740.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20190624211359-20190624233359-00348.warc.gz"} |
http://welbourneprimary.com/category/i1-receptors/ | Background Human being papillomavirus (HPV) L1 capsid proteins can self-assemble into pentamers (capsomeres) that are immunogenic and can elicit neutralizing antibodies. anti-RSV F antibodies. All three L1 derivatives formed ring-like structures that were similar in morphology and size to those described for native CGP 60536 16L1 capsomeres. When injected into mice, each of the capsomere derivatives was immunogenic with respect to L1 protein, and immunization with chimeric L1-RSV F pentamers resulted in RSV non-neutralizing antisera that recognized purified RSV F protein in immunoblots. Conclusion HPV L1 monomers bearing heterologous epitopes within the L1 h4 region can self-assemble into capsomeres that elicit antibody response against such non-HPV encoded epitopes. Thus, the L1 h4 region can function as a novel antigen display site within the L1 pentamer, which in turn may serve as a potential vaccine template. Background Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are non-enveloped DNA oncogenic viruses that cause significant burden of disease, including cervical dysplasia and cancer [1]. The major structural component of the HPV virion is the L1 viral capsid protein that can spontaneously form pentamers (capsomeres) [2,3]. Such L1 oligomers can then self-assemble into one of two virus-like particles (VLPs): a spherical lattice structure of T = 7 symmetry group that is morphologically indistinguishable from indigenous HPV virions, or a smaller sized T = 1 particle that’s made up of 12 L1 pentamers and that the crystal framework has been resolved [3-5]. L1 VLP development needs inter-capsomeric hydrophobic connections concerning helices 2, 3, and 4 (h2, h3, and h4, respectively) close to the carboxy-terminus of every L1 monomer [3,5,6]. In L1 capsomeres, these helices task and outwards onto the solvent-exposed surface area laterally. Helix 4 from a L1 monomer within a capsomere forms hydrophobic connections with h2 and h3 of the L1 CGP 60536 molecule of the adjacent capsomere to hyperlink both L1 pentamers. Deletion of h4 does not have any obvious influence on L1 capsomere set up, but abolishes the power of L1 to create T = 1 or T = 7 VLPs CGP 60536 [6]. Furthermore to its self-assembling features, the papillomavirus L1 proteins can work as powerful immunogens when oligomerized as VLPs and capsomeres [4,7,8]. Bacterially produced L1 proteins from HPV type 16 (HPV-16) and various other HPV serotypes aswell as those produced from the oncogenic canine dental papillomavirus (COPV) type capsomeres in vitro and elicit neutralizing antibodies [9-12]. Immunization Mmp17 with COPV-L1 capsomeres creates a defensive response within a following COPV-canine dental mucosal problem [10]. The L1 HPV VLPs elicit solid defensive and neutralizing antibodies, and also have been certified as prophylactic vaccines against HPV infections [13 lately,14]. The biophysical and immunological properties of HPV L1 capsomeres and VLPs claim that these buildings may work as vaccine systems (evaluated in [15]). To this final end, several studies have got described the generation of chimeric VLPs bearing heterologous antigenic residues at the carboxy-terminus or surface-exposed loops of L1 monomers (e.g. [16-18]). However, the challenges of such approaches include inefficient antigen display, the limited structural capacity of L1 surface loops to accommodate foreign epitopes, and potentially significant disruption of L1 oligomeric structures. To circumvent these issues, we chose the L1 h4 domain name as a novel antigen presentation site since this region is predicted to be surface-exposed in capsomeres. In place of the h4 and surrounding residues, we generated L1 derivatives bearing one of two previously characterized neutralizing epitopes of the RSV F protein [19]. We demonstrate that L1 derivatives bearing either of the two foreign epitopes can form oligomers that are morphologically similar to capsomeres. Furthermore, such modified L1 pentamers can elicit antibodies that recognize the RSV F protein. Results Expression and purification of HPV 16L1 derivatives bearing h4 deletion and substitutions To identify h4-spanning portions of the L1 carboxy terminus region into which heterologous epitopes can be engineered, we first generated two deletions within L1: one that abolished all but the first residue of h4 (aa 413C430; termed B-1) and another that deleted h4 and additional surrounding residues, including the prolines flanking both sides of h4 (aa 404C436; C-1, Physique CGP 60536 ?Physique1).1). HPV type 16 CGP 60536 L1 protein and its cognate cDNA were used for all L1 derivatives in this study [20]. Into each of the L1 deletions, we.
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common main brain tumor in adults and is universally fatal. for relapsed GBM. amplification.67 This amplification and resulting overexpression of the EGFR protein is the most common genetic alteration in GBM, occurring in approximately 40% of newly diagnosed cases.67,68 In tumors that overexpress EGFR, up to 75% of cases have rearrangements of the gene that lead to the expression of mutant forms.15,69C72 Rabbit Polyclonal to GPR17. The most common EGFR mutation is EGFRvIII which results from an in-frame deletion of 267 amino acids in the extracellular domain name (Determine 1).73 This receptor has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity and has important pro-oncogenic effects including enhancing proliferation, radio- and chemotherapeutic resistance, and migration, while inhibiting apoptosis.22C27,74,75 While 37%C86% of cells within EGFRvIII-expressing tumors express this receptor, EGFRvIII positive cells are able to secrete membrane-derived microvesicles with EGFRvIII which then merge with the plasma membranes of negative cells, conferring the same oncogenic advantages.76,77 As EGFRvIII contains an antigenic junction with a novel glycine residue and is not expressed on normal tissues, it is an effective target for immunotherapy.12 A variety of immunotherapies targeting EGFRvIII are currently under investigation including monoclonal antibodies, dendritic cell vaccination therapy, genetically modified T cells, and peptide vaccines. Numerous naked monoclonal antibodies have been shown to be specific for EGFRvIII and are able to elicit antitumor activity via Fc- and Fab-mediated activity.78C82 Monoclonal antibodies conjugated to toxins have also demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity against EGFRvIII-expressing tumors.83,84 Dendritic cell vaccination utilizes the antigen-presenting properties of dendritic cells to initiate antitumor responses. In vivo and human studies have exhibited peptide-pulsed dendritic cells Bentamapimod to induce EGFRvIII-specific cell-mediated immunity.85 More recently, genetically engineered T cells which express chimeric immune receptors have been shown to specifically lyse EGFRvIII-expressing gliomas cells in in vitro and in vivo studies.86 While these therapies are all attractive therapeutic modalities, peptide vaccines are one of the most studied and well understood immunotherapies. The most promising peptide vaccinate utilizes a peptide derived from the novel fusion junction amino acid sequence of EGFRvIII. This vaccine consists of PEPvII (H-Leu-Glu-Glu-Lys-Lys- Gln-Asn-Tyr-Val-Val-Thr-Asp-His-Cys-OH), an EGFRvIII-specific 14-mer peptide, and KLH.28 As it is able to activate humoral and cellular immunoreactivity, and has been shown to induce EGFRvIII-specific immune responses in preclinical and clinical studies.29,87C89 Detection of EGFRvIII mutations Due to the potential Bentamapimod prognostic and therapeutic importance of EGFRvIII, its efficient detection is necessary for both laboratory and clinical evaluation. As one of the most common methods of tissue preservation is usually formalin Bentamapimod fixation plus paraffin embedding (FFPE), immunohistochemistry (IHC) is usually widely used as an accurate and reliable method for Bentamapimod detecting EGFRvIII expression in stored samples.8,10,19,90,91 A variety of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies have been developed which specifically recognize EGFRvIII and are commonly used for evaluating its expression in clinical studies. EGFRvIII can also be detected in fresh frozen and FFPE tissue using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Southern Bentamapimod blot assays.90,91 Preclinical studies Monoclonal antibodies targeted to EGFRvIII have shown to exhibit effective antitumor activity in in vitro and in vivo models. Treatment with unarmed murine IgG2a (Y10) and IgG1 (L8A4) monoclonal antibodies targeting EGFRvIII significantly inhibited tumor growth, though only treatment with IgG2a resulted in tumor-free survival after treatment was discontinued. 82 Though intraperitoneal therapy did not increase the median survival of mice with intracranial EGFRvIII B16 melanomas, single intratumoral injections of Y10 increased survival by 286%, with 26% of mice becoming long-term survivors (< 0.001). The in vivo mechanism of action of Y10 was seen to be Fc receptor-dependent while being independent of T cells, NK cells,.
Night eating syndrome (NES) was first recognized in 1955 by Stunkard, a psychiatrist specialising in eating disorders (ED). traumatic life events, psychiatric comorbidity, the age of onset of NES and FMK course of NES over time. The relationship between NES and other ED also requires further clarification as night-eaters exhibit some top features of various other ED; previous assistance to split up NES from various other ED may possess hindered previously characterisation of NES. Proof from Western european and American research suggests NES features in populations with severe weight problems strongly. The complicated interplay between despair, impaired rest and obesity-related comorbidity in significantly obese people makes understanding NES within this context even more complicated. This review examines proof to date in the characterisation of NES and concludes by evaluating the applicability of current NES requirements to people with serious obesity. propose night time meal’ ought to be classed as the first meals consumed after 1700 hours, that could be a primary food’ or treat’ if no primary meal is consumed. If no meals is consumed by 2000 hours, after that any meals after 2000 hours is certainly classed as following the night time food’.31 Upcoming knowledge of NES will reap the benefits of consistent technique for identifying energy intake across research and explicit definition from the evening meal’. The level to which people with night time hyperphagia, but undisturbed rest, could possibly be classed as NES was ambiguous predicated on early requirements. Current requirements get this to explicit today, suggesting both night time hyperphagia and/or at least two shows of nocturnal consuming per week’ are classed as NES. The predominance of 1 build over another is still debated. Item response theory evaluation of replies from NE questionnaires finished by 1481 people suggests crucial features to become nocturnal consuming and/or night time hyperphagia, preliminary insomnia and evening awakening, with morning hours anorexia and postponed morning meal much less essential.9 Others conclude that evening hyperphagia and nocturnal eating will be the same construct and propose a continuum of severity, identifying individuals without nocturnal snacking FMK as NES’ and nocturnal snackers as NES plus nocturnal snacking’.32, 33 Striegel-Moore et al.34 distinguish between evening-eaters and night-eaters also, recommending NES FMK ought to be predicated on consuming very during the night past due. Identification The lack of a consistent way for determining NES prompted early analysts to use different methods to create medical diagnosis, including interviews, questionnaires structured exclusively on Stunkard’s requirements and questionnaires merging various other syndromes.12, 13, 14 An interview conducted by an ED expert is definitely the yellow metal standard diagnostic tool for NES now. FMK Symptom severity is certainly measured using the NE questionnaire (NEQ)35 and results supplemented using the night time Eating Indicator and Background Inventory (NESHI), a 17-item interview plan.29 The NEQ underwent several revisions possesses 14 items and a five-point Likert scale now. Validation research on the existing version were released in 2008 merging proof from three different NES research.35 Research 1 analyzed factor structure and internal consistency, and included 1980 persons with self-diagnosed NES who finished the NEQ on the web. The mean rating was 33.1 (7.5). Primary components evaluation was used to create four elements (nocturnal ingestions, night time hyperphagia, morning hours anorexia and low disposition/disturbed rest) using a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.70. The next research in 81 outpatients identified as having NES found appropriate convergent validity from the NEQ with extra procedures of NE, disordered consuming, sleep, stress and mood. The third research compared ratings from obese bariatric medical procedures applicants with and without NES, and discovered suitable discriminant validity from the NEQ. Of 184 people, 19 (10.3%) were identified with NES. Mean ratings had FMK been NES 26.2 (8.1) vs non-NES 16.0 (6.3). The positive predictive worth from the NEQ at a rating of 25 or more was low (40.7%), increasing to 72.7% at a rating of 30 or greater. The harmful predictive worth was high for cut ratings of both 25 and 30 (95.2% and 94.0%, respectively). Various other researchers have discovered similar cut Rabbit Polyclonal to MRPL49. factors useful, though it is preferred that item 13 which explores recognition during NE end up being excluded from credit scoring as that is a diagnostic item distinguishing NES from sleep problems. When item 13 was.
$dPdt=Pa–fC$
$a=–0.5LN1PMR$ | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3016228973865509, "perplexity": 15591.376106498443}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-22/segments/1526794866894.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180524224941-20180525004941-00180.warc.gz"} |
https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/3227/are-any-geosynchronous-satellites-visible-with-the-naked-eye | Are any geosynchronous satellites visible with the naked eye?
It is very easy to spot LEO satellites during dusk or dawn. I am wondering if satellites further out in a geosynchronous orbit are also visible. Of course, if even possible, these would appear more stationary than any LEO satellites. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8030954599380493, "perplexity": 1842.8954782370113}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202924.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20190323181713-20190323203713-00013.warc.gz"} |
https://www.arxiv-vanity.com/papers/0911.5028/ | # Discovery of a Faint Companion to Alcor Using MMT/AO 5 μm Imaging11affiliation: Observations reported here were obtained at the MMT Observatory, a joint facility of the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Institution.
Eric E. Mamajek University of Rochester, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rochester, NY, 14627-0171, USA Matthew A. Kenworthy, Philip M. Hinz, Michael R. Meyer1 Steward Observatory, The University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
2affiliation: Current address: Institute for Astronomy ETH, Physics Department, HIT J 22.4, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
###### Abstract
We report the detection of a faint stellar companion to the famous nearby A5V star Alcor (80 UMa). The companion has M-band ( = 4.8 m) magnitude 8.8 and projected separation 1”.11 (28 AU) from Alcor. The companion is most likely a low-mass (0.3 M) active star which is responsible for Alcor’s X-ray emission detected by ROSAT (L 10 erg/s). Alcor is a nuclear member of the Ursa Major star cluster (UMa; d 25 pc, age 0.5 Gyr), and has been occasionally mentioned as a possible distant (709”) companion of the stellar quadruple Mizar ( UMa). Comparing the revised Hipparcos proper motion for Alcor with the mean motion for other UMa nuclear members shows that Alcor has a peculiar velocity of 1.1 km/s, which is comparable to the predicted velocity amplitude induced by the newly-discovered companion (1 km/s). Using a precise dynamical parallax for Mizar and the revised Hipparcos parallax for Alcor, we find that Mizar and Alcor are physically separated by 0.36 0.19 pc (74 39 kAU; minimum 18 kAU), and their velocity vectors are marginally consistent ( probability 6%). Given their close proximity and concordant motions we suggest that the Mizar quadruple and the Alcor binary be together considered the 2nd closest stellar sextuplet. The addition of Mizar-Alcor to the census of stellar multiples with six or more components effectively doubles the local density of such systems within the local volume (d 40 pc).
binaries: close – binaries: general – binaries: visual – open clusters and associations: individual (Ursa Major) – stars: individual (Alcor, Mizar)
slugcomment: Accepted for publication in Astronomical Journal
MMT, ROSAT, Hipparcos
## 1 Introduction
Knowing the distribution of companion masses as a function of orbital separation and primary mass, is fundamental to understanding the nature of fragmentation of collapsing molecular cloud cores and star formation itself. Evidence suggests that the binary frequency is a function of stellar mass such that higher mass stars have a higher binary frequency (c.f. Lada, 2006). Whether the distribution of companion masses is consistent with having been drawn from the field star ”system” initial mass function across the mass spectrum of primaries remains to be demonstrated. In addition, high order multiples provides important dynamical constraints to star formation in clusters and associations (Goodwin et al., 2007; Parker et al., 2009).
The stars Mizar ( UMa) and Alcor (80 UMa) hold an esteemed place in astronomical lore as perhaps the most famous optical double. Situated in the middle of the handle of the Big Dipper, Mizar and Alcor are separated by 11’.8. At this separation, the pair is resolvable by the naked eye, and indeed the system is famous for its use in testing vision among many cultures (Allen, 1899). Claims of the physicality of the Mizar-Alcor binary varies across the literature, ranging from confident statements that the two comprise an unphysical “optical double”, to the pair being comprised of two unbound members of the same star cluster (Ursa Major), to being listed as a definite bound multiple system.
Mizar is resolved in modest telescopes into a 14”.4 binary (Perryman & ESA, 1997) with a probable period of thousands of years. Mizar A is a nearly equal-mass, double-lined spectroscopic binary with period 20.54 days and eccentricity of 0.53 (Pourbaix, 2000). Mizar B is a spectroscopic binary with period 175.57 days and an eccentricity of 0.46 (Gutmann, 1965). The discovery of Mizar as a binary is often mistakenly attributed to Giovanni Battista Riccioli around 1650 (e.g. Allen, 1899; Burnham, 1978), however Galileo’s protege and collaborator Benedetto Castelli reported resolving Mizar in a letter to Galileo dated 7 January 1617. Galileo himself resolved the binary and later recorded his measurements on 15 January 1617 (Ondra, 2004; Siebert, 2005). Besides Alcor, an additional bright star lies within 8’ of Mizar – the 7th magnitude star HD 116798 (“Stella Ludoviciana” or “Sidus Ludovicianum”; Allen, 1899; Siebert, 2005). This star can now be trivially ruled out as being physically associated with Mizar or Alcor based on its small proper motion and inconsistent spectrophotometric distance. The ensemble of Mizar, Alcor, and Sidus Ludovicianum provided the first testing ground for attempts to solve one of the cosmological conundrums of the 17th century: trying detecting stellar parallax to confirm the then controversial heliocentric model. Lodovico Ramponi, in a letter to Galileo in 1611, sketched out the concept that optical double stars of different magnitudes (presumed to be identical suns lying at a range of distances) would provide definite proof of heliocentrism through the detection of differential parallax. Galileo sketched an aperture mask to detect differential parallax in his observations of Mizar, Alcor, and Sidus Ludovicianum (Siebert, 2005). Unfortunately for Galileo, definitive detection of stellar parallax would not be forthcoming for two more centuries (Bessel, 1838).
The Mizar-Alcor system contained further surprises and astronomical firsts. Mizar A & B, and Alcor, were together the first resolved multiple star system photographed on 27 April 1857 (Bond, 1857)111150 years to the month before the images reported in this contribution.. While working on the Henry Draper Memorial project at Harvard College Observatory, Antonia Maury found Mizar A to be the first spectroscopic binary (reported by Pickering, 1890). Later, Mizar B was reported to be a single-lined spectroscopic binary; independently by two contemporaneous studies a century ago (Ludendorff, 1908; Frost, 1908). Mizar A was also one of the first binary stars to be resolved using an optical interferometer (Pease, 1925).
The Gliese CNS3 catalog lists the Mizar-Alcor system as a “wide binary and multiple system”, and the 17th widest multiple system in their census of solar neighborhood stars (Gliese & Jahreiss, 1988). Alcor is a bright ( = 3.99) A5Vn star situated 708”.55 from Mizar A (Gray & Garrison, 1989; Fabricius et al., 2002). Alcor’s properties are summarized in Table 1. Alcor was also detected as an X-ray source in both pointed observations and the All-Sky Survey of the ROSAT X-ray observatory (Voges et al., 1999; ROSAT Consortium, 2000; White et al., 2000). X-ray emission is rare among A-type stars (Simon et al., 1995; Schröder & Schmitt, 2007). X-ray emission among A-type stars is often proposed to be emitted from the coronae of low-mass companions, and indeed the majority of X-ray emitting A-type stars show some signs of multiplicity (Schröder & Schmitt, 2007).
Alcor has been reported to have rapid radial velocity variations (Frost, 1908; Heard, 1949) – possibly intrinsic to the star itself. The star is often flagged as “SB” (Johnson & Morgan, 1953; Hoffleit, 1964; Gliese & Jahreiß, 1991), but no orbit has ever been reported. Frost (1908) stated that there is “no doubt that Alcor is also a spectroscopic binary”, and that the displacement and multiplicity of the Mg 4481 and Balmer lines “succeed each other so rapidly that I have found it necessary to have spectrograms of this star made in continuous succession for several hours”. Frost did not publish his radial velocities. Heard (1949) stated “there is a fair degree of probability that Alcor varies in velocity”. Their observations over a 9 year span appear to be of very low quality (two observations 4 minutes apart had radial velocities that differed by 33 km s). Heard (1949) estimated a velocity amplitude of 6 km s (no uncertainty), but no period was reported. The most recent comprehensive assessment of the binarity of Alcor was reported by Abt (1965). In his large survey of A-star multiplicity, Abt (1965) measured 13 additional radial velocities in 1959-1961, and said the radial velocities “show a slightly excessive scatter.” Taking into account previously published velocities, Abt concluded that Alcor’s velocity was “Constant:”, and he considered the star to be single.
In this paper, we (1) report the discovery of a faint companion to Alcor at separation 1”.1 with the 6.5-m MMT telescope using the adaptive secondary (MMT/AO), (2) argue that the nature of the companion is most likely a low-mass dwarf which is also responsible for Alcor’s X-ray emission detected by ROSAT and subtle peculiar motion with respect to the mean motion for Ursa Major nucleus members, and (3) present evidence that the astrometry of the Mizar-Alcor system is consistent with the Mizar quadruple and Alcor double being physically associated, making the Mizar-Alcor a probable sextuplet, and the 2nd closest such multiple known.
## 2 Observations
As part of a recently completed survey to image brown dwarf and exoplanet companions to nearby intermediate-mass stars (Mamajek et al., in prep.; Kenworthy et al., 2009), the star Alcor was imaged with the Clio 3-5 m imager in conjunction with the adaptive secondary mirror on the 6.5-m MMT telescope (Brusa et al., 2004). Clio is a high well depth InSB detector with 320 256 pixels and 49 mas pixels and field of view of 15”.6 12”.4 at M-band when attached to the MMT (Sivanandam et al., 2006; Hinz et al., 2006; Heinze et al., 2008).
Alcor was imaged at M-band with Clio and MMT/AO on 08 Apr 2007 (start UT 08:26) for a total integration time of 2697 sec (0.75 hr). Observations were stopped due to cloud cover. Alcor was beam-switch nodded 5”.5 along the long axis of Clio after each 5 images. The observations of Alcor consist of a series of 129 images of 20.91 second exposures; each consisting of 100 coadded frames of 209.1 msec. The short exposure time was selected to keep the sky background counts below the nonlinearity threshold for Clio (40k ADU). The primary star is unsaturated in all the frames, with a peak count value of approximately 3800 counts above the local background level, and a PSF with a full width half maximum of 4.0 pixels (0”.20). The Clio images were taken with a Barr Associates M-band filter with half power range of 4.47-5.06 m and central peak wavelength of 4.77 m.
## 3 Analysis
### 3.1 Astrometry
We use a custom pipeline to reduce Clio data, with steps including automatic amplifier noise pattern correction and beamswitching (described in Kenworthy et al., 2009). Bad pixels are interpolated over with a 33 pixel median filter. The science images are resampled with bilinear interpolation, and rotated with North at the top of the image and East to the left.
We use observations of the triple system HD 100831 (HIP 56622; STF 1553AB) to calibrate the plate scale and orientation of the detector. The system consists of a single primary star and a spectroscopic, unresolved (separation 1 mas) binary system with a period of approximately 3000 years. The primary and secondary are separated by approximately 6.1 arcseconds. This system has been observed over several epochs ranging back to 1890, showing that the orbital motion is closely approximated by a linear trend in position angle and angular separation. We use astrometry from Hipparcos (Perryman & ESA, 1997) and from Sinachopoulos et al. (2007) from 1990 through to 2005 to extrapolate the PA and separation at the observation epoch. We predict that the position angle of the HD 100831 binary at epoch 2007.267 was 165.74 0.08 with separation 6”.136 0”.010. Using these values we calculate the plate scale and orientation of the Clio detector on the April 2007 run, two days after carrying out the Alcor B observations. Our plate scale (48.56 0.10 mas pix) is similar to the plate scales determined during other Clio observation runs. The Position Angle offset for Clio differs from previous runs by 0.5 degrees, consistent with the repeatability of mounting Clio over several runs. The errors in the measurement of Alcor B astrometry is dominated by the astrometric uncertainty in the orbit of HD 100831.
Alcor B is clearly seen in all 129 science images. We determine the position offset and magnitude difference between A and B by using Alcor A as a reference PSF for each of the frames. Alcor B sits in the halo of uncorrected light from Alcor A, and so we estimate the local background about Alcor B by removing the azimuthal median of a set of nested concentric rings centered on Alcor A out to a radius of 3”. The reference PSF is then scaled in intensity and translated over to the location of Alcor B, and subtracted off. We then use a custom fitting routine to explore this three parameter space (X and Y offsets, plus the magnitude difference) by minimizing the residuals of this subtraction in a circular aperture centered on the position of Alcor B, using Alcor A as a PSF reference. Since we are able to use the unsaturated image of Alcor A as our PSF reference, we do not have to approximate the PSF of Alcor B or make any other simplifying assumptions, so we use an iterative process to determine the best fit parameters. If the fitting routine does not converge to a solution within 40 iterations, the fit is discarded (79 images are retained). Including the astrometric uncertainties determined from the calibrator binary, the mean values are separation = 1”.1095 0”.0020 and position angle .
### 3.2 Photometry
Using the same fitting routine, we measure a magnitude difference of mag with respect to Alcor A. The absolute photometric uncertainty for Alcor B is dominated by the uncertainty in the M-band magnitude for Alcor A, which is unmeasured. Alcor A is an A5Vn star with negligible reddening. Combining its L’ magnitude (3.65; Kidger & Martín-Luis, 2003, we assume 0.01 mag uncertainty) with the predicted intrinsic L’-M color for A5V stars (0.01; Bessell & Brett, 1988), and assuming a conservative total uncertainty in the intrinsic color and photometric conversion of 0.05 mag, we estimate the M magnitude of Alcor to be 3.64 0.05 mag. This leads to an apparent M-band magnitude for Alcor B of m = 8.82 0.05 mag.
