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https://ktbooks.ca/evidence-based-medicine/additional-resources/syllabi-for-practising-ebm/general-practice/therapy-scenario/	### Therapy Scenario A middle aged woman presented with exacerbation of her usual pattern of migraine. She asked specifically about whether riboflavin might help as she had heard from a friend that it helped prevent migraine. Together you formulate the question, in patients with frequent migraines , is riboflavin effective in the reduction of migraine frequency or severity? Searching terms and evidence source: Since this is a question of intervention, a randomised trial would be ideal. The most comprehensive and easy to check source is the Controlled Clinical Trials Registry (CCTR) in the Cochrane Library. I used the terms “migraine and riboflavin” (no methodological filters are needed as only list controlled trials). This gives 2 hits, one of which is: Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomised controlled trial. Neurology. 1998; 50: 466-70. Read the article and decide: • Is the evidence from this trial valid? • If valid, is this evidence important? • If valid and important, can you apply this evidence in caring for your patient? ### Completed Therapy Worksheet for Evidence-Based General Practice #### Citation Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomised controlled trial. Neurology. 1998; 50: 466-70. #### Are the results of this single preventive or therapeutic trial valid? Was the assignment of patients to treatments randomised? And was the randomisation list concealed? Yes Were all patients who entered the trial accounted for at its conclusion? And were they analysed in the groups to which they were randomised? Yes. 1 patient was excluded from analysis for a protocol violation. Were patients and clinicians kept “blind” to which treatment was being received? Yes – the trial used a placebo identical to the riboflavin Aside from the experimental treatment, were the groups treated equally? Yes – again the use of placebo helped control co-intervention. Were the groups similar at the start of the trial? Yes #### Are the valid results of this randomised trial important? ##### Sample Calculations Occurrence of diabetic neuropathy Relative Risk Reduction RRR Absolute Risk Reduction ARR Number Needed to Treat NNT Usual Insulin Control Event Rate CER Intensive Insulin Experimental Event Rate EER (CER – EER)/CER CER – EER 1/ARR 9.6% 2.8% (9.6% – 2.8%)/9.6% = 71% 9.6% – 2.8% = 6.8% 1/6.8% = 15 pts begin{align} &text{95% Confidence Interval ($CI$) on an $NNT$}\ &= 1 / (text{limits on the $CI$ of its $ARR$}) \ &= pm 1.96 sqrt{frac{mathit{CER} times (1-mathit{CER})}{text{# of control pts.}} + frac{mathit{EER}times(1-mathit{EER})}{text{# of exper. pts.}}} \ &= pm 1.96 sqrt{frac{0.096 times 0.904}{730} + frac{0.028times 0.972}{711}} \ &= pm 2.4% end{align} < 50% improvement in migraine frequency at 3 months Relative Risk Reduction RRR Absolute Risk Reduction ARR Number Needed to Treat NNT CER EER (CER – EER)/CER CER – EER 1/ARR 81% 46% 43% 35% 3 #### Can you apply this valid, important evidence about a treatment in caring for your patient? ##### Do these results apply to your patient? Is your patient so different from those in the trial that its results can’t help you? My patient had been having 4 migraines per month, and had had migraines for several years and so fulfilled the criteria. How great would the potential benefit of therapy actually be for your individual patient? She’d expect to reduce the frequency from 4 to about 2 per month. 1. Method I: f $$text{Risk of the outcome in your patient, relative to patients in the trial. expressed as a decimal: }underline{qquad}\ mathit{NNT}/mathit{F} \ = underline{qquad} / underline{qquad} \ = text{(NNT for patients like yours)}$$ ##### Are your patient’s values and preferences satisfied by the regimen and its consequences? Do your patient and you have a clear assessment of their values and preferences? Taking riboflavin once per day would be worth avoiding 2 migraines per month. Are they met by this regimen and its consequences? The reduction in migraine frequency appeared to develop over the 3 months. Patients should not expect an immediate reduction. Riboflavin is available as a sole ingredient (not as a multivitamin) but costs around \$10 per month. ### Migraine – Riboflavin is effective prophylaxis #### Clinical Bottom Line Treating two patients with migraine with 400mg riboflavin per day will result in one of them having a 50% reduction in migraine frequency, though with no effect on severity. #### Citation Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomised controlled trial. Neurology. 1998; 50: 466-70. #### Clinical Question Is riboflavin effective in preventing migraine? #### Search Terms migraine AND riboflavin #### The Study • Double-blinded concealed randomised controlled trial with intention-to-treat. • The Study Patients: recurrent migraines • Control group (N = 27; 27 analysed): placebo • Experimental group (N = 28; 28 analysed): riboflavin 400mg daily #### The Evidence Outcome Time to Outcome CER EER RRR ARR NNT Non-responder (<50% reduction) 0.85 0.41 52% 0.440 2 95% Confidence Intervals 25% to 78% 0.213 to 0.667 2 to 5	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.17417603731155396, "perplexity": 15471.22369345034}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964358685.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211129014336-20211129044336-00106.warc.gz"}
https://thephilosophyforum.com/discussion/comment/502204	## The fabric of our universe • 146 Something that's been on my mind quite a bit lately is something some people devote their entire lives to, the question of what space is made of if anything. There is an intuitive tendency to regard space as nothingness, possible learned from out childhoods in school. Because we at the very least (most of us) had some understanding of manned space or robotic probe missions, and through the concept of nothingness, emptiness, zero (all technically abstract concepts), we build an intuition that space is nothingness or emptiness or a void. But that is entirely learned. It's actually not proven that there is such a void. Increasingly, physicists are becoming more convinced that space is quantised, that is to say it has a structure of its own, that it's finite if you zoom in enough so to speak. In the quest for the fabled theory of everything (a kind of reconciliation of the physics of macroscopic objects like tennis balls - general relativity - and quantum mechanics, the theory of how infinitesimally small things like electrons and photons behave), gravity seems to be the linchpin generally focussed on, probably since it is arguably the least understood of the fundamental forces. Popular theories of gravity like loop quantum gravity and string theory attempt to theorise the nature of our universe and the fabric of space or spacetime with it. I feel drawn to want to put my philosophers hat on in this regard and draw on my intuition and that of the greater well of all human intuition throughout the ages, and I cannot help being captivated by the notion that platonic solids are at the heart of the fabric of our reality. Platonic solids can be traced back at least to neolithic times, and they seem to be embedded in human consciousness. I want to believe there is some primordial connection here that humankind has with the universe and that its not simply just Math for the sake of Math. I like to surrender to my intuition in this case and go out on a limb and accept that there is something more going on. Platonic solids. If you got something like the Science and Chemistry education I did, you learned that the structure of an atoms is dependent on the number of electrons in the shells and the natural symmetry of atoms stems from electron repulsion so they space themselves apart in certain ways, but platonic solids can be arranged in configurations which match the structure of atoms very nicely, and although it's not pursued as mainstream theory of what space is made from or its structure, this model just seems to make sense and in some primordial level it 'agrees' with me. The argument essentially boils down to the idea that nested sequences made up of one or multiple platonic solids embody the structure or fabric of space. Maybe the fabric of space is flexible and these sacred platonic solids can be flexed or bent out of shape to respond high energy physics experiments for example. Dr. Robert Moon and Laurence Hecht are behind the proposal. It's work that was submitted in 1987 and has since been relegated by other theories but I can't help thinking this is how it really is. A platonic solid nested inside another. If you're interested, my musings and magnetism pulled me towards this guys video which I enjoyed. He himself looks like he is enchanted to the idea and I think he is right. Or you can get a flavour for the treatise here: https://larouchepub.com/eiw/public/1987/eirv14n43-19871030/eirv14n43-19871030_026-new_hypothesis_shows_geometry_of.pdf Issue of EIR Volume 14, Number 43, October 30, 1987 My question to anyone reading is: What do you think of this [Edit for Sophiscat: not a theory, more of a conjecture on the nature of space]? Do you think space has structure or is simply a void? If space has some structure, then what does it truly mean to split the atom or use an atom smasher to create other elements that have short lives but violate typical structure? Are we punching holes in sacred geometry itself? Are we even punching through to another dimension, punching through the fabric of space like trying to rip down the curtains of the theatre and see what's behind? Edit: Could this be what the structure of space really looks like in 2D, (we could imagine an endless 3d ocean of these platonic solids within platonic solids of various configurations and sizes) if you zoomed in enough? Does our ancient culture contain information of the true nature of our reality? When I look at this beautiful painting, I find it hard to believe or universe is anything less impressive. After all, we are children of this universe. Kalachakra ('Wheel of Time' or 'Circle of Time') is the universal symbol of Buddhism, representing the teaching of the Buddha and symbolizes the perfect creation. Eight spokes of the Kalachakra wheel mark the directions in time and each one is ruled by a deity and having a unique quality. This powerful symbol (also known as the Kalachakra Sand Mandala) is a powerful symbol imparts healing and peace to all beings on this planet and to the planet itself. We can see complex, beautiful patterns, their perfection and symbols rich in meaning. It is also a 2D representation of the five-story palace of the Kalachakra deity, in which totally 722 deities reside. Kala ('time') is not linear but the flow of all events (past, present, future). Chakra ('wheel') is with no beginning and no end. - [https://www.ancientpages.com/2017/02/19/11-ancient-sacred-indian-symbols-explained/] • 2.8k I have lots of questions about this. That arranging of objects and even cities in certain ways has an affect on the universe is a very Eastern concept, to start. Qui. The Western analogue is God being pleased with churches. But whether the order of space itself has symmetry needs to be asked in regard first to time and then to geometry. Time works aligned with space. It is dynamical. Cyclical basically means dynamic, right? I mean you can think of eternal time as a circle or a line. You can even take the circle and turn it into a line. What distinguishes time is movement of event. Is there something unchanging in space that resists flux? Maybe I guess. Patterns are functionally finite things with events at its root. Sections of space can be infinitely divided so they have infinite parts, and we can then ask what is the shape at the bottom (limit). How it "behaves" may be the only way forward at that moment and thus we learn about reality "out there" by its effects on us. That is always tricky affair however. Our thoughts themselves need to resemble reality to be objective • 146 Sections of space can be infinitely divided so they have infinite parts Thanks. But space may not necessarily be infinitely divided. Proponents of quantised space (for example those who believe in loop quantum gravity) believe it cannot. We don't have the technology to find out, and there is also a fundamental limit to how small something can be measured in length. It's called Planck length and is the smallest possible measurement of length we can measure that makes any real sense. It is also the the theoretical limit for which two electrons can be pressed together before they collapse into a tiny black hole. But it doesn't mean it's the smallest possible length. As I said, that's unproven. Physicists can "see"what an atom looks like from microscopy, (by zapping an atom with lasers and magnifying the interference pattern with an electrostatic lens), but that's not going to happen at something the size of a Planck length, which is trillions upon trillions of times smaller than even a proton inside an atom. We may never know! • 2.8k . Well what holds a compactified infinity is its limits, hence infinity is limited by the finite. I don't see how the tangible can be so extremely textual without it having infinite parts. A mind blowing idea is that if the world is eternal the only limit of the infinite past is the ever moving present, which goes on and on itself towards infinity. So time's limit is a potential infinite "not yet". That's how I understand time, but perhaps time is a digression from Platonic shapes in 3d space. I'm sorry. I was thinking in terms of Minkoski geometry • 71 That which does not exist, may not be measured, therefore it is infinite. We call it SPACE, because it’s not there. That which may be measured, for example a Planck length, exists within that which is not there, empty space. The non-existence of empty space may not even be talked about because it doesn’t exist. However, by not being there, room for that which IS there, is abundant and endless. • 2.8k A smallest unit, if its spatial, has parts, and so on etcetera. This has to do with the building blocks of shapes, but I think this thread is only about shapes so • 1.6k The argument essentially boils down to the idea that nested sequences made up of one or multiple platonic solids embody the structure or fabric of space. Maybe the fabric of space is flexible and these sacred platonic solids can be flexed or bent out of shape to respond high energy physics experiments for example. Dr. Robert Moon and Laurence Hecht are behind the proposal. The linked article is about a "geometrical model of the atomic nucleus for the periodic table and the arrangement of extranuclear electrons." It doesn't talk about the structure of space. What do you think of this theory? Do you think space has structure or is simply a void? Well, what is there to think about? There is no theory, at least none in what you wrote. Yes, some theorists are working on theories of quantized space, but in order to discuss those one would need to actually understand them. And that understanding won't come from a few trippy pictures. • 2k Something that's been on my mind quite a bit lately is something some people devote their entire lives to, the question of what space is made of if anything. Space consists of relations and relational structures: distance, direction, shape, size, volume. Molecules consist of both directional and distance/energy relations between atoms, giving them shape. Atomic structures consist of distance/potential energy relations between sub-atomic particles - namely, between protons and electrons. And particles consist of interacting wavefunctions of valence and potentiality: a prediction of attention and effort required for a particular event to interact with it. Space, as I understand it, can be BOTH a void and a structure - just not at the same time. It’s actually either, depending on the interacting relational structures. So a neutrino can move through space and most solid structures as if through a void, yet there are ways of detecting interaction. • 146 Conventional intuition from Western education would point in that direction. Empirically though, it's simply not confirmed. We have no idea if space / spacetime is quantised, and leading physicists contend it is in fact quantised. I always believed it to be discreet or and infinite, now I'm not so sure. But if it is quantised and so finite, it can still be infinite as the leading theories suggest the universe itself is ever expanding, thus is infinite. So there is a lot of weight behind the idea that it is potentially infinite, yet finite at anyone time, and quantised as opposed to discreet. That's a fair point, and I wanted to spur your own opinion as to the actual questions I asked. Since this is a philosophy forum, I didn't feel it appropriate to load in Physics papers. It was intended to be more an open ended question outside of pure Physics with some pretty pictures as you pointed out ad the ad hominem level, where we talk what you think the nature of space and time is. Yes, I believe they are pictures, well done! Well, what is there to think about? There is no theory, at least none in what you wrote. Edited the OP for you. Its more conjecture, and limited in scope. Crystallographic dihedral groups is how I see the structure of space and perhaps spacetime at an intuitive level. There is no paper I can direct you that carries any more weight than what I present as it's entirely theoretical. When it comes to experimental physics at the macroscopic level of special or even general relativity I would be happy to present full theories and research by experts in the field if I feel I understand them but the truth is, I don't really take loop quantum gravity or string theory that seriously as its so deep in theory as to be speculative. Unlike relativity, it lacks an empirical means to verify its truth. Also, loop quantum gravity doesn't really tackle time as I understand it. Space, as I understand it, can be BOTH a void and a structure - just not at the same time. It’s actually either, depending on the interacting relational structures. I sometimes think of space as like a wake that follows with energy and matter, so that space isn't some uniform entity that exists throughout the universe, but only exists where there is energy or matter. Other times, I think it's truly continuous and not at all quantised, that it's just emptiness. It's why I wanted to spur conversation, to see if anybody has any opinions on what exactly it is if anything other than nothingness. • 1.6k Crystallographic dihedral groups is how I see the structure of space and perhaps spacetime at an intuitive level. Why? Why not tiny elephants instead? What feeds your intuition? Is it anything to warrant a second thought? There is no paper I can direct you that carries any more weight than what I present as it's entirely theoretical. I don't think you and I understand "theoretical" in the same sense. Loop quantum gravity is theoretical. A random, uninformed guess is... a random, uninformed guess. • 3.1k :smirk: :up: • 451 Something that's been on my mind quite a bit lately is something some people devote their entire lives to, the question of what space is made of if anything. The way I currently see it, empty space doesn't exist, only fields consisting in amorphous, fluctuating concentrations that seem to be quantized in various ways and which create waves as they interact. I'm not familiar with theories of quantum gravity, but as far as I know gravitational fields are the farthest reaching we have observed, those that interfere across the greatest distances, so solar systems are like components in a holistic structure analogous to the mutual tension between particles within atoms. Even outer space has a structure due to the interference interactions of gravitational fields. As fields interfere, amounting to the motions within and amongst them, they generate shape. These shapes are not absolutely three dimensional, four dimensional, or any precise dimension, but rather amorphous in an extremely complex way, though within some conditions they get close enough to a specific dimension that we can model them as such. From what we know so far of gravity, I think it can be modeled effectively with spacetime. The microscopic concentrations of substance that form interference patterns at various scales, quantum etc., can be stretched into all kinds of different dimensional forms, but in some circumstances match specific kinds of dimensionality very closely, such as a three dimensional crystal or a four dimensional wave packet in the double-slit experiment. The tricky aspect of modeling dimensionality is that causation proceeds backwards as well as forwards: I'm referring to what are called advanced and retarded waves (for a discussion on the topic I found informative, look at this thread in the philosophy of science section: Determinism, Reversibility, Decoherence and Transaction. The full range of possible field interactions is atemporal, and I'm not aware that scientists have a grasp of how single concentrations of substance propagate at a huge range of different rates simultaneously, or while interfering in reverse so to speak. I'm not sure what sense to make of neutrinos that move through conventional matter at the speed of light while not interacting with it, or where dark matter and energy fit into the picture. • 146 Why? Why not tiny elephants instead? What feeds your intuition? Is it anything to warrant a second thought? Tiny elephants are not very optimal to represent the various configurations of atoms. Nested platonic solids are but I'm open to your projection and preference for tiny elephants ;) • 2.8k To be fair much of string theory is speculation and based on aesthetic preferences. Platonic solids are dominated by triangles being at the center of its geometry. Saying that triangles are the basic structure of spacetime is a fine idea • 5.6k Saying that triangles are the basic structure of spacetime is a fine idea It's a bit like saying that sausages are the fundamental structure of nutrition. Why sausages and not pizza, you fail to ask? Why the 5 platonic solids and not the 17 wallpaper patterns? • 1.6k Tiny elephants are not very optimal to represent the various configurations of atoms. Nested platonic solids are but I'm open to your projection and preference for tiny elephants I thought you were talking about the structure of space (whatever you think that means). But if you don't mind, I would like to change my vote from elephants to turtles. Turtles all the way down! • 146 I don't know what it means or if there is any structure. You could at least have attempted to not go full asymmetric and represented it with sea urchins. That being said, I have met elephants and they are the most emotional creatures I have ever met. I like to think I can feel emotion from a being but I can't prove that, in any meaningful way without using something like tiny elephant logic. • 2.8k Aristotle said in his book on the heavens, if I remember corectly, that 3 was a special number. I'm more modern in my thinking. For me all numbers, colors, shapes, and lots of other things are equal because they have no aesthetic objectivity. But if someone believes reality must be naturally beautiful in the sense they believe beauty to be, it's natural for them to present their theories to see who else sees things as they do • 146 The number three is fundamental in many cultures including Buddhism. Are we drawn to shapes like the equilateral triangle from more than personal preference. Are such symmetries important to us at some primordial subconscious level?, since they occur so frequently in nature. • 2.1k Why sausages and not pizza, you fail to ask? Exactly. You need to put the sausages on the pizza. Only then may satori be achieved by the devoted supplicant. • 146 The platonic solids can be arranged to represent the structure of atoms, sausages and pizza cannot. • 146 If you can relish the moment of putting the sausages on the pizza and embrace the feeling that belittling the wonderful symmetry of the plain ole sausage would be a little petty, and not living in the moment, you may feel a sense of satori, or you may not. Who knows. • 2.8k Are we drawn to shapes like the equilateral triangle from more than personal preference. Are such symmetries important to us at some primordial subconscious level? Someone on another thread posted this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Significance_of_numbers_in_Judaism I think when anyone studies numerology however, they will find there is no consensus on any number or relationship between numbers whatsoever. And the same probably applies to shapes. That is my personal opinion. I think it's all relative. There is no guarantee that the outside world should accord with our "primordial subconscious", but I appreciate where you are coming from • 146 I think when anyone studies numerology however, they will find there is no consensus on any number or relationship between numbers whatsoever. And the same probably applies to shapes. Yes, but no matter what number base we use, there are three perceived dimensions at least for humans, and mammals, with a 4th which is akin to a master reference dimension that governs the others, time. There are potentially more dimensions but we perceive three. This number is intrinsic to our existence, with the 4th. being like the flow for the river for experience. • 2.8k Numbers are used to measure volume or force or speed. Plato's tradition did think human aesthetic should be reflected in the world, but you need to defend that with argument • 146 I'm not genuinely looking to mount a treatise on this. Just sharing ideas for now and hoping my perspective can cultivate imagination. The platonic solids offer a symmetry that also maps well to dimensionality. A tetrahedron with its four vertices and four sides could encode coordinates in time. But I see it's beauty as the canvas of space for atoms or molecules or both. Perhaps we could think of these polyhedral shapes as all having a time component even, since they all have even numbers of sides and vertices leaving an extra vertex or side for time, that pulls and stretches the atoms with length contraction from high speeds of t from relativity. Or maybe they could represent molecules too since molecules demonstrate similar patterns. Think of an oxygen atom at one vertex of a tetrahedron, with two hydrogen representing the others, and the fourth representing the effect of time on this molecule. Maybe using nested platonic solids, both atoms and molecules could be represented this way to build up the structure. If we were to think of space-time as a vast volumetric ocean of little tetrahedrons that can make up vastly more complex solids, with each one stretched and contorted for the curvature of large gravitational bodies just waiting to be filled in frame by frame or little tetrahedron by tetrahedron with the structure of atoms and molecules. We could go further and imagine the edges between the vertices alone with no volume and no area as the paths traversed by a photon of light at this quantum space-time level. It's just speculation. I am not a God and I have no God complex, but I do like to imagine the mind of a creator sometimes. bold italic underline strike code quote ulist image url mention reveal	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5744770765304565, "perplexity": 879.2563078872698}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618039536858.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20210421100029-20210421130029-00169.warc.gz"}
https://de.maplesoft.com/support/help/maplesim/view.aspx?path=componentLibrary/signalBlocks/interpolationTables/LookupTable2D	2D Lookup Table - MapleSim Help 2D Lookup Table Generate an output signal based on values in a two-dimensional look-up table Description The 2D Lookup Table (or Lookup Table 2 D) component computes an output signal by two-dimensional interpolation of a data table, using the input values $u$ and $v$. The first column of the table contains the values of $u$, the first row of table contains the values of $v$. If the table has only one element, the output is independent of the input signal, that is, the table value is returned as the output. Data Source Options The data source parameter selects the source for the data. It can be either file, attachment, or inline. • file: the data is saved in an Excel or a CSV file on the hard drive. Use the data parameter to browse to and select the data file. • attachment: the data set is attached to the MapleSim model. Use the data parameter to select the attachment that contains the data set. Note: In the Attachments pane, your data set file must be attached in the Data Sets category. For more information, see Attaching a File to a Model. – Attach a Microsoft® Excel® (.xls/.xlsx) or comma separated value (.csv) file containing the data values to the model. – Generate a data set in the Apps Manager tab using either the Data Generation app or Random Data Generation app. Data sets that you generate have the .csv file extension. For more information about MapleSim apps, see Opening MapleSim Apps and Templates. • inline: enter the data table in the table parameter as an m (rows) by n (columns) matrix. – To change the dimensions of table, right-click (Control-click for Mac®) the parameter field and select Edit Matrix Dimensions. In the Matrix Dimensions dialog, enter values for the number or rows and columns and then click OK. For all data source options, elements $2$ though m of the first column in the data table correspond to the input $u$, and elements $2$ through n of the first row correspond to the input $v$. The data table must have at least $2$ rows and at least $2$ columns. For a $2$ by $2$ data table, the output is constant and corresponds to the value in the second row and second column of the data table. Connections Name Description Modelica ID $u$ Real input signal u $v$ Real input signal v $y$ Real output signal y Parameters Name Default Units Description Modelica ID $\mathrm{data source}$ $\mathrm{inline}$ Data source datasourcemode $\mathrm{table}$ $\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& 1& 2\\ 1& 1& 2\\ 2& 2& 4\end{array}\right]$ Data set table $\mathrm{file name}$ $\mathrm{DataFileName}$ The path to the external filename fileName $\mathrm{data}$ Attached data set data $\mathrm{smoothness}$ Linear interpolation Selects interpolation: linear, cubic spline, or none smoothness Modelica Standard Library The component described in this topic is from the Modelica Standard Library. To view the original documentation, which includes author and copyright information, click here.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 23, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.2714153528213501, "perplexity": 1433.6070815165663}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00445.warc.gz"}
http://copilot.caltech.edu/events/50517	Search # Boson condensation and instability in the tensor network representation of topological states Friday, June 3, 2016 4:00 PM - 5:00 PM Location: East Bridge 114 Sujeet Shukla, Graduate Student, Preskill Group Abstract:The tensor network representation of many-body quantum states, given by local tensors provides a promising numerical tool for the study of strongly correlated topological phases in two dimension. However, the topological order in tensor network representations of the Toric code ground state has been shown to be unstable under certain small variations of the local tensor, if these small variations does not obey the local Z2 symmetry of the local tensor. In this work we ask the questions of whether other types of topological orders suffer from similar kinds of instability and if so, whether we can protect the order by enforcing certain symmetry on the tensor. We answer these questions by showing that the tensor network representation of all string-net models are indeed unstable, but the matrix product operator (MPO) symmetry identified by Burak et al. can help to protect the order. We find that, `stand-alone' variations that break MPO symmetry lead to instability because they induce the condensation of bosonic quasi-particles and destroy the topological order in the system. Therefore, such variations must be forbidden for the encoded topological order to be reliably extracted from the local tensor. On the other hand, if a tensor network algorithm is used to simulate the phase transition due to boson condensation, then such variation directions must be allowed in order to access the continuous phase transition process correctly. Series: IQIM Postdoctoral and Graduate Student Seminar Series	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9232136011123657, "perplexity": 644.4123858929327}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084889681.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20180120182041-20180120202041-00384.warc.gz"}
https://uk.arxiv.org/list/nlin/1608?show=154	# Nonlinear Sciences ## Authors and titles for Aug 2016 [ total of 154 entries: 1-154 ] [ showing 154 entries per page: fewer \| more ] [1] Title: Frequency stabilization by synchronization of Duffing oscillators Comments: To appear in EPL (2016) Subjects: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [2] Title: Noise-Induced Polarization Switch in Single and Multiplex Complex Networks Comments: main text: 5 pages, 4 figures supplement: 15 pages, 15 figures Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 95, 042305 (2017) Subjects: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [3] Title: Analytical solutions for problems of bubble dynamics Journal-ref: Physics Letters A 379.8 (2015): 798-802 Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA); Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn) [4] Title: Periodic structures described by the perturbed Burgers-Korteweg-de Vries equation Journal-ref: N.A. Kudryashov, D.I. Sinelshchikov, Periodic structures described by the perturbed Burgers-Korteweg-de Vries equation, International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics, 72 (2015) 16-22 Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [5] Title: Rogue waves in nonlocal media Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 95, 042211 (2017) Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Optics (physics.optics) [6] Title: Nonlinear Waves in Lattice Materials: Adaptively Augmented Directivity and Functionality Enhancement by Modal Mixing Journal-ref: Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 99, 2017, 272-288 Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) [7] Title: The emergence and analysis of Kuramoto-Sakaguchi-like models as an effective description for the dynamics of coupled Wien-bridge oscillators Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [8] Title: Bilinear gauge operators Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [9] Title: Resonances and multistability in a Josephson junction connected to a resonator Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 97, 022203 (2018) Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [10] Title: The Human Group Optimizer (HGO): Mimicking the collective intelligence of human groups as an optimization tool for combinatorial problems Comments: 10 pages, 5 figures, working paper Subjects: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph) [11] Title: Self-similar Turing Patterns: An Anomalous diffusion consequence Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 95, 022210 (2017) Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [12] Title: On the criteria for integrability of the Liénard equation Journal-ref: Kudryashov, Nikolay A., and Dmitry I. Sinelshchikov. "On the criteria for integrability of the Li\'enard equation." Applied Mathematics Letters 57 (2016): 114-120 Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA) [13] Title: Time-delay and reality conditions for complex solitons Journal-ref: Journal of Mathematical Physics 58, 032901 (2017) Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph) [14] Title: Transition from Amplitude Death to Oscillation Death in Coupled Chua Circuits Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [15] Title: On solutions for the b-family of peakon equations Authors: Qilao Zha Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [16] Title: Modulational instability in nonlocal Kerr media with sine-oscillatory response Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Optics (physics.optics) [17] Title: High energy density spots and production of kink-antikink pairs in particle collisions Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [18] Title: Symmetry, reductions and exact solutions of the difference equation $u_{n+2}=au_n/(1+bu_nu_{n+1})$ Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [19] Title: Incomplete Phase-Space Method to Reveal Time Delay From Scalar Time-series Authors: Shengli Zhu, Lu Gan Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 94, 052210 (2016) Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [20] Title: Dressing Method for the Degasperis-Procesi Equation Journal-ref: Studies in Applied Mathematics 138 (2017) 205-226 Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [21] Title: Numerical simulation of breathers interactions in two-dimensional O(3) nonlinear sigma model Authors: F. Sh. Shokirov Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [22] Title: The short pulse equation by a Riemann-Hilbert approach Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Analysis of PDEs (math.AP) [23] Title: Chiellini integrability condition, planar isochronous systems and Hamiltonian structures of Liénard equation Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [24] Title: An analytic technique for the solutions of nonlinear oscillators with damping using the Abel Equation Comments: to appear in Discontinuity, Nonlinearity, and Complexity Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [25] Title: Oblique spatial dispersive shock waves in nonlinear Schrödinger flows Journal-ref: SIAM J Appl Math, Vol 77, pp 1352-1374, 2017 Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [26] Title: Ott-Antonsen attractiveness for parameter-dependent oscillatory networks Comments: 31 pages, submitted to CHAOS Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [27] Title: Localized shear generates three-dimensional transport Journal-ref: Chaos 27, 043102 (2017) Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn) [28] Title: Sums of variables at the onset of chaos, replenished Comments: To be published in European Physical Journal Special Topics: Temporal and Spatio-Temporal Dynamic Instabilities: Novel Computational and Experimental Approaches Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) [29] Title: Long-time asymptotics for the short pulse equation Authors: Jian Xu Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [30] Title: Numerical simulation of the interactions of domain walls with breathers in two-dimensional O(3) nonlinear sigma model Authors: F. Sh. Shokirov Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [31] Title: Master Equation approach to Reversible and Conservative Discrete Systems Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 94, 062140 (2016) Subjects: Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [32] Title: A family of integrable evolution equations of third order Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Mathematical Physics (math-ph) [33] Title: Transitivity reinforcement in the coevolving voter model Subjects: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph) [34] Title: Multiple-parameter bifurcation analysis in a Kuramoto model with time delay and distributed shear Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Dynamical Systems (math.DS) [35] Title: Distribution of periodic trajectories of Anosov C-system Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th) [36] Title: Darboux integrability of trapezoidal $H^{4}$ and $H^{6}$ families of lattice equations I: First integrals Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [37] Title: Enhanced group classification of Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers equations Comments: 8 pages; the introduction is extended; to appear in Appl. Math. Lett Journal-ref: Applied Mathematics Letters 65 (2017) 19-25 Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [38] Title: Self-organised-criticality and punctuated equilibrium in bouncing balls Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [39] Title: Visual Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Chaos, Fractals, Self-Similarity and the Limits of Prediction Authors: Geoff Boeing Journal-ref: Boeing, G. 2016. "Visual Analysis of Nonlinear Dynamical Systems: Chaos, Fractals, Self-Similarity and the Limits of Prediction." Systems, 4(4), 37-54 Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [40] Title: Classical and Quantum Superintegrability of Stäckel Systems Journal-ref: SIGMA 13 (2017), 008, 23 pages Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Mathematical Physics (math-ph) [41] Title: A generalised multicomponent system of Camassa-Holm-Novikov equations Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Mathematical Physics (math-ph) [42] Title: Jets or vortices - what flows are generated by an inverse turbulent cascade? Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. Fluids 2, 032602 (2017) Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph); Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn) [43] Title: New non-standard Lagrangians for the Liénard-type equations Comments: To appear in Applied Mathematics Letters Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [44] Title: On the characterization of vector rogue waves in two-dimensional two coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations with distributed coefficients Comments: Accepted for publication in The European Physical Journal B Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [45] Title: Swarm equilibria in domains with boundaries Comments: 39 pages, 15 figures (multiple images per figure) Journal-ref: SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst., 16(3), 1260-1308. 2017 Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE) [46] Title: Reflection matrices with $U_q[osp^{(2)}(2\|2m)]$ symmetry Comments: 24 pages. Abstract and introduction rewriten, references added, results unchanged. Keywords: Integrable models, boundary Yang-Baxter equation, reflection $K$-matrices, twisted Lie superalgebras, orthosymplectic algebras Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph) [47] Title: Some new integrable systems of two-component fifth order equations Comments: 16 pages. This paper is merger of complete version of a draft with archive number arXiv:1305.4567 and some other possible new systems Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Analysis of PDEs (math.AP); Dynamical Systems (math.DS) [48] Title: Commuting differential operators of rank 2 with rational coefficients Authors: Vardan Oganesyan Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Algebraic Geometry (math.AG); Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA) [49] Title: Rogue wave triggered at a critical frequency of a nonlinear resonant medium Journal-ref: Physical Review E 93, 062201 (2016) Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [50] Title: Detecting Dynamical States from Noisy Time Series using Bicoherence Journal-ref: Nonlinear Dyn (2017) 89: 465 Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR) [51] Title: Unitary Cellular Automata and Convolution Algebras Authors: T. E. Raptis Subjects: Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG) [52] Title: Rate calculation with correlated noise Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) [53] Title: Rock-paper-scissors played within competing domains in predator-prey games Comments: 21 pages main text, 16 pages supplementary material (merged) Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE) [54] Title: Structure of the correlation function at the accumulation points of the logistic map Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [55] Title: Symbol-to-symbol correlation function at the Feigenbaum point of the logistic map Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [56] Title: A Topological Study of Chaotic Iterations. Application to Hash Functions Journal-ref: Studies in Computational Intelligence, pp. 51-73 (2012) Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Dynamical Systems (math.DS) [57] Title: Theoretical design and circuit implementation of integer domain chaotic systems Journal-ref: International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos. 24(10), 1450128, 2014 Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [58] Title: Many-soliton bound states in dispersion-managed optical fiber: Possibility of fiber-optic transmission of three bits per clock period Journal-ref: Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 31 1750178 (2017) Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [59] Title: Stochastic resonance in a sinusoidal potential system: An analog simulation experiment Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech) [60] Title: Mechanisms for Network Growth that Preserve Spectral and Local Structure Subjects: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Combinatorics (math.CO); Dynamical Systems (math.DS) [61] Title: Hidden Structures of Information Transport Underlying Spiral Wave Dynamics Journal-ref: Chaos 27: 013106, 2017 Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM) [62] Title: On the integrability conditions for a family of the Liénard-type equations Comments: To appear in Regular and Chaotic Dynamics Journal-ref: Regular Chaot. Dyn. (2016) 21: 548 Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI); Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA) [63] Title: Poincaré chaos and unpredictable functions Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Dynamical Systems (math.DS) [64] Title: Cheillini integrability and quadratically damped oscillators Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [65] Title: Phase Diagram of the Two-Dimensional Complex Ginzburg-Landau Equation Comments: as a follow up of complains from readers, provides color pictures improving over the publisher's web version which displays badly resolved black-and-white scans of the figures Journal-ref: Physica A 224 (1996) 348--368 Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [66] Title: Fast cycles detecting in non-linear discrete systems Subjects: Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [67] Title: Periodic motions generated from non-autonomous grazing dynamics Subjects: Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Dynamical Systems (math.DS) [68] Title: Occurrence of synchronized flow due to overtaking strategy in the Nagel-Schreckenberg model Journal-ref: International Journal of Modern Physics C 1650147 (2016) 1-10 Subjects: Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG) [69] Title: Poisson brackets of mappings obtained as (q,-p) reductions of lattice equations Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [70] Title: Linear and nonlinear dynamics of isospectral granular chains Journal-ref: J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 175201 (2017) Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [71] Title: Integrable geometric flows of interacting curves/surfaces, multilayer spin systems and the vector nonlinear Schrödinger equation Subjects: Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [72] Title: Optical Nonlinear Dark X-Waves Subjects: Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [73] arXiv:1608.00152 (cross-list from math.HO) [pdf, other] Title: The mathematics of taffy pullers Comments: 23 pages, 49 figures, AMSLaTeX with Tikz macros. Contains an extra appendix compared to the published version with some more taffy pullers from the patent literature Subjects: History and Overview (math.HO); Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Geometric Topology (math.GT); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [74] arXiv:1608.00909 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Vortex knots in tangled quantum eigenfunctions Comments: 7 pages main text and 8 pages supplementary information, including 4 figures and 6 supplementary figures Journal-ref: Nature Communications 7:12346 (2016) Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph) [75] arXiv:1608.00941 (cross-list from cs.IT) [pdf, ps, other] Title: A Unified Paradigm of Organized Complexity and Semantic Information Theory Authors: Tatsuaki Okamoto Subjects: Information Theory (cs.IT); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG); Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM) [76] arXiv:1608.01142 (cross-list from physics.flu-dyn) [pdf, other] Title: Front structure and dynamics in dense colonies of motile bacteria: Role of active turbulence Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 94, 022406 (2016) Subjects: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn); Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph) [77] arXiv:1608.01572 (cross-list from cond-mat.stat-mech) [pdf, other] Title: Global topological control for synchronized dynamics on networks Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [78] arXiv:1608.01580 (cross-list from cond-mat.quant-gas) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Faraday and resonant waves in binary collisionally-inhomogeneous Bose-Einstein condensates Journal-ref: J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 49 (2016) 165303 Subjects: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph) [79] arXiv:1608.01627 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Cut-and-join description of generalized Brezin-Gross-Witten model Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Combinatorics (math.CO); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [80] arXiv:1608.01926 (cross-list from cond-mat.mes-hall) [pdf, other] Title: Landau-Zener Tunneling of Solitons Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 95, 042204 (2017) Subjects: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [81] arXiv:1608.01943 (cross-list from physics.soc-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Emergence of collective intonation in the musical performance of crowds Authors: Lucas Lacasa Comments: To be published in EPL Subjects: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [82] arXiv:1608.02042 (cross-list from physics.optics) [pdf, other] Title: Reduced models and design principles for half-harmonic generation in synchronously-pumped optical parametric oscillators Comments: 22 pages, 24 figures. Submitted to Phys. Rev. A Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. A 94, 063809 (2016) Subjects: Optics (physics.optics); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [83] arXiv:1608.02053 (cross-list from physics.soc-ph) [pdf] Title: Modeling Growth Curve of Fractal Dimension of Urban Form of Beijing Comments: 37 pages, 5 figures, 6 tables Journal-ref: Physica A, 2019, 523: 1038-1056 Subjects: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [84] arXiv:1608.02238 (cross-list from math.SP) [pdf, other] Title: Resonances for open quantum maps and a fractal uncertainty principle Comments: 53 pages, 10 figures, 2 tables. Simplified the proof of Lemma 2.2 and revised according to referee's comments. To appear in Communications in Mathematical Physics Subjects: Spectral Theory (math.SP); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Analysis of PDEs (math.AP); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [85] arXiv:1608.02260 (cross-list from cond-mat.stat-mech) [pdf, other] Title: Theory of stochastic Laplacian growth Comments: 21 pages, v2: 20 pages, exposition improved and shortened, 2 figures added Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [86] arXiv:1608.02423 (cross-list from cond-mat.soft) [pdf, other] Title: Synchronization in dynamical networks of locally coupled self-propelled oscillators Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. X 7, 011028 (2017) Subjects: Soft Condensed Matter (cond-mat.soft); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [87] arXiv:1608.02471 (cross-list from cond-mat.stat-mech) [pdf, other] Title: Stochastic Bifurcations in the Nonlinear Parallel Ising Model Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 94, 052111 (2016) Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [88] arXiv:1608.02566 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Q-deformed Painleve tau function and q-deformed conformal blocks Comments: 21 pages, v2 many typos corrected, references added; v3 several corrections, mainly in App. B; v4 more corrections in App. B Journal-ref: J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 (2017) 085202 Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Quantum Algebra (math.QA); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [89] arXiv:1608.02568 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Backlund transformation of Painleve III($D_8$) tau function Journal-ref: J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 (2017) 115205 Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Representation Theory (math.RT); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [90] arXiv:1608.02658 (cross-list from stat.ML) [pdf] Title: Revisiting Causality Inference in Memory-less Transition Networks Comments: This edition is improved with further details in the discussion section and Figure 1. Other authors will be added in final revision; For feedback, opinions, or questions please contact: [email protected] OR [email protected] Subjects: Machine Learning (stat.ML); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an) [91] arXiv:1608.02779 (cross-list from math.QA) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Matrix product formula for $U_q(A^{(1)}_2)$-zero range process Comments: 15 pages. Section 1 revised Journal-ref: J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 (2017) 044001 (20pp) Subjects: Quantum Algebra (math.QA); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [92] arXiv:1608.02838 (cross-list from q-bio.NC) [pdf, other] Title: Closed-loop robots driven by short-term synaptic plasticity: Emergent explorative vs. limit-cycle locomotion Journal-ref: Front. Neurorobot. 10:12 (2016) Subjects: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC); Robotics (cs.RO); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [93] arXiv:1608.02867 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Title: On Wright's generalized Bessel kernel Authors: Lun Zhang Comments: 25 pages, 1 figure. Title changed, size reduced, added numerics of gap probabilities and its small s asymptotics for general parameters, to appear in Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [94] arXiv:1608.03145 (cross-list from physics.bio-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Physical model of the genotype-to-phenotype map of proteins Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. X 7, 021037 (2017) Subjects: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Biomolecules (q-bio.BM) [95] arXiv:1608.03320 (cross-list from cs.FL) [pdf, other] Title: Nominal Cellular Automata Authors: Tommaso Bolognesi (Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione "A. Faedo", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche), Vincenzo Ciancia (Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione "A. Faedo", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) Comments: In Proceedings ICE 2016, arXiv:1608.03131 Journal-ref: EPTCS 223, 2016, pp. 24-35 Subjects: Formal Languages and Automata Theory (cs.FL); Logic in Computer Science (cs.LO); Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG) [96] arXiv:1608.03345 (cross-list from physics.optics) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Femtosecond soliton diode on heterojunction Bragg-grating structure Comments: 4 pages and 4 figures, 33 references Subjects: Optics (physics.optics); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [97] arXiv:1608.03349 (cross-list from math.DS) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Codimension-two Bifurcations Induce Hysteresis Behavior and Multistabilities in Delay-coupled Kuramoto Oscillators Authors: Ben Niu Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [98] arXiv:1608.03467 (cross-list from q-bio.NC) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Synaptic plasticity and neuronal refractory time cause scaling behaviour of neuronal avalanches Comments: 9 pages, 4 figures, to be published in Scientific Reports Subjects: Neurons and Cognition (q-bio.NC); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [99] arXiv:1608.03488 (cross-list from math.DS) [pdf, other] Title: Travelling wave solutions of the perturbed mKdV equation that represent traffic congestion Authors: Laura Hattam Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [100] arXiv:1608.03702 (cross-list from quant-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Quantum simulation of disordered systems with cold atoms Authors: Jean Claude Garreau (PhLAM) Comments: Submitted to Comptes Rendus de Physique Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [101] arXiv:1608.03753 (cross-list from physics.soc-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Title: The Braess Paradox in a network of totally asymmetric exclusion processes Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 94, 062312 (2016) Subjects: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG) [102] arXiv:1608.03794 (cross-list from physics.geo-ph) [pdf] Title: On the theory of solitons of fluid pressure and solute density in geologic porous media, with applications to shale, clay and sandstone Subjects: Geophysics (physics.geo-ph); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [103] arXiv:1608.03994 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Well-posedness of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili hierarchy, Mulase factorization, and Frölicher Lie groups Comments: To appear in Annales Henri Poincar\'e Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Differential Geometry (math.DG); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [104] arXiv:1608.04237 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Space & time discontinuities in Liouville theory and the deformed oscillator model Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [105] arXiv:1608.04283 (cross-list from physics.soc-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Graph partitions and cluster synchronization in networks of oscillators Journal-ref: Chaos, 26, 094821 (2016) Subjects: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph); Social and Information Networks (cs.SI); Systems and Control (eess.SY); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [106] arXiv:1608.04293 (cross-list from gr-qc) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Wave turbulence theory for gravitational waves in general relativity: The Space-Time Kolmogorov spectrum Authors: Sergio Rica Subjects: General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [107] arXiv:1608.04402 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Exactly solvable quantum few-body systems associated with the symmetries of the three-dimensional and four-dimensional icosahedra Journal-ref: SciPost Phys. 1, 005 (2016) Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [108] arXiv:1608.04492 (cross-list from math.DS) [pdf, other] Title: Persistence analysis of the age-structured population model on several patches Comments: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Mathematical Methods in Science and Engineering (CMMSE), Almer\'ia , Spain. Editor: J. Vigo Aguiar II. (2016) 717-727 Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE) [109] arXiv:1608.04564 (cross-list from cond-mat.quant-gas) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Vortex solitons in two-dimensional spin-orbit coupled Bose-Einstein condensates: effects of the Rashba-Dresselhaus coupling and the Zeeman splitting Comments: Physical Review E, in press Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 94, 032202 (2016) Subjects: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Optics (physics.optics) [110] arXiv:1608.04685 (cross-list from math.AP) [pdf, other] Title: Modulational instability in a full-dispersion shallow water model Subjects: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [111] arXiv:1608.04824 (cross-list from physics.bio-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Noise and Function Comments: 21 pages, 9 figures, chapter to appear in_From Matter to Life: Informationa nd Causality_ by Walker, Davies, and Ellis (Cambridge University Press) Subjects: Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph); Probability (math.PR); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Quantitative Methods (q-bio.QM) [112] arXiv:1608.04828 (cross-list from physics.optics) [pdf] Title: Localized waves supported by the rotating waveguide array Comments: 6 pages, 4 figures, to appear in Optics Letters Journal-ref: Optics Letters, 41(17),4106-4109(2016) Subjects: Optics (physics.optics); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [113] arXiv:1608.04831 (cross-list from cond-mat.quant-gas) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Long-range transverse Ising model built with dipolar condensates in two-well arrays Comments: 6 pages, 5 figures, and 37 references; New Journal Physics, in press Journal-ref: New J. Phys. 19 (2017) 013030 Subjects: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [114] arXiv:1608.04850 (cross-list from math.DS) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Sliding control for single-degree-of-freedom fractional oscillators Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [115] arXiv:1608.04905 (cross-list from physics.optics) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Quantum Soliton Evaporation Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures, minor changes to text and references Subjects: Optics (physics.optics); Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph); Quantum Physics (quant-ph) [116] arXiv:1608.05044 (cross-list from cs.GT) [pdf, other] Title: Simulation of an Optional Strategy in the Prisoner's Dilemma in Spatial and Non-spatial Environments Comments: 12 pages, 8 figures. International Conference on the Simulation of Adaptive Behavior Journal-ref: From Animals to Animats 14 (pp. 145-156). Springer International Publishing, 2016 Subjects: Computer Science and Game Theory (cs.GT); Multiagent Systems (cs.MA); Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [117] arXiv:1608.05071 (cross-list from physics.optics) [pdf] Title: Mesoscopic chaos mediated by Drude electron-hole plasma in silicon optomechanical oscillators Subjects: Optics (physics.optics); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [118] arXiv:1608.05306 (cross-list from math.DS) [pdf, other] Title: Chaos as an Intermittently Forced Linear System Comments: 34 Pages, 23 Figures, 4 Tables Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [119] arXiv:1608.05419 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, other] Title: Symmetric States Requiring System Asymmetry Comments: Final proof correction incorporated; 5 pages, 3 figures, Supplemental Material (5 pages, 2 figures); for an animation showing a symmetric state requiring system asymmetry, see this http URL Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 114101 (2016) Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [120] arXiv:1608.05439 (cross-list from physics.soc-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Evacuation dynamics of asymmetrically coupled pedestrian pairs Comments: 8 pages, 3 figures, to be published in Traffic and Granular Flow '15 (Springer, in press) Subjects: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph); Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases (nlin.CG) [121] arXiv:1608.05598 (cross-list from math.DS) [pdf, other] Title: A Geometric Heat-Flow Theory of Lagrangian Coherent Structures Comments: 43 pages, 24 figures, postprint Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Analysis of PDEs (math.AP); Differential Geometry (math.DG); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [122] arXiv:1608.05770 (cross-list from physics.soc-ph) [pdf] Title: Hierarchical Scaling in Systems of Natural Cities Comments: 23 pages; 6 figures; 5 tables Journal-ref: Entropy, 2018, 20, 432 Subjects: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [123] arXiv:1608.05916 (cross-list from cs.NE) [pdf, other] Title: Neural Networks and Chaos: Construction, Evaluation of Chaotic Networks, and Prediction of Chaos with Multilayer Feedforward Networks Journal-ref: AIP Chaos, An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science. 22(1), 013122 (2012) Subjects: Neural and Evolutionary Computing (cs.NE); Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [124] arXiv:1608.05930 (cross-list from cs.CR) [pdf, other] Title: FPGA Design for Pseudorandom Number Generator Based on Chaotic Iteration used in Information Hiding Application Journal-ref: Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences. Vol. 7(6), pp. 2175-2188 (2013) Subjects: Cryptography and Security (cs.CR); Hardware Architecture (cs.AR); Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [125] arXiv:1608.05984 (cross-list from physics.soc-ph) [pdf] Title: Which activation function of cooperation describes human behavior? Journal-ref: Procedings of Modern Problems of Mathematical Modeling and Computational Methods, p224, 2015, Rovno, Ukraine Subjects: Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE) [126] arXiv:1608.06102 (cross-list from math.AP) [pdf, ps, other] Title: The virial theorem and ground state energy estimate of nonlinear Schrödinger equations in $\mathbb{R}^2$ with square root and saturable nonlinearities in nonlinear optics Subjects: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Optics (physics.optics) [127] arXiv:1608.06196 (cross-list from cs.SI) [pdf, other] Title: A Framework for the Construction of Generative Models for Mesoscale Structure in Multilayer Networks Comments: The abstract in the arXiv field is a slightly shortened version of the abstract because of the character-count limit Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. Research 2, 023100 (2020) Subjects: Social and Information Networks (cs.SI); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph); Methodology (stat.ME) [128] arXiv:1608.06442 (cross-list from math.PR) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Quenched large deviations for interacting diffusions in random media Authors: Eric Luçon Subjects: Probability (math.PR); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [129] arXiv:1608.06526 (cross-list from physics.optics) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Triggering filamentation using turbulence Subjects: Optics (physics.optics); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [130] arXiv:1608.06631 (cross-list from physics.optics) [pdf] Title: Three-dimensional topological solitons in PT-symmetric optical lattices Comments: 7 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Optica Journal-ref: Optica 3, 1048 (2016) Subjects: Optics (physics.optics); Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [131] arXiv:1608.07025 (cross-list from cond-mat.stat-mech) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Merits and Qualms of Work Fluctuations in Classical Fluctuation Theorems Comments: 11 pages, 5 figures, close to published version Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 95, 012106 (2017) Subjects: Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [132] arXiv:1608.07227 (cross-list from math.AP) [pdf, other] Title: Conformal flow on $S^3$ and weak field integrability in AdS$_4$ Comments: 22 pages, v2: minor revisions, several references added, v3: typos corrected, v4: typos corrected, one reference added, matches version accepted by CMP Journal-ref: Comm. Math. Phys. 353 (2017) 1179 Subjects: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [133] arXiv:1608.07275 (cross-list from hep-th) [pdf, other] Title: Quantum Mechanics in the Infrared Comments: 23 pages, 8 figures, v2: typo fixed Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); High Energy Physics - Lattice (hep-lat); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Quantum Physics (quant-ph) [134] arXiv:1608.07303 (cross-list from astro-ph.EP) [pdf] Title: Does the Planetary Dynamo Go Cycling On? Re-examining the Evidence for Cycles in Magnetic Reversal Rate Authors: Adrian L. Melott (Kansas), Anthony Pivarunas (Florida), Joseph G. Meert (Florida), Bruce S. Lieberman (Kansas) Comments: 4 figures. To be published in the International Journal of Astrobiology Journal-ref: International Journal of Astrobiology 17, 44-50 (2018) Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an); Geophysics (physics.geo-ph) [135] arXiv:1608.07551 (cross-list from quant-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Coherent LQG Control, Free-Carrier Oscillations, Optical Ising Machines and Pulsed OPO Dynamics Authors: Ryan Hamerly Comments: 414 pages, 12 tables, 158 figures, 332 references. Stanford University PhD thesis. Readers: Harold Hwang, Surya Ganguli, Patrick Hayden Subjects: Quantum Physics (quant-ph); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Optics (physics.optics) [136] arXiv:1608.07574 (cross-list from physics.flu-dyn) [pdf, other] Title: The Onset of Thermalisation in Finite-Dimensional Equations of Hydrodynamics: Insights from the Burgers Equation Comments: Minor corrections to the previous version Journal-ref: Proc. Royal Soc. A 473, 20160585 (2017) Subjects: Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [137] arXiv:1608.07769 (cross-list from math.AP) [pdf, other] Title: Spatially localized self-assembly driven by electrically charged phase separation Subjects: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [138] arXiv:1608.07845 (cross-list from hep-th) [pdf, other] Title: The quantum cat map on the modular discretization of extremal black hole horizons Comments: 28 pages LaTeX2e, 8 jpeg figures. Clarified certain issues pertaining to the relation between mixing time and scrambling time; enhanced discussion of the Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis; revised figures and updated references. Typos corrected Journal-ref: Eur. Phys. J. C (2018) 78:412 Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Quantum Physics (quant-ph) [139] arXiv:1608.07867 (cross-list from math.CA) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Unique solvability of a coupling problem for entire functions Journal-ref: Constr. Approx. 49 (2019), no. 1, 123-148 Subjects: Classical Analysis and ODEs (math.CA); Spectral Theory (math.SP); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [140] arXiv:1608.07984 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Neuronal Avalanches: Where Temporal Complexity and Criticality Meet Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO); Biological Physics (physics.bio-ph) [141] arXiv:1608.08169 (cross-list from math.AP) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Instability in nonlinear Schrödinger breathers Authors: Claudio Muñoz Comments: v3: changed title to better reflect the main result of the paper. Minor remarks added. Submitted Subjects: Analysis of PDEs (math.AP); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [142] arXiv:1608.08264 (cross-list from physics.optics) [pdf] Title: Asymmetric soliton mobility in competing linear-nonlinear PT-symmetric lattices Comments: 4 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Optics Letters Journal-ref: Optics Letters 41, 4348 (2016) Subjects: Optics (physics.optics); Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS) [143] arXiv:1608.08294 (cross-list from math.DS) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Gutzwiller's Semiclassical Trace Formula and Maslov-Type Index Theory for Symplectic Paths Authors: Shanzhong Sun Comments: 39 pages, comments are welcome, to appear in a volume dedicated to P. Rabinowitz Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Symplectic Geometry (math.SG); Spectral Theory (math.SP); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD); Quantum Physics (quant-ph) [144] arXiv:1608.08423 (cross-list from math.AG) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Potentials of a Frobenius like structure and $m$ bases of a vector space Subjects: Algebraic Geometry (math.AG); Differential Geometry (math.DG); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [145] arXiv:1608.08511 (cross-list from hep-th) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Integrable Cosmological Potentials Comments: 24 pages, LaTeX, 2 figures; v2: misprints corrected and references added Subjects: High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO); General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc); Mathematical Physics (math-ph); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [146] arXiv:1608.08651 (cross-list from cond-mat.dis-nn) [pdf, other] Title: The complex dynamics of memristive circuits: analytical results and universal slow relaxation Comments: 12 pages double column (article + supplementary material); new results Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. E 95, 022140 (2017) Subjects: Disordered Systems and Neural Networks (cond-mat.dis-nn); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems (nlin.AO) [147] arXiv:1608.08701 (cross-list from cond-mat.quant-gas) [pdf, other] Title: Exactly solvable model for a solitonic vortex in a compressible superfluid Journal-ref: New J. Phys. 19, 023029 (2017) Subjects: Quantum Gases (cond-mat.quant-gas); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [148] arXiv:1608.08835 (cross-list from math.DS) [pdf, ps, other] Title: Tracking Particles in Flows near Invariant Manifolds via Balance Functions Journal-ref: Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp. 983-1000, 2018 Subjects: Dynamical Systems (math.DS); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Fluid Dynamics (physics.flu-dyn) [149] arXiv:1608.08896 (cross-list from cond-mat.mes-hall) [pdf, other] Title: Parametric symmetry breaking in a nonlinear resonator Journal-ref: Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 214101 (2016) Subjects: Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [150] arXiv:1608.08932 (cross-list from q-bio.PE) [pdf, other] Title: The Influence of Mobility Rate on Spiral Waves in Spatial Rock-Paper-Scissors Games Comments: 20 pages, 5 figures; published in Games Journal-ref: Games 7, 24 (2016) Subjects: Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE); Statistical Mechanics (cond-mat.stat-mech); Pattern Formation and Solitons (nlin.PS); Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph) [151] arXiv:1608.08991 (cross-list from astro-ph.GA) [pdf, other] Title: Modelling resonances and orbital chaos in disk galaxies. Application to a Milky Way spiral model Comments: 17 pages, 15 figures. Matches accepted version in A&A Subjects: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA); Chaotic Dynamics (nlin.CD) [152] arXiv:1608.00958 (cross-list from math-ph) [pdf, other] Title: Fredholm determinant and Nekrasov sum representations of isomonodromic tau functions Comments: 45 pages, 16 figures; v3: minor changes and added refs to match the published version Journal-ref: Commun. Math. Phys. 363, No. 1, (2018), 1-58 Subjects: Mathematical Physics (math-ph); High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th); Exactly Solvable and Integrable Systems (nlin.SI) [153] arXiv:1608.04657 (cross-list from physics.flu-dyn) [pdf, other] Title: Distributed chaos and Rayleigh-Benard turbulence at very high Ra	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4571310877799988, "perplexity": 21488.515971174427}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585382.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20211021071407-20211021101407-00410.warc.gz"}
https://www.subjectcoach.com/tutorials/math/topic/year-10-3d-geometry/chapter/pentagonal-pyramid	# Pentagonal Pyramid A pentagonal pyramid is a polyhedron (flat-sided three-dimensional figure), which has a pentagon as its base, and five faces, shaped like triangles, that meet at a point, called the apex. Pentagonal pyramids have six faces, six vertices and ten edges. ## Building a Pentagonal Pyramid You can make a pentagonal pyramid yourself by using a template like the following net (template), cutting it out along the outside lines, folding it along the inside lines and taping it together along the edges. ## Finding the Surface Area and Volume of a Pentagonal Pyramid ### Finding the Surface Area of a Pentagonal Pyramid We can split the surface area of a pentagonal pyramid up into two parts: 1. The Area of the Base. 2. The Area of the Slanted Sides When the slanted sides are all the same, the surface area of the pentagonal pyramid is given by the formula: $\text{Surface Area} = (\text{Base Area}) + \dfrac{1}{2} (\text{Perimeter})(\text{Slant Height}).$ ### Finding the Volume of a Pentagonal Pyramid Like any pyramid, the volume of the pentagonal pyramid is equal to $\dfrac{1}{3}$ the volume of the pentagonal prism with the same height and base. So, $\text{Volume} = \dfrac{1}{3} (\text{Base Area})(\text{Height}).$ ### Description There are several lessons related to 3D geometry such as 1. Euler's formula 2. Vertices, Edges and Faces 3. Volumes of 3D shapes 4. etc Even though we've titled this lesson series to be more inclined for Year 10 or higher students, however, these lessons can be read and utilized by lower grades students. ### Prerequisites Understanding of 3D shapes ### Audience Year 10 or higher, but suitable for Year 8+ students ### Learning Objectives Get to know 3D Geometry Author: Subject Coach You must be logged in as Student to ask a Question.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47940173745155334, "perplexity": 2101.480598669447}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145747.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200223062700-20200223092700-00069.warc.gz"}
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/what-are-assertions-in-selenium-with-python	# What are assertions in Selenium with python? Selenium Web DriverAutomation TestingSoftware Testing There are assertions in Selenium which are verification or checkpoints for the test case. In the absence of an assertion, there is no option of determining if a test case has failed or not. Sometimes, we may use the conditional statements like if – else and so on and then print the result of pass/ fail in the console. But that can only solve the problem of checking logs and not for actual reporting. Thus assertion is used for generating test execution reports. In case, our test case passes all the test steps, the assertions do not impact the test cases in any way, however if the test case fails, it is reported. A test case can contain numerous methods of assertions. Some of them can accept values of all data types and some will only have numeric values. The different types of assertions are listed below − • assertEqual – This assertion has two parameters. A comparison is done between the first and second parameter. In case both of them match, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The third parameter of assertEqual is an optional one. It is mostly used for informational purposes for result analysis. ## Syntax assertEqual("Tutorialspoint", "Tutorialspoint") • assertNotEqual – This assertion can have more than two parameters. A comparison is done between the first and second parameter. In case both of them do not match, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The third parameter of assertEqual is an optional one. It is mostly used for informational purposes for result analysis. ## Syntax assertNotEqual("Tutorials", "Tutorialspoint") • assertTrue – This assertion can handle more than two parameters. A comparison is done between the first and second parameter. In case both of them do match, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The assertTrue assertion allows the use of relational operators for comparison. In these situations, the result is in Boolean (True or False). The final parameter of this assertion can contain informational messages used for result analysis. ## Syntax assertTrue((hd="Tutorialspoint") OR (hd="Selenium"),"Matching header") • assertFalse – This assertion can handle more than two parameters. A comparison is done between the first and second parameter. In case both of them do not match, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The assertTrue assertion allows the use of relational operators for comparison. In these situations, the result is in Boolean (True or False). The final parameter of this assertion can contain informational messages used for result analysis. ## Syntax assertFalse(2>3,"2 is not greater than 3") • assertIs – This assertion can handle two parameters. A comparison is done between the first and second parameter. In case both of them match, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The third parameter of assertEqual is an optional one. It is mostly used for informational purposes for result analysis. ## Syntax assertIs(Tutorialspoint", "Tutorialspoint", "Both are equal") • assertIsNot – This assertion can handle two parameters. A comparison is done between the first and second parameter. In case both of them do not match, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The final parameter of this assertion can contain informational messages used for result analysis. The final parameter of this assertion can contain informational messages used for result analysis. ## Syntax assertIsNot(Tutorialspoint", "Tutorials", "Both are not equal") • assertIsNone – This assertion can handle a parameter. It is used to check if the value provided is none. If the result is equal to none, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The final parameter of this assertion can contain informational messages used for result analysis. ## Syntax assertIsNone( result, "The result is equal to none") • assertIsNotNone – This assertion can handle a parameter. It is used to check if the value provided is none. If the result is not equal to none, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The final parameter of this assertion can contain informational messages used for result analysis. ## Syntax assertIsNotNone( r, "The result is not equal to none") • assertIn – This assertion has two parameters. It is used to check if the first parameter exists in the second parameter. If the item is present in the second element, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The third parameter of assertIs is an optional one. It is mostly used for informational purposes for result analysis. This type of assertion is mostly used in set, list, tuple and dictionary. ## Syntax s = set(["PLSQL", "Selenium", "Jmeter"]) assertIn("Selenium", s, " Selenium is present in set s") • assertNotIn – This assertion has two parameters. It is used to check if the first parameter exists in the second parameter. If the item is not present in the second element, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The third parameter of assertIs is an optional one. It is mostly used for informational purposes for result analysis. This type of assertion is mostly used in set, list, tuple and dictionary. ## Syntax s = set(["PLSQL", "Selenium", "Jmeter"]) assertIn("Oracle", s, " Oracle is not present in set s") • assertIsInstance – This assertion has two parameters. It is used to check if the given object( in the first parameter) is an instance of the class( in the second parameter). If yes, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The third parameter of assertIs is an optional one. It is mostly used for informational purposes for result analysis. ## Syntax Cl1 c = new Cl1() assertIsInstance(c, Cl1, " c is an instance of Cl1") • assertIsNotInstance – This assertion has two parameters. It is used to check if the given object( in the first parameter) is an instance of the class( in the second parameter). If no, the test case is considered a pass; else the test case is failed. The third parameter of assertIs is an optional one. It is mostly used for informational purposes for result analysis. ## Syntax Cl1 c = new Cl1() assertIsInstance(d, Cl1, " d is not an instance of Cl1") • assertListEqual – This assertion has two parameters. It is used to check if the two lists mentioned in the parameter are similar or not. If there is any missing or not similar element, it is printed as an error message. • assertTupleEqual – This assertion has two parameters. It is used to check if the two tuples mentioned in the parameter are similar or not. If there is any missing or not similar element, it is printed as an error message. • assertSetEqual – This assertion has two parameters. It is used to check if the two sets mentioned in the parameter are similar or not. If there is any missing or not similar element, it is printed as an error message. • assertDictEqual – This assertion has two parameters. It is used to check if the two dictionaries mentioned in the parameter are similar or not. If there is any missing or not similar element, it is printed as an error message. Published on 29-Jul-2020 10:43:56	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5982289910316467, "perplexity": 1120.3536390709783}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060538.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928062408-20210928092408-00712.warc.gz"}
https://enacademic.com/dic.nsf/enwiki/4699754/Helix	# Helix-coil transition model Helix-coil transition model Helix-coil transition models are formalized techniques in statistical mechanics developed to describe conformations of linear polymers in solution. The models are usually but not exclusively applied to polypeptides as a measure of the relative fraction of the molecule in an alpha helix conformation versus turn or random coil. The main attraction in investigating alpha helix formation is that one encounters many of the features of protein folding but in their simplest version [ Doig, A.J. (2008) "The alpha-Helix as the Simplest Protein Model: Helix–Coil Theory, Stability, and Design", in "Protein Folding, Misfolding and Aggregation: Classical Themes and Novel Approaches", V. Muñoz, Ed. Royal Society of Chemistry. ] . Most of the helix-coil models contain parameters for the likelihood of helix nucleation from a coil region, and helix propagation along the sequence once nucleated; because polypeptides are directional and have distinct N-terminal and C-terminal ends, propagation parameters may differ in each direction. Common transition models include the Zimm-Bragg model and the Lifson-Roig model, and their extensions and variations. Energy of host poly-alanine helix in the aqueous solution::$Delta G_\left\{folding\right\} = \left(m-2\right)Delta H_alpha - m T Delta S$where "m" - is number of residues in the helix [ Chakrabartty, A., Baldwin, R.L. 1995. Stability of alpha-helices. Adv. Protein Chem.,46:141-176.] References Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. ### Look at other dictionaries: • Zimm-Bragg model — In statistical mechanics, the Zimm Bragg model is a helix coil transition model that describes helix coil transitions of macromolecules, usually polymer chains. Most models provide a reasonable approximation of the fractional helicity of a given… … Wikipedia • Lifson-Roig model — In polymer science, the Lifson Roig model is a helix coil transition model applied to the alpha helix random coil transition of polypeptides;Lifson S, Roig A. (1961). On the theory of helix coil transition in polypeptides. J Chem Phys 34: 1963 74 … Wikipedia • Alpha helix — A common motif in the secondary structure of proteins, the alpha helix (α helix) is a right handed coiled conformation, resembling a spring, in which every backbone N H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid… … Wikipedia • Nucleic acid double helix — Double helix redirects here. For other uses, see Double helix (disambiguation). Two complementary regions of nucleic acid molecules will bind and form a double helical structure held together by base pairs. In molecular biology, the term double… … Wikipedia • Secondary structure prediction — is a set of techniques in bioinformatics that aim to predict the local secondary structures of proteins and RNA sequences based only on knowledge of their primary structure amino acid or nucleotide sequence, respectively. For proteins, a… … Wikipedia • Transfer-matrix method — In physics and mathematics, the transfer matrix method is a general technique for solving problems in statistical mechanics. The basic idea is to write the partition function in the form:mathcal{Z} = mathbf{v} {0} cdot left{ prod {k=1}^{N}… … Wikipedia • Force field (chemistry) — In the context of molecular mechanics, a force field (also called a forcefield) refers to the functional form and parameter sets used to describe the potential energy of a system of particles (typically but not necessarily atoms). Force field… … Wikipedia • Champ de force (chimie) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir champ de force. Un champ de force peut par exemple être utilisé afin de minimiser l énergie d étirement de cette molécule d éthane. Dans le cadre de la m … Wikipédia en Français • Protein folding — Protein thermodynamics redirects here. For the thermodynamics of reactions catalyzed by proteins, see Enzyme. Protein before and after folding. Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or… … Wikipedia • Polymer — Appearance of real linear polymer chains as recorded using an atomic force microscope on surface under liquid medium. Chain contour length for this polymer is 204 nm; thickness is 0.4 nm.[1] A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule … Wikipedia	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 1, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7779929041862488, "perplexity": 5503.238016985025}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-39/segments/1568514574377.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20190921084226-20190921110226-00391.warc.gz"}
http://clay6.com/qa/13629/if-a-is-a-matrix-such-that-begin-2-1-3-2-end-a-begin-1-1-end-begin-1-0-0-0-	Browse Questions # If A is a matrix such that $\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \\ 3 & 2 \end{bmatrix} A\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} =\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 \end{bmatrix}$ then A= $\begin {array} {1 1} (a)\;\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} & \quad (b)\;\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \\ (c)\;\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix} & \quad (d)\;\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix} \end {array}$ Can you answer this question? $(d)\;\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix}$ answered Nov 7, 2013 by	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7491194009780884, "perplexity": 1768.110422326308}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719638.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00040-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://aas.aanda.org/articles/aas/full/2000/14/h2123/node5.html	Up: Pulsars in the Westerbork 5 Non-detected pulsars Table 4 lists the pulsars that have no counterpart in the WENSS. In 14 cases the expected pulsar flux density is higher than three times the local noise level. Still, the pulsar was not detected. In two cases no reliable pulsar flux density estimate at 325 MHz is available. In three other cases the estimate is based on 400 MHz observations. In case of PSRs B0841+80 and B1839+36A this was done, because there was no spectral information available. The spectrum of PSR J1012+5307 might also have a low frequency turnover (see its spectrum as plotted by Kramer et al. 1999). Its flux density is known to vary by up to a factor four from its mean value of 30 mJy (Nicastro et al. 1995). Five (and possibly eight) pulsars are detected, which were expected to be not detectable. The number of non-detected sources that were expected to have a flux density greater than the detection limit, should be roughly the same as the number of unexpected detections. The difference may be due to Poisson fluctuations in the (small) number of pulsars in this study. Up: Pulsars in the Westerbork Copyright The European Southern Observatory (ESO)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9785544276237488, "perplexity": 1161.328193790026}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630518.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20210617162149-20210617192149-00051.warc.gz"}
https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/3659431/number-of-ways-to-stack-lego-bricks	# Number of ways to stack LEGO bricks One of the most surprising combinatorial formulas I know of counts the number of LEGO towers built from $$n$$ "$$1 \times 2$$" blocks subject to four rules: 1. The bricks lie in a single plane. 2. Each brick is offset by 1 stud (as in a brick wall). 3. The bottom layer is contiguous. 4. Each brick has at least one brick below it (apart from the bottom layer). # Formula On page 26 of Miklós Bóna's Handbook of Enumerative Combinatorics, the author states the combinatorial formula (!!): Remarkably there are $$3^{n-1}$$ domino towers consisting of $$n$$ bricks. Equally remarkably, no simple bijection is known. The formula was first proven in 1988 by Gouyou-Beauchamps and Viennot. # Question While writing up a short essay on this fact, I became interested in what happens when you relax some of the rules. In particular, for the small values I checked on the computer, removing the second rule ("Each brick is offset by 1 stud") appears to result in $$4^{n-1}$$ towers with $$n$$ bricks. I imagine this result exists in the literature, and I was hoping MSE could help me find it. If it hasn't been written down anywhere, I was hoping for insight for how to adapt Bóna's proof into this new setting. • Connected... and interesting as well, this document in French May 5, 2020 at 6:08 • An old MathsSE question interesting for its references May 5, 2020 at 6:19 • @JMP, I included the tag statistical-mechanics because the original 1988 paper was a statistical mechanics paper. May 5, 2020 at 6:21 • @PeterKagey; I read the tag info : math.stackexchange.com/tags/statistical-mechanics/info, and it doesn't seem to match, but good call! – JMP May 5, 2020 at 6:52 • @AntonioHernandezMaquivar, Here's the Ruby code that I used, but it might not be especially clear since it wasn't designed for external consumption. May 5, 2020 at 20:14 Your result $$4^{n-1}$$ is correct. Bóna's proof goes through with a single modification. In the last step that counts the half-pyramids, there is one more option: A bottom brick with a half-pyramid on it whose bottom brick is directly on top of the bottom brick. Instead of $$H\cong(H\times\bullet\times H)+(\bullet\times H)+\bullet$$ we get $$H\cong(H\times\bullet\times H)+(\bullet\times H)+(\bullet\times H)+\bullet$$, thus $$H=xH^2+2xH+x$$, and then $$\begin{eqnarray} P &=& \frac H{(1-H)^2} \\ &=& \frac H{-2H + (1+H^2)} \\ &=& \frac H{-2H + H\frac{1-2x}x} \\ &=& \frac x{1-4x}\;. \end{eqnarray}$$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 11, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6382296681404114, "perplexity": 502.696677013094}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662530553.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220519235259-20220520025259-00113.warc.gz"}
http://www.mit.edu/~dbertsim/	#### Dr. Dimitris Bertsimas I’m the current Associate Dean of Business Analytics, Boeing Professor of Operations Research and faculty director of the Master of Business analytics at MIT. I received my SM and PhD in Applied Mathematics and Operations Research from MIT in 1987 and 1988 respectively. I have been MIT faculty since 1988. My research interests include optimization, machine learning and applied probability and their applications in health care, finance, operations management and transportation. I have co-authored more than 200 scientific papers and four graduate level textbooks. I am the editor in Chief of INFORMS Journal of Optimization and former department editor in Optimization for Management Science and in Financial Engineering in Operations Research. I am also a member of the National Academy of Engineering since 2005, an INFORMS fellow, and have received numerous research awards including the Morse prize (2013), the Pierskalla award for best paper in health care (2013), the best paper award in Transportation (2013), the Farkas prize (2008), the Erlang prize (1996), the SIAM prize in optimization (1996), the Bodossaki prize (1998) and the Presidential Young Investigator award (1991-1996). I have consulted widely in a variety of industries and have cofounded several very successful companies. In 1999, I co-founded Dynamic Ideas, LLC, which developed machine learning methods for asset management. In 2002, the assets of Dynamic Ideas were sold to American Express. From 2002-2010, I was the head of the quantitative asset management group of Ameriprise Financial, responsible for $12 billion of assets. In 2001, I cofounded D2 Hawkeye, a data mining health care company and responsible for its machine learning capabilities. The company was sold to Verisk Health in 2009. In 2011 I cofounded Benefits Science Technologies LLC, a company that designs health care benefits, Savvi Financial LLC, a financial advice company and Alpha Dynamics LLC, an asset management company. In 2015 I cofounded P2 Analytics LLC, a consulting company and in 2018 Interpretable AI, a machine learning company. ##### My Philosophy Path, philosophy and aspirations This document outlines my philosophy and values as an advisor and more generally in life. My hope is that younger generations, particularly my students and their students, will benefit by considering these thoughts. We live rather limited life spans and I feel that for our lives to have a meaning we should all consider the question of what is important in life. Different people may give different answers, but I think it is critical, for every one of us to attempt to answer the question. What is Important in Life? This is a question that has occupied my mind for a long time. My experiences have led me to define what I consider important in life: 1. To improve the human condition. 2. To positively affect the lives of people, especially young people. 3. To increase the human understanding of how the world works. My path My life path, sometimes intentionally, sometimes accidentally has led me to seek to achieve these objectives through science. I have been associated with educational institutions all my life, the first 25 years as a student and the last 27 years as a university professor. The key methods I have been using are: 1. Scientific research 2. Education 3. Building companies Scientific Research As I reflect back on my life, the one thing I am very proud of is my graduate students. When I meet them they are typically in their early twenties, they have been among the very best in their undergraduate institutions, with high aspirations, exceptional ability, various degrees of maturity, a bit inexperienced, without often a clear vision of their future and direction. Not too different from the way I was at their age. It has been my great privilege and joy to serve as their advisor. I consider being the advisor of my graduate students far and away the most important aspect of my life as an academic. My graduate students have been and continue to be my first priority. What do I aspire to help them learn? The superficial objective is to teach them the principles of Operations Research, my area of expertise. I feel this is the minimal and not a particularly important objective. The most important thing I aspire to help them learn is why research is important and especially what research is important. In my opinion, research is serious business and is linked to what is important in life I outlined earlier. The key principles in research in my mind are: 1. Research can change the world. 2. There is nothing that we cannot achieve if we put our minds into it. 3. The only research worth doing has the following characteristic: Assume we succeed 100% in answering the research question we aim to address. Then, does something change in the world for the better among those things that are important in life? That is, does the human condition improve? Do the results of the research affect what we teach the future generations? Does the research increase the understanding of how the world works? If the answer to these questions is no, and in my experience it often is, then I do not think we should be doing this research on the first place. What is important is that these questions are answerable before we do the research. It took me more than a decade to fully crystalize these principles. I see a lot of people, including myself in my early years, who aim to impress rather than change the world. More than the specific areas of research, my central aspiration is to help my graduate students learn these principles. Education I have been privileged to be at MIT, a world class research university, since my early twenties. It is my aspiration to generate new knowledge that I consider important in life and teach the next generations by introducing new classes and writing books. I also believe that this responsibility is increasing with age, that is as the depth of my understanding and experience increases, I feel an increased sense of responsibility to transmit the understanding and experience I have achieved to help the young generation. Entrepreneurship I have been a serial entrepreneur in the last 20 years, and I intend to continue to do it with increasing intensity until I cannot do it anymore. Given my love of being a university professor, it is reasonable to ask why. I believe that research and education can affect the human condition and influence a limited number of human lives. It is possible that others can take the research ideas scientists generate and create significant impact. My observation, however, is that the limited number of scientists who have produced research that is capable of affecting the lives of millions of people created the companies themselves. It is my belief that the major way to affect the human condition in large scale is to build a successful company. From my experience, the only way to build a successful company is to inspire a team of people, create a common vision and execute the vision successfully. Money is not my primary motivation. I see money as an enabler for changing the world, as a consequence of being successful in changing the world, but not as the primary objective. In fact, I agree with Steve Jobs: "My aspiration was never to be the richest person in the cemetery," even though he is in fact. Values and principles In the first half a century of life, I have formed a system of beliefs and values. I have tried to conduct my life in accordance to these principles. I aspire to continue to use these principles in all aspects of my life: 1. Merit should guide decisions. MIT is by and large a meritocracy, and to a large degree, in my opinion, the reason it became a world-‐class institution during the 20th century. In my experience, merit in the end carries the day and the best way to achieve a merit based environment is to encourage an open ideas environment. In my experience, the best idea should be followed, not whose idea it was. 2. Integrity matters. I learned from my father that honesty and the truth are how one should contact his/her life even if sometimes it is inconvenient. I feel it is important to do what you say and, independent of contracts and agreements, your word should matter. 3. High aspirations matter. We should aim to change the world, if we have a chance to do it. I do not know of many examples of people who changed the world without aiming to do so. 4. Be a master of your destiny. All my life I have tried to be in a position that I can affect my future. I have always put more weight on my own beliefs. I have also tried to form beliefs independently, judge people and ideas on their merits. 5. Surround yourself with exceptional people. In my experience, first rate people surround themselves with other first rate people, but second rate people surround themselves with third rate people. In my experience, one cannot succeed to change the world alone. A superb team is necessary. 6. Good judgment is critical. In my experience, there are few important decisions in life that have a first order effect in our trajectory and impact. Exhibiting good judgment during these decisions can affect our lives to the first order. 7. Loyalty matters. I have tried to be loyal to the people who are close to me, especially my students. They have entrusted their future in my hands and I take this responsibility very seriously. I have also experienced that loyalty is reciprocated. 8. Positive reinforcement. Especially with young people, it is critical to give them positive reinforcement: an encouraging word, a positive comment goes a long way to empower very talented but a bit uncertain young people to achieve their potential. ##### Life Stories What follows is an excerpt from a speech made to a recent graduating class: As a speaker today I chose to tell you three stories from my life that affected it and taught me something that I think may be of some value to you. The first story is about death. I am the only child of a middle class Greek family. I was raised in Athens Greece, where I finished high school and university before coming to MIT in 1985 as a doctoral student. My mother was an elementary school teacher and my father was an engineer. I was always very close to my parents, and despite the long distance between Boston and Athens, I saw my parents twice a year for Christmas and summer. I was particularly close to my father. In March of 2007 I received a phone call from my cousin that my father had gastric cancer. I immediately arranged for my father to have surgery from the best Greek surgeon on these matters that was arranged for early April of 2007. The night before the surgery the surgeon told me and my wife Georgia that while he was optimistic about my father, there was a possibility that the cancer might have spread outside the stomach area, in which case, he was not going to continue the operation. The next day, half an hour after the surgery started, the surgeon came out and told me that the cancer has spread and he would not continue the operation. For the first time in my life I could not speak for several minutes as I knew what this meant. I arranged for my father to come to Boston and to do chemotherapy at the Massachusetts General hospital on the other side of the river visible from here. My parents stayed for six months, my father responded well to chemotherapy, and in October 2007, they went back to Greece. My father had a good year. Unfortunately after a year, in October 2008 his condition worsened as the cancer started to grow again, and passed away in March 2009 almost two years from diagnosis. The following month, the sister of my mother, my only aunt, who was very close to my family, passed away, and in the August of 2009, my mother passed from complications of diabetes. My mother as well as my aunt had diabetes for a significant part of their adult lives. In a span of five months in 2009 I lost three out of the four people in the world I have been closest to. I have always been interested in medicine, but this experience led me to initiate a research program in personalized medicine, under which the treatment of a patient is adjusted to the genomic and phenotype characteristics of the patient. It is with some pride that together with 3 of my students, we won the first prize in healthcare from INFORMS (the professional society I belong) for a paper we wrote about gastric cancer that was inspired by my father’s illness. And earlier this year, a paper on personalized diabetes management inspired by my mother’s illness with another 3 of my students was published in Diabetes Care, the top journal for diabetes in the world. Today, more than half my research group are working on their PhD in personalized medicine with the aspiration to affect the practice of medicine and using analytics, especially Machine learning, to make it more effective. Overcoming the sadness of losing 3 of the closest people in my life and transforming a very difficult experience to a positive outcome, has made the journey and my life more meaningful and worthwhile. My second story is about aspirations. The normal duration of studies in the department of EECS of National Technical University of Athens, where I studied is five years. You have to take 60 classes in order to graduate. So naturally, nobody has ever attempted to graduate in less than five years. With the objective to find my boundaries, I set a goal of doing exactly that despite the advice of my father not to do it as I may compromising my grades and that might have an effect on being admitted on a top doctoral program, which has always been my goal. With lot of dedication and positive energy, I finished my studies in four years and was accepted as a doctoral student at the department of applied mathematics at MIT in 1985. When I came to the mathematics department at MIT I learnt about the Operations Research Center and I loved it. So I decided to try to finish a PhD in both programs and try to do it in 3 years. Again with dedication and positive energy, I finished my studies in 1988, the year I joined the Sloan school as an assistant professor. In the summer of 1989, as an assistant professor I set a goal to prove that a central algorithm in optimization was faster than previously thought possible. This would have been a major research development. We were moving houses that summer and my wife complains that I did not help in the move as the proof was coming any minute. In the end I did not succeed in this goal, but my understanding of optimization deepened considerably. As a professor, I have tried to teach my students to aim high, even higher that they think they can achieve and dedicate themselves to achieve it. I have observed both from my personal experience as well as from the experience of my students that those that have a positive orientation towards the goals they set typically achieve them. In fact, it has been my experience that the most important quality for determining success in life, more than IQ or EQ is positive energy, the belief that you will succeed in whatever you set out to achieve. It is exactly this belief that I hope we installed in you, which I hope will be with you for the rest of your life. My final story is about love. From as long as I remember, I wanted to become a professor in a leading research university. I did not know very well what a research university was, and how it differs from others, but intuitively I felt that it had to do with a life of discovering new things and constantly learning. I have been privileged to be a professor at MIT, one of the finest universities in the world, since my early twenties. In a typical day of my life, I meet with my doctoral students discussing ideas about making new discoveries, constantly learning new things. Every day is exciting as I meet with young people I love and respect trying to understand the world and making it better. I feel that I have found something that I love to do that makes my life meaningful. I would like to quote Steve Jobs, in his graduation speech he gave at Stanford in 2005: “Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it.” I have always wished some things for myself: 1. to do what I love. 2. to continue to have high aspirations. 3. to believe in myself, and 4. to approach life in a positive way. I wish the same things for you: to find what you love to do, to have high aspirations, to believe in yourselves and to keep a positive outlook in life. ##### Research ###### Robust Optimization The goal of this work is to propose a tractable theory for optimization under uncertainty. The first motivation for robust optimization is data uncertainty for structured mathematical programming problems. Under this perspective, we investigate different choices of uncertainty sets to model data uncertainty and characterize the structure of the resulting robust counterparts. We particularly focus on uncertainty sets for which the robust problem inherits the computational complexity of the underlying deterministic problem. Examples of concrete results in this direction include: (a) the robust counterpart of a linear programming problem (LP) is still an LP and of a mixed integer programming problem (MIP) is still a MIP of comparable size. (b) The robust counterpart of a polynomially solvable$0-1$discrete optimization problem remains polynomially solvable. In particular, robust matching, spanning tree, shortest path, matroid intersection, etc. are polynomially solvable. (c) Robust network flows can also be solved as a polynomial number of modified network flow problems. (d) The robust counterpart of an$NP$-hard$\alpha$-approximable$0-1$discrete optimization problem, remains$\alpha\$-approximable. (e) Robust conic optimization problems retain their original structure. Specifically, robust second order cone problems (SOCPs) remain SCOPs and robust semidefinite optimization problems (SDPs) remain SDPs. The second motivation of robust optimization is to model stochastic and dynamic optimization problems using uncertainty sets as opposed to probability distributions. Unlike dynamic and stochastic programming this robust approach does not suffer from the curse of dimensionality. As a test case, we apply this perspective to classical supply chain optimization problems under uncertainty, and show (a) the proposed approach is computationally tractable for high dimensions and in many cases leads to stronger solutions, (b) the optimal robust policies have the same structure as optimal policies obtained via dynamic programming; moreover, the robust approach is capable of characterizing the structure of the optimal policy even in cases where the structure of the optimal policy obtained via dynamic programming is unknown. Current work has focused on constructing uncertainty sets from data, solving multistage adaptive optimization problems, as well as a great variety of applications in energy, operations management, finance and health care. ###### Health Care Analytics In this work we aspire to develop methods for personalized medicine using a variety of analytics tools. So far, we have developed methods to a) personalized diabetes management and b) design of clinical trials for cancer. Current work focuses on a variety of other diseases. We have developed a system to make personalized lifestyle and health decisions for diabetes management, as well as for general health and diet management. In particular, we address the following components of the system: (a) efficiently learning preferences through a dynamic questionnaire that accounts for human behavior; (b) modeling blood glucose behavior and updating these models to match individual measurements; and (c) using the learned preferences and blood glucose models to generate an overall diet and exercise plan using mixed-integer robust optimization. We have implemented our system as an online application called LIA (Lifestyle Analytics). We have also developed a system for the analysis and design of clinical trials that provides insights into what is the best currently available drug combination to treat a particular form of cancer and how to design new clinical trials that can discover improved drug combinations. We developed semi-automated extraction techniques to build a comprehensive database of data from clinical trials. We use this database to develop statistical models from earlier trials that are capable of predicting the efficacy and toxicity of the combination of the drugs used, when the drugs used have been seen in earlier trials, but in different combinations. Then, using these statistical models, we developed optimization models that select novel treatment regimens that could be tested in clinical trials, based on the totality of data available on existing combinations. We have presented our work in the context of gastric cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Ultimately, our approach offers promise for improving life expectancy and quality of life for cancer patients at low cost. ###### Tractable stochastic analysis in high dimensions via a modern optimization lens Modern probability theory, whose foundation is based on the axioms set forth by Kolmogorov, is currently the major tool for performance analysis in stochastic systems. While it offers insights in understanding such systems, probability theory is really not a computationally tractable theory in high dimensions. Correspondingly, some of its major areas of application remain unsolved when the underlying systems become multidimensional: Queueing networks, network information theory, pricing multi-dimensional financial contracts, auction design in multi-item, multi-bidder auctions among others. We have proposed a new approach to analyze stochastic systems based on robust optimization. The key idea is to replace the Kolmogorov axioms as primitives of probability theory, with some of the asymptotic implications of probability theory: the central limit theorem and law of large numbers and to define appropriate robust optimization problems to perform performance analysis. In this way, the performance analysis questions become highly structured optimization problems (linear, conic, mixed integer) for which there exist efficient, practical algorithms that are capable of solving truly large scale systems. We have demonstrated that the proposed approach achieves computationally tractable methods for (a) analyzing queueing systems in the transient domain and queueing networks in the steady-state domain, (b) characterizing the capacity region of network information theory and associated coding and decoding methods generalizing the work of Shannon, (c) pricing multi-dimensional financial contracts generalizing the work of Black, Scholes and Merton, (d) designing multi-item, multi-bidder auctions generalizing the work of Myerson. Our overall objective is to develop an alternative to the classical theory of probability for performance analysis of stochastic systems that scales with dimension. ###### Multivariate statistics under a modern optimization lens Key problems of classification and regression can naturally be written as optimization problems. While continuous optimization approaches has had a significant impact in statistics, discrete optimization has played a very limited role, primarily based on the belief that mixed integer optimization models are computationally intractable. While such beliefs were accurate two decades ago, the field of discrete optimization has made very substantial progress. We apply modern first order optimization methods to find feasible solutions for classical problems in statistics, and mixed integer optimization to improve the solutions and to prove optimality by finding matching lower bounds. Specifically, we report results for the classical variable selection problem in regression currently solved by LASSO heuristically, least quantile regression, factor analysis. Furthermore, we present an approach to build regression models based on mixed integer optimization. In all cases we demonstrate that the solutions found by modern optimization methods outperform the classical approaches. Most importantly, this body of work suggests that the belief widely held in statistics that mixed integer optimization is not practically relevant for statistics applications needs to be revisited. Our objective is develop the theory of statistics under a modern optimization lens. We will be offering a new doctoral level class in the spring of 2016 that revisits the major statistical problems under this lens. ##### PAPERS Air Transportation 1. The multi-airport ground-holding problem in air traffic control, (with A. Odoni and P. Vranas), Operations Research, 42, 2, 249-261, 1994. 2. Dynamic ground-holding policies for a network of airports, (with A. Odoni and P. Vranas), Transportation Science, 28, 4, 275-291, 1994. 3. Computational approaches to stochastic vehicle routing problems, (with P. Chervi and M. Peterson), Transportation Science, 29, 4, 342-352, 1995. 4. Decomposition algorithms for analyzing transient phenomena in multi-class queuing networks in air transportation, (with A. Odoni and M. Peterson), Operations Research, 43, 6, 995-1011, 1995. 5. Models and Algorithms for Transient Queuing Congestion at Airports, (with A. Odoni and M. Peterson), Management Science, 41, 1279-1295, 1995. 6. The air traffic flow management problem with enroute capacities, (with S. Stock-Paterson), Operations Research, 46, 3, 406-422, 1998. 7. The traffic flow management rerouting problem in air traffic control: a dynamic network flow approach, (with S. Stock-Paterson), Transportation Science, 34, 239-255, 2000. 8. The Air Traffic Flow Management Problem: An Integer Optimization Approach, (with G. Lulli and A. Odoni), IPCO, 34-46, 2008. 9. Optimal Selection of Airport Runway Configurations, (with M. Frankovitch and A. Odoni), Operations Research, 59, 1407–1419, 2011. 10. Equitable and Efficient Coordination in Air traffic Flow Management, (with C. Barnhart, C. Caramanis, D. Fearing), submitted to Transportation Science, 2009. 11. A Proposal for Network Air Traffic Flow Management Incorporating Fairness and Airline Collaboration, (with S. Gupta), submitted to Operations Research, 2010. Analytics 1. Tenure Analytics: Models for Predicting Research Impact, (with E. Brynjolfsson, S. Reichman, J. Silberholz), Operations Research 63(6):1246-1261. Applied Probability 1. An asymptotic determination of the minimum spanning tree and minimum matching constants in geometrical probability, (with G. van Ryzin), Operations Research Letters, 9, 223-231, 1990. 2. Probabilistic analysis of the Held and Karp lower bound for the Euclidean traveling salesman problem, (with M. Goemans), Mathematics of Operations Research, 1, 72-89, 1991. 3. The minimum spanning tree constant in geometrical probability and under the independent model; a unified approach, (with F. Avram), Annals of Applied Probability, vol. 2 ,1, 113-130, 1992. 4. On central limit theorems in geometrical probability, (with F. Avram), Annals of Applied Probability, vol. 3, 4, 1033-1046, 1993. Approximation Algorithms 1. Worst case examples for the spacefilling curve heuristic for the Euclidean traveling salesman problem, (with M. Grigni), Operations Research Letters, 8, 241-244, 1989. 2. Survivable networks, LP relaxations and the parsimonious property, (with M. Goemans), Mathematical Programming, 60, 145-166, 1993. 3. Locating discretionary service facilities II: maximizing market size, minimizing inconvenience, (with O. Berman and R. Larson), Operations Research, 43, 4, 623-632, 1995. 4. The parsimonious property of cut covering problems and its applications, (with C. Teo), Operations Research Letters, 21, 123-132, 1997. 5. From valid inequalities to heuristics: a unified view of primal-dual approximation algorithms in covering problems, (with C. Teo), Operations Research, 46, 4, 503-514, 1998. 6. Rounding algorithms for covering problems, (with R. Vohra), Mathematical Programming, 80, 63-89, 1998. 7. Semidefinite relaxations, multivariate normal distributions, and order statistics, (with Y. Ye), Handbook of Combinatorial Optimization (Vol. 3), D.-Z. Du and P.M. Pardalos (Eds.) pp.1-19 ,Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998. 8. Analysis of LP relaxations for multiway and multicut problems, (with C. Teo and R. Vohra), Networks, 34, 2, 102-113, 1999. 9. On dependent randomized rounding algorithms, (with C. Teo and R. Vohra), Operations Research Letters, 24, 3, 105-114, 1999. 10. Improved Randomized Approximation Algorithms for Lot Sizing Problems, (with C. Teo), Proceedings of the Fifth Conference on Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization, 1996. Fairness and Resource Allocation 1. The Price of Fairness, (with V. Farias, N. Trichakis), Operations Research, 59, 1, 17-31, 2011. 2. Flexibility, Fairness and Efficiency in Kidney Transplantation, (with V. Farias and N. Trichakis), submitted to Operations Research, 2011. 3. On the Efficiency-Fairness Trade-off, (with V. Farias and N. Trichakis), Management Science, 58, 12, 2234–2250, 2012. Finance 1. Optimal control of execution costs, (with Andrew Lo), Journal of Financial Markets, 1, 1-50, 1998. 2. Optimal control of execution costs for portfolios, (with Paul Hummel and Andrew Lo), Computing in Science and Engineering, 40-53, 1999. 3. Portfolio construction through mixed integer programming, (with C. Darnell and R. Soucy), Interfaces, 29, 49-66, 1999. 4. When is time continuous, (with Leonid Kogan and Andrew Lo), Journal of Financial Economics, 55, 173-204, 2000. 5. Hedging Derivative Securities and Incomplete Markets: An e-Arbitrage Approach, (with Leonid Kogan and Andrew Lo), Operations Research, 49, 3, 372-397, 2001. 6. On the relation between option and stock prices: a convex optimization approach, (with Ioana Popescu), Operations Research, 50, 2, 358-374, 2002. 7. An Optimization Approach to Credit Risk, (with Dessi Pachamanova), December, 2002. 8. Shortfall as a risk measure: properties and optimization, (with Geoffrey Lauprete and Alex Samarov), Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 28, 7, 1353-1381, 2004. 9. No-arbitrage bounds on American put options with a single maturity, (with P. Shah), submitted to Operations Research, 2008. 10. An Analysis of the Guaranteed Withdrawal Benefits for Life Option, (with P. Shah), submitted to Journal of Insurance, 2008. 11. Inverse Optimization: A New Perspective on the Black-Litterman Model, (with V.Gupta and I. Paschalidis), Operations Research, 60, 6, 1389–1403, 2012. Health Care 1. Algorithmic Prediction of Health-Care Costs, (with M. Bjarnadottir, M. Kane, C. Kryder, R. Pandey. S. Vempala and G. Wang), Operations Research, Vol. 56, No. 6, 1382-1392, 2008. 2. A hybrid approach to beam angle optimization in intensity-modulated radiation therapy, (with V. Cacchiani ,D. Craft, O. Nohadani), submitted to Computers and Operations Research, 2012. 3. Measuring Quality in Diabetes Care: An Expert-based Statistical Approach, (with D. Czerwinski and M. Kane), 2013. 4. An Analytics Approach to Designing Combination Chemotherapy Regimens for Cancer, (with A. O'Hair, S. Relyea and J. Silberholz), Management Science, 2016. 5. Personalized Diabetes Management Using Electronic Medical Records, (with N. Kallus, A. Weinstein, and Y. Zhuo), Diabetes Care, 40, 210–217, 2017. Large Deviations 1. On the large deviation behavior in acyclic networks of G/G/1 queues, (with I. Paschalidis and J. Tsitsiklis), Annals of Applied Probability, 8, 4, 1027-1069, 1998. 2. Asymptotic buffer overflow probabilities in multiclass multiplexers, (with I. Paschalidis and J. Tsitsiklis), IEEE Automatic Control, 43, 3, 315-335, 1998. 3. Large deviation analysis of the generalized processor sharing policy, (with I. Paschalidis and J. Tsitsiklis), Queuing Systems and their Applications, 32, 319-349, 1999. 4. Deducing queuing from transactional data: the queue inference engine, revisited,(with L. Servi), Operations Research, 40, S217-S228, 1992. Machine Learning under a Modern Optimization Lens 1. Estimation of time-varying parameters in statistical models: an optimization approach, (with D. Gamarnik and J. Tsitsiklis), Machine Learning, 35, 3, 225-245, 1999. 2. Classification and Regression via Integer Optimization, (with Romy Shioda), Operations Research, 55, 252-271, 2007. 3. An Integer Optimization Approach to Associative Classification, (with A. Chang and C. Rudin), 26th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, 3302-3310, 2012. 4. Characterization of the equivalence of robustification and regularization in linear, median, and matrix regression, (with M. Copenhaver), 2014. 5. The Power of Optimization Over Randomization in Designing Experiments Involving Small Samples, (with M. Johnson and N. Kallus), Operations Research, Vol. 63, No. 4, July–August 2015, pp. 868–876. 6. An Algorithmic Approach to Linear Regression, (with A. King), submitted to Operations Research. 7. Best Subset Selection via a Modern Optimization Lens, (with A. King and R. Mazumder), to appear in Annals of Statistics, 2016. 8. Inventory Management in the Era of Big Data, (with N. Kallus and A. Hussain), Production and Operations Management, 25, 12, 2006--2009, 2016. 9. Optimal classification trees, (with J. Dunn), Machine Learning, April 2017. 10. Certifiably Optimal Low Rank Factor Analysis, (with M. Copenhaver and R. Mazumder), Journal of Machine Learning Research, 18, 1-53, 2017. 11. The Trimmed Lasso: Sparsity and Robustness, (with M. Copenhaver and R. Mazumder), submitted to IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 12. Logistic Regression: From Art to Science, (with A. King), Statistical Science, Vol. 32, No. 3, 367–384, 2017. 13. From Predictive Methods to Missing Data Imputation: An Optimization Approach, (with C. Pawlowski and Y. Zhuo), submitted to Journal of Machine Learning Research 18 (2018) 1-39. 14. Robust Classification, (with J. Dunn, C. Pawlowski, and Y. Zhuo), INFORMS Journal on Optimization, Vol. 1, No. 1, Winter 2019, pp. 2–34, 2018. Moment problems 1. Probabilistic Combinatorial Optimization: Moments, Semidefinite Programming and Asymptotic Bounds, (with Karthik Natarajan, Chung Piaw Teo), SIAM Journal of Optimization, 15, 1, 185–209, 2004. 2. Optimal mean-variance bounds on the expectation of the highest order statistics, (with Karthik Natarajan, Chung Piaw Teo), May, 2004. 3. Persistence in Discrete Optimization under Data Uncertainty, (with Karthik Natarajan, Chung Piaw Teo), Mathematical Programming Series B, 108, 251–274, 2006. 4. Bounds on Linear PDEs via Semidefinite Optimization, (with Constantine Caramanis), Mathematical Programming Series A & B, 108, 135-158, 2006. 5. Optimal inequalities in probability theory: A convex optimization approach, (with Ioana Popescu), SIAM Journal of Optimization, 15, 3, 780-804, 2004. 6. Moment problems and semidefinite programming, (with Ioana Popescu and Jay Sethuraman), in Handbook on Semidefinite Programming: Theory, Algorithms, and Applications, H. Wolkovitz, ed., 469--509, 2000. 7. Tight bounds on expected order statistics, (with K. Natarajan and C. Teo), Probability in Engineering and Information Systems, 20, 4, 667-686, 2006. 8. A semidefinite optimization approach to the steady-state analysis of queueing systems, (with K. Natarajan), Queuing Systems and Applications, 56, 1, 27-40, 2007. 9. Bounds on Some Contingent Claims with Non-Convex Payoff Based on Multiple Assets, (with X. V. Doan and K. Natarajan), Technical Report, Operations Research Center, MIT, August 2007. 10. Approximating integrals of multivariate exponentials: A moment approach, (with X. Vinh Doan and J. Lasserre), Operations Research Letters, 36, 2, 205-210, 2008. 11. Models for Minimax Stochastic Linear Optimization Problems with Risk Aversion, (with X. V. Doan, K. Natarajan and C. P. Teo), submitted to Mathematics of Operations Research, April 2008. Operations Management 1. Probabilistic service level guarantees in make-to-stock manufacturing system, (with I. Paschalidis), Operations Research, 49, 1, 119-133, 2001. 2. Multistage Lot Sizing Problems via Randomized Rounding, (with C. Teo), Operations Research, 49, 4, 599-608, 2001. Optimization 1. Simulated annealing, (with J. Tsitsiklis), Statistical Science, Vol.8, No. 1, 10-15, 1993. 2. A technique for speeding up the solution of the Lagrangean dual, (with J. Orlin), Mathematical Programming, vol. 63, 1, 23-46, 1994. 3. On the worst case complexity of potential reduction algorithms for linear programming, (with X. Luo), Mathematical Programming. 77, 321-333, 1997. 4. A new algebraic geometry algorithm for integer programming, (with G. Perakis and S. Tayur), Management Science, 46, 999-1008, 2000. 5. Solving convex programs by random walks, (with Santosh Vempala), Journal of the ACM, 51, 4, 540-556, 2004. 6. Solving Asymmetric Variational Inequalities via Convex Optimization, (with M. Aghassi and G. Perakis), Operations Research Letters, 481-490, 2006. 7. Algorithm For Cardinality-Constrained Quadratic Optimization, (with R. Shioda), to appear in Computational Optimization and Applications, 2007. 8. "A general purpose local search algorithm for binary optimization", (with D. Iancu, D. Katz), submitted to INFORMS Journal of Computing, 2008. 9. "An accelerated first-order method for solving unconstrained polynomial optimization problems", (with R. Freund, A. Sun), submitted to Optimization Methods and Software, 2011. 10. "Data-driven estimation in equilibrium using inverse optimization", (with V. Gupta, I. Paschalidis), Mathematical Programming, Series A, 2014. 11. "Optimizing over coherent risk measures and non-convexities: a robust mixed integer optimization approach", (with A. Takeda), Computational Optimization and Applications, 62, 613–639, 2015. 12. "Learning Preferences Under Noise and Loss Aversion: An Optimization Approach", (with A. O'Hair), Operations Research, 61(5):1190-1199, 2013. 13. Optimizing schools’ start time and bus routes, (with A. Delarue and S. Martin), PNAS, 2019. Queuing Theory 1. On the exact steady state solution of the Ek/C2/s queue, (with X. Papaconstantinou), European Journal of Operations Research, 37(2), 272-287, 1988. 2. On the steady-state solution of the M/C2(a,b)/s queuing system, (with X. Papaconstantinou), Transportation Science, 22, 2, 125-138, 1988. 3. An exact FCFS waiting time analysis for a general class of G/G/s queuing systems, Queuing Systems Theory and Applications, 3, 305-320, 1988. 4. Relations between the pre-arrival and post-departures state probabilities and the FCFS waiting-time distribution for the Ek/G/s queue, (with X. Papaconstantinou), Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, 37, 135-149, 1990. 5. An analytic approach to a general class of G/G/s queuing systems, Operations Research, 38, 1, 139-155, 1990. 6. Transient and busy period analysis of the GI/G/1 queue as a Hilbert factorization problem, (with J. Keilson, D. Nakazato, H. Zhang), Journal of Applied Probability, 28, 873-885, 1991. 7. Transient and busy period analysis for the GI/G/1 queue; The method of stages, (with D. Nakazato), Queuing Systems and Applications, 10, 153-184, 1992. 8. The distributional Little's law and its applications, (with D.Nakazato), Operations Research, 43, 2, 298-310, 1995. 9. A unified method to analyze overtake free systems, (with G. Mourtzinou), Advances in Applied Probability, 28, 588-625, 1996. 10. Multiclass queuing systems in heavy traffic: an asymptotic approach based on distributional and conservation laws, (with G. Mourtzinou), Operations Research, 45, 3, 470-487, 1997. 11. Transient distributional laws and their applications, (with G. Mourtzinou), Queuing Systems and their Applications, 25, 115-155, 1997. 12. Decomposition results for general polling systems and their applications, (with G. Mourtzinou), Queuing Systems and their Applications, 31, 295-316, 1999. Revenue Management 1. Simulation-Based Booking Limits for Airline Revenue Management, (with Sanne de Boer), Operations Research, 53, 1, 2005. 2. Joint network pricing and resource allocation, (with Sanne de Boer), March, 2004. 3. Revenue Management in a Dynamic Network Environment, (with Ioana Popescu), Transportation Science, 37, 257-277, 2003. 4. Dynamic Pricing; A Learning Approach, (with Georgia Perakis), Models for Congestion Charging/Network Pricing, 2005. 5. Restaurant Revenue Management, (with Romy Shioda), Operations Research, 51, 3, 472--486, 2003. 6. A Learning Approach to Customized Marketing, (with Adam Mersereau), December, 2003. 7. Optimal Bidding in Online Auctions, (with Jeff Hawkins and Georgia Perakis), to appear in Pricing and Revenue Management, December, 2002. 8. Simulation Based Booking Limits for Airline Revenue Management, (with S. de Boer), Operations Research, 53, 1, 90-106, 2005. 9. Dynamic pricing and inventory control for multiple products, (with S. de Boer), Journal of Revenue Management, 17, 303-319, 2005. 10. A learning Approach for Interactive Marketing to A Customer Segment, (with A. Mersereau), Operations Research, 55, 6, 1120-1135, 2007. Robust Optimization 1. Tractable Approximations to Robust Conic Optimization Problems, (with Melvyn Sim), Mathematical Programming, 107(1), 5-36, 2006. 2. Robust Discrete Optimization under Ellipsoidal Uncertainty Sets, (with Melvyn Sim), April 2004. 3. Robust Linear Optimization under General Norms, (with Dessi Pachamanova and Melvyn Sim), Operations Research Letters, 32, 510-516, 2004. 4. A Robust Optimization Approach to Inventory Theory, (with Aurelie Thiele), Operations Research, 54, 1, 150-168, 2006. 5. The price of Robustness, (with Melvyn Sim), Operations Research, 52, 1, 35-53, 2004. 6. Robust Discrete optimization and Network Flows, (with Melvyn Sim), Mathematical Programming Series B, 98:49-71, 2003. 7. Robust Game Theory, (with M. Aghassi), Mathematical Programming, 107, 231-273, 2006. 8. Robust and data-driven optimization: modern decision making under uncertainty, (with A. Thiele), Tutorials on Operations Research, INFORMS, Chapter 4, 195-122, 2006. 9. Constrained Stochastic LQC: A Tractable Approach, (with D. Brown), IEEE Journal of Automatic Control, 52, 10, 1826-1841, 2007. 10. Robust Optimization in Electromagnetic Scattering Problems, (with O. Nohadani and K. M. Teo), Journal Applied Physics, 101, 7, 074507, 2007. 11. Robust Multiperiod Portfolio Management in the Presence of Transaction Costs, (with D. Pachamanova), Computers and Operations Research, 35, 1, 3-17, 2008. 12. Constructing uncertainty sets for robust linear optimization, (with D. Brown), to appear in Operations Research. 13. Finite adaptability in linear optimization, (with C. Caramanis), to appear in IEEE Transactions in Automatic Control. 14. Robust nonconvex optimization for simulation based problems, (with O. Nohadani and K. M. Teo), to appear in Operations Research. 15. Robust chirped mirrors, (with J. Birge, O. Nohadani and F. Kartner), Applied Optics, 47, 14, 2630-2636, 2008. 16. Data-Driven and Robust Optimization Approaches to Call Centers, (with X. V. Doan), revised and resubmitted to Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, November 2008. 17. On the Power of Robust Solutions in Two-Stage Stochastic and Adaptive Optimization Problems, (with Vineet Goyal), submitted to Mathematics of Operations Research, 2009. 18. A soft robust model for optimization under ambiguity, (with Aharon Ben-Tal and David B. Brown), September 2009. 19. Nonconvex Robust Optimization for Problems with Constraints, (with Omid Nohadani and Kwong Meng Teo), INFORMS Journal on Computing (preprint), 2009. 20. Robust optimization with simulated annealing, (with Omid Nohadani), Journal of Global Optimization, 2009. 21. Optimality of Affine Policies in Multistage Robust Optimization, (with Dan A. Iancu and Pablo A. Parrilo), Mathematics of Operations Research, May 2010. 22. Performance analyis of queueing networks via robust optimization, (with D. Gamarnik and A. Rikun), to appear in Operations Research. 23. Theory and applications of robust optimization, (with D. Brown and C. Caramanis), to appear in SIAM Review. 24. A hierarchy of policies for adaptive optimization, (with D. Iancu and P. Parrilo), to appear in IEEE Automatic Control. 25. A Geometric Characterization of the Power of Finite Adaptability in Multi-stage Stochastic and Adaptive Optimization, (with V. Goyal and A. Sun), to appear in Mathematics of Operations Research . 26. On the Power and Limitations of Affine Policies in Two-Stage Adaptive Optimization, (with V. Goyal), to appear in Mathematical Programming. 27. Robust Logistic Regression, (with A. Fertis), submitted to Operations Research, 2008. 28. On the Equivalence of Robust Optimization and Regularization in Statistics, (with A. Fertis), submitted to Operations Research, 2009. 29. An Adaptive Local Search Algorithm for Solving Mixed Integer Optimization Problems, (with V. Goyal), submitted to Mathematical Programming, 2009. 30. Robust Option Pricing (with C. Bandi), European Journal of Operations Research, 238, 842-853, 2014. 31. On the Power of Robust Solutions in Nonlinear Adjustable Optimization Problems, (with V. Goyal), submitted to Operations Research, 2011. 32. Adaptive Robust Optimization for the Security Constrained Unit Commitment Problem, (with E. Litvinov, A. Sun, J. Zhao, and T. Zheng), IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 28, 1, 52-63, 2013. 33. Tractable Stochastic Analysis in High Dimensions via Robust Optimization, (with C. Bandi), Mathematical Programming, 134, 1, 23-70, 2012. 34. On the Performance of Affine Policies for Two-Stage Adaptive Optimization: a Geometric Perspective, (with H. Bidkhori), Mathematical Programming, Series A, 2013. 35. Multistage Robust Mixed Integer Optimization with Adaptive Partitions, (with I. Dunning), Submitted to Operations Research, 2014. 36. Data-driven learning in dynamic pricing using adaptive optimization, (with P. Vayanos), Submitted to Operations Research, 2014. 37. Robust Queueing Theory, (with C. Bandi and N. Youssef), Submitted to Operations Research, 2014. 38. Robust Transient Multi-Server Queues and Feedforward Networks, (with C. Bandi and N. Youssef), Submitted to Operations Research, 2014. 39. Robust Fluid Processing Networks, (with E. Nasrabadi and I. Paschalidis), IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, Vol. 60, NO. 3, MARCH 2015. 40. Duality in Two-Stage Adaptive Linear Optimization: Faster Computation and Stronger Bounds, (with F. de Ruiter), INFORMS Journal on Computing, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 500–511, Summer 2016. 41. Data-driven robust optimization, (with V. Gupta and N. Kallus), Mathematical Programming, Series A, DOI 10.1007/s10107-017-1125-8, February, 2017. 42. Robust Sample Average Approximation, (with V. Gupta and N. Kallus), Mathematical Programming, Series A, DOI 10.1007/s10107-017-1174-z, June, 2017. 43. Robust transient analysis of multi-server queueing systems and feed-forward networks, (with C. Bandi and N. Youssef), Queueing Systems, pp 1–63, January 2018. 44. Binary decision rules for multistage adaptive mixed-integer optimization, Mathematical Programming, pp 395–433, February 2018. Stochastic Networks 1. Optimization of multiclass queuing networks: polyhedral and nonlinear characterizations of achievable performance, (with I. Paschalidis and J. Tsitsiklis), Annals of Applied Probability, 4, 1, 43-75, 1994. 2. Optimization of multiclass queuing networks:a linear control approach, (with F. Avram and M. Ricard), Stochastic networks; proceedings of the IMA,(F. Kelly and R. Williams, editors), 199-234, 1995. 3. Stability conditions for multiclass fluid networks, (with D. Gamarnik and J. Tsitsiklis), IEEE Automatic Control, 41, 1618-1631, 1996. 4. A new algorithm for state-constrained separated continuous linear programs, (with X. Luo), SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization, 37, 1, 177-210, 1998. 5. Bounds and policies for loss networks, (with T. Chryssikou), Operations Research, 47, 3, 379-394, 1999. 6. Asymptotically optimal algorithms for job shop scheduling and packet routing, (with D. Gamarnik), Journal of Algorithms, 33, 296-318, 1999. 7. An Approximate Dynamic Programming Approach to Multi-dimensional Knapsack Problems, (with Ramazan Demir), Management Science, 48, 4, 550--565, 2002. 8. From fluid relaxations to practical algorithms for job shop scheduling: the holding cost objective, (with David Gamarnik and Jay Sethuraman), Operations Research, 51, 5, 798--813, 2003. 9. From fluid relaxations to practical algorithms for job shop scheduling: the makespan objective, (with Jay Sethuraman), Mathematical Programming, 92, 1, 61--102, 2002. 10. Performance of Multiclass Markovian Queueing Networks Via Piecewise Linear Lyapunov Functions, (with David Gamarnik and John Tsitsiklis), Annals of Applied Probability, 11, 4, 1384-1428, 2001. 11. Dynamic Classification of Online Customers, (with A. Mersereau and N. Patel), 3rd SIAM Conference in Data Mining, 107-118, 2003. Stochastic Scheduling 1. Branching bandits and Klimov's problem: achievable region and side constraints, (with I. Paschalidis and J. Tsitsiklis), IEEE Automatic Control, 40, 12, 2063-2075, 1995. 2. The achievable region method in the optimal control of queuing systems; formulations, bounds and policies, Queuing Systems and Applications, 21, 3-4,337-389, 1995. 3. Conservation Laws, Extended Polymatroids and Multiarmed Bandit Problems; a Polyhedral Approach to Indexable Systems, (with Jose Niño-Mora), Mathematics of Operations Research, 21, 2, 257-306, 1996. 4. Optimization of multiclass queuing networks with changeover times via the achievable region approach: Part I, the single-station case, (with J. Niño-Mora), Mathematics of Operations Research, 24, 2, 306-329, 1999. 5. Optimization of multiclass queuing networks with changeover times via the achievable region approach: Part II, the multi-station case, (with J. Niño-Mora), Mathematics of Operations Research, 24, 2, 331-361, 1999. 6. Restless bandits, linear programming relaxations and a primal-dual heuristic, (with J. Niño-Mora), Operations Research, 48, 80-90, 2000. 7. The Generalized Restless Bandit Problem: Algorithms and Applications, (with A. Becker and Xuan Vinh Doan), submitted to Operations Research, 2011. Vehicle Routing 1. On probabilistic traveling salesman facility location problems, Transportation Science, 3, 184-191, 1989. 2. The probabilistic minimum spanning tree problem, Networks, 20, 245-275, 1990. 3. A priori optimization, (with P. Jaillet and A. Odoni), Operations Research, 38, 6, 1019-1033, 1990. 4. A stochastic and dynamic vehicle routing problem in the Euclidean plane, (with G. van Ryzin), Operations Research, 39, 4, 601-615, 1991. 5. A vehicle routing problem with stochastic demand, Operations Research, 40, 574-585, 1992. 6. Stochastic and Dynamic Vehicle Routing in the Euclidean Plane with Multiple Capacitated Vehicles, (with G. van Ryzin), Operations Research, 41, 60-76, 1993. 7. Further results on the probabilistic traveling salesman problem, (with L. Howell), European Journal of Operations Research, 65, 1, 68-95, 1993. 8. Stochastic and dynamic vehicle routing with general arrival and demand distributions, (with G. van Ryzin), Advances in Applied Probability, 25, 4, 947-978, 1993. 9. A new generation of vehicle routing research, (with D. Simchi-Levi), Operations Research, 44, 2, 286-304, 1996. Earlier Papers 1. Approximate Dynamic Programming Algorithms for Facility Location Problems, (with C. Teo and R. Vohra), submitted to INFORMS Journal of Computing 2. A Linear Optimization Approach to the Lov\'asz Local Lemma,(with E. Perevalov), submitted to Mathematical Programming 3. Constructing cutting plane algorithms for integer programming: a geometric approach, (with R. Weismantel), submitted to Mathematical Programming 4. A duality theory for 0/1 integer programming, (with R. Weismantel),submitted to Mathematics of Operations Research ##### Books ###### MACHINE LEARNING UNDER A MODERN OPTIMIZATION LENS Co-author: Jack Dunn Dynamic Ideas, Belmont, Massachusetts, 2019. The book provides an original treatment of machine learning (ML) using convex, robust and mixed integer optimization that leads to solutions to central ML problems at large scale that can be found in seconds/minutes, can be certified to be optimal in minutes/hours, and outperform classical heuristic approaches in out-of-sample experiments. ###### THE ANALYTICS EDGE Co-authors: Allison K. O'Hair and William R. Pulleyblank Dynamic Ideas, Belmont, Massachusetts, 2016. The Analytics Edge provides a unified, insightful, modern and entertaining treatment of analytics. The book covers the science of using data to build models, improve decisions, and ultimately add value to institutions and individuals. Most of the chapters start with a real world problem and data set, then describe how analytics has provided an edge in addressing that particular problem. ###### Introduction to Linear Optimization Co-author: John Tsitsiklis Dynamic Ideas, Belmont, Massachusetts, 2008. The book is a modern and unified introduction to linear optimization (linear programming, network flows and integer programming) at the PhD level. It covers, in addition to the classical material, all the recent developments in the field in the last ten years including the development of interior points, large scale optimization models and algorithms and complexity of linear optimization. It emphasizes the underlying geometry, intuition and applications of large scale systems. ###### Data, Models and Decisions The Fundamentals of Management Science, 2nd Edition Co-author: Robert Freund Dynamic Ideas, Belmont, Massachusetts, 2004. This book represents a departure from existing textbooks. Rather than covering methodology, the book introduces decision support systems through real world applications, and uses spreadsheets to model and solve problems. It uses management science techniques (statistics, simulation, probabilistic modeling and optimization), but only as tools to facilitate problem solving. ###### Optimization over Intergers Co-author: Robert Weismantel Dynamic Ideas, Belmont, Massachusetts, 2005. The purpose of this book is to provide a unified, insightful, and modern treatment of the theory of integer optimization with an eye towards the future. We have selected those topics that we feel have influenced the current state of the art and most importantly we feel will affect the future of the field. We depart from earlier treatments of integer optimization by placing significant emphasis on strong formulations, duality, algebra and most importantly geometry. ##### TEACHING Established at MIT, Professor Bertsimas has taught an array of classes within his field. Classes taught in the past include: • 15.071 - The Analytical Edge • 15.081J - Introduction to Mathematical Programming • 15.083J - Combinatorial Optimization • 15.072 - Queues: Theory and Applications • 15.098 - SPECIAL SEMINAR IN APPLIED PROBABILITY • 15.060 - Data, Models and Decisions • 15.45s - Finance Made Dificult • 15.093J - Optimization Methods • 15.095 - Machine Learning Under a Modern Optimization Lens Display	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8056780695915222, "perplexity": 5477.2350606585715}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387155.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525001747-20200525031747-00586.warc.gz"}