### 3.3 X-ray Emission
Alcor has an X-ray counterpart in the ROSAT All Sky Survey (1RXS J132513.8+545920; Voges et al., 2000) situated 4” away from Alcor’s optical position, but with X-ray positional uncertainty of 13”. The total exposure time was 552 seconds, and the RASS observations were taken between 27 Nov 1990 and 1 Dec 1990. Using the soft X-ray counts in the ROSAT band (0.2-2.4 keV) and hardness ratio HR1 from Voges et al. (2000), and using the energy conversion factor from Fleming et al. (1995), and the adopted parallax from van Leeuwen (2007), we estimate an X-ray luminosity of 10 erg s. The hardness ratio HR1 is defined following Schmitt et al. (1995) and Voges et al. (1999) as HR1 = (B-A)/(B+A), where A is the ROSAT X-ray count-rate in the 0.1-0.4 keV band, and B is the count-rate in the 0.5-2.0 keV band. Alcor was also detected by ROSAT in a 2608 sec observation on 8 May 1992, and is reported in the Second ROSAT Source Catalog of Pointed Observations (ROSAT Consortium, 2000) as X-ray source 2RXP J1325.9+545914. No position error is given, but the X-ray source is 3”.5 away from Alcor, and given typical ROSAT positional uncertainties, it is extremely likely that the Alcor system is responsible for the X-ray emission. Using the soft X-ray counts in the ROSAT band (0.04679 ct s; 0.2-2.4 keV) and the reported hardness ratio (HR1 = -0.37), and using the energy conversion factor from Fleming et al. (1995), and the adopted parallax from van Leeuwen (2007), we estimate an X-ray luminosity of 10 erg s.
We adopt an exposure time-weighted mean ROSAT X-ray luminosity of 10 erg s. Independently, and using the same archival ROSAT data, Schröder & Schmitt (2007) report Alcor as an unresolved ROSAT X-ray source with luminosity L = 10 erg s. This is only 17% lower than the mean value we calculate, but within the systematic uncertainties for X-ray luminosity estimation using ROSAT count rates and hardness ratios.
### 3.4 Kinematic Information
#### 3.4.1 Velocity of Alcor
Combining the position, proper motion, and parallax from the revised Hipparcos (van Leeuwen, 2007) with the radial velocity from the compiled catalog of Gontcharov (2006), we estimate the velocity of Alcor in Galactic Cartesian coordinates to be = +14.2, +3.0, -9.4 km s(0.4, 0.7, 0.6 km s). The best modern long-baseline proper motion for Alcor comes from the Tycho-2 catalog (Høg et al., 2000), and combining the revised Hipparcos parallax and Gontcharov (2006) radial velocity with the Tycho-2 proper motion gives a velocity of = +14.3, +2.7, -9.3 km s(0.5, 0.7, 0.6 km s), i.e. negligibly different (0.3 km s per component) from that calculated using the short-baseline revised Hipparcos proper motion.
#### 3.4.2 Velocity of Mizar
In order to calculate an accurate center-of-mass velocity for the Mizar quadruple, we need an estimate of the systemic radial velocity for the system. The mass of Mizar B and its companion is not well-constrained, so it is difficult to calculate an accurate systemic velocity for Mizar. The systemic velocity of Mizar A is -6.3 0.4 km s(Pourbaix, 2000) and that for B is -9.3 0.1 km s(Gutmann, 1965). Guttman (1965) estimates that the Mizar B binary is 80% of the mass of the Mizar A binary. Adopting the mass of the Mizar A binary (4.9 M) from Hummel et al. (1998), then the mass of Mizar B is likely to be 3.9 M. Using these masses, we can estimate a mass-weighted systemic radial velocity of the Mizar AB quadruple system of -7.6 km s, with a conservative uncertainty of 1 km s.
We combine the revised Hipparcos trigonometric parallax from (38.01 1.71 mas van Leeuwen, 2007) and the dynamical parallax from (39.4 0.3 mas Hummel et al., 1998) to estimate a weighted mean parallax of = 39.36 0.30 mas. Using this systemic radial velocity, the weighted mean parallax, and the proper motion from van Leeuwen (2007), we calculate a velocity of Mizar of , , = 14.6, 3.1, -7.1 km s (0.5, 0.7, 0.6 km s).
#### 3.4.3 Velocity of Ursa Major Star Cluster
From the revised Hipparcos astrometry (van Leeuwen, 2007), published mean radial velocities (Gontcharov, 2006), and nucleus membership from King et al. (2003), we find the mean velocity vector of the UMa nucleus to be , , = 15.0, 2.8, -8.1 ( 0.4, 0.7, 1.0) km s, a convergent point of , = 300.9, -31.0 with S = 17.3 0.6 km s. Our UMa cluster velocity compares well to the unweighted mean measured by King et al. (2003): , , = 14.2, 2.8, -8.7 ( 0.7, 1.3, 1.8) km s. A figure showing the positions and proper motion vectors for the UMa nuclear members is shown in Figure 2.
Using the calculated velocity vectors for Alcor, Mizar, and the UMa cluster, we find that Alcor shares the motion of UMa to within 1.4 1.6 km s, and Mizar shares the motion of UMa to within 1.3 1.7 km s. Hence both Alcor and Mizar are consistent with being kinematic UMa members (although we discuss the intrinsic velocity dispersion of the group further in §3.4.4). Subtracting the motion of Alcor from that of Mizar yields , , = -0.4, 0.0, -2.4 km s (0.7, 1.0, 0.9 km s), and a difference in motion of 2.7 0.8 km s. Testing the hypothesis that the motion of Alcor is consistent with that of Mizar, the difference results in /d.o.f. = 7.4/3 and a probability of 6%. Hence, the motion of Alcor and Mizar are consistent at the 2 level, given the observational uncertainties.
We find both Alcor and Mizar to be comoving within 1.5 km s of the mean UMa cluster motion. What is the probability that a field A-type star would have a velocity as similar as Alcor’s and Mizar’s is to the UMa nucleus? To answer this question, we cross-referenced the revised Hipparcos astrometry catalog (van Leeuwen, 2007) with the Gontcharov (2006) compiled radial velocity catalog, and calculate UVW velocities for A-type stars (spectral types from Perryman & ESA, 1997) with parallaxes of 10 mas (d 100 pc) and parallax uncertainties of 12.5%. Given these constraints, we compile a catalog of velocities for 1018 A-type stars, 6 of which are known UMa nucleus members. After removing the 6 UMa A-type nucleus members, we find that only 1 A-type star within 100 pc (HIP 75678) has a velocity within 2 km s of the UMa nucleus (1/1012 0.1%). The typical error in the space motions for the A-type field stars is 2.5 km s(1.4 km s per component). We find that only 2.5% (25/1012) of field A-type stars have motions within 5 km s of the UMa velocity vector. Hence, given its velocity alone, a conservative upper limit to the probability that Alcor might be an interloper to the UMa cluster is probably in the range of 0.1-2.5 %.
#### 3.4.4 Peculiar Motion of Alcor
Independent of the radial velocity values, we can test how consistent Alcor’s tangential (proper) motion is with UMa membership. Following the techniques discussed in Mamajek (2005), we find that Alcor’s revised Hipparcos proper motion toward the UMa convergent point is = 120.9 0.1 mas yr, and the perpendicular motion is = 9.2 0.1 mas yr. At Alcor’s distance this translates into a peculiar motion of 1.1 0.1 km s.
What velocity dispersion do we expect among the UMa nuclear members if the cluster is in virial equilibrium? From the census of UMa nuclear members from King et al. (2003) and the astrometry from van Leeuwen (2007), we estimate that the stellar mass of the UMa nucleus is approximately 28 M and encloses a volume of 100 pc. The predicted 1D virial velocity for this stellar system is 0.1 km s, suggesting that the peculiar velocity of 1.1 0.1 km s is significantly deviant. However, the distribution of peculiar motions for the rest of the UMa nucleus members, using the revised Hipparcos proper motions and the mentioned convergent point, is consistent with a 1D velocity dispersion of 1.1 0.2 km s, implying that Alcor’s peculiar motion is not unusual compared to the other nuclear members. Our estimate of the 1D velocity dispersion is within the errors of that estimated by Chupina et al. (2001) of 1.33 km s (no uncertainty). The UMa nucleus has 9 stars with peculiar velocities of 0.5 km s, while the other outliers have peculiar velocities between 0.9 and 4.4 km s. All of these UMa nucleus stars with peculiar motions of 0.5 km s have been claimed to be stellar multiples (including HD 109011, 111456, 113139, 238224, Mizar, and now Alcor). So the likely reason that the observed 1D velocity dispersion of the UMa nucleus is 10 the predicted virial velocity is probably due to the effects of stellar multiplicity on the proper motions, rather than this long-lived 0.5 Gyr-old nucleus being unbound.
Given Alcor’s position in the UMa nucleus, similarity of motion with other UMa nucleus members, proximity to UMa member Mizar, HR diagram position consistent with other UMa members, and the inherent low space density of A dwarfs (local density is 10 pc)222Calculated using the census of stars within 10 pc from the Henry et al. RECONS project: http://www.chara.gsu.edu/RECONS/., it is extremely unlikely that Alcor could be an interloper. We conclude that Alcor is an UMa member, and that its motion is plausibly perturbed at the 1 km s level by the newly discovered companion star.
## 4 Discussion
### 4.1 The Nature of Alcor B
We investigate three scenarios for the nature of Alcor B: (1) interloper, (2) white dwarf bound companion, (3) low-mass main sequence bound companion. If the companion is bound, its age should be identical to that of Alcor A (i.e. 0.5 0.1 Gyr; King et al., 2003), and its apparent magnitude translates into an absolute M-band magnitude of M = 6.83 0.05 (adopting Alcor’s parallax of = 39.91 0.13 mas).
Scenario 1 (interloper): The companion is very bright for a background object. Alcor is at high Galactic latitude ( = +61.5). The number of M-band (approximately the same as IRAC 4.5 m) background stars can be estimated from Fig. 1 of Fazio et al. (2004). An approximate fit to the differential number counts in the Bootes field ( = +67.3) due to stars is log(dN/dM) [num mag deg] -2.0 + 0.33 mag. The predicted density of background stars brighter than mag 8.8 is 12 deg, and the number predicted within 1”.11 of Alcor is 310. In our initial imaging survey of 20 such A-type stars, we would have expected to find 610 interlopers of brighter magnitude and closer proximity. We also empirically measure the density of K-band ( = 2.2 m) stars brighter than K mag of 8.8 near Alcor in the 2MASS catalog (Cutri et al., 2003), and find 10 deg. Since most stars have K-M colors of 0.0, the 2MASS K density provides a useful check on the differential number counts provided by Fazio et al. (2004). If the star is a background star, it does not provide an explanation for Alcor’s X-ray emission or peculiar motion with respect to the UMa nucleus. We ascribe a negligible probability (10) that Alcor’s faint companion is a background star.
Scenario 2 (white dwarf): Given the age of the UMa cluster, any members whose initial mass was originally 2.9-7 M are now white dwarfs, most likely in the mass range 0.7-1.1 M (Lejeune & Schaerer, 2001; Kalirai, 2009). If we hypothesize that Alcor B was originally a 0.5 Gyr-old 2.9 M star, it should now be a cooling 0.7 M white dwarf star (Kalirai, 2009). The white dwarf cooling tracks of Bergeron et al. (1995)333http://www.astro.umontreal.ca/bergeron/CoolingModels/ do not include M-band, but does include K-band. If we assume K-M color of zero, then 8.8 implies a white dwarf cooling age of 270 kyr and a predicted T 100,000 K. While we can not completely rule out the companion being a white dwarf with the data in hand, we can estimate a rough probability for B being a white dwarf: P N / 0.01, where N is the number of stars in the UMa nucleus (20), is the time interval of rapid evolution that we are concerned with (the white dwarf cooling timescale), and is the age of the cluster (0.5 0.1 Gyr; King et al., 2003). While a white dwarf companion might explain Alcor’s peculiar motion, it does not explain the X-ray emission, and it appears very unlikely (P 10) that we would serendipitously discover a very luminous, hot, white dwarf companion during this very short period of its evolution.
Scenario 3 (low-mass dwarf companion): Using the log(age/yr) = 8.7 evolutionary tracks of Baraffe et al. (1998), a low-mass star with absolute M magnitude of 6.83 translates into a mass of 0.30 M (and predicted T = 3437 K, log(L/L) = -1.99, L = 10 erg s, spectral type M2V). If the low-mass dwarf is responsible for the ROSAT X-ray emission (L = 10 erg s), then log(L/L) = -3.26. Such an X-ray luminosity is typical of M dwarfs members of the similarly aged (625 Myr) Hyades cluster (Stern et al., 1995). The ROSAT X-ray emission of Alcor may be parsimoniously explained by the existence of a low-mass active companion. If the observed orbital separation corresponds to the semi-major axis (27.8 AU), then A (with mass 1.8 M) and B (with mass 0.3 M) would have velocity amplitudes of 1.2 km s and 7.0 km s, respectively, and a predicted period of 100 yr. Remarkably, the predicted velocity amplitude for Alcor A is similar in magnitude to the measured peculiar motion of Alcor A with respect to the Ursa Major nucleus mean motion. It is doubtful that the observed companion could be responsible for the unconfirmed radial velocity variations observed over a 9-yr period by Heard (1949).
The hypotheses that the new companion is a background star or a white dwarf companion appears to be very low, with approximate probabilities of 10 and 10, respectively. Not only is the idea of the companion being physical very likely, but it provides a likely explanation for why Alcor is an X-ray source at the observed X-ray luminosity, and why Alcor’s velocity is peculiar with respect to the Ursa Major mean motion at the 1 km s level. We conclude that the companion is likely to be physical, and a low-mass (0.3 M) dwarf.
### 4.2 Mizar-Alcor: A Hierarchical Sextuplet
While Mizar and Alcor was considered a wide-separation binary by Gliese & Jahreiss (1988), the two stars were claimed to belong to different kinematic subunits within the UMa cluster by Chupina et al. (2001). As the question of whether Mizar and Alcor comprise a physical binary appears to be unanswered, we decided to explore the issue using modern astrometric data. We do this by exploring the extent to which Mizar and Alcor are comoving and codistant, and testing whether they could be a bound system.
How likely is it that two UMa nucleus members (e.g. Mizar and Alcor) would lie within 709” of each other but not constitute a multiple system? The UMa nucleus contains 15 systems within a 200 deg region of sky (density of 0.8 stars deg). Hence the number of predicted UMa members within 709” of a random UMa member is 0.1. So Mizar and Alcor are projected unusually close to one another if they do not constitute a physical subsystem, but are both UMa members.
To what degree are Mizar and Alcor consistent with being co-distant? For calculating distances to Alcor and Mizar, we adopt the parallax for Alcor listed in Table 1 (39.91 0.13 mas; van Leeuwen, 2007) and the parallax for Mizar calculated in Sec. 3.4.2 (39.36 0.30 mas). The parallaxes are consistent with distances of 25.4 0.2 pc for Mizar and 25.1 0.1 pc for Alcor, respectively, and only differ by 2.7. Monte Carlo modeling of the parallax uncertainties leads to a physical separation between the Mizar and Alcor systems of = 0.36 0.19 pc (74 39 kAU). The minimum possible separation is = 17.8 kAU. For reference, the most massive and central UMa member – Alioth – lies at = 25.3 0.1 pc (from revised Hipparcos parallax; van Leeuwen, 2007), and so is statistically consistent with being codistant with Mizar-Alcor. Using the adopted distances, Alcor is physically 2.01 0.02 pc away from the central UMa star Alioth.
We already demonstrated in §3.4.3 that Alcor and Mizar differ in motion by only 2.70.8 km s, and are marginally statistically consistent with co-motion. What orbital velocities would we expect for the Alcor binary and Mizar quadruple? If we assume a total mass for the Mizar system of 9 M, a total mass of 2 M for the Alcor binary, and a presumed orbital semimajor axis of 74 kAU, then one would predict relative orbital velocities of 0.3 km s for the Alcor center-of-mass and 0.07 km s for the center-of-mass of the Mizar quadruple. If Alcor and Mizar are actually at their minimum possible separation (17.8 kAU), then the velocity amplitudes would be 0.6 km s (Mizar) and 0.1 km s (Alcor). Hence the center-of-mass motions of Alcor and Mizar are likely to be within 0.7 km s along any axis, and within the uncertainties of the current astrometric measurements.
## 5 Summary
We conclude that a low-mass main sequence companion physically bound to Alcor A is the most likely explanation for the nature of Alcor B. Future observations confirming common proper motion, and multiband imaging or spectroscopy confirming that the companion is indeed a M-type dwarf, are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. The newly discovered companion is unlikely to be responsible for the short timespan radial velocity variations observed by Frost (1908) and Heard (1949). The case for the Alcor binary and the Mizar quadruple constituting a bound sextuplet with physical separation = 0.36 0.19 pc (74 39 kAU) is also strong, given the statistical consistency of their space velocities.
Recent simulations of multiple star evolution in dense stellar clusters by Parker et al. (2009) shows that clusters with initial densities of 10 M pc preclude the production of binaries with separations of 10 AU like Mizar-Alcor. Indeed, Parker et al. (2009) conclude that “[b]inaries with separations 10 AU are ’always soft’ - any cluster will destroy such binaries (if they could even form in the first place)” and that such binaries must form in isolation. Mizar-Alcor would appear to be a counter-example. Given the range of initial stellar densities probed by the Parker et al. study, one can conclude that a reasonable upper limit on the initial density of the UMa cluster is 10 M pc.
In comparing the Mizar-Alcor sextuplet to the known multiple star population (Tokovinin, 1997; Eggleton & Tokovinin, 2008), it appears that that Mizar-Alcor (d 25 pc) is the 2nd known closest multiple system with 6 (or more) components after Castor (d 16 pc). The addition of Mizar-Alcor to the census of known multiple systems with 6 or more components brings the census of such systems within 100 pc to 6, and effectively doubles the density of such systems within a the 40 pc local volume.
We thank the Harvard-Smithsonian CfA TAC for allocating the MMT time that made these observations possible. We thank the MMT staff, especially John McAfee, Alejandra Milone, Mike Alegria, and Tim Pickering, and also Vidhya Vaitheeswaran and Thomas Stalcup for their support of the MMT/AO system. We thank Eric Bubar for comments on the manuscript. Clio is supported by grant NNG 04-GN39G from the NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder Foundation Science Program. MAK is supported by grant NNG 06-GE26G from the NASA Terrestrial Planet Finder Foundation Science Program. EEM was supported by a Clay Postdoctoral Fellowship at CfA during this observing program. MRM acknowledges support through LAPLACE from the NASA Astrobiology Institute.
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https://quantumcomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/11724/will-two-entangled-qubits-be-affected-by-gravity/11725 | # Will two entangled qubits be affected by gravity?
Will two entangled qubits be affected by gravity? I mean if one is near blackhole's horizon and other is on earth will the effect of relativity be experienced on the measurement? will there be any delay or error in measurement?
• wouldn't this question be more on topic on Physics SE? Apr 30 '20 at 7:58
• a recent paper proposing a test to observe the effects of gravity on entangled states is Bose et al. 2017
– glS
May 4 '20 at 18:52
Let's start with the Bell state $$\frac1{\sqrt2}(|01\rangle+|10\rangle)$$. Let's further assume that the entire universe (or at least the parts of relevance) are pervaded by a static magnetic field along the $$z$$-axis, which I relate to the unitary evolution $$\exp(-itH_z)$$.
Now let's place one part of the entangled state next to a massive object, such that its own time evolves slower than ours far away.
As you can see in this QUIRK circuit here, the Bell states changes back and forth between $$\frac1{\sqrt2}(|01\rangle+|10\rangle)\leftrightarrow\frac{e^{i\phi}}{\sqrt2}(|01\rangle-|10\rangle),$$ as time goes by with two different speeds. Now you have to come up with a measurement protocol to distinguish these two states by local operations and communications (don't enter the event horizon!)
Whereas you only catch up a global phase which is not measurable...
UPDATE
There is "Space QUEST (QUantum Entanglement Space Test) mission proposal" at the arxiv, to "...Experimentally test decoherence due to gravity". From the abstract:
Some speculative theories suggest that quantum properties, such as entanglement, may exhibit entirely different behavior to purely classical systems. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 4, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.835442304611206, "perplexity": 752.8741027690985}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780058222.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20210926235727-20210927025727-00054.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/141745/measure-integration-problem | Measure integration problem
Assume $A_j,j\geq 1,j\in\Bbb N$ are measurable sets. Let $m \in N$, and let $E_m$ be the set defined as follows : $x \in E_m \Longleftrightarrow x$ is a member of at least $m$ of the sets $A_k$.
I wanna know how to prove that
1. $E_m$ is measurable.
2. $m\lambda(E_m)\le\sum^{\infty}_{k=1}\lambda(A_k)$.
It's hard to me. Help me T.T
-
For the first question, try to write $E$ as a countable union involving the $A_j$, using the fact that the subsets of $\Bbb N$ which have $m$ elements is countable. – Davide Giraudo May 6 '12 at 12:54
Call $S=\sum\limits_{n=1}^{+\infty}\mathbf 1_{A_n}$. Here are some hints:
• Show that $S$ is a measurable function (possibly as the pointwise limit of a sequence of measurable functions). Note that $E_m=[S\geqslant m]$, and deduce item 1.
• Compute the integral $I$ of $S$ in terms of the sequence $(\lambda(A_n))_n$. Show that Markov's inequality reads $m\lambda(E_m)\leqslant I$ in the present situation, and deduce item 2. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9960570931434631, "perplexity": 126.52353422417187}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440645366585.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827031606-00309-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/serials/3051 | ×
## Communications in Mathematical Sciences
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Duan, Jinquiao; Schmalfuss, Björn
2003
A mathematical model for the hard sphere repulsion in ionic solutions. Zbl 1406.76089
Hyon, Yunkyong; Eisenberg, Bob; Liu, Chun
2011
Gauge method for viscous incompressible flows. Zbl 1160.76329
E, Weinan; Liu, Jian-Guo
2003
On the local existence of analytic solutions to the Prandtl boundary layer equations. Zbl 1291.35224
Kukavica, Igor; Vicol, Vlad
2013
PDE’s on surfaces – a diffusive interface approach. Zbl 1113.35092
Rätz, Andreas; Voigt, Axel
2006
The Riemann problem for the shallow water equations with discontinuous topography. Zbl 1145.35082
LeFloch, Philippe G.; Thanh, Mai Duc
2007
Stability estimates for a class of Helmholtz problems. Zbl 1135.35323
Hetmaniuk, U.
2007
Fast linearized Bregman iteration for compressive sensing and sparse denoising. Zbl 1190.49040
Osher, Stanley; Mao, Yu; Dong, Bin; Yin, Wotao
2010
Analysis of optimal boundary control for radiative heat transfer modeled by the $$SP_1$$-system. Zbl 1145.49015
Pinnau, René
2007
Global existence for a 2D incompressible viscoelastic model with small strain. Zbl 1132.76008
Lei, Zhen; Liu, Chun; Zhou, Yi
2007
Gravity driven shallow water models for arbitrary topography. Zbl 1084.76012
Bouchut, François; Westdickenberg, Michael
2004
Convergence to equilibrium for a phase-field model for the mixture of two viscous incompressible fluids. Zbl 1183.35224
Zhao, Liyun; Wu, Hao; Huang, Haiyang
2009
A diffuse-interface approach for modelling transport, diffusion and adsorption/desorption of material quantities on a deformable interface. Zbl 1186.35168
Teigen, Knut Erik; Li, Xiangrong; Lowengrub, John; Wang, Fan; Voigt, Axel
2009
Well-posedness of 3D vortex sheets with surface tension. Zbl 1130.76016
Ambrose, David M.; Masmoudi, Nader
2007
Large scale dynamics of precipitation fronts in the tropical atmosphere: a novel relaxation limit. Zbl 1160.86303
Frierson, Dargan M. W.; Majda, Andrew J.; Pauluis, Olivier M.
2004
Nonlinear inverse scale space methods. Zbl 1106.68117
Burger, Martin; Gilboa, Guy; Osher, Stanley; Xu, Jinjun
2006
High-order entropy-based closures for linear transport in slab geometry. Zbl 1284.82050
Hauck, Cory D.
2011
A level set method for the computation of multivalued solutions to quasi-linear hyperbolic PDEs and Hamilton-Jacobi equations. Zbl 1090.35116
Jin, Shi; Osher, Stanley
2003
Global weak solutions of 3D compressible micropolar fluids with discontinuous initial data and vacuum. Zbl 1309.35071
Chen, Mingtao; Xu, Xinying; Zhang, Jianwen
2015
Nonlinear Schrödinger equation with time dependent potential. Zbl 1285.35105
Carles, Rémi
2011
Strong convergence of principle of averaging for multiscale stochastic dynamical systems. Zbl 1208.60057
Liu, Di
2010
Kinetic description of optimal control problems and applications to opinion consensus. Zbl 1325.49001
Albi, Giacomo; Herty, Michael; Pareschi, Lorenzo
2015
Computational high-frequency wave propagation using the level set method with applications to the semi-classical limit of Schrödinger equations. Zbl 1084.35066
Cheng, Li-Tien; Liu, Hailiang; Osher, Stanley
2003
Hankel tensors: associated Hankel matrices and Vandermonde decomposition. Zbl 1331.15020
Qi, Liqun
2015
Conservative multigrid methods for ternary Cahn-Hilliard systems. Zbl 1085.65093
Kim, Junseok; Kang, Kyungkeun; Lowengrub, John
2004
Unconditionally stable schemes for higher order inpainting. Zbl 1216.94016
Schönlieb, Carola-Bibiane; Bertozzi, Andrea
2011
Ring patterns and their bifurcations in a nonlocal model of biological swarms. Zbl 1331.35044
Bertozzi, Andrea L.; Kolokolnikov, Theodore; Sun, Hui; Uminsky, David; von Brecht, James
2015
Rayleigh-Bénard convection: dynamics and structure in the physical space. Zbl 1133.35426
Ma, Tian; Wang, Shouhong
2007
Globally hyperbolic regularization of Grad’s moment system in one dimensional space. Zbl 1301.35083
Cai, Zhenning; Fan, Yuwei; Li, Ruo
2013
A positivity-preserving, energy stable and convergent numerical scheme for the Cahn-Hilliard equation with a Flory-Huggins-deGennes energy. Zbl 1423.60052
Dong, Lixiu; Wang, Cheng; Zhang, Hui; Zhang, Zhengru
2019
Some decay estimates of solutions for the 3-D compressible isentropic magnetohydrodynamics. Zbl 1372.76115
Zhang, Jianwen; Zhao, Junning
2010
Analysis of the heterogeneous multiscale method for ordinary differential equations. Zbl 1088.65552
E, Weinan
2003
Global existence and boundedness in a 2D Keller-Segel-Stokes system with nonlinear diffusion and rotational flux. Zbl 1351.35073
Li, Xie; Wang, Yulan; Xiang, Zhaoyin
2016
Compressible Navier-Stokes equations with temperature dependent heat conductivity. Zbl 1315.35173
Pan, Ronghua; Zhang, Weizhe
2015
Diffuse interface modelling of soluble surfactants in two-phase flow. Zbl 1319.35309
Garcke, Harald; Lam, Kei Fong; Stinner, Björn
2014
Stochastic homogenization of Hamilon-Jacobi and “viscous”-Hamilton-Jacobi equations with convex nonlinearities – revisited. Zbl 1197.35031
Lions, Pierre-Louis; Souganidis, Panagiotis E.