http://oikozon.blogspot.com/2010/12/	## quarta-feira, 29 de dezembro de 2010 ### Factor Analisys The factor analysis method dates from the start of the 20th century (Spearman, 1904) and has undergone a number of developments, several calculation methods having been put forward. This method was initially used by psychometricians, but its field of application has little by little spread into many other areas, for example, geology, medicine and finance. Today, there are two main types of factor analysis: Exploratory factor analysis (or EFA) Confirmatory factor analysis (or CFA) It is EFA which will be described below and which is used by XLSTAT. It is a method which reveals the possible existence of underlying factors which give an overview of the information contained in a very large number of measured variables. The structure linking factors to variables is initially unknown and only the number of factors may be assumed. CFA in its traditional guise uses a method identical to EFA but the structure linking underlying factors to measured variables is assumed to be known. A more recent version of CFA is linked to models of structural equations. Going from p variables to k factors Spearman's historical example, even if the subject of numerous criticisms and improvements, may still be used to understand the principle and use of the method. By analyzing correlations between scores obtained by children in different subjects, Spearman wanted to form a hypothesis that the scores depended ultimately on one factor, intelligence, with a residual part due to an individual, cultural or other effect. Thus the score obtained by an individual (i) in subject (j) could be written as x(i,j) = µ + b(j)F + e(i,j), where µ is the average score in the sample studied and F the individual's level of intelligence (the underlying factor) and e(i,j) the residual. Generalizing this structure to p subjects (the input variables) and to k underlying factors, we obtain the following model: (1) x = µ + Lf + u where x is a vector of dimension (p x 1), µ in the mean vector, L is the matrix (p x k) of the factor loadings and f and u are the random vectors of dimensions (k x 1) and (p x 1) respectively are assumed to be independent. The elements of f are called common factors, and those of u specific factors. If we set the norm of f to 1, then the covariance matrix for the input variables from expression (1) is written as: (2) S = LL’ + Y Thus the variance of each of the variables can be divided into two parts: The communality (as it arises from the common factors), \label{eqtres} h^{2}_{i}=\sum^{k}_{j=1}\lambda^{2}_{ij} ,and the specific variance or unique variance (as it is specific to the variable in question). It can be shown that the method used to calculate matrix L, an essential challenge in factorial analysis, is independent of the scale. It is therefore equivalent to working from the covariance matrix or correlation matrix. The challenge of factorial analysis is to find matrices L and Y, such that equation (2) can be at least approximately verified. Note: factor analysis is sometimes included with Principle Component Analysis (PCA) as PCA is a special case of factor analysis (where k, the number of factors, equals p, the number of variables). Nevertheless, these two methods are not generally used in the same context. Indeed, PCA is first and foremost used to reduce the number of dimensions while maximizing the unchanged variability in order to obtain independent (non-correlated) factors or for visualizing data in a 2- or 3-dimensional space. Whereas, factor analysis is used to identify a latent structure and for possibly reducing afterwards the number of variables measured if they are redundant with respect to the latent factors. Extracting Factors Three methods of extracting latent factors are offered by XLSTAT: Principle components: this method is also used in Principle Component Analysis (PCA). It is only offered here in order to make a comparison between the results of the three methods bearing in mind that the results from the module dedicated to PCA are more complete. Principal factors: this method is probably the most used. It is an iterative method which enables the communalities to be gradually converged. The calculations are stopped when the maximum change in the communalities is below a given threshold or when a maximum number of iterations is reached. The initial communalities can be calculated according to various methods. Maximum likelihood: this method was first put forward by Lawley (1940). The proposal to use the Newton-Raphson algorithm (iterative method) dates from Jennrich (1969). It was afterwards improved and generalized by Jöreskog (1977). This method assumes that the input variables follow a normal distribution. The initial communalities are calculated according to the method proposed by Jöreskog (1977). As part of this method, an adjustment test is calculated. The statistic used for the test follows a Chi2 distribution to (p-k)² / 2 – (p+k) / 2 degrees of freedom where p is the number of variables and k the number of factors. Number of factors Determining the number of factors to select is one of the challenges of factor analysis. The "automatic" method offered by XLSTAT is uniquely based on the spectral decomposition of the correlation matrix and the detection of a threshold from which the contribution made by information (in the sense of variability) is not significant. The likelihood maximum method offers an adjustment test to help determine the correct number of principle factors for the principle factor method. For the principal factors method, the defining the number of factors is more difficult? The Kaiser-Guttman rule suggests that only those factors with associated eigenvalues which are strictly greater than 1 should be kept. The number of factors to be kept corresponds to the first turning point found on the curve. Crossed validation methods have been suggested to achieve this aim. Anomalies (Heywood cases) Communalities are by definition the squares of correlations. They must therefore be between 0 and 1. However, it may happen that the iterative algorithms (principle factors method or likelihood maximum method) will produce solutions with communalities equal to 1 (Heywood cases), or greater than 1 (ultra Heywood cases). There may be many reasons for these anomalies (too many factors, not enough factors, etc.). When this happens, XLSTAT sets the communalities to 1 and adapts the elements of L in consequence. Rotations Once the results have been obtained, they may be transformed in order to make them more easy to interpret, for example by trying to arrange that the coordinates of the variables on the factors are either high (in absolute value), or near to zero. There are two main families of rotations: Orthogonal rotations can be used when the factors are not correlated (hence orthogonal). The methods offered by XLSTAT are Varimax, Quartimax, Equamax, Parsimax and Orthomax. Varimax rotation is the most used. It ensures that for each factor there are few high factor loadings and few that are low. Interpretation is thus made easier as, in principle, the initial variables will mostly be associated with one of the factors. Oblique transformations can be used when the factors are correlated (hence oblique). The methods offered by XLSTAT are Quartimin and Oblimin. The Promax method, also offered by XLSTAT, is a mixed procedure since it consists initially of a Varimax rotation followed by an oblique rotation so that the high factor loadings and low factor loadings are the same but with the low values even lower. ## segunda-feira, 13 de dezembro de 2010 ### Skype vale a pena ? Esses dias estive pensando seriamente em trocar meu telefone fixo de casa por um telefone via internet, utilizando o famoso aplicativo Skype. Isto porque, em qualquer lugar que você vá, tem sempre alguém falando sobre Voip (protócolo de voz sobre IP), o qual o Skype utiliza e na economia gerada por esta modalidade de telefonia. Sem contar meus amigos que tem o Skpe instalado em seus computadores e ficam tentando me convencer a instalar um também! Vamos dar uma olhada nas vantagens e desvantagens, se é que existem desvantagens. Do ponto de vista tecnológico, o conceito é simples, uma vez uma conexão de banda larga é o suficiente. Compre um headset (fone e microfone), baixe e instale o programa Skype no seu computador. Procure e adicione seus contatos (registrados no Skype) à sua lista. Você está pronto para começar a conversar! E se você não quiser ficar com o seu computador ligado, compre uma aparelho chamado ATA (Analog Telephone Adapter) que permite a utilização de um telefone Voip, bastando tirar do gancho, quer seja sem fio ou não e disque normalmente. O Skype também oferece serviços pagos: o SkypeIn, para que as pessoas possam ligar para você por meio de um número, sem um PC; e o SkypeOut, que permite que você ligue para telefones comuns. Os valores devem ser consultados no site (skype), mas costumam ser bons. O Skype também tem uma versão que roda em computadores de mão, ou seja, você pode pegar o seu handheld (com sistema Windows Mobile), levar para um lugar com acesso Wi-Fi – uma lanchonete, por exemplo – e fazer ligações via internet de graça. Vale a pena? Se você estiver falando com alguém que também possui o Skype instalado, você não pagará nada, pois a chamada é de graça, mesmo quee a pessoa esteja em outro país. Caso ela não tenha o serviço contratado, tente convecê-la a ter o mesmo serviço de VOIP que o seu. Vale a pena. E o fixo - convencional? O que faço com ele? Agora, você está pensando em trocar o fixo pelo Skype ou outro serviço Voip? Muita calma nesta hora. Isto é, depende de como você utiliza seu telefone. Mas vamos criar alguns cenários: Se o seu maior gasto for de ligações do telefone fixo para celulares, o fone Skype não vai diminuir sua conta – nessa situação, a telefonia pela internet (Voip) quase sempre é mais cara, sendo até 50% a mais caro do que o fixo. Se você liga principalmente para números locais, também não é vantajoso: enquanto a Telefônica cobra aproximadamente R$0,05 por minuto, as tarifas no VoIP começam em R$ 0,07. Se você faz ligações interurbanas e internacionais e fala com outras pessoas que tenham uma linha de VoIP da mesma empresa. Nesses casos, a vantagem é clara.Para ligações interurbanas e internacionais, o VoIP é ótimo. Porquê? A voz digitalizada trafega durante boa parte do caminho via internet, sem utilizar a complexa e cara rede internacional de telefonia convencional. Na prática Suponha que eu ligue, por exemplo, para Itália. A Telefônica cobra R$1 por minuto. A Embratel, R$ 0,68. Já a operadora digital Hip Telecom, por exemplo, cobra R$50 mensais por 250 minutos de ligações internacionais para qualquer lugar – o que dá R$ 0,20 por minuto. E, mesmo se eu estourasse a minha cota, as demais chamadas para a Itália custariam R\$ 0,24/minuto. E agora ? No caso de você ter necessidade fazer muitas ligações de longa distância (DDD ou DDI), troque por uma telefone Voip, que pode ser Skype. São ligações mais baratas que a telefonia tradicional ou até de graça. Nos outros casos, fique com seu telefone fixo e rezar para que as operadoras baixem o custo da ligação. Mas, se mesmo assim, você quiser ter uma alternativa para ligar de vez enquando para pagar menos em chamadas a longa distância, contrate um serviço Voip mínimo. Veja também: TALKING MONEY: Skype's the limit when you want to save on phone calls Estudo aponta qualidade de ligações VoIP	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5631895661354065, "perplexity": 11099.353935821058}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423512.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170720222017-20170721002017-00096.warc.gz"}
https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/221645	Infoscience Journal article # Double-Gate Negative-Capacitance MOSFET with PZT gate stack on Ultra-Thin Body SOI: an Experimentally Calibrated Simulation Study of Device Performance In this work, we propose and investigate the high performance and low power design space of non-hysteretic negative capacitance MOSFETs for the 14nm node based on the calibrated simulations using an experimental gate stack with PZT ferroelectric to obtain negative capacitance effect. All necessary parameters are extracted by carefully characterizing experimentally fabricated ferroelectric capacitors, to ensure realistic simulation results. The ferroelectric thickness obtained by the proposed approach leads to the maximum enhancement in the non-hysteretic operation of negative capacitance transistors. We report a clear and significant double improvement in (i) subthreshold swing and (ii) gate overdrive, using negative capacitance effect. Simulations using Silvaco TCAD coupled with a realistic Landau model of ferroelectrics demonstrates that a 14nm node UTBB FDSOI-FET can operate at 0.26V instead of 0.9V gate voltage using negative capacitance effect, with an average subthreshold swing of 55mV/decade at room temperature. The double gate structure is proposed to overcome the large mismatch between the ferroelectric and MOS capacitor to enhance the negative capacitance effect and reduce the ferroelectric’s optimized thickness. A 14nm node DG-NCFET can operate at 0.24V gate voltage with an average subthreshold swing of 45mV/decade.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8317202925682068, "perplexity": 7566.414185666195}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-17/segments/1492917119080.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20170423031159-00016-ip-10-145-167-34.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/~pmtemf/web/gallery-ADE.html	$A_1$ (aka The Cone) $x^2+y^2-z^2=0$ $A_1$ in different coordinates $z^2+x^2-y^2=0$ $A_2$ (aka The Cusp) $z^2+y^2+x^3=0$ $A_4$ $z^2+y^2+x^5=0$ $A_6$ $z^2+y^2+x^7=0$ $A_3$ $z^2+y^2-x^4=0$ $A_5$ $z^2+y^2-x^6=0$ $A_7$ $z^2+y^2-x^8=0$ $D_4$ $z^2+x(y^2-x^2)=0$ $D_6$ $z^2+x(y^2-x^4)=0$ $D_8$ $z^2+x(y^2-x^6)=0$ $D_5$ $z^2+x(y^2-x^3)=0$ $D_7$ $z^2+x(y^2-x^5)=0$ $D_9$ $z^2+x(y^2-x^7)=0$ $E_6$ $z^2+x^3+y^4=0$ $E_7$ $z^2+x(x^2+y^3)=0$ $E_8$ $z^2+x^3+y^5=0$ *: Real pictures of some complex quotient singularities $\mathbb{C}^2 / \Gamma$, where $\Gamma$ is a finite subgroup of $SL_2(\mathbb{C})$. These surfaces are also known as ADE surfaces or Kleinian surfaces or $2$-dimensional rational double points or ... In each surface a curve is highlighted. This curve is the intersection of the surface with the plane $\{ z =0 \}$, or, if we stay in the context of groups, it is the discriminant curve of the complex reflection group $G$ such that $[G:\Gamma]=2$, that is, $\Gamma=G \cap SL_2(\mathbb{C})$.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9421966671943665, "perplexity": 77.98870501253671}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00029.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/differential-geometry/194557-lusin-theorem-2.html	## Re: Lusin Theorem. Maybe we can avoid the case $C_0=\emptyset$ using the regualirity of Lebesgue measure: we can find a compact $K_{\varepsilon}$ contained in $A$ such that $m(A\setminus K_{\varepsilon})<\varepsilon /2$, then work with $K_{\varepsilon}$. The fact that an intersection of non empty compacts is non empty.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 5, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9925181269645691, "perplexity": 319.44691085797336}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422115926769.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124161206-00107-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://leancrew.com/all-this/2009/02/fixing-photo-dates/	# Fixing photo dates Let’s say, just for argument’s sake, that when you got that new camera shortly after the first of the year, you mistakenly set its clock to the year 2008 instead of 2009. So now you have a bunch of photos with screwed-up metadata. What to do? The first thing to do is download and install Phil Harvey’s extensive ExifTool system. ExifTool is a Perl library with a command-line application that can do all kinds of reporting and surgery on the metadata in your image files. Mac users can install ExifTool using either the Mac instructions (which install from a package) or the Unix instructions (which install through a Makefile). I chose1 the Unix installation so I’d have standard access to the libraries if I wanted to write my own programs. One thing I didn’t like about the installation was that it put the exiftool command-line program in /usr/bin, which I think should be reserved for Apple-supplied programs. After following Harvey’s instructions, I also did sudo mv /usr/bin/exiftool /usr/local/bin/ which moved exiftool to a more suitable directory. There’s probably nothing wrong with the standard installation; this is just my preference. With exiftool installed, navigate to the directory where your mistakenly-dated photos are and execute exiftool '-AllDates+=1:0:0 0:0:0' *.JPG This adds (+=) one year to all the date values (-AllDates) in the metadata for every .JPG file in the directory. The time shift is in the format years:months:days hours:minutes:seconds There are some shortcuts you can use if you just need to adjust the hour value--after a vacation in a different time zone, for example, or a shift to/from Daylight Saving Time. Considering how little it seems to be doing, ExifTool runs rather slowly. That’s because it makes a backup copy of every file before changing the metadata. You’ll find the backups in the same directory as the originals, with an _original extension. If the metadata editing goes wrong, you can restore from these backups. This is a nice feature, but I still prefer to make backups before editing my photos. ExifTool changes the metadata in the JPEG file itself. I’m not a big user of iPhoto, but it’s my understanding that it reads file’s metadata when the photo is imported, then uses its own copy of that data when displaying dates. So if you’ve already put the mistakenly-dated photos into iPhoto, you may need to move them out of iPhoto, change their dates, and then reimport them. Whatever you do, make sure you have backups before doing anything that might affect your precious photographs. Tags: 1. Oh, wait! This was supposed to be a hypothetical discussion, wasn’t it?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.22497275471687317, "perplexity": 2567.599700216524}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171629.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00419-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://formulasearchengine.com/wiki/Bernoulli_differential_equation	# Bernoulli differential equation Template:No footnotes In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation of the form ${\displaystyle y'+P(x)y=Q(x)y^{n}\,}$ is called a Bernoulli equation when n≠1, 0, which is named after Jacob Bernoulli, who discussed it in 1695 Template:Harv. Bernoulli equations are special because they are nonlinear differential equations with known exact solutions. ## Solution ${\displaystyle \left\{{\begin{array}{ll}z:(a,b)\rightarrow (0,\infty )\ ,&{\textrm {if}}\ \alpha \in {\mathbb {R} }\setminus \{1,2\},\\z:(a,b)\rightarrow {\mathbb {R} }\setminus \{0\}\ ,&{\textrm {if}}\ \alpha =2,\\\end{array}}\right.}$ be a solution of the linear differential equation ${\displaystyle z'(x)=(1-\alpha )P(x)z(x)+(1-\alpha )Q(x).}$ Then we have that ${\displaystyle y(x):=[z(x)]^{\frac {1}{1-\alpha }}}$ is a solution of ${\displaystyle y'(x)=P(x)y(x)+Q(x)y^{\alpha }(x)\ ,\ y(x_{0})=y_{0}:=[z(x_{0})]^{\frac {1}{1-\alpha }}.}$ And for every such differential equation, for all ${\displaystyle \alpha >0}$ we have ${\displaystyle y\equiv 0}$ as solution for ${\displaystyle y_{0}=0}$. ## Example Consider the Bernoulli equation (more specifically Riccati's equation).[1] ${\displaystyle y'-{\frac {2y}{x}}=-x^{2}y^{2}}$ We first notice that ${\displaystyle y=0}$ is a solution. Division by ${\displaystyle y^{2}}$ yields ${\displaystyle y'y^{-2}-{\frac {2}{x}}y^{-1}=-x^{2}}$ Changing variables gives the equations ${\displaystyle w={\frac {1}{y}}}$ ${\displaystyle w'={\frac {-y'}{y^{2}}}.}$ ${\displaystyle w'+{\frac {2}{x}}w=x^{2}}$ which can be solved using the integrating factor ${\displaystyle M(x)=e^{2\int {\frac {1}{x}}dx}=e^{2\ln x}=x^{2}.}$ Multiplying by ${\displaystyle M(x)}$, ${\displaystyle w'x^{2}+2xw=x^{4},\,}$ Note that left side is the derivative of ${\displaystyle wx^{2}}$. Integrating both sides results in the equations ${\displaystyle \int d[wx^{2}]=\int x^{4}dx}$ ${\displaystyle wx^{2}={\frac {1}{5}}x^{5}+C}$ ${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{y}}x^{2}={\frac {1}{5}}x^{5}+C}$ The solution for ${\displaystyle y}$ is ${\displaystyle y={\frac {x^{2}}{{\frac {1}{5}}x^{5}+C}}}$ ## References • {{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation \|CitationClass=citation }}. Cited in Template:Harvtxt. • {{#invoke:citation/CS1\|citation \|CitationClass=citation }}. 1. y'-2y/x=-x^2y^2, Wolfram Alpha, 01-06-2013	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 26, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9842096567153931, "perplexity": 929.9906630832862}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107894203.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20201027140911-20201027170911-00690.warc.gz"}
https://www.sarthaks.com/8206/particle-starts-from-rest-with-constant-ratio-space-average-velocity-time-average-velocity	# Particle starts from rest with constant a. Ratio of space average velocity to time average velocity is 1.9k views in Physics edited Particle starts from rest with constant a. Ratio of space average velocity to time average velocity is by (128k points) by (2.8k points) Can you pls show the whole method? by (2.8k points) I don't understand what you're trying to say. by (2.8k points) Can u tell me how u got the answer?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9981523752212524, "perplexity": 4584.083663754558}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487617599.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20210615053457-20210615083457-00526.warc.gz"}
http://www.ma.utexas.edu/mediawiki/index.php?title=List_of_results_that_are_fundamentally_different_to_the_local_case&oldid=1293&diff=prev	# List of results that are fundamentally different to the local case (Difference between revisions) Revision as of 16:28, 6 October 2015 (view source)Luis (Talk \| contribs)← Older edit Revision as of 16:33, 6 October 2015 (view source)Luis (Talk \| contribs) (→Improved differentiability of solutions to integro-differential equations in divergence form)Newer edit → Line 71: Line 71: $\mathrm{div} \, ( A(x) \nabla u) = 0,$ $\mathrm{div} \, ( A(x) \nabla u) = 0,$ where $\lambda I \leq A(x) \leq \Lambda I$ belong to the space $W^{1,2+\varepsilon}$ for some $\varepsilon > 0$. This is a nontrivial result, since the variational formulation of the problem only gives us a solution in $W^{1,2}$. The result provides an improvement in the integrability of $\|\nabla u\|$ from $L^2$ to $L^{2+\varepsilon}$. where $\lambda I \leq A(x) \leq \Lambda I$ belong to the space $W^{1,2+\varepsilon}$ for some $\varepsilon > 0$. This is a nontrivial result, since the variational formulation of the problem only gives us a solution in $W^{1,2}$. The result provides an improvement in the integrability of $\|\nabla u\|$ from $L^2$ to $L^{2+\varepsilon}$. + + The fractional version of the equation consists in a function $u$ so that + $\int (u(x)-u(y)) (\eta(x)-\eta(y)) K(x,y) \, dx dy = 0,$ + for all compactly supported, smooth enough, functions $\eta$. It turns out that under the uniform ellipticity assumption $\lambda \|x-y\|^{-d-2s} \leq K(x,y) \leq \Lambda \|x-y\|^{-d-2s}$, the solution $u$ turns out to belong to the space $W^{s+\varepsilon,2+\varepsilon}$ . The surprising part of the result is that there is an improvement of differentiability. Not only is the power of integrability improved from $2$ to $2+\varepsilon$, but also the order of differentiability is improved from $s$ to $s+\varepsilon$. == References == == References == ## Revision as of 16:33, 6 October 2015 In this page we collect some results in nonlocal equations that contradict the intuition built in analogy with the local case. ## Contents ### Traveling fronts in Fisher-KPP equations with fractional diffusion have exponential speed Let us consider the reaction diffusion equation $u_t + (-\Delta)^s u = f(u),$ with a Fisher-KPP type of nonlinearity (for example $f(u) = u(1-u)$). In the local diffusion case, the stable state $u=1$ invades the unstable state $u=0$ at a constant speed. In the nonlocal case (any $s<1$), the invasion holds at an exponential rate. The explanation of the difference can be understood intuitively from the fact that the fat tails in the fractional heat kernels make diffusion happen at a much faster rate [1][2]. ### The optimal regularity for the fractional obstacle problem exceeds the scaling of the equation Given a function $\varphi$, the obstacle problem consists in the solution to an equation of the form $\min((-\Delta)^s u , u-\varphi) = 0.$ If $\varphi$ is smooth enough, the solution $u$ to the obstacle problem will be $C^{1,s}$ and no better. There is a big difference between the case $s=1$ and $s<1$ which makes the proof fundamentally different. In the classical case $s=1$, the optimal regularity matches the scaling of the equation. The classical proof of optimal regularity is to show an upper bound in the separation of $u$ from the obstacle in the unit ball and then just scale it. In the fractional case $s<1$, this method only gives $C^{2s}$ regularity, which matches the scaling of the equation. It is somewhat surprising that a better regularity result holds and it requires a different method for the proof. The intuitive explanation is that $(-\Delta)^s u$ satisfies an extra elliptic equation in terms of its Laplacian to the power $1-s$, and that equation provides the extra regularity [3]. ### Solutions to nonlocal elliptic equations can have interior maximums Solutions to linear (and nonlinear) integro-differential equations satisfy a nonlocal maximum principle: they cannot have a global maximum or minumum in the interior of the domain of the equation. Local extrema are possible. This is related to the fact that Dirichlet boundary conditions have to be given in the whole complement of the Domain and not only on its boundary. It is also related to the failure in general of the classical Harnack inequality unless the positivity of the function is assumed in the full space [4]. In fact, any function $f\in C^k(\overline{B_1})$ can by approximated with a solution to $(-\Delta)^su$ in $B_1$ that vanishes outside a compact set [5]. That is, s-harmonic functions are dense in $C^k_{loc}$. This is clearly in contrast with the rigidity of harmonic functions, and is a purely nonlocal feature. ### Boundary regularity of solutions is different from the interior For second order equations, the boundary regularity of solutions to $\Delta u=0$ is the same as in the interior. For example, a solution to $\Delta u=0$ in $B_1^+$, with $u=0$ in $\{x_n=0\}$, can be extended (by odd reflection) to a solution of $\Delta u=0$ in $B_1$. Thus, in this case the boundary regularity of $u$ just follows from the interior regularity --one has $u\in C^\infty(\overline{B_{1/2}^+})$. In a general smooth domain $\Omega$ one can flatten the boundary and repeat the previous argument to get that $u\in C^\infty(\overline\Omega)$. This is not the case for nonlocal equations. Indeed, the function $u(x)=(x_+)^s$ satisfies $(-\Delta)^su=0$ in $(0,\infty)$, and $u=0$ in $(-\infty,0)$. However, $u$ is not even Lipschitz up to the boundary, while all solutions are $C^\infty$ in the interior. This is related to the fact that the odd reflection of $u$ is not anymore a solution to the same equation. More generally, solutions to $(-\Delta)^su=f$ in $\Omega$, with $u=0$ in $\mathbb R^n\setminus\Omega$, are smooth in the interior of $\Omega$, but not up to the boundary. The optimal Holder regularity is $u\in C^s(\overline\Omega)$. See boundary regularity for integro-differential equations for more details. ### For some equations, the weak Harnack inequality may hold while the full Harnack inequality does not The weak Harnack inequality relates the minimum of a positive supersolution to an elliptic equation to its $L^p$ norm. It is an important step used to derive Hölder estimates and also the usual Harnack inequality. However, there are examples of non local elliptic equation for which the weak Harnack inequality and Hölder estimates hold, whereas the classical Harnack inequality does not. There is a discussion about this fact in an article by Moritz Kassmann, Marcus Rang and Russell Schwab [6]. ### Solutions to elliptic linear and translation invariant equations may not be smooth For second order equations, any solution to an elliptic linear and translation invariant equation $Lu=f$ in $\Omega$ is smooth in the interior whenever $f$ is smooth. For second order equations, $L$ must be of the form $Lu=a_{ij}\partial_{ij}u$, and hence after an affine change of variables it is just the Laplacian $\Delta$. For nonlocal equations, solutions to $Lu=f$ in $\Omega$, with $f$ smooth, may not be smooth inside $\Omega$, even if $L$ is an elliptic linear and translation invariant operator like $Lu(x)=\int_{\mathbb R^n}\bigl(u(x+y)-u(x)\bigr)K(y)dy,$ with $K(y)=K(-y)$ and satisfying $\frac{\lambda}{\|y\|^{n+2s}}\leq K(y)\leq \frac{\Lambda}{\|y\|^{n+2s}}.$ It was proved in [7] that there exist a solution to $Lu=0$ in $B_1$, with $u\in L^\infty(\R^n)$, which is not $C^{2s+\epsilon}(B_{1/2})$ for any $\epsilon>0$. The counterexample can be constructed even in dimension 1, and it is very related to the regularity of the kernel $K$. Related to this, it was shown in [8] that there is a $C^\infty$ domain $\Omega$ and an operator of the form $Lu(x)=\int_{\mathbb R^n}\bigl(u(x+y)-u(x)\bigr)\frac{a(y/\|y\|)}{\|y\|^{n+2s}}\,dy,$ for which the solution to $Lu=1$ in $\Omega$, $u=0$ in $\mathbb R^n\setminus\Omega$, is not $C^{3s+\epsilon}$ inside $\Omega$ for any $\epsilon>0$. See the survey [9] for more details. ### Viscosity solutions can be evaluated at points The concept of viscosity solutions is developed in order to make sense of an elliptic equation even for continuous functions for which the equation cannot be evaluated classically at points. The idea is to use test functions whose graphs are tangent to the graphs of the weak solution at some point, and then evaluate the equation on that test function. The ellipticity property tells us that the value of the equation for that test function at the point of contact must have certain sign, and this is the condition that a viscosity solution fulfill. It turns out that for a large class of fully nonlinear integro-differential equations, every time a viscosity solution can be touched by a smooth test function at a point, then the equation can be evaluated classically for the original function at that point [10]. ### Viscosity solutions to fully nonlinear integro-differential equations can be approximated with classical solutions It is a very classical trick that if we have a weak solution to a linear PDE with constant coefficients, we can approximate it with a smooth solution via a simple mollification. For nonlinear equations this trick is no longer available and we are always forced to deal with the technical difficulties of viscosity solutions. This is an apparent difficulty for example when proving regularity estimates, since in general we cannot derive them an a priori estimate for a classical solution. On the other hand, viscosity solutions to fully nonlinear integro-differential equations can be approximated by $C^2$ solutions to approximate equations [11]. This procedure can also be carried out to approximate viscosity solutions to fully nonlinear elliptic equations with smooth solutions of an approximate equation. However, the approximated equation is integro-differential [12]. ### Improved differentiability of solutions to integro-differential equations in divergence form A classical theorem asserts that solution to uniformly elliptic equations in divergence form $\mathrm{div} \, ( A(x) \nabla u) = 0,$ where $\lambda I \leq A(x) \leq \Lambda I$ belong to the space $W^{1,2+\varepsilon}$ for some $\varepsilon > 0$. This is a nontrivial result, since the variational formulation of the problem only gives us a solution in $W^{1,2}$. The result provides an improvement in the integrability of $\|\nabla u\|$ from $L^2$ to $L^{2+\varepsilon}$. The fractional version of the equation consists in a function $u$ so that $\int (u(x)-u(y)) (\eta(x)-\eta(y)) K(x,y) \, dx dy = 0,$ for all compactly supported, smooth enough, functions $\eta$. It turns out that under the uniform ellipticity assumption $\lambda \|x-y\|^{-d-2s} \leq K(x,y) \leq \Lambda \|x-y\|^{-d-2s}$, the solution $u$ turns out to belong to the space $W^{s+\varepsilon,2+\varepsilon}$ [13]. The surprising part of the result is that there is an improvement of differentiability. Not only is the power of integrability improved from $2$ to $2+\varepsilon$, but also the order of differentiability is improved from $s$ to $s+\varepsilon$. ## References 1. Cabré, Xavier; Roquejoffre, Jean-Michel (2009), "Propagation de fronts dans les équations de Fisher-KPP avec diffusion fractionnaire", Comptes Rendus Mathématique. Académie des Sciences. Paris 347 (23): 1361–1366, doi:10.1016/j.crma.2009.10.012, ISSN 1631-073X 2. Cabré, Xavier; Roquejoffre, Jean-Michel (to appear), "The influence of fractional diffusion in Fisher-KPP equations", Comm. Math. Phys. 3. 4. Kassmann, Moritz (Preprint), The classical Harnack inequality fails for non-local operators 5. Dipierro, Serena; Savin, Ovidiu; Valdinoci, Enrico, "All functions are locally $s$-harmonic up to a small error", arXiv preprint arXiv:1404.3652 6. Rang, Marcus; Kassmann, Moritz; Schwab, Russell W, "H$\backslash$" older Regularity For Integro-Differential Equations With Nonlinear Directional Dependence", arXiv preprint arXiv:1306.0082 7. Serra, Joaquim, "$C^{2s+\alpha}$ regularity for concave nonlocal fully nonlinear elliptic equations with rough kernels", arXiv preprint 8. Ros-Oton, Xavier; Valdinoci, Enrico, "The Dirichlet problem for nonlocal operators with singular kernels: convex and nonconvex domains", arXiv preprint 9. Ros-Oton, Xavier, "Nonlocal elliptic equations in bounded domains: a survey", arXiv preprint 10. Caffarelli, Luis; Silvestre, Luis (2009), "Regularity theory for fully nonlinear integro-differential equations", Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics 62 (5): 597–638, doi:10.1002/cpa.20274, ISSN 0010-3640 11. Caffarelli, Luis; Silvestre, Luis (to appear), "The Evans-Krylov theorem for non local fully non linear equations", Annals of Mathematics, ISSN 0003-486X 12. Caffarelli, Luis; Silvestre, Luis (2010), "Smooth approximations of solutions to nonconvex fully nonlinear elliptic equations", Nonlinear partial differential equations and related topics, Amer. Math. Soc. Transl. Ser. 2, 229, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, pp. 67–85 13. Kuusi, Tuomo; Mingione, Giuseppe; Sire, Yannick (2015), "Nonlocal self-improving properties", Anal. PDE 8: 57--114, doi:10.2140/apde.2015.8.57, ISSN 2157-5045	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9564132690429688, "perplexity": 292.9352958389095}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257651780.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20180325025050-20180325045050-00701.warc.gz"}
https://www.aimsciences.org/article/doi/10.3934/proc.2013.2013.781	# American Institute of Mathematical Sciences 2013, 2013(special): 781-790. doi: 10.3934/proc.2013.2013.781 ## Existence and uniqueness of entropy solutions to strongly degenerate parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients 1 Department of General Education, Salesian Polytechnic, 4-6-8 Oyamagaoka, Machida-city, Tokyo, 194-0215 Received September 2012 Revised February 2013 Published November 2013 In this paper, we consider the initial value problem for strongly degenerate parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients. This equation has the both properties of parabolic equation and hyperbolic equation. Therefore, we should choose entropy solutions as generalized solutions to the equation. Moreover, entropy solutions to the equation may not belong to $BV$ in our setting. These are difficult points for this type of equations. In particular, we consider the case that coefficients are the functions of bounded variation with respect to the space variable $x$. Then, we prove the existence of Kružkov type entropy solutions. Moreover, we prove the uniqueness of the solution under additional conditions. Citation: Hiroshi Watanabe. Existence and uniqueness of entropy solutions to strongly degenerate parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients. Conference Publications, 2013, 2013 (special) : 781-790. doi: 10.3934/proc.2013.2013.781 ##### References: [1] J. Aleksić and D. Mitrovic, On the compactness for two dimensional scalar conservation law with discontinuous flux, Comm. Math. Science, 4 (2009), 963-971. Google Scholar [2] L. Ambrosio, N. Fusco and D. Pallara, "Functions of Bounded Variation and Free Discontinuity Problems", Oxford Science Publications, (2000). Google Scholar [3] J. Carrillo, Entropy solutions for nonlinear degenerate problems, Arch. Rational. Anal., 147 (1999), 269-361. Google Scholar [4] L. C. Evans and R. Gariepy, "Measure theory and fine properties of functions", Studies in Advanced Math., CRC Press, London, (1992). Google Scholar [5] K. H. Karlsen, M. Rascle and E. Tadmor, On the existence and compactness of a two-dimensional resonant system of conservation laws, Commun. Math. Sci. 5, (2007), 253-265. Google Scholar [6] K. H. Karlsen, N. H. Risebro, On the uniqueness and stability of entropy solutions of nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations with rough coefficients, Discrete Contin. Dyn., 9 (2003), 1081-1104. Google Scholar [7] K. H. Karlsen, N. H. Risebro and J. D. Towers, On a nonlinear degenerate parabolic transport-diffusion equation with a discontinuous coefficient, Electron. J. Differential Equations, 28 (2002), 1-23 (electronic). Google Scholar [8] K. H. Karlsen, N. H. Risebro and J. D. Towers, $L^{1}$ stability for entropy solutions of nonlinear degenerate parabolic convective-diffusion equations with discontinuous coefficients, Skr. K. Vidensk. Selsk., (3) (2003), 1-49. Google Scholar [9] S. N. Kružkov, First order quasilinear equations in several independent variables, Math. USSR Sbornik, 10 (1970), 217-243. Google Scholar [10] C. Mascia, A. Porretta and A. Terracina, Nonhomogeneous Dirichlet problems for degenerate parabolic-hyperbolic equations, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 163 (2002), 87-124. Google Scholar [11] E. Yu. Panov, Existence and strong pre-compactness properties for entropy solutions of a first-order quasilinear equation with discontinuous flux, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 195 (2010), 643-673. Google Scholar [12] L. Tartar, Compensated compactness and applications to partial differential equations, Nonlinear analysis and mechanics: Heriot-Watt Symposium, Vol. IV, Pitman, Boston, Mass. London, (1979), 136-212. Google Scholar [13] H. Watanabe, Initial value problem for strongly degenerate parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients, Bulletin of Salesian Polytechnic 38 (2012), 13-20. Google Scholar [14] H. Watanabe, Solvability of boundary value problems for strongly degenerate parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 7(2014), no.1, 177-189. Google Scholar [15] H. Watanabe and S. Oharu, $BV$-entropy solutions to strongly degenerate parabolic equations, Adv. Differential Equations 15 (2010), 757-800. Google Scholar show all references ##### References: [1] J. Aleksić and D. Mitrovic, On the compactness for two dimensional scalar conservation law with discontinuous flux, Comm. Math. Science, 4 (2009), 963-971. Google Scholar [2] L. Ambrosio, N. Fusco and D. Pallara, "Functions of Bounded Variation and Free Discontinuity Problems", Oxford Science Publications, (2000). Google Scholar [3] J. Carrillo, Entropy solutions for nonlinear degenerate problems, Arch. Rational. Anal., 147 (1999), 269-361. Google Scholar [4] L. C. Evans and R. Gariepy, "Measure theory and fine properties of functions", Studies in Advanced Math., CRC Press, London, (1992). Google Scholar [5] K. H. Karlsen, M. Rascle and E. Tadmor, On the existence and compactness of a two-dimensional resonant system of conservation laws, Commun. Math. Sci. 5, (2007), 253-265. Google Scholar [6] K. H. Karlsen, N. H. Risebro, On the uniqueness and stability of entropy solutions of nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations with rough coefficients, Discrete Contin. Dyn., 9 (2003), 1081-1104. Google Scholar [7] K. H. Karlsen, N. H. Risebro and J. D. Towers, On a nonlinear degenerate parabolic transport-diffusion equation with a discontinuous coefficient, Electron. J. Differential Equations, 28 (2002), 1-23 (electronic). Google Scholar [8] K. H. Karlsen, N. H. Risebro and J. D. Towers, $L^{1}$ stability for entropy solutions of nonlinear degenerate parabolic convective-diffusion equations with discontinuous coefficients, Skr. K. Vidensk. Selsk., (3) (2003), 1-49. Google Scholar [9] S. N. Kružkov, First order quasilinear equations in several independent variables, Math. USSR Sbornik, 10 (1970), 217-243. Google Scholar [10] C. Mascia, A. Porretta and A. Terracina, Nonhomogeneous Dirichlet problems for degenerate parabolic-hyperbolic equations, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 163 (2002), 87-124. Google Scholar [11] E. Yu. Panov, Existence and strong pre-compactness properties for entropy solutions of a first-order quasilinear equation with discontinuous flux, Arch. Rational Mech. Anal., 195 (2010), 643-673. Google Scholar [12] L. Tartar, Compensated compactness and applications to partial differential equations, Nonlinear analysis and mechanics: Heriot-Watt Symposium, Vol. IV, Pitman, Boston, Mass. London, (1979), 136-212. Google Scholar [13] H. Watanabe, Initial value problem for strongly degenerate parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients, Bulletin of Salesian Polytechnic 38 (2012), 13-20. Google Scholar [14] H. Watanabe, Solvability of boundary value problems for strongly degenerate parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients, Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. Ser. S, 7(2014), no.1, 177-189. Google Scholar [15] H. Watanabe and S. Oharu, $BV$-entropy solutions to strongly degenerate parabolic equations, Adv. Differential Equations 15 (2010), 757-800. Google Scholar [1] Hiroshi Watanabe. Solvability of boundary value problems for strongly degenerate parabolic equations with discontinuous coefficients. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2014, 7 (1) : 177-189. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2014.7.177 [2] Sébastien Gouëzel. An interval map with a spectral gap on Lipschitz functions, but not on bounded variation functions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2009, 24 (4) : 1205-1208. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2009.24.1205 [3] Yunho Kim, Luminita A. Vese. Image recovery using functions of bounded variation and Sobolev spaces of negative differentiability. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2009, 3 (1) : 43-68. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2009.3.43 [4] Pierpaolo Soravia. Uniqueness results for fully nonlinear degenerate elliptic equations with discontinuous coefficients. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2006, 5 (1) : 213-240. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2006.5.213 [5] Dung Le. Partial regularity of solutions to a class of strongly coupled degenerate parabolic systems. Conference Publications, 2005, 2005 (Special) : 576-586. doi: 10.3934/proc.2005.2005.576 [6] Kenneth Hvistendahl Karlsen, Nils Henrik Risebro. On the uniqueness and stability of entropy solutions of nonlinear degenerate parabolic equations with rough coefficients. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2003, 9 (5) : 1081-1104. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2003.9.1081 [7] Denis R. Akhmetov, Renato Spigler. $L^1$-estimates for the higher-order derivatives of solutions to parabolic equations subject to initial values of bounded total variation. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2007, 6 (4) : 1051-1074. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2007.6.1051 [8] Gui-Qiang Chen, Kenneth Hvistendahl Karlsen. Quasilinear anisotropic degenerate parabolic equations with time-space dependent diffusion coefficients. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2005, 4 (2) : 241-266. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2005.4.241 [9] Zhigang Wang, Lei Wang, Yachun Li. Renormalized entropy solutions for degenerate parabolic-hyperbolic equations with time-space dependent coefficients. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2013, 12 (3) : 1163-1182. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2013.12.1163 [10] Franco Obersnel, Pierpaolo Omari. Multiple bounded variation solutions of a capillarity problem. Conference Publications, 2011, 2011 (Special) : 1129-1137. doi: 10.3934/proc.2011.2011.1129 [11] Roberto Alicandro, Andrea Braides, Marco Cicalese. $L^\infty$ jenergies on discontinuous functions. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2005, 12 (5) : 905-928. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2005.12.905 [12] Cai-Ping Liu. Some characterizations and applications on strongly $\alpha$-preinvex and strongly $\alpha$-invex functions. Journal of Industrial & Management Optimization, 2008, 4 (4) : 727-738. doi: 10.3934/jimo.2008.4.727 [13] Julien Jimenez. Scalar conservation law with discontinuous flux in a bounded domain. Conference Publications, 2007, 2007 (Special) : 520-530. doi: 10.3934/proc.2007.2007.520 [14] Jian Liu, Sihem Mesnager, Lusheng Chen. Variation on correlation immune Boolean and vectorial functions. Advances in Mathematics of Communications, 2016, 10 (4) : 895-919. doi: 10.3934/amc.2016048 [15] Renato C. Calleja, Alessandra Celletti, Rafael de la Llave. Construction of response functions in forced strongly dissipative systems. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems, 2013, 33 (10) : 4411-4433. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2013.33.4411 [16] Ciprian Preda, Petre Preda, Adriana Petre. On the asymptotic behavior of an exponentially bounded, strongly continuous cocycle over a semiflow. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2009, 8 (5) : 1637-1645. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.1637 [17] Karim Boulabiar, Gerard Buskes and Gleb Sirotkin. A strongly diagonal power of algebraic order bounded disjointness preserving operators. Electronic Research Announcements, 2003, 9: 94-98. [18] G. P. Trachanas, Nikolaos B. Zographopoulos. A strongly singular parabolic problem on an unbounded domain. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2014, 13 (2) : 789-809. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2014.13.789 [19] Maria Alessandra Ragusa. Parabolic systems with non continuous coefficients. Conference Publications, 2003, 2003 (Special) : 727-733. doi: 10.3934/proc.2003.2003.727 [20] Teemu Lukkari, Mikko Parviainen. Stability of degenerate parabolic Cauchy problems. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2015, 14 (1) : 201-216. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2015.14.201 Impact Factor:	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8369284868240356, "perplexity": 4118.716771023362}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585215.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20211018221501-20211019011501-00695.warc.gz"}
https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201712.0191/v2	Preprint Article Version 2 Preserved in Portico This version is not peer-reviewed Lagrangian Function on the Finite State Space Statistical Bundle Version 1 : Received: 26 December 2017 / Approved: 27 December 2017 / Online: 27 December 2017 (10:56:37 CET) Version 2 : Received: 25 January 2018 / Approved: 26 January 2018 / Online: 26 January 2018 (04:25:24 CET) A peer-reviewed article of this Preprint also exists. Pistone, G. Lagrangian Function on the Finite State Space Statistical Bundle. Entropy 2018, 20, 139. Pistone, G. Lagrangian Function on the Finite State Space Statistical Bundle. Entropy 2018, 20, 139. Journal reference: Entropy 2018, 20, 139 DOI: 10.3390/e20020139 Abstract The statistical bundle is the set of couples $( Q , W )$ of a probability density Q and a random variable W such that $\mathbb{E}$Q [W] = 0. On a finite state space, we assume Q to be a probability density with respect to the uniform probability and give an affine atlas of charts such that the resulting manifold is a model for Information Geometry. Velocity and accelleration of a one-dimensional statistical model are computed in this set up. The Euler-Lagrange equations are derived from the Lagrange action integral. An example of Lagrangian using minus the entropy as potential energy is briefly discussed. Subject Areas information geometry; statistical bundle; lagrangian function Views 0	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9364798069000244, "perplexity": 1495.6185528941508}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141747774.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20201205104937-20201205134937-00059.warc.gz"}
https://lavelle.chem.ucla.edu/forum/viewtopic.php?f=38&t=16240	## Dipole Moment in a Lewis Structure Jason Slater 3I Posts: 16 Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 2:58 pm ### Dipole Moment in a Lewis Structure Can someone explain why we draw an arrow to represent the dipole moment in a lewis structure? What does it tell us? Chem_Mod Posts: 19177 Joined: Thu Aug 04, 2011 1:53 pm Has upvoted: 833 times ### Re: Dipole Moment in a Lewis Structure The arrow points to the delta negative pole in the molecule, the tail of the arrow indicates the delta positive pole of the molecule. Katherine_Zhuo_3B Posts: 23 Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 2:57 pm ### Re: Dipole Moment in a Lewis Structure With the arrow showing us the delta positive pole and delta negative pole, we can determine which atom in the molecule has a higher electronegativity than the other, and will pull the shared electrons closer when sharing. William Shu 1G Posts: 18 Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 2:56 pm ### Re: Dipole Moment in a Lewis Structure Is it just a matter of determining which atom has a higher electronegativity, and then drawing the dipole moment from there? Alexandra Watts 3L Posts: 14 Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 2:56 pm ### Re: Dipole Moment in a Lewis Structure How do we know which is negative and which is positive? Noor_Chahal_3G Posts: 18 Joined: Wed Sep 21, 2016 2:56 pm ### Re: Dipole Moment in a Lewis Structure The delta negative pole is the atom that is higher in electronegativity. The delta positive pole is the atom that is lower in electronegativity. For example in H2O, oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so oxygen would be delta negative. The 2 hydrogens have a lower electronegativity, so they would be delta positive.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9254964590072632, "perplexity": 3863.871727990911}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610704799741.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20210126104721-20210126134721-00143.warc.gz"}
https://www.lmfdb.org/ModularForm/GL2/Q/holomorphic/3024/2/r/f/	Properties Label 3024.2.r.f Level $3024$ Weight $2$ Character orbit 3024.r Analytic conductor $24.147$ Analytic rank $0$ Dimension $4$ CM no Inner twists $2$ Related objects Newspace parameters Level: $$N$$ $$=$$ $$3024 = 2^{4} \cdot 3^{3} \cdot 7$$ Weight: $$k$$ $$=$$ $$2$$ Character orbit: $$[\chi]$$ $$=$$ 3024.r (of order $$3$$, degree $$2$$, not minimal) Newform invariants Self dual: no Analytic conductor: $$24.1467615712$$ Analytic rank: $$0$$ Dimension: $$4$$ Relative dimension: $$2$$ over $$\Q(\zeta_{3})$$ Coefficient field: $$\Q(\sqrt{-3}, \sqrt{-11})$$ Defining polynomial: $$x^{4} - x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 3 x + 9$$ Coefficient ring: $$\Z[a_1, \ldots, a_{7}]$$ Coefficient ring index: $$3$$ Twist minimal: no (minimal twist has level 126) Sato-Tate group: $\mathrm{SU}(2)[C_{3}]$ $q$-expansion Coefficients of the $$q$$-expansion are expressed in terms of a basis $$1,\beta_1,\beta_2,\beta_3$$ for the coefficient ring described below. We also show the integral $$q$$-expansion of the trace form. $$f(q)$$ $$=$$ $$q + ( \beta_{1} + \beta_{3} ) q^{5} + ( 1 - \beta_{1} ) q^{7} +O(q^{10})$$ $$q + ( \beta_{1} + \beta_{3} ) q^{5} + ( 1 - \beta_{1} ) q^{7} + ( -1 + 2 \beta_{1} + \beta_{2} - \beta_{3} ) q^{11} -2 \beta_{1} q^{13} + ( 1 - \beta_{2} ) q^{17} -5 q^{19} + ( 5 \beta_{1} - \beta_{3} ) q^{23} + ( -7 + 4 \beta_{1} - 3 \beta_{2} + 3 \beta_{3} ) q^{25} + ( -4 + 2 \beta_{1} - 2 \beta_{2} + 2 \beta_{3} ) q^{29} + 2 \beta_{1} q^{31} + ( 2 + \beta_{2} ) q^{35} + 2 q^{37} + ( 8 \beta_{1} - \beta_{3} ) q^{41} + ( -1 - 2 \beta_{1} - 3 \beta_{2} + 3 \beta_{3} ) q^{43} -\beta_{1} q^{49} + ( 4 + 2 \beta_{2} ) q^{53} + 6 q^{55} + 3 \beta_{3} q^{59} + ( 4 - 7 \beta_{1} - 3 \beta_{2} + 3 \beta_{3} ) q^{61} + ( 4 - 2 \beta_{1} + 2 \beta_{2} - 2 \beta_{3} ) q^{65} + ( 8 \beta_{1} - 3 \beta_{3} ) q^{67} -3 \beta_{2} q^{71} + ( 5 + 3 \beta_{2} ) q^{73} + ( 2 \beta_{1} - \beta_{3} ) q^{77} + ( 2 - 5 \beta_{1} - 3 \beta_{2} + 3 \beta_{3} ) q^{79} + ( -8 + 4 \beta_{1} - 4 \beta_{2} + 4 \beta_{3} ) q^{83} -6 \beta_{1} q^{85} + ( -10 - 2 \beta_{2} ) q^{89} -2 q^{91} + ( -5 \beta_{1} - 5 \beta_{3} ) q^{95} + ( 1 + 2 \beta_{1} + 3 \beta_{2} - 3 \beta_{3} ) q^{97} +O(q^{100})$$ $$\operatorname{Tr}(f)(q)$$ $$=$$ $$4q + 3q^{5} + 2q^{7} + O(q^{10})$$ $$4q + 3q^{5} + 2q^{7} - 3q^{11} - 4q^{13} + 6q^{17} - 20q^{19} + 9q^{23} - 11q^{25} - 6q^{29} + 4q^{31} + 6q^{35} + 8q^{37} + 15q^{41} + q^{43} - 2q^{49} + 12q^{53} + 24q^{55} + 3q^{59} + 11q^{61} + 6q^{65} + 13q^{67} + 6q^{71} + 14q^{73} + 3q^{77} + 7q^{79} - 12q^{83} - 12q^{85} - 36q^{89} - 8q^{91} - 15q^{95} - q^{97} + O(q^{100})$$ Basis of coefficient ring in terms of a root $$\nu$$ of $$x^{4} - x^{3} - 2 x^{2} - 3 x + 9$$: $$\beta_{0}$$ $$=$$ $$1$$ $$\beta_{1}$$ $$=$$ $$($$$$\nu^{3} + 2 \nu^{2} - 2 \nu - 3$$$$)/6$$ $$\beta_{2}$$ $$=$$ $$($$$$-\nu^{3} + \nu^{2} + 5 \nu$$$$)/3$$ $$\beta_{3}$$ $$=$$ $$($$$$2 \nu^{3} + \nu^{2} + 2 \nu - 9$$$$)/3$$ $$1$$ $$=$$ $$\beta_0$$ $$\nu$$ $$=$$ $$($$$$\beta_{3} + \beta_{2} - 2 \beta_{1} + 2$$$$)/3$$ $$\nu^{2}$$ $$=$$ $$($$$$-\beta_{3} + 2 \beta_{2} + 8 \beta_{1} + 1$$$$)/3$$ $$\nu^{3}$$ $$=$$ $$($$$$4 \beta_{3} - 2 \beta_{2} - 2 \beta_{1} + 11$$$$)/3$$ Character values We give the values of $$\chi$$ on generators for $$\left(\mathbb{Z}/3024\mathbb{Z}\right)^\times$$. $$n$$ $$757$$ $$785$$ $$1135$$ $$2593$$ $$\chi(n)$$ $$1$$ $$-\beta_{1}$$ $$1$$ $$1$$ Embeddings For each embedding $$\iota_m$$ of the coefficient field, the values $$\iota_m(a_n)$$ are shown below. For more information on an embedded modular form you can click on its label. Label $$\iota_m(\nu)$$ $$a_{2}$$ $$a_{3}$$ $$a_{4}$$ $$a_{5}$$ $$a_{6}$$ $$a_{7}$$ $$a_{8}$$ $$a_{9}$$ $$a_{10}$$ 1009.1 −1.18614 + 1.26217i 1.68614 − 0.396143i −1.18614 − 1.26217i 1.68614 + 0.396143i 0 0 0 −0.686141 + 1.18843i 0 0.500000 + 0.866025i 0 0 0 1009.2 0 0 0 2.18614 3.78651i 0 0.500000 + 0.866025i 0 0 0 2017.1 0 0 0 −0.686141 1.18843i 0 0.500000 0.866025i 0 0 0 2017.2 0 0 0 2.18614 + 3.78651i 0 0.500000 0.866025i 0 0 0 $$n$$: e.g. 2-40 or 990-1000 Significant digits: Format: Complex embeddings Normalized embeddings Satake parameters Satake angles Inner twists Char Parity Ord Mult Type 1.a even 1 1 trivial 9.c even 3 1 inner Twists By twisting character orbit Char Parity Ord Mult Type Twist Min Dim 1.a even 1 1 trivial 3024.2.r.f 4 3.b odd 2 1 1008.2.r.f 4 4.b odd 2 1 378.2.f.c 4 9.c even 3 1 inner 3024.2.r.f 4 9.c even 3 1 9072.2.a.bb 2 9.d odd 6 1 1008.2.r.f 4 9.d odd 6 1 9072.2.a.bm 2 12.b even 2 1 126.2.f.d 4 28.d even 2 1 2646.2.f.j 4 28.f even 6 1 2646.2.e.m 4 28.f even 6 1 2646.2.h.l 4 28.g odd 6 1 2646.2.e.n 4 28.g odd 6 1 2646.2.h.k 4 36.f odd 6 1 378.2.f.c 4 36.f odd 6 1 1134.2.a.n 2 36.h even 6 1 126.2.f.d 4 36.h even 6 1 1134.2.a.k 2 84.h odd 2 1 882.2.f.k 4 84.j odd 6 1 882.2.e.k 4 84.j odd 6 1 882.2.h.n 4 84.n even 6 1 882.2.e.l 4 84.n even 6 1 882.2.h.m 4 252.n even 6 1 2646.2.e.m 4 252.o even 6 1 882.2.e.l 4 252.r odd 6 1 882.2.h.n 4 252.s odd 6 1 882.2.f.k 4 252.s odd 6 1 7938.2.a.bh 2 252.u odd 6 1 2646.2.h.k 4 252.bb even 6 1 882.2.h.m 4 252.bi even 6 1 2646.2.f.j 4 252.bi even 6 1 7938.2.a.bs 2 252.bj even 6 1 2646.2.h.l 4 252.bl odd 6 1 2646.2.e.n 4 252.bn odd 6 1 882.2.e.k 4 By twisted newform orbit Twist Min Dim Char Parity Ord Mult Type 126.2.f.d 4 12.b even 2 1 126.2.f.d 4 36.h even 6 1 378.2.f.c 4 4.b odd 2 1 378.2.f.c 4 36.f odd 6 1 882.2.e.k 4 84.j odd 6 1 882.2.e.k 4 252.bn odd 6 1 882.2.e.l 4 84.n even 6 1 882.2.e.l 4 252.o even 6 1 882.2.f.k 4 84.h odd 2 1 882.2.f.k 4 252.s odd 6 1 882.2.h.m 4 84.n even 6 1 882.2.h.m 4 252.bb even 6 1 882.2.h.n 4 84.j odd 6 1 882.2.h.n 4 252.r odd 6 1 1008.2.r.f 4 3.b odd 2 1 1008.2.r.f 4 9.d odd 6 1 1134.2.a.k 2 36.h even 6 1 1134.2.a.n 2 36.f odd 6 1 2646.2.e.m 4 28.f even 6 1 2646.2.e.m 4 252.n even 6 1 2646.2.e.n 4 28.g odd 6 1 2646.2.e.n 4 252.bl odd 6 1 2646.2.f.j 4 28.d even 2 1 2646.2.f.j 4 252.bi even 6 1 2646.2.h.k 4 28.g odd 6 1 2646.2.h.k 4 252.u odd 6 1 2646.2.h.l 4 28.f even 6 1 2646.2.h.l 4 252.bj even 6 1 3024.2.r.f 4 1.a even 1 1 trivial 3024.2.r.f 4 9.c even 3 1 inner 7938.2.a.bh 2 252.s odd 6 1 7938.2.a.bs 2 252.bi even 6 1 9072.2.a.bb 2 9.c even 3 1 9072.2.a.bm 2 9.d odd 6 1 Hecke kernels This newform subspace can be constructed as the intersection of the kernels of the following linear operators acting on $$S_{2}^{\mathrm{new}}(3024, [\chi])$$: $$T_{5}^{4} - 3 T_{5}^{3} + 15 T_{5}^{2} + 18 T_{5} + 36$$ $$T_{11}^{4} + 3 T_{11}^{3} + 15 T_{11}^{2} - 18 T_{11} + 36$$ Hecke characteristic polynomials $p$ $F_p(T)$ $2$ $$T^{4}$$ $3$ $$T^{4}$$ $5$ $$36 + 18 T + 15 T^{2} - 3 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $7$ $$( 1 - T + T^{2} )^{2}$$ $11$ $$36 - 18 T + 15 T^{2} + 3 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $13$ $$( 4 + 2 T + T^{2} )^{2}$$ $17$ $$( -6 - 3 T + T^{2} )^{2}$$ $19$ $$( 5 + T )^{4}$$ $23$ $$144 - 108 T + 69 T^{2} - 9 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $29$ $$576 - 144 T + 60 T^{2} + 6 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $31$ $$( 4 - 2 T + T^{2} )^{2}$$ $37$ $$( -2 + T )^{4}$$ $41$ $$2304 - 720 T + 177 T^{2} - 15 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $43$ $$5476 + 74 T + 75 T^{2} - T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $47$ $$T^{4}$$ $53$ $$( -24 - 6 T + T^{2} )^{2}$$ $59$ $$5184 + 216 T + 81 T^{2} - 3 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $61$ $$1936 + 484 T + 165 T^{2} - 11 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $67$ $$1024 + 416 T + 201 T^{2} - 13 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $71$ $$( -72 - 3 T + T^{2} )^{2}$$ $73$ $$( -62 - 7 T + T^{2} )^{2}$$ $79$ $$3844 + 434 T + 111 T^{2} - 7 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $83$ $$9216 - 1152 T + 240 T^{2} + 12 T^{3} + T^{4}$$ $89$ $$( 48 + 18 T + T^{2} )^{2}$$ $97$ $$5476 - 74 T + 75 T^{2} + T^{3} + T^{4}$$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9336293339729309, "perplexity": 10124.162938148955}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585518.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022181017-20211022211017-00558.warc.gz"}
https://www.accountingdetails.com/tag/net-operating-income	# net operating income net operating income In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firm’s profit that excludes interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses. ## Return on Investment (ROI) Definition Return on Investment (ROI) Definition: Net operating income divided by average operating assets. It also equals margin multiplied by turnover. Recommended Books ! Or Download E accounting book in MS-word format for just 20 \$ - Click here to Download ## Variable Costing System Variable Costing System A Decision Making Tool for Management: After studying this chapter you should be able to: Explain how variable costing differs from absorption costing and compute unit product costs under each method Prepare income statements using variable and absorption costing. Reconcile variable ## Return on Investment (ROI) Method for Measuring Managerial Performance Return on Investment (ROI) Method for Measuring Managerial Performance: In a truly decentralized company, segment managers are given a great deal of autonomy. Profit and investment centers are virtually independent businesses, with their managers having about the same control over decisions as if they ## Operating Leverage and Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) Operating Leverage and Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL): Definition and Explanation of Operating Leverage: A lever is a tool for multiplying force. Using a lever, a massive object can be moved with only a modest amount of force. In Business, operating leverage serves a ## Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Formulas Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Formulas: Contribution margin = Sales – Variable expenses (manufacturing and non-manufacturing) Net operating income = Contribution margin – Fixed expenses (manufacturing and non manufacturing) Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin / Sales Break even point (units) = Fixed expenses / ## Contribution Margin and Basics of Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Analysis Contribution Margin and Basics of Cost Volume Profit (CVP) Analysis: Learning Objectives: Define and explain contribution margin. Prepare a contribution margin format income statement. What are the advantages of calculating contribution margin? Definition and Explanation of Contribution Margin: Contribution margin is the amount remaining ## Contribution Margin Ratio (CM Ratio) Learning Objectives: Define and explain contribution margin ratio. Calculate CM ratio. What is the importance and benefit of calculating CM ratio? Contribution margin percentage or average Definition of Contribution Margin Ratio Formula Calculation Importance Review Problems Contribution Margin Ratio Calculator Definition of Contribution Margin Ratio: The contribution margin as a percentage of total	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8336086273193359, "perplexity": 9978.430794100557}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125936833.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20180419091546-20180419111546-00112.warc.gz"}
https://mailman.ntg.nl/pipermail/ntg-context/2008/031624.html	[NTG-context] Alignment of Itemize Wolfgang Schuster schuster.wolfgang at googlemail.com Thu May 15 08:42:33 CEST 2008 On Wed, May 14, 2008 at 10:36 PM, <cidadaum at sapo.pt> wrote: > > I have put this in my source file: > > And in the output the m rule (---) was overlapped by the roman > numeral. By the way I would like to align the roman numeral to the > right more or less like this (it is difficult to do in text format) > > I --- blablablablablablabla > II --- blablablablablablabla > III --- blablablablablablabla > IV --- blablablablablablabla V --- blablablablablablabla VI --- blablablablablablabla VII --- blablablablablablabla > VIII --- blablablablablablabla > > Thank you very much for your help \starttext \startitemize[R,fit][itemalign=flushright,stopper={ --- }] \dorecurse{8}{\item blablabla} \stopitemize \stoptext > Armando Wolfgang	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9357157945632935, "perplexity": 10978.47877481422}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720941.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00076-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://swmath.org/software/8678	# CSP A tracking semantics for CSP. CSP is a powerful language for specifying complex concurrent systems. Due to the non-deterministic execution order of processes and to synchronizations, many analyses such as deadlock analysis, reliability analysis, and program slicing try to predict properties of the specification which can guarantee the quality of the final system. These analyses often rely on the use of CSP’s traces. In this work, we introduce the theoretical basis for tracking concurrent and explicitly synchronized computations in process algebras such as CSP. Tracking computations is a difficult task due to the subtleties of the underlying operational semantics which combines concurrency, non-determinism and non-termination. We define an instrumented operational semantics that generates as a side-effect an appropriate data structure (a track) which can be used to track computations. Formal definition of a tracking semantics improves the understanding of the tracking process, but also, it allows to formally prove the correctness of the computed tracks. ## References in zbMATH (referenced in 1 article ) Showing result 1 of 1. Sorted by year (citations)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9279512166976929, "perplexity": 1659.5881622754703}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400189928.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200919013135-20200919043135-00715.warc.gz"}
https://www.glocktalk.com/threads/thunderbird-1-07-prob.483235/	close Privacy guaranteed - Your email is not shared with anyone. Thunderbird 1.07 prob... Discussion in 'Tech Talk' started by IndyGunFreak, Jan 7, 2006. 1. IndyGunFreak Messages: 26,834 2,198 Joined: Jan 26, 2001 Location: Indiana Ok, this isn't really a problem, I'm sure its just a setting. I've probably always had this problem, and just never knew, beccuase nobody on hotmail ever pointed it out to me. When I send an email to a hotmail user, my sentences and paragraphs are broken up terribly. I always hit "enter" at the end of all my sentences, paragraph breaks, etc, but after they receive it, it is completely broken up. For what its worth, I forwarded an email to myself, that someone told me about this on, and it does indeed do this. I don't think its a hotmail setting. For instance, in Thunderbird, it may will look like this... bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla[enter] bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla[enter] Then they receive it, and it looks like this... bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla[enter] bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla[enter] I hope my bla's properly explain the problem. 2. IndyGunFreak Messages: 26,834 2,198 Joined: Jan 26, 2001 Location: Indiana OK, this is driving me crazy.. Someone's gotta know the answer to this. I have a strange feeling it has to do with the "word wrap" setting, which is currently at 80 characters. Should it be lower? Should it be higher? Could somoeone explain to me what word wrap is exactly?.. I assume that means it wraps the characters at the set amount and makes a new line, but if I'm hitting enter to start a new line, then it shouldn't be starting new lines for me... Thanks IGF	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9028708338737488, "perplexity": 1451.3748938300098}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804518.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118021803-20171118041803-00032.warc.gz"}
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/i/industry+detailed+description.html	#### Sample records for industry detailed description 1. THULE: A detailed description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Terry, M.J. 1964-07-01 This report describes the THULE scheme of lattice physics calculation which has been developed in FORTRAN for the IBM 7090. This scheme predicts the neutron flux over energy and space, for many groups and regions, together with reactivity and reaction rate edits for both a single lattice cell and a reactor core. This report describes in detail the input requirements for the THULE programme which forms the main part of the scheme. Brief descriptions of the 7090 programmes TED 6 and NOAH are included as appendices. TED 6 will produce the THULE edits from a WDSN output tape and NOAH is a version of the METHUSELAH programme which contains many of the THULE edits and will also produce input cards for THULE. (author) 2. Guideline on dependability management for the power industry: detailed description of international power plant equipment dependability indicators International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Procaccia, H.; Silberberg, S. 1997-01-01 Dependability Management involves the management of reliability, availability maintainability and maintenance support, and in the power industry is necessary to ensure that plant meets the Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) targets set by the Utilities. In 1993, a joint Standard on Dependability Programme Management - Part 1: Dependability Programme Management), ISO 9000-': 1993 (Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards - Part 4: Guide to Dependability Programme Management). UNIPEDE established a group of experts (Nulethermaint) to produce guidelines on its implementation specifically for use in the power industry. The present document comprises Part 2 OF THE UNIPEDE plant performance indicators and can be applied to both nuclear and fossil plant. There are five different equipment dependability indicators, all relating to equipment maintenance activities and the impact that these activities have on the loss of both system function and unit capability. Per year, each of the indicators can be applied separately to both preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance, giving rise to as many as ten indicator values for each item of equipment. Used in this way, the indicators provide a comprehensive picture of the maintenance strategy employed for key pieces of equipment, and its effectiveness. They are, therefore, a valuable managerial tool for improving maintenance activities at the unit level within a utility. This document provides guidance on the division of both nuclear and fossil power plant into their component parts and in each case the types of equipment having the most dominant effect on dependability are identified. These are the items which merit the greatest attention with regard to the equipment dependability indicators. (authors) 3. “Influence Method”. Detailed mathematical description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Rios, I.J.; Mayer, R.E. 2015-01-01 A new method for the absolute determination of nuclear particle flux in the absence of known detector efficiency, the “Influence Method”, was recently published (I.J. Rios and R.E. Mayer, Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research A 775 (2015) 99–104). The method defines an estimator for the population and another estimator for the efficiency. In this article we present a detailed mathematical description which yields the conditions for its application, the probability distributions of the estimators and their characteristic parameters. An analysis of the different cases leads to expressions of the estimators and their uncertainties. - Highlights: • “Influence Method”, a new method for absolute particle flux determination. • Absolute counting method when detector efficiencies are not known. • Absolute detector efficiency determination 4. Guideline on dependability management for the power industry: detailed description of international power plant equipment dependability indicators; Guide de gestion de la surete de fonctionnement dans lindustrie electrique: description detaillee dindicateurs de surete de fonctionnement internationaux Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Procaccia, H.; Silberberg, S. 1997-10-01 Dependability Management involves the management of reliability, availability maintainability and maintenance support, and in the power industry is necessary to ensure that plant meets the Reliability, Availability and Maintainability (RAM) targets set by the Utilities. In 1993, a joint (Standard on Dependability Programme Management - Part 1: Dependability Programme Management), ISO 9000-: 1993 (Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards - Part 4: Guide to Dependability Programme Management). UNIPEDE established a group of experts (Nulethermaint) to produce guidelines on its implementation specifically for use in the power industry. The present document comprises Part 2 OF THE UNIPEDE plant performance indicators and can be applied to both nuclear and fossil plant. There are five different equipment dependability indicators, all relating to equipment maintenance activities and the impact that these activities have on the loss of both system function and unit capability. Per year, each of the indicators can be applied separately to both preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance, giving rise to as many as ten indicator values for each item of equipment. Used in this way, the indicators provide a comprehensive picture of the maintenance strategy employed for key pieces of equipment, and its effectiveness. They are, therefore, a valuable managerial tool for improving maintenance activities at the unit level within a utility. This document provides guidance on the division of both nuclear and fossil power plant into their component parts and in each case the types of equipment having the most dominant effect on dependability are identified. These are the items which merit the greatest attention with regard to the equipment dependability indicators. (authors). 5. Detailed descriptions of overall performance indicators Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1988-02-15 The purpose of the equivalent availability factor indicator is to monitor progress in attaining high unit and industry equivalent availability. It provides an indication of the effectiveness of plant programs and practices in maximizing electrical generation and provides an overall indication of how well a plant is operated and maintained. Experience has shown that units with high equivalent availability factors and low forced outage rates are often well maintained, follow good operating practices, and can be expected to have a higher margin of safety. 6. Detailed descriptions of overall performance indicators International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1988-02-01 The purpose of the equivalent availability factor indicator is to monitor progress in attaining high unit and industry equivalent availability. It provides an indication of the effectiveness of plant programs and practices in maximizing electrical generation and provides an overall indication of how well a plant is operated and maintained. Experience has shown that units with high equivalent availability factors and low forced outage rates are often well maintained, follow good operating practices, and can be expected to have a higher margin of safety 7. Detailed GEANT description of the SDC central calorimeters International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Glagolev, V.V.; Li, W. 1994-01-01 This article represents the very detailed simulation model of the SDC central calorimeters and some results which were obtained using that model. The central calorimeters structure was coded on the GEANT 3.15 base in the frame of the SDCSIM environment. The SDCSIM is the general shell for simulation of the SDC set-up. The calorimeters geometry has been coded according to the FNAL and ANL engineering drawings and engineering data file. SDC central calorimeters detailed description is extremely useful for different simulation tasks, for fast simulation program parameters tuning, for different geometry especially studying (local response nonuniformity from bulkheads in the e.m. calorimeter and from coil supports and many others) and for the interpretation of the experimental data from the calorimeters. This simulation model is very useful for tasks of the test beam modules calorimeter calibration and for calorimeter in situ calibration. 3 refs., 8 figs 8. SURFACE INDUSTRIAL HVAC SYSTEM DESCRIPTION DOCUMENT Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) M.M. Ansari 2005-04-05 The purpose of this system description document (SDD) is to establish requirements that drive the design of the surface industrial heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system and its bases to allow the design effort to proceed to license application. This SDD will be revised at strategic points as the design matures. This SDD identifies the requirements and describes the system design, as it currently exists, with emphasis on attributes of the design provided to meet the requirements. This SDD is an engineering tool for design control; accordingly, the primary audience and users are design engineers. This SDD is part of an iterative design process. It leads the design process with regard to the flowdown of upper tier requirements onto the system. Knowledge of these requirements is essential to performing the design process. The SDD follows the design with regard to the description of the system. The description that provided in this SDD reflects the current results of the design process. 9. Detailed description of an SSAC at the facility level for research laboratory facilities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jones, R.J. 1985-08-01 The purpose of this document is to provide a detailed description of a system for the accounting for and control of nuclear material in a research laboratory facility which can be used by a facility operator to establish his own system to comply with a national system for nuclear material accounting and control and to facilitate application of IAEA safeguards. The scope of this document is limited to descriptions of the following SSAC elements: (1) Nuclear Material Measurements; (2) Measurement Quality; (3) Records and Reports; (4) Physical Inventory Taking; (5) Material Balance Closing 10. Detailed description of an SSAC at the facility level for research reactors International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jones, R.J. 1984-09-01 The purpose of this document is to provide a detailed description of a system for the accounting for and control of nuclear material in a research reactor facility which can be used by a facility operator to establish his own system to comply with a national system for nuclear material accounting and control and to facilitate application of IAEA safeguards. The scope of this document is limited to descriptions of the following SSAC elements: (1) Nuclear Material Measurements; (2) Measurement Quality; (3) Records and Reports; (4) Physical Inventory Taking; (5) Material Balance Closing 11. Detailed description of an SSAC at the facility level for mixed oxide fuel fabrication facilities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jones, R.J. 1985-09-01 The purpose of this document is to provide a detailed description of a system for the accounting for and control of nuclear material in a mixed oxide fuel fabrication facility which can be used by a facility operator to establish his own system to comply with a national system for nuclear material accounting and control and to facilitate application of IAEA safeguards. The scope of this document is limited to descriptions of the following SSAC elements: (1) Nuclear Material Measurements; (2) Measurement Quality; (3) Records and Reports; (4) Physical Inventory Taking; (5) Material Balance Closing 12. Energy study of railroad freight transportation. Volume 2. Industry description Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) None 1979-08-01 The United States railroad industry plays a key role in transporting materials to support our industrial economy. One of the oldest industries in the US, the railroads have developed over 150 years into their present physical and operational configuration. Energy conservation proposals to change industry facilities, equipment, or operating practices must be evaluated in terms of their cost impact. A current, comprehensive and accurate data baseline of railroad economic activity and energy consumption is presented. Descriptions of the history of railroad construction in the US and current equipment, facilities, and operation practices follow. Economic models that relate cost and energy of railroad service to the volume of railroad output and to physical and operational parameters are provided. The analyses and descriptions should provide not only an analytical baseline for evaluating the impact of proposed conservation measures, but they should also provide a measure of understanding of the system and its operations to analysts and policy makers who are involved in proposing, analyzing, and implementing such changes. 13. Description of the production process - industrial phase; Descricao do processo produtivo - fase industrial Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2009-10-15 This chapter presents the description of the present state-of-art, in this paper called first generation of the productive process of sugar-cane bio ethanol in Brazil, related to the industrial phase involving their improvements and also the aspects related to the second generation technologies, particularly the hydrolysis and gasification of the biomass technologies. The chapter also approaches the aspects referred to the use of sugar cane bagasse and the straw cape, and also the production of electric power surplus. 14. Description of the detailed Functional Architecture of the Frequency and Voltage control solution (functional and information layer) DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Caerts, Chris; Rikos, Evangelos; Syed, Mazheruddin 2017-01-01 This D4.2 document provides the description of the detailed functional architecture of the selected solutions that will be implemented and tested. This is documented by combining a function-based IEC 62559 Use Case description with an SGAM mapping of these functions and the interactions among...... these functions on the Function and Information layer.... 15. Characteristics of physicians targeted by the pharmaceutical industry to participate in e-detailing. Science.gov (United States) Alkhateeb, Fadi M; Khanfar, Nile M; Doucette, William R; Loudon, David 2009-01-01 Electronic detailing (e-detailing) has been introduced in the last few years by the pharmaceutical industry as a new communication channel through which to promote pharmaceutical products to physicians. E-detailing involves using digital technology, such as Internet, video conferencing, and interactive voice response, by which drug companies target their marketing efforts toward specific physicians with pinpoint accuracy. A mail survey of 671 Iowa physicians was used to gather information about the physician characteristics and practice setting characteristics of those who are usually targeted by pharmaceutical companies to participate in e-detailing. A model is developed and tested to explain firms' targeting strategy for targeting physicians for e-detailing. 16. Detailed description of oil shale organic and mineralogical heterogeneity via fourier transform infrared mircoscopy Science.gov (United States) Washburn, Kathryn E.; Birdwell, Justin E.; Foster, Michael; Gutierrez, Fernando 2015-01-01 Mineralogical and geochemical information on reservoir and source rocks is necessary to assess and produce from petroleum systems. The standard methods in the petroleum industry for obtaining these properties are bulk measurements on homogenized, generally crushed, and pulverized rock samples and can take from hours to days to perform. New methods using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy have been developed to more rapidly obtain information on mineralogy and geochemistry. However, these methods are also typically performed on bulk, homogenized samples. We present a new approach to rock sample characterization incorporating multivariate analysis and FTIR microscopy to provide non-destructive, spatially resolved mineralogy and geochemistry on whole rock samples. We are able to predict bulk mineralogy and organic carbon content within the same margin of error as standard characterization techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. Validation of the method was performed using two oil shale samples from the Green River Formation in the Piceance Basin with differing sedimentary structures. One sample represents laminated Green River oil shales, and the other is representative of oil shale breccia. The FTIR microscopy results on the oil shales agree with XRD and LECO TOC data from the homogenized samples but also give additional detail regarding sample heterogeneity by providing information on the distribution of mineral phases and organic content. While measurements for this study were performed on oil shales, the method could also be applied to other geological samples, such as other mudrocks, complex carbonates, and soils. 17. Detailed petrographic descriptions and microprobe data for tertiary silicic volcanic rocks in drill hole USW G-1, Yucca Mountain, Nevada Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Caporuscio, F.A.; Warren, R.G.; Broxton, D.E. 1985-12-01 This report contains detailed petrographic descriptions of 74 thin sections from drill hole USW G-1 at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. These descriptions are keyed to the distinctions between devitrified, vitrophyre, vitric, and zeolitized intervals below the Topopah Spring Member repository horizon. The petrographic features of the zeolitized intervals down through the Crater Flat tuff, as well as the sorption properties determined from these intervals, suggest that these zeolite occurrences may each have comparable sorptive capability. 18. Data on the descriptive overview and the quality assessment details of 12 qualitative research papers OpenAIRE Barnabishvili, Maia; Ulrichs, Timo; Waldherr, Ruth 2016-01-01 This data article presents the supplementary material for the review paper “Role of acceptability barriers in delayed diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Literature review from high burden countries” (Barnabishvili et al., in press) [1]. General overview of 12 qualitative papers, including the details about authors, years of publication, data source locations, study objectives, overview of methods, study population characteristics, as well as the details of intervention and the outcome parameters of t... 19. Detailed description of an SSAC at the facility level for on-load refueled power reactor facilities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jones, R.J. 1985-11-01 The purpose of this document is to provide a detailed description of a system for the accounting for and control of nuclear material in an on-load refueled power reactor facility which can be used by a facility operator to establish his own system to comply with a national system for nuclear material accounting and control and to facilitate application of IAEA safeguards. The scope of this document is limited to descriptions of the following SSAC elements: (1) Nuclear Material Measurements; (2) Measurement Quality; (3) Records and Reports; (4) Physical Inventory Taking; (5) Material Balance Closing 20. Data on the descriptive overview and the quality assessment details of 12 qualitative research papers. Science.gov (United States) Barnabishvili, Maia; Ulrichs, Timo; Waldherr, Ruth 2016-09-01 This data article presents the supplementary material for the review paper "Role of acceptability barriers in delayed diagnosis of Tuberculosis: Literature review from high burden countries" (Barnabishvili et al., in press) [1]. General overview of 12 qualitative papers, including the details about authors, years of publication, data source locations, study objectives, overview of methods, study population characteristics, as well as the details of intervention and the outcome parameters of the papers are summarized in the first two tables included to the article. Quality assessment process of the methodological strength of 12 papers and the results of the critical appraisal are further described and summarized in the second part of the article. 1. Detailed description of an SSAC at the facility level for light water moderated (off-load refueled) power reactor facilities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jones, R.J. 1985-03-01 This report is intended to provide the technical details of an effective State Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material (SSAC) which Member States may use, if they wish, to establish and maintain their SSACs. It is expected that systems designed along the lines described would be effective in meeting the objectives of both national and international systems for nuclear material accounting and control. This document accordingly provides a detailed description of a system for the accounting for and control of nuclear material in an off-load refueled light water moderated power reactor facility which can be used by a facility operator to establish his own system to comply with a national system for nuclear material accounting and control and to facilitate application of IAEA safeguards. The scope of this document is limited to descriptions of the following elements: (1) Nuclear Material Measurements; (2) Measurement Quality; (3) Records and Reports; (4) Physical Inventory Taking; (5) Material Balance Closing 2. Detailed description and users manual of high burnup fuel analysis code EXBURN-I Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Suzuki, Motoe [Japan Atomic Energy Research Inst., Tokai, Ibaraki (Japan). Tokai Research Establishment; Saitou, Hiroaki 1997-11-01 EXBURN-I has been developed for the analysis of LWR high burnup fuel behavior in normal operation and power transient conditions. In the high burnup region, phenomena occur which are different in quality from those expected for the extension of behaviors in the mid-burnup region. To analyze these phenomena, EXBURN-I has been formed by the incorporation of such new models as pellet thermal conductivity change, burnup-dependent FP gas release rate, and cladding oxide layer growth to the basic structure of low- and mid-burnup fuel analysis code FEMAXI-IV. The present report describes in detail the whole structure of the code, models, and materials properties. Also, it includes a detailed input manual and sample output, etc. (author). 55 refs. 3. Survey on the Finnsh biotechnology industry: Background and descriptive statistics OpenAIRE Hermans, Raine; Kulvik, Martti; Tahvanainen, Antti-Jussi 2005-01-01 ETLA, the Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, conducted surveys at the end of 2004 and at the beginning of 2002 on the enterprises listed in the Index of Biotechnology Companies in the Finnish Bioindustries organization. The surveys provide data on financial accounting, R&D activities, intellectual property rights, and sales forecasts. In addition to the updates, the ETLA 2004 Survey also provides detailed linkages to product-level information that incorporates R&D- and sales figures, ... 4. How commercial and non-commercial swine producers move pigs in Scotland: a detailed descriptive analysis. Science.gov (United States) Porphyre, Thibaud; Boden, Lisa A; Correia-Gomes, Carla; Auty, Harriet K; Gunn, George J; Woolhouse, Mark E J 2014-06-25 The impact of non-commercial producers on disease spread via livestock movement is related to their level of interaction with other commercial actors within the industry. Although understanding these relationships is crucial in order to identify likely routes of disease incursion and transmission prior to disease detection, there has been little research in this area due to the difficulties of capturing movements of small producers with sufficient resolution. Here, we used the Scottish Livestock Electronic Identification and Traceability (ScotEID) database to describe the movement patterns of different pig production systems which may affect the risk of disease spread within the swine industry. In particular, we focused on the role of small pig producers. Between January 2012 and May 2013, 23,169 batches of pigs were recorded moving animals between 2382 known unique premises. Although the majority of movements (61%) were to a slaughterhouse, the non-commercial and the commercial sectors of the Scottish swine industry coexist, with on- and off-movement of animals occurring relatively frequently. For instance, 13% and 4% of non-slaughter movements from professional producers were sent to a non-assured commercial producer or to a small producer, respectively; whereas 43% and 22% of movements from non-assured commercial farms were sent to a professional or a small producer, respectively. We further identified differences between producer types in several animal movement characteristics which are known to increase the risk of disease spread. Particularly, the distance travelled and the use of haulage were found to be significantly different between producers. These results showed that commercial producers are not isolated from the non-commercial sector of the Scottish swine industry and may frequently interact, either directly or indirectly. The observed patterns in the frequency of movements, the type of producers involved, the distance travelled and the use of haulage 5. Detailed description of an SSAC at the facility level for a low-enriched uranium conversion and fuel fabrication facility International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jones, R.J. 1984-09-01 Some States have expressed a need for more detailed guidance with regard to the technical elements in the design and operation of SSACs for both the national and the international objectives. To meet this need the present document has been prepared, describing the technical elements of an SSAC in considerable detail. The purpose of this document is therefore, to provide a detailed description of a system for the accounting for and control of nuclear material in a model low enriched uranium conversion and fuel fabrication facility which can be used by a facility operator to establish his own system in a way which will provide the necessary information for compliance with a national system for nuclear material accounting and control and for the IAEA to carry out its safeguards responsibilities 6. Empirical evidence from an inter-industry descriptive analysis of overall materiality measures OpenAIRE N. Pecchiari; C. Emby; G. Pogliani 2013-01-01 This study presents an empirical cross-industry descriptive analysis of overall quantitative materiality measures. We examine the behaviour of four commonly used quantitative materiality measures within and across industries with respect to their size, relative size and stability, over ten years. The sample consists of large- and medium-sized European companies, representing 24 different industry categories for the years 1998 through 2007 (a total sample of over 36,000 data points). Our resul... 7. Detailed description of a state system for accounting for and control of nuclear material at the state level International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Jones, R.J. 1985-02-01 The purpose of this document is to provide a detailed description of the technical elements of a system for the accounting for and control of nuclear material at the State Authority level which can be used by a state in the establishment of a national system for nuclear material accounting and control. It is expected that a state system designed along the lines described also will assist the IAEA in carrying out its safeguards responsibilities. The scope of this document is limited to descriptions of the technical elements of a state level system concerned with Laws and Regulations, the Information System, and the Establishment of Requirements for Nuclear Material Accounting and Control. The discussion shows the relationship of these technical elements at the state level to the principal elements of an SSAC at the facility levels 8. Analysis of magnetic-dipole transitions in tungsten plasmas using detailed and configuration-average descriptions Science.gov (United States) Na, Xieyu; Poirier, Michel 2017-06-01 This paper is devoted to the analysis of transition arrays of magnetic-dipole (M1) type in highly charged ions. Such transitions play a significant role in highly ionized plasmas, for instance in the tungsten plasma present in tokamak devices. Using formulas recently published and their implementation in the Flexible Atomic Code for M1-transition array shifts and widths, absorption and emission spectra arising from transitions inside the 3n complex of highly-charged tungsten ions are analyzed. A comparison of magnetic-dipole transitions with electric-dipole (E1) transitions shows that, while the latter are better described by transition array formulas, M1 absorption and emission structures reveal some insufficiency of these formulas. It is demonstrated that the detailed spectra account for significantly richer structures than those predicted by the transition array formalism. This is due to the fact that M1 transitions may occur between levels inside the same relativistic configuration, while such inner configuration transitions are not accounted for by the currently available averaging expression. In addition, because of configuration interaction, transition processes involving more than one electron jump, such as 3p1/23d5/2 → 3p3/23d3/2, are possible but not accounted for in the transition array formulas. These missing transitions are collected in pseudo-arrays using a post-processing method described in this paper. The relative influence of inner- and inter-configuration transitions is carefully analyzed in cases of tungsten ions with net charge around 50. The need for an additional theoretical development is emphasized. 9. A detailed description of the analysis of the decay of neutral kaons to $\\pi^+ \\pi^-$ in the CPLEAR experiment CERN Document Server Apostolakis, Alcibiades J; Backenstoss, Gerhard; Bargassa, P; Behnke, O; Benelli, A; Bertin, V; Blanc, F; Bloch, P; Carlson, P J; Carroll, M; Cawley, E; Chertok, M B; Danielsson, M; Dejardin, M; Derré, J; Ealet, A; Eleftheriadis, C; Fetscher, W; Fidecaro, Maria; Filipcic, A; Francis, D; Fry, J; Gabathuler, Erwin; Gamet, R; Gerber, H J; Go, A; Haselden, A; Hayman, P J; Henry-Coüannier, F; Hollander, R W; Jon-And, K; Kettle, P R; Kokkas, P; Kreuger, R; Le Gac, R; Leimgruber, F; Mandic, I; Manthos, N; Marel, Gérard; Mikuz, M; Miller, J; Montanet, François; Müller, A; Nakada, Tatsuya; Pagels, B; Papadopoulos, I M; Pavlopoulos, P; Polivka, G; Rickenbach, R; Roberts, B L; Ruf, T; Sakelliou, L; Schäfer, M; Schaller, L A; Schietinger, T; Schopper, A; Tauscher, Ludwig; Thibault, C; Touchard, F; Touramanis, C; van Eijk, C W E; Vlachos, S; Weber, P; Wigger, O; Wolter, M; Yéche, C; Zavrtanik, D; Zimmerman, D 2000-01-01 A detailed description is given of the analysis of neutral kaons decaying to \\pipi , based on the complete data sample collected with the CPLEAR experiment.Using a novel approach involving initially strangeness-tagged \\kn\\ and \\knb ,the time-dependent decay rate asymmetry has been measured. This asymmetry, resulting from the interference between the \\ks\\and \\kl\\ decay amplitudes, has enabled both the magnitudeand phase of the CP-violation parameter, \\ita , to be measured, with aprecision comparable to that of the current world average values. 10. A detailed description of the analysis of the decay of neutral kaons to π+π- in the CPLEAR experiment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Apostolakis, A.; Aslanides, E. 2000-01-01 A detailed description is given of the analysis of neutral kaons decaying to π + π - , based on the complete set of data collected with the CPLEAR experiment. Using a novel approach involving initially strangeness-tagged K 0 and anti K 0 , the time-dependent decay-rate asymmetry has been measured. This asymmetry, resulting from the interference between the K S and K L decay amplitudes, has enabled both the magnitude and phase of the CP-violation parameter, η +- , to be measured, with a precision comparable to that of the current world-average values. (orig.) 11. Business Management Simulations – a detailed industry analysis as well as recommendations for the future Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Michael Batko 2016-06-01 Full Text Available Being exposed to serious games showed that some simulations widely vary in quality and learning outcome. In order to get to the bottom of best practices a detailed review of business management simulation literature was conducted. Additionally, an industry analysis was performed, by interviewing 17 simulation companies, testing a range of full and demo games, and conducting secondary research. The findings from both research efforts were then collated and cross-referenced against each other in order to determine three things: firstly, the practices and features used by simulation companies that have not yet been the subject of academic research; secondly, the most effective features, elements and inclusions within simulations that best assist in the achievement of learning outcomes and enhancement the user experience; and finally, ‘best practices’ in teaching a business management course in a university or company with the assistance of a simulation. Identified gaps in the current research were found to include the effectiveness of avatars, transparent pricing and the benefits of competing the simulation against other teams as opposed to the computer. In relation to the second and third objectives of the research, the findings were used to compile a business plan, with detailed recommendations for companies looking to develop a new simulation, and for instructors implementing and coordinating the use of a simulation in a business management context. 12. 'Maximising shareholder value': a detailed insight into the corporate political activity of the Australian food industry. Science.gov (United States) Mialon, Melissa; Swinburn, Boyd; Allender, Steven; Sacks, Gary 2017-04-01 To gain deeper insight into the corporate political activity (CPA) of the Australian food industry from a public health perspective. Fifteen interviews with a purposive sample of current and former policy makers, public health advocates and academics who have closely interacted with food industry representatives or observed food industry behaviours. All participants reported having directly experienced the CPA of the food industry during their careers, with the 'information and messaging' and 'constituency building' strategies most prominent. Participants expressed concern that food industry CPA strategies resulted in weakened policy responses to addressing diet-related disease. This study provides direct evidence of food industry practices that have the potential to shape public health-related policies and programs in Australia in ways that favour business interests at the expense of population health. Implications for public health: This evidence can inform policy makers and public health advocates and be used to adopt measures to ensure that public interests are put at the forefront as part of the policy development and implementation process. © 2017 The Authors. 13. Performance/Design Requirements and Detailed Technical Description for a Computer-Directed Training Subsystem for Integration into the Air Force Phase II Base Level System. Science.gov (United States) Butler, A. K.; And Others The performance/design requirements and a detailed technical description for a Computer-Directed Training Subsystem to be integrated into the Air Force Phase II Base Level System are described. The subsystem may be used for computer-assisted lesson construction and has presentation capability for on-the-job training for data automation, staff, and… 14. Predictors of health-related quality of life among industrial workers: A descriptive correlational study. Science.gov (United States) Malak, Malakeh Z 2017-06-01 Assessment and evaluation of the health-related quality of life of industrial workers is an important research focus. This descriptive correlational study identifies the predictors of health-related quality of life using a random sampling of industrial workers (n = 640) from construction factories in Amman Governorate in Jordan using demographic characteristics, a health and work-related factors questionnaire, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief scale. Results showed that industrial workers had good physical health but a poor working environment. There was a statistically significant relationship between educational level, conflict between work and individual life and work and social life, working hours, and workload, and all domains of health-related quality of life. Overall, educational level was the main predictor for all domains of health-related quality of life. Such results confirm the need to develop appropriate interventions and strategies to improve workers' health-related quality of life. Furthermore, developing an integrated approach among policymakers, employers, and work organizations to enhance industrial workers' occupational health programs could be effective. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd. 15. Heat recovery with heat pumps in non-energy intensive industry: A detailed bottom-up model analysis in the French food and drink industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Seck, Gondia Sokhna; Guerassimoff, Gilles; Maïzi, Nadia 2013-01-01 Highlights: • First bottom-up energy model for NEI at 4-digit level of NACE for energy analysis. • Energy end-use modelling due to the unsuitability of end-product/process approach. • Analysis of heat recovery with HP on industrial processes up to 2020 in French F and D. • Energy consumption and emissions drop respectively by 10% compared to 2001 and 9% to 1990. • Results only achieved at heat temperature below 100 °C, concentrated in 1/3 of F and D sectors. - Abstract: Rising energy prices and environmental impacts inevitably encourage industrials to get involved in promoting energy efficiency and emissions reductions. To achieve this goal, we have developed the first detailed bottom-up energy model for Non-Energy Intensive industry (NEI) to study its global energy efficiency and the potential for CO 2 emissions reduction at a 4-digit level of NACE classification. The latter, which is generally neglected in energy analyses, is expected to play an important role in reducing industry energy intensity in the long term due to its economic and energy significance and relatively high growth rate. In this paper, the modelling of NEI is done by energy end-use owing to the unsuitability of the end-product/process approach used in the Energy Intensive industry modelling. As an example, we analysed the impact of heat recovery with heat pumps (HP) on industrial processes up to 2020 on energy savings and CO 2 emissions reductions in the French food and drink industry (F and D), the biggest NEI sector. The results showed HP could be an excellent and very promising energy recovery technology. For further detailed analysis, the depiction of HP investment cost payments is given per temperature range for each F and D subsector. This model constitutes a useful decision-making tool for assessing potential energy savings from investing in efficient technologies at the highest level of disaggregation, as well as a better subsectoral screening 16. Increased accuracy in mineral and hydrogeophysical modelling of HTEM data via detailed description of system transfer function and constrained inversion DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Viezzoli, Andrea; Christiansen, Anders Vest; Auken, Esben This paper aims at providing more insight into the parameters that need to be modelled during inversion of Helicopter TEM data for accurate modelling, both for hydrogeophysical and exploration applications. We use synthetic data to show in details the effect, both in data and in model space... 17. Application of evidence on probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics by food industry: a descriptive study. Science.gov (United States) Mugambi, Mary N; Young, Taryn; Blaauw, Reneé 2014-10-23 This study assessed how the food industry applies the knowledge and evidence gained from synbiotics, probiotics or prebiotics research in infants, on the general paediatric population. This study also explored: what happens after the clinical trials using infant formula are completed, data is published or remains unpublished; the effectiveness and type of medium the formula manufacturers use to educate consumers on probiotic, prebiotic or synbiotic infant formula. This was a descriptive study (a survey) that used a structured questionnaire. All listed companies that manufacture and / or market food products with added probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics for infants were identified and invited to participate. People responsible for research and development were invited to participate in the survey. A letter of invitation was sent to selected participants and if they expressed willingness to take part in the study, a questionnaire with a written consent form was sent. Descriptive statistics and associations between categorical variables were to be tested using a Chi-square test, a p food manufacturers were identified, invited to participate in the survey. No company was willing to participate in the survey for different reasons: failure to take any action 5 (20%), decision to participate indefinitely delayed 2 (8%), sensitivity of requested information 3 (12%), company does not conduct clinical trials 1 (4%), company declined without further information 4 (16%), erroneous contact information 6 (24%), refusal by receptionists to forward telephone calls to appropriate staff 3 (12%), language barrier 3 (12%), company no longer agrees to market research 1 (4%). Due to a poor response rate in this study, no conclusion could be drawn on how the food industry applies evidence gained through probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics research on infants for the benefit of the general paediatric population. More information and greater transparency is needed from the infant 18. Mortality and economic instability: detailed analyses for Britain and comparative analyses for selected industrialized countries. Science.gov (United States) Brenner, M H 1983-01-01 This paper discusses a first-stage analysis of the link of unemployment rates, as well as other economic, social and environmental health risk factors, to mortality rates in postwar Britain. The results presented represent part of an international study of the impact of economic change on mortality patterns in industrialized countries. The mortality patterns examined include total and infant mortality and (by cause) cardiovascular (total), cerebrovascular and heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide, homicide and motor vehicle accidents. Among the most prominent factors that beneficially influence postwar mortality patterns in England/Wales and Scotland are economic growth and stability and health service availability. A principal detrimental factor to health is a high rate of unemployment. Additional factors that have an adverse influence on mortality rates are cigarette consumption and heavy alcohol use and unusually cold winter temperatures (especially in Scotland). The model of mortality that includes both economic changes and behavioral and environmental risk factors was successfully applied to infant mortality rates in the interwar period. In addition, the "simple" economic change model of mortality (using only economic indicators) was applied to other industrialized countries. In Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Sweden, the simple version of the economic change model could be successfully applied only if the analysis was begun before World War II; for analysis beginning in the postwar era, the more sophisticated economic change model, including behavioral and environmental risk factors, was required. In France, West Germany, Italy, and Spain, by contrast, some success was achieved using the simple economic change model. 19. Detailed petrographic descriptions and microprobe data for drill holes USW-G2 and UE25b-1H, Yucca Mountain, Nevada International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Broxton, D.; Vaniman, D.; Caporuscio, F.; Arney, B.; Heiken, G. 1982-10-01 Drill holes USW-G2 and UE25b-1H at Yucca Mountain, Nevada penetrate a thick sequence of volcanic rocks consisting of voluminous ash-flow tuffs, intercalated with thin bedded tuffs and minor lavas. This report provides detailed petrologic descriptions that were summarized in an earlier report. Microprobe analyses of feldspars and mafic phenocrysts as well as secondary feldspars are tabulated for these drill holes for the first time in this report 20. Statistical mechanics and the description of the early universe II. Principle of detailed balance and primordial 4He formation DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pessah, Martin Elias; F. Torres, Diego 2001-01-01 If the universe is slightly non-extensive, and the distribution functions are not exactly given by those of Boltzmann-Gibbs, the primordial production of light elements will be non-trivially modified. In particular, the principle of detailed balance (PDB), of fundamental importance in the standard...... the formation of Helium and Deuterium, and study the kind of deviation one could expect from the standard regime. The correction to the capture time, the moment in which Deuterium can no longer be substantially photo-disintegrated, is also presented. This allows us to take into account the process of the free... 1. A detailed description of the implementation of inpatient insulin orders with a commercial electronic health record system. Science.gov (United States) Neinstein, Aaron; MacMaster, Heidemarie Windham; Sullivan, Mary M; Rushakoff, Robert 2014-07-01 In the setting of Meaningful Use laws and professional society guidelines, hospitals are rapidly implementing electronic glycemic management order sets. There are a number of best practices established in the literature for glycemic management protocols and programs. We believe that this is the first published account of the detailed steps to be taken to design, implement, and optimize glycemic management protocols in a commercial computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system. Prior to CPOE implementation, our hospital already had a mature glycemic management program. To transition to CPOE, we underwent the following 4 steps: (1) preparation and requirements gathering, (2) design and build, (3) implementation and dissemination, and (4) optimization. These steps required more than 2 years of coordinated work between physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and programmers. With the move to CPOE, our complex glycemic management order sets were successfully implemented without any significant interruptions in care. With feedback from users, we have continued to refine the order sets, and this remains an ongoing process. Successful implementation of glycemic management protocols in CPOE is dependent on broad stakeholder input and buy-in. When using a commercial CPOE system, there may be limitations of the system, necessitating workarounds. There should be an upfront plan to apply resources for continuous process improvement and optimization after implementation. © 2014 Diabetes Technology Society. 2. $T$-violation and $CPT$-invariance measurements in the CPLEAR experiment a detailed description of the analysis of neutral-kaon decays to e\\pi\ CERN Document Server Angelopoulos, Angelos; Backenstoss, Gerhard; Bargassa, P; Behnke, O; Benelli, A; Bertin, V; Blanc, F; Bloch, P; Carlson, P J; Carroll, M; Cawley, E; Chertok, M B; Danielsson, M; Dejardin, M; Derré, J; Ealet, A; Eleftheriadis, C; Fetscher, W; Fidecaro, Maria; Filipcic, A; Francis, D; Fry, J; Gabathuler, Erwin; Gamet, R; Gerber, H J; Go, A; Haselden, A; Hayman, P J; Henry-Coüannier, F; Hollander, R W; Jon-And, K; Kettle, P R; Kokkas, P; Kreuger, R; Le Gac, R; Leimgruber, F; Mandic, I; Manthos, N; Marel, Gérard; Mikuz, M; Miller, J; Montanet, François; Müller, A; Nakada, Tatsuya; Pagels, B; Papadopoulos, I M; Pavlopoulos, P; Polivka, G; Rickenbach, R; Roberts, B L; Ruf, T; Sakelliou, L; Schäfer, M; Schaller, L A; Schietinger, T; Schopper, A; Tauscher, Ludwig; Thibault, C; Touchard, F; Touramanis, C; van Eijk, C W E; Vlachos, S; Weber, P; Wigger, O; Wolter, M; Zavrtanik, D; Zimmerman, D 2001-01-01 A detailed description of the analysis of neutral kaons decaying to \\pen\\ is given, based on the complete set of data collected with the CPLEAR experiment. Using a novel approach involving initially strangeness-tagged \\kn\\ and \\knb , time-dependent decay-rate asymmetries were measured. These asymmetries enabled \\Tz - and \\CPTz -violation parameters to be measured in the context of a systematic study. The highlights of this study are the first direct observation of \\Tz\\ violation and the direct determination of the \\CPTz\\ parameter \\red\\ with an accuracy improved by two orders of magnitude with respect to the current value. 3. T-violation and CPT-invariance measurements in the CPLEAR experiment: a detailed description of the analysis of neutral-kaon decays to eπν International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Angelopoulos, A.; Aslanides, E.; Backenstoss, G. 2001-01-01 A detailed description of the analysis of neutral kaons decaying to eπν is given, based on the complete set of data collected with the CPLEAR experiment. Using a novel approach involving initially strangeness-tagged K 0 and K 0 , time-dependent decay-rate asymmetries were measured. These asymmetries enabled T- and CPT-violation parameters to be measured in the context of a systematic study. The highlights of this study are the first direct observation of T violation and the direct determination of the CPT parameter Re(δ) with an accuracy improved by two orders of magnitude with respect to the current value. (orig.) 4. A Qualitative Descriptive Case Study of the Requirements of the IT Industry for Entry-Level IT Positions Science.gov (United States) Feuerherm, Todd Michael 2009-01-01 This qualitative descriptive case study explored the requirements of the IT industry for education, IT certification, and work experience for entry-level IT professionals. Research has shown a growing problem where IT graduates were not able to meet the requirements for entry-level IT jobs. IT enrollment has decreased considerably over the past… 5. Atmospheric pollutants in alpine peat bogs record a detailed chronology of industrial and agricultural development on the Australian continent International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Marx, Samuel K.; Kamber, Balz S.; McGowan, Hamish A.; Zawadzki, Atun 2010-01-01 Two peat bogs from remote alpine sites in Australia were found to contain detailed and coherent histories of atmospheric metal pollution for Pb, Zn, Cu, Mo, Ag, As, Cd, Sb, Zn, In, Cr, Ni, Tl and V. Dramatic increases in metal deposition in the post-1850 AD portion of the cores coincide with the onset of mining in Australia. Using both Pb isotopes and metals, pollutants were ascribed to the main atmospheric pollution emitting sources in Australia, namely mining and smelting, coal combustion and agriculture. Results imply mining and metal production are the major source of atmospheric metal pollution, although coal combustion may account for up to 30% of metal pollutants. A novel finding of this study is the increase in the otherwise near-constant Y/Ho ratio after 1900 AD. We link this change to widespread and increased application of marine phosphate fertiliser in Australia's main agricultural area (the Murray Darling Basin). - Detailed records of atmospheric metal pollution accumulation in Australia are presented and are shown to trace the industrial and agricultural development of the continent. 6. Industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Schindler, I.; Wiesenberger, H. 2001-01-01 This chapter of the environmental control report deals with the environmental impact of the industry in Austria. It gives a review of the structure and types of the industry, the legal framework and environmental policy of industrial relevance. The environmental situation of the industry in Austria is analyzed in detail, concerning air pollution (SO 2 , NO x , CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , N 2 O, NH 3 , Pb, Cd, Hg, dioxin, furans), waste water, waste management and deposit, energy and water consumption. The state of the art in respect of the IPPC-directives (European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau) concerning the best available techniques of the different industry sectors is outlined. The application of European laws and regulations in the Austrian industry is described. (a.n.) 7. Postdoctoral pharmacy industry fellowships: a descriptive analysis of programs and postgraduate positions. Science.gov (United States) Melillo, Stephanie; Gangadharan, Amy; Johnson, Hiliary; Schleck, Patrick; Steinberg, Michael; Alexander, James G 2012-01-01 Postdoctoral pharmacy industry fellowship programs and the employment of fellowship graduates are described. A list of postgraduate industry fellowships was gathered from the 2009 ASHP Midyear Clinical Meeting. Data regarding program characteristics were collected using the Personnel Placement Service database and program-specific brochures. After data compilation, a standardized survey was sent in January 2010 via e-mail to the point of contact for all programs to confirm the accuracy of the program's characteristics. Only academically affiliated industry fellowship programs were analyzed. Retrospective data were collected regarding the first position of employment for all fellows who graduated from the program between 2005 and 2009 and the position of those same individuals at the time of survey completion. Surveys were sent to 64 postgraduate industry fellowship programs affiliated with a school of pharmacy, 56 (87.5%) of whom responded. The departmental breakdown for positions offered (n = 75) across all academically affiliated industry fellowship programs (including nonresponders) was as follows: medical affairs (38.7%, n = 29), clinical research (32.0%, n = 24), regulatory affairs (9.3%, n = 7), commercial (8.0%, n = 6), health economics and outcomes research (8.0%, n = 6), and pharmacovigilance (4.0%, n = 3). Data from fellows during years 1-5 after completion of the industry fellowship indicated that 90.5% of former fellows remained in the industry (n = 238). The postgraduate industry fellowship programs surveyed indicated that the majority of fellowship graduates continued to hold positions in industry after program completion. The majority of industry fellowships and subsequent job placements occurred in the areas of medical affairs, clinical research, and regulatory affairs. 8. Management of industrial sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides emissions in Alberta - description of the existing system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Macdonald, W.S.; Bietz, B.F. 1999-01-01 In addition to being key primary air contaminants, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are also major contributors to acidic deposition. The current management system for controlling industrial sources of SO(2) and NO(x) emissions in Alberta was developed in the late 1960s/early 1970s. The focus is on control of point source emissions through the use of appropriate technology. The approach taken for managing SO(2) and NO(x) emissions is similar to the approach taken to other industrial air and wastewater pollutants in Alberta. It is a command and control regulatory system. There are three main industry categories in Alberta which emit SO(2): sour gas processing, oil sand plants and thermal power plants. For NO(x) emissions, the two main categories with emissions: are natural gas production and thermal power plants. The two main goals of the existing industrial air quality management systems are to ensire that: (1) emissions from industrial facilities are minimized through the use of best available demonstrated technology, and (2) ambient levels of air contaminants in the vicinity of industrial facilities do not exceed Alberta guidelines. The four main policies which support these two goals of the existing management system are described. There are a number of key components of the existing management system including: ambient guideline levels, source emission standards, plume dispersion modelling, ambient air and source emission monitoring, environmental reporting, emission inventories, and approvals. 32 refs., 13 figs 9. Progress report on first year of WP5.2. Including detailed description of planned research for WP 5.2 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ellemers, N.; Van Dijk, E.; Terwel, B.; De Vries, G. [Leiden University, Leiden (Netherlands) 2010-10-15 This document contains the progress report on the first half year of the CATO-2 WP5.2 PhD project 'Framing effects in communication about CCS'. In the first few months a literature study has been conducted, both on (factors that influence) public perceptions and acceptance of CCS, and on framing. In the last two month, a first study was designed. This study consists of an experiment designed to examine how framing a company's involvement in CCS in terms of economic benefits and/or CSR of the organization affects the corporate image, trust, and perceived 'greenwashing' (deceit). Furthermore, this experiment serves to test the quality of newly developed questionnaires to measure these variables. In addition, this document contains a detailed description of the research planned for WP5.2 written by senior (CATO-2) researchers from January 2010 on. The objective of the research planned for WP5.2 is to examine whether framing of communications by an organization can improve the perceived credibility and trustworthiness of the organization and the information provided. This issue will be examined by a combination of experimental studies and a survey-type study. 10. The ARAMCO Industrial Traiing Centers: Academic Training and College Preparatory Programs: A Descriptive Report. Science.gov (United States) ARAMCO Services Co., Houston, TX. The report describes the components of the educational program provided by the Industrial Training Centers of the Training and Career Development Organization of ARAMCO (Arabian American Oil Company) in Saudi Arabia. ARAMCO provides in-house academic or job skills training to over 15,000 employees. Characteristics of the company's training program… 11. A Descriptive Study towards Green Computing Practice Application for Data Centers in IT Based Industries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Anthony Jnr. Bokolo 2018-01-01 Full Text Available The progressive upsurge in demand for processing and computing power has led to a subsequent upsurge in data center carbon emissions, cost incurred, unethical waste management, depletion of natural resources and high energy utilization. This raises the issue of the sustainability attainment in data centers of Information Technology (IT based industries. Green computing practice can be applied to facilitate sustainability attainment as IT based industries utilizes data centers to provide services to staffs, practitioners and end users. But it is a known fact that enterprise servers utilize huge quantity of energy and incur other expenditures in cooling operations and it is difficult to address the needs of accuracy and efficiency in data centers while yet encouraging a greener application practice alongside cost reduction. Thus this research study focus on the practice application of Green computing in data centers which houses servers and as such presents the Green computing life cycle strategies and best practices to be practiced for better management in data centers in IT based industries. Data was collected through questionnaire from 133 respondents in industries that currently operate their in-house data centers. The analysed data was used to verify the Green computing life cycle strategies presented in this study. Findings from the data shows that each of the life cycles strategies is significant in assisting IT based industries apply Green computing practices in their data centers. This study would be of interest to knowledge and data management practitioners as well as environmental manager and academicians in deploying Green data centers in their organizations. 12. Reward Systems and Performance of Sales: A Descriptive Study among the Ghanaian Insurance Industry Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Joshua Ohene-Danso 2015-04-01 Full Text Available Ghanaian managers over recent years have taken a steady pattern of organizational policies, aimed specifically at enhancing employees’ development and management. Significant among these measures are recognition and rewards management. The system of rewards at selected Ghanaian Insurance Companies within it Southern Sector operations affected the performance of employees in the sales and marketing of products. Descriptive results indicate that, reward strategies are significant in providing an incentive to employees to work. It is recommended that total rewards should be extended to cover job security and other benefits in the form of recognition. 13. Develop a Normative or Descriptive Model of the International/Domestic Civil Aviation Industry. Volume 3. Science.gov (United States) 1982-09-30 catalyst for the work of this department is the Economics and Finance Council and its eight committees -- Corporate Accounting, Revenue Accounting...Fokker BV Dr. Jaap Kamp, General Manager, International Corporate Finance , Algemene Bank Nederland NV, Amsterdam, Netherlands 2:55 PM Questions 3:15...Hawkins, Vice President Finance & Taxation AIR SALE: Maidenhead, Berks William R. Pascall, Managing Director AIRBUS INDUSTRIE: New York, New York 14. Work Ability Index: Validation of the Greek Version and Descriptive Data in Heavy Industry Employees OpenAIRE Alexopoulos, Evangelos C.; Merekoulias, Georgios; Gnardellis, Charalambos; Jelastopulu, Eleni 2013-01-01 Aims: Validation of the Greek version of Work Ability Index (WAI). Study Design: A cross sectional survey of 943 workers from a shipyard industry. Place and Duration of Study: University of Patras, Medical School, Public Health Department, HSY occupational health department, Greece in 2006-07. Methodology: The translation and cultural adaptation of the questionnaire was performed according to the international standards. The following aspects of the questionnaire were evaluated: construct val... 15. The dairy industry: a brief description of production practices, trends, and farm characteristics around the world. Science.gov (United States) Douphrate, David I; Hagevoort, G Robert; Nonnenmann, Matthew W; Lunner Kolstrup, Christina; Reynolds, Stephen J; Jakob, Martina; Kinsel, Mark 2013-01-01 The global dairy industry is composed of a multitude of countries with unique production practices and consumer markets. The global average number of cows per farm is about 1-2 cows; however, as a farm business model transitions from sustenance to market production, the average herd size, and subsequent labor force increases. Dairy production is unique as an agricultural commodity because milk is produced daily, for 365 days per year. With the introduction of new technology such as the milking parlor, the global industry trend is one of increasing farm sizes. The farm sizes are the largest in the United States; however, the European Union produces the most milk compared with other global producers. Dairy production is essential for economic development and sustainable communities in rural areas. However, the required capital investment and availability of local markets and labor are continued challenges. Due to farm expansion, international producers are faced with new challenges related to assuring food safety and a safe working environment for their workforce. These challenges exist in addition to the cultural and language barriers related to an increasing dependence on immigrant labor in many regions of the world. Continued success of the global dairy industry is vital. Therefore, research should continue to address the identification of occupational risk factors associated with injuries and illnesses, as well as develop cost-effective interventions and practices that lead to the minimization or elimination of these injuries and illnesses on a global scale, among our valuable population of dairy producers and workers. 16. Pathways to Carbon Neutral Industrial Sectors: Integrated Modelling Approach with High Level of Detail for End-use Processes DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Industry constitutes a substantial share of the energy and fuel consumption in energy systems. Types and patterns of usage within different industrial sectors are diverse. In this paper, we illustrate the energy and fuel use in Danish industry by 24 end-uses and 20 fuels and provide hourly profiles...... for electricity, space and process heating. The heat profiles are based on measured natural gas consumption. While seasonal patterns are predominant for space heating, process heating and electricity consumption are found to follow sector-related activities on a temporal scale. Building on this data analysis... 17. Safety in ready mixed concrete industry: descriptive analysis of injuries and development of preventive measures. Science.gov (United States) Akboğa, Özge; Baradan, Selim 2017-02-07 Ready mixed concrete (RMC) industry, one of the barebones of construction sector, has its distinctive occupational safety and health (OSH) risks. Employees experience risks that emerge during the fabrication of concrete, as well as its delivery to the construction site. Statistics show that usage and demand of RMC have been increasing along with the number of producers and workers. Unfortunately, adequate OSH measures to meet this rapid growth are not in place even in top RMC producing countries, such as Turkey. Moreover, lack of statistical data and academic research in this sector exacerbates this problem. This study aims to fill this gap by conducting data mining in Turkish Social Security Institution archives and performing univariate frequency and cross tabulation analysis on 71 incidents that RMC truck drivers were involved. Also, investigations and interviews were conducted in seven RMC plants in Turkey and Netherlands with OSH point of view. Based on the results of this research, problem areas were determined such as; cleaning truck mixer/pump is a hazardous activity where operators get injured frequently, and struck by falling objects is a major hazard at RMC industry. Finally, Job Safety Analyses were performed on these areas to suggest mitigation methods. 18. An Ethical (Descriptive) Framework for Judgment of Actions and Decisions in the Construction Industry and Engineering-Part I. Science.gov (United States) Alkhatib, Omar J; Abdou, Alaa 2018-04-01 The construction industry is usually characterized as a fragmented system of multiple-organizational entities in which members from different technical backgrounds and moral values join together to develop a particular business or project. The greatest challenge in the construction process for the achievement of a successful practice is the development of an outstanding reputation, which is built on identifying and applying an ethical framework. This framework should reflect a common ethical ground for myriad people involved in this process to survive and compete ethically in today's turbulent construction market. This study establishes a framework for ethical judgment of behavior and actions conducted in the construction process. The framework was primarily developed based on the essential attributes of business management identified in the literature review and subsequently incorporates additional attributes identified to prevent breaches in the construction industry and common ethical values related to professional engineering. The proposed judgment framework is based primarily on the ethical dimension of professional responsibility. The Ethical Judgment Framework consists of descriptive approaches involving technical, professional, administrative, and miscellaneous terms. The framework provides the basis for judging actions as either ethical or unethical. Furthermore, the framework can be implemented as a form of preventive ethics, which would help avoid ethical dilemmas and moral allegations. The framework can be considered a decision-making model to guide actions and improve the ethical reasoning process that would help individuals think through possible implications and consequences of ethical dilemmas in the construction industry. 19. The devil is in the details: the pharmaceutical industry's use of gifts to physicians as marketing strategy. Science.gov (United States) McFadden, David W; Calvario, Elizabeth; Graves, Cynthia 2007-06-01 Marketing costs exceed 30% of revenues for the pharmaceutical industry, with over 90% of the effort aimed at physicians. Although there are currently unprecedented numbers of regulatory activities focusing on relationships between the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession, such legislation is often unrecognized or flouted. The potential influence, although minimized by both parties, must not be ignored. Physicians and drug companies will need to re-evaluate their responsibilities to their patients and their shareholders, and both groups should assume proactive and guidance roles in the transformation. 20. A Detailed Research Study of Learning and Teaching Core Chemical Engineering to a High Standard in a Mixed-Ability Small Class in Industry Science.gov (United States) Davey, Kenneth 2017-01-01 A detailed study of learning and teaching (L&T) of chemical engineering distillation to a mixed-ability small class of 13 students who are ordinarily full-time in-house employees in industry is reported. The course consisted of 9 × 2-h lectures (18 hours) and 9 × 2-h tutorials (18 hours). It was delivered over nine business days "in… 1. Academic detailing. Science.gov (United States) Shankar, P R; Jha, N; Piryani, R M; Bajracharya, O; Shrestha, R; Thapa, H S 2010-01-01 There are a number of sources available to prescribers to stay up to date about medicines. Prescribers in rural areas in developing countries however, may not able to access some of them. Interventions to improve prescribing can be educational, managerial, and regulatory or use a mix of strategies. Detailing by the pharmaceutical industry is widespread. Academic detailing (AD) has been classically seen as a form of continuing medical education in which a trained health professional such as a physician or pharmacist visits physicians in their offices to provide evidence-based information. Face-to-face sessions, preferably on an individual basis, clear educational and behavioural objectives, establishing credibility with respect to objectivity, stimulating physician interaction, use of concise graphic educational materials, highlighting key messages, and when possible, providing positive reinforcement of improved practices in follow-up visits can increase success of AD initiatives. AD is common in developed countries and certain examples have been cited in this review. In developing countries the authors have come across reports of AD in Pakistan, Sudan, Argentina and Uruguay, Bihar state in India, Zambia, Cuba, Indonesia and Mexico. AD had a consistent, small but potentially significant impact on prescribing practices. AD has much less resources at its command compared to the efforts by the industry. Steps have to be taken to formally start AD in Nepal and there may be specific hindering factors similar to those in other developing nations. 2. A Detailed Analysis of Aerosols Containing Zn, Pb, and Cl from an Industrial Region of Mexico City Science.gov (United States) Moffet, R. C.; Desyaterik, Y.; Hopkins, R. J.; Tivanski, A. V.; Gilles, M. K.; Shutthanandan, V.; Molina, L. T.; Gonzalez-Abraham, R.; Johnson, K. S.; Mugica, V.; Molina, M. J.; Laskin, A.; Prather, K. A. 2008-12-01 Measurements in the Northern Mexico City Metropolitan Area during the March, 2006 MILAGRO campaign revealed the frequent appearance of particles with a characteristically high content of internally mixed Zn, Pb, Cl, and P. A detailed analysis of the chemical and physical properties of these particles was performed using a complementary combination of aerosol measurement techniques. Single particles were analyzed using Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (ATOFMS) and Computer Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (CCSEM/EDX). Proton Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE) analysis of bulk aerosol samples provided time-resolved mass concentrations of individual elements. The PIXE measurements indicated that Zn is more strongly correlated with Cl than with any other element and that Zn concentrations are higher than other non-ferrous transition metals. The Zn- and Pb - containing particles have both spherical and non-spherical morphologies. Many metal rich particles had needle-like structures and were found to be composed of ZnO and/or Zn(NO3)2-6H2O as indicated by scanning transmission x-ray microscopy/near edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (STXM/NEXAFS). The Zn and Pb rich particles were primarily in the submicron size range and internally mixed with elemental carbon. The unique chemical associations most closely match signatures acquired for garbage incineration. 3. Detailed description of a new management system for solid, short-lived low and intermediate level radioactive waste at Ignalina NPP International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2002-01-01 The objective is to modify and extend the existing system at the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (INPP) for handling of Very Low Level Waste (VLLW), short lived Low and Intermediate Level Waste (LLW-SL and ILW-SL). The ultimate aim is to reduce the risks and the influence on the personnel and the environment. According to the request from INPP, the modified system is based on the existence of an incineration plant. This system description describes treatment of non-combustible VLLW, LLW-SL and ILW-SL at a new waste handling facility (WHF) located in the future buildings 159/2 and 159/3 at the INPP. The new WHF is also handling Exempt Waste (EW), Reusable Material (RM) and Free Release Goods (FRG). The buildings 159/2 and 159/3 are future extensions of the existing building 159. (author) 4. A detailed research study of learning and teaching core chemical engineering to a high standard in a mixed-ability small class in industry Science.gov (United States) Davey, Kenneth 2017-11-01 A detailed study of learning and teaching (L&T) of chemical engineering distillation to a mixed-ability small class of 13 students who are ordinarily full-time in-house employees in industry is reported. The course consisted of 9 × 2-h lectures (18 hours) and 9 × 2-h tutorials (18 hours). It was delivered over nine business days in situ in an established distillery. The purpose was to (re)learn core distillation of ethanol-water mixes at the level of higher education of a bachelor programme. There was 90% broad agreement that the course encouraged more learning. Students (40%) felt the course was too mathematical, however. Pointedly, there was good agreement (63%) that the course stimulated communication with each other professionally, and customers of the distillery. Results overall provide good evidence that students valued their L&T. The experimental design(s) could be readily applied to a range of fields of knowledge. 5. Three dimensional model for particle saltation close to stream beds, including a detailed description of the particle interaction with turbulence and inter-particle collisions KAUST Repository Moreno, Pablo M. 2011-05-19 We present in this paper a new three-dimensional (3-D) model for bed-load sediment transport, based on a Lagrangian description. We analyze generalized sub-models for the velocities after collision and the representation of the bed-roughness. The free-flight sub-model includes the effect of several forces, such as buoyancy, drag, virtual mass, lift, Basset and Magnus, and also addresses the particle rotation. A recent methodology for saving computational time in the Basset force is also employed. The sub-models for the post-collision velocity and rotation are based on the conservation of linear and angular momentum during the collision with the bed. We develop a new 3-D representation for the bed roughness by using geometric considerations. In order to address the interaction of particles with the turbulent flow, we tracked the particles through a computed turbulent velocity field for a smooth flat plate. This velocity field was used as a surrogate of the 3-D turbulent conditions close to the bed in streams. We first checked that the basic turbulence statistics for this velocity field could be used to approximate those in an open-channel flow. We then analyzed the interaction of the sediment and the turbulence for a single and multiple particles. We compared numerical results with experimental data obtained by Niño and García (1998b). We show that model predictions are in good agreement with existing data, in the sand size range. © 2011 ASCE. 6. Three dimensional model for particle saltation close to stream beds, including a detailed description of the particle interaction with turbulence and inter-particle collisions KAUST Repository Moreno, Pablo M.; Bombardelli, Fabiá n A.; Gonzá lez, Andrea E.; Calo, Victor M. 2011-01-01 We present in this paper a new three-dimensional (3-D) model for bed-load sediment transport, based on a Lagrangian description. We analyze generalized sub-models for the velocities after collision and the representation of the bed-roughness. The free-flight sub-model includes the effect of several forces, such as buoyancy, drag, virtual mass, lift, Basset and Magnus, and also addresses the particle rotation. A recent methodology for saving computational time in the Basset force is also employed. The sub-models for the post-collision velocity and rotation are based on the conservation of linear and angular momentum during the collision with the bed. We develop a new 3-D representation for the bed roughness by using geometric considerations. In order to address the interaction of particles with the turbulent flow, we tracked the particles through a computed turbulent velocity field for a smooth flat plate. This velocity field was used as a surrogate of the 3-D turbulent conditions close to the bed in streams. We first checked that the basic turbulence statistics for this velocity field could be used to approximate those in an open-channel flow. We then analyzed the interaction of the sediment and the turbulence for a single and multiple particles. We compared numerical results with experimental data obtained by Niño and García (1998b). We show that model predictions are in good agreement with existing data, in the sand size range. © 2011 ASCE. 7. A Descriptive Study of Perceived Impact of Gender on Employment Status, Type of Work, Industry Relationships, Working Environment & Job Satisfaction in Livestock Industry Magazines. Science.gov (United States) Jeffers, Dennis W. A two-part study examined the employment status, distribution, job satisfaction, and promotion opportunities of women working for livestock industry magazines. Livestock publications were chosen for this research because they are typical of industry-related magazines and are traditionally dominated by males. The mastheads of 59 magazines were… 8. The Rhetorical Helix of the Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries: Strategies of Transformation through Definition, Description and Ingratiation Science.gov (United States) Gretton, Linda Burak 2009-01-01 The current pharmaceutical industry, whose origins date from the early 20th century, and the biotechnology industry, which emerged in the 1980s both have foundations built on the modern scientific method and share a mission to develop new drugs for humans and animals. At the same time, they are also made distinct by size (small biotechs versus… 9. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) PROMOTING ACCESS TO AFRICAN RESEARCH. AFRICAN JOURNALS ONLINE (AJOL) · Journals · Advanced Search · USING AJOL · RESOURCES. Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. 10. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... An algorithm to retrieve Land Surface Temperature using Landsat-8 Dataset Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2225-8531. 11. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Details PDF · Vol 22, No 2 (1999) - Articles Vegetation under different tree species in Acacia woodland in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia Details PDF · Vol 22, No 2 (1999) - Articles Preliminary evaluation of Phytomyza orobanchia (Diptera: Agromyzidae) as a controller of Orobanche spp in Ethiopia Details PDF. ISSN: 2520–7997. 