2010
Stability of the MUSCL schemes for the Euler equations. Zbl 1161.65344
Berthon, Christophe
2005
On the Cahn-Hilliard-Brinkman system. Zbl 1330.35313
Bosia, Stefano; Conti, Monica; Grasselli, Maurizio
2015
Gaussian beam methods for the Schrödinger equation in the semi-classical regime: Lagrangian and Eulerian formulations. Zbl 1161.81369
Jin, Shi; Wu, Hao; Yang, Xu
2008
KPP pulsating front speed-up by flows. Zbl 1152.35055
Ryzhik, Lenya; Zlatos, Andrej
2007
Strong convergence of projective integration schemes for singularly perturbed stochastic differential systems. Zbl 1115.60036
Givon, Dror; Kevrekidis, Ioannis G.; Kupferman, Raz
2006
Infimal convolution regularizations with discrete $$\ell_1$$-type functionals. Zbl 1269.49063
Setzer, S.; Steidl, G.; Teuber, T.
2011
Local existence of classical solutions to the two-dimensional viscous compressible flows with vacuum. Zbl 1280.35096
Luo, Zhen
2012
Regularity results for the 2D Boussinesq equations with critical or supercritical dissipation. Zbl 1358.35136
Wu, Jiahong; Xu, Xiaojing; Xue, Liutang; Ye, Zhuan
2016
Finite-time blow-up of $$L^\infty$$-weak solutions of an aggregation equation. Zbl 1197.35061
Bertozzi, Andrea L.; Brandman, Jeremy
2010
On the statistical properties of the 3D incompressible Navier-Stokes-Voigt model. Zbl 1188.35135
Levant, Boris; Ramos, Fabio; Titi, Edriss S.
2010
Network models for supply chains. Zbl 1115.90008
Göttlich, S.; Herty, M.; Klar, A.
2005
Axial symmetry and classification of stationary solutions of Doi-Onsager equation on the sphere with Maier-Saupe potential. Zbl 1092.76007
Liu, Hailiang; Zhang, Hui; Zhang, Pingwen
2005
Exponential decay for the growth-fragmentation/cell-division equations. Zbl 1183.35038
Laurençot, Philippe; Perthame, Benoit
2009
Dynamics of the 3D fractional Ginzburg-Landau equation with multiplicative noise on an unbounded domain. Zbl 1331.37070
Lu, Hong; Bates, Peter W.; Lü, Shujuan; Zhang, Mingji
2015
On a multi-species Cahn-Hilliard-Darcy tumor growth model with singular potentials. Zbl 1404.35456
Frigeri, Sergio; Lam, Kei Fong; Rocca, Elisabetta; Schimperna, Giulio
2018
Application of the Wasserstein metric to seismic signals. Zbl 1305.86006
Engquist, Björn; Froese, Brittany D.
2014
Analysis of SPDEs arising in path sampling. I: The Gaussian case. Zbl 1138.60326
Hairer, M.; Stuart, A. M.; Voss, J.; Wiberg, P.
2005
Singularity formation and instability in the unsteady inviscid and viscous Prandtl equations. Zbl 1084.76020
Hong, Lan; Hunter, John K.
2003
Small viscosity sharp estimates for the global attractor of the 2D damped-driven Navier-Stokes equations. Zbl 1084.35058
Ilyin, A. A.; Miranville, A.; Titi, E. S.
2004
New entropy estimates for the Oldroyd-B model and related models. Zbl 1137.35318
Hu, D.; Lelièvre, T.
2007
Graph-theoretic approaches to injectivity and multiple equilibria in systems of interacting elements. Zbl 1195.05038
Banaji, Murad; Craciun, Gheorghe
2009
Dynamic bifurcation and stability in the Rayleigh-Bénard convection. Zbl 1133.76315
Ma, Tian; Wang, Shouhong
2004
A fast directional algorithm for high frequency acoustic scattering in two dimensions. Zbl 1182.65178
Engquist, Björn; Ying, Lexing
2009
Fast algorithm for extracting the diagonal of the inverse matrix with application to the electronic structure analysis of metallic systems. Zbl 1182.65072
Lin, Lin; Lu, Jianfeng; Ying, Lexing; Car, Roberto; E, Weinan
2009
On multiscale models of Pedestrian crowds from mesoscopic to macroscopic. Zbl 1329.90029
Bellomo, Nicola; Bellouquid, Abdelghani
2015
Weak solutions for a bioconvection model related to Bacillus subtilis. Zbl 1302.35069
Vorotnikov, Dmitry
2014
$$L^1$$-stability of constants in a model for radiating gases. Zbl 1080.76047
Serre, Denis
2003
S-ROCK methods for stiff Itô SDEs. Zbl 1162.60330
Abdulle, Assyr; Li, Tiejun
2008
Evolution of non-isothermal Landau-de Gennes nematic liquid crystals flows with singular potential. Zbl 1330.76012
Feireisl, Eduard; Rocca, Elisabetta; Schimperna, Giulio; Zarnescu, Arghir
2014
Superpositions and higher order Gaussian beams. Zbl 1166.35345
Tanushev, Nicolay M.
2008
Nonlinear Fokker-Planck Navier-Stokes systems. Zbl 1110.35057
Constantin, Peter
2005
Asymptotic behavior of solutions to the full compressible Navier-Stokes equations in the half space. Zbl 1213.35101
Huang, Feimin; Li, Jing; Shi, Xiaoding
2010
Fractional operators with inhomogeneous boundary conditions: analysis, control, and discretization. Zbl 06996271
Antil, Harbir; Pfefferer, Johannes; Rogovs, Sergejs
2018
An energetic variational approach for ion transport. Zbl 1319.35199
Xu, Shixin; Sheng, Ping; Liu, Chun
2014
Wavenumber-explicit convergence analysis for finite element discretizations of time-harmonic wave propagation problems with perfectly matched layers. Zbl 1484.35162
Chaumont-Frelet, Théophile; Gallistl, Dietmar; Nicaise, Serge; Tomezyk, Jérôme
2022
On homogenization of the Landau-Lifshitz equation with rapidly oscillating material coefficient. Zbl 1503.35022
Leitenmaier, Lena; Runborg, Olof
2022
Discrete maximum principle of a high order finite difference scheme for a generalized Allen-Cahn equation. Zbl 1489.65124
Shen, Jie; Zhang, Xiangxiong
2022
Mass-energy threshold dynamics for dipolar quantum gases. Zbl 1479.35775
Dinh, Van Duong; Forcella, Luigi; Hajaiej, Hichem
2022
A second-order accurate, energy stable numerical scheme for the one-dimensional porous medium equation by an energetic variational approach. Zbl 1496.65110
Duan, Chenghua; Chen, Wenbin; Liu, Chun; Wang, Cheng; Yue, Xingye
2022
Propagator norm and sharp decay estimates for Fokker-Planck equations with linear drift. Zbl 1490.35493
Arnold, Anton; Schmeiser, Christian; Signorello, Beatrice
2022
Consistency analysis of bilevel data-driven learning in inverse problems. Zbl 1483.35338
Chada, Neil K.; Schillings, Claudia; Tong, Xin T.; Weissmann, Simon
2022
On uniform second-order nonlocal approximations to diffusion and subdiffusion equations with nonlocal effect parameter. Zbl 1483.45008
Yang, Jerry Z.; Yin, Xiaobo; Zhang, Jiwei
2022
Exponential convergence of Sobolev gradient descent for a class of nonlinear eigenproblems. Zbl 1483.35143
Zhang, Ziyun
2022
A fractional Korn-type inequality for smooth domains and a regularity estimate for nonlinear nonlocal systems of equations. Zbl 1483.35008
Mengesha, Tadele; Scott, James M.
2022
Design of a mode converter using thin resonant ligaments. Zbl 1483.35014
Chesnel, Lucas; Heleine, Jérémy; Nazarov, Sergei A.
2022
A finite element method for Dirichlet boundary control of elliptic partial differential equations. Zbl 1486.49032
Du, Shaohong; Cai, Zhiqiang
2022
A sharp critical threshold for a traffic flow model with look-ahead dynamics. Zbl 1493.35054
Lee, Yongki; Tan, Changhui
2022
On two-dimensional steady hypersonic-limit Euler flows passing ramps and Radon measure solutions of compressible Euler equations. Zbl 1492.35204
Jin, Yunjuan; Qu, Aifang; Yuan, Hairong
2022
Nonequilibrium-diffusion limit of the compressible Euler-P1 approximation model arising from radiation hydrodynamics. Zbl 1502.35096
Ju, Qiangchang; Liao, Yongkai
2022
Global smooth solutions to the 3D non-resistive MHD equations with low regularity axisymmetric data. Zbl 1499.35492
Ai, Xiaolian; Li, Zhouyu
2022
Proof that deep artificial neural networks overcome the curse of dimensionality in the numerical approximation of Kolmogorov partial differential equations with constant diffusion and nonlinear drift coefficients. Zbl 1475.65157
Jentzen, Arnulf; Salimova, Diyora; Welti, Timo
2021
Global smooth solutions in a two-dimensional cross-diffusion system modeling propagation of urban crime. Zbl 1479.35120
Tao, Youshan; Winkler, Michael
2021
Entropy admissibility of the limit solution for a nonlocal model of traffic flow. Zbl 1486.35292
Bressan, Alberto; Shen, Wen
2021
Analytically pricing variance swaps in commodity derivative markets under stochastic convenience yields. Zbl 1479.91413
Rujivan, Sanae
2021
Efficient numerical scheme for the anisotropic modified phase-field crystal model with a strong nonlinear vacancy potential. Zbl 1475.65074
Li, Qi; Yang, Xiaofeng; Mei, Liquan
2021
Wave breaking for a model equation for shallow water waves of moderate amplitude. Zbl 1479.35153
Yang, Shaojie
2021
Kinetic and hydrodynamic models for the relativistic Cucker-Smale ensemble and emergent behaviors. Zbl 1475.35333
Ha, Seung-Yeal; Kim, Jeongho; Ruggeri, Tommaso
2021
Analysis of a cross-diffusion model for rival gangs interaction in a city. Zbl 1479.35087
Barbaro, Alethea B. T.; Rodriguez, Nancy; Yoldas, Havva; Zamponi, Nicola
2021
Deep fictitious play for stochastic differential games. Zbl 1484.91034
Hu, Ruimeng
2021
Selection and mutation in a shifting and fluctuating environment. Zbl 1479.35092
Figueroa Iglesias, Susely; Mirrahimi, Sepideh
2021
On the continuous time limit of ensemble square root filters. Zbl 1477.93163
Lange, Theresa; Stannat, Wilhelm
2021
Nonlocal approaches for multilane traffic models. Zbl 1479.35563
Friedrich, Jan; Göttlich, Simone; Rossi, Elena
2021
Strong solutions to a modified Michelson-Sivashinsky equation. Zbl 1479.35225
Ibdah, Hussain
2021
Large-time behavior of solutions to Cauchy problem for bipolar Euler-Poisson system with time-dependent damping in critical case. Zbl 1479.35110
Luan, Liping; Mei, Ming; Rubino, Bruno; Zhu, Peicheng
2021
Complete monotonicity-preserving numerical methods for time fractional ODEs. Zbl 1477.65109
Li, Lei; Wang, Dongling
2021
On dissipative solutions to a simplified hyperbolic Ericksen-Leslie system of liquid crystals. Zbl 1496.35309
Cheng, Feng; Jiang, Ning; Luo, Yi-Long
2021
Emergence of stochastic flocking for the discrete Cucker-Smale model with randomly switching topologies. Zbl 1476.34113
Dong, Jiu-Gang; Ha, Seung-Yeal; Jung, Jinwook; Kim, Doheon
2021
Asymptotic analysis of the Boltzmann equation with very soft potentials from angular cutoff to non-cutoff. Zbl 1479.35098
He, Ling-Bing; Yao, Zheng-An; Zhou, Yu-Long
2021
Large time behavior for a Hamilton-Jacobi equation in a critical coagulation-fragmentation model. Zbl 1483.35037
Mitake, Hiroyoshi; Tran, Hung V.; Van, Truong-Son
2021
Blowup for $$C^1$$ solutions of compressible Euler equations with time-dependent damping. Zbl 1497.35354
Liu, Jianli; Wang, Jingjie; Yuen, Manwai
2021
Invariant domain preserving central schemes for nonlinear hyperbolic systems. Zbl 07440971
Popov, Bojan; Hua, Yuchen
2021
Global well-posedness of the stochastic Camassa-Holm equation. Zbl 1479.35967
Chen, Yong; Duan, Jinqiao; Gao, Hongjun
2021
Dynkin game for callable-puttable convertible bonds: the valuation and sensitivity analysis. Zbl 1475.91355
Du, Kai; Wu, Zhen; Zhan, Detao
2021
Numerical approximations and error analysis of the Cahn-Hilliard equation with dynamic boundary conditions. Zbl 1476.65160
Bao, Xuelian; Zhang, Hui
2021
Stability of equilibria to the model for non-isothermal electrokinetics. Zbl 1476.35201
Jiang, Ning; Luo, Yi-Long; Zhang, Xu
2021
An improved small data theorem for the Vlasov-Poisson system. Zbl 1479.35117
Schaeffer, Jack
2021
Unidirectional flocks in hydrodynamic Euler alignment system. II: Singular models. Zbl 1476.35204
Lear, Daniel; Shvydkoy, Roman
2021
Complexity of randomized algorithms for underdamped Langevin dynamics. Zbl 1476.65009
Cao, Yu; Lu, Jianfeng; Wang, Lihan
2021
Global solutions to rotating motion of isentropic flows with cylindrical symmetry. Zbl 1479.35702
Yuan, Difan
2021
An ellipsoidal statistical model for a monoatomic and a polyatomic gas mixture. Zbl 1490.76186
Brull, Stéphane
2021
Radon measure solutions for steady hypersonic-limit Euler flows passing two-dimensional finite non-symmetric obstacles and interactions of free concentration layers. Zbl 1490.35282
Qu, Aifang; Wang, Li; Yuan, Hairong
2021
On entropic solutions to conservation laws coupled with moving bottlenecks. Zbl 1479.35565
Liard, Thibault; Piccoli, Benedetto
2021
Global dynamics below the ground states for NLS under partial harmonic confinement. Zbl 1475.35309
Ardila, Alex H.; Carles, Rémi
2021
Analysis of the role of convection in a system describing the tumor-induced angiogenesis. Zbl 1479.35103
Jin, Hai-Yang; Xu, Jiao
2021
Local error of a splitting scheme for a nonlinear Schrödinger-type equation with random dispersion. Zbl 1475.35322
Marty, Renaud
2021
A regularity criterion for the Navier-Stokes equations via one diagonal entry of the velocity gradient. Zbl 1475.35243
Skalák, Zdeněk
2021
Large time asymptotic behavior of grain boundaries motion with dynamic lattice misorientations and with triple junctions drag. Zbl 1484.34114
Epshteyn, Yekaterina; Liu, Chun; Mizuno, Masashi
2021
Cauchy problem for thermoelastic plate equations with different damping mechanisms. Zbl 1472.35048
Chen, Wenhui
2020
Fully discrete positivity-preserving and energy-dissipating schemes for aggregation-diffusion equations with a gradient-flow structure. Zbl 1467.35317
Bailo, Rafael; Carrillo, José A.; Hu, Jingwei
2020
Recursively preconditioned hierarchical interpolative factorization for elliptic partial differential equations. Zbl 1437.65172
Feliu-Fabà, Jordi; Ho, Kenneth L.; Ying, Lexing
2020
2D tropical climate model with fractional dissipation and without thermal diffusion. Zbl 1439.35479
Dong, Bo-Qing; Wu, Jiahong; Ye, Zhuan
2020
Constraint energy minimizing generalized multiscale finite element method for dual continuum model. Zbl 1460.65119
Cheung, Siu Wun; Chung, Eric T.; Efendiev, Yalchin; Leung, Wing Tat; Vasilyeva, Maria
2020
Global existence for Nernst-Planck-Navier-Stokes system in $$\mathbb{R}^n$$. Zbl 1464.35186
Liu, Jian-Guo; Wang, Jinhuan
2020
Local well-posedness of isentropic compressible Navier-Stokes equations with vacuum. Zbl 1467.35242
Gong, Huajun; Li, Jinkai; Liu, Xian-Gao; Zhang, Xiaotao
2020
Forward backward doubly stochastic differential equations and the optimal filtering of diffusion processes. Zbl 1458.60067
Bao, Feng; Cao, Yanzhao; Han, Xiaoying
2020
Criteria for the $$a$$-contraction and stability for the piecewise-smooth solutions to hyperbolic balance laws. Zbl 1462.35198
Krupa, Sam G.
2020
Models of nonlinear acoustics viewed as an approximation of the Navier-Stokes and Euler compressible isentropic systems. Zbl 1467.35239
Dekkers, Adrien; Rozanova-Pierrat, Anna
2020
Markov jump processes and collision-like models in the kinetic description of multi-agent systems. Zbl 1464.35168
Loy, Nadia; Tosin, Andrea
2020
Intensity fluctuations in random waveguides. Zbl 1462.35477
Garnier, Josselin
2020
Path-conservative in-cell discontinuous reconstruction schemes for non conservative hyperbolic systems. Zbl 1436.35017
Chalons, Christophe
2020
An efficient and globally convergent algorithm for $$\ell_{p,q} - \ell_r$$ model in group sparse optimization. Zbl 1436.49037
Xue, Yunhua; Feng, Yanfei; Wu, Chunlin
2020
The Wasserstein distances between pushed-forward measures with applications to uncertainty quantification. Zbl 1457.60004
Sagiv, Amir
2020
The local well-posedness to the density-dependent magnetic Bénard system with nonnegative density. Zbl 1460.35301
Zhong, Xin
2020
On a nonlocal differential equation describing roots of polynomials under differentiation. Zbl 1467.35272
Granero-Belinchón, Rafael
2020
Two-front solutions of the SQG equation and its generalizations. Zbl 1464.35227
Hunter, John K.; Shu, Jingyang; Zhang, Qingtian
2020
Unique weak solutions of the non-resistive magnetohydrodynamic equations with fractional dissipation. Zbl 1464.35230
Jiu, Quansen; Suo, Xiaoxiao; Wu, Jiahong; Yu, Huan
2020
A mathematical model for Alzheimer’s disease: an approach via stochastic homogenization of the Smoluchowski equation. Zbl 1464.35361
Franchi, Bruno; Heida, Martin; Lorenzani, Silvia
2020
A class of efficient spectral methods and error analysis for nonlinear Hamiltonian systems. Zbl 1460.65128
An, Jing; Cao, Waixiang; Zhang, Zhimin
2020
An open microscopic model of heat conduction: evolution and non-equilibrium stationary states. Zbl 1458.60103
Komorowski, Tomasz; Olla, Stefano; Simon, Marielle
2020
Qualitative analysis of an integrated chemotaxis-fluid model: global existence and extensibility criterion. Zbl 1461.35052
Fan, Jishan; Jing, Lulu; Nakamura, Gen; Zhao, Kun
2020
Global strong solutions to the Cauchy problem of 1D compressible MHD equations with no resistivity. Zbl 1462.35303
Li, Zilai; Wang, Huaqiao; Ye, Yulin
2020
Inviscid limit to the shock waves for the fractal Burgers equation. Zbl 1462.35200
Akopian, Sona; Kang, Moon-Jin; Vasseur, Alexis
2020
Seemingly stable chemical kinetics can be stable, marginally stable, or unstable. Zbl 1459.60104
Agazzi, Andrea; Mattingly, Jonathan C.
2020
Wasserstein gradient flow formulation of the time-fractional Fokker-Planck equation. Zbl 1467.35318
Duong, Manh Hong; Jin, Bangti
2020
Sampling from rough energy landscapes. Zbl 1466.65010
Plecháč, Petr; Simpson, Gideon
2020
Global strong solutions to compressible Navier-Stokes system with degenerate heat conductivity and density-depending viscosity. Zbl 1476.76060
Huang, Bin; Shi, Xiaoding; Sun, Ying
2020
Diagram notation for the derivation of hyperbolic moment systems. Zbl 1467.35233
Koellermeier, Julian; Fan, Yuwei
2020
Propagation of the mono-kinetic solution in the Cucker-Smale-type kinetic equations. Zbl 1464.35231
Kang, Moon-Jin; Kim, Jeongho
2020
Stability for two-dimensional plane Couette flow to the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with Navier boundary conditions. Zbl 1468.35108
Ding, Shijin; Lin, Zhilin
2020
Suppression of blow up by mixing in generalized Keller-Segel system with fractional dissipation. Zbl 1464.35402
Shi, Binbin; Wang, Weike
2020
On violent instability of a plasma-vacuum interface for an incompressible plasma flow and a nonzero displacement current in vacuum. Zbl 1462.35314
Trakhinin, Yuri
2020
Regularity results for the Navier-Stokes-Maxwell system. Zbl 1462.35315
Wen, Zhihong; Ye, Zhuan
2020
Nonlinear diffusion equations with degenerate fast-decay mobility by coordinate transformation. Zbl 1460.35210
Ansini, Nadia; Fagioli, Simone
2020
Existence of large solutions to the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equation. Zbl 1462.35377
Hamdache, Kamel; Hamroun, Djamila
2020
Entropy supplementary conservation law for non-linear systems of PDEs with non-conservative terms: application to the modelling and analysis of complex fluid flows using computer algebra. Zbl 1460.35225
Cordesse, Pierre; Massot, Marc
2020
Emergent behaviors of the discrete-time Kuramoto model for generic initial configuration. Zbl 1457.37100
Zhang, Xiongtao; Zhu, Tingting
2020
Numerical study of compressible Navier-Stokes-Cahn-Hilliard system. Zbl 1466.65064
He, Qiaolin; Shi, Xiaoding
2020
Periodic traveling-wave solutions for regularized dispersive equations: sufficient conditions for orbital stability with applications. Zbl 1461.35089
Cristófani, Fabrício; Natali, Fábio; Pastor, Ademir
2020
High-order fully well-balanced Lagrange-projection scheme for shallow water. Zbl 1466.65095
Morales de Luna, Tomás; Castro Díaz, Manuel J.; Chalons, Christophe
2020
On the smooth solutions of Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch equations of antiferromagnets. Zbl 1462.35380
Wang, Yu-Feng; Guo, Bo-Ling; Zeng, Ming
2020
Rademacher complexity and the generalization error of residual networks. Zbl 1467.62158
E, Weinan; Ma, Chao; Wang, Qingcan
2020
Existence and stability of partially congested propagation fronts in a one-dimensional Navier-Stokes model. Zbl 1467.35238
Dalibard, Anne-Laure; Perrin, Charlotte
2020
Bismut-Elworthy-Li formula, singular SDEs, fractional Brownian motion, Malliavin calculus, stochastic flows, stochastic volatility. Zbl 1459.60119
Amine, Oussama; Coffie, Emmanuel; Harang, Fabian; Proske, Frank
2020
A class of functional inequalities and their applications to fourth-order nonlinear parabolic equations. Zbl 1462.35104
Liu, Jian-Guo; Xu, Xiangsheng
2020
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/quantitative-analysis-manufacturing-furfural-from-bagasse.921063/ | # Quantitative analysis -- manufacturing Furfural from bagasse
1. Jul 26, 2017
### Gandhar NImkar
Hello everyone..
Here is the thing I am working on a project where I am manufacturing Furfural from bagasse. The reaction is thermodynamically possible. I took some amount of bagasse and added it to a reactor at atmospheric pressure. I then added diluted Sulphuric acid which acts as catalyst, NaCl ( to increase the selectivity of furfural) and indirectly heated the mixture to produce furfural vapours which later were cooled. Now my problem is i want to find out the percentage purity of furfural distillate and residue as both has furfural, H2So4, and water (in distillate) and furfural, H2So4, water and salt ( in residue). I approached many institutes which had gas chromatography but were not compatible. So I am planning to use quantitative analysis to find approximate amount of each component I searched many times on internet but was disappointed. So I thought you guys might help me out.
2. Jul 26, 2017
### dipstik
what about raman or ftir? what were the hang ups for gas chromatography (volatilizing, volatility, thermal stability, derivitization)? maybe NMR?
3. Jul 27, 2017
### Gandhar NImkar
They said our product was corrosive as it was high in concentration as the mixture was distilled to get our product and they also needed a transparent pure furfural but the furfural we ordered for comparing our product with was 98% pure and was of dark brown color. So i was searching for quantitative analysis to find approximate percentage purity.
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Similar Discussions: Quantitative analysis -- manufacturing Furfural from bagasse | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8557292819023132, "perplexity": 4373.480491974084}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886102307.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170816144701-20170816164701-00397.warc.gz"} |
http://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/60228/wave-equations-for-two-intervals-at-potential-step | # Wave equations for two intervals at Potential step
Lets say we have a potential step as in the picture:
In the region I there is a free particle with a wavefunction $\psi_I$ while in the region II the wave function will be $\psi_{II}$.