12. Status of maintenance in the US nuclear power industry 1985. Volume 2. Description of programs and practices International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1986-06-01 This report documents a review of the status of maintenance programs and practices in the US commercial nuclear power industry. The purpose of this review is to establish a baselines reference for evaluating the effectiveness of future industry activities in maintenance. Two methods used to collect progammatic data. First, a Maintenance Review Protocol was used during site visits to eight selected power plants to collect in-depth maintenance program information. Second, a Maintenance Questionnaire was filled out by NRC Resident Inspectors regarding maintenance programs at their plant. The protocol and questionnaire contained items regarding five broad categories of maintenance: (1) organization and administration, (2) facilities and equipment, (3) procedures, (4) personnel, and (5) work control. The study found that there is wide variability in industry maintenance programs. However, the industry is currently undergoing changes in maintenance practices, and adherence to INPO and NUMARC guidance in maintenance may bring about more systematically developed program practices 13. A job analysis design for the rail industry : description and model analysis of the job of freight conductor. Science.gov (United States) 2013-10-01 This document provides a step-by-step description of the design and execution of a strategic job analysis, using the position of Freight Conductor as an example. This document was created to be useful for many different needs, and can be used as an e... 14. Industrialization African Journals Online (AJOL) Lucy . African states as ... regarded as the most important ingredients that went to add value to land and labour in order for countries ... B. Sutcliffe Industry and Underdevelopment (Massachusetts Addison – Wesley Publishing Company. 1971), pp. 15. Industrialization African Journals Online (AJOL) Lucy scholar, Walt W. Rostow presented and supported this line of thought in his analysis of ... A Brief Historical Background of Industrialization in Africa ... indicative) The western model allowed for the political economy to be shaped by market. 16. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Obanor, AI. Vol 34, No 2 (2015) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering An Algorithm for the Design of an Axial Flow Compressor of a Power Generation Gas Turbine Abstract PDF · Vol 32, No 2 (2013) - Research papers. Assessment of University- Industry ... 17. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Dagwa, IM. Vol 34, No 4 (2015) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering Tensile and Hardness Property Evaluation of Kaolin- Sisal Fibre- Epoxy Composite Abstract PDF · Vol 35, No 1 (2016) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum ... 18. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Awotunde, M. Vol 35, No 2 (2016) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering PIPELINE CORROSION CONTROL IN OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY: A CASE STUDY OF NNPC/PPMC SYSTEM 2A PIPELINE Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2467-8821. AJOL African Journals Online. 19. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Petrology of the Cenomanian Upper Member of the Mamfe Embayment, southwestern Cameroon Details · Vol 38, No 1 (2002) - Articles Sequence stratigraphy of Iso field, western onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria Details · Vol 39, No 2 (2003) - Articles Preliminary studies on the lithostratigraphy and depositional environment of ... 20. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) An Overview of Africa's Marine Resources: Their Utilization and Sustainable Management Details · Vol 12, No 3 (2000) - Articles EDITORIAL Ganoderma Lucidum - Paramount among Medicinal Mushrooms. Details · Vol 15, No 3 (2003) - Articles Editorial: Africa's Mushrooms: A neglected bioresource whose time has come 1. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Abstract PDF · Vol 3, No 6 (2011) - Articles Mixed convection flow and heat transfer in a vertical wavy channel containing porous and fluid layer with traveling thermal waves. Abstract PDF · Vol 3, No 8 ... 2. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Singh, J. Vol 3, No 2 (2011) - Articles Plane waves in a rotating generalized thermo-elastic solid with voids. Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2141-2839. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL. 3. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Vol 12 (2008) - Articles On the wave equations of shallow water with rough bottom topography. Abstract · Vol 14 (2009) - Articles Energy generation in a plant due to variable sunlight intensity 4. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Iliopsoas haematoma in a rugby player. Abstract PDF · Vol 29, No 1 (2017) - Articles The use of negative pressure wave treatment in athlete recovery. Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2078-516X. AJOL African ... 5. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Ismail, A. Vol 9, No 3S (2017): Special Issue - Articles Investigate of wave absorption performance for oil palm frond and empty fruit bunch at 5.8 GHz. Abstract PDF · Vol 9, No 3S (2017): Special Issue ... 6. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Isa, M.F.M.. Vol 9, No 3S (2017): Special Issue - Articles Experimental and numerical investigation on blast wave propagation in soil structure. Abstract PDF · Vol 9, No 3S (2017): Special Issue - ... 7. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... No 3S (2017): Special Issue - Articles Experimental and numerical investigation on blast wave propagation in soil structure. Abstract PDF · Vol 9, No 3S (2017): Special Issue - Articles Simulation on ... 8. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Duwa, S S. Vol 8 (2004) - Articles Lower hybrid waves instability in a velocity–sheared inhomogenous charged dust beam. Abstract · Vol 9 (2005) - Articles The slide away theory of lower hybrid bursts 9. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Vol 45 (2016) - Articles From vectors to waves and streams: An alternative approach to semantic maps1. Abstract PDF · Vol 48 (2017) - Articles Introduction: 'n Klein ietsie for Johan Oosthuizen 10. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... to blast loadings. Abstract PDF · Vol 9, No 3S (2017): Special Issue - Articles Experimental and numerical investigation on blast wave propagation in soil structure. Abstract PDF. ISSN: 1112-9867. 11. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... The use of negative pressure wave treatment in athlete recovery. Abstract PDF · Vol 29, No 1 (2017) - Articles The prevalence, risk factors predicting injury and the severity of injuries sustained during ... 12. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Author Details. Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Vol 29, No 1 (2017) - Articles The use of negative pressure wave treatment in athlete recovery. Abstract PDF · Vol 29, No 1 (2017) - Articles The prevalence, risk factors predicting injury and the ... 13. A public-industry partnership for enhancing corn nitrogen research and datasets: project description, methodology, and outcomes Science.gov (United States) Due to economic and environmental consequences of nitrogen (N) lost from fertilizer applications in corn (Zea mays L.), considerable public and industry attention has been devoted to development of N decision tools. Now a wide variety of tools are available to farmers for managing N inputs. However,... 14. Industry Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bernstein, Lenny; Roy, Joyashree; Delhotal, K. Casey; Harnisch, Jochen; Matsuhashi, Ryuji; Price, Lynn; Tanaka, Kanako; Worrell, Ernst; Yamba, Francis; Fengqi, Zhou; de la Rue du Can, Stephane; Gielen, Dolf; Joosen, Suzanne; Konar, Manaswita; Matysek, Anna; Miner, Reid; Okazaki, Teruo; Sanders, Johan; Sheinbaum Parado, Claudia 2007-12-01 This chapter addresses past, ongoing, and short (to 2010) and medium-term (to 2030) future actions that can be taken to mitigate GHG emissions from the manufacturing and process industries. Globally, and in most countries, CO{sub 2} accounts for more than 90% of CO{sub 2}-eq GHG emissions from the industrial sector (Price et al., 2006; US EPA, 2006b). These CO{sub 2} emissions arise from three sources: (1) the use of fossil fuels for energy, either directly by industry for heat and power generation or indirectly in the generation of purchased electricity and steam; (2) non-energy uses of fossil fuels in chemical processing and metal smelting; and (3) non-fossil fuel sources, for example cement and lime manufacture. Industrial processes also emit other GHGs, e.g.: (1) Nitrous oxide (N{sub 2}O) is emitted as a byproduct of adipic acid, nitric acid and caprolactam production; (2) HFC-23 is emitted as a byproduct of HCFC-22 production, a refrigerant, and also used in fluoroplastics manufacture; (3) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are emitted as byproducts of aluminium smelting and in semiconductor manufacture; (4) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF{sub 6}) is emitted in the manufacture, use and, decommissioning of gas insulated electrical switchgear, during the production of flat screen panels and semiconductors, from magnesium die casting and other industrial applications; (5) Methane (CH{sub 4}) is emitted as a byproduct of some chemical processes; and (6) CH{sub 4} and N{sub 2}O can be emitted by food industry waste streams. Many GHG emission mitigation options have been developed for the industrial sector. They fall into three categories: operating procedures, sector-wide technologies and process-specific technologies. A sampling of these options is discussed in Sections 7.2-7.4. The short- and medium-term potential for and cost of all classes of options are discussed in Section 7.5, barriers to the application of these options are addressed in Section 7.6 and the implication of 15. Competitive Advantage and Marketing Performance (A Descriptive Survey on Oil Palm Plantation Industries in West Kalimantan Province Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nurmala Nurmala 2018-03-01 Full Text Available This research analyzes the competitive advantage in order to enhance the marketing performance of oil palm plantation companies in West Kalimantan Province, which aims to: (1 find out the implementation of competitive advantage of the oil palm plantation companies in West Kalimantan Province, (2 find out the achievement of marketing performance of the oil palm plantation companies in West Kalimantan Province, and (3 find out the influence of competitive advantage on the marketing performance of the oil palm plantation companies in West Kalimantan Province. This is a descriptive and verification research that uses a descriptive and explanatory survey on the analysis unit of oil palm plantation companies in West Kalimantan Province. The period of research implementation of two (2 years, divided into two stages; First Stage (2013 and Second Stage (2014. The data are collected using questionnaires as well as interviews and observations. The collected data are further processed using path analysis. The results of the First Stage (2013 research find that only few of the oil palm plantation companies in West Kalimantan Province are able to achieve the marketing performance in high category or above their expected target. This is presumed to be related to the weak competitiveness or competitive advantage of the companies as found in the results of descriptive analysis of this research. In order to understand more of such relatedness, it is necessary to conduct further research of the Second Stage (2014 focusing on investigating the influence of competitive advantage on the marketing performance of oil palm plantation companies in West Kalimantan Province. 16. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) 2017): Special Issue - Articles Water quality index assesment around industrial area in Kuantan, Pahang Abstract PDF · Vol 9, No 2S (2017): Special Issue - Articles Water quality assessment of the rivers in bauxite mining area at Kuantan Pahang 17. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Zekeri, Abu. Vol 20, No 2 (2012) - Articles The Impact of Systematic Training Approach on the Operational Performance of Manufacturing and Engineering Industries in Southwest Zone of Nigeria Abstract. ISSN: 1117-1421. 18. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Diemuodeke, EO. Vol 36, No 1 (2017) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering OPTIMAL EVAPORATING AND CONDENSING TEMPERATURES OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE IN A HOT AND HUMID ENVIRONMENT Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2467-8821. AJOL African ... 19. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Adeboye, YB. Vol 35, No 2 (2016) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HOLE CLEANING PERFORMANCE OF UNDERBALANCED DRILLING AT DOWNHOLE CONDITIONS Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2467-8821. AJOL African Journals ... 20. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Hospitableness: the new service metaphor? ... Researching snails on holiday: An agenda for caravanning and caravanners? ... Workers in the luxury hospitality industry and motivation – the influence of gender, age and departments 1. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Health and safety in the Malawian construction industry ... Technology management in construction: Lessons for the practice of architecture ... Perceptions of the quality of low-income houses in South Africa: Defects and their causes 2. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Ihuoma, UV. Vol 36, No 1 (2017) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering OPTIMAL EVAPORATING AND CONDENSING TEMPERATURES OF ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE IN A HOT AND HUMID ENVIRONMENT Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2467-8821. 3. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register ... (2013) - Articles Technical Note: Development of a Photobioreactor for Microalgae Culture ... Design, Construction and Evaluation of Motorized Okra Slicer Abstract PDF ... 4. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to ... No 1 (2014) - Articles Knowledge and Attitudes towards Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) among Community Nurses in Remo Area of Ogun State, Nigeria 5. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get ... Optical bus of centralized relay protection and automation system of medium voltage switchgear for data collection and transmission. Abstract PDF. ISSN: 1112- ... 6. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or ... The prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme and infant feeding practices ... Evaluation of a diagnostic algorithm for smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in ... 7. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details ... Design and Implementation of an M/M/1 Queuing Model Algorithm and its Applicability in ... Vehicle Identification Technology to Intercept Small Arms and Ammunition on Nigeria Roads 8. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Meiotic study of Acrida turrita (Linnaeus 1758), Paracinema luculenta Karsch 1896 and Morphacris fasciata (Thunberg 1815) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) Abstract PDF · Vol 6, No 4 (2012) - Articles Cytogenetic characterization of Taphronota thaelephora Stal. 1873. (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) from Cameroon. II. Description of ... 9. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Overview of prostate cancer in indigenous black Africans and blacks of African ancestry in diaspora 1935-2007. Abstract · Vol 84, No 9 (2007): Supplement - Articles The management of early prostate cancer: a review. Abstract · Vol 84, No 9 (2007): Supplement - Articles Descriptive case series of patients presenting with ... 10. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Allah-kouadio, E. Vol 4, No 1 (2014) - Articles Pratique de la coloscopie à Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) : résultats d'une enquête descriptive au Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Cocody. Abstract · Vol 5, No 1 (2015) - Articles Coloscopie des patients de 75 ans et plus : faisabilité, indications et rentabilité : Expérience du centre ... 11. Simulated pre-industrial climate in Bergen Climate Model (version 2: model description and large-scale circulation features Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) O. H. Otterå 2009-11-01 Full Text Available The Bergen Climate Model (BCM is a fully-coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea-ice model that provides state-of-the-art computer simulations of the Earth's past, present, and future climate. Here, a pre-industrial multi-century simulation with an updated version of BCM is described and compared to observational data. The model is run without any form of flux adjustments and is stable for several centuries. The simulated climate reproduces the general large-scale circulation in the atmosphere reasonably well, except for a positive bias in the high latitude sea level pressure distribution. Also, by introducing an updated turbulence scheme in the atmosphere model a persistent cold bias has been eliminated. For the ocean part, the model drifts in sea surface temperatures and salinities are considerably reduced compared to earlier versions of BCM. Improved conservation properties in the ocean model have contributed to this. Furthermore, by choosing a reference pressure at 2000 m and including thermobaric effects in the ocean model, a more realistic meridional overturning circulation is simulated in the Atlantic Ocean. The simulated sea-ice extent in the Northern Hemisphere is in general agreement with observational data except for summer where the extent is somewhat underestimated. In the Southern Hemisphere, large negative biases are found in the simulated sea-ice extent. This is partly related to problems with the mixed layer parametrization, causing the mixed layer in the Southern Ocean to be too deep, which in turn makes it hard to maintain a realistic sea-ice cover here. However, despite some problematic issues, the pre-industrial control simulation presented here should still be appropriate for climate change studies requiring multi-century simulations. 12. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Wong, K.L.. Vol 10, No 1S (2018): Special Issue - Articles Key performance indicators for measuring sustainability in health care industry in Malaysia Abstract PDF. ISSN: 1112-9867. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners ... 13. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Chukwuma, Ewans. Vol 12, No 1 (2017) - Articles Customer relationship management and performance in the paint industry: a study of selected paint manufacturing firms in Lagos State, Nigeria Abstract PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More ... 14. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Nwekpa, Kenneth C. Vol 12, No 1 (2017) - Articles Customer relationship management and performance in the paint industry: a study of selected paint manufacturing firms in Lagos State, Nigeria Abstract PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More ... 15. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) A Mathematical Model for Predicting Output in an Oilfield in the Niger Delta Area of Nigeria Abstract PDF · Vol 35, No 2 (2016) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering ANALYSIS OF FLOW IN A CONCENTRIC ANNULUS USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD 16. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Optimisation of Solid State Fermentation of Banana Peels for Citric Acid Production Abstract PDF · Vol 34, No 4 (2015) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering Optimising the Effect of Stimulants on Citric Acid Production from Cocoyam Starch Using Aspergillus Niger 17. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Adeboye, GO. Vol 34, No 4 (2015) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering Effect of Pre-Ageing Thermal Conditions on the Corrosion Properties of Antimony-Modified Al-Si-Mg Alloy Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2467-8821. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL. 18. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Kuburi, LS. Vol 34, No 3 (2015) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering Effects of Various Quenching Media on Mechanical Properties of Annealed 0.509wt%C –0.178wt%Mn Steel Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2467-8821. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL. 19. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Ozcan, N., Ethiopia. Vol 27, No 2 (2013) - Articles Speciation of heavy metals in street dust samples from Sakarya I. Organized industrial district using the BCR sequential extraction procedure by ICP-OES Abstract PDF. ISSN: 1726-801X. AJOL African Journals Online. 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Vol 15, No 1 (2006) - Articles ATM and customer satisfaction: A case of the banking industry in Tanzania Abstract · Vol 11, No 1-2 (2011) - Articles Management of Gender Relations and Response To Change at the University of Dar es Salaam: Some Reflections Abstract · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO ... 3. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Mboma, LM. Vol 15, No 1 (2006) - Articles ATM and customer satisfaction: A case of the banking industry in Tanzania Abstract. ISSN: 0856-6372. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms and Conditions of Use ... 4. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Kufakunesu, Faustino. Vol 33, No 2 (2017) - Articles The association between brand equity and customer store selection in Zimbabwean fast foods industry. Abstract. ISSN: 1684-4173. AJOL African Journals Online. 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Abstract PDF · Vol 17 (2012) - Articles Determination of Heavy Metals in Leaves of Mangifera Indica, Psidium Guajava L. and Anacardium Occidentale L. in Trikania Industrial Area, ... 14. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Mshelia, MS. Vol 17 (2012) - Articles Determination of Heavy Metals in Leaves of Mangifera Indica, Psidium Guajava L. and Anacardium Occidentale L. in Trikania Industrial Area, Kaduna-Nigeria. Abstract PDF. ISSN: 1119-0221. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians ... 15. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Deysel, B. Vol 19, No 1 (2015) - Articles The relationship between South African CEO compensation and company performance in the banking industry. Abstract PDF. ISSN: 1998-8125. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's ... 16. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Fatusin, AF. Vol 8, No 3 (2015) - Articles Spatial Characteristics: A Planners View of Locational Pattern and Underlying Factors among Small Scale Industries in Ondo State of Nigeria Abstract PDF · Vol 8 (2015): Supplement 1 - Articles The place of firms investment in agglomeration economies amongst insutries in the ... 17. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Okoye, EI. Vol 5, No 6 (2011) - Articles An Empirical Investigation of Value-Chain Analysis and Competitive Advantage in the Nigerian Manufacturing Industry Abstract PDF. ISSN: 2070-0083. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's ... 18. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Ofuani, Sunday. Vol 17, No 3 (2017) - Articles The Nigerian Musical Instrument Production Industry Abstract PDF. ISSN: 1595-1413. AJOL African Journals Online. 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Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) On The Structure of The Inverse of a Linear Constant Multivariable System ... Performance Assessment of a Class of Industrial Fans With Substantial Process Variability for On-Condition Monitoring and Contol System Design ... A Deterministic Approach to Noise Attenuation in Oil and Gas Seismic Data Acquisition Abstract. 2. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Ekwe, K.C.. Vol 48 (2017) - Articles Small scale processors' engagement in cassava postharvest and households' food provision in Imo State, Nigeria Abstract · Vol 48 (2017) - Articles Processing cassava into chips for industry and export: analysis of acceptance of technology among small holder processors in Imo State, ... 3. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Ikrang, EG. Vol 35, No 1 (2016) - Chemical, Industrial, Materials, Mechanical, Metallurgical, Petroleum & Production Engineering ENERGY CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHANOL-DIESEL MIX FOR AUTOMOTIVE USE Abstract PDF. 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Vol 7, No 3 (2001) - Articles Common errors and perfomance of students in junior secondary mathematics certificate examinations in Cross River State, Nigeria Details PDF. ISSN: 1118-0579. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's ... 14. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) A Preliminary Investigation of Relative Frequency of Undiagnosed and Previously Diagnosed Hypertension Before First Stroke in a Lagos Hospital Abstract · Vol 9, No 4 (1999) - Articles Localised tetanus in Lagos, Nigeria Details · Vol 9, No 4 (1999) - Articles Stroke with localised infarction of Wernicke's Area misdiagnosed ... 15. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) SAMA, G. Vol 2 (2002): Supplement - Articles A Longitudinal Study of the Role of T Cell subset, Th1/Th2 cytokines and antiplasmodial antibodies in uncomplicated Malaria in a Village Population Chronically Exposed to Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Details PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL. 16. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) QUAKYI, A.I.. Vol 2 (2002): Supplement - Articles A Longitudinal Study of the Role of T Cell subset, Th1/Th2 cytokines and antiplasmodial antibodies in uncomplicated Malaria in a Village Population Chronically Exposed to Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Details PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL. 17. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) KOUONTCHOU, Samuel. Vol 2 (2002): Supplement - Articles Prevalence of Multiple Concomitant Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Simbok a Malaria Endemic Village in Cameroon. Details PDF · Vol 2 (2002): Supplement - Articles A Longitudinal Study of the Role of T Cell subset, Th1/Th2 cytokines and antiplasmodial ... 18. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) ALAKE, J. Vol 2 (2002): Supplement - Articles A Longitudinal Study of the Role of T Cell subset, Th1/Th2 cytokines and antiplasmodial antibodies in uncomplicated Malaria in a Village Population Chronically Exposed to Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. Details PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL. 19. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Rakotonirina, Alice. Vol 2, No 2 (2002) - Articles Effect of the decoction of rhizomes of Cyperus articulatus on bicuculline-, N-methyl-D-aspartate- and strychnine-induced behavioural excitation and convulsions in mice. Details PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians ... 20. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Love, Alison. Vol 29, No 2 (2002) - Articles Policy-makers, the Press and Politics: Reporting a Public Policy Document Details. ISSN: 0379-0622. AJOL African Journals Online. 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Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Geotechnical properties of lateritic soil developed over quartz schist in Ishara area, south western Nigeria Details · Vol 44, No 1 (2008) - Articles Comparative study of the influence of cement and lime stabilization on geotechnical properties of lateritic soil derived from pegmatite in Ago-Iwoye area, southwestern Nigeria 11. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) McCarthy, Greg. Vol 15, No 1 (2001): Media Freedom and Human Rights - Articles Caught between Empires: Ambivalence in Australian Films Details. ISSN: 0256-004. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms and ... 12. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Legwaila, GM. Vol 12 (2003) - Articles Review of sweet sorghum: a potential cash and forage crop in Botswana Details. ISSN: 1021-0873. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms and Conditions of Use · Contact ... 13. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Admasu, Assefa. Vol 22, No 2 (1999) - Articles Preliminary evaluation of Phytomyza orobanchia (Diptera: Agromyzidae) as a controller of Orobanche spp in Ethiopia Details PDF. ISSN: 2520–7997. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL ... 14. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Okeke, EO. Vol 10 (2006) - Articles Analysis of Stokes waves theory as a diffusion problem. Abstract · Vol 11 (2007) - Articles On the impact of wave-current on Stokes waves. Abstract. ISSN: 1116-4336. AJOL African ... 15. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Obtaining the green's function for electromagnetic waves propagating in layered in-homogeneous thin film media of spherical particles on a substrate. Abstract · Vol 20, No 2 (2008) - Articles solution growth and ... 16. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text ... Abstract · Vol 17 (2010) - Articles Investigating The Travelling Wave Solution For an SIR Endemic Disease Model With No Disease Related Death (When The Spatial Spread Of The Susceptible Is Not Negligible). Abstract. 17. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Journal Home > Advanced Search > Author Details. Log in or Register to get access to full text downloads. ... Vol 8 (2004) - Articles Further on stokes expansions for the finite amplitude water waves. Abstract · Vol 11 (2007) - Articles On the effects of wave steepness on higher order Stokes waves. Abstract. ISSN: 1116-4336. 18. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Akum, ZE. Vol 1, No 3 (2001) - Articles Basic home range characteristics for the conservation of the African grey parrot in the Korup national park, Cameroon Details PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms ... 19. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Bobcokono, Irene Yatabene. Vol 1, No 1 (2001) - Articles Utilisation du papier filtre dans la gestion de programme de lute contre le SIDA au Cameroun Details PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms and ... 20. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Lema, VM. Vol 80, No 9 (2003): - Articles Fournier's gangrene complicating vasectomy. Details PDF · Vol 86, No 6 (2009) - Articles Therapeutic misconception and clinical trials in sub-saharan Africa: A review. Abstract PDF · Vol 86, No 11 (2009) - Articles HIV/AIDS and pregnancy-related deaths in Blantyre, Malawi 1. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Green, J.M.. Vol 10, No 1 (2001) - Articles Information from Radio Telemetry on movements and exploitation of naturalized Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in Kenya cold water streams. Details. ISSN: 0002-0036. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians ... 2. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Erasmus, GJ. Vol 1, No 1 (2001) - Articles Genetic parameter estimates for growth traits in purebred Gudali and two-breed synthetic Wakwa beef cattle in a tropical environment. Details PDF · AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's ... 3. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Odigie, IP. Vol 10, No 4 (2000) - Articles High dose vitamin E administration attenuates hypertensin in 2-Kidney 1 Clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats. Details. ISSN: 0189-2657. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms ... 4. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Motabagani, MA. Vol 80, No 9 (2003): - Articles Anomalies of the renal, phrenic and suprarenal arteries: Case Report Details PDF · Vol 81, No 3 (2004): - Articles Morphological study of the uncommon rectus sterni muscle in German cadavers. Abstract PDF. ISSN: 0012-835X. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE ... 5. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Ibeabuchi, NM. Vol 10, No 3 (2000) - Articles Comparison of the effects of Methylsalicylate Cream with cryotherapy on delayed onset muscle soreness. Details · Vol 22, No 2 (2012) - Articles X-ray Pelvimetry And Labour Outcome In Term Pregnancy In A Rural Nigerian Population Abstract. ISSN: 0189-2657. AJOL African ... 6. Author Details African Journals Online (AJOL) Warnorff, DK. Vol 13, No 4 (2001) - Articles Development of a scoring system for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis. Details PDF. ISSN: 1995-7262. AJOL African Journals Online. HOW TO USE AJOL... for Researchers · for Librarians · for Authors · FAQ's · More about AJOL · AJOL's Partners · Terms and Conditions ... 7. Integrated management plan for the North Sea and Skagerrak: Status description for the petroleum industry with emphasis on the Norwegian continental shelf; Helhetlig forvaltningsplan for Nordsjoeen og Skagerrak: Statusbeskrivelse for petroleumsvirksomheten med hovedvekt paa norsk sokkel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 2010-06-15 Status description of the petroleum industry covers mainly the Norwegian continental shelf, but it is also given a brief description of the activity in other offshore areas of the North Sea. It shows a list of producing fields, fields under development, developments in the future, findings that are in the planning phase, and completed fields. It also describes the pipelines and other petroleum-related activities at sea and on shore. (AG) 8. Analisis Beban Kerja untuk Menentukan Jumlah Optimal Karyawan dan Pemetaan Kompetensi Karyawan Berdasar Pada Job Description (Studi Kasus : Jurusan Teknik Industri, ITS, Surabaya Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Raras Mayang Arsi 2012-09-01 Full Text Available Beban kerja yang harus ditanggung dalam suatu unit organisasi erat kaitannya dengan efisiensi dan efektivitas suatu perusahaan. Hal ini dikarenakan beban kerja tersebut termasuk pada pengaturan sumber daya manusia yang merupakan sumber daya penting dalam perusahaan. Banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan dalam hal efisiensi sumber daya manusia, antara lain adalah dengan lebih mengoptimalkan jumlah karyawan agar melakukan aktivitas secara tepat. ITS Surabaya, sebagai salah satu perguruan tinggi terkemuka di Indonesia, juga tidak lepas dari permasalahan beban kerja ini. Adanya empat kali perubahan statuta dan penyesuaian mengenai Organisai Tata Kelola (OTK, membuat pihak ITS harus melakukan reformasi birokrasi dan reformasi organisai untuk mengembangkan ITS kedepannya. Hal ini berdampak pada banyaknya perubahan job description yang dilakukan oleh bidang-bidang yang ada di ITS, termasuk yang menjadi objek penelitian ini yaitu Jurusan Teknik Industri ITS, sehingga beban kerja yang ditanggung oleh setiap karyawan di setiap bidang tidak sesuai dengan jumlah karyawan pada bidang itu sendiri. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu analisis pengukuran beban kerja untuk menentukan jumlah optimal karyawan yang seharusnya dibutuhkan oleh setiap bidang. Pada penelitian ini nantinya, yang akan digunakan adalah metode perhitungan beban tugas per jabatan sesuai dengan KEP/75/M.PAN/7/2004 dan NASA-TLX. 9. Tore Supra: technical description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1985-08-01 This report is aimed, after a brief recall of physics and technologic perspectives of Tore Supra, at giving a detailed description of the basic machine; details of each component are defined. Volume 1 is specifically concerned with the general aspects of Tore Supra and the toroidal field system [fr 10. Comments on “A new species of genus Thomisus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae: Thomisidae from Telangana, India and a detailed description of Thomisus projectus Tikader, 1960” by Pravalikha & Srinivasulu, 2015 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Siddharth Kulkarni 2015-07-01 Full Text Available Description of Thomisus telanganaensis Pravalikha & Srinivasulu, 2015 based on two females and their interpretation as intraspecific variation, are likely to be distinct Thomisus species. Further, the proposed endemicity of poorly studied species Thomisus projectus Tikader, 1960 in Pravalikha & Srinivasulu (2015 is doubtful and based on distributional records cited from two dubious publications. Overall, the shortcomings in Pravalikha & Srinivasulu (2015 reflect need for revision of the genus Thomisus Walckenaer, 1805. 11. Main: Clone Detail [KOME Lifescience Database Archive (English) Full Text Available Clone Detail Mapping Pseudomolecule data detail Detail information Mapping to the T...IGR japonica Pseudomolecules kome_mapping_pseudomolecule_data_detail.zip kome_mapping_pseudomolecule_data_detail ... 12. RCP01: a Monte Carlo program for solving neutron and photon transport problems in three-dimensional geometry with detailed energy description (LWBR development program). [For CDC-6600 and -7600, in FORTRAN Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Candelore, N R; Gast, R C; Ondis, II, L A 1978-08-01 The RCP01 Monte Carlo program for the CDC-7600 and CDC-6600 performs fixed source or eigenfunction neutron reaction rate calculations, or photon reaction rate calculations, for complex geometries. The photon calculations may be linked to the neutron reaction rate calculations. For neutron calculations, the full energy range is treated as required for neutron birth by the fission process and the subsequent neutron slowing down and thermalization, i.e., 10 MeV to 0 eV; for photon calculations the same energy range is treated. The detailed cross sections required for the neutron or photon collision processes are provided by RCPL1. This report provides details of the various types of neutron and photon starts and collisions, the common geometry tracking, and the input required. 37 figures, 1 table. 13. The detail is dead - long live the detail! DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Larsen, Steen Nepper; Dalgaard, Kim; Kerstens, Vencent 2018-01-01 architecture when we look into architectural history. Too classic examples are; Adolf Loos who provoked already in 1908 with his statement; "Ornament and Crime", which contested the unconscious decorations of contemporary architects. Similarly, referring to the little need for superfluous detailing; "Less...... not change the fact that it is more important than ever to bring this 'small' architectural world to attention. Today, the construction industry is dictated by an economic management that does not leave much room for thorough studies of architectural details or visionary experiments. Today's more efficient......_Delft about the Symposium; "The Detail is Dead - Long Live the Detail". For this occasion a number of leading Danish and Northern European architects, researchers and companies were invited to discuss and suggest their 'architectural detail' and the challenges they face in today's construction. This book... 14. Planning of cascade stations on the Maotiao He detailed Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Guan, W 1984-09-20 Details of the hydroelectric power stations on the Maotiao He cascades and examples of how some problems were resolved begin with a description of the river basin survey for topographical features, hydrometeorological conditions, and geological conditions. The river characteristics survey was the basis for planning the cascade power stations and the selection of installed capacity at each station. The review also covers discharge and flood control planning based on rainfall data and the composition of flood areas. The overall development program emphasizes power generation, but also includes irrigation, industrial water supply, and tourism. 2 figures, 1 table. 15. Descriptive Research DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Wigram, Anthony Lewis 2003-01-01 Descriptive research is described by Lathom-Radocy and Radocy (1995) to include Survey research, ex post facto research, case studies and developmental studies. Descriptive research also includes a review of the literature in order to provide both quantitative and qualitative evidence of the effect...... starts will allow effect size calculations to be made in order to evaluate effect over time. Given the difficulties in undertaking controlled experimental studies in the creative arts therapies, descriptive research methods offer a way of quantifying effect through descriptive statistical analysis... 16. Technical writing practically unified through industry Science.gov (United States) Houston, L. S. 1981-01-01 General background details in the development of a university level technical writing program, based upon the writing tasks of the student's occupations, are summarized. Objectives and methods for unifying the courses of study with the needs of industry are discussed. Four academic course divisions, Industries Technologies, in which preparation and training are offered are: Animal, Horticulture, Agriculture, and Agricultural Business. Occupational competence is cited as the main goal for these programs in which technical writing is to be practically unified through industry. Course descriptions are also provided. 17. Hardware description languages Science.gov (United States) Tucker, Jerry H. 1994-01-01 Hardware description languages are special purpose programming languages. They are primarily used to specify the behavior of digital systems and are rapidly replacing traditional digital system design techniques. This is because they allow the designer to concentrate on how the system should operate rather than on implementation details. Hardware description languages allow a digital system to be described with a wide range of abstraction, and they support top down design techniques. A key feature of any hardware description language environment is its ability to simulate the modeled system. The two most important hardware description languages are Verilog and VHDL. Verilog has been the dominant language for the design of application specific integrated circuits (ASIC's). However, VHDL is rapidly gaining in popularity. 18. Quality function deployment in the food industry: a review NARCIS (Netherlands) Costa, A.I.A.; Dekker, M.; Jongen, W.M.F. 2001-01-01 This paper presents a detailed literature review on the topic of the application of quality function deployment (QFD) in the food industry. This review is extended with a thorough description of the methodologies involved in the practice of QFD within food companies, exemplified with the help of a 19. Crowdsourcing detailed flood data Science.gov (United States) Walliman, Nicholas; Ogden, Ray; Amouzad, Shahrzhad 2015-04-01 Over the last decade the average annual loss across the European Union due to flooding has been 4.5bn Euros, but increasingly intense rainfall, as well as population growth, urbanisation and the rising costs of asset replacements, may see this rise to 23bn Euros a year by 2050. Equally disturbing are the profound social costs to individuals, families and communities which in addition to loss of lives include: loss of livelihoods, decreased purchasing and production power, relocation and migration, adverse psychosocial effects, and hindrance of economic growth and development. Flood prediction, management and defence strategies rely on the availability of accurate information and flood modelling. Whilst automated data gathering (by measurement and satellite) of the extent of flooding is already advanced it is least reliable in urban and physically complex geographies where often the need for precise estimation is most acute. Crowdsourced data of actual flood events is a potentially critical component of this allowing improved accuracy in situations and identifying the effects of local landscape and topography where the height of a simple kerb, or discontinuity in a boundary wall can have profound importance. Mobile 'App' based data acquisition using crowdsourcing in critical areas can combine camera records with GPS positional data and time, as well as descriptive data relating to the event. This will automatically produce a dataset, managed in ArcView GIS, with the potential for follow up calls to get more information through structured scripts for each strand. Through this local residents can provide highly detailed information that can be reflected in sophisticated flood protection models and be core to framing urban resilience strategies and optimising the effectiveness of investment. This paper will describe this pioneering approach that will develop flood event data in support of systems that will advance existing approaches such as developed in the in the UK 20. CRAC2 model description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ritchie, L.T.; Alpert, D.J.; Burke, R.P.; Johnson, J.D.; Ostmeyer, R.M.; Aldrich, D.C.; Blond, R.M. 1984-03-01 The CRAC2 computer code is a revised version of CRAC (Calculation of Reactor Accident Consequences) which was developed for the Reactor Safety Study. This document provides an overview of the CRAC2 code and a description of each of the models used. Significant improvements incorporated into CRAC2 include an improved weather sequence sampling technique, a new evacuation model, and new output capabilities. In addition, refinements have been made to the atmospheric transport and deposition model. Details of the modeling differences between CRAC2 and CRAC are emphasized in the model descriptions 1. MO-A-BRC-02: TG167 Report - Detailed Description Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rivard, M. 2016-06-15 Although a multicenter, Phase III, prospective, randomized trial is the gold standard for evidence-based medicine, it is rarely used to evaluate innovative radiotherapy devices because of many practical and ethical reasons. It is usually sufficient to compare the dose distributions and dose rates for determining equivalence of the innovative device to an existing one. Thus, quantitative evaluation of the dosimetric characteristics of an innovative brachytherapy device or application is a critical part in which physicists are actively involved. The physicist’s role, along with physician colleagues, in this process is highlighted for innovative products or applications and includes evaluation of 1) dosimetric considerations for clinical implementation (including calibrations, dose calculations, and radiobiological aspects) to comply with existing societal dosimetric prerequisites for sources in routine clinical use, 2) risks and benefits from regulatory and safety perspectives, and 3) resource assessment and preparedness. Further, calibration methods should be traceable to a primary standards dosimetry laboratory such as NIST in the U.S. or to other primary standards dosimetry laboratory located elsewhere. Clinical users should follow standards as approved by their country’s regulatory agencies that approved such a brachytherapy device. Integration of this system into the medical source calibration infrastructure of secondary standard dosimetry laboratories such as the ADCLs is encouraged before a source is introduced into widespread routine clinical use. The AAPM and GEC-ESTRO have developed guidelines for the safe and consistent application of brachytherapy using innovative brachytherapy devices and applications. The current report covers regulatory approvals, calibration, dose calculations, radiobiological issues, and overall safety concerns that should be addressed during the commissioning stage preceding clinical use. These guidelines are based on review of requirements of the U.S. NRC, FDA, Department of Transportation, International Electrotechnical Commission Medical Electrical Equipment Standard 60601, European Commission for CE Marking, and institutional review boards and radiation safety committees. Learning Objectives: Understand the necessary dosimetric considerations for clinical implementation (including calibrations, dose calculations, and radiobiological aspects) to comply with existing societal dosimetric prerequisites for sources in routine clinical use. Evaluate risks and benefits from regulatory and safety perspectives. Identify necessary resources and create a plan for clinical introduction of innovative brachytherapy device or applications. Consultant for Theragenics Corp.; R. Nath, Consultant to Theragenics Corp. 2. Detailed algorithmic description of a processor: a recipe for ... African Journals Online (AJOL) International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences ... a simple developed compiler could generate the code of a simple programming language. ... It should be noted that such code generation must be done on a particular processor- for ... 3. Detailed transcriptome description of the neglected cestode Taenia multiceps. Science.gov (United States) Wu, Xuhang; Fu, Yan; Yang, Deying; Zhang, Runhui; Zheng, Wanpeng; Nie, Huaming; Xie, Yue; Yan, Ning; Hao, Guiying; Gu, Xiaobin; Wang, Shuxian; Peng, Xuerong; Yang, Guangyou 2012-01-01 The larval stage of Taenia multiceps, a global cestode, encysts in the central nervous system (CNS) of sheep and other livestock. This frequently leads to their death and huge socioeconomic losses, especially in developing countries. This parasite can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, but has been largely neglected due to a lack of diagnostic techniques and studies. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing provide an opportunity to explore the transcriptome of T. multiceps. We obtained a total of 31,282 unigenes (mean length 920 bp) using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology and a new Trinity de novo assembler without a referenced genome. Individual transcription molecules were determined by sequence-based annotations and/or domain-based annotations against public databases (Nr, UniprotKB/Swiss-Prot, COG, KEGG, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, InterPro and Pfam). We identified 26,110 (83.47%) unigenes and inferred 20,896 (66.8%) coding sequences (CDS). Further comparative transcripts analysis with other cestodes (Taenia pisiformis, Taenia solium, Echincoccus granulosus and Echincoccus multilocularis) and intestinal parasites (Trichinella spiralis, Ancylostoma caninum and Ascaris suum) showed that 5,100 common genes were shared among three Taenia tapeworms, 261 conserved genes were detected among five Taeniidae cestodes, and 109 common genes were found in four zoonotic intestinal parasites. Some of the common genes were genes required for parasite survival, involved in parasite-host interactions. In addition, we amplified two full-length CDS of unigenes from the common genes using RT-PCR. This study provides an extensive transcriptome of the adult stage of T. multiceps, and demonstrates that comparative transcriptomic investigations deserve to be further studied. This transcriptome dataset forms a substantial public information platform to achieve a fundamental understanding of the biology of T. multiceps, and helps in the identification of drug targets and parasite-host interaction studies. 4. Hemodynamic Perturbations in Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: First Detailed Description Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tumul Chowdhury 2017-08-01 Full Text Available Background: Hemodynamic perturbations can be anticipated in deep brain stimulation (DBS surgery and may be attributed to multiple factors. Acute changes in hemodynamics may produce rare but severe complications such as intracranial bleeding, transient ischemic stroke and myocardium infarction. Therefore, this retrospective study attempts to determine the incidence of hemodynamic perturbances (rate and related risk factors in patients undergoing DBS surgery.Materials and Methods: After institutional approval, all patients undergoing DBS surgery for the past 10 years were recruited for this study. Demographic characteristics, procedural characteristics and intraoperative hemodynamic changes were noted. Event rate was calculated and the effect of all the variables on hemodynamic perturbations was analyzed by regression model.Results: Total hemodynamic adverse events during DBS surgery was 10.8 (0–42 and treated in 57% of cases.Conclusion: Among all the perioperative variables, the baseline blood pressure including systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure was found to have highly significant effect on these intraoperative hemodynamic perturbations. 5. MO-A-BRC-02: TG167 Report - Detailed Description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Rivard, M. 2016-01-01 Although a multicenter, Phase III, prospective, randomized trial is the gold standard for evidence-based medicine, it is rarely used to evaluate innovative radiotherapy devices because of many practical and ethical reasons. It is usually sufficient to compare the dose distributions and dose rates for determining equivalence of the innovative device to an existing one. Thus, quantitative evaluation of the dosimetric characteristics of an innovative brachytherapy device or application is a critical part in which physicists are actively involved. The physicist’s role, along with physician colleagues, in this process is highlighted for innovative products or applications and includes evaluation of 1) dosimetric considerations for clinical implementation (including calibrations, dose calculations, and radiobiological aspects) to comply with existing societal dosimetric prerequisites for sources in routine clinical use, 2) risks and benefits from regulatory and safety perspectives, and 3) resource assessment and preparedness. Further, calibration methods should be traceable to a primary standards dosimetry laboratory such as NIST in the U.S. or to other primary standards dosimetry laboratory located elsewhere. Clinical users should follow standards as approved by their country’s regulatory agencies that approved such a brachytherapy device. Integration of this system into the medical source calibration infrastructure of secondary standard dosimetry laboratories such as the ADCLs is encouraged before a source is introduced into widespread routine clinical use. The AAPM and GEC-ESTRO have developed guidelines for the safe and consistent application of brachytherapy using innovative brachytherapy devices and applications. The current report covers regulatory approvals, calibration, dose calculations, radiobiological issues, and overall safety concerns that should be addressed during the commissioning stage preceding clinical use. These guidelines are based on review of requirements of the U.S. NRC, FDA, Department of Transportation, International Electrotechnical Commission Medical Electrical Equipment Standard 60601, European Commission for CE Marking, and institutional review boards and radiation safety committees. Learning Objectives: Understand the necessary dosimetric considerations for clinical implementation (including calibrations, dose calculations, and radiobiological aspects) to comply with existing societal dosimetric prerequisites for sources in routine clinical use. Evaluate risks and benefits from regulatory and safety perspectives. Identify necessary resources and create a plan for clinical introduction of innovative brachytherapy device or applications. Consultant for Theragenics Corp.; R. Nath, Consultant to Theragenics Corp. 6. Detailed transcriptome description of the neglected cestode Taenia multiceps. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Xuhang Wu Full Text Available BACKGROUND: The larval stage of Taenia multiceps, a global cestode, encysts in the central nervous system (CNS of sheep and other livestock. This frequently leads to their death and huge socioeconomic losses, especially in developing countries. This parasite can also cause zoonotic infections in humans, but has been largely neglected due to a lack of diagnostic techniques and studies. Recent developments in next-generation sequencing provide an opportunity to explore the transcriptome of T. multiceps. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We obtained a total of 31,282 unigenes (mean length 920 bp using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology and a new Trinity de novo assembler without a referenced genome. Individual transcription molecules were determined by sequence-based annotations and/or domain-based annotations against public databases (Nr, UniprotKB/Swiss-Prot, COG, KEGG, UniProtKB/TrEMBL, InterPro and Pfam. We identified 26,110 (83.47% unigenes and inferred 20,896 (66.8% coding sequences (CDS. Further comparative transcripts analysis with other cestodes (Taenia pisiformis, Taenia solium, Echincoccus granulosus and Echincoccus multilocularis and intestinal parasites (Trichinella spiralis, Ancylostoma caninum and Ascaris suum showed that 5,100 common genes were shared among three Taenia tapeworms, 261 conserved genes were detected among five Taeniidae cestodes, and 109 common genes were found in four zoonotic intestinal parasites. Some of the common genes were genes required for parasite survival, involved in parasite-host interactions. In addition, we amplified two full-length CDS of unigenes from the common genes using RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides an extensive transcriptome of the adult stage of T. multiceps, and demonstrates that comparative transcriptomic investigations deserve to be further studied. This transcriptome dataset forms a substantial public information platform to achieve a fundamental understanding of the biology of T. multiceps, and helps in the identification of drug targets and parasite-host interaction studies. 7. Descriptive statistics. Science.gov (United States) Nick, Todd G 2007-01-01 Statistics is defined by the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus as the science and art of collecting, summarizing, and analyzing data that are subject to random variation. The two broad categories of summarizing and analyzing data are referred to as descriptive and inferential statistics. This chapter considers the science and art of summarizing data where descriptive statistics and graphics are used to display data. In this chapter, we discuss the fundamentals of descriptive statistics, including describing qualitative and quantitative variables. For describing quantitative variables, measures of location and spread, for example the standard deviation, are presented along with graphical presentations. We also discuss distributions of statistics, for example the variance, as well as the use of transformations. The concepts in this chapter are useful for uncovering patterns within the data and for effectively presenting the results of a project. 8. Wooden houses in detail. Holzhaeuser im Detail Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ruske, W. (ed.) 1986-01-01 Under the serial title 'Planning and construction of wooden houses', WEKA will publish a number of books of which this is the first. Details of design and construction are presented, e.g.: Details of modern one-family houses; Fundamentals of design and hints for planning of wooden houses and compact wooden structures; Constructional ecology, wood protection, thermal insulation, sound insulation; Modular systems for domestic buildings; The 'bookshelf-type' house at the Berlin International Construction Exhibition (IBA); Experience with do-it-yourself systems. With 439 figs. 9. Big problems for Swedish nuclear industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Holmstroem, Anton; Runesson, Linda 2006-01-01 A report of the problems for Swedish nuclear industry the summer of 2006. A detailed description of the 25th of July incident at Forsmark 1 is provided. The incident was classified as level two on the INIS scale. The other Swedish nuclear plants were subject to security evaluations in the aftermath, and at Forsmark 2 similar weaknesses were found in the security system (ml) 10. TMACS system description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Scaief, C.C. 1995-01-01 This document provides a description of the Tank Monitor and Control System (TMACS). It is intended as an introduction for those persons unfamiliar with the system as well as a reference document for the users, maintenance personnel, and system designers. In addition to describing the system, the document outlines the associated drawing documentation, provides maintenance and spare parts information, and discusses other TMACS documents that provide additional detail 11. CONSTRUCTION OF AGGREGATE NATIONAL ECONOMIC MODEL WITH DETAILED REPRESENTATION OF THE FOREST COMPLEX Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Blam Yu. Sh. 2014-09-01 Full Text Available Autonomy of the industrial forecasts often exacerbated by the lack of direct connection with the economic forecasts on the macro level. On the other hand it is desirable to simulate the industrial strategy in a fairly high degree of isolation, so that it does not depend at every moment on description of other activities or levels of hierarchy. To study the effects of national economic relations on the development of industrial complex we propose to use a spatial model of the national economy, which describes modalities of the researched industries in more detail. Quantitative parameters, obtained using basic Interregional Cross-sectoral Optimization Model (OMMM against the external development of the industrial complex, are used to form an aggregated model with a detailed representation with unsignificant loss of information. Thus, the above described model is intended to harmonize national economic decisions with forecasts obtained from industry models in real terms. The conversion procedure is based on the properties of the model of «mutual» problems and information from basic OMMM. The final result is a production-transport cost model within a «traditional» industrial structure. 12. Les terrains jurassiques du sondage de Couy (Cher, France. Leur analyse séquentielle détaillée à partir de la description des carottes et des courbes diagraphiques Jurassic Formations in the Couy Borehole (Cher Department, France. Their Detailed Sequential Analysis from the Core Sample Descriptions and Well-Logging Curves Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Gely J. P. 2006-11-01 (Lorenz et al. , 1987 make this borehole a first-rate stratigraphic reference concerning the Lower and Middle Jurassic series in the southern part of the Paris Basin. The lithostratigraphic analysis has already been the subject of a publication (Lorenz et al. , 1992, and a description of the sequences has been sketched out (Gely and Lorenz, 1991. At the same time, the implementation of lithostratigraphic data and the description of the well logs provide greater accuracy in interpretation in terms of desposit sequences, while the stratigraphic calibration of the well-log signatures gives a reference on the scale of the Paris Basin. The sequences defined in the Couy borehole are compared to the ones already published elsewhere on a global scale (Haq et al. , 1988; Vail et al. , 1987 and on a regional scale (Rioult et al. , 1991; Gonnin et al. , 1992, 1993; Bessereau and Guillocheau, 1994, (Figs. 2 and 3. Discontinuities corresponding to a sedimentation gap are usually represented by traces of bioturbation or by perforations in the top surface of a bed or else by a surface of gullying. In other cases, the sequence boundaries do not seem to be so clearly expressed but correspond to highly bioturbated bands, a single limestone bed in the midst of marls or perhaps an abrupt lithological change. For a limestone bed situated at the upper boundary of a sequence, we can see that this latter is often perforated or bioturbated. This enables them to be distinguished from other limestone levels situated at the transgressive maximum, and which contain pelagic fossils or authigenic minerals. On well logs, these two types of beds often have a comparable signature. The sequence boundaries are clearly shown by the well logs, which show clearcut curve breaks and are often capable of orienting or confirming the choice of identification criteria of the boundaries in the core samples. However, it can be seen that there is no direct relationships between the visible size of the discontinuity and 13. GHGRP Minerals Sector Industrial Profile Science.gov (United States) EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program periodically produces detailed profiles of the various industries that report under the program. The profiles available for download below contain detailed analyses for the Minerals industry. 14. Content of system design descriptions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1998-10-01 A System Design Description (SDD) describes the requirements and features of a system. This standard provides guidance on the expected technical content of SDDs. The need for such a standard was recognized during efforts to develop SDDs for safety systems at DOE Hazard Category 2 nonreactor nuclear facilities. Existing guidance related to the corresponding documents in other industries is generally not suitable to meet the needs of DOE nuclear facilities. Across the DOE complex, different contractors have guidance documents, but they vary widely from site to site. While such guidance documents are valuable, no single guidance document has all the attributes that DOE considers important, including a reasonable degree of consistency or standardization. This standard is a consolidation of the best of the existing guidance. This standard has been developed with a technical content and level of detail intended to be most applicable to safety systems at DOE Hazard Category 2 nonreactor nuclear facilities. Notwithstanding that primary intent, this standard is recommended for other systems at such facilities, especially those that are important to achieving the programmatic mission of the facility. In addition, application of this standard should be considered for systems at other facilities, including non-nuclear facilities, on the basis that SDDs may be beneficial and cost-effective 15. EP1000 passive plant description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Saiu, G. 1999-01-01 In 1994, a group of European Utilities, together with Westinghouse and its Industrial Partner GENESI (an Italian consortium including ANSALDO and FIAT), initiated a program designated EPP (European Passive Plant) to evaluate Westinghouse Passive Nuclear Plant Technology for application in Europe. In Phase I of the European Passive Plant Program which was completed in 1996, a 1000 MWe passive plant reference design (EP1000) was established which conforms to the European Utility Requirements (EUR) and is expected to meet the European Safety Authorities requirements. Phase 2 of the program was initiated in 1997 with the objective of developing the Nuclear Island design details and performing supporting analyses to start development of Safety Case Report (SCR) for submittal to European Licensing Authorities. The first part of Phase 2, 'Design Definition' phase (Phase 2A) will be completed at the end of 1998, the main efforts being design definition of key systems and structures, development of the Nuclear Island layout, and performing preliminary safety analyses to support design efforts. The second part, 'Phase 2B', includes both the analyses and evaluations required to demonstrate the adequacy of the design, and to support the preparation of Safety Case Report. The second part of Phase 2 of the program will start at the beginning of 1999 and will be completed in the 2001. Incorporation of the EUR has been a key design requirement for the EP1000 from the beginning of the program. Detailed design solutions to meet the EUR have been defined and the safety approach has also been developed based on the EUR guidelines. This paper integrates and updates the plant description reported in the IAEA TECDOC-968. The most significant developments of the EP1000 plant design during Phase 2A of the EPP program are described and reference is made to the key design requirements set by the EUR Rev. B document. (author) 16. Handbook of Manufacturing Control Fundamentals, description, configuration CERN Document Server Lödding, Hermann 2013-01-01 This first-time English publication of one of Germany’s leading manufacturing control handbooks provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art, with detailed and easy to understand descriptions of numerous control techniques from Kanban to CONWIP to Backlog Control. Based on the proven funnel model and written for the industry, this book clearly illustrates how companies can use manufacturing control to effectively improve on-time delivery, reduce inventories and cut down throughput times. “This book distinguishes itself with its convincing systematic approach based on thorough international research. Its clear presentation and direct applicability for analysing and configuring the manufacturing control make this handbook an outstanding and unique publication on PPC.” Hans-Peter Wiendahl “The field of manufacturing control is very convincingly reviewed and presented from a theoretical and methodological perspective. Both researchers as well as practitioners will profit from it.” Peter N... 17. Description of jobs in the nuclear industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Dietrich, K.B. 1984-01-01 Indepently of the justified call for safety in nuclear power plants as the prime necessity, the were existence of the Atomic Law must not repeatedly allow restrictive trade agreement regulations or even legal acts which are at the cost of the employers concerned. In the opinion of the OeTV union there were and still are legal objections against the enactment of guidelines. The various passed guidelines and bills lieing at issue include extensive provisions for qualification requirements, examinations and systematical efficiency rating of the occupational groups concerned. These provisions infringe the right of free professional practice and the general rights of privacy. The systematical efficiency rating appears to be particularly critical. Inspite of extensive experience made so far, the question remains unanswered whether statutory instruments in the intendment of Art. 12, Para. 2 AtG could provide more flexible regulations. Finally, the author is expecting that - just like with measures under the Employment Protection Act - members of the works committee must be involved in the elaboration and alteration of guidelines and comparable regulations. (orig./HSCH) [de 18. Detailed Soils 24K Data.gov (United States) Kansas Data Access and Support Center — This data set is a digital soil survey and is the most detailed level of soil geographic data developed by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. The information was... 19. Descriptive sensory evaluations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Dehlholm, Christian A recent trend in descriptive sensory evaluation methodology has been the application of rapid evaluation techniques. The ease in use makes the techniques extremely easy to implement by industry and university environments. Thus, one might not consider validity in the choice of method. The overall...... aim of this thesis is to compare and evaluate selected rapid evaluation techniques for sensory profiling. Method variations have been suggested for evaluations in product development and quality control, and method insight is provided. The thesis includes three original studies, designed...... as a consequence of the current practices and needs faced in the industry. Study I compared applicability and validity of rapid methods across several panels of trained assessors. Two rapid approaches were introduced for the evaluation of foods. The first method, ‘Free Multiple Sorting’, allows subjects to perform... 20. Kinetic energy budget details Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Abstract. This paper presents the detailed turbulent kinetic energy budget and higher order statistics of flow behind a surface-mounted rib with and without superimposed acoustic excitation. Pattern recognition technique is used to determine the large-scale structure magnitude. It is observed that most of the turbulence ... 1. Three Latin Phonological Details DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Olsen, Birgit Anette 2006-01-01 The present paper deals with three minor details of Latin phonology: 1) the development of the initial sequence u¿l¿-, where it is suggested that an apparent vacillation between ul- and vol-/vul- represents sandhi variants going back to the proto-language, 2) the adjectives ama¯rus ‘bitter' and ... 2. Northern Ireland gas industry Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Anderson, R S [Belfast City Council Gas Dept.; Asquith, R S; Brown, J M; McKay, G 1977-07-01 Throughout Northern Ireland the production of town gas is derived from hydrocarbon feedstocks. In the larger undertakings in Northern Ireland the feedstock is light distillate; a light petroleum feedstock which is a crude gasoline comprised mainly of pentanes, reformed in catalytic plants. The remaining gas undertakings produce a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)/air mixture using a mixture of either butane or propane and air. The individual gas units and the type of reforming feedstock are shown. A review of the oil-dependence of town gas and electricity production in Northern Ireland has been considered and is mainly responsible for the high fuel prices experienced in the community. A detailed description of the reforming process has been described, and considerable efforts have been made to optimize the process. In spite of substantial economic savings being made on the processing unit, the gas industry is very susceptible to the changes in oil prices which have escalated rapidly in recent years. The difference in gas prices between the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland indicates that North Sea gas would offer major economic benefits to the gas industry in Northern Ireland, which is operating at a substantial loss at the moment. The industrial concerns, which are dependent on gas and therefore paying high fuel costs, suffer in competition with outside companies. The injection of a moderately cheap natural gas supply to the community may encourage industrial expansion and provide work in a high unemployment area. Although substantial costs must be incurred in distribution pipelines and burner conversions if Northern Ireland changes to natural gas, there appears to be a strong case to introduce North Sea gas in the near future. 3. Market niche analysis in the casino gaming industry. Science.gov (United States) Dandurand, L 1990-03-01 This article discusses the nature of market niche analysis in the casino gaming industry. It presents four approaches for conducting market niche analysis. An an example of one approach, the Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study is used to identify a premium niche in the Las Vegas Slot Target Market. A detailed examination of the premium niche profile provides a description of the typical premium slot player. The description of the typical premium player leads to hypotheses regarding needs (the unique preference set) of the premium player. An analysis of the unique preference set suggests an appropriate enhanced marketing program. 4. Detailed Debunking of Denial Science.gov (United States) Enting, I. G.; Abraham, J. P. 2012-12-01 The disinformation campaign against climate science has been compared to a guerilla war whose tactics undermine the traditional checks and balances of science. One comprehensive approach has to been produce archives of generic responses such as the websites of RealClimate and SkepticalScience. We review our experiences with an alternative approach of detailed responses to a small number of high profile cases. Our particular examples were Professor Ian Plimer and Christopher Monckton, the Third Viscount Monckton of Brenchley, each of whom has been taken seriously by political leaders in our respective countries. We relate our experiences to comparable examples such as John Mashey's analysis of the Wegman report and the formal complaints about Lomborg's "Skeptical Environmentalist" and Durkin's "Great Global Warming Swindle". Our two approaches used contrasting approaches: an on-line video of a lecture vs an evolving compendium of misrepresentations. Additionally our approaches differed in the emphasis. The analysis of Monckton concentrated on the misrepresentation of the science, while the analysis of Plimer concentrated on departures from accepted scientific practice: fabrication of data, misrepresentation of cited sources and unattributed use of the work of others. Benefits of an evolving compendium were the ability to incorporate contributions from members of the public who had identified additional errors and the scope for addressing new aspects as they came to public attention. Detailed debunking' gives non-specialists a reference point for distinguishing non-science when engaging in public debate. 5. Evaluation of an ASM1 Model Calibration Precedure on a Municipal-Industrial Wastewater Treatment Plant DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Petersen, Britta; Gernaey, Krist; Henze, Mogens 2002-01-01 treatment plant. In the case that was studied it was important to have a detailed description of the process dynamics, since the model was to be used as the basis for optimisation scenarios in a later phase. Therefore, a complete model calibration procedure was applied including: (1) a description......The purpose of the calibrated model determines how to approach a model calibration, e.g. which information is needed and to which level of detail the model should be calibrated. A systematic model calibration procedure was therefore defined and evaluated for a municipal–industrial wastewater... 6. Rubber industry Science.gov (United States) Staszak, Maciej 2018-03-01 Following chapter presents short introductory description of rubber and rubber industry. The main problem of rubber industry is the way of the usage of spent tires. Furthermore very important group of problems arise considering the metal and nonmetal additives which are significant component of the vulcanized rubber. The key attention is dedicated to typical ways of rubber usage in utilization and recovery of metals from spent rubber materials concentrating specifically on used tires processing. The method of recovery of rare metals from rubber tires was described. The rubber debris finds widest use in the field of waste metal solutions processing. The environmental pollution caused by metals poses serious threat to humans. Several applications of the use of waste rubber debris to remove metals from environmental waters were described. Moreover, the agriculture usage of waste tire rubber debris is described, presenting systems where the rubber material can be useful as a soil replacement. 7. Industrial vision DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Knudsen, Ole 1998-01-01 This dissertation is concerned with the introduction of vision-based application s in the ship building industry. The industrial research project is divided into a natural seq uence of developments, from basic theoretical projective image generation via CAD and subpixel analysis to a description...... is present ed, and the variability of the parameters is examined and described. The concept of using CAD together with vision information is based on the fact that all items processed at OSS have an associated complete 3D CAD model that is accessible at all production states. This concept gives numerous...... possibilities for using vision in applications which otherwise would be very difficult to automate. The requirement for low tolerances in production is, despite the huge dimensions of the items involved, extreme. This fact makes great demands on the ability to do robust sub pixel estimation. A new method based... 8. Insurance industry guide International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anon. 1992-01-01 This is an insurance industry guide for the independent power industry. The directory includes the insurance company's name, address, telephone and FAX numbers and a description of the company's area of expertise, products and services, and limitations. The directory is international in scope. Some of the companies specialize in independent power projects 9. Harnessing the potential - Atlantic Canada's oil and gas industry : Newfoundland Ocean Industries special releases or publications International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1998-07-01 A comprehensive overview of Atlantic Canada's oil and gas industry is presented, demonstrating the importance of oil and gas resources and their related industries to Atlantic Canada. The objective of the report is to provide a basis for a strategy to optimize opportunities within the region from the oil and gas sector. The report reviews the current status of the industry, including the region's resource potential and the oil and gas developments currently underway. The evolution of the oil and gas industry is discussed in terms of value chain components. A broad assessment of the region's supply, labour force, infrastructure, training, and research and development capabilities is presented, followed by a description of the industry's potential, its regulatory framework and the barriers and constraints affecting industry development. Appendices contain a chronological history of major events in Atlantic Canada's oil and gas industry (Appendix A); and overview of the Atlantic Accord and the Canada-Nova Scotia Accord's equalization offset provisions (Appendix B); a value chain matrix, detailing some 60 categories of industry requirements and a capsule assessment of the region's ability to meet them (Appendix C); and a listing of research and development institutions in Atlantic Canada, including their areas of specialization (Appendix D) 10. Descripción de la nocividad del cromo proveniente de la industria curtiembre y de las posibles formas de removerlo Description of chrome toxicity from the tannery industry and possible ways of removing it Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Álvaro Chávez Porras 2010-07-01 Full Text Available Los diversos compuestos de cromo (Cr representan una gran amenaza al ambiente y al hombre debido a sus efectos nocivos. Las intoxicaciones se manifiestan en lesiones renales, gastrointestinales, del hígado, del riñón, de la glándula tiroides y la médula ósea, y la velocidad corporal de eliminación es muy lenta. Las industrias de curtiduría de pieles utilizan sales de Cr en sus procesos, que generan cantidades de efluentes líquidos con alto contenido de este metal, el cual, debe ser removido a fin de cumplir con la legislación ambiental. En esta revisión se presenta una descripción de algunas de las técnicas de remoción como la electrolítica o electrodeposición; el intercambio iónico; la precipitación y los sistemas biológicos. Cada una de ellas ofrece una solución práctica y viable en términos económicos, ambientales y de mejoramiento continuo de los procesos, permitiendo pensaren una producción sostenible y responsable.The various chromium (Cr compounds represent a major threat to both environment and human beings, due to its harmful effects. Toxicity is shown in kidney, gastrointestinal tract, liver, thyroid glands, and in the marrow; and body elimination speed is very slow. Tannery industries use Cr salts in their processes, generating large amounts of liquid effluents with high content of this metal; which should be removed in order to comply with existing environmental legislation. This study provides a description of techniques such as electrolytic removal or electroplating, ion exchange process; process of precipitation; and biological systems. Each one of them offers a practical and feasible solution in terms of economy, environment, and continuous improvement of processes, which allows thinking of a sustainable and responsible production. 11. Nordic Corporate Governance and Industrial Foundations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Thomsen, Steen to the international audience. This paper therefore reviews the Nordic corporate governance model with special emphasis on a unique ownership structure, industrial foundations (foundations that own business companies). Rather than a meticulous description of details it emphasizes the Nordic model as a mode......The Nordic countries have attracted considerable attention in recent years as a benchmark for good governance. However, while the political governance characteristics of the Nordic model – particularly the welfare state - are well understood, its corporate governance characteristics remain elusive... 12. Industrial process heat market assessment International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bresnick, S. 1981-12-01 This report is designed to be a reference resource, giving a broad perspective of the potential HTGR market for industrial process heat. It is intended to serve as a briefing document for those wishing to obtain background information and also to serve as a starting point from which more detailed and refined studies may be undertaken. In doing so, the report presents a qualitative and quantitative description of the industrial process heat market in the US, provides a summary discussion of cogeneration experience to date, and outlines the existing institutional and financial framework for cogeneration. The intent is to give the reader an understanding of the current situation and experience in this area. The cogeneration area in particular is an evolving one because of regulations and tax laws, which are still in the process of being developed and interpreted. The report presents the latest developments in regulatory and legislative activities which are associated with that technology. Finally, the report presents a brief description of the three HTGR systems under study during the current fiscal year and describes the specific market characteristics which each application is designed to serve 13. Industrial process heat market assessment Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bresnick, S. 1981-12-01 This report is designed to be a reference resource, giving a broad perspective of the potential HTGR market for industrial process heat. It is intended to serve as a briefing document for those wishing to obtain background information and also to serve as a starting point from which more detailed and refined studies may be undertaken. In doing so, the report presents a qualitative and quantitative description of the industrial process heat market in the US, provides a summary discussion of cogeneration experience to date, and outlines the existing institutional and financial framework for cogeneration. The intent is to give the reader an understanding of the current situation and experience in this area. The cogeneration area in particular is an evolving one because of regulations and tax laws, which are still in the process of being developed and interpreted. The report presents the latest developments in regulatory and legislative activities which are associated with that technology. Finally, the report presents a brief description of the three HTGR systems under study during the current fiscal year and describes the specific market characteristics which each application is designed to serve. 14. Minerals industry survey 1987 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1987-01-01 This is the eleventh Minerals Industry Survey produced by the Australian Mining Industry Council. It represents an invaluable time series on the minerals industry's financial performance, as well as an up to date description of the industry for the latest financial year. The survey has been conceived as a supplement to and expansion of the various Australian Bureau of Statistics and Bureau of Mineral Resources, Geology and Geophysics publications which describe the exploration, mining and smelting and refining industries in Australia. The tables in this survey have been prepared by Coopers and Lybrand, Chartered Accountants, based on information supplied to them in confidence by the respondent companies. 15. VE of construction industry Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1987-10-15 This book gives descriptions of basic of VE of construction industry including doing away with mannerism, necessity of cost reduction, management method of cost reduction, thinking of idea, target of VE, starting VE activity, technical method of VE of construction industry such as thinking of idea with brainstorming, function trade method, new brainstorming, MM method, morphology analysis and lateral thinking, cases of VE of construction industry. 16. VE of construction industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1987-10-01 This book gives descriptions of basic of VE of construction industry including doing away with mannerism, necessity of cost reduction, management method of cost reduction, thinking of idea, target of VE, starting VE activity, technical method of VE of construction industry such as thinking of idea with brainstorming, function trade method, new brainstorming, MM method, morphology analysis and lateral thinking, cases of VE of construction industry. 17. Detailed IR aperture measurements CERN Document Server Bruce, Roderik; Garcia Morales, Hector; Giovannozzi, Massimo; Hermes, Pascal Dominik; Mirarchi, Daniele; Quaranta, Elena; Redaelli, Stefano; Rossi, Carlo; Skowronski, Piotr Krzysztof; Wretborn, Sven Joel; CERN. Geneva. ATS Department 2016-01-01 MD 1673 was carried out on October 5 2016, in order to investigate in more detail the available aperture in the LHC high-luminosity insertions at 6.5 TeV and β∗=40 cm. Previous aperture measurements in 2016 during commissioning had shown that the available aperture is at the edge of protection, and that the aperture bottleneck at β∗=40 cm in certain cases is found in the separation plane instead of in the crossing plane. Furthermore, the bottlenecks were consistently found in close to the upstream end of Q3 on the side of the incoming beam, and not in Q2 on the outgoing beam as expected from calculations. Therefore, this MD aimed at measuring IR1 and IR5 separately (at 6.5 TeV and β∗=40 cm, for 185 µrad half crossing angle), to further localize the bottlenecks longitudinally using newly installed BLMs, investigate the diﬀerence in aperture between Q2 and Q3, and to see if any aperture can be gained using special orbit bumps. 18. Design Driven Innovation as a Differentiation Strategy - in the Context of Automotive Industry Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mosarrat Farhana 2015-07-01 Full Text Available Though, in the automotive industry, technology is considered as a source of innovation and development, emerging change in consumer perception has brought industry focus on design. Evolution of this industry is closely related to the convergence of technology and design. In such context, implication of design driven innovation strategy in the automotive industry has potential to be explored and to create sustained competitive advantage through balancing customers’ need, technological opportunities and product meaning. The aim of this paper is to give a holistic view of design driven innovation as a differentiation strategy in the automotive industry and its implication for strategic management through some relevant research reviews and empirical information. On the contrary, this research lacks detailed description on industry practice to provide greater breadth, since it attempts to correlate the strategic concept of design with the dynamic capability of a firm in that particular industry. 19. The December 7, 1988 Armenia earthquake effects on selected power, industrial and commercial facilities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Campbell, R.D.; Griffin, M.J.; Bragagnolo, L.J.; Yanev, P.I. 1996-01-01 A detailed overview of the Armenia earthquake (occurred on December 7, 1988) effects on selected power, industrial and commercial facilities is presented in this paper. It involves geologic and seismology study of the region; description of the design building standards; detailed description of the damaged nuclear and other power plants as well as other industrial facilities. Extensive damage was sustained by the industrial facilities in the epicentral area, the majority due to poor design and construction. The effects on power facilities were much less severe. response time to restore power to the transmission was 2 to 3 days following the earthquake. Power plant equipment without rigorous seismic design performed well. Mechanical equipment, pumps, valves, compressors, and piping all performed with minimal damage, Electrical control equipment if properly anchored performed well without exception 20. Olkiluoto site description 2006 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Andersson, J.; Ahokas, H.; Hudson, J.A. 2007-03-01 demonstrates an evolving confidence in the Site Description. It is also concluded that the main remaining challenge of the site characterisation work is to properly assess the confidence in the Site Description outside the well-characterised ONKALO volume, and actions have been identified in order to handle this. The remaining uncertainty issues are presented in Chapter 11 and are associated with the detailed scale characterisation of the rock - plans and actions for their resolution have also been identified. (orig.) 1. E-detailing: information technology applied to pharmaceutical detailing. Science.gov (United States) Montoya, Isaac D 2008-11-01 E-detailing can be best described as the use of information technology in the field of pharmaceutical detailing. It is becoming highly popular among pharmaceutical companies because it maximizes the time of the sales force, cuts down the cost of detailing and increases physician prescribing. Thus, the application of information technology is proving to be beneficial to both physicians and pharmaceutical companies. When e-detailing was introduced in 1996, it was limited to the US; however, numerous other countries soon adopted this novel approach to detailing and now it is popular in many developed nations. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the rapid growth of e-detailing in the field of pharmaceutical marketing. A review of e-detailing literature was conducted in addition to personal conversations with physicians. E-detailing has the potential to reduce marketing costs, increase accessibility to physicians and offer many of the advantages of face-to-face detailing. E-detailing is gaining acceptance among physicians because they can access the information of a pharmaceutical product at their own time and convenience. However, the drug safety aspect of e-detailing has not been examined and e-detailing remains a supplement to traditional detailing and is not yet a replacement to it. 2. Geothermal industry assessment Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1980-07-01 An assessment of the geothermal industry is presented, focusing on industry structure, corporate activities and strategies, and detailed analysis of the technological, economic, financial, and institutional issues important to government policy formulation. The study is based principally on confidential interviews with executives of 75 companies active in the field. (MHR) 3. Influences on physicians' adoption of electronic detailing (e-detailing). Science.gov (United States) Alkhateeb, Fadi M; Doucette, William R 2009-01-01 E-detailing means using digital technology: internet, video conferencing and interactive voice response. There are two types of e-detailing: interactive (virtual) and video. Currently, little is known about what factors influence physicians' adoption of e-detailing. The objectives of this study were to test a model of physicians' adoption of e-detailing and to describe physicians using e-detailing. A mail survey was sent to a random sample of 2000 physicians practicing in Iowa. Binomial logistic regression was used to test the model of influences on physician adoption of e-detailing. On the basis of Rogers' model of adoption, the independent variables included relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, peer influence, attitudes, years in practice, presence of restrictive access to traditional detailing, type of specialty, academic affiliation, type of practice setting and control variables. A total of 671 responses were received giving a response rate of 34.7%. A total of 141 physicians (21.0%) reported using of e-detailing. The overall adoption model for using either type of e-detailing was found to be significant. Relative advantage, peer influence, attitudes, type of specialty, presence of restrictive access and years of practice had significant influences on physician adoption of e-detailing. The model of adoption of innovation is useful to explain physicians' adoption of e-detailing. 4. Machine tool metrology an industrial handbook CERN Document Server Smith, Graham T 2016-01-01 Maximizing reader insights into the key scientific disciplines of Machine Tool Metrology, this text will prove useful for the industrial-practitioner and those interested in the operation of machine tools. Within this current level of industrial-content, this book incorporates significant usage of the existing published literature and valid information obtained from a wide-spectrum of manufacturers of plant, equipment and instrumentation before putting forward novel ideas and methodologies. Providing easy to understand bullet points and lucid descriptions of metrological and calibration subjects, this book aids reader understanding of the topics discussed whilst adding a voluminous-amount of footnotes utilised throughout all of the chapters, which adds some additional detail to the subject. Featuring an extensive amount of photographic-support, this book will serve as a key reference text for all those involved in the field. . 5. The structural changes of the food industry in the European Union DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hajderllari, Luljeta; Karantininis, Konstantinos This paper studies the structural changes of food industry in the EU-27. We first provide a detailed description of the relative importance of the various sectors in the food industry. The structure is studied by calculating Gini coefficients for the EU members with regard to food industry. We find...... that the food industry is one of the most important components of the manufacturing sectors in terms of turnover and employment. Enterprises in the EU are relatively large in terms of turnover but small in the number of enterprises with the dairy and meat sectors being the most important branches of the food...... industry regarding the share of turnover, employment and enterprises. During the eight years 2000-2007, the Gini coefficient of the food industry in the EU is very close to 1, indicating a high degree of concentration.... 6. On Detailing in Contemporary Architecture DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Kristensen, Claus; Kirkegaard, Poul Henning 2010-01-01 Details in architecture have a significant influence on how architecture is experienced. One can touch the materials and analyse the detailing - thus details give valuable information about the architectural scheme as a whole. The absence of perceptual stimulation like details and materiality...... / tactility can blur the meaning of the architecture and turn it into an empty statement. The present paper will outline detailing in contemporary architecture and discuss the issue with respect to architectural quality. Architectural cases considered as sublime piece of architecture will be presented... 7. Guidelines for Description NARCIS (Netherlands) Links, P.; Horsman, Peter; Kühnel, Karsten; Priddy, M.; Reijnhoudt, Linda; Merenmies, Mark 2013-01-01 The Guidelines follow the conceptual metadata model (deliverable 17.2). They include guidelines for description of collection-holding institutions, document collections, organisations, personalities, events, camps and ghettos. As much as possible the guidelines comply with the descriptive standards 8. Industrial applications of computer tomography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sheng Kanglong; Qiang Yujun; Yang Fujia 1992-01-01 Industrial computer tomography (CT) and its application is a rapidly developing field of high technology. CT systems have been playing important roles in nondestructive testing (NDT) of products and equipment for a number of industries. Recently, the technique has advanced into the area of industrial process control, bringing even greater benefit to mankind. The basic principles and typical structure of an industrial CT system Descriptions are given of some successful CT systems for either NDT application or process control purposes 9. Details Indian Academy of Sciences (India) teju 2018-05-04 May 4, 2018 ... ... selected candidate is required to work with Accounts Officer and assist in ... in website of Public Financial Management System etc., and carry out .... Duties also include coordination and liaison with Chief Editors and other ... 10. Details Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Admin IASc), an institution under the Department of Science &. Technology, Government of India publishes scholarly journals, thematic books and other publications. The Academy currently publishes 10 journals in various disciplines in science. 11. Details Indian Academy of Sciences (India) The incumbent should have passed Diploma in Secretarial Practice or Bachelors of Commerce with at least 50% marks. Should be proficient in typing, shorthand and MS office. Age: Not more than. 25 years as on 1 April 2017. Preference will be given to male candidates. Experience: 2 years experience in the administrative ... 12. Effective Conformal Descriptions of Black Hole Entropy Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Steven Carlip 2011-07-01 Full Text Available It is no longer considered surprising that black holes have temperatures and entropies. What remains surprising, though, is the universality of these thermodynamic properties: their exceptionally simple and general form, and the fact that they can be derived from many very different descriptions of the underlying microscopic degrees of freedom. I review the proposal that this universality arises from an approximate conformal symmetry, which permits an effective “conformal dual” description that is largely independent of the microscopic details. 13. Description of Measurements on Biogas Stations Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ladislav Novosád 2016-08-01 Full Text Available This paper focuses mainly on performance analysis for three biogas stations situated within the territory of the Czech Republic. This paper contains basic details of the individual biogas stations as well as description of their types. It also refers to the general description of the measurement gauge involved, with specifications of its potential use. The final part of this paper deals with the analysis of course data obtained, with special regard to voltage, current, active power and reactive power data. 14. System Design Description for the TMAD Code International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Finfrock, S.H. 1995-01-01 This document serves as the System Design Description (SDD) for the TMAD Code System, which includes the TMAD code and the LIBMAKR code. The SDD provides a detailed description of the theory behind the code, and the implementation of that theory. It is essential for anyone who is attempting to review or modify the code or who otherwise needs to understand the internal workings of the code. In addition, this document includes, in Appendix A, the System Requirements Specification for the TMAD System 15. Switzerland's electricity supply industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Inwyler, Ch. 1980-01-01 After a short description of Switzerland's electricity supply industry, the author comments on the production and consumption of electrical energy as well as on Switzerland's role within the European grid. A brief survey of electricity supply as a service is followed by a discussion of the political tools (such as e.g. the referendum, the hearing procedure etc.), which are an essential clue for understanding the position of the electricity supply industry in Switzerland. (Auth.) 16. 1995 Baseline solid waste management system description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anderson, G.S.; Konynenbelt, H.S. 1995-09-01 This provides a detailed solid waste system description that documents the treatment, storage, and disposal (TSD) strategy for managing Hanford's solid low-level waste, low-level mixed waste, transuranic and transuranic mixed waste, and greater-than-Class III waste. This system description is intended for use by managers of the solid waste program, facility and system planners, as well as system modelers. The system description identifies the TSD facilities that constitute the solid waste system and defines these facilities' interfaces, schedules, and capacities. It also provides the strategy for treating each of the waste streams generated or received by the Hanford Site from generation or receipt through final destination 17. Uranium Industry. Annual 1984 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lawrence, M.S.S. 1985-01-01 This report provides a statistical description of activities of the US uranium industry during 1984 and includes a statistical profile of the status of the industry at the end of 1984. It is based on the results of an Energy Information Administration (EIA) survey entitled ''Uranium Industry Annual Survey'' (Form EIA-858). The principal findings of the survey are summarized under two headings - Uranium Raw Materials Activities and Uranium Marketing Activities. The first heading covers exploration and development, uranium resources, mine and mill production, and employment. The second heading covers uranium deliveries and delivery commitments, uranium prices, foreign trade in uranium, inventories, and other marketing activities. 32 figs., 48 tabs 18. Descriptions of positron defect analysis capabilities International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Howell, R.H. 1994-10-01 A series of descriptive papers and graphics appropriate for distribution to potential collaborators has been assembled. These describe the capabilities for defect analysis using positron annihilation spectroscopy. The application of positrons to problems in the polymer and semiconductor industries is addressed 19. Methodological Details and Full Bibliography Data.gov (United States) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — This dataset has several components, The first part describes fully our literature review, providing details not included in the text. The second part provides all... 20. Metallurgical engineering and inspection practices in the chemical process industries International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Moller, G.E. 1987-01-01 The process industries, in particular the petroleum refining industry, adopted materials engineering and inspection (ME and I) practices years ago and regularly updated them because they were faced with the handling and refining of flammable, toxic, and corrosive feed stocks. These industries have a number of nonproprietary techniques and procedures, some of which may be applicable in the nuclear power generation field. Some specific inspection and engineering techniques used by the process industries within the framework of the guidelines for inspections and worthy of detailed description include the following: (1) sentry drilling or safety drilling of piping subject to relatively uniform corrosion, such as feedwater heater piping, steam piping, and extraction steam piping; (2) on-stream radiography for thickness measurement and detection of unusual conditions - damaged equipment such as valve blockage; (3) critical analysis of the chemical and refining processes for the relative probability of corrosion; (4) communication of valuable experience within the industry; (5) on-stream ultrasonic thickness testing; and (6) on-stream and off-stream crack and flaw detection. The author, trained in the petroleum refining industry but versed in electric utilities, pulp and paper, chemical process, marine, mining, water handling, waste treatment, and geothermal processes, discusses individual practices of these various industries in the paper 1. Graphic Description: The Mystery of Ibn Khafaja\\'s Success in Description Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) جواد رنجبر 2009-12-01 Full Text Available Graphic Description: The Mystery of Ibn Khafaja's Success in Description Ali Bagher Taheriniya Javad Ranjbar ** Abstract Ibn Khafaja is one of the poets and men of letters in Spain. He is titled to Sanobari of Spain. He is one of the masters of description. Hence, the analysis of successful techniques he has used in the descriptive art could illuminate the way for others. Al-Taswir al-harfi (graphic description is a term which denotes the highest and most detailed poems. On this basis, the best descriptive poem is one which is closer to a painting. He has used some elements called conforming elements of description which contain: imagination, feeling, faculty, and dialogue as well as three other elements: to be inborn in description, enchanting nature and convenient life. This article is going to give an analysis of the reasons for Ibn Khafaja’s success in description and portrait making. Key words: Ibn Khafaja, poetry, description, portrait * Associate Professor, Bu Ali Sina University of Hamadan E-mail: [email protected] ** M.A. in Arabic Language and Literature 2. Descriptive set theory CERN Document Server Moschovakis, YN 1987-01-01 Now available in paperback, this monograph is a self-contained exposition of the main results and methods of descriptive set theory. It develops all the necessary background material from logic and recursion theory, and treats both classical descriptive set theory and the effective theory developed by logicians. 3. Description logics of context CSIR Research Space (South Africa) Klarman, S 2013-05-01 Full Text Available We introduce Description Logics of Context (DLCs) - an extension of Description Logics (DLs) for context-based reasoning. Our approach descends from J. McCarthy's tradition of treating contexts as formal objects over which one can quantify... 4. Physics 3204. Course Description. Science.gov (United States) Newfoundland and Labrador Dept. of Education. A description of the physics 3204 course in Newfoundland and Labrador is provided. The description includes: (1) statement of purpose, including general objectives of science education; (2) a list of six course objectives; (3) course content for units on sound, light, optical instruments, electrostatics, current electricity, Michael Faraday and… 5. Cogeneration technology alternatives study. Volume 2: Industrial process characteristics Science.gov (United States) 1980-01-01 Information and data for 26 industrial processes are presented. The following information is given for each process: (1) a description of the process including the annual energy consumption and product production and plant capacity; (2) the energy requirements of the process for each unit of production and the detailed data concerning electrical energy requirements and also hot water, steam, and direct fired thermal requirements; (3) anticipated trends affecting energy requirements with new process or production technologies; and (4) representative plant data including capacity and projected requirements through the year 2000. 6. Respiratory Protection Program. Programmatic description Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Brooks, J.M.; Porter, W.E. 1986-03-01 The ORNL Respirator Program is designed to provide employees with devices which afford maximum protection with minimum inconvenience and discomfort. Teamwork is essential since a comprehensive program involves the Medical Department, the Industrial Hygiene Department, Radiation and Safety Surveys, the Operations Division, Quality Assurance and Inspection, and the Fire Department. The purpose of this manual is to describe in detail the ORNL Respirator Program. Included are discussions of the following elements: quality assurance, selection, fit-testing, maintenance and issue, certified breathing air for self-contained breathing apparatus, inspection, program surveillance, available devices, and standard operating procedures. As program modifications develop and improvements are made, periodic revisions may be necessary. The Industrial Hygiene Department will perform this task on an ''as required'' basis. 7. Petroleum industry in 2004 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2005-01-01 This document presents a detailed outlook of the petroleum industry in the world and more particularly in France in 2005: evolution of crude oil prices; petroleum exploration and production in the world and in France; the French para-petroleum and petroleum industry; the oil supplies; the refining activities; the evolution of products quality and the substitution fuels; the domestic transports, the storage and consumption of petroleum products; the fiscality, prices and distribution of petroleum products. (J.S.) 8. Canadian wind energy industry directory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1996-01-01 The companies and organizations involved, either directly or indirectly, in the wind energy industry in Canada, are listed in this directory. Some U.S. and international companies which are active or interested in Canadian industry activities are also listed. The first section of the directory is an alphabetical listing which includes corporate descriptions, company logos, addresses, phone and fax numbers, e-mail addresses and contact names. The second section contains 54 categories of products and services associated with the industry 9. The Industrial Engineering publishing landscape OpenAIRE Claasen, Schalk 2012-01-01 Looking at the Industrial Engineering publishing landscape through the window of Google Search, an interesting panorama unfolds. The view that I took is actually just a peek and therefore my description of what I saw is not meant to be comprehensive. The African landscape is empty except for the South African Journal of Industrial Engineering (SAJIE). This is an extraordinary situation if compared to the South American continent where there are Industrial Engineering journals in at least ... 10. Description of saturation curves and boiling process of dry air Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Vestfálová Magda 2018-01-01 Full Text Available Air is a mixture of gases forming the gas wrap of Earth. It is formed by dry air, moisture and other pollutants. Dry air is a substance whose thermodynamic properties in gaseous state, as well as the thermodynamic properties of its main constituents in gaseous state, are generally known and described in detail in the literature. The liquid air is a bluish liquid and is industrially used to produce oxygen, nitrogen, argon and helium by distillation. The transition between the gaseous and liquid state (the condensation process, resp. boiling process, is usually displayed in the basic thermodynamic diagrams using the saturation curves. The saturation curves of all pure substances are of a similar shape. However, since the dry air is a mixture, the shapes of its saturation curves are modified relative to the shapes corresponding to the pure substances. This paper deals with the description of the dry air saturation curves as a mixture, i.e. with a description of the process of phase change of dry air (boiling process. The dry air saturation curves are constructed in the basic thermodynamic charts based on the values obtained from the literature. On the basis of diagrams, data appearing in various publications are interpreted and put into context with boiling process of dry air. 11. Detailed Design Documentation, without the Pain Science.gov (United States) Ramsay, C. D.; Parkes, S. 2004-06-01 Producing detailed forms of design documentation, such as pseudocode and structured flowcharts, to describe the procedures of a software system:(1) allows software developers to model and discuss their understanding of a problem and the design of a solution free from the syntax of a programming language,(2) facilitates deeper involvement of non-technical stakeholders, such as the customer or project managers, whose influence ensures the quality, correctness and timeliness of the resulting system,(3) forms comprehensive documentation of the system for its future maintenance, reuse and/or redeployment.However, such forms of documentation require effort to create and maintain.This paper describes a software tool which is currently being developed within the Space Systems Research Group at the University of Dundee which aims to improve the utility of, and the incentive for, creating detailed design documentation for the procedures of a software system. The rationale for creating such a tool is briefly discussed, followed by a description of the tool itself, a summary of its perceived benefits, and plans for future work. 12. Model documentation report: Industrial sector demand module of the National Energy Modeling System International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1997-01-01 This report documents the objectives, analytical approach, and development of the National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) Industrial Demand Model. The report catalogues and describes model assumptions, computational methodology, parameter estimation techniques, and model source code. This document serves three purposes. First, it is a reference document providing a detailed description of the NEMS Industrial Model for model analysts, users, and the public. Second, this report meets the legal requirement of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to provide adequate documentation in support of its models. Third, it facilitates continuity in model development by providing documentation from which energy analysts can undertake model enhancements, data updates, and parameter refinements as future projects. The NEMS Industrial Demand Model is a dynamic accounting model, bringing together the disparate industries and uses of energy in those industries, and putting them together in an understandable and cohesive framework. The Industrial Model generates mid-term (up to the year 2015) forecasts of industrial sector energy demand as a component of the NEMS integrated forecasting system. From the NEMS system, the Industrial Model receives fuel prices, employment data, and the value of industrial output. Based on the values of these variables, the Industrial Model passes back to the NEMS system estimates of consumption by fuel types 13. DAGAL: Detailed Anatomy of Galaxies Science.gov (United States) Knapen, Johan H. 2017-03-01 The current IAU Symposium is closely connected to the EU-funded network DAGAL (Detailed Anatomy of Galaxies), with the final annual network meeting of DAGAL being at the core of this international symposium. In this short paper, we give an overview of DAGAL, its training activities, and some of the scientific advances that have been made under its umbrella. 14. Vehicle infrastructure integration proof of concept : technical description--vehicle : final report Science.gov (United States) 2009-05-19 This report provides the technical description of the VII system developed for the Cooperative Agreement VII Program between the USDOT and the VII Consortium. The basic architectural elements are summarized and detailed descriptions of the hardware a... 15. Nuclear measurements in industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Rozsa, S. 1989-01-01 In this book the author provides a description of nuclear measurements in industry, covering the physical principles, methods, instruments and equipment, and industrial applications. One of the great advantages of industrial nuclear measurements is that their use ensures the optimum use of raw material. The increasing cost of raw materials makes it essential to adhere strictly to the standards and prescriptions related to the product and this is possible only by the application of continuous and accurate measurements. As a result, the importance of nuclear instruments is rapidly growing particularly in fields where the application of alternative methods is not possible. This is illustrated by several practical examples described in the book. Similarly important are nuclear measuring the process control equipment which serve to optimize the use of energy in industrial processes 16. The world petroleum industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mons, L. 2005-01-01 This study proposes a global vision of the petroleum industry, a precise and well argued state of the art of the petroleum markets. It defines the strategical challenges which the petroleum companies are exposed and allows to anticipate the sector evolutions. It details the key acts of the last three years, the financial performances of the companies. (A.L.B.) 17. Geothermal industry assessment Science.gov (United States) 1980-07-01 Focus is on industry structure, corporate activities and strategies, and detailed analysis of the technological, economic, financial, and institutional issues important to government policy formulation. The study is based principally on confidential interviews and with executives of 75 companies active in the field. 18. Pharmacist-industry relationships. Science.gov (United States) Saavedra, Keene; O'Connor, Bonnie; Fugh-Berman, Adriane 2017-12-01 The purpose of this study was to document, in their own words, beliefs and attitudes that American pharmacists have towards the pharmaceutical industry and pharmacists' interactions with industry. An ethnographic-style qualitative study was conducted utilizing open-ended interviews with four hospital pharmacists, two independent pharmacists, two retail pharmacists and one administrative pharmacist in the Washington, DC, metropolitan area to elicit descriptions of and attitudes towards pharmacists' relationships with industry. Analysis of the qualitative material followed established ethnographic conventions of narrative thematic analysis. All pharmacists reported interactions with pharmaceutical company representatives. Most had received free resources or services from industry, including educational courses. Respondents uniformly believed that industry promotional efforts are primarily directed towards physicians. Although respondents felt strongly that drug prices were excessive and that 'me-too' drugs were of limited use, they generally had a neutral-to-positive view of industry-funded adherence/compliance programmes, coupons, vouchers, and copay payment programmes. Interviewees viewed direct-to-consumer advertising negatively, but had a generally positive view of industry-funded drug information. Pharmacists may represent a hitherto under-identified cohort of health professionals who are targeted for industry influence; expanding roles for pharmacists may make them even more attractive targets for future industry attention. Pharmacy schools should ensure that students learn to rely on unbiased information sources and should teach students about conflicts of interest and the risks of interacting with industry. Further research should be conducted on the extent to which pharmacists' attitudes towards their duties and towards drug assessment and recommendation are influenced by the pharmaceutical industry. © 2017 Royal Pharmaceutical Society. 19. Integrated Project Management System description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1994-09-01 The Integrated Program Management System (IPMS) Description is a ''working'' document that describes the work processes of the Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action Project Office (UMTRA) and IPMS Group. This document has undergone many revisions since the UMTRA Project began; this revision not only updates the work processes but more clearly explains the relationships between the Project Office, contractors, and other participants. The work process flow style has been revised to better describe Project work and the relationships of participants. For each work process, more background and guidance on ''why'' and ''what is expected'' is given. For example, a description of activity data sheets has been added in the work organization and the Project performance and reporting processes, as well as additional detail about the federal budget process and funding management and improved flow charts and explanations of cost and schedule management. A chapter has been added describing the Cost Reduction/Productivity Improvement Program. The Change Control Board (CCB) procedures (Appendix A) have been updated. Project critical issues meeting (PCIM) procedures have been added as Appendix B. Budget risk assessment meeting procedures have been added as Appendix C. These appendices are written to act as stand-alone documentation for each process. As the procedures are improved and updated, the documentation can be updated separately 20. The US petroleum refining industry in the 1980's Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1990-10-11 As part of the EIA program on petroleum, The US Petroleum Refining Industry in the 1980's, presents a historical analysis of the changes that took place in the US petroleum refining industry during the 1980's. It is intended to be of interest to analysts in the petroleum industry, state and federal government officials, Congress, and the general public. The report consists of six chapters and four appendices. Included is a detailed description of the major events and factors that affected the domestic refining industry during this period. Some of the changes that took place in the 1980's are the result of events that started in the 1970's. The impact of these events on US refinery configuration, operations, economics, and company ownership are examined. 23 figs., 11 tabs. 1. Systems Biology Graphical Notation: Process Description language Level 1 Version 1.3. Science.gov (United States) Moodie, Stuart; Le Novère, Nicolas; Demir, Emek; Mi, Huaiyu; Villéger, Alice 2015-09-04 The Systems Biological Graphical Notation (SBGN) is an international community effort for standardized graphical representations of biological pathways and networks. The goal of SBGN is to provide unambiguous pathway and network maps for readers with different scientific backgrounds as well as to support efficient and accurate exchange of biological knowledge between different research communities, industry, and other players in systems biology. Three SBGN languages, Process Description (PD), Entity Relationship (ER) and Activity Flow (AF), allow for the representation of different aspects of biological and biochemical systems at different levels of detail. The SBGN Process Description language represents biological entities and processes between these entities within a network. SBGN PD focuses on the mechanistic description and temporal dependencies of biological interactions and transformations. The nodes (elements) are split into entity nodes describing, e.g., metabolites, proteins, genes and complexes, and process nodes describing, e.g., reactions and associations. The edges (connections) provide descriptions of relationships (or influences) between the nodes, such as consumption, production, stimulation and inhibition. Among all three languages of SBGN, PD is the closest to metabolic and regulatory pathways in biological literature and textbooks, but its well-defined semantics offer a superior precision in expressing biological knowledge. 2. Olkiluoto site description 2011 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2012-12-01 This fourth version of the Olkiluoto Site Report, produced by the OMTF (Olkiluoto Modelling Task Force), updates the Olkiluoto Site Report 2008 with the data and knowledge obtained up to December 2010. A descriptive model of the site (the Site Descriptive Model, SDM), i.e. a model describing the geological and hydrogeological structure of the site, properties of the bedrock and the groundwater and its flow, and the associated interacting processes and mechanisms. The SDM is divided into six parts: surface system, geology, rock mechanics, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and transport properties 3. Olkiluoto site description 2011 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2012-12-15 This fourth version of the Olkiluoto Site Report, produced by the OMTF (Olkiluoto Modelling Task Force), updates the Olkiluoto Site Report 2008 with the data and knowledge obtained up to December 2010. A descriptive model of the site (the Site Descriptive Model, SDM), i.e. a model describing the geological and hydrogeological structure of the site, properties of the bedrock and the groundwater and its flow, and the associated interacting processes and mechanisms. The SDM is divided into six parts: surface system, geology, rock mechanics, hydrogeology, hydrogeochemistry and transport properties. 4. Heat pump dryers theory, design and industrial applications CERN Document Server Alves-Filho, Odilio 2015-01-01 Explore the Social, Technological, and Economic Impact of Heat Pump Drying Heat pump drying is a green technology that aligns with current energy, quality, and environmental concerns, and when compared to conventional drying, delivers similar quality at a lower cost. Heat Pump Dryers: Theory, Design and Industrial Applications details the progression of heat pump drying-from pioneering research and demonstration work to an applied technology-and establishes principles and theories that can aid in the successful design and application of heat pump dryers. Based on the author's personal experience, this book compares heat pump dryers and conventional dryers in terms of performance, quality, removal rate, energy utilization, and the environmental effect of both drying processes. It includes detailed descriptions and layouts of heat pump dryers, outlines the principles of operation, and explains the equations, diagrams, and procedures used to form the basis for heat pump dryer dimensioning and design. The author ... 5. a descriptive survey African Journals Online (AJOL) 2012-07-06 Jul 6, 2012 ... industry body, can in some cases intervene in the case of misleading ... The Medicines Control Council recently published draft regulations .... water, a refrigerator and freezer, an electric stove and a home security service.10. 6. Industrial Engineering DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Karlsson, Christer 2015-01-01 Industrial engineering is a discipline that is concerned with increasing the effectiveness of (primarily) manufacturing and (occasionally).......Industrial engineering is a discipline that is concerned with increasing the effectiveness of (primarily) manufacturing and (occasionally).... 7. Farmaceutische industrie NARCIS (Netherlands) Ros JPM; van der Poel P; Etman EJ; Montfoort JA; LAE 1995-01-01 Dit rapport over de farmaceutische industrie is gepubliceerd binnen het Samenwerkingsproject Procesbeschrijvingen Industrie Nederland (SPIN). In het kader van dit project is informatie verzameld over industriele bedrijven of industriele processen ter ondersteuning van het overheidsbeleid op het 8. Detailed clinical models: a review. Science.gov (United States) Goossen, William; Goossen-Baremans, Anneke; van der Zel, Michael 2010-12-01 Due to the increasing use of electronic patient records and other health care information technology, we see an increase in requests to utilize these data. A highly level of standardization is required during the gathering of these data in the clinical context in order to use it for analyses. Detailed Clinical Models (DCM) have been created toward this purpose and several initiatives have been implemented in various parts of the world to create standardized models. This paper presents a review of DCM. Two types of analyses are presented; one comparing DCM against health care information architectures and a second bottom up approach from concept analysis to representation. In addition core parts of the draft ISO standard 13972 on DCM are used such as clinician involvement, data element specification, modeling, meta information, and repository and governance. SIX INITIATIVES WERE SELECTED: Intermountain Healthcare, 13606/OpenEHR Archetypes, Clinical Templates, Clinical Contents Models, Health Level 7 templates, and Dutch Detailed Clinical Models. Each model selected was reviewed for their overall development, involvement of clinicians, use of data types, code bindings, expressing semantics, modeling, meta information, use of repository and governance. Using both a top down and bottom up approach to comparison reveals many commonalties and differences between initiatives. Important differences include the use of or lack of a reference model and expressiveness of models. Applying clinical data element standards facilitates the use of conceptual DCM models in different technical representations. 9. Marketing of the gambling industry OpenAIRE Rožek, Jan 2010-01-01 This thesis is studying the current global as well as Czech gambling industry with the focus on internet gambling activities. The work begins with the description of various gambling activities. The focus is taken on the internet gambling activities with description of the specifics and the current European as well as US legal frame. Next part is dedicated to the psychology of gambling together with the pathological gambling addiction. In next part the thesis studies the current situation on ... 10. Descriptive studies of Purepecha: Introductory study Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Violeta Vázquez Rojas Maldonado 2013-12-01 Full Text Available Seven papers in this volume are the result of a collective project of linguistic description. This introduction offers a general background for such enterprise. It provides information about some sociolinguistic and grammatical aspects of the Purepecha language, a list of some recent studies on the language, it describes the orthographic conventions employed. We also provide details about the elicitation methodology and the demographic information of the language consultants. 11. Servitization in Industrial Firms DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Hsuan, Juliana; Frandsen, Thomas; Raja, Jawwad This booklet outlines the breadth and depth of services offered by Danish manufacturing companies, aiming to provide a better understanding of the servitization landscape in Denmark. A total of 1,103 company websites have been checked against 16 service categories. Of these, 939 companies were...... analyzed in more detail, for example with regard to the types of services offered, company size, industry representation, turnover and earnings before interest and tax (EBIT). The analysis presented in this booklet may inspire Danish firms and help them, in their servitization journeys, to position...... themselves in relation to other companies in similar or related industries. In setting out a brief overview of the overall industrial service landscape in Denmark, the following is highlighted: - The extent to which Danish industrial firms are communicating service offerings through their websites... 12. AICD -- Advanced Industrial Concepts Division Biological and Chemical Technologies Research Program. 1993 Annual summary report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Petersen, G.; Bair, K.; Ross, J. [eds. 1994-03-01 The annual summary report presents the fiscal year (FY) 1993 research activities and accomplishments for the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Biological and Chemical Technologies Research (BCTR) Program of the Advanced Industrial Concepts Division (AICD). This AICD program resides within the Office of Industrial Technologies (OIT) of the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EE). The annual summary report for 1993 (ASR 93) contains the following: A program description (including BCTR program mission statement, historical background, relevance, goals and objectives), program structure and organization, selected technical and programmatic highlights for 1993, detailed descriptions of individual projects, a listing of program output, including a bibliography of published work, patents, and awards arising from work supported by BCTR. 13. Descriptive data analysis. Science.gov (United States) Thompson, Cheryl Bagley 2009-01-01 This 13th article of the Basics of Research series is first in a short series on statistical analysis. These articles will discuss creating your statistical analysis plan, levels of measurement, descriptive statistics, probability theory, inferential statistics, and general considerations for interpretation of the results of a statistical analysis. 14. Osiris reactor descriptive report International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1976-03-01 OSIRIS is a swimming pool reactor of 70 MW thermal power. Its main purpose is the irradiation of reactor materials in high neutron flux. A description is given of the air conditioning, ventilation, and radioactive gas removal system. (R.L.) 15. Plot Description (PD) Science.gov (United States) Robert E. Keane 2006-01-01 The Plot Description (PD) form is used to describe general characteristics of the FIREMON macroplot to provide ecological context for data analyses. The PD data characterize the topographical setting, geographic reference point, general plant composition and cover, ground cover, fuels, and soils information. This method provides the general ecological data that can be... 16. Generalizing: The descriptive struggle Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Barney G. Glaser, Ph.D.; Hon Ph.D. 2006-11-01 Full Text Available The literature is not kind to the use of descriptive generalizations. Authors struggle and struggle to find and rationalize a way to use them and then fail in spite of trying a myriad of work-arounds. And then we have Lincoln and Guba’s famous statement: “The only generalization is: there is no generalization” in referring to qualitative research. (op cit, p. 110 They are referring to routine QDA yielding extensive descriptions, but which tacitly include conceptual generalizations without any real thought of knowledge about them. In this chapter I wish to explore this struggle for the purpose of explaining that the various contra arguments to using descriptive generalizations DO NOT apply to the ease of using conceptual generalizations yielded in SGT and especially FGT. I will not argue for the use of descriptive generalization. I agree with Lincoln and Guba with respect to QDA, “the only generalization is: there is no generalization.” It is up to the QDA methodologists, of whom there are many; to continue the struggle and I wish them well. 17. Fractal description of fractures International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lung, C.W. 1991-06-01 Recent studies on the fractal description of fractures are reviewed. Some problems on this subject are discussed. It seems hopeful to use the fractal dimension as a parameter for quantitative fractography and to apply fractal structures to the development of high toughness materials. (author). 28 refs, 7 figs 18. Methanization of industrial liquid effluents International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Frederic, S.; Lugardon, A. 2007-01-01 In a first part, this work deals with the theoretical aspects of the methanization of the industrial effluents; the associated reactional processes are detailed. The second part presents the technological criteria for choosing the methanization process in terms of the characteristics of the effluent to be treated. Some of the methanization processes are presented with their respective advantages and disadvantages. At last, is described the implementation of an industrial methanization unit. The size and the main choices are detailed: the anaerobic reactor, the control, the valorization aspects of the biogas produced. Some examples of industrial developments illustrate the different used options. (O.M.) 19. Nuclear power industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1999-01-01 This press dossier presented in Shanghai (China) in April 1999, describes first the activities of the Framatome group in the people's republic of China with a short presentation of the Daya Bay power plant and of the future Ling Ao project, and with a description of the technological cooperation with China in the nuclear domain (technology transfers, nuclear fuels) and in other industrial domains (mechanics, oil and gas, connectors, food and agriculture, paper industry etc..). The general activities of the Framatome group in the domain of energy (nuclear realizations in France, EPR project, export activities, nuclear services, nuclear fuels, nuclear equipments, industrial equipments) and of connectors engineering are presented in a second and third part with the 1998 performances. (J.S.) 20. Devil's in the (diffuse) detail International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Welberry, R. 2006-07-01 X-ray crystallography is an important workhorse in the world of solid-state chemistry. However, while it's a powerful tool in determining the average structure in a crystal lattice, conventional crystallography is very limited when it comes to understanding nano-scale disorder within that crystal structure. And when it comes to understanding the properties of many important materials, the devil is in the detail. X-ray diffraction is still one of the keys to understanding this finer scale structure but using it requires a capacity to read between the lines - to understand the diffuse diffraction that most crystallography ignores. Scientists at the Research School of Chemistry are leading the world in this field. Their work on modelling nano-scaled disorder using diffuse diffraction is opening up new possibilities in understanding and modifying many of our most important materials 1. Industrial electrification International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Melvin, J.G. 1983-03-01 The technical and economic scope for industrial process electrification in Canada is assessed in the light of increasing costs of combustion fuels relative to electricity. It is concluded that electricity is capable of providing an increasing share of industrial energy, eventually aproaching 100 percent. The relatively low cost of electricity in Canada offers industry the opportunity of a head start in process electrification with consequent advantages in world markets both for industrial products and for electrical process equipment and technology. A method is described to promote the necessary innovation by providing access to technology and financing. The potential growth of electricity demand due to industrial electrification is estimated 2. Industry evolution in developing countries : the Indonesian pulp and paper industry NARCIS (Netherlands) Dijk, van M. 2003-01-01 Almost all empirical research on industry evolution has been conducted on high or medium technology industries in industrialised countries. In this paper, a detailed analysis of the life cycle of Indonesia's pulp and paper industry is presented as case study to investigate industry evolution in 3. Francisco Mattos (ed.), industrial OpenAIRE Gunn, Joshua 2006-01-01 An episode of the the U.S. Public Broadcasting Service documentary series P.O.V. titled ‘‘Baby, It’s You’’ (2 June, 1988) captures a glimmer of what is left of that early eighties music-art scene known as ‘‘industrial.’’ In the wake of a newscast detailing new information about the Columbine High School massacre in April, 1999 – a crime initially linked by the press to the ‘‘gothic’’ and «industrial» music consumed by the murderers – the narrator’s voice (Anne Makepeace) invited me to carry t... 4. COG Software Architecture Design Description Document International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Buck, R.M.; Lent, E.M. 2009-01-01 This COG Software Architecture Design Description Document describes the organization and functionality of the COG Multiparticle Monte Carlo Transport Code for radiation shielding and criticality calculations, at a level of detail suitable for guiding a new code developer in the maintenance and enhancement of COG. The intended audience also includes managers and scientists and engineers who wish to have a general knowledge of how the code works. This Document is not intended for end-users. This document covers the software implemented in the standard COG Version 10, as released through RSICC and IAEA. Software resources provided by other institutions will not be covered. This document presents the routines grouped by modules and in the order of the three processing phases. Some routines are used in multiple phases. The routine description is presented once - the first time the routine is referenced. Since this is presented at the level of detail for guiding a new code developer, only the routines invoked by another routine that are significant for the processing phase that is being detailed are presented. An index to all routines detailed is included. Tables for the primary data structures are also presented. 5. RETRIEVAL EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTIONS International Nuclear Information System (INIS) J. Steinhoff 1997-01-01 The objective and the scope of this document are to list and briefly describe the major mobile equipment necessary for waste package (WP) retrieval from the proposed subsurface nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. Primary performance characteristics and some specialized design features of the equipment are explained and summarized in the individual subsections of this document. There are no quality assurance requirements or QA controls in this document. Retrieval under normal conditions is accomplished with the same fleet of equipment as is used for emplacement. Descriptions of equipment used for retrieval under normal conditions is found in Emplacement Equipment Descriptions, DI: BCAF00000-01717-5705-00002 (a document in progress). Equipment used for retrieval under abnormal conditions is addressed in this document and consists of the following: (1) Inclined Plane Hauler; (2) Bottom Lift Transporter; (3) Load Haul Dump (LHD) Loader; (4) Heavy Duty Forklift for Emplacement Drifts; (5) Covered Shuttle Car; (6) Multipurpose Vehicle; and (7) Scaler 6. Multidimensional nonlinear descriptive analysis CERN Document Server Nishisato, Shizuhiko 2006-01-01 Quantification of categorical, or non-numerical, data is a problem that scientists face across a wide range of disciplines. Exploring data analysis in various areas of research, such as the social sciences and biology, Multidimensional Nonlinear Descriptive Analysis presents methods for analyzing categorical data that are not necessarily sampled randomly from a normal population and often involve nonlinear relations. This reference not only provides an overview of multidimensional nonlinear descriptive analysis (MUNDA) of discrete data, it also offers new results in a variety of fields. The first part of the book covers conceptual and technical preliminaries needed to understand the data analysis in subsequent chapters. The next two parts contain applications of MUNDA to diverse data types, with each chapter devoted to one type of categorical data, a brief historical comment, and basic skills peculiar to the data types. The final part examines several problems and then concludes with suggestions for futu... 7. Input description for BIOPATH International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Marklund, J.E.; Bergstroem, U.; Edlund, O. 1980-01-01 The computer program BIOPATH describes the flow of radioactivity within a given ecosystem after a postulated release of radioactive material and the resulting dose for specified population groups. The present report accounts for the input data necessary to run BIOPATH. The report also contains descriptions of possible control cards and an input example as well as a short summary of the basic theory.(author) 8. From Detailed Description of Chemical Reacting Carbon Particles to Subgrid Models for CFD Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Schulze S. 2013-04-01 Full Text Available This work is devoted to the development and validation of a sub-model for the partial oxidation of a spherical char particle moving in an air/steam atmosphere. The particle diameter is 2 mm. The coal particle is represented by moisture- and ash-free nonporous carbon while the coal rank is implemented using semi-global reaction rate expressions taken from the literature. The submodel includes six gaseous chemical species (O2, CO2, CO, H2O, H2, N2. Three heterogeneous reactions are employed, along with two homogeneous semi-global reactions, namely carbon monoxide oxidation and the water-gas-shift reaction. The distinguishing feature of the subgrid model is that it takes into account the influence of homogeneous reactions on integral characteristics such as carbon combustion rates and particle temperature. The sub-model was validated by comparing its results with a comprehensive CFD-based model resolving the issues of bulk flow and boundary layer around the particle. In this model, the Navier-Stokes equations coupled with the energy and species conservation equations were used to solve the problem by means of the pseudo-steady state approach. At the surface of the particle, the balance of mass, energy and species concentration was applied including the effect of the Stefan flow and heat loss due to radiation at the surface of the particle. Good agreement was achieved between the sub-model and the CFD-based model. Additionally, the CFD-based model was verified against experimental data published in the literature (Makino et al. (2003 Combust. Flame 132, 743-753. Good agreement was achieved between numerically predicted and experimentally obtained data for input conditions corresponding to the kinetically controlled regime. The maximal discrepancy (10% between the experiments and the numerical results was observed in the diffusion-controlled regime. Finally, we discuss the influence of the Reynolds number, the ambient O2 mass fraction and the ambient temperature on the char particle behaviour. 