Let me take now the schrödinger equation and try to derive $\psi_I$:
\begin{align} &~~W \psi = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\, \frac{d^2 \Psi}{d\, x^2} + W_p \psi ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\nonumber \\ &~~W \psi = -\frac{\hbar^2}{2m}\, \frac{d^2 \Psi}{d\, x^2}\nonumber \\ &\frac{d^2 \Psi}{d\, x^2} = -\frac{2m W}{\hbar^2}\,\psi \nonumber\\ {\scriptsize \text{DE: }} &\boxed{\frac{d^2 \Psi}{d\, x^2} = -\mathcal L\,\psi}~\boxed{\mathcal{L} \equiv \sqrt{\tfrac{2mW}{\hbar^2}}} \nonumber\\ &~\phantom{\line(1,0){18.3}}\Downarrow \nonumber\\ {\scriptsize \text{general solution of DE: }} &\boxed{\psi_{I} = C \sin\left(\mathcal{L}\, x \right) + D \cos \left(\mathcal{L}\, x \right)}\nonumber \end{align}
I got the general solution for the interval I, but this is nothing like the solution they use in all the books: $\psi_{I} = C e^{i\mathcal L x} + D e^{-i \mathcal L x}$ where $\mathcal L \equiv \sqrt{{\scriptsize 2mW/\hbar^2}}$. I have a personal issue with this because if $x= -\infty$ part $De^{-i \mathcal L x}$ would become infinite and this is impossible for a wavefunction! I know that i would get exponential form if i defined constant $\mathcal L$ a bit differently as i did above:
\begin{align} {\scriptsize \text{DE: }} &\boxed{\frac{d^2 \Psi}{d\, x^2} = \mathcal L\,\psi}~\boxed{\mathcal{L} \equiv -\sqrt{\tfrac{2mW}{\hbar^2}}} \nonumber\\ &~\phantom{\line(1,0){18.3}}\Downarrow \nonumber\\ {\scriptsize \text{general solution of DE: }} &\boxed{ \psi_{I} = C e^{\mathcal L x } + D^{-\mathcal L x} }\nonumber \end{align}
This general solution looks more like the one they use in the books but it lacks an imaginary $i$ and $\mathcal L$ is defined with a - while in all the books it is positive. Could anyone tell me what am i missing here so i could understand this?
-
Why do you think $\mathrm{e}^{-i\mathcal{L}x}$ would go to infinity? $\mathrm{e}^{i\theta}$ has constant magnitude $=1$ for all real $\theta$. The complex exponentials are just a way of rewriting the solution in terms of $\cos$ and $\sin$. In your second form the minus sign should go under the square root -- $\mathcal{L}$ is imaginary in that case. – Michael Brown Apr 6 '13 at 11:03
I would appreciate if you could show me how to transform $C \sin(\mathcal L x) + D \cos (\mathcal L x)$ using euler formula. Afterall i don't have $i\sin()$. – 71GA Apr 6 '13 at 12:44 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 2, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9722389578819275, "perplexity": 265.977792721426}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802772751.143/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075252-00003-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/number-theory/208969-pairwise-coprime-fundamental-theorem-arithmetic.html | Thread: pairwise coprime and fundamental theorem of arithmetic
1. pairwise coprime and fundamental theorem of arithmetic
I have added a attachment of my question that I am stuck on.
How would you solve it?
Thank you
Attached Thumbnails | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.995948076248169, "perplexity": 1518.157126321077}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889325.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120043530-20180120063530-00253.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/211573/design-a-pda-for-the-language-l-0n1n-n-1 | # Design a PDA for the language L={0^n1^n | n>=1}
Question: L={0^n1^n | n>=1}
I have found these transitions for the given language: 1)delta(q,0,Z)=(q,0Z) 2)delta(q,0,0)=(q,00) The above two rules will cause one 0 to be pushed onto the stack for each 0 read from the input.
3)delta(q,1,0)=(p,epsilon), when we see a 1 in the input go to state p and pop one 0 from the stack. 4)delta(p,1,0)=(p,epsilon), pop one 0 from stack, per 1 read from the input. 5)delta(p,epsilon,Z)=(final state, Z), now the whole input is consumed and we reach the final state and the stack is empty and we have hit the bottom of the stack. Symbol 'Z' denotes the bottom of the stack.
Please tell me whether my solution to this problem is correct? Thank You
-
If you’re accepting by final state, it looks fine, provided that you specify that final state` is an accepting state. – Brian M. Scott Oct 12 '12 at 10:03 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6529454588890076, "perplexity": 946.3153200346784}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537864.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00163-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://saulalbert.net/blog/how-to-do-ca-transcriptions-in-latex/ | # How to render conversation analysis style transcriptions in LaTeX
UPDATE: I’ve now found there is a better way to do this, which I’ve documented here.
A large part of my research is going to involve conversation analysis, which has a rather beautiful transcription style developed by the late Gail Jefferson to indicate pauses, overlaps, and prosodic features of speech in text.
There are a few LaTeX packages out there for transcription, notably Gareth Walker’s ‘convtran’ latex styles. However, they’re not specifically developed for CA-style transcription, and don’t feel flexible enough for the idiosyncracies of many CA practitioners.
So, without knowing a great deal about LaTeX (or CA for that matter), I spent some time working through a transcript from Pomerantz, A. (1984). Agreeing and disagreeing with assessments: Some features of preferred/dispreferred turn shapes. In J. M. Atkinson & J. Heritage (Eds.), Structures of social action: Studies in Conversation Analysis (pp. 57-102). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
Here’s a image version from page 78:
Here’s how I figured that in LaTeX:
\begin{table*}[!ht]
\hfill{}
\texttt{
\begin{tabular}{@{}p{2mm}p{2mm}p{150mm}@{}}
& D: & 0:h (I k-)= \\
& A: & =Dz that make any sense to you? \\
& C: & Mn mh. I don' even know who she is. \\
& A: & She's that's, the Sister Kerrida, \hspace{.3mm} who, \\
& D: & \hspace{76mm}\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{ \raisebox{2.5mm}{[}}'hhh \\
& D: & Oh \underline{that's} the one you to:ld me you bou:ght.= \\
& C: & \hspace{2mm}\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{ \raisebox{2.5mm}{[}} Oh-- \hspace{42mm}\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{ \raisebox{2mm}{\lceil}} \\
& A: & \hspace{60.2mm}\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{ \raisebox{3.1mm}{\lfloor}}\underline{Ye:h} \\
\end{tabular}
\hfill{}
}
\caption{ Evaluation of a new artwork from (JS:I. -1) \cite[p.78]{Pomerantz1984} .}
\label{ohprefix}
\end{table*}
Here’s the result, which I think is perfectly adequate for my needs, and now I know how to do it, shouldn’t take too long to replicate for other transcriptions:
I had to make a few changes to the document environment to get this to work, including:
• \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
to make sure that the double dashes — were intrepreted as a long dash while in the texttt environment.
• I also had to do
\renewcommand{\tablename}{Datum}
to rename the “Table” to “Datum” – because I’m only using the table for formatting (shades of html positioning 1990’s style).
• \usepackage{caption}
to suppress caption printing where I wanted the datum printed without a legend (using
\caption*
\caption
).
The above example is designed to break into a full page centre-positioned spread from a two-column article layout, so those directives are probably not relevant to using it in the flow of text or in two-columns, but I found the (texttt) fixed width font (which, because of the evenly spaced letters, seems to make it easier to read the transcription as a timed movement from left to right) was too large to fit into one column without making it unreadably small.
I hope this is useful to someone. If I find a better way of doing this (with matrices and avm as I’ve been advised), I’ll update this post. Any pointers are also much appreciated as I think I’m going to be doing a lot more of this in the next few years.
There are other horrors in here, and it was a really annoying way to spend a day, but this method seems to get me as far as I need to go right now.
Many thanks to Chris Howes for holding my hand through this.
### 3 thoughts on “How to render conversation analysis style transcriptions in LaTeX”
1. Gareth Walker
This is how you could use the convtran package for this transcription:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{convtran}
\begin{document}
\begin{convtran}
\turn{D:} O:h (I k-)=
\turn{A:} =Dz that make any sense to you?
\turn{C:} Mn mh. I don’ even know who she is.
\turn{A:} She’s that’s, the Sister Kerrida, [who,
\turn{D:} ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[.hhh
\turn{D:} Oh [\underline{that’s} the one you to:ld [me you bought
\turn{C:} ~~~[Oh-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[\underline{Ye:h}
\end{convtran}
\end{document}
Use \turn* instead of \turn for numbers to be presented without lines. You can use a package like gb4e to give numbers to examples e.g.
\begin{exe}
\ex Evaluation of a new artwork from (JS:I. -1)
\begin{convtran}
\end{convtran}
\end{exe}
2. Thanks Gareth – that’s really useful. I haven’t used convtran much because I’ve found that it’s important (for me, at least) to be able to read the transcripts I’m presenting *as transcripts* while I’m writing. I often find myself staring at the snippet of transcript, then asking myself questions about the analysis and returning to the recordings to check.
Perhaps that’s undisciplined in terms of how the research cycle ought to work, but I’ve found it helpful to have a human-readable source. Nonetheless, convtran also clearly provides metadata about the transcript (turn boundaries for example) that isn’t available to a verbatim environment, so would be far easier to use in a flexible layout or with other styles.
I guess an ideal software solution – possibly an output from ELAN or CLAN would take a transcript in some kind of enriched format (XML/CHAT) and provide multiple output options including LaTeX + convtran, or some form of readable Markdown.
Cheers,
Saul.
3. Gareth Walker
I just have the PDF of the document open at the same time as the source file as I am working on if I need to look at transcriptions. Some PDF viewers (Skim, Preview) automatically update each time the source is compiled which helps. For users of Emacs, preview-latex could be used to show inline previews of transcriptions.
Finally, I had a mistake near the end of my transcription (wrong speaker for the last line). It should have been like this:
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{convtran}
\begin{document}
\begin{convtran}
\turn{D:} O:h (I k-)=
\turn{A:} =Dz that make any sense to you?
\turn{C:} Mn mh. I don’ even know who she is.
\turn{A:} She’s that’s, the Sister Kerrida, [who,
\turn{D:} ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[.hhh
\turn{D:} Oh [\underline{that’s} the one you to:ld [me you bought
\turn{C:} ~~~[Oh-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[
\turn{A:} ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~[\underline{Ye:h}
\end{convtran}
\end{document}
This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.731160581111908, "perplexity": 3360.4879094477747}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943483.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20230320114206-20230320144206-00617.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/37112-diagonal-matrix-print.html | # Diagonal matrix
Remember that when you diagonalize a matrix B, the diagonal values of the resulting diagonalized matrix will be the eigenvalues of B, and that a matrix P such that $P^{-1}BP$ is diagonal will have as it's columns the eigenvectors corresponding to those eigenvalues. Thus, we require that B have real eigenvectors. As our matrix is real, real eigenvalues are a necessary condition for real eigenvectors.
Note that $\det(I\lambda-B)=0$ gives $(\lambda-a)^2+b^2=0$. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 3, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.958241879940033, "perplexity": 221.80280677787258}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042986646.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002306-00050-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://proceedings.mlr.press/v180/zhan22a.html | # Asymptotic optimality for active learning processes
Xueying Zhan, Yaowei Wang, Antoni B. Chan
Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, PMLR 180:2342-2352, 2022.
#### Abstract
Active Learning (AL) aims to optimize basic learned model(s) iteratively by selecting and annotating unlabeled data samples that are deemed to best maximise the model performance with minimal required data. However, the learned model is easy to overfit due to the biased distribution (sampling bias and dataset shift) formed by non-uniform sampling used in AL. Considering AL as an iterative sequential optimization process, we first provide a perspective on AL in terms of statistical properties, i.e., asymptotic unbiasedness, consistency and asymptotic efficiency, with respect to basic estimators when the sample size (size of labeled set) becomes large, and in the limit as sample size tends to infinity. We then discuss how biases affect AL. Finally, we proposed a flexible AL framework that aims to mitigate the impact of bias in AL by minimizing generalization error and importance-weighted training loss simultaneously. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8352041244506836, "perplexity": 1575.7979018015542}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945292.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325002113-20230325032113-00777.warc.gz"} |
https://math.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/32367/do-the-lifejacket-and-lifeboat-badges-encourage-bad-behaviour/32377#32377 | I've been noticing that occasionally poorly written questions that clearly go against the guidelines for writing good questions still receive answers, sometimes numerous answers. Mostly I will simply downvote or leave a comment and move on (Edit: Just realised this is a bit ambiguous, I mean here that I downvote the question and not the answers), but I was looking through the list of badges and noticed the following two:
Lifejacket: Answer score of $$5$$ or more to a question score of $$-2$$ or less that goes on to receive a score of $$2$$ or more.
Lifeboat: Answer score of $$20$$ or more to a question score of $$-3$$ or less that goes on to receive a score of $$3$$ or more.
Before I go on I have to say that, as of writing, these badges have very few recipients; Lifejacket is barely limping towards $$300$$ and Lifeboat only has $$6$$. So there's every possibility that this is a non-issue. However I'm wondering if users are using these badges as an excuse or motivation to answer questions that really shouldn't be answered, in the hope that it will later receive upvotes.
What does the community think? Do these badges encourage bad behaviour? Do the positives outweigh the negatives? The positives being (I assume) giving people incentive to answer questions that have been erroneously, or prematurely downvoted? Or is this not worth worrying about due to the low number of recipients?
• Both badges were introduced last year. See this post for more information Aug 12 '20 at 12:44
• Anecdotally I have the Reversal badge ("Provide an answer of +20 score to a question of -5 score. This badge can be awarded multiple times") which was retired when (I think) the Life* badges were introduced. Getting it came as a surprise: I certainly wasn't looking for questions I thought were poor and hoping I could save them with a good answer. What I experienced was that the question was understood differently after some answers were provided and that change of viewpoint caused the change in votes. Aug 12 '20 at 12:47
• Thanks for the article @ArcticChar I'll give that a read! Aug 12 '20 at 12:51
• @postmortes Yeah that sounds like the kind of thing those badges were intended for. And it's entirely possible that your experience with it is what happens with most people. I'm just curious if it's given any users incentive to answer poor questions. Just as a hypothetical, If I had a completionist attitude to the badges for example, I might be tempted to take a scatter-shot approach to downvoted questions and give answers to as many as I could, hoping that a decent answer would cause people to upvote the question. I'm probably overthinking it but that's the idea :') Aug 12 '20 at 12:59
• It probably says more about my inability to answer questions well but I think it would be very hard to achieve those badges deliberately. However, if someone is willing to write such excellent answers that it elevates a poor question then I'd also upvote them :) Aug 12 '20 at 13:20
• Maybe answerers who answer a question which subsequently earns $\leq -3$ downvotes, and who subsequently deletes their answer,should get a badge akin to "peer pressure", but called ... ? Maybe: Dis-enabling badge? Aug 12 '20 at 13:23
• @amWhy a better badge would be for editing their post after it receives a score of $\leq-3$, then having that same post gain a score $\geq 0$. This would show that the answerer was learning from their mistakes instead of just deleting them. Aug 13 '20 at 11:09
• @postmortes Yeah you're probably right! And yeah if there is a really good answer to a bad question then I think I'd probably upvote them as well. Aug 13 '20 at 11:44
• Honestly, I like those badges. I think they are a smart way of ensuring downvoted questions can still be answered and rephrased.
– Burt
Aug 23 '20 at 20:59
The StackOverflow blog post containing details on the introduction of these badges, is here.
As the writer Jon says,
These badges reward reversing the score of a negative question by answering it in a way that sheds new, positive light on the question, raising its score. It’s an answer so good it makes the question look good by association!
I just had a look at the questions on which the Lifeboat badges were earned. See here for that page.
For example, see Why is $\pi$ irrational if it is represented as $c/d$?, where a question concerning an elementary doubt(and why not : the OP was $$12$$ when he asked it) received downvotes (I would like to hazard a guess that people thought the answer was silly and hence downvoted, as the comments there say), but was rescued or swayed by the answer. That, I think is the right use of the badge, it was awarded to a question that chose to elevate the question to a higher importance with a good answer.
Similarly, most questions which had answers that were awarded this badge, were "diamonds in the rough", which is what Jon intended them to be, prior to the answer being posted.
With this in mind, I would like to think that the lifeboat badge is well merited, because it is awarded to questions which are following site standards but are misunderstood or undervalued by the community, and each of the answers is worth the reputation it got. Therefore, the lifeboat badge is a badge which is earned through effort, and not by answering a bad quality question in typical fashion.
I would like to point out at this stage, that these misunderstood/undervalued questions are often "broader" (non-specific) in nature, so as to provoke deeper discussion and allow for multiple viewpoints (including the "new light" viewpoint), or are well-written with thought-provoking conclusions, thereby stimulating discussion.They meet the standards of the site, and in fact elevate the level of discussion as well, so are worth keeping. The OPs of these questions have also participated in discussions. These questions were worth answering. OP of this meta question had asked if the Lifeboat badge was provoking people to answer bad questions : no, I don't think so.
We move to the Lifejacket badge. I attach the page of awardees of this badge here.
Here, one sees that the last five questions which contained answers awarded the badge, are closed for not meeting MSE standards, for lack of context or for being duplicates. What one notices is that these questions are more specific, and more PSQ like (go through like $$20$$ of them to see this), but it is obvious from their closure that standards are off. Now, a question like this , it can be debated if it is a "diamond in the rough". Is this a diamond in the rough?
The point I am making is this : if a good answer worth the badge comes, the resulting question should be up voted because the OP realizes that it is getting attention so must get it to meet basic standards : there should be subsequent improvement in the quality of the question, something that is not seen.
I would like to say that in this case, the answers are not always showing the most effort(some of them are not even that long or tedious) but because they are comprehensible to a large audience, the question gets the attention even if it is not good quality, and the answers get upvoted. Examples include here (where the question doesn't have the best quality, and the answers do not "polish a rough diamond" in the least) and here(same).
Basically, these questions were not downvoted because they were misunderstood : they did not follow standards. The fact that a user can elevate such a question by answering it (and that too, not that well) is definitely a sign that people could use this badge as motivation to answer bad questions.
But I don't think they do : they answer the question because (at the first level of thought, and going no deeper) they know the answer to it and want the reputation they get from it, not because they want that badge.
There are only $$278$$ awardees of this badge. In contrast , how many poor questions in a day get ordinary answers which are upvoted, taking the question up along with them, simply because they are understood by a large audience? Users wanting reputation answer these poor quality questions with bare minimum answers,knowing that the OP will give them an upvote and accept, and other users who just like the question and the answer will chime in (on both Q and A), cancelling out any downvotes received for poor quality. I am not sure the badge is motivating them.
On the other hand, there are good questions as well, those of the kind we saw in the Lifeboat page, like this (good question of effort concerning an elementary topic which was probably scatter downvoted, and comprehensive) and this (good question if slightly vague and misunderstood, but again a comprehensive answer).
So, simply because of the low number of awardees, I am going to say that this badge is not necessarily motivation for anybody to answer a low quality question. However, it could do with a little pruning, probably a little modification which ensures that only those answers are rewarded, which answer questions which subsequently meet MSE standards, after productive edits and/or OP participation.
Of course, if these requirements are too ideal, my take is that the Lifejacket badge issue is slightly being blown out of proportion at the moment, and evidence is too little to make conclusions. However, if this badge ever sees $$1000$$ awardees consisting of $$600$$ closed questions (or whatever C.I. someone proposes), I would not rule out the kind of behavior OP proposes!
• This is a great answer, thanks for taking the time to write all this out. I wasn't actually aware that you could see the answers that the badges were awarded to so thanks for bringing that to my attention! Re your last paragraph, I just want to be clear that I don't mean to say that these badges definitely cause this behaviour. I'm a relatively new member to the community and was just curious if more experienced members had any thoughts about it. I agree that the criterion you propose would be good evidence to imply what I've suggested here. Aug 14 '20 at 11:34
• @SeraPhim you are welcome!I also don't write many meta answers, but I make sure I am thorough before taking a stand. Aug 14 '20 at 14:06
• "OP was 12 when he asked it" -- I thought the SE Terms of Service required users to be 13 or older to use the site.
– E.P.
Aug 20 '20 at 9:21
• @E.P You are right on that one, but then again the age of a person cannot be verified, so we can't do much about it. Having said that, an OP of any age and exposure is allowed to have a doubt like that as long as he is willing to follow rules on MSE, although as I point out, such doubts may appear silly so will be downvoted by some users. Aug 20 '20 at 10:27 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 13, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6267375946044922, "perplexity": 1130.4902121376138}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964360881.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20211201173718-20211201203718-00004.warc.gz"} |
https://tavianator.com/category/mathematics/ | # Cracking DHCE (Diffie-Hellman color exchange)
I recently saw a video that explains Diffie–Hellman key exchange in terms of mixing colors of paint. It's a wonderfully simple and informative analogy, that Wikipedia actually uses as well. If you don't know about Diffie-Hellman, definitely watch the video and/or read the Wikipedia page to get a handle on it—it's not that complicated once you get the "trick." The color analogy intrigued me because I know just enough about both cryptography and color theory to be dangerous. So in this post, I'm going to attack the security of the color exchange protocol. ("Real" Diffie-Hellman remains secure, as far as I know.) Continue reading Cracking DHCE (Diffie-Hellman color exchange)
# Efficient Integer Exponentiation in C
It's surprisingly difficult to find a good code snippet for this on Google, so here's an efficient computation of integer powers in C, using binary exponentiation:
# Exact Bounding Boxes for Spheres/Ellipsoids
Finding the tightest axis-aligned bounding box for a sphere is trivial: the box extends from the center by the radius in all dimensions. But once the sphere is transformed, finding the minimal bounding box becomes trickier. Rotating a sphere, for example, shouldn't change its bounding box, but naïvely rotating the bounding box will expand it unnecessarily. Luckily there's a trick to computing minimal bounding boxes by representing the transformed sphere as a quadric surface.
# A Beautiful Ray/Mesh Intersection Algorithm
In my last post, I talked about a beautiful method for computing ray/triangle intersections. In this post, I will extend it to computing intersections with triangle fans. Since meshes are often stored in a corner table, which is simply an array of triangle fans, this gives an efficient algorithm for ray tracing triangle meshes.
# A Beautiful Ray/Triangle Intersection Method
3D ray/triangle intersections are obviously an important part of much of computer graphics. The Möller–Trumbore algorithm, for example, computes these intersections very quickly. But there is another method that I believe is more elegant, and in some cases allows you to compute the intersection for “free.”
# Solving Cubic Polynomials
Although a closed form solution exists for the roots of polynomials of degree ≤ 4, the general formulae for cubics (and quartics) is ugly. Various simplifications can be made; commonly, the cubic $$a_3\,x^3+a_2\,x^2+a_1\,x+a_0$$ is transformed by substituting $$x = t-a_2/3a_3$$, giving Continue reading Solving Cubic Polynomials
# Solving Polynomials
A well known (if not by name) theorem is the Abel–Ruffini theorem, which states that there is no algebraic expression for the roots of polynomials with degree higher than 4.
A not-so-well-known fact is that for any polynomial $$P(x)$$, it is possible to find (with exact arithmetic) a set of ranges each containing exactly one root of $$P(x)$$. One such algorithm is due to James Victor Uspensky in 1948. Continue reading Solving Polynomials | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7425439357757568, "perplexity": 776.9145961004571}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496667262.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20191113140725-20191113164725-00033.warc.gz"} |
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/211484 | Infoscience
Journal article
# A Projected Gradient Algorithm for Image Restoration Under Hessian Matrix-Norm Regularization
We have recently introduced a class of non-quadratic Hessian-based regularizers as a higher-order extension of the total variation (TV) functional. These regularizers retain some of the most favorable properties of TV while they can effectively deal with the staircase effect that is commonly met in TV-based reconstructions. In this work we propose a novel gradient-based algorithm for the efficient minimization of these functionals under convex constraints. Furthermore, we validate the overall proposed regularization framework for the problem of image deblurring under additive Gaussian noise. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9044138789176941, "perplexity": 789.4371654949482}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541907.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00071-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/252917/forecast-in-ar1-process-witn-non-zero-mean | # Forecast in $AR(1)$ process witn non-zero mean
For an $AR(1)$ model with $Y_t=12.2$ , $\phi=-0.5$ and $\mu=10.8$.
a) Find $\hat{Y}_t(1)$, $\hat{Y}_t(2)$, $\hat{Y}_t(10)$
I'm a litle lost in forecasting ARIMA models. What I think it is
$$Y_t-\mu=\phi(Y_{t-1}-\mu)+\epsilon_t$$ where $\epsilon_t$ is white noise.
$$\hat{Y}_t(1)=E[Y_{t+1}|Y_1,\dots,Y_t]=E[\mu+\phi(Y_t-\mu)+\epsilon_{t+1}|Y_1,\dots,Y_t]$$ $$=\mu+\phi(Y_t-\mu)$$
and the general formula is $$\hat{Y}_t(l)=\mu+\phi^l(Y_t-\mu)$$
So $$\hat{Y}_t(1)=10.8+(-0.5)(12.2-10.8)=10.1$$ $$\hat{Y}_t(2)=10.8+(-0.5)^2(12.2-10.8)=11.15$$ $$\hat{Y}_t(10)=10.8+(-0.5)^{10}(12.2-10.8)=10.801$$
So $$\hat{Y}_t(l)\rightarrow \mu$$
Is this results right?
For any ARIMA model that I want to do forecast I just take expectation in this way?
• yes. And AR(1) models are forecast to decay towards their unconditional mean for $\mid \phi \mid < 1$. – Matthew Gunn Dec 22 '16 at 19:17
• @MatthewGunn In any ARIMA/SARIMA model to find the forecasts at hand , I just need to take the expectation in the same way? – user72621 Dec 22 '16 at 19:27
• MA terms are trickier. AR(n) reduces to a vector AR(1) (i.e. VAR). – Matthew Gunn Dec 22 '16 at 20:36 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9211582541465759, "perplexity": 1607.57915723845}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987769323.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20191021093533-20191021121033-00247.warc.gz"} |
https://www.hh.se/information/sok-personal.html?url=-1708965309%2Fl9%2Fhhstaff%2Fdetail.lasso%3Fgroupmember%3Da14e7fa7-2248-40a0-ad2b-eb24786bdc3f%26pid%3D781889&sv.url=12.3252fcc5165f6c51bf6b69ae | # Sök personal
Sök bland våra professorer, lärare och övriga medarbetare
# Personal vid Högskolan
Erik Möllerström
Universitetslektor Energiteknik
### Noise Emission of a 200 kW Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Möllerström, Erik, Ottermo, Fredric, Hylander, Jonny, Bernhoff, Hans
2016
Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
Abstract:
The noise emission from a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) has been investigated. A noisemeasurement campaign on a 200 kW straight-bladed VAWT has been conducted, and the result hasbeen compared to a semi-empirical model for turbulent-boundary-layer trailing edge (TBL-TE) noise.The noise emission from the wind turbine was measured, at wind speed 8 m/s, 10 m above ground, to96.2 dBA. At this wind speed, the turbine was stalling as it was run at a tip speed lower than optimaldue to constructional constraints. The noise emission at a wind speed of 6 m/s, 10 m above groundwas measured while operating at optimum tip speed and was found to be 94.1 dBA. A comparisonwith similar size horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) indicates a noise emission at the absolutebottom of the range. Furthermore, it is clear from the analysis that the turbulent-boundary-layertrailing-edge noise, as modeled here, is much lower than the measured levels, which suggests thatother mechanisms are likely to be important, such as inflow turbulence.
Nyckelord: vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT); H-rotor; noise; noise emission; sound power level
Citera: Möllerström, Erik, Ottermo, Fredric, Hylander, Jonny, Bernhoff, Hans & Fredric, Ottermo, Noise Emission of a 200 kW Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, Energies., 9:1, 2016https://doi.org/10.3390/en9010019 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.976594090461731, "perplexity": 13714.24103611214}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540503656.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20191207233943-20191208021943-00510.warc.gz"} |
http://science.sciencemag.org/content/118/3061/256.2 | Corrections and Clarifications
Liver Function and Bromsulfalein Disappearance
+ See all authors and affiliations
Science 28 Aug 1953:
Vol. 118, Issue 3061, pp. 256
DOI: 10.1126/science.118.3061.256-a
Abstract
In the paper by Evans that appeared on page718, SCIENCE, June 26, the spelling of "Bromsulfalein" shouldbe corrected to read "Bromosulfalein," which is the chemicalname of a dye that can also be obtained commercially underthe capitalized trade-mark "Bromsulphalein." Correct identification of the substance is important in all discussions ofits use, including the recent one. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8224319219589233, "perplexity": 8142.611509764869}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423992.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722102800-20170722122800-00268.warc.gz"} |
https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1047.34101 | ×
## On meromorphic solutions of certain nonlinear differential equations.(English)Zbl 1047.34101
The authors deal with differential equations of the form $L(f)+ p(z, f)= h(z),\tag{1}$ where $$L(f)$$ is a linear differential polynomial in $$f$$ with meromorphic coefficients, $$p(z, f)$$ is a polynomial in $$f$$ with meromorphic coefficients, and $$h(z)$$ is meromorphic. Define $$L_f:= \{h$$ meromorphic: $$T(r,h)= S(r,h)\}$$ and denote by $$F$$ the family of meromorphic solutions to (1) such that, whenever $$f\in F$$, all coefficients in (1) are in $$L_f$$, and $$N(r\cdot f)= S(r\cdot f)$$. It follows that, if $$f,g\in F$$, then $T(r\cdot g)= O(T(r\cdot f))+ S(r\cdot f).$ Moreover, if $$\alpha> 1$$, then, for some $$r_\alpha> 0$$, $T(r\cdot g)= O(T(\alpha r,f))$ for all $$r\geq r_\alpha$$. The authors show that, if $$f$$ is a meromorphic solution to (1) such that all coefficients in (1) are in $$L_f$$, then $$\rho(f)\geq \rho(h)$$. If $$n=: \deg_f p(z, f)\geq k+2$$ and $$N(r\cdot f)= S(r\cdot f)$$ then $$\rho(f)= \rho(f)$$ and $$\mu(f)= \mu(f)$$.
For the equation $L(f)- p(z) f^n= h(z),$ $$h(z)$$ be a meromorphic function, the authors show that the method used by Yang can be modified to obtain similar uniqueness results for meromorphic solutions to this generalized equation, when $$n\geq 4$$.
### MSC:
34M05 Entire and meromorphic solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain 34M10 Oscillation, growth of solutions to ordinary differential equations in the complex domain
Full Text:
### References:
[1] DOI: 10.1007/BF02785417 · Zbl 1016.34091 [2] Mohon’ko, Teor. Funktsii Funktsional. Anal. i Prilozhen 14 pp 83– (1971) [3] Laine, Nevanlinna theory and complex differential equations (1993) · Zbl 0784.30002 [4] Yang, Bull. Austral. Math. Soc. 64 pp 377– (2001) [5] Hayman, Meromorphic functions (1964) [6] DOI: 10.1016/0022-247X(85)90216-1 · Zbl 0593.34014 [7] DOI: 10.1007/BF02807430 · Zbl 0129.29301
This reference list is based on information provided by the publisher or from digital mathematics libraries. Its items are heuristically matched to zbMATH identifiers and may contain data conversion errors. It attempts to reflect the references listed in the original paper as accurately as possible without claiming the completeness or perfect precision of the matching. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8725773692131042, "perplexity": 524.8193113038163}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500056.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20230203122526-20230203152526-00224.warc.gz"} |
http://www.math-only-math.com/reciprocal-of-a-complex-number.html | # Reciprocal of a Complex Number
How to find the reciprocal of a complex number?
Let z = x + iy be a non-zero complex number. Then
$$\frac{1}{z}$$
= $$\frac{1}{x + iy}$$
= $$\frac{1}{x + iy}$$ × $$\frac{x - iy}{x - iy}$$, [Multiplying numerator and denominator by conjugate of denominator i.e., Multiply both numerator and denominator by conjugate of x + iy]
= $$\frac{x - iy}{x^{2} - i^{2}y^{2}}$$
= $$\frac{x - iy}{x^{2} + y^{2}}$$
= $$\frac{x}{x^{2} + y^{2}}$$ + $$\frac{i(-y)}{x^{2} + y^{2}}$$
Clearly, $$\frac{1}{z}$$ is equal to the multiplicative inverse of z. Also,
$$\frac{1}{z}$$ = $$\frac{x - iy}{x^{2} + y^{2}}$$ = $$\frac{\overline{z}}{|z|^{2}}$$
Therefore, the multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex z is equal to its reciprocal and is represent as
$$\frac{Re(z)}{|z|^{2}}$$ + i$$\frac{(-Im(z))}{|z|^{2}}$$= $$\frac{\overline{z}}{|z|^{2}}$$
Solved examples on reciprocal of a complex number:
1. If a complex number z = 2 + 3i, then find the reciprocal of z? Give your answer in a + ib form.
Solution:
Given z = 2 + 3i
Then, $$\overline{z}$$ = 2 - 3i
And |z| = $$\sqrt{x^{2} + y^{2}}$$
= $$\sqrt{2^{2} + (-3)^{2}}$$
= $$\sqrt{4 + 9}$$
= $$\sqrt{13}$$
Now, |z|$$^{2}$$ = 13
Therefore, $$\frac{1}{z}$$ = $$\frac{\overline{z}}{|z|^{2}}$$ = $$\frac{2 - 3i}{13}$$ = $$\frac{2}{13}$$ + (-$$\frac{3}{13}$$)i, which is the required a + ib form.
2. Find the reciprocal of the complex number z = -1 + 2i. Give your answer in a + ib form.
Solution:
Given z = -1 + 2i
Then, $$\overline{z}$$ = -1 - 2i
And |z| = $$\sqrt{x^{2} + y^{2}}$$
= $$\sqrt{(-1)^{2} + 2^{2}}$$
= $$\sqrt{1 + 4}$$
= $$\sqrt{5}$$
Now, |z|$$^{2}$$= 5
Therefore, $$\frac{1}{z}$$ = $$\frac{\overline{z}}{|z|^{2}}$$ = $$\frac{-1 - 2i}{5}$$ = (-$$\frac{1}{5}$$) + (-$$\frac{2}{5}$$)i, which is the required a + ib form.
3. Find the reciprocal of the complex number z = i. Give your answer in a + ib form.
Solution:
Given z = i
Then, $$\overline{z}$$ = -i
And |z| = $$\sqrt{x^{2} + y^{2}}$$
= $$\sqrt{0^{2} + 1^{2}}$$
= $$\sqrt{0 + 1}$$
= $$\sqrt{1}$$
= 1
Now, |z|$$^{2}$$= 1
Therefore, $$\frac{1}{z}$$ = $$\frac{\overline{z}}{|z|^{2}}$$ = $$\frac{-i}{1}$$ = -i = 0 + (-i), which is the required a + ib form.
Note: The reciprocal of i is its own conjugate - i. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8794772028923035, "perplexity": 688.9460513474796}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171281.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00516-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://community.atlassian.com/t5/Jira-questions/How-to-exclude-a-custom-field-from-update-notifications/qaq-p/201205 | cancel
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# How to exclude a custom field from update notifications
How can I exclude a custom field content from being included in the update JIRA notification?
This particular field (group sign-off plugin) contains a long script that is applied during a transition into an approval status. It is rendered graphically by the plug-in on the UI, but the JIRA notificaiton sends the raw script (which is just confusing to the end user).
I would assume the principle method of removing a custom field from notifications would be the same regardless of the field type.
Thanks!
#### 1 accepted
To hide some fields in email-notification I added following if-clause to velocity-template changelog.vm.
#foreach ($changeitem in$changelog.getRelated("ChildChangeItem"))
#if(!changeitem.getString("field").equals("FIELDNAMETOHIDE")) <tr valign="top"> SOME CODE </tr> #end #end The file can be found for html-mails in \%JIRA-HOME%\WEB-INF\classes\templates\email\html\includes\fields and for text-mails in \%JIRA-HOME%\WEB-INF\classes\templates\email\text\includes\fields. Jochen, thanks for great reply! Looks like right answer to my case. Thank you Jochen - much appreciated! Can any one help us with the code changes. Jochen What code should be written in place of "SOME CODE" below ? Please advise. #foreach (changeitem in $changelog.getRelated("ChildChangeItem")) #if(!$changeitem.getString("field").equals("FIELDNAMETOHIDE"))
<tr valign="top">
SOME CODE
</tr>
#end
#end
Depends on what you want to show in the email notification. If you let the code as it is in JIRA Standard and just insert the if-clause, notifications are sent as normal but not for the change event of the excluded field.
i'm also interesting in this question.
guys, is there any news to this topic?
any update on this?
Does anybody have an idea, how to do this programmatically in scope of a plugin development?
My developed custom field also contain some "cryptic" uninteresting content for the user and I don't want to delegate the problem to an administrator who is running the plugin in his JIRA instanz.
Is there any other method available to suppress the Jira Notifications for a particular field without really making the changes in core templates ?
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Unfortunately there are no AUG chapters near you at the moment. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29648929834365845, "perplexity": 4603.905502330909}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-09/segments/1550249468313.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20190223041554-20190223063554-00136.warc.gz"} |
https://yetanothermathprogrammingconsultant.blogspot.com/2021/03/mathematical-notation.html | ## Monday, March 29, 2021
### Mathematical Notation
I often tell beginners in optimization modeling that before starting to code, they should get a piece of paper and write down the mathematical model. There are several reasons for this:
• A mathematical model is a high-abstraction-level, compact expression of the problem. It should fit on one piece of paper for all but the most complex models (even then I would say the core of the model should fit on one piece of paper). If you are unable to write this down, you are not ready yet, and you are also unlikely to succeed in coding things up.
• Mentally, it is easier to throw away some scribbled equations and start afresh than once you have invested time and effort into code. Code is not cast in stone, but sometimes it almost is. Psychologically, throwing away code is not always easy. (I believe it was Donald Knuth who said: a good approach is: write a program, throw it away and start over).
• When I am working on a model, I can reproduce the mathematical model from memory at any time on a piece of paper, on a blackboard, or on a PowerPoint sheet. I often find the physical process of writing down the model equations helps. This has something to do with different parts of the brain being involved in writing vs typing in and looking at some code on a screen.
• I try to stick to the usual conventions. Like using $$x_i$$ and never something like $$j_x$$. It is amazing how much these conventions are hardwired in my brain and how much more difficult things become when we stray from these habits. In principle, a name is just a name, but clearly, that is not the case here. Mathematics loses its power as a communication tool when we don't use these conventions.
• Of course, not everyone is wired the same way or has the same skills and experience. It is to be expected that different people work best in different ways.
But sometimes I see math, which is really more confusing than it helps me. Like [1]:
# Mathematical representation
Y[X,Y] - X[X,Y] <= 0
X[X,Y] - M*Y[X,Y] <= 0
This throws me off completely. What does this even mean?
(Using X and Y as variable and as index can not be right here. Using an integer variable as index is used in Constraint Programming -- the element constraint but that is not the purpose here. Here it almost reads like a recursion). | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.34929051995277405, "perplexity": 533.8668480326799}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038074941.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20210413183055-20210413213055-00407.warc.gz"} |
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/how-to-solve-this-problem-using-laplace-transform.843763/ | # How to solve this problem using laplace transform?
1. Nov 17, 2015
### haha1234
1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data
The differential equation given:
y''-y'-2y=4t2
2. Relevant equations
3. The attempt at a solution
I used the laplace transform table to construct this equation,and then I did partial fraction for finding the inverse laplace transform.But I'm now stuck at finding the inverse laplace transform of 1/s^3 and 1/s^2...
And the attached photo is the attempted solution.
View attachment 92000
#### Attached Files:
• ###### 20151118_133402[1].jpg
File size:
30.8 KB
Views:
70
2. Nov 17, 2015
### Staff: Mentor
I didn't verify your work, but here is a table of Laplace transforms - http://web.stanford.edu/~boyd/ee102/laplace-table.pdf
3. Nov 18, 2015
### haha1234
4. Nov 18, 2015
### Staff: Mentor
Look just below the one for 1/s2. It's a more general formula.
5. Nov 18, 2015
### Ray Vickson
If you know the inverse transform of 1/s, then you can get the inverse transform of 1/s^2 by integration, and of 1/s^3 by integration again. Remember: there are some standard general transform results that are helpful. Below, let $f(t) \leftrightarrow g(s) = {\cal L}(f)(s)$. Then:
$$\begin{array}{l} \displaystyle \frac{df(t)}{dt} \leftrightarrow s g(s) - f(0+)\\ \int_0^t f(\tau) \, d \tau \leftrightarrow \displaystyle \frac{1}{s} g(s) \end{array}$$
These were given specifically in the table suggested by Mark44; did you miss them?
Draft saved Draft deleted
Similar Discussions: How to solve this problem using laplace transform? | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9649621844291687, "perplexity": 2851.601903295294}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105187.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170818213959-20170818233959-00194.warc.gz"} |
http://www.edurite.com/kbase/fractions-mathematics-formula-chart | #### • Class 11 Physics Demo
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From Wikipedia
Pie chart
A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circularchart divided into sectors, illustrating proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is proportional to the quantity it represents. When angles are measured with 1 turn as unit then a number of percent is identified with the same number of centiturns. Together, the sectors create a full disk. It is named for its resemblance to a pie which has been sliced. The earliest known pie chart is generally credited to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801.
The pie chart is perhaps the most ubiquitous statistical chart in the business world and the mass media. However, it has been criticized, and some recommend avoiding it, pointing out in particular that it is difficult to compare different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across different pie charts. Pie charts can be an effective way of displaying information in some cases, in particular if the intent is to compare the size of a slice with the whole pie, rather than comparing the slices among them. Pie charts work particularly well when the slices represent 25 to 50% of the data, but in general, other plots such as the bar chart or the dot plot, or non-graphical methods such as tables, may be more adapted for representing certain information.It also shows the frequency within certain groups of information.
## Example
The following example chart is based on preliminary results of the election for the European Parliament in 2004. The table lists the number of seats allocated to each party group, along with the derived percentage of the total that they each make up. The values in the last column, the derived central angle of each sector, is found by multiplying the percentage by 360°.
*Because of rounding, these totals do not add up to 100 and 360.
The size of each central angle is proportional to the size of the corresponding quantity, here the number of seats. Since the sum of the central angles has to be 360°, the central angle for a quantity that is a fraction Q of the total is 360Q degrees. In the example, the central angle for the largest group (European People's Party (EPP)) is 135.7° because 0.377 times 360, rounded to one decimal place(s), equals 135.7.
## Use, effectiveness and visual perception
Pie charts are common in business and journalism, perhaps because they are perceived as being less "geeky" than other types of graph. However statisticians generally regard pie charts as a poor method of displaying information, and they are uncommon in scientific literature. One reason is that it is more difficult for comparisons to be made between the size of items in a chart when area is used instead of length and when different items are shown as different shapes. Stevens' power law states that visual area is perceived with a power of 0.7, compared to a power of 1.0 for length. This suggests that length is a better scale to use, since perceived differences would be linearly related to actual differences.
Further, in research performed at AT&T Bell Laboratories, it was shown that comparison by angle was less accurate than comparison by length. This can be illustrated with the diagram to the right, showing three pie charts, and, below each of them, the corresponding bar chart representing the same data. Most subjects have difficulty ordering the slices in the pie chart by size; when the bar chart is used the comparison is much easier.. Similarly, comparisons between data sets are easier using the bar chart. However, if the goal is to compare a given category (a slice of the pie) with the total (the whole pie) in a single chart and the multiple is close to 25 or 50 percent, then a pie chart can often be more effective than a bar graph.
## Variants and similar charts
### Polar area diagram
The polar area diagram is similar to a usual pie chart, except sectors are equal angles and differ rather in how far each sector extends from the center of the circle. The polar area diagram is used to plot cyclic phenomena (e.g., count of deaths by month). For example, if the count of deaths in each month for a year are to be plotted then there will be 12 sectors (one per month) all with the same angle of 30 degrees each. The radius of each sector would be proportional to the square root of the death count for the month, so the area of a sector represents the number of deaths in a month. If the death count in each month is subdivided by cause of death, it is possible to make multiple comparisons on one diagram, as is clearly seen in the form of polar area diagram famously developed by Florence Nightingale.
The first known use of polar area diagrams was by André-Michel Guerry, which he called courbes circulaires, in an 1829 paper showing seasonal and daily variation in wind direction over the year and births and deaths by hour of the day. Léon Lalanne later used a polar diagram to show the frequency of wind directions around compass points in 1843. The wind rose is still used by meteorologists. Nightingale published her rose diagram in 1858. The name "coxcomb" is sometimes used erroneously. This was the name Nightingale used to refer to a book containing the diagrams rather than the diagrams themselves. It has been suggested that most of Nightingale's early reputation was built on her ability to give clear and concise presentations of data.
### Spie chart
A useful variant of the polar area chart is the spie chart designed by Feitelson . This superimposes a normal pie chart with a modified polar area chart to permit the comparison of a set of data at two different states. For the first state, for example time 1, a normal pie chart is drawn. For the second state, the angles of the slices are the same as in the original pie chart, and the radii vary according to the change in the value of each variable. In addition to comparing a partition at two times (e.g. this year's budget distribution with last year's budget distribution), this is useful for visualizing hazards for population groups (e.g. the distribution of age and gener groups among road casualties compared with these groups's sizes in the general population). The R Graph Gallery provides an example.
### Multi-level pie chart
Multi-level pie chart, also known as a radial tree c
Connected Mathematics
Connected Mathematics is a comprehensive, problem-centered curriculum designed for all students in grades 6-8 based on the NCTM standards. The curriculum was developed by the [http://connectedmath.msu.edu/|Connected Mathematics Project (CMP)] at Michigan State University and funded by the National Science Foundation.
Each grade level curriculum is a full-year program, and in each of the three grade levels, topics of number, algebra, geometry/measurement, probability and statistics are covered in an increasingly sophisticated manner. The program seeks to make connections within mathematics, between mathematics and other subject areas, and to the real world. The curriculum is divided into units, each of which contains investigations with major problems that the teacher and students explore in class. Extensive problem sets are included for each investigation to help students practice, apply, connect, and extend these understandings.
Connected Mathematics addresses both the content and the process standards of the NCTM. The process standards are: Problem Solving, Reasoning and Proof, Communication, Connections and Representation. For example, in Moving Straight Ahead students construct and interpret concrete, symbolic, graphic, verbal and algorithmic models of quantitative and algebraic relationships, translating information from one model to another.
Like other curricula implementing the NCTM standards, Connected Math has been criticized by supporters of traditional mathematics for not directly teaching standard arithmetic methods.
## Research Studies
One 2003 study compared the mathematics achievement of eighth graders in the first three school districts in Missouri to adopt NSF-funded Standards-based middle grades mathematics curriculum materials (MATH Thematics or Connected Mathematics Project) with students who had similar prior mathematics achievement and family income levels from other districts. Significant differences in achievement were identified between students using Standards-based curriculum materials for at least 2 years and students from comparison districts using other curriculum materials. All of the significant differences reflected higher achievement of students using Standards-based materials. Students in each of the three districts using Standards-based materials scored higher in two content areas (data analysis and algebra), and these differences were significant.
Another study compared statewide standardized test scores of fourth-grade students using Everyday Mathematics and eighth-grade students using Connected Mathematics to test scores of demographically similar students using a mix of traditional curricula. Results indicate that students in schools using either of these standards-based programs as their primary mathematics curriculum performed significantly better on the 1999 statewide mathematics test than did students in traditional programs attending matched comparison schools. With minor exceptions, differences in favor of the standards-based programs remained consistent across mathematical strands, question types, and student sub-populations.
## Controversy
As one of many widely adopted curricula developed around the NCTM standards, Connected Mathematics has been criticized by advocates of traditional mathematics as being particularly ineffective and incomplete and praised by various researchers who have noted its benefits in promoting deep understanding of mathematical concepts among students. In a review by critic James Milgram, "the program seems to be very incomplete... it is aimed at underachieving students." He observes that "the students should entirely construct their own knowledge.. standard algorithms are never introduced, not even for adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing fractions." However, studies have shown that students who have used the curriculum have "develop[ed] sophisticated ways of comparing and analyzing data sets, . . . refine[d] problem-solving skills and the ability to distinguish between reasonable and unreasonable solutions to problems involving fractions, . . . exhibit[ed] a deep understanding of how to generalize functions symbolically from patterns of data, . . . [and] exhibited a strong understanding of algebraic concepts and procedures," among other benefits.
Districts in states such as Texas were awarded NSF grants for teacher training to support curricula such as CM. Austin ISD received a $5 million NSF grant for teacher training in 1997. NSF awarded$10 million for "Rural Systemic Initiatives" through West Texas A&M. At the state level, the SSI (Statewide Systemic Initiative), was a federally-funded program developed by the Dana Center at the University of Texas. Its most important work was directing the implementation of CM in schools across the state. But in 1999, Connected Mathematics was rejected by California's revised standards because it was judged at least two years below grade level and it contained numerous errors . After the 2000-2001 academic year, state monies can no longer be used to buy Connected Mathematics
The Christian Science Monitor noted parents in Plano Texas who demanded that their schools drop use of CM, while the New York Times reported parents there rebelled against folding fraction strips rather than using common denominators to add fractions. For the improved second edition, it is stated that "Students should be able to add two fractions quickly by finding a common denominator". The letter to parents states that students are also expected to multiply and divide fractions by standard methods.
What parents often do not understand is that students begin with exploratory methods in order to gain a solid conceptual understanding, but finish by learning the standard procedures, sometimes by discovering them under teacher guidance. Large-scale studies of reform curricula such as Connected Mathematics have shown that students in such programs learn procedural skills to the same level as those in traditional programs, as measured by traditional standardized tests. Students in standards-based programs gain conceptual understanding and problem-solving skills at a higher level than those in traditional programs.
Despite disbelief on the part of parents whose textbooks always contained instruction in mathematical methods, it is claimed that the pedagogical benefits of this approach find strong support in the research: "Over the past three to four decades, a growing body of knowledge from the cognitive sciences has supported the notion that students develop their own understanding from their experiences with mathematics."
### Examples of criticism
Connected Mathematics treatment of some topics include exercises which some have criticized as being either "subjective" or "having nothing to do with the mathematical concept" or "omit standard methods such as the" formula for arithmetic mean. (See above for discussion of reasons for initial suppression of formulas.) The following examples are from the student textbooks, which is all the parents see. (See discussion below.)
#### Average
In the first edition, one booklet focuses on a conceptual understanding of median and mean, using manipulatives. The standard algorithm was not presented. Later editions included the algorithm.
#### Comparing fractions
In the 6th grade u
Mole fraction
In chemistry, mole fractionx is a way of expressing the composition of a mixture. The mole fraction of each component i is defined as its amount of substancenidivided by the total amount of substance in thesystem, n
x_i \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ \frac{n_i}{n}
where
n = \sum_i n_i \,
The sum is over all components, including the solvent in the case of a chemical solution. As an example, if a mixture is obtained by dissolving 10 moles of sucrose in 90 moles of water, the mole fraction of sucrose in that mixture is 0.1.
The same value for the mole fraction ratio is obtained using the number of molecules of i, Ni, and the total number of molecules of all kinds, N, since
N_i = n_i\, N_{\rm A}\,
where NA is the Avogadro constant≈ 6.022 mol. By definition, the sum of the mole fractions equals one, a normalization property.
\sum_i x_i \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ 1 \,
## Simple representation
The simple representation of examining the mole fraction is thinking in terms of A and B. The mole fraction of A would be moles of A divided by the moles of A and moles of B. This way, adding the two mole fractions together would equal one.
\mathrm{Mole\ fraction\ of\ A} =\frac{\mathrm{Moles\ of\ A}}{\mathrm{Moles\ of\ A\ +\ Moles\ of\ B}}
Another representation would be:
\mathrm{Mole\ fraction\ of\ A}=\frac{nA}{nA + nB}
Where nA is the number of moles of substance A and nB is the number of moles of substance B
## Notes and qualifications
Mole fractions are dimensionless numbers. Other ways of representing concentrations, e.g., molarity and molality, yield dimensional quantities (per litre, per kilogram, etc.). When chemical formulas seem to be taking the logarithms of dimensional quantities, there is an implied ratio, and such expressions can always be rearranged so that the arguments of the logarithms are dimensionless numbers, as they must be.
Mole fractions are one way of representing the concentrations of the various chemical species. They are an ideal-mixture approximation to the effect of concentration on the equilibrium or rate of a reaction. In practice (except for very dilute solutions or for gases at atmospheric pressure), all measures of concentration must be multiplied by correction factors called activity coefficients in order to yield accurate results.
The mole fraction is sometimes denoted by the lower case Greek letter χ (chi) instead of aRomanx. For mixtures of gases, it is more usual to use the letter y. The mole fraction of a substance in a reaction is also equal to the partial pressure of that substance.
Mole fraction is based upon moles of substances, not moles of ions. For example, 4 moles of NaCl would not be dissociated into 4 moles of sodium ions and 4 moles of chloride ions.
Global field
In mathematics, the term global field refers to either of the following:
An axiomatic characterization of these fields via valuation theory was given by Emil Artin and George Whaples in the 1940s.