9. One-Session Treatment of Specific Phobias: A Detailed Description and Review of Treatment Efficacy Science.gov (United States) Zlomke, Kimberly; Davis, Thompson E., III 2008-01-01 One-Session Treatment (OST) is a form of massed exposure therapy for the treatment of specific phobias. OST combines exposure, participant modeling, cognitive challenges, and reinforcement in a single session, maximized to three hours. Clients are gradually exposed to steps of their fear hierarchy using therapist-directed behavioral experiments.… 10. Functional description of the monitoring and observability detailed concepts for the Pan-European Control Schemes DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Marinelli, Mattia; Pertl, Michael; Rezkalla, Michel M.N. 2017-01-01 Deliverable D5.4 outlines the methodology and the topics analysed in T5.4 for deriving PanEuropean observables within the Web-of-Cells (WoC) concept. Observables are derived by analysing traditional instability events typical of large power systems.......Deliverable D5.4 outlines the methodology and the topics analysed in T5.4 for deriving PanEuropean observables within the Web-of-Cells (WoC) concept. Observables are derived by analysing traditional instability events typical of large power systems.... 11. Cerebellar malformations in prenatally x-irradiated rats: quantitative analysis and detailed description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Inouye, M. 1979-01-01 Pregnant WKA/HoK rats were exposed to 100 R or 200 R x-irradiation on one of gestation days 16 through 21. Offspring were killed at 60 days of age and the cerebellum was examined. The cerebellum of animals exposed to 200 R was slightly reduced in weight but not in width. The observed reduction in the dorsoventral length of the cerebellum was more evident when the x-irradiation was early in gestation. The anterior portions of hemispheres were situated anterior to the culmen in every 200 R group. Histologically, ectopic Purkinje cells in the granule cell layer and white matter appeared following x-irradiation on day 20 or 21, but they were not found following earlier treatment. In the cerebellum of animals exposed to 100 R the reduction in size was mild and the folial abnormalities were rare, but the number of sublobules decreased 12. Visualization of Instrumental Verification Information Details (VIVID) : code development, description, and usage. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Roy, Christopher John; Bainbridge, Bruce L.; Potter, Donald L.; Blottner, Frederick G.; Black, Amalia Rebecca 2005-03-01 The formulation, implementation and usage of a numerical solution verification code is described. This code uses the Richardson extrapolation procedure to estimate the order of accuracy and error of a computational program solution. It evaluates multiple solutions performed in numerical grid convergence studies to verify a numerical algorithm implementation. Analyses are performed on both structured and unstructured grid codes. Finite volume and finite element discretization programs are examined. Two and three-dimensional solutions are evaluated. Steady state and transient solution analysis capabilities are present in the verification code. Multiple input data bases are accepted. Benchmark options are included to allow for minimal solution validation capability as well as verification. 13. A Contribution to Nyquist-Rate ADC Modeling - Detailed Algorithm Description Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) J. Zidek 2012-04-01 Full Text Available In this article, the innovative ADC modeling algorithm is described. It is well suitable for nyquist-rate ADC error back annotation. This algorithm is the next step of building a support tool for IC design engineers. The inspiration for us was the work [2]. Here, the ADC behavior is divided into HCF (High Code Frequency and LCF (Low Code Frequency separated independent parts. This paper is based on the same concept but the model coefficients are estimated in a different way only from INL data. The HCF order recognition part was newly added as well. Thanks to that the HCF coefficients number is lower in comparison with the original Grimaldi’s work (especially for converters with low ratio between HCF and “random” part of INL. Modeling results are demonstrated on a real data set measured by ASICentrum on chargeredistribution type SAR ADC chip. Results are showed not only by coefficient values but also by the Model Coverage metrics. Model limitations are also discussed. 14. OECD-IAEA Paks Fuel Project. Detailed Description of the Results of Calculations International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2010-05-01 On 10 April 2003 severe damage of fuel assemblies took place during an incident at Unit 2 of Paks Nuclear Power Plant in Hungary. The assemblies were being cleaned in a special tank below the water level of the spent fuel storage pool in order to remove crud buildup. That afternoon, the chemical cleaning of assemblies was completed and the fuel rods were being cooled by circulation of storage pool water. The first sign of fuel failure was the detection of some fission gases released from the cleaning tank during that evening. The cleaning tank cover locks were released after midnight and this operation was followed by a sudden increase in activity concentrations. The visual inspection revealed that all 30 fuel assemblies were severely damaged. The first evaluation of the event showed that the severe fuel damage happened due to inadequate coolant circulation within the cleaning tank. The damaged fuel assemblies will be removed from the cleaning tank in 2005 and will be stored in special canisters in the spent fuel storage pool of the Paks NPP. Following several discussions between expert from different countries and international organisations the OECD-IAEA Paks Fuel Project was proposed. The project is envisaged in two phases. - Phase 1 is to cover organization of visual inspection of material, preparation of database, performance of analyses and preparatory work for fuel examination. - Phase 2 is to cover the fuel transport and the hot cell examination 15. The first detailed ornithological description of the island of Žirje (Croatia Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Purger Jenő J. 2015-12-01 Full Text Available Ornithofauna of the island of Žirje has not been explored yet. During an early and late survey in September of 2013 and 2014 altogether 50 bird species were recorded, 34 and 41 species was noted including both migratory and resident species in the two parts of the month, respectively. Nine species appeared only at the first half, while 16 species were registered only at the second half of the mouth. The results of this preliminary survey showed the obvious need for more intensive research of the island’s bird fauna, with special attention on nesting and wintering birds. 16. Detailed description of the Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, Hungary Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Csörgő Tibor 2016-12-01 Full Text Available The present paper acts as an introduction to a series that will describe the exploratory analyses of migration phenology and morphometrics of the most common passerine species at the Ócsa Bird Ringing Station. This station is situated in the Ócsa Landscape Protection Area that belongs to the Duna–Ipoly National Park, Hungary. The area is somewhat cooler and more humid than the surrounding agricultural fields and tree plantations, covered by a mosaic of diverse hygrophilous vegetation patches. Bird trapping is mostly based on Japanese mist-net lines crossing different plant communities. During the period of 1984–2015, a total of 422,862 birds were trapped and ringed here, while 202,739 local, 1,235 within country, and 443 foreign recaptures were also recorded. Each bird is characterized by the following data: location and time of capture, species, age, sex, scores of fat, pectoral muscle, wing tip abrasion, and moult, length of wing, 3rd primary, and tail, and body mass. After subjected to a rigorous quality check, digital data are deposited in the archive of the Hungarian Bird Ringing Centre, and the EURING data base. From time to time, other research projects also utilized the accessibility of wild birds captured here, thus collection of blood samples, ecto- and endoparasites was carried out at the station. The relatively long time span, large number of species and individuals, and the readily available environmental (weather, vegetation, etc. data makes the avian data collected here a suitable base for studies of various disciplines like capture methodology, habitat preferences, breeding, migration, and wintering, effects of weather and climate change, and epidemiology of viruses and parasites. 17. Detailed description of the Ócsa Bird Ringing Station, Hungary OpenAIRE Csörgő Tibor; Harnos Andrea; Rózsa Lajos; Karcza Zsolt; Fehérvári Péter 2016-01-01 The present paper acts as an introduction to a series that will describe the exploratory analyses of migration phenology and morphometrics of the most common passerine species at the Ócsa Bird Ringing Station. This station is situated in the Ócsa Landscape Protection Area that belongs to the Duna–Ipoly National Park, Hungary. The area is somewhat cooler and more humid than the surrounding agricultural fields and tree plantations, covered by a mosaic of diverse hygrophilous vegetation patches.... 18. The Clouds distributed operating system - Functional description, implementation details and related work Science.gov (United States) Dasgupta, Partha; Leblanc, Richard J., Jr.; Appelbe, William F. 1988-01-01 Clouds is an operating system in a novel class of distributed operating systems providing the integration, reliability, and structure that makes a distributed system usable. Clouds is designed to run on a set of general purpose computers that are connected via a medium-of-high speed local area network. The system structuring paradigm chosen for the Clouds operating system, after substantial research, is an object/thread model. All instances of services, programs and data in Clouds are encapsulated in objects. The concept of persistent objects does away with the need for file systems, and replaces it with a more powerful concept, namely the object system. The facilities in Clouds include integration of resources through location transparency; support for various types of atomic operations, including conventional transactions; advanced support for achieving fault tolerance; and provisions for dynamic reconfiguration. 19. XML Diagnostics Description Standard International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Neto, A.; Fernandes, H.; Varandas, C.; Lister, J.; Yonekawa, I. 2006-01-01 A standard for the self-description of fusion plasma diagnostics will be presented, based on the Extensible Markup Language (XML). The motivation is to maintain and organise the information on all the components of a laboratory experiment, from the hardware to the access security, to save time and money when problems arises. Since there is no existing standard to organise this kind of information, every Association stores and organises each experiment in different ways. This can lead to severe problems when the organisation schema is poorly documented or written in national languages. The exchange of scientists, researchers and engineers between laboratories is a common practice nowadays. Sometimes they have to install new diagnostics or to update existing ones and frequently they lose a great deal of time trying to understand the currently installed system. The most common problems are: no documentation available; the person who understands it has left; documentation written in the national language. Standardisation is the key to solving all the problems mentioned. From the commercial information on the diagnostic (component supplier; component price) to the hardware description (component specifications; drawings) to the operation of the equipment (finite state machines) through change control (who changed what and when) and internationalisation (information at least in the native language and in English), a common XML schema will be proposed. This paper will also discuss an extension of these ideas to the self-description of ITER plant systems, since the problems will be identical. (author) 20. Management control system description Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bence, P. J. 1990-10-01 This Management Control System (MCS) description describes the processes used to manage the cost and schedule of work performed by Westinghouse Hanford Company (Westinghouse Hanford) for the US Department of Energy, Richland Operations Office (DOE-RL), Richland, Washington. Westinghouse Hanford will maintain and use formal cost and schedule management control systems, as presented in this document, in performing work for the DOE-RL. This MCS description is a controlled document and will be modified or updated as required. This document must be approved by the DOE-RL; thereafter, any significant change will require DOE-RL concurrence. Westinghouse Hanford is the DOE-RL operations and engineering contractor at the Hanford Site. Activities associated with this contract (DE-AC06-87RL10930) include operating existing plant facilities, managing defined projects and programs, and planning future enhancements. This document is designed to comply with Section I-13 of the contract by providing a description of Westinghouse Hanford's cost and schedule control systems used in managing the above activities. 5 refs., 22 figs., 1 tab. 1. Industrial Applications of Nuclear Energy International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2017-01-01 This publication provides a detailed overview of the potential use of nuclear energy for industrial systems and/or processes which have a strong demand for process heat/steam and power, and on the mapping of nuclear power reactors proposed for various industrial applications. It describes the technical concepts for combined nuclear-industrial complexes that are being pursued in various Member States, and presents the concepts that were developed in the past to be applied in connection with some major industries. It also provides an analysis of the energy demand in various industries and outlines the potential that nuclear energy may have in major industrial applications such as process steam for oil recovery and refineries, hydrogen generation, and steel and aluminium production. The audience for this publication includes academia, industry, and government agencies. 2. Tore Supra: technical description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1985-08-01 Cryogenic system of Tore Supra is described with its principal functions and operation modes. Data control and acquisition with on line data processing is presented. Radiation dose and induced radioactivity evaluation is studied. Cooling system is detailed together with characteristics of facilities and circuits to cool. Then machine assembly and buildings are presented [fr 3. Process industry properties in nuclear industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zheng Hualing 2005-01-01 In this article the writer has described the definition of process industry, expounded the fact classifying nuclear industry as process industry, compared the differences between process industry and discrete industry, analysed process industry properties in nuclear industry and their important impact, and proposed enhancing research work on regularity of process industry in nuclear industry. (authors) 4. Industrie 4.0 - from the perspective of applied research OpenAIRE Neugebauer, R.; Hippmann, S.; Leis, M.; Landherr, M. 2016-01-01 Industrie 4.0 is the German description for the 4th industrial revolution. While in Germany "Industrie 4.0" aims at putting the strong German manufacturing industry in a position of future readiness through integrated digitization, for the ICT-dominant USA, "Smart Manufacturing" is ought to revive the country's re-industrialization. Fraunhofer, a major European Research and Technology Organization (RTO), has a strong focus on Industrie 4.0 technologies throughout the whole production value ch... 5. Detailed Astrometric Analysis of Pluto Science.gov (United States) ROSSI, GUSTAVO B.; Vieira-Martins, R.; Camargo, J. I.; Assafin, M. 2013-05-01 Abstract (2,250 Maximum Characters): Pluto is the main representant of the transneptunian objects (TNO's), presenting some peculiarities such as an atmosphere and a satellite system with 5 known moons: Charon, discovered in 1978, Nix and Hydra, in 2006, P4 in 2011 and P5 in 2012. Until the arrival of the New Horizons spacecraft to this system (july 2015), stellar occultations are the most efficient method, from the ground, to know physical and dinamical properties of this system. In 2010, it was evident a drift in declinations (about 20 mas/year) comparing to the ephemerides. This fact motivated us to remake the reductions and analysis of a great set of our observations at OPD/LNA, in a total of 15 years. The ephemerides and occultations results was then compared with the astrometric and photometric reductions of CCD images of Pluto (around 6500 images). Two corrections were used for a refinement of the data set: diferential chromatic refraction and photocenter. The first is due to the mean color of background stars beeing redder than the color of Pluto, resulting in a slightly different path of light through the atmosphere (that may cause a difference in position of 0.1”). It became more evident because Pluto is crossing the region of the galactic plane. The photocenter correction is based on two gaussians curves overlapped, with different hights and non-coincident centers, corresponding to Pluto and Charon (since they have less than 1” of angular separation). The objective is to separate these two gaussian curves from the observed one and find the right position of Pluto. The method is strongly dependent of the hight of each of the gaussian curves, related to the respective albedos of charon and Pluto. A detailed analysis of the astrometric results, as well a comparison with occultation results was made. Since Pluto has an orbital period of 248,9 years and our interval of observation is about 15 years, we have around 12% of its observed orbit and also, our 6. Description logic rules CERN Document Server Krötzsch, M 2010-01-01 Ontological modelling today is applied in many areas of science and technology,including the Semantic Web. The W3C standard OWL defines one of the most important ontology languages based on the semantics of description logics. An alternative is to use rule languages in knowledge modelling, as proposed in the W3C's RIF standard. So far, it has often been unclear how to combine both technologies without sacrificing essential computational properties. This book explains this problem and presents new solutions that have recently been proposed. Extensive introductory chapters provide the necessary 7. MCO Monitoring activity description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) SEXTON, R.A. 1998-01-01 Spent Nuclear Fuel remaining from Hanford's N-Reactor operations in the 1970s has been stored under water in the K-Reactor Basins. This fuel will be repackaged, dried and stored in a new facility in the 200E Area. The safety basis for this process of retrieval, drying, and interim storage of the spent fuel has been established. The monitoring of MCOS in dry storage is a currently identified issue in the SNF Project. This plan outlines the key elements of the proposed monitoring activity. Other fuel stored in the K-Reactor Basins, including SPR fuel, will have other monitoring considerations and is not addressed by this activity description 8. Petrochemical industry drivers International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Sedriks, W. 1995-01-01 Extensive analyses of profit-ability and pricing over the years have shown that the trends seen in the petrochemical industry have two dominant drivers, namely, industry experience curves (reflecting continuous process improvement and cost savings) and profitability cycles. Any outlook for the future must examine both of these facets. The author's algorithm for price projections has two primary terms: a cost-related one and a supply/demand-related one. Both are strong functions of experience curves; the latter is also a prime function of cyclicality. At SRI International. To arrive at medium-term quantitative projections, SRI typically creates a consistent base-case scenario that more or less mirrors the past but also incorporates observed directional changes. In this article the author examines in detail how these scenarios are used for projection. He describes experience curves, ethylene/gross domestic product (GDP) penetration levels, industry structure, and cyclicality as they apply to ethylene prices 9. The Asian petrochemical industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Selwa, Christopher. 1996-03-01 The Asian Petrochemical Industry brings you up to date with the latest developments in this dynamic region and covers all the key issues, giving detailed analysis and comment on: the general economic outlook; demand and production trends for basic petrochemicals and specialities in individual countries; political stability and how with affects growth and investment opportunities; security of supply; the import of petrochemicals and the aim of the region to become a net exporter by 2000; capacity increases - the relative merits of new plant construction versus expanding existing plants; the financing of petrochemical projects; the use of appropriate projects; the use of appropriate technology and patent provision in the Gatt treaty; increasing environmental concerns and the 'responsible care' initiative. The Asian Petrochemical Industry presents an overview of each Asian player in the petrochemical and associated industries, comparing and contrasting the countries within the region. (Author) 10. Servitization in industry CERN Document Server 2014-01-01 Presenting both a comprehensive collection of sectorial studies of servitization in manufacturing industries, on the one hand, and research investigating the necessity to adapt various processes and departments of manufacturing companies to servitized business models, on the other, ‘Servitization in Industry’ informs the scientific and managerial servitization debate with recent data regarding industrial servitization models. This book provides detailed analyses of manufacturing sectors that elucidate the options and barriers related to servitization from a sector-based perspective. This sector-based approach allows for an individual and in-depth examination of recent relationships among manufacturers and their clients by explaining leads and lags in servitization. Serving to maximize reader insight into the specific characteristics of different sectors with their barriers and potentials, the book presents frameworks for successful servitization of the core sectors in European manufacturing industries whi... 11. Industrial Robots. Science.gov (United States) Reed, Dean; Harden, Thomas K. Robots are mechanical devices that can be programmed to perform some task of manipulation or locomotion under automatic control. This paper discusses: (1) early developments of the robotics industry in the United States; (2) the present structure of the industry; (3) noneconomic factors related to the use of robots; (4) labor considerations… 12. Industrial symbiosis DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Sacchi, Romain; Remmen, Arne 2017-01-01 This study examines the development of industrial symbiosis through a practical model for physical, organizational, and social interactions in six different cases from around the world. The results provide a framework that can be used by industrial symbiosis practitioners to facilitate the creation... 13. Quality Assurance Requirements and Description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ram Murthy 2002-01-01 The Quality Assurance Requirements and Description (QARD) is the principal Quality Assurance (QA) document for the Civilian Radioactive Waste Management Program (Program). It establishes the minimum requirements for the QA program [INTRODUCTION :1p2s (NOT A REQUIREMENT)]. The QARD contains regulatory requirements and program commitments necessary for the development of an effective QA program [INTRODUCTION :1p3s (NOT A REQUIREMENT)]. Implementing documents must be based on, and be consistent with the QARD. The QARD applies to the following: (1) Acceptance of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste. (2) Transport of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste. (3) Storage of spent nuclear fuel through receipt of storage cask certification or a facility operating license. (4) Monitored Geologic Repository, including the site characterization activities [Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) and surface based testing], through receipt of an operating license. (5) High-level waste form development through qualification, production, and acceptance. (6) Characterization of DOE spent nuclear fuel, and conditioning through acceptance of DOE spent nuclear fuel. Section 2.0, Quality Assurance Program, defines in greater detail criteria for determining work subject to the QARD 14. Classification of working processes to facilitate occupational hazard coding on industrial trawlers DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Olaf C; Stage, Søren; Noer, Preben 2003-01-01 BACKGROUND: Commercial fishing is an extremely dangerous economic activity. In order to more accurately describe the risks involved, a specific injury coding based on the working process was developed. METHOD: Observation on six different types of vessels was conducted and allowed a description...... and a classification of the principal working processes on all kinds of vessels and a detailed classification for industrial trawlers. In industrial trawling, fish are landed for processing purposes, for example, for the production of fish oil and fish meal. The classification was subsequently used to code...... the injuries reported to the Danish Maritime Authority over a 5-year period. RESULTS: On industrial trawlers, 374 of 394 (95%) injuries were captured by the classification. Setting out and hauling in the gear and nets were the processes with the most injuries and accounted for 58.9% of all injuries... 15. 2001 Industry Studies: Services Industry National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Cervone, Michael 2001-01-01 .... has maintained its economic strength in traditional services industries such as transportation, tourism, public utilities, finance and insurance, accounting, engineering, architecture, medical, legal... 16. Industrial garnet Science.gov (United States) Olson, D.W. 2000-01-01 The state of the global industrial garnet industry in 1999 is discussed. Industrial garnet mined in the U.S., which accounts for approximately one-third of the world's total, is usually a solid-solution of almandine and pyrope. The U.S. is the largest consumer of industrial garnet, using an estimated 47,800 st in 1999 as an abrasive and as a filtration medium in the petroleum industry, filtration plants, aircraft and motor vehicle manufacture, shipbuilding, wood furniture finishing operations, electronic component manufacture, ceramics manufacture, and glass production. Prices for crude concentrates ranged from approximately50 to $110/st and refined garnet from$50 to $215/st in 1999, depending on type, source, quantity purchased, quality, and application. 17. Industry honoured CERN Multimedia 2008-01-01 CERN has organised a day to thank industry for its exceptional contributions to the LHC project. Lucio Rossi addresses CERN’s industrial partners in the Main Auditorium.The LHC inauguration provided an opportunity for CERN to thank all those who have contributed to transforming this technological dream into reality. Industry has been a major player in this adventure. Over the last decade it has lent its support to CERN’s teams and participating institutes in developing, building and assembling the machine, its experiments and the computing infrastructure. CERN involved its industrial partners in the LHC inauguration by organising a special industry prize-giving day on 20 October. Over 70 firms accepted the invitation. The firms not only made fundamental contributions to the project, but some have also supported LHC events in 2008 and the inauguration ceremony through generous donations, which have been coordinated by Carmen Dell’Erba, who is responsible for secu... 18. Industrial Waste DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Christensen, Thomas Højlund 2011-01-01 generation rates and material composition as well as determining factors are discussed in this chapter. Characterizing industrial waste is faced with the problem that often only a part of the waste is handled in the municipal waste system, where information is easily accessible. In addition part...... of the industrial waste may in periods, depending on market opportunities and prices, be traded as secondary rawmaterials. Production-specificwaste from primary production, for example steel slag, is not included in the current presentation. In some countries industries must be approved or licensed and as part...... of the system industry has to inform at the planning stage and afterwards in yearly reports on their waste arising and how the waste is managed. If available such information is very helpful in obtaining information about that specific industry. However, in many countries there is very little information... 19. Radioisotope applications in industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Frevert, E. 1983-03-01 The practical applications of the isotope technique are reported and illustrated by examples of works of the Department of Isotope Application of the Austrian Research Centre Seibersdorf. First the field of process controlling device and controll is described, including thickness, density and moisture gauging, the estimation of coatings and material compounds, the location of material defects and the level control. After this a detailed description of all kinds of tracer investigations is given like measurements of flow rate, intermixture, distribution and volume, investigations of corrosion, wear and lubrication and locations of all kind. A short description of gas ionisation, sources of light and isotope batteries is mentioned. Finally a general view of the applications in the fields of chemistry, biology, agriculture and medicine and the most important of the Austrian law of protective screen and its enactment are given. (Author) [de 20. Fort Hood Solar Total Energy Project. Volume II. Preliminary design. Part 1. System criteria and design description. Final report Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) None, 1979-01-01 This volume documents the preliminary design developed for the Solar Total Energy System to be installed at Fort Hood, Texas. Current system, subsystem, and component designs are described and additional studies which support selection among significant design alternatives are presented. Overall system requirements which form the system design basis are presented. These include program objectives; performance and output load requirements; industrial, statutory, and regulatory standards; and site interface requirements. Material in this section will continue to be issued separately in the Systems Requirements Document and maintained current through revision throughout future phases of the project. Overall system design and detailed subsystem design descriptions are provided. Consideration of operation and maintenance is reflected in discussion of each subsystem design as well as in an integrated overall discussion. Included are the solar collector subsystem; the thermal storage subsystem, the power conversion sybsystem (including electrical generation and distribution); the heating/cooling and domestic hot water subsystems; overall instrumentation and control; and the STES building and physical plant. The design of several subsystems has progressed beyond the preliminary stage; descriptions for such subsystems are therefore provided in more detail than others to provide complete documentation of the work performed. In some cases, preliminary design parameters require specific verificaton in the definitive design phase and are identified in the text. Subsystem descriptions will continue to be issued and revised separately to maintain accuracy during future phases of the project. (WHK) 1. Systems analysis on the humanization of industrial life in the coal mining industry. Pt. 2. Results. Systemanalyse zur Humanisierung des Arbeitslebens im Steinkohlenbergbau. T. 2. Ergebnisse Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1980-01-01 Volume No. 8 of the series of papers quantifies the system of aims, i.e. it defines synthetic data of laws and regulations of mining of DIN standards, and VDI guidelines, of generally accepted rules of engineering as well as of certified findings of industrial science as minimum requirements. This definition is followed by the examination of the type of medium-term development to be expected in the bituminous coal mining industry of the Ruhrkohle AG up to the year 1985. Then the general aims 1 and 2 given in volume No. 7 are described in detail. These descriptions constitute an excellent summary of the present state of knowledge concerning the improvement of working conditions in the bituminous coal mining industry. Finally, a study on the transferability of research findings is given. One statement is of special importance, i.e., that transferability is not characterized by technological feasibility alone which depends to a high degree on marginal, organizational conditions within the company, e.g., on the information system, on its hierarchical structure, on the company's policy, and on departamental policy. In this study, only the technological transferability is examined. To enable us to assess it, appropriate statements are made in a brief description of the research project carried out since 1974, which was sponsored within the action programme ''Humanization of Industrial Life''. 2. Energy Management Programmes for Industry Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2012-09-05 The IEA Policy Pathway publications provide details on how to implement specific recommendations drawn from the IEA 25 Energy Efficiency Policy Recommendations. This Policy Pathway, jointly produced by the International Energy Agency and the Institute for Industrial Productivity, develops the critical steps for policy makers implementing energy management programmes for industry. Optimising energy use in industry is essential to improve industrial competitiveness and achieve wider societal goals such as energy security, economic recovery and development, climate change mitigation and environmental protection. While there is significant potential to decrease energy consumption in this sector, opportunities to improve energy efficiency are still under-exploited. Energy management programmes have shown to be instrumental in addressing many of the barriers that inhibit wide-scale uptake of energy management in industry. The Policy Pathway builds on lessons learned from country experiences and provides actionable guidance on how to plan and design, implement, evaluate and monitor energy management programmes for industry. 3. Industrial ecology. Science.gov (United States) Patel, C K 1992-01-01 Industrial ecology addresses issues that will impact future production, use, and disposal technologies; proper use of the concept should reduce significantly the resources devoted to potential remediation in the future. This cradle-to-reincarnation production philosophy includes industrial processes that are environmentally sound and products that are environmentally safe during use and economically recyclable after use without adverse impact on the environment or on the net cost to society. This will require an industry-university-government round table to set the strategy and agenda for progress. PMID:11607254 4. Descriptive catalogue of radioactive waste families International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2004-01-01 This document describes the different types of radioactive wastes produced in France or which are expected to be produced in the future. The wastes have been shared into different families having similar characteristics. A description is made for each family: general presentation, photos, position of the family in the French classification, industrial origin, status of production. Some informations about the raw waste and its conditioning process are also given. The qualitative description is completed by some numerical data like: the quantity produced in the past and to be produced in the future, the evaluation of the radioactivity in 2002 and 2020, and the evaluation of the thermal power when it exists. Finally, some informations are given about the risk of toxicity of some chemical species or compounds. (J.S.) 5. Evalutive Descriptions of Art Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Nataša Lah 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Taking into account the fact that, throughout history, certain artworks have been considered as “worth of watching” (according to the Greek etymon ἀξιοϑέατος / aksioteatos, preservation, or theorizing, while others were not, one is led to investigate the various types of evaluative descriptions. Those artworks that are more valuable than others, or simply valuable in themselves on the basis of rather specific features, have always represented the paradigmatic model for the evaluator, thus revealing the identitary nature of value as different from one epoch to another. Our aim has been to discern, with regard to this starting point, the way in which the process of evaluating artworks fits the general matrix of the universal theory of value, with its clearly distinguished levels of evaluation, beginning with value descriptions, continuing through the features of evaluation or abstract qualities of values extracted from these descriptions, and ending with value norms or systems of accepted generalizations in evaluation. Value standpoints in such an evaluation matrix represent dispositions or preferences in procedures, which reflect the norms or signifying concepts of the time. Corresponding procedures, or applications of the hierarchicized signification of artworks, are manifested in all known forms of artwork assessment: attribution, institutionalization, and setting of priorities in terms of exhibition, conservation, acquisition, restoration, and so on. Research in the history of European art-historical ideas has corroborated the hypothesis that, prior to the late 18th century, clear normative patterns were applied when it came to the evaluation of artworks. However, with the emergence of early Romanticism, this could no longer be done in the traditional way. Before the period in question, visual art was created (regardless of some stylistic discrepancies between individual authors and classified according to well-defined thematic 6. Metaphorical descriptions of wrongdoers Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dryll Ewa Marta 2017-10-01 Full Text Available What is a metaphoric picture of an evil person made of? In a study devoted to the development of the ability to use metaphorical descriptions of humans, the semantic fields of four target metaphors - Human-Swamp, Human-Snake, Human-Knife, and Human-Nettle - were established and compared. Subjects (365 young adults were asked to decipher the metaphors’ meanings. The results were obtained mainly by qualitative analysis, with frequency analysis of clusters containing synonymous meanings. The results indicate that when creating imaginary characteristics of evil people, young adults seem to be more concerned about the possibility of suffering verbal harassment (most commonly: vulgarity, mockery, gossip, jeering than the threat of actual physical assault. The results may prove useful for developmental comparisons. 7. Polemic and Descriptive Negations DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Horslund, Camilla Søballe 2011-01-01 to semantics and pragmatics, negations can be used in three different ways, which gives rise to a typology of three different types of negations: 1) the descriptive negation, 2) the polemic negation, and 3) the meta-linguistic negation (Nølke 1999, 4). This typology illuminates the fact that the negation...... common in certain social context or genres, while polemic negations are more likely to come up in other genres and social settings. Previous studies have shown a relation between articulatory prominence and register, which may further inform the analysis. Hence, the paper investigates how articulatory...... prominence and register may either work in concert or oppose each other with respect to the cues they provide for the interpretation.... 8. From Description to prescription DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Müller, Anders Riel; Doucette, Jamie . With the participation of numerous ministries, institutes, and scholars, the KSP aims to ‘modularize’ Korea’s development experience and disseminates Korea’s ‘hands-on’ experience with late-industrialization through both bi-lateral and multilateral consultation with developing countries. This paper argues that, like...... produced and applied in problematic and decontextualized fashion that raises questions about just how ‘alternative’ Korea’s developmental expertise might be compared to other, market-oriented forms of development.... 9. Non-destructive controls in the mechanical industry Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jarlan, L 1978-12-01 The sequence of operations implicating the mechanical industries from the suppliers to their customers is briefly recalled; a description of the field of application of non-destructive control methods in these industries is given. Follows a description of some recent typical applications of the principal methods: radiography, ultrasonic waves, magnetism, acoustic emission, sonic control, tracer techniques. 10. YUCCA MOUNTAIN SITE DESCRIPTION International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Simmons, A.M. 2004-01-01 The ''Yucca Mountain Site Description'' summarizes, in a single document, the current state of knowledge and understanding of the natural system at Yucca Mountain. It describes the geology; geochemistry; past, present, and projected future climate; regional hydrologic system; and flow and transport within the unsaturated and saturated zones at the site. In addition, it discusses factors affecting radionuclide transport, the effect of thermal loading on the natural system, and tectonic hazards. The ''Yucca Mountain Site Description'' is broad in nature. It summarizes investigations carried out as part of the Yucca Mountain Project since 1988, but it also includes work done at the site in earlier years, as well as studies performed by others. The document has been prepared under the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management quality assurance program for the Yucca Mountain Project. Yucca Mountain is located in Nye County in southern Nevada. The site lies in the north-central part of the Basin and Range physiographic province, within the northernmost subprovince commonly referred to as the Great Basin. The basin and range physiography reflects the extensional tectonic regime that has affected the region during the middle and late Cenozoic Era. Yucca Mountain was initially selected for characterization, in part, because of its thick unsaturated zone, its arid to semiarid climate, and the existence of a rock type that would support excavation of stable openings. In 1987, the United States Congress directed that Yucca Mountain be the only site characterized to evaluate its suitability for development of a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel 11. YUCCA MOUNTAIN SITE DESCRIPTION Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) A.M. Simmons 2004-04-16 The ''Yucca Mountain Site Description'' summarizes, in a single document, the current state of knowledge and understanding of the natural system at Yucca Mountain. It describes the geology; geochemistry; past, present, and projected future climate; regional hydrologic system; and flow and transport within the unsaturated and saturated zones at the site. In addition, it discusses factors affecting radionuclide transport, the effect of thermal loading on the natural system, and tectonic hazards. The ''Yucca Mountain Site Description'' is broad in nature. It summarizes investigations carried out as part of the Yucca Mountain Project since 1988, but it also includes work done at the site in earlier years, as well as studies performed by others. The document has been prepared under the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management quality assurance program for the Yucca Mountain Project. Yucca Mountain is located in Nye County in southern Nevada. The site lies in the north-central part of the Basin and Range physiographic province, within the northernmost subprovince commonly referred to as the Great Basin. The basin and range physiography reflects the extensional tectonic regime that has affected the region during the middle and late Cenozoic Era. Yucca Mountain was initially selected for characterization, in part, because of its thick unsaturated zone, its arid to semiarid climate, and the existence of a rock type that would support excavation of stable openings. In 1987, the United States Congress directed that Yucca Mountain be the only site characterized to evaluate its suitability for development of a geologic repository for high-level radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel. 12. Industrial practices International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Velasquez Torrez, Patricia Irma 1999-01-01 This document reports the industrial practices carried out by the author viewing the requirements fulfilled for obtention the academic degree in chemical engineering of the San Andres University - Bolivia 13. Electronics Industry National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Ginter, Michael J; Andersen, James L; Becker, John A; Belliveau, Gerald E; Eppich, Frank J; Awai, Herman T; Hanko, David J; Hughes, Bob; Jones, Douglas; Larson, Kelly J 2007-01-01 .... area, New York State, Silicon Valley (California), Taiwan, and China. This approach provides a wide range of perspectives from which to examine the selected industry's current condition, outlook, and challenges... 14. Template Assembly for Detailed Urban Reconstruction KAUST Repository Nan, Liangliang; Wonka, Peter; Ghanem, Bernard; Jiang, Caigui 2015-01-01 Structure from Motion and Multi View Stereo, and we model a set of 3D templates of facade details. Next, we optimize the initial coarse model to enforce consistency between geometry and appearance (texture images). Then, building details are reconstructed 15. Industrial radiography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1994-01-01 This Health and Safety Executive Information Sheet on industrial radiography aims to inform directors and managers of industrial radiography companies on the safety precautions necessary to ensure that their personnel do not exceed dose guidelines for exposure to ionizing radiation. The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 (IRR85) require that exposure doses for radiographers are kept as low reasonably practicable. Equipment maintenance, and the employment of proper emergency procedures will help to ensure personnel safety. (UK) 16. Industrial ceramics International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Mengelle, Ch. 1999-04-01 After having given the definition of the term 'ceramics', the author describes the different manufacturing processes of these compounds. These materials are particularly used in the fields of 1)petroleum industry (in primary and secondary reforming units, in carbon black reactors and ethylene furnaces). 2)nuclear industry (for instance UO 2 and PuO 2 as fuels; SiC for encapsulation; boron carbides for control systems..) 17. Description of pelletizing facility Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Vojin Cokorilo; Dinko Knezevic; Vladimir Milisavljevic [University of Belgrade, Belgrade (Serbia). Faculty of Mining and Geology 2006-07-01 A lot of electrical energy in Serbia was used for heating, mainly for domestics. As it is the most expensive source for heating the government announced a National Program of Energy Efficiency with only one aim, to reduce the consumption of electric energy for the heating. One of the contributions to mentioned reduction is production of coal pellets from the fine coal and its use for domestic heating but also for heating of schools, hospitals, military barracks etc. Annual production of fine coal in Serbia is 300,000 tons. The stacks of fine coal present difficulties at each deep mine because of environmental pollution, spontaneous combustion, low price, smaller market etc. To overcome the difficulties and to give the contribution to National Program of Energy Efficiency researchers from the Department of Mining Engineering, the University of Belgrade designed and realized the project of fine coal pelletizing. This paper describes technical aspect of this project. Using a CPM machine Model 7900, a laboratory facility, then a semi-industrial pelletizing facility followed by an industrial facility was set up and produced good quality pellets. The plant comprised a coal fines hopper, conveyor belt, hopper for screw conveyor, screw conveyor, continuous mixer conditioner, binder reservoir, pump and pipelines, pellet mill, product conveyor belt and product hopper. 4 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab. 18. Petroleum industry in Latin America: volume III Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Peru International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Reinsch, A.E.; Tissot, R.R. 1995-01-01 As the previous volume in this series, this concluding volume was divided into separately paged sections, one for each of Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico and Peru, each section being complete in itself. For each of the countries dealt with, there was a brief historical introduction, followed by a detailed analysis of its energy sector, a description of the physical and market characteristics, the transportation and infrastructure systems, the legal and regulatory issues pertaining to the petroleum industry, especially as regards investment and environmental requirements, and an analysis of the prevailing political climate. figs., tabs., refs 19. PARR-2: reactor description and experiments International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wyne, M.F.; Meghji, J.H. 1990-12-01 PARR-2 is a miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) research reactor has been designed at the rate of 27 kW. Reactor assembly comprises of peaking characteristics with a self limiting flux. In this report reactor description with its assembly and instrumentation control system has been explained. The reactor engineering and physics experiments which can be performed on this reactor are explained in this report. PARR-2 is fueled with HEU fuel pins which are about 90% enriched in U-235. Specific requirements for the safety of the reactor, its building and the personnel, normal instrumentation as required in an industrial environment is sufficient. (A.B.) 20. The relationship between symbolic interactionism and interpretive description. Science.gov (United States) Oliver, Carolyn 2012-03-01 In this article I explore the relationship between symbolic interactionist theory and interpretive description methodology. The two are highly compatible, making symbolic interactionism an excellent theoretical framework for interpretive description studies. The pragmatism underlying interpretive description supports locating the methodology within this cross-disciplinary theory to make it more attractive to nonnursing researchers and expand its potential to address practice problems across the applied disciplines. The theory and method are so compatible that symbolic interactionism appears to be part of interpretive description's epistemological foundations. Interpretive description's theoretical roots have, to date, been identified only very generally in interpretivism and the philosophy of nursing. A more detailed examination of its symbolic interactionist heritage furthers the contextualization or forestructuring of the methodology to meet one of its own requirements for credibility. 1. Monte Carlo methods beyond detailed balance NARCIS (Netherlands) Schram, Raoul D.; Barkema, Gerard T.\|info:eu-repo/dai/nl/101275080 2015-01-01 Monte Carlo algorithms are nearly always based on the concept of detailed balance and ergodicity. In this paper we focus on algorithms that do not satisfy detailed balance. We introduce a general method for designing non-detailed balance algorithms, starting from a conventional algorithm satisfying 2. The athena data dictionary and description language International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bazan, A.; Ghez, P.; Le Flour, T.; Lieunard, S.; Tull, C. 2001-01-01 The authors have developed a data object description tool suite and service for Athena consisting of: a language grammar based upon an extended proper subset of IDL 2.0, a compiler front end based upon this language grammar, JavaCC, and a Java Reflection API-like interface, and several compiler back ends which meet specific needs in ATLAS such as automatic generation of object converters, and data object scripting interfaces. The authors present here details of the work and experience to date on the Athena Definition Language and Athena Data Dictionary 3. Description of the Nuclear Training Centre International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wagadarikar, V.K. 1974-01-01 The Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India has developed an on-going programme for constructing and operating heavy water moderated, natural uranium fuelled power stations of the CANDU-type. With the view to train personnel required for operation and maintenance of these stations, a Nuclear Training Centre has been set up at the site of the Rajasthan Atomic Power Station. A description of the nuclear training centre with its facilities is given. The training programme for engineers, operators, mechanical, electrical and control maintainers etc. is given in detail, along with the actual syllabi for respective courses. Examples of the typical field check list are provided. (K.B.) 4. FY 1998 Report on field test project study for introduction of high-performance industrial furnaces. Detailed measurement study of FY 1998 joint research demonstration data; Koseino kogyoro donyu field test jigyo. 1998 nendo kyodo kenkyu jissho data no shosaina sokutei chosa Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1999-03-01 Described herein are the FY 1998 results of measurement and study for introduction of the high-performance industrial furnaces. The NEDO's works for development of the high-performance industrial furnaces have been almost completed. The field tests are conducted to verify leveling and increasing temperature in the high-performance industrial furnaces. The data are collected in the existing and modified furnaces at the standard treating rate for each of the selected furnaces. The measured items are heat patterns of the works, temperature distributions within the furnace, heat balances in the combustion furnace, waste heat at the regenerative heat recovery unit, and exhaust gas components. The investigated items are names, materials, shapes, weights and quantities of the works; charging/discharging temperature; heating time; temperature in each furnace; consumption, types and heating values of the fuels used; air/fuel ratios; presence or absence of recuperator and its conditions when adopted; air temperature upstream and downstream of the heat accumulator, and exhaust gas temperature and components; temperature of the heat accumulator's external walls; cooling water rates, and inlet/outlet temperature, surface temperature of the furnaces' external walls; and furnace dimensions and structures. The measurements are done by thermocouples for various types of temperature, and O{sub 2}, CO2, CO, NOx meters and other analyzers for the components. The data are collected on a continuous basis. (NEDO) 5. Using ecological zones to increase the detail of Landsat classifications Science.gov (United States) Fox, L., III; Mayer, K. E. 1981-01-01 Changes in classification detail of forest species descriptions were made for Landsat data on 2.2 million acres in northwestern California. Because basic forest canopy structures may exhibit very similar E-M energy reflectance patterns in different environmental regions, classification labels based on Landsat spectral signatures alone become very generalized when mapping large heterogeneous ecological regions. By adding a seven ecological zone stratification, a 167% improvement in classification detail was made over the results achieved without it. The seven zone stratification is a less costly alternative to the inclusion of complex collateral information, such as terrain data and soil type, into the Landsat data base when making inventories of areas greater than 500,000 acres. 6. Are medical articles highlighting detailed statistics more cited? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mike Thelwall 2015-06-01 Full Text Available When conducting a literature review, it is natural to search for articles and read their abstracts in order to select papers to read fully. Hence, informative abstracts are important to ensure that research is read. The description of a paper's methods may help to give confidence that a study is of high quality. This article assesses whether medical articles that mention three statistical methods, each of which is arguably indicative of a more detailed statistical analysis than average, are more highly cited. The results show that medical articles mentioning Bonferroni corrections, bootstrapping and effect size tend to be 7%, 8% and 15% more highly ranked for citations than average, respectively. Although this is consistent with the hypothesis that mentioning more detailed statistical techniques generate more highly cited research, these techniques may also tend to be used in more highly cited areas of Medicine. 7. Globalization of the natural gas industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Deyirmendjan, J. 1997-01-01 After presenting a panorama of the international gas industry, a description of changes affecting the world gas industry, and an analysis of how environment-related demands give gas an opportunity to become the leading source of energy in the 21. century, Mr Jacques Deyirmendjan, Senior Executive-Vice-President of Gaz de France, tells his interviewer how French industry and national companies are designing their strategies to respond effectively to these changes 8. Syntactic Structures as Descriptions of Sensorimotor Processes Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alistair Knott 2014-02-01 Full Text Available In this paper I propose a hypothesis linking elements of a model of theoretical syntax with neural mechanisms in the domain of sensorimotor processing. The syntactic framework I adopt to express this linking hypothesis is Chomsky’s Minimalism: I propose that the language-independent ’Logical Form’ (LF of a sentence reporting a concrete episode in the world can be interpreted as a detailed description of the sensorimotor processes involved in apprehending that episode. The hypothesis is motivated by a detailed study of one particular episode, in which an agent grasps a target object. There are striking similarities between the LF structure of transitive sentences describing this episode and the structure of the sensorimotor processes through which it is apprehended by an observer. The neural interpretation of Minimalist LF structure allows it to incorporate insights from empiricist accounts of syntax, relating to sentence processing and to the learning of syntactic constructions. 9. Revisiting the concept level of detail in 3D city modelling NARCIS (Netherlands) Biljecki, F.; Zhao, J.; Stoter, J.E.; Ledoux, H. 2013-01-01 This review paper discusses the concept of level of detail in 3D city modelling, and is a first step towards a foundation for a standardised definition. As an introduction, a few level of detail specifications, outlooks and approaches are given from the industry. The paper analyses the general 10. Thick-Big Descriptions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Lai, Signe Sophus The paper discusses the rewards and challenges of employing commercial audience measurements data – gathered by media industries for profitmaking purposes – in ethnographic research on the Internet in everyday life. It questions claims to the objectivity of big data (Anderson 2008), the assumption...... communication systems, language and behavior appear as texts, outputs, and discourses (data to be ‘found’) – big data then documents things that in earlier research required interviews and observations (data to be ‘made’) (Jensen 2014). However, web-measurement enterprises build audiences according...... to a commercial logic (boyd & Crawford 2011) and is as such directed by motives that call for specific types of sellable user data and specific segmentation strategies. In combining big data and ‘thick descriptions’ (Geertz 1973) scholars need to question how ethnographic fieldwork might map the ‘data not seen... 11. AREST model description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Engel, D.W.; McGrail, B.P. 1993-11-01 The Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management and the Power Reactor and Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation of Japan (PNC) have supported the development of the Analytical Repository Source-Term (AREST) at Pacific Northwest Laboratory. AREST is a computer model developed to evaluate radionuclide release from an underground geologic repository. The AREST code can be used to calculate/estimate the amount and rate of each radionuclide that is released from the engineered barrier system (EBS) of the repository. The EBS is the man-made or disrupted area of the repository. AREST was designed as a system-level models to simulate the behavior of the total repository by combining process-level models for the release from an individual waste package or container. AREST contains primarily analytical models for calculating the release/transport of radionuclides to the lost rock that surrounds each waste package. Analytical models were used because of the small computational overhead that allows all the input parameters to be derived from a statistical distribution. Recently, a one-dimensional numerical model was also incorporated into AREST, to allow for more detailed modeling of the transport process with arbitrary length decay chains. The next step in modeling the EBS, is to develop a model that couples the probabilistic capabilities of AREST with a more detailed process model. This model will need to look at the reactive coupling of the processes that are involved with the release process. Such coupling would include: (1) the dissolution of the waste form, (2) the geochemical modeling of the groundwater, (3) the corrosion of the container overpacking, and (4) the backfill material, just to name a few. Several of these coupled processes are already incorporated in the current version of AREST 12. Waste Management Systems Requirements and Descriptions (SRD) International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Conner, C.W. 1986-01-01 The Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCRWM) is responsible for the development of a system for the management of high-level radioactive waste and spent fuel in accordance with the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982. The Waste Management system requirements and description document is the program-level technical baseline document. The requirements include the functions that must be performed in order to achieve the system mission and performance criteria for those functions. This document covers only the functional requirements of the system; it does not cover programmatic or procedural requirements pertaining to the processes of designing, siting and licensing. The requirements are largely based on the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, Environmental Protection Agency standards, Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations, and DOE orders and guidance. However, nothing in this document should be construed as to relieve the DOE or its contractors from their responsibilities to comply with applicable statutes, regulations, and standards. This document also provides a brief description of the system being developed to meet the requirements. In addition to the described ''authorized system,'' a system description is provided for an ''improved-performance system'' which would include a monitored retrievable storage (MRS) facility. In the event that an MRS facility is approved by Congress, the improved-performance system will become the reference system. Neither system description includes Federal Interim Storage (FIS) capabilities. Should the need for FIS be identified, it will be included as an additional system element. The descriptions are focused on the interfaces between the system elements, rather than on the detail of the system elements themselves 13. An alternative approach to industrial radiography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Broadhead, P. 1981-01-01 An alternative to industrial X-ray film for industrial radiography is described. The experimental system uses film containing approximately 35% of the silver in an industrial type film, which makes the film easier to process, and uses high resolution phosphor screens, which improves the absorption of X-ray photons. Those properties that affect image quality, namely contrast, modulation transfer function and granularity, are discussed in detail for both types of system. A study of low contrast detail in radiographs indicates that for noise limited information the experimental system offers a higher quality than industrial X-ray film of similar speed. (author) 14. Industrial gases International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Hunter, D.; Jackson, D.; Coeyman, M. 1993-01-01 Industrial gas companies have fought hard to boost sales and hold margins in the tough economic climate, and investments are well down from their 1989-'91 peak. But 'our industry is still very strong long term' says Alain Joly, CEO of industry leader L'Air Liquide (AL). By 1994, if a European and Japanese recovery follows through on one in the U.S., 'we could see major [investment] commitments starting again,' he says. 'Noncryogenic production technology is lowering the cost of gas-making possible new applications, oxygen is getting plenty of attention in the environmental area, and hydrogen also fits into the environmental thrust,' says Bob Lovett, executive v.p./gases and equipment with Air Products ampersand Chemicals (AP). Through the 1990's, 'Industrial gases could grow even faster than in the past decade,' he says. Virtually a new generation of new gases applications should become reality by the mid-1990s, says John Campbell, of industry consultants J.R. Campbell ampersand Associates (Lexington, MA). Big new oxygen volumes will be required for powder coal injection in blast furnaces-boosting a steel mill's requirement as much as 40% and coal gasification/combined cycle (CGCC). Increased oil refinery hydroprocessing needs promise hydrogen requirements 15. Determinant factors of industrial symbiosis: greening Pasir Gudang industrial park International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Teh, B T; Ho, C S; Chau, L W; Matsuoka, Y; Gomi, K 2014-01-01 Green industry has been identified as an important element in attaining greater sustainability. It calls for harmonizing robust economic growth with environment protection. Industries, particularly in developing and transitional nations such as Malaysia, are in need of a reform. Many experts and international organizations suggest the concept of industrial symbiosis. Mainly, there are successful cases of industrial symbiosis practices around the world. However, there are numerous cases of failure too. As industrial symbiosis is an emerging new approach, with a short history of two decades, a lot of researches are generally focused on narrow context and technical details. There is a lack of concerted efforts to look into the drivers and barriers of industrial symbiosis across different cases. This paper aims to examine the factors influencing the development of industrial symbiosis from various countries to supports such networks to evolve in Pasir Gudang. The findings show institution, law and regulation, finance, awareness and capacity building, technology, research and development, information, collaboration, market, geography proximity, environmental issues and industry structure affect the formation of industrial symbiosis 16. Determinant factors of industrial symbiosis: greening Pasir Gudang industrial park Science.gov (United States) Teh, B. T.; Ho, C. S.; Matsuoka, Y.; Chau, L. W.; Gomi, K. 2014-02-01 Green industry has been identified as an important element in attaining greater sustainability. It calls for harmonizing robust economic growth with environment protection. Industries, particularly in developing and transitional nations such as Malaysia, are in need of a reform. Many experts and international organizations suggest the concept of industrial symbiosis. Mainly, there are successful cases of industrial symbiosis practices around the world. However, there are numerous cases of failure too. As industrial symbiosis is an emerging new approach, with a short history of two decades, a lot of researches are generally focused on narrow context and technical details. There is a lack of concerted efforts to look into the drivers and barriers of industrial symbiosis across different cases. This paper aims to examine the factors influencing the development of industrial symbiosis from various countries to supports such networks to evolve in Pasir Gudang. The findings show institution, law and regulation, finance, awareness and capacity building, technology, research and development, information, collaboration, market, geography proximity, environmental issues and industry structure affect the formation of industrial symbiosis. 17. Description and Codification of Miscanthus × giganteus Growth Stages for Phenological Assessment Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mauricio D. Tejera 2017-10-01 Full Text Available Triploid Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deu. ex Hodkinson et Renvoize is a sterile, perennial grass used for biomass production in temperate environments. While M. × giganteus has been intensively researched, a scale standardizing description of M. × giganteus morphological stages has not been developed. Here we provide such a scale by adapting the widely-used Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt, CHemische Industrie (BBCH scale and its corresponding numerical code to describe stages of morphological development in M. × giganteus using observations of the “Freedom” and “Illinois” clone in Iowa, USA. Descriptive keys with images are also presented. Because M. × giganteus plants overlap in the field, the scale was first applied to individual stems and then scaled up to assess plants or communities. Of the 10 principal growth stages in the BBCH system, eight were observed in M. × giganteus. Each principal stage was subdivided into secondary stages to enable a detailed description of developmental progression. While M. × giganteus does not have seed development stages, descriptions of those stages are provided to extend the scale to other Miscanthus genotypes. We present methods to use morphological development data to assess phenology by calculating the onset, duration, and abundance of each developmental stage. This scale has potential to harmonize previously described study-specific scales and standardize results across studies. Use of the precise staging presented here should more tightly constrain estimates of developmental parameters in crop models and increase the efficacy of timing-sensitive crop management practices like pest control and harvest. 18. Energy industry Science.gov (United States) Staszak, Katarzyna; Wieszczycka, Karolina 2018-04-01 The potential sources of metals from energy industries are discussed. The discussion is organized based on two main metal-contains wastes from power plants: ashes, slags from combustion process and spent catalysts from selective catalytic NOx reduction process with ammonia, known as SCR. The compositions, methods of metals recovery, based mainly on leaching process, and their further application are presented. Solid coal combustion wastes are sources of various compounds such as silica, alumina, iron oxide, and calcium. In the case of the spent SCR catalysts mainly two metals are considered: vanadium and tungsten - basic components of industrial ones. 19. Industrial sector International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Ainul Hayati Daud; Hazmimi Kasim 2010-01-01 The industrial sector is categorized as related to among others, the provision of technical and engineering services, supply of products, testing and troubleshooting of parts, systems and industrial plants, quality control and assurance as well as manufacturing and processing. A total of 161 entities comprising 47 public agencies and 114 private companies were selected for the study in this sector. The majority of the public agencies, 87 %, operate in Peninsular Malaysia. The remainders were located in Sabah and Sarawak. The findings of the study on both public agencies and private companies are presented in subsequent sections of this chapter. (author) 20. Olkiluoto biosphere description 2006 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Haapanen, R.; Aro, L.; Ilvesniemi, H.; Kareinen, T.; Kirkkala, T.; Mykrae, S.; Turkki, H.; Lahdenperae, A.