There are a number of formal similarities between the two kinds of fields. A field of either type has the property that all of its completions are locally compact fields (see local fields). Every field of either type can be realized as the field of fractions of a Dedekind domain in which every non-zero ideal is of finite index. In each case, one has the product formula for non-zero elements x:
\prod_v |x|_v = 1.\
The analogy between the two kinds of fields has been a strong motivating force in algebraic number theory. The idea of an analogy between number fields and Riemann surfaces goes back to Richard Dedekind and Heinrich M. Weber in the nineteenth century. The more strict analogy expressed by the 'global field' idea, in which a Riemann surface's aspect as algebraic curve is mapped to curves defined over a finite field, was built up during the 1930s, culminating in the Riemann hypothesis for local zeta-functions settled by André Weil in 1940. The terminology may be due to Weil, who wrote his Basic Number Theory (1967) in part to work out the parallelism.
It is usually easier to work in the function field case and then try to develop parallel techniques on the number field side. The development of Arakelov theory and its exploitation by Gerd Faltings in his proof of the Mordell conjecture is a dramatic example.
Question:can anyone give me a website or something so i can go print one out...
Question:thanks for reading this. I have a new job as a secretary at a scientific research institute. I have to create a chart on the computer, and I'm used to making simple charts like pie charts, bar charts etc. But my boss asked me to try and make one that is formula based. :p I have to make one with a convex and one that can configure itself with a formula... How do I go about this? Sorry to bother you all, but I'm so damn confused.
Question:1. Martin had X dollars initially. First, Martin spent 1/3 of his money. Then Martin spent 3/4 of what was left. Finally, Martin spent another 20 dollars. Write an expression in terms of X for the final amount of money that Martin has. Explain. 2. Write a story problem for the equation: (4/5)X-25=35 Explain briefly why your story problem fits with his equation. 3. Write a story problem for the equation: (4/5)(X-25)=35 Explain briefly why your story problem fits with this equation. Thank you so much! I will pick a "best answer" so you get more points on Yahoo Answers. :)
Answers:1. spent = operation minus, or multiply by given fraction. so, for remaining money, subtract from starting amount, or multiply by 1-fraction e.g., start with X spent 1/3 of it, so he has 2/3 * X remaining. spent 3/4 of that, so he has 1/4 remaining, i.e., 1/4 * 2/3 * X. spent 20, so has amount - 20 left. 2. Julia saw a dress for 20% off. The cashier took off an additional $25 at the checkout. The final price was$35. What was the original price? 3. Racer X is 25 years older than Speed Racer. Trudy is 4/5 of Speed Racer's age. If Trudy is 35 years old, write an expression for how old Racer X is.
Question:A GCSE maths question i have is: 3x-1/x=5/5x-8 and by using cross multiplication i got 15x"-34x+8=0 ("=squared) but after that i used factorising which dont work i used the quadratic formula but my calculator says mathematical error'. so please help. thanx in advance
Answers:15 - 34x + 8 = (x - 2)(15x - 4) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7299690842628479, "perplexity": 1281.0161607751038}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982939756.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200859-00215-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/1215866 | ### Fabrication of an implantable stretchable electro-osmosis pump
Jahanshahi, Amir, Axisa, Fabrice UGent and Vanfleteren, Jan UGent (2011) 7929.
abstract
The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of an implantable, low voltage driven microfluidic pump to deliver drugs. The micro pump has a high degree of biocompatibility and mechanical deformation capability, thanks to the use of elastic silicone elastomers (PDMS) for integration and embedding of the pump. We are using the new method of transverse DC electro-osmosis, which is demonstrated already in the literature. The method uses the fabrication of periodic grooves on top of the micro channel and the application of a DC voltage across the channel. In this contribution, for the first time the production and operation of soft elastic versions of such a pump, compatible with body tissue, is demonstrated. For the interconnects, gold is selectively electro-deposited on Cu-foil and is transferred to PDMS layer. Having only gold as the interconnect ascertains the high degree of bio-compatibility of the device. This pump works with voltages about 10V and produces mean flow speeds of about 60μm/s. The flow has also a helical profile which is a very good advantage to use this pump as a mixer for micro fluidic applications. Flow rate is measured by introducing dyed micro particles along with the liquid inside the channel.
author
organization
year
type
conference
publication status
published
subject
keyword
Micro Pump, Electro-osmosis, PDMS, Microfluidics
in
PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE, THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING
Proc. SPIE Int. Soc. Opt. Eng.
editor
Becker, Holger
volume
7929
issue title
Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and medical microsystems IX
article number
79290R
pages
8 pages
publisher
SPIE
place of publication
Bellingham, WA, USA
conference name
Conference on Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems IX
conference location
San Francisco, CA, USA
conference start
2011-01-23
conference end
2011-01-25
Web of Science type
Proceedings Paper
Web of Science id
000298046300023
ISSN
0277-786X
ISBN
9780819484666
DOI
10.1117/12.873812
language
English
UGent publication?
yes
classification
P1
I have transferred the copyright for this publication to the publisher
id
1215866
handle
http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-1215866
date created
2011-05-02 16:16:35
date last changed
2017-01-02 09:53:16
@inproceedings{1215866,
abstract = {The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the feasibility of an implantable, low voltage driven micro\unmatched{fb02}uidic pump to deliver drugs. The micro pump has a high degree of biocompatibility and mechanical deformation capability, thanks to the use of elastic silicone elastomers (PDMS) for integration and embedding of the pump. We are using the new method of transverse DC electro-osmosis, which is demonstrated already in the literature. The method uses the fabrication of periodic grooves on top of the micro channel and the application of a DC voltage across the channel. In this contribution, for the \unmatched{fb01}rst time the production and operation of soft elastic versions of such a pump, compatible with body tissue, is demonstrated. For the interconnects, gold is selectively electro-deposited on Cu-foil and is transferred to PDMS layer. Having only gold as the interconnect ascertains the high degree of bio-compatibility of the device. This pump works with voltages about 10V and produces mean \unmatched{fb02}ow speeds of about 60\ensuremath{\mu}m/s. The \unmatched{fb02}ow has also a helical pro\unmatched{fb01}le which is a very good advantage to use this pump as a mixer for micro \unmatched{fb02}uidic applications. Flow rate is measured by introducing dyed micro particles along with the liquid inside the channel.},
articleno = {79290R},
author = {Jahanshahi, Amir and Axisa, Fabrice and Vanfleteren, Jan},
booktitle = {PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE, THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING},
editor = {Becker, Holger and Gray, Bonnie L},
isbn = {9780819484666},
issn = {0277-786X},
keyword = {Micro Pump,Electro-osmosis,PDMS,Microfluidics},
language = {eng},
location = {San Francisco, CA, USA},
pages = {8},
publisher = {SPIE},
title = {Fabrication of an implantable stretchable electro-osmosis pump},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.873812},
volume = {7929},
year = {2011},
}
Chicago
Jahanshahi, Amir, Fabrice Axisa, and Jan Vanfleteren. 2011. “Fabrication of an Implantable Stretchable Electro-osmosis Pump.” In Proceedings of Spie, the International Society for Optical Engineering, ed. Holger Becker and Bonnie L Gray. Vol. 7929. Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE.
APA
Jahanshahi, A., Axisa, F., & Vanfleteren, J. (2011). Fabrication of an implantable stretchable electro-osmosis pump. In H. Becker & B. L. Gray (Eds.), PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE, THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING (Vol. 7929). Presented at the Conference on Microfluidics, BioMEMS, and Medical Microsystems IX, Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE.
Vancouver
1.
Jahanshahi A, Axisa F, Vanfleteren J. Fabrication of an implantable stretchable electro-osmosis pump. In: Becker H, Gray BL, editors. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE, THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING. Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE; 2011.
MLA
Jahanshahi, Amir, Fabrice Axisa, and Jan Vanfleteren. “Fabrication of an Implantable Stretchable Electro-osmosis Pump.” Proceedings of Spie, the International Society for Optical Engineering. Ed. Holger Becker & Bonnie L Gray. Vol. 7929. Bellingham, WA, USA: SPIE, 2011. Print. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3766678273677826, "perplexity": 14107.810631045471}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00222-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://bablefishfx.comwww.tug.org/pipermail/tex-live/2014-July/035678.html | # [tex-live] Problems with non-7bit characters in filename
Philip Taylor P.Taylor at Rhul.Ac.Uk
Sat Jul 5 14:16:20 CEST 2014
Kakuto-san :
> It works for xelatex in texlive (windows), if you write in texmf.cnf
> command_line_encoding=utf8
I have (at least) three instances of "texmf.cnf"; one at
D:\TeX\Live\2013, another at D:\TeX\Live\2013\texmf-dist, and the third
at D:\TeX\Live\2013\texmf-dist\doc\generic\pgf\text-en -- which
of these should I edit ? Presumably not the last, but which of
the first two ?
** Phil (Philip Taylor) | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.931053638458252, "perplexity": 28652.103330098154}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104293758.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220704015700-20220704045700-00210.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/number-theory/49939-congruences-2-a.html | 1. ## congruences 2
Slove the system of congruences
3x = 2 mod 4
4x = 1 mod 5
6x = 3 mod 9
is it no solution since 6 and 9 do not have an inverse since the gcd of 6 and 9 is not one thus u cant write it in the form x=a mod p
2. I have been trying to find the inverse and solve it that way but i dont know if that is right?
3. If $ac \equiv bc \ (\text{mod } m)$ and $(c,m) = d$, then $a \equiv b \left(\text{mod } \frac{m}{d}\right)$
Keeping in this in mind, I'm going to simplify the congruences first:
$\begin{array}{rcll} 3x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 4) \\ 3x & \equiv & 6 & (\text{mod } 4) \\ x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 4) \end{array}$........ $\begin{array}{rcll} 4x & \equiv & 1 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ 4x & \equiv & -4 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ x & \equiv & -1 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ x & \equiv & 4 & (\text{mod } 5) \end{array}$........ $\begin{array}{rcll} 6x & \equiv & 3 & (\text{mod } 9) \\ 6x & \equiv & 12 & (\text{mod }9) \\ x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 3) \end{array}$
So we're left with the system:
$\begin{array}{rcll} x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 4) \\ x & \equiv & 4 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 3) \end{array}$
And by the Chinese Remainder theorem, since $(4, 5, 3) = 1$, there is a unique solution modulo $4\cdot 5 \cdot 3 = 60$. Should be pretty simply to solve this one.
4. Originally Posted by o_O
If $ac \equiv bc \ (\text{mod } m)$ and $(c,m) = d$, then $a \equiv b \left(\text{mod } \frac{m}{d}\right)$
Keeping in this in mind, I'm going to simplify the congruences first:
$\begin{array}{rcll} 3x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 4) \\ 3x & \equiv & 6 & (\text{mod } 4) \\ x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 4) \end{array}$........ $\begin{array}{rcll} 4x & \equiv & 1 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ 4x & \equiv & -4 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ x & \equiv & -1 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ x & \equiv & 4 & (\text{mod } 5) \end{array}$........ $\begin{array}{rcll} 6x & \equiv & 3 & (\text{mod } 9) \\ 6x & \equiv & 12 & (\text{mod }9) \\ x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 3) \end{array}$
So we're left with the system:
$\begin{array}{rcll} x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 4) \\ x & \equiv & 4 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ x & \equiv & 2 & (\text{mod } 3) \end{array}$
And by the Chinese Remainder theorem, since $(4, 5, 3) = 1$, there is a unique solution modulo $4\cdot 5 \cdot 3 = 60$. Should be pretty simply to solve this one.
i get the right answer after applying the CRT to the reduced congruences, but i still dont know how u reduced the congruences or simplified them. Could you maybe explain it a little bit. Could u find the inverse modulo of each congruence and and reduce it to the form x=a mod m
5. Hello,
Divide the formula of o_O into 2 formulae:
1) If $ac\equiv bc\pmod m$ and $(c, m)=1$ then $a\equiv b\pmod m$.
2) If $ac\equiv bc\pmod {mc}$ then $a\equiv b\pmod m$.
1) corresponds to the case where you can find an inverse.
2) is a technique to decrease the modulus.
You add the modulus as many times as you want so that the coefficient of x and the right-hand-side have a common divisor.
Bye.
6. What I did was play around with the congruences a little. Remember, they sort of act like equality signs as well. Let's take the middle one I did:
$
\begin{array}{rcll} 4x & \equiv & 1 & (\text{mod } 5) \\ 4x & \equiv & -4 & (\text{mod } 5) \qquad \text{1. Subtracted 5} \\ x & \equiv & -1 & (\text{mod } 5) \qquad \text{2. Divided both sides by 4} \\ x & \equiv & 4 & (\text{mod } 5) \qquad \text{3. Added 5 to get a least residue} \end{array}
$
Basically, I wanted to get rid of the coefficient in front of the x and what I wanted is to ultimately divide it out:
1. If something is congruent to 4x mod 5, then adding or subtracting multiple of 5's will still be congruent to 4x. Remember: $a \equiv b \ (\text{mod m}) \ \iff \ a = b + km$
2. This refers to the very first statement I had in my first post
3. Again, adding and subtracting multiples of the modulus will not change the congruence as we did in step 1. The main purpose in doing so was to get a least residue (i.e. the "remainder")
Edit: Oh beaten! | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 25, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9278890490531921, "perplexity": 287.7361449484711}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084892699.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123211127-20180123231127-00206.warc.gz"} |
http://hivemall.incubator.apache.org/userguide/tips/addbias.html | A trainer learns the function f(x)=y, or weights W, of the following form to predict a label y where x is a feature vector. y=f(x)=Wx
Without a bias clause (or regularization), f(x) cannot make a hyperplane that divides (1,1) and (2,2) becuase f(x) crosses the origin point (0,0).
With bias clause b, a trainer learns the following f(x). f(x)=Wx+b Then, the predicted model considers bias existing in the dataset and the predicted hyperplane does not always cross the origin.
add_bias() of Hivemall, adds a bias to a feature vector. To enable a bias clause, use addbias() for both(important!) training and test data as follows. The bias _b is a feature of "0" ("-1" in before v0.3) by the default. See AddBiasUDF for the detail.
Note that Bias is expressed as a feature that found in all training/testing examples.
# Adding a bias clause to test data
create table e2006tfidf_test_exploded as
select
rowid,
target,
split(feature,":")[0] as feature,
cast(split(feature,":")[1] as float) as value
-- extract_feature(feature) as feature, -- hivemall v0.3.1 or later
-- extract_weight(feature) as value -- hivemall v0.3.1 or later
from
e2006tfidf_test LATERAL VIEW explode(add_bias(features)) t AS feature;
# Adding a bias clause to training data
create table e2006tfidf_pa1a_model as
select
feature,
avg(weight) as weight
from
(select | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36586490273475647, "perplexity": 9337.389138986948}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860557.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618125242-20180618145242-00531.warc.gz"} |
http://wikis.controltheorypro.com/Proportional_Control | Proportional Control
Proportional Control SISO Controller Design In order to prevent spam, users must register before they can edit or create articles.
## 1 Introduction to Proportional Controller Design
Figure 1: Standard Block Diagram
A proportional controller provides fast response to system error. The draw back to the proportional controller is that it cannot drive the system to a 0 steady-state error. I've been told that calibration can significantly reduce the residual error left by a proportional controller but I haven't done this myself.
## 2 Proportional Control Design
The equation for a proportional controller are below
$LaTeX: K\left(s\right)=k_{p}$
where
$LaTeX: k_{p}$ is the proportional gain.
The Pole Placement design approach to controller design makes it clear that the proportional gain can change the closed loop poles. However, a simple gain can change the closed loop poles to only a very limited set of poles. My suggestion would be to use MATLAB to plot the possible closed loop poles. From that list of possible poles pick the set that produces the best performance. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 2, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4219011664390564, "perplexity": 738.6974794431428}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426372.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726182141-20170726202141-00600.warc.gz"} |
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## osanseviero Group Title The domain of a composition of two functions one year ago one year ago Edit Question Delete Cancel Submit
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1. osanseviero
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Natural domain of $f(x)=\frac{ 1 }{ x-3 }$ g(x)=5x $(Fog)(x)$ It is x$x \in[-1,infinite)$ ?
• one year ago
2. hartnn
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what did you get for f(g(x)) = .... ?
• one year ago
3. osanseviero
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Let me do it, give me a sec
• one year ago
4. hartnn
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• one year ago
5. osanseviero
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$\sqrt{2-4x}$
• one year ago
6. osanseviero
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ooops sorry, confused question, give me another sec
• one year ago
7. hartnn
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am i reading the question correct ? f(x) =1/ (x-3) g(x) =5x ? i don't see ..... oh, okk
• one year ago
8. osanseviero
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Sorry, the mistake was the question
• one year ago
9. osanseviero
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$f(x)=\sqrt{x+1}$ g(x)=1-4x
• one year ago
10. hartnn
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yes, f(g(x)) is correct then
• one year ago
11. hartnn
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now quantity under square root cannot be negative
• one year ago
12. osanseviero
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So the domain is x<= 1/2 for the square root, and I take the intersection
• one year ago
13. osanseviero
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[-1,1/2]
• one year ago
14. hartnn
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yep, thats correct! good :)
• one year ago
15. osanseviero
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So I need to take the domain of FoG with $\left\{ x \in Dg|g(x)\in Df \right\}$
• one year ago
16. osanseviero
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And intersect that with the domain of the last result?
• one year ago
17. hartnn
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i am not sure about what that notation says, but yes, you take the intersection domains of both the funtion with composite function to get the final domain
• one year ago
18. osanseviero
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Perfect, thanks
• one year ago
19. hartnn
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welcome ^_^
• one year ago
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Thanks for being so helpful in mathematics. If you are getting quality help, make sure you spread the word about OpenStudy. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9996724128723145, "perplexity": 17774.32219014404}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414119646554.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141024030046-00245-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/155310/why-is-overlapping-a-possibility | # Why is overlapping a possibility?
I have three dynamic Rigidbody2D's, two of them paddles and the other a ball - this ball is also a trigger. If I used OnCollisionEnter before, I understand that the physics engine calculates the collision that should happen based on the position and velocity of the ball and paddle. This created the so called lag problem I had where seemingly two collision results happened. However, now I am using OnTriggerEnter and have a couple questions related to the problem I'm having.
When the ball is level with the paddle on the x-axis and you move up to hit it, the paddle is able to go through the ball but the collision happens from where the ball hit the paddle originally. Why is this? Also, if I print the x position of the ball, the position should be 7.175 but instead it's 7.19996, is there a way to get the actual point of collision? Is this linked to the first question?
Thanks!
If you need full continuous collision precision for a small number of objects in your scene, you can enable it in their Rigidbody2D's collision detection mode property. Or you can "scan ahead" of the object with raycasts/circle casts to find pending collisions and handle the bouncing yourself. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.21256771683692932, "perplexity": 700.5632615830282}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195529664.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20190723193455-20190723215455-00437.warc.gz"} |
http://www.dankalia.com/science/phy015.htm | Newton's Three Laws & Universal Gravitation
By Danny Keck
Few will argue that Sir Isaac Newton ranked among the top scientists of all time, and there are many that would go so far as to say that no one has had a more important effect on the development of science. Newton in fact did make some very important advances, such as creating infinitesimal calculus. In this paper I will briefly explain two other achievements of Newton: the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Both ideas were published in Newton's most famous publication, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosohy, printed in 1687. Newton first formulated his three laws of motion, which described the relationship between force and its result, acceleration. The first law states that a body will move at a constant speed unless a force acts upon it. Also an object at rest will stay at rest unless a force acts on it. If no force acts on an object that it will continue moving at a constant (or zero) speed.
This was originally thought up by Galileo, and it ran against conventional wisdom at that time. It was believed in the past that for an object to move at all a force must be acting on it; only an object at rest was not being affected by a force. Galilieo wondered however that if a perfectly smooth object were moving along a perfectly smooth horizontal surface, that it might travel forever in a straight line without any force to cause it to.
In his book Newton clearly stated that this would be true. Velocity is not the result of force, but rather acceleration is the result. This solved a problem that had been debated for centuries: what force could possilby be moving the planets? The answer is none; the planets are moving naturally in a uniform circular motion. Although gravity causes their direction to change constantly, their actual rate of movement is the same because there is no force to acclerate them.
The second law is a mathematical treatment of the first law. It lays down in simple yet accurate terms the numbers that desribe how a force changes the motion of a body. The acceleration of a mass is directly proportional to the force applied to it and inversely proportional to the mass of the object. All these reactions can be described with this simple formula: F=Ma. The second law can be considered the most important, as all of dyamics' basic equations can be derived from it using calculus.
If more than once force is acting on an object, than they must all be added together to compute the equation. The magnitude and direction of every force must be combined to form the resultant force, which is used in the equation. Acceleration is also a vector quantity and it is in the same direction as the force.
Newton's third law is popularly know as: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. It may be more accurate to say that the actions of two bodies on each other are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. If you press your hand against a wall with a certain amount of force, the wall will push back against your hand with the same amount of force. An airplane flying through the air is affected by the force of the earth pulling down on it, and in turn the airplane exerts an equal force on the earth (although because of the earth's immense mass this pull has a negligible effect.)
Legend has it that Newton was considering his Third Law one day when he saw an apple fall from a tree. He noted that the earth was pulling on the apple and the apple was pulling on the earth. He then wondered: what if the same force that was acting here also was responsible for keeping the whole universe together? What if earth and the sun attracted each other using the same concepts and formulas that gravity affects objects on earth?
It turned out that he was right. Earth's force of gravity is actually in effect throughout the entire universe, giving this force the name of universal gravitation. Its effects are very far reaching. Every pair of particles of matter in the universe attract each other with some gravitational force. The force acts in a straight line between them and is directly proportional to the combined masses of the objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance separating them.
This can be calucated using this formula: F = (Gm1m2) / d2. G is the gravitational constant. It is a constant that is the same throughout the universe and never depends on anything. The value of G is approximately 6.67´10-11. This value is obviously very small but it still affects answers. Some scientists believe that the value of G is actually diminishing as time goes by, but very slowly.
The gravitational force is one of the four fundamental forces of the universe, along with the electromagnetic, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces. Gravity is fairly weak. Between a proton and electron the force of gravity is 5´10-40 times as strong as the electromagnetic force. However, gravity does have an infinite range.
Although Newton's theories were landmark achievements and are usually very accurate, in some situations they fall apart. Einstein came up with the theory of relativity to fix some discrepencies in Newton's work, introducing ideas such as spacetime and gravity waves. The increased accuracy comes at a price; Einstein's formulas are far more complicated than Newton's.
The normal person working with normal objects, however, will find that Newton's theories work as accurately as can be measured. Newton's ideas on motion both on Earth and in the rest of the universe brought light to the confusing world of science, answered many of the great questions of the world, and were immense steps in the progression of mankind's ongoing scientific endeavors. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8794225454330444, "perplexity": 272.3441601075675}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319933.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622234435-20170623014435-00600.warc.gz"} |
https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/suppose-a-car-travels-108-km-at-a-speed-of35.0ms-and-uses1.80gallons-of-gasoline.-only-30percent-of-/093c2839-1357-4edd-9944-80b5626cf8a8 | # Suppose a car travels 108 km at a speed of 35.0 m/s, and uses 1.80 gallons of gasoline. Only 30% of the gasoline goes into useful work by the force that keeps the car moving at constant speed despite friction. (The energy content of gasoline is 1.3 ✕ 108 J per gallon.)(a) What is the force exerted to keep the car moving at constant speed? N(b) If the required force is directly proportional to speed, how many gallons will be used to drive 108 km at a speed of 28.0 m/s? gallons
Question
Suppose a car travels 108 km at a speed of 35.0 m/s, and uses 1.80 gallons of gasoline. Only 30% of the gasoline goes into useful work by the force that keeps the car moving at constant speed despite friction. (The energy content of gasoline is 1.3 ✕ 108 J per gallon.)(a) What is the force exerted to keep the car moving at constant speed?
N
(b) If the required force is directly proportional to speed, how many gallons will be used to drive 108 km at a speed of 28.0 m/s?
gallons
Step 1
(a). The amount of work done to keep the car moving at constant speed can be calculated as follows,
Step 2
Write the expression for work done, substitute the corresponding values, an...
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Tagged in | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8893258571624756, "perplexity": 380.940223155407}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570987795403.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20191022004128-20191022031628-00453.warc.gz"} |
http://nbviewer.jupyter.org/github/ml4a/ml4a-guides/blob/master/notebooks/transfer-learning.ipynb | Transfer learning / fine-tuning¶
This tutorial will guide you through the process of using transfer learning to learn an accurate image classifier from a relatively small number of training samples. Generally speaking, transfer learning refers to the process of leveraging the knowledge learned in one model for the training of another model.
More specifically, the process involves taking an existing neural network which was previously trained to good performance on a larger dataset, and using it as the basis for a new model which leverages that previous network's accuracy for a new task. This method has become popular in recent years to improve the performance of a neural net trained on a small dataset; the intuition is that the new dataset may be too small to train to good performance by itself, but we know that most neural nets trained to learn image features often learn similar features anyway, especially at early layers where they are more generic (edge detectors, blobs, and so on).
Transfer learning has been largely enabled by the open-sourcing of state-of-the-art models; for the top performing models in image classification tasks (like from ILSVRC), it is common practice now to not only publish the architecture, but to release the trained weights of the model as well. This lets amateurs use these top image classifiers to boost the performance of their own task-specific models.
Feature extraction vs. fine-tuning¶
At one extreme, transfer learning can involve taking the pre-trained network and freezing the weights, and using one of its hidden layers (usually the last one) as a feature extractor, using those features as the input to a smaller neural net.
At the other extreme, we start with the pre-trained network, but don't freeze its weights, allowing them to be updated along with the new network. Another name for this procedure is called "fine-tuning" because we are slightly adjusting the pre-trained net's weights to the new task. We usually train such a network with a lower learning rate, since we expect the features are already relatively good and do not need to be changed too much.
Sometimes, we do something in-between. Freeze just the early/generic layers, but fine-tune the later layers. Which strategy is best depends on the size of your dataset, the number of classes, and how much it resembles the dataset the previous model was trained on (and thus, whether it can benefit from the same learned feature extractors). A more detailed discussion of how to strategize can be found in [1] [2].
Procedure¶
In this guide will go through the process of loading a state-of-the-art, 1000-class image classifier, VGG16 which won the ImageNet challenge in 2014, and using it as a fixed feature extractor to train a smaller custom classifier on our own images, although with very few code changes, you can try fine-tuning as well.
We will first load VGG16 and remove its final layer, the 1000-class softmax classification layer specific to ImageNet, and replace it with a new classification layer for the classes we are training over. We will then freeze all the weights in the network except the new ones connecting to the new classification layer, and then train the new classification layer over our new dataset.
We will also compare this method to training a small neural network from scratch on the new dataset, and as we shall see, it will dramatically improve our accuracy. We will do that part first.
As our test subject, we'll use a dataset consisting of around 6000 images belonging to 97 classes, and train an image classifier with around 80% accuracy on it. It's worth noting that this strategy scales well to image sets where you may have even just a couple hundred or less images. Its performance will be lesser from a small number of samples (depending on classes) as usual, but still impressive considering the usual constraints.
Implementation details¶
This guide requires you to install keras, if you have not done so already. It is highly recommended to make sure you are using the GPU to train these models, as it will otherwise take much longer to train (however it is still possible to use CPU). If you can use GPU and have Theano as your backend, you should run the following command before importing keras, to ensure it uses the GPU.
os.environ["THEANO_FLAGS"] = "mode=FAST_RUN,device=gpu,floatX=float32"
If you are using Tensorflow as the backend, this is unnecessary.
Note this guide uses quite deep networks, much larger than the ones we trained in the convnets guide. If your system does not have enough memory, you may experience out-of-memory errors running this guide. A duplicate of this guide using smaller networks and smaller images is forthcoming soon -- in the meantime, you can try changing the architecture to suit your memory constraints.
To start, make sure the following import statements all work.
In [60]:
%matplotlib inline
import os
#if using Theano with GPU
#os.environ["THEANO_FLAGS"] = "mode=FAST_RUN,device=gpu,floatX=float32"
import random
import numpy as np
import keras
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.pyplot import imshow
from keras.preprocessing import image
from keras.applications.imagenet_utils import preprocess_input
from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flatten, Activation
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D
from keras.models import Model
Getting a dataset¶
The first step is going to be to load our data. As our example, we will be using the dataset CalTech-101, which contains around 9000 labeled images belonging to 101 object categories. However, we will exclude 5 of the categories which have the most images. This is in order to keep the class distribution fairly balanced (around 50-100) and constrained to a smaller number of images, around 6000.
If you wish to use your own dataset, it should be aranged in the same fashion to 101_ObjectCategories with all of the images organized into subfolders, one for each class. In this case, the following cell should load your custom dataset correctly by just replacing root with your folder. If you have an alternate structure, you just need to make sure that you load the list data where every element is a dict where x is the data (a 1-d numpy array) and y is the label (an integer). Use the helper function get_image(path) to load the image correctly into the array, and note also that the images are being resized to 224x224. This is necessary because the input to VGG16 is a 224x224 RGB image. You do not need to resize them on your hard drive, as that is being done in the code below.
If you have 101_ObjectCategories in your data folder, the following cell should load all the data.
In [2]:
root = '../data/101_ObjectCategories'
exclude = ['BACKGROUND_Google', 'Motorbikes', 'airplanes', 'Faces_easy', 'Faces']
train_split, val_split = 0.7, 0.15
categories = [x[0] for x in os.walk(root) if x[0]][1:]
categories = [c for c in categories
if c not in [os.path.join(root, e) for e in exclude]]
# helper function to load image and return it and input vector
def get_image(path):
x = image.img_to_array(img)
x = np.expand_dims(x, axis=0)
x = preprocess_input(x)
return img, x
# load all the images from root folder
data = []
for c, category in enumerate(categories):
images = [os.path.join(dp, f) for dp, dn, filenames
in os.walk(category) for f in filenames
if os.path.splitext(f)[1].lower() in ['.jpg','.png','.jpeg']]
for img_path in images:
img, x = get_image(img_path)
data.append({'x':np.array(x[0]), 'y':c})
# count the number of classes
num_classes = len(categories)
# randomize the data order
random.shuffle(data)
# create training / validation / test split (70%, 15%, 15%)
idx_val = int(train_split * len(data))
idx_test = int((train_split + val_split) * len(data))
train = data[:idx_val]
val = data[idx_val:idx_test]
test = data[idx_test:]
# separate data for labels
x_train, y_train = np.array([t["x"] for t in train]), [t["y"] for t in train]
x_val, y_val = np.array([t["x"] for t in val]), [t["y"] for t in val]
x_test, y_test = np.array([t["x"] for t in test]), [t["y"] for t in test]
# normalize data
x_train = x_train.astype('float32') / 255.
x_val = x_val.astype('float32') / 255.
x_test = x_test.astype('float32') / 255.
# convert labels to one-hot vectors
y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, num_classes)
y_val = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_val, num_classes)
y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, num_classes)
# summary
print("train / validation / test split: %d, %d, %d"%(len(x_train), len(x_val), len(x_test)))
print("training data shape: ", x_train.shape)
print("training labels shape: ", y_train.shape)
finished loading 6209 images from 97 categories
train / validation / test split: 4346, 931, 932
('training data shape: ', (4346, 224, 224, 3))
('training labels shape: ', (4346, 97))
If everything worked properly, you should have loaded a bunch of images, and split them into three sets: train, val, and test. The shape of the training data should be (n, 224, 224, 3) where n is the size of your training set, and the labels should be (n, c) where c is the number of classes (97 in the case of 101_ObjectCategories.
Notice that we divided all the data into three subsets -- a training set train, a validation set val, and a test set test. The reason for this is to properly evaluate the accuracy of our classifier. During training, the optimizer uses the validation set to evaluate its internal performance, in order to determine the gradient without overfitting to the training set. The test set is always held out from the training algorithm, and is only used at the end to evaluate the final accuracy of our model.
Let's quickly look at a few sample images from our dataset.
In [59]:
images = [os.path.join(dp, f) for dp, dn, filenames in os.walk(root) for f in filenames if os.path.splitext(f)[1].lower() in ['.jpg','.png','.jpeg']]
idx = [int(len(images) * random.random()) for i in range(8)]
imgs = [image.load_img(images[i], target_size=(224, 224)) for i in idx]
concat_image = np.concatenate([np.asarray(img) for img in imgs], axis=1)
plt.figure(figsize=(16,4))
plt.imshow(concat_image)
Out[59]:
<matplotlib.image.AxesImage at 0x1f36ed790>
First training a neural net from scratch¶
Before doing the transfer learning, let's first build a neural network from scratch for doing classification on our dataset. This will give us a baseline to compare to our transfer-learned network later.
The network we will construct contains 4 alternating convolutional and max-pooling layers, followed by a dropout after every other conv/pooling pair. After the last pooling layer, we will attach a fully-connected layer with 256 neurons, another dropout layer, then finally a softmax classification layer for our classes.
Our loss function will be, as usual, categorical cross-entropy loss, and our learning algorithm will be AdaDelta. Various things about this network can be changed to get better performance, perhaps using a larger network or a different optimizer will help, but for the purposes of this notebook, the goal is to just get an understanding of an approximate baseline for comparison's sake, and so it isn't neccessary to spend much time trying to optimize this network.
Upon compiling the network, let's run model.summary() to get a snapshot of its layers.
In [63]:
# build the network
model = Sequential()
# compile the model to use categorical cross-entropy loss function and adadelta optimizer
model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
conv2d_9 (Conv2D) (None, 222, 222, 32) 896
_________________________________________________________________
activation_13 (Activation) (None, 222, 222, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_9 (MaxPooling2 (None, 111, 111, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_10 (Conv2D) (None, 109, 109, 32) 9248
_________________________________________________________________
activation_14 (Activation) (None, 109, 109, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_10 (MaxPooling (None, 54, 54, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
dropout_7 (Dropout) (None, 54, 54, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_11 (Conv2D) (None, 52, 52, 32) 9248
_________________________________________________________________
activation_15 (Activation) (None, 52, 52, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_11 (MaxPooling (None, 26, 26, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_12 (Conv2D) (None, 24, 24, 32) 9248
_________________________________________________________________
activation_16 (Activation) (None, 24, 24, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_12 (MaxPooling (None, 12, 12, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
dropout_8 (Dropout) (None, 12, 12, 32) 0
_________________________________________________________________
flatten_3 (Flatten) (None, 4608) 0
_________________________________________________________________
dense_13 (Dense) (None, 256) 1179904
_________________________________________________________________
activation_17 (Activation) (None, 256) 0
_________________________________________________________________
dropout_9 (Dropout) (None, 256) 0
_________________________________________________________________
dense_14 (Dense) (None, 97) 24929
_________________________________________________________________
activation_18 (Activation) (None, 97) 0
=================================================================
Total params: 1,233,473.0
Trainable params: 1,233,473.0
Non-trainable params: 0.0
_________________________________________________________________
We've created a medium-sized network with ~1.2 million weights and biases (the parameters). Most of them are leading into the one pre-softmax fully-connected layer "dense_5".
We can now go ahead and train our model for 100 epochs with a batch size of 128. We'll also record its history so we can plot the loss over time later.
In [64]:
history = model.fit(x_train, y_train,
batch_size=128,
epochs=100,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))
Train on 4346 samples, validate on 931 samples
Epoch 1/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 4.5407 - acc: 0.0308 - val_loss: 4.4815 - val_acc: 0.0602
Epoch 2/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 4.4150 - acc: 0.0686 - val_loss: 4.3017 - val_acc: 0.0945
Epoch 3/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 4.2222 - acc: 0.1086 - val_loss: 4.0468 - val_acc: 0.1557
Epoch 4/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 3.9835 - acc: 0.1484 - val_loss: 3.7900 - val_acc: 0.1976
Epoch 5/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 3.7314 - acc: 0.1855 - val_loss: 3.6591 - val_acc: 0.2578
Epoch 6/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 3.5076 - acc: 0.2209 - val_loss: 3.4835 - val_acc: 0.2460
Epoch 7/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 3.2847 - acc: 0.2630 - val_loss: 3.2689 - val_acc: 0.2997
Epoch 8/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 3.0013 - acc: 0.3118 - val_loss: 3.1930 - val_acc: 0.3244
Epoch 9/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 2.7695 - acc: 0.3583 - val_loss: 2.9774 - val_acc: 0.3416
Epoch 10/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 2.5365 - acc: 0.3983 - val_loss: 2.8194 - val_acc: 0.3695
Epoch 11/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 2.3103 - acc: 0.4459 - val_loss: 2.7380 - val_acc: 0.3813
Epoch 12/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 2.1475 - acc: 0.4795 - val_loss: 2.6909 - val_acc: 0.3953
Epoch 13/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 1.8565 - acc: 0.5377 - val_loss: 2.7421 - val_acc: 0.3921
Epoch 14/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 1.6818 - acc: 0.5658 - val_loss: 2.5981 - val_acc: 0.4393
Epoch 15/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 1.5412 - acc: 0.6045 - val_loss: 2.5592 - val_acc: 0.4382
Epoch 16/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 1.3512 - acc: 0.6401 - val_loss: 2.6747 - val_acc: 0.4339
Epoch 17/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 1.2114 - acc: 0.6723 - val_loss: 2.6503 - val_acc: 0.4318
Epoch 18/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 1.0976 - acc: 0.7018 - val_loss: 2.6322 - val_acc: 0.4404
Epoch 19/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.9964 - acc: 0.7260 - val_loss: 2.6771 - val_acc: 0.4479
Epoch 20/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.9172 - acc: 0.7483 - val_loss: 2.6750 - val_acc: 0.4468
Epoch 21/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.8427 - acc: 0.7655 - val_loss: 2.6560 - val_acc: 0.4726
Epoch 22/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.7785 - acc: 0.7754 - val_loss: 2.7327 - val_acc: 0.4576
Epoch 23/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.7053 - acc: 0.7977 - val_loss: 2.8198 - val_acc: 0.4533
Epoch 24/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.6925 - acc: 0.7994 - val_loss: 2.7577 - val_acc: 0.4597
Epoch 25/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.6092 - acc: 0.8182 - val_loss: 2.8431 - val_acc: 0.4468
Epoch 26/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.5661 - acc: 0.8378 - val_loss: 2.9029 - val_acc: 0.4576
Epoch 27/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.5162 - acc: 0.8532 - val_loss: 2.9416 - val_acc: 0.4576
Epoch 28/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.5112 - acc: 0.8458 - val_loss: 2.9678 - val_acc: 0.4586
Epoch 29/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.4802 - acc: 0.8555 - val_loss: 2.9655 - val_acc: 0.4694
Epoch 30/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.4321 - acc: 0.8714 - val_loss: 2.9573 - val_acc: 0.4683
Epoch 31/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.4379 - acc: 0.8711 - val_loss: 3.0498 - val_acc: 0.4705
Epoch 32/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.3906 - acc: 0.8840 - val_loss: 3.0571 - val_acc: 0.4629
Epoch 33/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.3787 - acc: 0.8898 - val_loss: 3.0878 - val_acc: 0.4565
Epoch 34/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.3744 - acc: 0.8863 - val_loss: 3.0943 - val_acc: 0.4748
Epoch 35/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.3785 - acc: 0.8896 - val_loss: 3.0990 - val_acc: 0.4726
Epoch 36/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.3520 - acc: 0.8951 - val_loss: 3.1261 - val_acc: 0.4608
Epoch 37/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.3447 - acc: 0.8990 - val_loss: 3.0691 - val_acc: 0.4629
Epoch 38/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.3292 - acc: 0.8992 - val_loss: 3.1341 - val_acc: 0.4672
Epoch 39/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2945 - acc: 0.9144 - val_loss: 3.1678 - val_acc: 0.4651
Epoch 40/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2834 - acc: 0.9096 - val_loss: 3.2061 - val_acc: 0.4662
Epoch 41/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2829 - acc: 0.9160 - val_loss: 3.2115 - val_acc: 0.4769
Epoch 42/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2608 - acc: 0.9241 - val_loss: 3.2818 - val_acc: 0.4705
Epoch 43/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2643 - acc: 0.9213 - val_loss: 3.2121 - val_acc: 0.4726
Epoch 44/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2493 - acc: 0.9225 - val_loss: 3.2950 - val_acc: 0.4651
Epoch 45/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2611 - acc: 0.9236 - val_loss: 3.3133 - val_acc: 0.4715
Epoch 46/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2246 - acc: 0.9301 - val_loss: 3.2911 - val_acc: 0.4694
Epoch 47/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2414 - acc: 0.9268 - val_loss: 3.2376 - val_acc: 0.4769
Epoch 48/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2282 - acc: 0.9340 - val_loss: 3.2864 - val_acc: 0.4780
Epoch 49/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2262 - acc: 0.9296 - val_loss: 3.3845 - val_acc: 0.4758
Epoch 50/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2009 - acc: 0.9406 - val_loss: 3.3347 - val_acc: 0.4769
Epoch 51/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1928 - acc: 0.9409 - val_loss: 3.3904 - val_acc: 0.4855
Epoch 52/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1862 - acc: 0.9443 - val_loss: 3.4426 - val_acc: 0.4812
Epoch 53/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1973 - acc: 0.9402 - val_loss: 3.4805 - val_acc: 0.4705
Epoch 54/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2090 - acc: 0.9390 - val_loss: 3.3708 - val_acc: 0.4780
Epoch 55/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1750 - acc: 0.9443 - val_loss: 3.4272 - val_acc: 0.4694
Epoch 56/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.2037 - acc: 0.9409 - val_loss: 3.4955 - val_acc: 0.4823
Epoch 57/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1705 - acc: 0.9501 - val_loss: 3.5468 - val_acc: 0.4919
Epoch 58/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1724 - acc: 0.9494 - val_loss: 3.4323 - val_acc: 0.4672
Epoch 59/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1681 - acc: 0.9503 - val_loss: 3.5111 - val_acc: 0.4866
Epoch 60/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1963 - acc: 0.9399 - val_loss: 3.4187 - val_acc: 0.4791
Epoch 61/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1667 - acc: 0.9514 - val_loss: 3.5126 - val_acc: 0.4823
Epoch 62/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1443 - acc: 0.9597 - val_loss: 3.5175 - val_acc: 0.4866
Epoch 63/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1520 - acc: 0.9549 - val_loss: 3.4818 - val_acc: 0.4780
Epoch 64/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1390 - acc: 0.9584 - val_loss: 3.6060 - val_acc: 0.4715
Epoch 65/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1446 - acc: 0.9521 - val_loss: 3.4628 - val_acc: 0.4758
Epoch 66/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1314 - acc: 0.9586 - val_loss: 3.5667 - val_acc: 0.4737
Epoch 67/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1355 - acc: 0.9572 - val_loss: 3.5765 - val_acc: 0.4769
Epoch 68/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1346 - acc: 0.9579 - val_loss: 3.5701 - val_acc: 0.4715
Epoch 69/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1451 - acc: 0.9544 - val_loss: 3.5311 - val_acc: 0.4737
Epoch 70/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1497 - acc: 0.9572 - val_loss: 3.6496 - val_acc: 0.4715
Epoch 71/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1320 - acc: 0.9611 - val_loss: 3.5732 - val_acc: 0.4694
Epoch 72/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1138 - acc: 0.9664 - val_loss: 3.6330 - val_acc: 0.4737
Epoch 73/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1384 - acc: 0.9588 - val_loss: 3.6614 - val_acc: 0.4737
Epoch 74/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1334 - acc: 0.9607 - val_loss: 3.6358 - val_acc: 0.4672
Epoch 75/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1167 - acc: 0.9666 - val_loss: 3.6078 - val_acc: 0.4758
Epoch 76/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1354 - acc: 0.9639 - val_loss: 3.6409 - val_acc: 0.4758
Epoch 77/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1202 - acc: 0.9627 - val_loss: 3.5874 - val_acc: 0.4834
Epoch 78/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1076 - acc: 0.9680 - val_loss: 3.7173 - val_acc: 0.4694
Epoch 79/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1389 - acc: 0.9565 - val_loss: 3.5808 - val_acc: 0.4801
Epoch 80/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1281 - acc: 0.9648 - val_loss: 3.6159 - val_acc: 0.4780
Epoch 81/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1049 - acc: 0.9678 - val_loss: 3.6340 - val_acc: 0.4726
Epoch 82/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1013 - acc: 0.9676 - val_loss: 3.6720 - val_acc: 0.4801
Epoch 83/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0965 - acc: 0.9731 - val_loss: 3.7164 - val_acc: 0.4844
Epoch 84/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0983 - acc: 0.9715 - val_loss: 3.7099 - val_acc: 0.4844
Epoch 85/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1251 - acc: 0.9611 - val_loss: 3.6103 - val_acc: 0.4662
Epoch 86/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0977 - acc: 0.9673 - val_loss: 3.5529 - val_acc: 0.4823
Epoch 87/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0997 - acc: 0.9685 - val_loss: 3.7150 - val_acc: 0.4672
Epoch 88/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0945 - acc: 0.9685 - val_loss: 3.8007 - val_acc: 0.4769
Epoch 89/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1063 - acc: 0.9664 - val_loss: 3.8063 - val_acc: 0.4748
Epoch 90/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1029 - acc: 0.9694 - val_loss: 3.7229 - val_acc: 0.4866
Epoch 91/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1127 - acc: 0.9666 - val_loss: 3.6706 - val_acc: 0.4855
Epoch 92/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0993 - acc: 0.9694 - val_loss: 3.6673 - val_acc: 0.4941
Epoch 93/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1001 - acc: 0.9678 - val_loss: 3.7259 - val_acc: 0.4726
Epoch 94/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0922 - acc: 0.9731 - val_loss: 3.6871 - val_acc: 0.4748
Epoch 95/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0786 - acc: 0.9761 - val_loss: 3.7414 - val_acc: 0.4651
Epoch 96/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1023 - acc: 0.9682 - val_loss: 3.7787 - val_acc: 0.4844
Epoch 97/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0895 - acc: 0.9747 - val_loss: 3.7143 - val_acc: 0.4876
Epoch 98/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.1098 - acc: 0.9685 - val_loss: 3.6360 - val_acc: 0.4791
Epoch 99/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0858 - acc: 0.9731 - val_loss: 3.7660 - val_acc: 0.4844
Epoch 100/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 38s - loss: 0.0875 - acc: 0.9733 - val_loss: 3.6681 - val_acc: 0.4855
Let's plot the validation loss and validation accuracy over time.
In [36]:
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16,4))
ax.plot(history.history["val_loss"])
ax.set_title("validation loss")
ax.set_xlabel("epochs")
ax2.plot(history.history["val_acc"])
ax2.set_title("validation accuracy")
ax2.set_xlabel("epochs")
ax2.set_ylim(0, 1)
plt.show()
Notice that the validation loss begins to actually rise after around 16 epochs, even though validation accuracy remains roughly between 40% and 50%. This suggests our model begins overfitting around then, and best performance would have been achieved if we had stopped early around then. Nevertheless, our accuracy would not have likely been above 50%, and probably lower down.
We can also get a final evaluation by running our model on the training set. Doing so, we get the following results:
In [5]:
loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)
print('Test loss:', loss)
print('Test accuracy:', accuracy)
('Test loss:', 3.7721598874857496)
('Test accuracy:', 0.49463519313304721)
Finally, we see that we have achieved a (top-1) accuracy of around 49%. That's not too bad for 6000 images, considering that if we were to use a naive strategy of taking random guesses, we would have only gotten around 1% accuracy.
Transfer learning by starting with existing network¶
Now we can move on to the main strategy for training an image classifier on our small dataset: by starting with a larger and already trained network.
To start, we will load the VGG16 from keras, which was trained on ImageNet and the weights saved online. If this is your first time loading VGG16, you'll need to wait a bit for the weights to download from the web. Once the network is loaded, we can again inspect the layers with the summary() method.
In [6]:
vgg = keras.applications.VGG16(weights='imagenet', include_top=True)
vgg.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
input_1 (InputLayer) (None, 224, 224, 3) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 224, 224, 64) 1792
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 224, 224, 64) 36928
_________________________________________________________________
block1_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 112, 112, 64) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 112, 112, 128) 73856
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 112, 112, 128) 147584
_________________________________________________________________
block2_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 56, 56, 128) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 295168
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 590080
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 590080
_________________________________________________________________
block3_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 28, 28, 256) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 1180160
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block4_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 7, 7, 512) 0
_________________________________________________________________
flatten (Flatten) (None, 25088) 0
_________________________________________________________________
fc1 (Dense) (None, 4096) 102764544
_________________________________________________________________
fc2 (Dense) (None, 4096) 16781312
_________________________________________________________________
predictions (Dense) (None, 1000) 4097000
=================================================================
Total params: 138,357,544.0
Trainable params: 138,357,544.0
Non-trainable params: 0.0
_________________________________________________________________
Notice that VGG16 is much bigger than the network we constructed earlier. It contains 13 convolutional layers and two fully connected layers at the end, and has over 138 million parameters, around 100 times as many parameters than the network we made above. Like our first network, the majority of the parameters are stored in the connections leading into the first fully-connected layer.
VGG16 was made to solve ImageNet, and achieves a 8.8% top-5 error rate, which means that 91.2% of test samples were classified correctly within the top 5 predictions for each image. It's top-1 accuracy--equivalent to the accuracy metric we've been using (that the top prediction is correct)--is 73%. This is especially impressive since there are not just 97, but 1000 classes, meaning that random guesses would get us only 0.1% accuracy.
In order to use this network for our task, we "remove" the final classification layer, the 1000-neuron softmax layer at the end, which corresponds to ImageNet, and instead replace it with a new softmax layer for our dataset, which contains 97 neurons in the case of the 101_ObjectCategories dataset.
In terms of implementation, it's easier to simply create a copy of VGG from its input layer until the second to last layer, and then work with that, rather than modifying the VGG object directly. So technically we never "remove" anything, we just circumvent/ignore it. This can be done in the following way, by using the keras Model class to initialize a new model whose input layer is the same as VGG but whose output layer is our new softmax layer, called new_classification_layer. Note: although it appears we are duplicating this large network, internally Keras is actually just copying all the layers by reference, and thus we don't need to worry about overloading the memory.
In [41]:
# make a reference to VGG's input layer
inp = vgg.input
# make a new softmax layer with num_classes neurons
new_classification_layer = Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax')
# connect our new layer to the second to last layer in VGG, and make a reference to it
out = new_classification_layer(vgg.layers[-2].output)
# create a new network between inp and out
model_new = Model(inp, out)
We are going to retrain this network, model_new on the new dataset and labels. But first, we need to freeze the weights and biases in all the layers in the network, except our new one at the end, with the expectation that the features that were learned in VGG should still be fairly relevant to the new image classification task. Not optimal, but most likely better than what we can train to in our limited dataset.
By setting the trainable flag in each layer false (except our new classification layer), we ensure all the weights and biases in those layers remain fixed, and we simply train the weights in the one layer at the end. In some cases, it is desirable to not freeze all the pre-classification layers. If your dataset has enough samples, and doesn't resemble ImageNet very much, it might be advantageous to fine-tune some of the VGG layers along with the new classifier, or possibly even all of them. To do this, you can change the below code to make more of the layers trainable.
In the case of CalTech-101, we will just do feature extraction, fearing that fine-tuning too much with this dataset may overfit. But maybe we are wrong? A good exercise would be to try out both, and compare the results.
So we go ahead and freeze the layers, and compile the new model with exactly the same optimizer and loss function as in our first network, for the sake of a fair comparison. We then run summary again to look at the network's architecture.
In [42]:
# make all layers untrainable by freezing weights (except for last layer)
for l, layer in enumerate(model_new.layers[:-1]):
layer.trainable = False
# ensure the last layer is trainable/not frozen
for l, layer in enumerate(model_new.layers[-1:]):
layer.trainable = True
model_new.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
metrics=['accuracy'])
model_new.summary()
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
input_1 (InputLayer) (None, 224, 224, 3) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 224, 224, 64) 1792
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 224, 224, 64) 36928
_________________________________________________________________
block1_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 112, 112, 64) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 112, 112, 128) 73856
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 112, 112, 128) 147584
_________________________________________________________________
block2_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 56, 56, 128) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 295168
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 590080
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 590080
_________________________________________________________________
block3_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 28, 28, 256) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 1180160
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block4_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 7, 7, 512) 0
_________________________________________________________________
flatten (Flatten) (None, 25088) 0
_________________________________________________________________
fc1 (Dense) (None, 4096) 102764544
_________________________________________________________________
fc2 (Dense) (None, 4096) 16781312
_________________________________________________________________
dense_5 (Dense) (None, 97) 397409
=================================================================
Total params: 134,657,953.0
Trainable params: 397,409.0
Non-trainable params: 134,260,544.0
_________________________________________________________________
Looking at the summary, we see the network is identical to the VGG model we instantiated earlier, except the last layer, formerly a 1000-neuron softmax, has been replaced by a new 97-neuron softmax. Additionally, we still have roughly 134 million weights, but now the vast majority of them are "non-trainable params" because we froze the layers they are contained in. We now only have 397,000 trainable parameters, which is actually only a quarter of the number of parameters needed to train the first model.
As before, we go ahead and train the new model, using the same hyperparameters (batch size and number of epochs) as before, along with the same optimization algorithm. We also keep track of its history as we go.
In [54]:
history2 = model_new.fit(x_train, y_train,
batch_size=128,
epochs=100,
validation_data=(x_val, y_val))
Train on 4346 samples, validate on 931 samples
Epoch 1/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 4.2942 - acc: 0.0900 - val_loss: 3.7752 - val_acc: 0.1472
Epoch 2/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 3.4561 - acc: 0.2584 - val_loss: 3.2105 - val_acc: 0.3212
Epoch 3/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 2.9204 - acc: 0.3684 - val_loss: 2.7843 - val_acc: 0.3910
Epoch 4/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 2.5652 - acc: 0.4473 - val_loss: 2.5515 - val_acc: 0.4823
Epoch 5/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 2.2863 - acc: 0.5166 - val_loss: 2.2879 - val_acc: 0.4791
Epoch 6/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 2.0762 - acc: 0.5511 - val_loss: 2.1597 - val_acc: 0.5188
Epoch 7/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.9124 - acc: 0.5874 - val_loss: 1.9776 - val_acc: 0.5585
Epoch 8/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.7626 - acc: 0.6197 - val_loss: 1.9062 - val_acc: 0.5671
Epoch 9/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.6470 - acc: 0.6523 - val_loss: 1.7965 - val_acc: 0.5994
Epoch 10/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.5568 - acc: 0.6707 - val_loss: 1.6949 - val_acc: 0.6079
Epoch 11/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.4616 - acc: 0.6901 - val_loss: 1.6447 - val_acc: 0.6047
Epoch 12/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.3878 - acc: 0.7103 - val_loss: 1.5615 - val_acc: 0.6337
Epoch 13/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.3259 - acc: 0.7112 - val_loss: 1.5190 - val_acc: 0.6488
Epoch 14/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.2700 - acc: 0.7333 - val_loss: 1.4809 - val_acc: 0.6574
Epoch 15/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.2156 - acc: 0.7430 - val_loss: 1.4060 - val_acc: 0.6874
Epoch 16/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.1614 - acc: 0.7545 - val_loss: 1.3809 - val_acc: 0.6702
Epoch 17/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.1213 - acc: 0.7549 - val_loss: 1.3757 - val_acc: 0.6735
Epoch 18/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.0823 - acc: 0.7623 - val_loss: 1.3053 - val_acc: 0.6992
Epoch 19/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.0498 - acc: 0.7743 - val_loss: 1.2646 - val_acc: 0.6917
Epoch 20/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 1.0119 - acc: 0.7780 - val_loss: 1.2462 - val_acc: 0.6982
Epoch 21/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.9782 - acc: 0.7902 - val_loss: 1.2202 - val_acc: 0.7014
Epoch 22/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.9491 - acc: 0.7936 - val_loss: 1.2190 - val_acc: 0.7025
Epoch 23/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.9309 - acc: 0.7927 - val_loss: 1.2055 - val_acc: 0.7068
Epoch 24/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.8900 - acc: 0.8125 - val_loss: 1.1590 - val_acc: 0.7186
Epoch 25/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.8782 - acc: 0.8127 - val_loss: 1.1377 - val_acc: 0.7272
Epoch 26/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.8557 - acc: 0.8097 - val_loss: 1.1375 - val_acc: 0.7057
Epoch 27/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.8281 - acc: 0.8180 - val_loss: 1.1416 - val_acc: 0.7111
Epoch 28/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.8066 - acc: 0.8233 - val_loss: 1.1032 - val_acc: 0.7218
Epoch 29/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.7975 - acc: 0.8208 - val_loss: 1.0881 - val_acc: 0.7272
Epoch 30/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.7724 - acc: 0.8302 - val_loss: 1.0782 - val_acc: 0.7304
Epoch 31/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.7553 - acc: 0.8329 - val_loss: 1.0862 - val_acc: 0.7175
Epoch 32/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.7379 - acc: 0.8382 - val_loss: 1.0506 - val_acc: 0.7390
Epoch 33/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.7256 - acc: 0.8376 - val_loss: 1.0220 - val_acc: 0.7551
Epoch 34/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.7063 - acc: 0.8433 - val_loss: 1.0208 - val_acc: 0.7379
Epoch 35/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.6978 - acc: 0.8442 - val_loss: 0.9990 - val_acc: 0.7540
Epoch 36/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.6751 - acc: 0.8530 - val_loss: 1.0387 - val_acc: 0.7272
Epoch 37/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.6700 - acc: 0.8442 - val_loss: 0.9966 - val_acc: 0.7476
Epoch 38/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.6557 - acc: 0.8573 - val_loss: 0.9849 - val_acc: 0.7594
Epoch 39/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.6431 - acc: 0.8585 - val_loss: 0.9924 - val_acc: 0.7465
Epoch 40/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.6315 - acc: 0.8679 - val_loss: 0.9706 - val_acc: 0.7487
Epoch 41/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.6202 - acc: 0.8603 - val_loss: 0.9716 - val_acc: 0.7530
Epoch 42/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.6090 - acc: 0.8677 - val_loss: 0.9680 - val_acc: 0.7583
Epoch 43/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.5978 - acc: 0.8677 - val_loss: 0.9738 - val_acc: 0.7530
Epoch 44/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5870 - acc: 0.8744 - val_loss: 0.9347 - val_acc: 0.7766
Epoch 45/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.5753 - acc: 0.8771 - val_loss: 0.9095 - val_acc: 0.7701
Epoch 46/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5675 - acc: 0.8792 - val_loss: 0.9525 - val_acc: 0.7573
Epoch 47/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5587 - acc: 0.8753 - val_loss: 0.9459 - val_acc: 0.7476
Epoch 48/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5555 - acc: 0.8794 - val_loss: 0.9261 - val_acc: 0.7530
Epoch 49/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5383 - acc: 0.8836 - val_loss: 0.9454 - val_acc: 0.7454
Epoch 50/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5342 - acc: 0.8840 - val_loss: 0.9138 - val_acc: 0.7615
Epoch 51/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5291 - acc: 0.8870 - val_loss: 0.9070 - val_acc: 0.7573
Epoch 52/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5148 - acc: 0.8861 - val_loss: 0.9018 - val_acc: 0.7680
Epoch 53/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5096 - acc: 0.8886 - val_loss: 0.9226 - val_acc: 0.7530
Epoch 54/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.5027 - acc: 0.8939 - val_loss: 0.8943 - val_acc: 0.7744
Epoch 55/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4936 - acc: 0.8960 - val_loss: 0.9074 - val_acc: 0.7691
Epoch 56/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4879 - acc: 0.8953 - val_loss: 0.9124 - val_acc: 0.7540
Epoch 57/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4792 - acc: 0.8965 - val_loss: 0.8896 - val_acc: 0.7744
Epoch 58/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4755 - acc: 0.8960 - val_loss: 0.8891 - val_acc: 0.7658
Epoch 59/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4682 - acc: 0.9008 - val_loss: 0.8810 - val_acc: 0.7701
Epoch 60/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4641 - acc: 0.8985 - val_loss: 0.8869 - val_acc: 0.7820
Epoch 61/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4495 - acc: 0.9036 - val_loss: 0.8652 - val_acc: 0.7744
Epoch 62/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.4485 - acc: 0.9040 - val_loss: 0.8858 - val_acc: 0.7680
Epoch 63/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.4396 - acc: 0.9103 - val_loss: 0.8642 - val_acc: 0.7755
Epoch 64/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.4323 - acc: 0.9116 - val_loss: 0.8702 - val_acc: 0.7798
Epoch 65/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4302 - acc: 0.9059 - val_loss: 0.8904 - val_acc: 0.7594
Epoch 66/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.4272 - acc: 0.9110 - val_loss: 0.8638 - val_acc: 0.7744
Epoch 67/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4167 - acc: 0.9146 - val_loss: 0.8752 - val_acc: 0.7723
Epoch 68/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.4100 - acc: 0.9183 - val_loss: 0.8653 - val_acc: 0.7787
Epoch 69/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.4076 - acc: 0.9144 - val_loss: 0.8573 - val_acc: 0.7658
Epoch 70/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.4026 - acc: 0.9162 - val_loss: 0.8291 - val_acc: 0.7798
Epoch 71/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3964 - acc: 0.9185 - val_loss: 0.8721 - val_acc: 0.7701
Epoch 72/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3944 - acc: 0.9156 - val_loss: 0.8509 - val_acc: 0.7787
Epoch 73/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3897 - acc: 0.9197 - val_loss: 0.8458 - val_acc: 0.7744
Epoch 74/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3819 - acc: 0.9206 - val_loss: 0.8388 - val_acc: 0.7852
Epoch 75/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3787 - acc: 0.9215 - val_loss: 0.8281 - val_acc: 0.7691
Epoch 76/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3757 - acc: 0.9213 - val_loss: 0.8352 - val_acc: 0.7701
Epoch 77/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3713 - acc: 0.9287 - val_loss: 0.8344 - val_acc: 0.7766
Epoch 78/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3664 - acc: 0.9243 - val_loss: 0.8259 - val_acc: 0.7830
Epoch 79/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3614 - acc: 0.9273 - val_loss: 0.8162 - val_acc: 0.7830
Epoch 80/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3563 - acc: 0.9271 - val_loss: 0.8301 - val_acc: 0.7734
Epoch 81/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3527 - acc: 0.9261 - val_loss: 0.8223 - val_acc: 0.7863
Epoch 82/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3499 - acc: 0.9294 - val_loss: 0.7862 - val_acc: 0.7927
Epoch 83/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3399 - acc: 0.9342 - val_loss: 0.8135 - val_acc: 0.7766
Epoch 84/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3410 - acc: 0.9337 - val_loss: 0.8146 - val_acc: 0.7830
Epoch 85/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3354 - acc: 0.9335 - val_loss: 0.7957 - val_acc: 0.7905
Epoch 86/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3355 - acc: 0.9314 - val_loss: 0.8126 - val_acc: 0.7820
Epoch 87/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3307 - acc: 0.9344 - val_loss: 0.8042 - val_acc: 0.7820
Epoch 88/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3240 - acc: 0.9386 - val_loss: 0.7895 - val_acc: 0.8002
Epoch 89/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3210 - acc: 0.9388 - val_loss: 0.8042 - val_acc: 0.7927
Epoch 90/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3167 - acc: 0.9365 - val_loss: 0.8036 - val_acc: 0.7809
Epoch 91/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3138 - acc: 0.9416 - val_loss: 0.7923 - val_acc: 0.7863
Epoch 92/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3126 - acc: 0.9390 - val_loss: 0.7948 - val_acc: 0.7916
Epoch 93/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3083 - acc: 0.9422 - val_loss: 0.7973 - val_acc: 0.7895
Epoch 94/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 37s - loss: 0.3057 - acc: 0.9422 - val_loss: 0.7880 - val_acc: 0.7916
Epoch 95/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.3004 - acc: 0.9448 - val_loss: 0.8244 - val_acc: 0.7755
Epoch 96/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.2986 - acc: 0.9439 - val_loss: 0.7961 - val_acc: 0.7884
Epoch 97/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.2966 - acc: 0.9459 - val_loss: 0.7892 - val_acc: 0.7927
Epoch 98/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.2932 - acc: 0.9439 - val_loss: 0.7866 - val_acc: 0.8002
Epoch 99/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.2887 - acc: 0.9473 - val_loss: 0.7858 - val_acc: 0.7948
Epoch 100/100
4346/4346 [==============================] - 36s - loss: 0.2862 - acc: 0.9471 - val_loss: 0.7880 - val_acc: 0.7841
Our validation accuracy hovers close to 80% towards the end, which is more than 30% improvement on the original network trained from scratch (meaning that we make the wrong prediction on 20% of samples, rather than 50%).
It's worth noting also that this network actually trains slightly faster than the original network, despite having more than 100 times as many parameters! This is because freezing the weights negates the need to backpropagate through all those layers, saving us on runtime.
Let's plot the validation loss and accuracy again, this time comparing the original model trained from scratch (in blue) and the new transfer-learned model in green.
In [35]:
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(16,4))
ax.plot(history.history["val_loss"])
ax.plot(history2.history["val_loss"])
ax.set_title("validation loss")
ax.set_xlabel("epochs")
ax2.plot(history.history["val_acc"])
ax2.plot(history2.history["val_acc"])
ax2.set_title("validation accuracy")
ax2.set_xlabel("epochs")
ax2.set_ylim(0, 1)
plt.show()
Notice that whereas the original model began overfitting around epoch 16, the new model continued to slowly decrease its loss over time, and likely would have improved its accuracy slightly with more iterations. The new model made it to roughly 80% top-1 accuracy (in the validation set) and continued to improve slowly through 100 epochs.
It's possibly we could have improved the original model with better regularization or more dropout, but we surely would not have made up the >30% improvement in accuracy.
Again, we do a final validation on the test set.
In [16]:
loss, accuracy = model_new.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)
print('Test loss:', loss)
print('Test accuracy:', accuracy)
('Test loss:', 0.8078902146335324)
('Test accuracy:', 0.7821888412017167)
To predict a new image, simply run the following code to get the probabilities for each class.
In [ ]:
img, x = get_image('../data/101_ObjectCategories/airplanes/image_0003.jpg')
probabilities = model_new.predict([x])
print(probabilities)
Improving the results¶
78.2% top-1 accuracy on 97 classes, roughly evenly distributed, is a pretty good achievement. It is not quite as impressive as the original VGG16 which achieved 73% top-1 accuracy on 1000 classes. Nevertheless, it is much better than what we were able to achieve with our original network, and there is room for improvement. Some techniques which possibly could have improved our performance.
• Using data augementation: augmentation refers to using various modifications of the original training data, in the form of distortions, rotations, rescalings, lighting changes, etc to increase the size of the training set and create more tolerance for such distortions.
• Using a different optimizer, adding more regularization/dropout, and other hyperparameters.
• Training for longer (of course)
A more advanced example of transfer learning in Keras, involving augmentation for a small 2-class dataset, can be found in the Keras blog. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.44270944595336914, "perplexity": 18672.138382855825}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119637.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00379-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/227424/coercion-in-magma | # Coercion in MAGMA
In MAGMA, if you are dealing with an element $x\in H$ for some group $H$, and you know that $H<G$ for some group $G$, is there an easy way to coerce $x$ into $G$ (e.g. if $H=\text{Alt}(n)$ and $G=\text{Alt}(n+k)$ for some $k\geq 1$)? The natural coercion method $G!x$ does not seem to work.
-
I think holding someone over magma is probably a good method of coercion. (Apologies for the nonconstructive comment, but I couldn't resist.) – Cameron Buie Nov 2 '12 at 9:14
Why didn't I think of that! – David Ward Nov 2 '12 at 9:19
Sorry that is my mistake for using the worng MAGMA tag! Many apologese. – David Ward Nov 2 '12 at 10:33
No need to apologize; after all, the correct tag didn't even exist when you asked this question. – Ilmari Karonen Nov 2 '12 at 10:38
One way would be to define the inclusion homomorphism $H \hookrightarrow G$ and apply it to your element $x$. See http://magma.maths.usyd.edu.au/magma/handbook/text/547#5783 for how to define homomorphisms. | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8214786648750305, "perplexity": 1251.820992865498}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163837349/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133037-00026-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/185937-help-integral.html | # Math Help - help with integral
1. ## help with integral
Hello users of this forum. I used to love calculus when I was in university but now my memory play me tricks when trying to remember properties and ways to calculate integrals.
I would like to have a brief explanation about how to solve and valuate this integral I'm attaching. My doubts are both with the way the integral should be solved and also how to valuate the result in the (0, +infinite) domain.
Thanks to all the participants in the forum for being here for us!
Rodrigo
Attached Files
2. ## Re: help with integral
If you've to calculate:
$\int_{0}^{\infty} x\cdot\alpha\cdot e^{-\alpha x}dx$
Try integration by parts.
3. ## Re: help with integral
Do you want to solve $\displaystyle \int x\times ae^{-ax}~dx$ ?
If so, $\displaystyle \int uv' = uv - \int u'v$
In your case make $u = x , v' = ae^{-ax}$ should be straight foward from there... | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 4, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5608665347099304, "perplexity": 1344.142875874063}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375094931.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031814-00239-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
https://getrevising.co.uk/revision-tests/thermal_physics_3 | Thermal Physics
HideShow resource information
When there is a sudden change in pressure, by which no heat is transferred into or out of the system. Q=constant.
1 of 20
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
Delta U = Delta W + Delta Q (U=internal energy; W=work done; Q=heat transferred)
2 of 20
What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
The entropy (S) of the universe is always increasing.
3 of 20
Define HEAT
Amount of energy transferred across a temperature difference.
4 of 20
Define temperature
A measure of the average kinetic energy of particle sin a system
5 of 20
What is latent heat? State the equation.
The heat required to change the phase of the substance. (change in Q = mL)
6 of 20
What is meant by an Ideal Gas?
One that obeys the ideal gas equation: PV = nRT. Attractions between particles are negligible. Volume of the particles compared to the total volume in negligible. The collisions are elastic. The time of a collision is negligible.
7 of 20
What is the purpose of the Maxwell-Boltzman distribution graph?
Shows the average kinetic energy of the system. (No. of particles = y axis; (kinetic) energy = x axis)
8 of 20
What is state?
Specific values of P, V and T that describe a system.
9 of 20
Name another formula for KE other than 1/2 mv^2
KE = 3/2kT
10 of 20
What is k in the equation KE = 3/2 kT
k = Boltzmann's Constant = 1.38 * 10^-23
11 of 20
Charles' Law?
ISOBARIC (Volume on the y axis, temperature on the x axis) = CONSTANT PRESSURE
12 of 20
Gay-Lussac's Law?
ISOCHORIC (Pressure on the y axis, temperature on the x axis) = CONSTANT VOLUME
13 of 20
Boyle's Law?
ISOTHERMIC (Pressure on the y axis, volume on the x axis) = CONSTANT TEMP
14 of 20
What is c in the formula Mc(delta)T. State its units.
Specific heat capacity (J kg^-1 K^-1)
15 of 20
A device that converts heat into mechanical work is called what?
A heat engine.
16 of 20
Describe typical steps of a heat engine's process
1) Heat is taken into the engine (from hot reservoir of assumed fixed temp) . 2) Q heat enters the engine, a part is converted to mechanical Work, what is left is heat the engine rejects. 3) Rejected heat goes to reservoir of lower temp.
17 of 20
What equation can be used to calculate an engine's efficiency?
efficiency = W/Q. Efficiency = (energy entered from hot reservoir - energy rejected)/Total energy entered from hot reservoir
18 of 20
Energy degradation refers to what happening to the energy
It becomes less useful, as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics
19 of 20
A gas compressed isothermally so that an amount of work = 6500J is done. How much heat is taken out or given to the gas
No heat. Isothermic. Therefore, no temperature change. U = W
20 of 20
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?
Back
Delta U = Delta W + Delta Q (U=internal energy; W=work done; Q=heat transferred)
Card 3
Front
What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?
Define HEAT
Card 5
Front
Define temperature | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8545449376106262, "perplexity": 2920.2198790328193}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171418.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00373-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathoverflow.net/questions/30696/how-can-we-show-the-spaces-m-gn-and-m-g-n-are-homotopy-equivalent | # How can we show the spaces $M_{g}(n)$ and $M_{g, n}$ are homotopy equivalent?
How can we prove that the moduli space,$M_{g}(n)$, of genus $g$ Riemann surface with $n$ boundary components is homotopy equivalent to $M_{g,n}$, that is ,the moduli space of genus $g$ Riemann surface with $n$ punctures? Thanks! (It is very intuitive, but it seems that I can't make it)
-
It would help to change your title to something more descriptive. – Kevin H. Lin Jul 6 '10 at 19:17
Hi,I add it,thanks! – HYYY Jul 7 '10 at 5:30
Thanks for making the change. – Kevin H. Lin Jul 7 '10 at 6:27
A compact Riemann surface of genus $g$ with $n$ boundary components has a unique realization as a hyperbolic surface with geodesic boundary. One may see this by reflecting through the boundary and uniformizing. The uniqueness of the uniformization implies it is invariant under reflection, and therefore the fixed point set is geodesic.
Thus, the moduli space of genus $g$ Riemann surfaces with $n$ boundary components is equivalent to the space of hyperbolic surfaces with totally geodesic boundary. One may now insert a punctured disk into each boundary component, to obtain a Riemann surface with punctures. I don't know of a canonical way to do this, but for example for a boundary component of length $l$, one may attach isometrically the boundary of a punctured Euclidean disk of circumference $l$. The important thing is that this gluing only depends on $l$, and that it induces a conformal structure on the punctured surface. This gives a map between the spaces. Since the mapping class groups are the same, it induces a homotopy equivalence (in the category of orbifolds). Of course, there are some technical details one must carry out to make this argument rigorous. There are several other ways to fill in a punctured disk.
If you insert disks, then you get the closed surface of genus g. This factors through the canonical map from $M_{g,n}$ which fills in punctures. The fiber here is more complicated though, this is related to the Birman exact sequence. – Ian Agol Jul 6 '10 at 3:44
Very small question:Is the moduli space of Riemann surface with genus $g$ and $n$ punctures the same as moduli space of Riemann surface with genus $g$ and $n$ marked points?Thanks! – HYYY Jul 6 '10 at 17:15 | {"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9295082092285156, "perplexity": 216.19951754311072}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246656965.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045736-00192-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"} |
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-statistics/168269-joint-density-function-x-discrete-y-continuous.html | # Math Help - Joint density function of X(discrete) and Y(continuous)?
1. ## Joint density function of X(discrete) and Y(continuous)?
"Suppose X be a discrete random variable and Y be a continuous random varaible. Let f_X,Y (x,y) denote the joint density function of X and Y..."
I'm not sure if I understand the meaning of joint density here. In the case above, what does the joint density mean? What are the properties of it? Does it still double integrate to 1 (like for the jointly continuous case)?
From my probability class, I remember that a joint density function is only defined in the case when X and Y are BOTH continuous random variables. But when one random vaiable is continuous and the other discrete, how do we even define the joint density function?
Hopefully someone can explain this.
Thank you!
2. You sum on the discrete one and integrate on the continuous
I prefer to use the term density for only continuous RVs, but not everyone does that.
3. Originally Posted by matheagle
You sum on the discrete one and integrate on the continuous
I prefer to use the term density for only continuous RVs, but not everyone does that.
Do you mean that
∫ ∑ f_X,Y (x,y) dy = 1 ?
y x
Is there an appropriate name for this kind of "density"?
4. Originally Posted by kingwinner
Do you mean that
∫ ∑ f_X,Y (x,y) dy = 1 ?
y x
Is there an appropriate name for this kind of "density"?
Mixed Distributions
5. But what defines a VALID density in this case?
6. $f(x,y)\ge 0$ and that it sums/integrates to ONE
7. Originally Posted by matheagle
$f(x,y)\ge 0$ and that it sums/integrates to ONE
When you say it sums and integrates to one, do you mean
∫ ∑ f_X,Y (x,y) dy = 1
y x
where the sum is over the support of X and the integral is over the support of Y?
Does it matter whether we do the sum first or the integral first? (i.e. can we interchange the ∫ and ∑ ?)
8. Originally Posted by kingwinner
When you say it sums and integrates to one, do you mean
∫ ∑ f_X,Y (x,y) dy = 1
y x
where the sum is over the support of X and the integral is over the support of Y? Mr F says: Yes.
Does it matter whether we do the sum first or the integral first? (i.e. can we interchange the ∫ and ∑ ?) Mr F says: Most likely not. Review the appropriate theorems on when reversing the order of integral and summation is valid.
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https://www.tmssoftware.com/site/blog.asp?post=530 | # Blog
All Blog Posts | Next Post | Previous Post
# New features in TMS Analytics & Physics 2.8
Bookmarks:
#### Tuesday, April 16, 2019
The previous version 2.7 of TMS Analytics & Physics library introduced the capability of converting formula and units of measurements to the TeX format. The TeX representation allows then drawing formula in natural math form, using some external tools, such as MathJax.
The new version 2.8 provides some improvements of formula conversion and includes new capabilities. The main new feature is converting standard functions to math operators. For example, exponent function ‘exp(x)’ can be converted to the form of power operation as ‘ex’. The following standard functions supported: sqrt, root, pow, abs and exp. The option of converting functions to the operation format can be on or off, allowing different representation of the formula.
Let us consider the following formula, containing several standard functions ‘sqrt(x^2-1)+root{3*n}(x/2)*abs(x-A)-exp(x^2)*pow{n/2}(x+1)’. This formula can be converted to the TeX format in two different ways: with or without converting functions to the operation format. Here is the formula drawing for these two cases:
• without function conversion:
• with function conversion:
Another improvement is new simplifications of math expressions. Simplifying math expressions allows better representation of math data. Simplified formula is more suitable for reading and perception. For example, the expression simplification implicitly used after symbolic derivative calculation, because this can significantly reduce the result. For example, let us consider the following formula:
Evaluating symbolic derivatives for the expression, we can get two results. The first result evaluated using formal recursive chain algorithm without simplifications:
Next formula is the same expression after simplification:
The last version 2.8 of the library supports the following simplification algorithms:
• Expanding nested sum, product and power expressions
• Collecting constant addends in sum expressions
• Reducing addends in sum expressions
• Combining constant multipliers in product expressions
• Reducing multipliers in fraction expressions
• Combining power expressions with multipliers
• Simplifying integer square roots and modulus of negative data
The expression simplification can be used explicitly in the code, calling the ‘Simplify’ method of the ‘TTranslator’ class. Here is an example of the formula simplification demonstrating the algorithms: Initial formula:
Simplified formula:
TMS Analytics & Physics 2.8 is already available.
Masiha Zemarai
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