-M.; Ikonen, A.T.K. 2007-02-01 This report summarises the current knowledge of the biosphere of Olkiluoto, and it is the first Biosphere Description Report. The elements considered were climate, topography, land use, overburden, terrestrial vegetation and fauna and sea flora, fauna and water. The principal aim was to present a synthesis of the present state (now to 2020) and the main features of past evolution of the biosphere at the site using currently available data. The lack of site specific parameters and their importance was discussed. Conceptual ecosystem models are presented for land and sea. Currently available data made it possible to calculate the biomass of the terrestrial vegetation and further convert it to carbon. In the case of terrestrial animals, preliminary figures are given for moose alone due to lack of sitespecific data. For the same reason, the sea ecosystem model was not quantified within this work. The ecosystems on Olkiluoto do not deviate from the surrounding areas. Since mires are few on Olkiluoto, forests are the most important land ecosystem. However, coastal areas are the transition zones between land and sea, and also potential sites for deep groundwater discharge. The major interest concerning aquatic ecosystems was laid on four future lakes potentially developing from the sea due to the land up-lift. Current sea sediments near Olkiluoto are future land areas, and thus very important. Spatially, the forest ecosystems of Olkiluoto are now most comprehensively covered, while the temporal coverage is highest in sea ecosystems. Lack of data is greatest in terrestrial fauna and sea sediments. During this work, the system boundaries were crossed and the use of data over disciplines was started. The data were mostly in agreement, but some discrepancies were detected. To solve these, and to supplement the existing data, some recommendations were given. (orig.) 1. Description of nuclear properties International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Faessler, A. 1991-01-01 The lectures want to give a survey about new developments in the description of nuclei. In a first chapter we try to derive nuclear properties from the basis theory of quantum chromodynamics. This is not rigorously possible. There are still many cracks in the bridge between QCD and nuclear structure. The basic ingredient for nuclear structure calculations is the nucleon-nucleon interaction. We shall discuss the nucleon-nucleon interaction in a quark model. In a further chapter we discuss the way to come from a bare nucleon-nucleon interaction in free space to an effective nucleon-nucleon interaction in a limited model space for nuclear structure calculations. Such nuclear structure calculations can be done as shell model calculations. But they are due to the large number of configurations limited to light nuclei. We discuss possibilities (MONSTER and VAMPIR) to enlarge the model space for medium heavy and heavy nuclei. As the example of the low lying isovector 1 + states we discuss collective models (Bohr - Mottelson Model, interacting Boson Model) with proton and neutron degrees of freedom. The same states can also be described microscopically with the Quasi-Particle Random Phase Approximation (QRPA). We discuss the removal of spurious states in RPA. We also discuss the calculation of form factors and compare with inelastic electron scattering data. Finally we apply QRPA to the double-beta decay. Grand unified models predict, that the neutrino is identical with his antiparticle, that it has a finite mass and a weak right-handed interaction. If these properties are found the standard model of the strong and the electro-weak interaction can not be correct. Presently we can only derive from lower limits of the half lives of neutrinoless double-beta decays upper limits of the neutrino mass and of the right-handedness of the weak interaction and lower limits of the mass of the right handed heavy vector boson, if a specific grand unified model is given. (author) 2. Directory of French photovoltaic research and industry 2011 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Poubeau, Romain; Simmonet, Raphael; Canals, Jonathan 2011-05-01 After an overview of what is at stake in terms of industrial employment in the photovoltaic sector, a presentation of competitiveness clusters, a description of the value chain (cell manufacturers, arrays manufacturers, power inverter manufacturers, electric equipment manufacturers, structure component manufacturers, fabrication steps, etc.) in the photovoltaic sector, this document proposes a directory (addresses, activity descriptions) of research and industrial actors of the photovoltaic sector in France: research centres, manufacturers, industrial projects 3. Statistics of gas industry in France for 1995 International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1995-01-01 Here are the summary about the data related to natural gas industry in France for 1995. Resources, production, transport, distribution are given. Tables of consumption by industrial area are detailed. The different transports or storages are shown. (N.C.) 4. Land reclamation program description Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) None 1977-05-01 The Land Reclamation Program will address the need for coordinated applied and basic research into the physical and ecological problems of land reclamation, and advance the development of cost-effective techniques for reclaiming and rehabilitating mined coal land to productive end uses. The purpose of this new program is to conduct integrated research and development projects focused on near- and long-term reclamation problems in all major U.S. coal resource regions including Alaska and to coordinate, evaluate, and disseminate the results of related studies conducted at other research institutions. The activities of the Land Reclamation Laboratory program will involve close cooperation with industry and focus on establishing a comprehensive field and laboratory effort. Research demonstration sites will be established throughout the United States to address regional and site-specific problems. Close cooperation with related efforts at academic institutions and other agencies, to transfer pertinent information and avoid duplication of effort, will be a primary goal of the program. The major effort will focus on the complete coal extraction/reclamation cycle where necessary to develop solutions to ameliorating the environmental impacts of coal development. A long-range comprehensive national reclamation program will be established that can schedule and prioritize research activities in all of the major coal regions. A fully integrated data management system will be developed to store and manage relevant environmental and land use data. Nine research demonstration sites have been identified. 5. Description of giant resonances International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lane, A.M. 1975-01-01 The history of collective theories in nuclear physics is briefly reviewed. It is emphasised that some theories (like RPA) allow collectivity to emerge from calculations, while others (like GCM) essentially impose a collective framework from teh start. The former class has the incidental merit that it treats spreading of collective states arising from interaction with (discrete and continuum) particle excitations. A problem with the RPA calculations is that they are almost too detailed if one's interest is in exposing systematic qualitative features. The speaker (along with co-authors) has developed a sum-rule method for exposing such trends. It is based on the fact that one can readily evaluate three sum-rules; in addition to the familiar one with plus-one power of energy-weighting, those with minus-one and plus-three powers can be evaluated for RPA states in closed form. From the three moments, the energy and spread of the collective state can be obtained. Amongst other things, the approach gives a very simple derivation of the Suzuki-Mottelson result that collective energy equals √2 times the oscillator quantum. (orig.) [de 6. ATLAS Facility Description Report International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kang, Kyoung Ho; Moon, Sang Ki; Park, Hyun Sik; Cho, Seok; Choi, Ki Yong 2009-04-01 A thermal-hydraulic integral effect test facility, ATLAS (Advanced Thermal-hydraulic Test Loop for Accident Simulation), has been constructed at KAERI (Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute). The ATLAS has the same two-loop features as the APR1400 and is designed according to the well-known scaling method suggested by Ishii and Kataoka to simulate the various test scenarios as realistically as possible. It is a half-height and 1/288-volume scaled test facility with respect to the APR1400. The fluid system of the ATLAS consists of a primary system, a secondary system, a safety injection system, a break simulating system, a containment simulating system, and auxiliary systems. The primary system includes a reactor vessel, two hot legs, four cold legs, a pressurizer, four reactor coolant pumps, and two steam generators. The secondary system of the ATLAS is simplified to be of a circulating loop-type. Most of the safety injection features of the APR1400 and the OPR1000 are incorporated into the safety injection system of the ATLAS. In the ATLAS test facility, about 1300 instrumentations are installed to precisely investigate the thermal-hydraulic behavior in simulation of the various test scenarios. This report describes the scaling methodology, the geometric data of the individual component, and the specification and the location of the instrumentations in detail 7. Mineral industry in Australia International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Parbo, S.A. 1982-01-01 The paper reviews the history and growth of the mineral industry in Australia and its significance to the nation's economic growth and overseas trade, particularly over the last twenty years during which time production of coal, iron ore, manganese and mineral sands has increased greatly and new discoveries of petroleum, bauxite and nickel have given rise to major new industries. Australia ranks fourteenths in the value of world trade and is among the world's largest exporters of alumina, iron ore, mineral sands, coal, lead, zinc and nickel. Some details of production, processing and exports of the major minerals are given. Comment is made on the policies and roles of the six State Governments and the Federal Government in respect of ownership and control of the mining, processing and exporting of both energy and non-energy minerals. (orig.) [de 8. Employing Picture Description to Assess the Students' Descriptive Paragraph Writing Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ida Ayu Mega Cahyani 2018-03-01 Full Text Available Writing is considered as an important skill in learning process which is needed to be mastered by the students. However, in teaching learning process at schools or universities, the assessment of writing skill is not becoming the focus of learning process and the assessment is administered inappropriately. In this present study, the researcher undertook the study which dealt with assessing descriptive paragraph writing ability of the students through picture description by employing an ex post facto as the research design. The present study was intended to answer the research problem dealing with the extent of the students’ achievement of descriptive paragraph writing ability which is assessed through picture description. The samples under the study were 40 students determined by means of random sampling technique with lottery system. The data were collected through administering picture description as the research instrument. The obtained data were analyzed by using norm-reference measure of five standard values. The results of the data analysis showed that there were 67.50% samples of the study were successful in writing descriptive paragraph, while there were 32.50% samples were unsuccessful in writing descriptive paragraph which was assessed by administering picture description test 9. The Athena data dictionary and description language International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bazan, Alain; Bouedo, Thierry; Ghez, Philippe; Marino, Massimo; Tull, Craig 2003-01-01 Athena is the ATLAS off-line software framework, based upon the GAUDI architecture from LHCb. As part of ATLAS' continuing efforts to enhance and customize the architecture to meet our needs, we have developed a data object description tool suite and service for Athena. The aim is to provide a set of tools to describe, manage, integrate and use the Event Data Model at a design level according to the concepts of the Athena framework (use of patterns, relationships,...). Moreover, to ensure stability and reusability this must be fully independent from the implementation details. After an extensive investigation into the many options, we have developed a language grammar based upon a description language (IDL, ODL) to provide support for object integration in Athena. We have then developed a compiler front end based upon this language grammar, JavaCC, and a Java Reflection API-like interface. We have then used these tools to develop several compiler back ends which meet specific needs in ATLAS such as automatic generation of object converters, and data object scripting interfaces. We present here details of our work and experience to date on the Athena Definition Language and Athena Data Dictionary. (authors) 10. Industrial Color Physics CERN Document Server Klein, Georg A 2010-01-01 This unique book starts with a short historical overview of the development of the theories of color vision and applications of industrial color physics. The three dominant factors producing color - light source, color sample, and observer - are described in detail. The standardized color spaces are shown and related color values are applied to characteristic color qualities of absorption as well as of effect colorants. The fundamentals of spectrometric and colorimetric measuring techniques together with specific applications are described. Theoretical models for radiative transfer in transparent, translucent, and opaque layers are detailed; the two, three, and multi-flux approximations are presented for the first time in a coherent formalism. These methods constitute the fundamentals not only for the important classical methods, but also modern methods of recipe prediction applicable to all known colorants. The text is supplied with 52 tables, more than 200 partially colored illustrations, an appendix, and a... 11. 2012 Mask Industry Survey Science.gov (United States) Malloy, Matt; Litt, Lloyd C. 2012-11-01 A survey supported by SEMATECH and administered by David Powell Consulting was sent to semiconductor industry leaders to gather information about the mask industry as an objective assessment of its overall condition. The survey was designed with the input of semiconductor company mask technologists and merchant mask suppliers. 2012 marks the 11th consecutive year for the mask industry survey. This year's survey and reporting structure are similar to those of the previous years with minor modifications based on feedback from past years and the need to collect additional data on key topics. Categories include general mask information, mask processing, data and write time, yield and yield loss, delivery times, and maintenance and returns. Within each category are multiple questions that result in a detailed profile of both the business and technical status of the mask industry. Results, initial observations, and key comparisons between the 2011 and 2012 survey responses are shown here, including multiple indications of a shift towards the manufacturing of higher end photomasks. 12. Personal Selling for the Forest Products Industry OpenAIRE Smith, Robert L. (Robert Lee), 1955 August 21-; Hansen, Eric, 1968-; Olah, David F. 2009-01-01 The role of salespeople in today's forest products industry is evolving from order taking and price quoting to promoting mutually profitable value exchanges. This publication details the salesperson's responsibilities, describes successful sales strategies, and lists additional available resources. 13. Retailing: Careers in the Department Store Industry. Science.gov (United States) Martin, Gail M. 1982-01-01 The retailing industry is overviewed and executive training programs are detailed. Jobs in retailing are described: merchandising, department manager, assistant buyer, buyer, merchandise manager, and store manager. Also discussed are operations, financial control, and personnel management. (CT) 14. Sustainability in the textile industry CERN Document Server 2017-01-01 This book examines in detail key aspects of sustainability in the textile industry, especially environmental, social and economic sustainability in the textiles and clothing sector. It highlights the various faces and facets of sustainability and their implications for textiles and the clothing sector. 15. The oil and gas industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1994-01-01 This comprehensive report presents alphabetically company profiles giving details of profit and loss, the balance sheet, performance analyses, as well as addresses, and names of directors, auditors, bankers and subsidiaries. Performance league tables, industry profiles and analysis notes are included. (UK) 16. Fermentation Industry. Science.gov (United States) Grady, C. P. L., Jr.; Grady, J. K. 1978-01-01 Presents a literature review of wastes from the fermentation industry, covering publications of 1976-77. This review focuses on: (1) alcoholic beverage production; (2) pharmaceuticals and biochemicals production; and (3) biomass production. A list of 62 references is also presented. (HM) 17. Industrial radiography International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Aloni, A.; Magal, O. 1992-02-01 This publication is meant to be a manual for industrial radiography. As such the manual concentrates on the practical aspects, presenting existing radiographic system and techniques of operation to satisfy specified quality requirements. The manual also reviews the safety aspect of performing radiographic work. (author) systems 18. Education Industry Science.gov (United States) 2007-01-01 themes: No Child Left Behind Act reauthorization, international competitiveness, and recruiting and retention of quality teachers. The US education ...industry stakeholders and require difficult choices. A more centralized education system has many advantages , and the US should move in that direction...between math and science skills, innovation and creativity, and international education , as all these areas are integral to future success. Finally 19. Industrial garnet Science.gov (United States) Olson, D.W. 2013-01-01 Garnet has been used as a gemstone since the Bronze Age. However, garnet’s angular fractures, relatively high hardness and specific gravity, chemical inertness and nontoxicity make it ideal for many industrial applications. It is also free of crystalline silica and can be recycled. 20. 17 CFR 229.102 - (Item 102) Description of property. Science.gov (United States) 2010-04-01 ... segment(s), as reported in the financial statements, that use the properties described. If any such... by the registrant. Detailed descriptions of the physical characteristics of individual properties or... qualitative factors. See Instruction 1 to Item 101 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.101). 3. In the case of an... 1. Clinical professional governance for detailed clinical models. Science.gov (United States) Goossen, William; Goossen-Baremans, Anneke 2013-01-01 This chapter describes the need for Detailed Clinical Models for contemporary Electronic Health Systems, data exchange and data reuse. It starts with an explanation of the components related to Detailed Clinical Models with a brief summary of knowledge representation, including terminologies representing clinic relevant "things" in the real world, and information models that abstract these in order to let computers process data about these things. Next, Detailed Clinical Models are defined and their purpose is described. It builds on existing developments around the world and accumulates in current work to create a technical specification at the level of the International Standards Organization. The core components of properly expressed Detailed Clinical Models are illustrated, including clinical knowledge and context, data element specification, code bindings to terminologies and meta-information about authors, versioning among others. Detailed Clinical Models to date are heavily based on user requirements and specify the conceptual and logical levels of modelling. It is not precise enough for specific implementations, which requires an additional step. However, this allows Detailed Clinical Models to serve as specifications for many different kinds of implementations. Examples of Detailed Clinical Models are presented both in text and in Unified Modelling Language. Detailed Clinical Models can be positioned in health information architectures, where they serve at the most detailed granular level. The chapter ends with examples of projects that create and deploy Detailed Clinical Models. All have in common that they can often reuse materials from earlier projects, and that strict governance of these models is essential to use them safely in health care information and communication technology. Clinical validation is one point of such governance, and model testing another. The Plan Do Check Act cycle can be applied for governance of Detailed Clinical Models 2. Sirocco - Fukushima Forecast Description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2011-01-01 SYMPHONIE-NH is the non-hydrostatic ocean model following the Boussinesq hydrostatic SYMPHONIE-2010 model developed by the Sirocco system team (CNRS and Toulouse University). Both are using an Arakawa type finite difference method for the C grid. The R and D team generally gives priority to a physically based approach of modelling (global conservation of the mechanical energy, consistency of pressure and density, accuracy of the bottom pressure torque,...) that tends to favour low order and robust numerical schemes. Most of the physical and numerical options (Non-Hydrostatic, free surface, generalised coordinates combined to an ALE method,...) are particularly suitable for the coastal area. At the request of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA, March 14, 2011), SIROCCO is delivering every day a real time 6-day forecast bulletin of the dispersion in seawater of radionuclides emitted by the Fukushima nuclear plant. The simulations are based on the S2010.18 release of the 3D SIROCCO ocean circulation model. The system is operational since March 24 and the bulletin is available on an 'open-access' basis since March 28. The model uses a stretched horizontal grid with a variable horizontal resolution: from 600 m x 600 m at the nearest grid point from Fukushima, to 5 km x 5 km offshore. The initial fields (T, S, U, V, SSH) and the lateral open boundary conditions are provided by the Mercator PSY4V1R3 system (one field per day, horizontal resolution 1/12 deg. x 1/12 deg.). At the sea surface, the ocean model is forced by the meteorological fluxes delivered every 3 hours by ECMWF.i The tidal forcing at the lateral open boundaries is provided by the T-UGO model, implemented for this purpose by the SIROCCO team on the Japanese Pacific coast. Some details are given on the methodology: Bathymetry, Initialization and large scale forcing, Tides, Atmospheric forcing, Forecast protocol, and Scenario for radioactive tracers 3. Sirocco - Fukushima Forecast Description Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 2011-04-10 SYMPHONIE-NH is the non-hydrostatic ocean model following the Boussinesq hydrostatic SYMPHONIE-2010 model developed by the Sirocco system team (CNRS and Toulouse University). Both are using an Arakawa type finite difference method for the C grid. The R and D team generally gives priority to a physically based approach of modelling (global conservation of the mechanical energy, consistency of pressure and density, accuracy of the bottom pressure torque,...) that tends to favour low order and robust numerical schemes. Most of the physical and numerical options (Non-Hydrostatic, free surface, generalised coordinates combined to an ALE method,...) are particularly suitable for the coastal area. At the request of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA, March 14, 2011), SIROCCO is delivering every day a real time 6-day forecast bulletin of the dispersion in seawater of radionuclides emitted by the Fukushima nuclear plant. The simulations are based on the S2010.18 release of the 3D SIROCCO ocean circulation model. The system is operational since March 24 and the bulletin is available on an 'open-access' basis since March 28. The model uses a stretched horizontal grid with a variable horizontal resolution: from 600 m x 600 m at the nearest grid point from Fukushima, to 5 km x 5 km offshore. The initial fields (T, S, U, V, SSH) and the lateral open boundary conditions are provided by the Mercator PSY4V1R3 system (one field per day, horizontal resolution 1/12 deg. x 1/12 deg.). At the sea surface, the ocean model is forced by the meteorological fluxes delivered every 3 hours by ECMWF.i The tidal forcing at the lateral open boundaries is provided by the T-UGO model, implemented for this purpose by the SIROCCO team on the Japanese Pacific coast. Some details are given on the methodology: Bathymetry, Initialization and large scale forcing, Tides, Atmospheric forcing, Forecast protocol, and Scenario for radioactive tracers 4. Analysis of the industrial sector representation in the Fossil2 energy-economic model International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wise, M.A.; Woodruff, M.G.; Ashton, W.B. 1992-08-01 The Fossil2 energy-economic model is used by the US Department of Energy (DOE) for a variety of energy and environmental policy analyses. A number of improvements to the model are under way or are being considered. This report was prepared by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) to provide a clearer understanding of the current industrial sector module of Fossil2 and to explore strategies for improving it. The report includes a detailed description of the structure and decision logic of the industrial sector module, along with results from several simulation exercises to demonstrate the behavior of the module in different policy scenarios and under different values of key model parameters. The cases were run with the Fossil2 model at PNL using the National Energy Strategy Actions Case of 1991 as the point of departure. The report also includes a discussion of suggested industrial sector module improvements. These improvements include changes in the way the current model is used; on- and off-line adjustments to some of the model's parameters; and significant changes to include more detail on the industrial processes, technologies, and regions of the country being modeled. The potential benefits and costs of these changes are also discussed 5. Dual descriptions of supersymmetry breaking International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Intrilligator, K.; Thomas, S. 1996-08-01 Dynamical supersymmetry breaking is considered in models which admit descriptions in terms of electric, confined, or magnetic degrees of freedom in various limits. In this way, a variety of seemingly different theories which break supersymmetry are actually interrelated by confinement or duality. Specific examples are given in which there are two dual descriptions of the supersymmetry breaking ground state 6. Chemical products and industrial materials International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1995-12-01 A compilation of all universities, industrial and governmental agencies in Quebec which are actively involved in research and development of chemical products and industrial materials derived from biomass products, was presented. Each entry presented in a standard format that included a description of the major research activities of the university or agency, the principal technologies used in the research, available research and analytical equipment, a description of the research personnel, names, and addresses of contact persons for the agency or university. Thirty entries were presented. These covered a wide diversity of activities including biotechnological research such as genetic manipulations, bioconversion, fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis and physico-chemical applications such as bleaching, de-inking, purification and synthesis. tabs 7. High temperature industrial heat pumps Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Berghmans, J. (Louvain Univ., Heverlee (Belgium). Inst. Mechanica) 1990-01-01 The present report intends to describe the state of the art of high temperature industrial heat pumps. A description is given of present systems on the market. In addition the research and development efforts on this subject are described. Compression (open as well as closed cycle) systems, as well as absorption heat pumps (including transformers), are considered. This state of the art description is based upon literature studies performed by a team of researchers from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. The research team also analysed the economics of heat pumps of different types under the present economic conditions. The heat pumps are compared with conventional heating systems. This analysis was performed in order to evaluate the present condition of the heat pump in the European industry. 8. Montana's forest products industry and timber harvest, 2004 Science.gov (United States) Timothy P. Spoelma; Todd A. Morgan; Thale Dillon; Alfred L. Chase; Charles E. Keegan; Larry T. DeBlander 2008-01-01 This report traces the flow of Montana's 2004 timber harvest through the primary wood-using industries; provides a description of the structure, capacity, and condition of Montana's primary forest products industry; and quantifies volumes and uses of wood fiber. Historical wood products industry changes are discussed, as well as changes in harvest, production... 9. Idaho's forest products industry and timber harvest, 2011 Science.gov (United States) Eric A. Simmons; Steven W. Hayes; Todd A. Morgan; Charles E. Keegan; Chris Witt 2014-01-01 This report traces the flow of Idahoâs 2011 timber harvest through the primary industries; provides a description of the structure, capacity, and condition of Idahoâs industry; and quantifies volumes and uses of wood fiber. Historical wood products industry trends are discussed, as well as changes in harvest, production, employment, and sales. 10. Construction details and test results from RHIC sextupoles International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lindner, M.; Anerella, M.; Ganetis, G. 1993-01-01 Four 8 cm aperture sextupoles have been built at BNL to verify the magnetic performance of this magnet in the RHIC installation. Two significantly different mechanical configurations have been designed, and two magnets of each design have been built, and successfully tested, and have exceeded the required minimum quench current by a substantial margin. This report describes the assembly details of the second configuration, which is the final production configuration. In addition the first industry built production sextupole has been delivered and tested. This report presents the results of quench tests on all 5 magnets and field measurements on the first production sextupole 11. Visual Memory : The Price of Encoding Details NARCIS (Netherlands) Nieuwenstein, Mark; Kromm, Maria 2017-01-01 Studies on visual long-term memory have shown that we have a tremendous capacity for remembering pictures of objects, even at a highly detailed level. What remains unclear, however, is whether encoding objects at such a detailed level comes at any cost. In the current study, we examined how the 12. Understanding brains: details, intuition, and big data. Science.gov (United States) Marder, Eve 2015-05-01 Understanding how the brain works requires a delicate balance between the appreciation of the importance of a multitude of biological details and the ability to see beyond those details to general principles. As technological innovations vastly increase the amount of data we collect, the importance of intuition into how to analyze and treat these data may, paradoxically, become more important. 13. Understanding Brains: Details, Intuition, and Big Data OpenAIRE Marder, Eve 2015-01-01 Understanding how the brain works requires a delicate balance between the appreciation of the importance of a multitude of biological details and the ability to see beyond those details to general principles. As technological innovations vastly increase the amount of data we collect, the importance of intuition into how to analyze and treat these data may, paradoxically, become more important. 14. Understanding brains: details, intuition, and big data. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Eve Marder 2015-05-01 Full Text Available Understanding how the brain works requires a delicate balance between the appreciation of the importance of a multitude of biological details and the ability to see beyond those details to general principles. As technological innovations vastly increase the amount of data we collect, the importance of intuition into how to analyze and treat these data may, paradoxically, become more important. 15. 1993 baseline solid waste management system description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Armacost, L.L.; Fowler, R.A.; Konynenbelt, H.S. 1994-02-01 Pacific Northwest Laboratory has prepared this report under the direction of Westinghouse Hanford Company. The report provides an integrated description of the system planned for managing Hanford's solid low-level waste, low-level mixed waste, transuranic waste, and transuranic mixed waste. The primary purpose of this document is to illustrate a collective view of the key functions planned at the Hanford Site to handle existing waste inventories, as well as solid wastes that will be generated in the future. By viewing this system as a whole rather than as individual projects, key facility interactions and requirements are identified and a better understanding of the overall system may be gained. The system is described so as to form a basis for modeling the system at various levels of detail. Model results provide insight into issues such as facility capacity requirements, alternative system operating strategies, and impacts of system changes (ie., startup dates). This description of the planned Hanford solid waste processing system: defines a baseline system configuration; identifies the entering waste streams to be managed within the system; identifies basic system functions and waste flows; and highlights system constraints. This system description will evolve and be revised as issues are resolved, planning decisions are made, additional data are collected, and assumptions are tested and changed. Out of necessity, this document will also be revised and updated so that a documented system description, which reflects current system planning, is always available for use by engineers and managers. It does not provide any results generated from the many alternatives that will be modeled in the course of analyzing solid waste disposal options; such results will be provided in separate documents 16. Industry Matters DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Tran, Angie Ngoc; Jeppesen, Søren 2018-01-01 This chapter draws on a study investigating what corporate social responsibility (CSR) means to Vietnam’s small- and medium-size enterprise (SME) owner/managers and workers, using Scott’s three-pillar (norms, regulation, cognition) institutional framework. The findings are based on factory visits...... and interviews with 40 managers/owners and 218 workers conducted in two sectors—textile/garment/footwear (TGF) and food/beverage processing (FBP)—around Ho Chi Minh City in 2011. Scott’s framework is useful in highlighting similarities and differences between these two sectors. We found more stringent state...... regulation and greater industry pressure with regard to quality and safety of products than to labour standards in both sectors. Most factories in the TGF sector assembled products for global supply chains and were under pressure by industry norms, while most companies in the FBP sector produced... 17. Industrious Landscaping DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Brichet, Nathalia Sofie; Hastrup, Frida 2018-01-01 This article has a twofold ambition. It offers a history of landscaping at Søby brown coal beds—a former mining site in western Denmark—and a methodological discussion of how to write such a study. Exploring this specific industrial landscape through a series of projects that have made different...... natural resources appear, we show that even what is recognized as resources shifts over time according to radically different and unpredictable agendas. This indicates that the Søby landscape is fundamentally volatile, as its resourcefulness has been seen interchangeably to shift between the brown coal...... business, inexpensive estates for practically savvy people, pasture for grazing, and recreational forest, among other things. We discuss these rifts in landscape history, motivated by what we refer to as industriousness, to show that, at sites such as Søby, both natural resources and historical... 18. Base case industrial reprocessing plant International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1978-11-01 This paper briefly describes an industrial scale plant for reprocessing thermal oxide fuel. This description was used as a base case by the Group for their later assessments and for comparing actual national plans for reprocessing plants. The plant described uses the Purex process and assumes an annual throughput of 1000 t/U. The maintenance, safety and safeguards philosophy is described. An indication of the construction schedule and capital and operating costs is also given 19. Copyright protection in music industry OpenAIRE Kammermayerová, Tereza 2009-01-01 In this work, the copyright protection in the music industry is discussed. I am focusing in particular on the description of copyright, rights related to copyright, collective management and protection of these rights. In the beginning, I mention the national, international and European sources of copyright and I am explaining the concepts of copyright, copyright work (including musical and processed work of art), and authoring. Furthermore, I explore the copyright law in terms of its origin,... 20. 1991 Canadian oil industry directory International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anon. 1991-01-01 This book provides a complete listing of oil companies operating in Canada. Each company is presented to show its entire range of activity in the petroleum industry. Included are exploration and production companies, drilling contractors, service, supply and manufacturing companies, pipeline-operators, refiners and gas processors, petrochemical plants, engineering and construction firms, associations and government agencies. Listings also include a complete description of company activity, address, phone, fax, telex and cable numbers as well as key personnel 1. Industry trends International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anon. 1993-01-01 This section discusses the US energy supply and demand situation including projections for energy use, the clean coal industry (constraints of regulation on investment in new technologies, technology trends, and current pollution control efficiency), opportunities in clean coal technology (Phase 2 requirements of Title 4 of the Clean Air Act, scrubber demand for lime and limestone, and demand for low sulfur coal), and the international market of clean coal technologies 2. Industrial melanism Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ford, E B 1969-01-01 Certain species of Lepidoptera have undergone a mutation in pigment color from white to black in order to be more concealing when in soot discolored environments in polluted industrial areas in England. In less polluted areas the original white variety continues to prosper. The two forms result from alleles of a color-controlling gene. The black variety is inconspicuous to insects when it settles on trees and rocks which are covered with soot. 3. Agribusiness Industry Science.gov (United States) 2007-01-01 sheer enormity of this ultra modernized industry. Hybridized or biotech corn seeds are now nearly impervious to pesticides and herbicides. From...efficient routes of commerce of many thousands of miles - a fresh head of broccoli and lettuce lands in the chilled and computer controlled misting...cumulatively, seemingly minor and insignificant changes in food production methods (i.e. packaged precut lettuce ), society (desire for convenience foods 4. Industrial garnet Science.gov (United States) Olson, D.W. 2007-01-01 World production of industrial garnet was about 326 kt in 2006, with the U.S. producing about 11 percent of this total. U.S. consumption, imports, and exports were estimated at 74.3 kt, 52.3 kt, and 13.2 kt, respectively. The most important exporters are Australia, China, and India. Although demand is expected to rise over the next 5 years, prices are expected to remain low in the short term. 5. Links between operating experience feedback of industrial accidents and nuclear safety International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Eury, S.P. 2012-01-01 Since 1992, the bureau for analysis of industrial risks and pollutions (BARPI) collects, analyzes and publishes information on industrial accidents. The ARIA database lists over 40.000 accidents or incidents, most of which occurred in French classified facilities (ICPE). Events occurring in nuclear facilities are rarely reported in ARIA because they are reported in other databases. This paper describes the process of selection, characterization and review of these accidents, as well as the following consultation with industry trade groups. It is essential to publicize widely the lessons learned from analyzing industrial accidents. To this end, a web site (www.aria.developpement-durable.gouv.fr) gives free access to the accidents summaries, detailed sheets, studies, etc. to professionals and the general public. In addition, the accidents descriptions and characteristics serve as inputs to new regulation projects or risk analyses. Finally, the question of the links between operating experience feedback of industrial accidents and nuclear safety is explored: if the rigorous and well-documented methods of experience feedback in the nuclear field certainly set an example for other activities, nuclear safety can also benefit from inputs coming from the vast diversity of accidents arisen into industrial facilities because of common grounds. Among these common grounds we can find: -) the fuel cycle facilities use many chemicals and chemical processes that are also used by chemical industries; -) the problems resulting from the ageing of equipment affect both heavy and nuclear industries; -) the risk of hydrogen explosion; -) the risk of ammonia, ammonia is a gas used by nuclear power plants as an ingredient in the onsite production of mono-chloramine and ammonia is involved in numerous accidents in the industry: at least 900 entries can be found in the ARIA database. The paper is followed by the slides of the presentation 6. Strategy for developing of small medium industry to creative industry in special culinary, Sarolangun Regency Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Fitriaty Fitriaty 2018-03-01 Full Text Available This study aims to obtain a description of small and medium industries in the area of regional culinary Sarolangun, internal and external factors and formulate strategies to develop the industry to become a creative industry. The method that is used SWOT analysis, descriptive and qualitative analysis. Based on the research result found that the culinary that can be developed is coconut bread, dodol, kipang cake and curry fish curry fish. The weakness of internal factors lies in working capital, human resources, and external factors lie in marketing and institutional. The recommended strategy is to turn around. Keywords: SME’s, Culinary, SWOT Analysis, Turn around 7. A full description of a simple and scalable fabrication process for electrowetting displays International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Zhou, K; Heikenfeld, J; Dean, K A; Howard, E M; Johnson, M R 2009-01-01 Electrowetting displays provide a high white state reflectance of >50% and have attracted substantial world-wide interest, yet are primarily an industrially led effort with few details on preferred materials and fabrication processes. Reported herein is the first complete description of the electrowetting display fabrication process. The description includes materials selection, purification and all fabrication steps from substrate selection to sealing. Challenging materials and fabrication processes include dielectric optimization, fluoropolymer selection, hydrophilic grid patterning, liquid dosing, dye purification and liquid ionic content. The process described herein has produced pixel arrays that were switched at 2 . The majority of fabrication processes can conform to liquid-crystal style manufacturing equipment, and therefore can be readily adopted by many display practitioners. Also presented are additional tips and techniques, such as controlling the onset of oil film break-up in an electrowetting display. This paper should enable anyone skilled in displays or microfabrication to quickly and successfully set up research and fabrication of electrowetting displays 8. Globalization of the natural gas industry; La mondialisation de lindustrie du gaz naturel Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Deyirmendjan, J. [Gaz de France (GDF), 75 - Paris (France) 1997-05-01 After presenting a panorama of the international gas industry, a description of changes affecting the world gas industry, and an analysis of how environment-related demands give gas an opportunity to become the leading source of energy in the 21. century, Mr Jacques Deyirmendjan, Senior Executive-Vice-President of Gaz de France, tells his interviewer how French industry and national companies are designing their strategies to respond effectively to these changes. 9. 2013 mask industry survey Science.gov (United States) Malloy, Matt 2013-09-01 A comprehensive survey was sent to merchant and captive mask shops to gather information about the mask industry as an objective assessment of its overall condition. 2013 marks the 12th consecutive year for this process. Historical topics including general mask profile, mask processing, data and write time, yield and yield loss, delivery times, maintenance, and returns were included and new topics were added. Within each category are multiple questions that result in a detailed profile of both the business and technical status of the mask industry. While each year's survey includes minor updates based on feedback from past years and the need to collect additional data on key topics, the bulk of the survey and reporting structure have remained relatively constant. A series of improvements is being phased in beginning in 2013 to add value to a wider audience, while at the same time retaining the historical content required for trend analyses of the traditional metrics. Additions in 2013 include topics such as top challenges, future concerns, and additional details in key aspects of mask masking, such as the number of masks per mask set per ground rule, minimum mask resolution shipped, and yield by ground rule. These expansions beyond the historical topics are aimed at identifying common issues, gaps, and needs. They will also provide a better understanding of real-life mask requirements and capabilities for comparison to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS). 10. Overall equipment effectiveness: application in a company in the drinks Manaus industrial sector Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Cristiane Fátima Cavalcante Raposo 2011-09-01 Full Text Available The Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE is an indicator used as a management and continuous improvement of machinery and equipment, useful to identify losses, thus reducing production costs. In order to examine in more detail the application of OEE in the production system of a company in the beverage industry of the Industrial Pole of Manaus, was performed by means of literature search and descriptive, and using the case study method, a remark in the production system of the company Alfa, in the period from January to November 2008. The results from this research show the application of OEE in eleven steps, the statistical analysis of the results of this indicator shows a positive trend in the initial stage because of the improvements achieved in the production system through actions for elimination / reduction of losses, revealing that the manager can make improvements that may be necessary. 11. Metal-containing residues from industry and in the environment: geobiotechnological urban mining. Science.gov (United States) Glombitza, Franz; Reichel, Susan 2014-01-01 This chapter explains the manifold geobiotechnological possibilities to separate industrial valuable metals from various industrial residues and stored waste products of the past. In addition to an overview of the different microbially catalyzed chemical reactions applicable for a separation of metals and details of published studies, results of many individual investigations from various research projects are described. These concern the separation of rare earth elements from phosphorous production slags, the attempts of tin leaching from mining flotation residues, the separation of metals from spent catalysts, or the treatment of ashes as valuable metal-containing material. The residues of environmental technologies are integrated into this overview as well. The description of the different known microbial processes offers starting points for suitable and new technologies. In addition to the application of chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms the use of heterotrophic microorganisms is explained. 12. Integrating textual and model-based process descriptions for comprehensive process search NARCIS (Netherlands) Leopold, Henrik; van der Aa, Han; Pittke, Fabian; Raffel, Manuel; Mendling, Jan; Reijers, Hajo A. 2016-01-01 Documenting business processes using process models is common practice in many organizations. However, not all process information is best captured in process models. Hence, many organizations complement these models with textual descriptions that specify additional details. The problem with this 13. Industrial goals International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Martin, P. 2005-01-01 The aim of the third seminar on pellet-clad interaction, which held at Aix en Provence (France) from 9-11 march 2004, was to draw a comprehensive picture of current understanding of pellet clad interaction and its impact on the fuel rod under the widest possible conditions. This document provides the summaries of the five sessions: opening and industrial goals, fuel material behaviour in PCI situation, cladding behaviour relevant to PCI, in-pile rod behaviour, modelling of the mechanical interaction between pellet and cladding. (A.L.B.) 14. Industrial ventilation Science.gov (United States) Goodfellow, H. D. Industrial ventilation design methodology, using computers and using fluid dynamic models, is considered. It is noted that the design of a ventilation system must be incorporated into the plant design and layout at the earliest conceptual stage of the project. A checklist of activities concerning the methodology for the design of a ventilation system for a new facility is given. A flow diagram of the computer ventilation model shows a typical input, the initialization and iteration loop, and the output. The application of the fluid dynamic modeling techniques include external and internal flow fields, and individual sources of heat and contaminants. Major activities for a ventilation field test program are also addressed. 15. PC-based Multiple Information System Interface (PC/MISI) detailed design and implementation plan Science.gov (United States) Dominick, Wayne D. (Editor); Hall, Philip P. 1985-01-01 The design plan for the personal computer multiple information system interface (PC/MISI) project is discussed. The document is intended to be used as a blueprint for the implementation of the system. Each component is described in the detail necessary to allow programmers to implement the system. A description of the system data flow and system file structures is given. 16. A detailed cost analysis of in vitro fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment. NARCIS (Netherlands) Bouwmans, C.A.; Lintsen, A.M.E.; Eijkemans, M.J.; Habbema, J.D.F.; Braat, D.D.M.; Hakkaart, L. 2008-01-01 OBJECTIVE: To provide detailed information about costs of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment stages and to estimate the cost per IVF and ICSI treatment cycle and ongoing pregnancy. DESIGN: Descriptive micro-costing study. SETTING: Four Dutch IVF 17. Comparing Epileptiform Behavior of Mesoscale Detailed Models and Population Models of Neocortex NARCIS (Netherlands) Visser, S.; Meijer, Hil Gaétan Ellart; Lee, Hyong C.; van Drongelen, Wim; van Putten, Michel Johannes Antonius Maria; van Gils, Stephanus A. 2010-01-01 Two models of the neocortex are developed to study normal and pathologic neuronal activity. One model contains a detailed description of a neocortical microcolumn represented by 656 neurons, including superficial and deep pyramidal cells, four types of inhibitory neurons, and realistic synaptic 18. Inquiry on nuclear fusion for peaceful uses by the 12th Committee of Industry of the Italian Parliament International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Bertolini, E. 1987-01-01 The paper is a statement by the author to the 12th Committee of Industry of the Italian Parliament concerning the Inquiry on nuclear fusion for peaceful uses. The basis concepts of thermonuclear fusion are outlined. A description is given of the European Programme, and the role of the JET Project within that Programme. The role of the JET Project in the field of fusion research is described, in detail. Preliminary answers to the Committee's questions on fusion posed previously are also reported. (U.K.) 19. Post Entitlement Management Information - Detail Database Data.gov (United States) Social Security Administration — Contains data that supports the detailed and aggregate receipt, pending and clearance data, as well as other strategic and tactical MI for many Title II and Title... 20. Detailed Safety Review of Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed National Research Council Canada - National Science Library 2001-01-01 To date, 18 human studies have assessed the safety of anthrax vaccination. These studies, some stretching back almost 50 years, reported adverse events after vaccination in varying degrees of detail... 1. Cleaner combustion developing detailed chemical kinetic models CERN Document Server Battin-Leclerc, Frédérique; Simmie, John M 2013-01-01 This book describes the reactive chemistry of minor pollutants within extensively validated detailed mechanisms for traditional fuels, and also for innovative surrogates, describing the complex chemistry of new, environmentally important bio-fuels. 2. Template Assembly for Detailed Urban Reconstruction KAUST Repository Nan, Liangliang 2015-05-04 We propose a new framework to reconstruct building details by automatically assembling 3D templates on coarse textured building models. In a preprocessing step, we generate an initial coarse model to approximate a point cloud computed using Structure from Motion and Multi View Stereo, and we model a set of 3D templates of facade details. Next, we optimize the initial coarse model to enforce consistency between geometry and appearance (texture images). Then, building details are reconstructed by assembling templates on the textured faces of the coarse model. The 3D templates are automatically chosen and located by our optimization-based template assembly algorithm that balances image matching and structural regularity. In the results, we demonstrate how our framework can enrich the details of coarse models using various data sets. 3. Strategic behavior and regulatory styles in the Netherlands energy industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Kuit, M. 2002-01-01 Network-based industries, such as the telecommunications industry, the energy industry and the public transport industry, are in motion. Changes in these industries as well as their consequences - disastrous, in some cases - have received considerable media coverage in recent years. Examples include the failed, or partly, liberalization or privatization processes in the electricity industry and public rail transport. Examples are the long and frequent interruptions in California's electricity supply and the problems in British rail transport, several of which had fatal consequences. Other examples are the behavior of organizations in the industries. Driven either by increasing competitive pressure or by their exclusive position in the industry, some organizations exhibit hardly acceptable behavior. They bar new organizations from joining the industry or face their customers with improper terms of delivery or inflated prices; this is commonly referred to as strategic behavior. This study focuses on strategic behavior or potentially strategic behavior in the Netherlands energy industry and on the link between the way regulators operate in the industry and the strategic behavior observed. All forms of strategic behavior are discussed in this thesis. It seeks to present the richest possible collection of strategic behavior, making it a substantial extension to existing research into strategic behavior in network-based industries, most of which is confined to describing particular strategic behavior and its effects. Examples of such in-depth research are that into predatory pricing, regulatory capture, entry deterrence and the use of price caps in setting rates. Most of this research comprises detailed economic studies covering the design of alternative models to explain strategic behavior and the prevention of such behavior. The present study will not copy the format of these economic studies. It does not present a complete picture of potential strategic behavior in 4. Health Topic XML File Description Science.gov (United States) ... this page: https://medlineplus.gov/xmldescription.html Health Topic XML File Description: MedlinePlus To use the sharing ... information categories assigned. Example of a Full Health Topic Record A record for a MedlinePlus health topic ... 5. Factors influencing detail detectability in radiologic imaging International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Gurvich, A.M. 1985-01-01 The detectability of various details is estimated quantitatively from the essential technical parameters of the imaging system and additional influencing factors including viewing of the image. The analysis implies the formation of the input radiation distribution (contrast formation, influence of kVp). Noise, image contrast (gamma), modulation transfer function and contrast threshold of the observer are of different influence on details of different size. Thus further optimization of imaging systems and their adaption to specific imaging tasks are facilitated 6. Energy and Exergy Analyses of the Danish Industry Sector DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Bühler, Fabian; Nguyen, Tuong-Van; Elmegaard, Brian 2016-01-01 A detailed analysis of the Danish industry is presented in this paper using the energy and exergy methods. For the 22 most energy-intensive process industries, which represent about 80% of the total primary energy use of the industrial sector, detailed end-use models were created and analysed...... of using electricity and district heat in the industry is shown. The exergy efficiencies for each process industry were found to be in the range of 12% to 56% in 2012. However variations in the efficiencies within the sectors for individual process industries occur, underlining the need for detailed......, by determining the sectors losses and exergy destruction. In addition the importance of applying a system analysis is shown, which corrects the site efficiencies for electricity and district heating use. The use of 22 industries,further highlights differences amongst industries belonging to the same sector.... 7. Detailed session outputs by the groups International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 2008-01-01 activities? - What do regulators need to do differently to ensure that we retain effective oversight of licensee safety culture? Summary and Conclusions: This section summarises the main conclusions from the workshop and feedback provided by participants about the value and organisation of the workshop. Appendix 3 includes the summary presentation that was given during the concluding session of the workshop: - The IAEA safety culture characteristics can be used as a starting point for evaluations and evaluation criteria, but regulators need to 'operationalise' these (set in context, develop data collection methods, etc.). - There was general acknowledgement that regulators can more easily gather data at the top two levels of the Schein model (Artefacts and Espoused Values), but it is possible to probe selected underlying assumptions through methods such as interviews. - There was general agreement that regulators should look at attitudes, values, assumptions, perceptions and behaviours in addition to systems and processes because they influence the way in which formal systems are implemented. - Resident/site inspectors play a key role in gathering safety culture data. - Periodic focused safety culture inspections can help to raise the profile of safety culture within the licensee and industry and provide detailed insights. - Some regulators are targeting interventions at the senior management level, acknowledging the strong influence of leadership on safety culture. - There was agreement that information should be collected as a continuing activity during routine regulatory interactions. - The need for periodic gathering of safety culture information was also highlighted, some proactive (e.g. site inspector observations, review of licensee self-assessments), some reactive (e.g. response to events and performance degradations). - There are benefits of incorporating safety culture reviews into new build and significant plant modification programmes. - A range of methods are 8. Computer software design description for the integrated control and data acquisition system LDUA system International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Aftanas, B.L. 1998-01-01 This Computer Software Design Description (CSDD) document provides the overview of the software design for all the software that is part of the integrated control and data acquisition system of the Light Duty Utility Arm System (LDUA). It describes the major software components and how they interface. It also references the documents that contain the detailed design description of the components 9. Exploring Environmental Effects of Accidents During Marine Transport of Dangerous Goods by Use of Accident Descriptions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rømer, Hans Gottberg; Haastrup, P.; Petersen, H J Styhr 1996-01-01 On the basis of 1776 descriptions of water transport accidents involving dangerous goods, environmental problems in connection with releases of this kind are described and discussed. It was found that most detailed descriptions of environmental consequences concerned oil accidents, although most...... longer than broad. Gravity scales used to describe and evaluate environmental consequences were discussed.... 10. INTRA/Mod3.2. Manual and code description. Volume 2 - User's manual International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Andersson, Jenny; Edlund, O.; Hermann, J.; Johansson, Lise-Lotte 1999-01-01 The INTRA Manual consists of two volumes. Volume I of the manual is a thorough description of the code INTRA, the physical modelling of INTRA and the ruling numerics, and volume II, the User's Manual is an input description. This document, the User's Manual, Volume II, contains a detailed description of how to use INTRA, how to set up an input file, how to run INTRA and also post-processing 11. INTRA/Mod3.2. Manual and code description. Volume 2 - Users manual Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Andersson, Jenny; Edlund, O.; Hermann, J.; Johansson, Lise-Lotte 1999-01-01 The INTRA Manual consists of two volumes. Volume I of the manual is a thorough description of the code INTRA, the physical modelling of INTRA and the ruling numerics, and volume II, the Users Manual is an input description. This document, the Users Manual, Volume II, contains a detailed description of how to use INTRA, how to set up an input file, how to run INTRA and also post-processing 12. Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimation Methodologies for the Oil and Gas Industry Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shires, T.M.; Loughran, C.J. [URS Corporation, Austin, TX (United States) 2004-02-01 This document is a compendium of currently recognized methods and provides details for all oil and gas industry segments to enhance consistency in emissions estimation. This Compendium aims to accomplish the following goals: Assemble an expansive collection of relevant emission factors for estimating GHG emissions, based on currently available public documents; Outline detailed procedures for conversions between different measurement unit systems, with particular emphasis on implementation of oil and gas industry standards; Provide descriptions of the multitude of oil and gas industry operations, in its various segments, and the associated emissions sources that should be considered; and Develop emission inventory examples, based on selected facilities from the various segments, to demonstrate the broad applicability of the methodologies. The overall objective of developing this document is to promote the use of consistent, standardized methodologies for estimating GHG emissions from petroleum industry operations. The resulting Compendium documents recognized calculation techniques and emission factors for estimating GHG emissions for oil and gas industry operations. These techniques cover the calculation or estimation of emissions from the full range of industry operations - from exploration and production through refining, to the marketing and distribution of products. The Compendium presents and illustrates the use of preferred and alternative calculation approaches for carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions for all common emission sources, including combustion, vented, and fugitive. Decision trees are provided to guide the user in selecting an estimation technique based on considerations of materiality, data availability, and accuracy. API will provide (free of charge) a calculation tool based on the emission estimation methodologies described herein. The tool will be made available at http://ghg.api.org/. 13. Predicted costs of environmental controls for a commercial oil shale industry. Volume 1. An engineering analysis Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nevens, T.D.; Culbertson, W.J. Jr.; Wallace, J.R.; Taylor, G.C.; Jovanovich, A.P.; Prien, C.H.; Hicks, R.E.; Probstein, R.F.; Domahidy, G. 1979-07-01 The pollution control costs for a commercial oil shale industry were determined in a joint effort by Denver Research Institute, Water Purification Associates of Cambridge, and Stone and Webster Engineering of Boston and Denver. Four commercial oil shale processes were considered. The results in terms of cost per barrel of syncrude oil are predicted to be as follows: Paraho Process,$0.67 to $1.01; TOSCO II Process,$1.43 to $1.91; MIS Process,$2.02 to $3.03; and MIS/Lurgi-Ruhrgas Process,$1.68 to \$2.43. Alternative pollution control equipment and integrated pollution control strategies were considered and optimal systems selected for each full-scale plant. A detailed inventory of equipment (along with the rationale for selection), a detailed description of control strategies, itemized costs and predicted emission levels are presented for each process. Capital and operating cost data are converted to a cost per barrel basis using detailed economic evaluation procedures. Ranges of cost are determined using a subjective self-assessment of uncertainty approach. An accepted methodology for probability encoding was used, and cost ranges are presented as subjective probability distributions. Volume I presents the detailed engineering results. Volume II presents the detailed analysis of uncertainty in the predicted costs. 14. A detailed and verified wind resource atlas for Denmark Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Mortensen, N G; Landberg, L; Rathmann, O; Nielsen, M N [Risoe National Lab., Roskilde (Denmark); Nielsen, P [Energy and Environmental Data, Aalberg (Denmark) 1999-03-01 A detailed and reliable wind resource atlas covering the entire land area of Denmark has been established. Key words of the methodology are wind atlas analysis, interpolation of wind atlas data sets, automated generation of digital terrain descriptions and modelling of local wind climates. The atlas contains wind speed and direction distributions, as well as mean energy densities of the wind, for 12 sectors and four heights above ground level: 25, 45, 70 and 100 m. The spatial resolution is 200 meters in the horizontal. The atlas has been verified by comparison with actual wind turbine power productions from over 1200 turbines. More than 80% of these turbines were predicted to within 10%. The atlas will become available on CD-ROM and on the Internet. (au) 15. Industrial chemistry engineering International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1993-01-01 This book on industrial chemistry engineering is divided in two parts. The first part deals with industrial chemistry, inorganic industrial chemistry, organic industrial chemistry, analytical chemistry and practical questions. The last parts explain the chemical industry, a unit parts and thermodynamics in chemical industry and reference. It reveals the test subjects for the industrial chemistry engineering with a written examination and practical skill. 16. Demonstration Advanced Avionics System (DAAS) function description Science.gov (United States) Bailey, A. J.; Bailey, D. G.; Gaabo, R. J.; Lahn, T. G.; Larson, J. C.; Peterson, E. M.; Schuck, J. W.; Rodgers, D. L.; Wroblewski, K. A. 1982-01-01 The Demonstration Advanced Avionics System, DAAS, is an integrated avionics system utilizing microprocessor technologies, data busing, and shared displays for demonstrating the potential of these technologies in improving the safety and utility of general aviation operations in the late 1980's and beyond. Major hardware elements of the DAAS include a functionally distributed microcomputer complex, an integrated data control center, an electronic horizontal situation indicator, and a radio adaptor unit. All processing and display resources are interconnected by an IEEE-488 bus in order to enhance the overall system effectiveness, reliability, modularity and maintainability. A detail description of the DAAS architecture, the DAAS hardware, and the DAAS functions is presented. The system is designed for installation and flight test in a NASA Cessna 402-B aircraft. 17. Template for safety reports with descriptive example International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1995-12-01 This report provides a template for future safety reports on long-term safety in support of important decisions and permit applications in connection with the construction of a deep repository system. The template aims at providing a uniform structure for describing long-term safety, after the repository has been closed and sealed. The availability of such a structure will simplify both preparation and review of the safety reports, and make it possible to follow how safety assessments are influenced by the progressively more detailed body of data that emerges. A separate section containing 'descriptive examples' has been appended to the template. This section illustrates what the different chapters of the template should contain. 279 refs 18. Template for safety reports with descriptive example Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) NONE 1995-12-01 This report provides a template for future safety reports on long-term safety in support of important decisions and permit applications in connection with the construction of a deep repository system. The template aims at providing a uniform structure for describing long-term safety, after the repository has been closed and sealed. The availability of such a structure will simplify both preparation and review of the safety reports, and make it possible to follow how safety assessments are influenced by the progressively more detailed body of data that emerges. A separate section containing descriptive examples` has been appended to the template. This section illustrates what the different chapters of the template should contain. 279 refs. International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Stirling, Andrew 1995-01-01 20. Relativistic continuum physics for the description of heavy ion collisions International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Lukacs, Bela 1986-01-01 The application of relativistic continuum physics to the description of the nuclear fireball evolution from the start of expansion to the breaking is discussed. The basic formalism and basic assumptions of relativistic hydrodynamics and thermodynamics are analyzed in detail. The four basic assumptions are not valid in the case of nuclear fireball produced in heavy ion collisions, but thermodynamics can be extended in different ways to incorporate anisotropy, fluctuations, gradients and the lack of the local equilibrium. The extended continuum formalism is applicable to the description of the nuclear fireball dynamics, including the nuclear - quark matter phase transition. (D.Gy.) 1. Advanced Transport Operating System (ATOPS) control display unit software description Science.gov (United States) Slominski, Christopher J.; Parks, Mark A.; Debure, Kelly R.; Heaphy, William J. 1992-01-01 The software created for the Control Display Units (CDUs), used for the Advanced Transport Operating Systems (ATOPS) project, on the Transport Systems Research Vehicle (TSRV) is described. Module descriptions are presented in a standardized format which contains module purpose, calling sequence, a detailed description, and global references. The global reference section includes subroutines, functions, and common variables referenced by a particular module. The CDUs, one for the pilot and one for the copilot, are used for flight management purposes. Operations performed with the CDU affects the aircraft's guidance, navigation, and display software. 2. The North Sea contracting industry International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Wright, P.J.C. 1996-09-01 The North Sea Contracting Industry provides in-depth profiles of major contracting organisations including manpower, facilities, expertise, future directions and financial details. It addresses key issues such as: how will the role of operators and contractors change toward 2000 and beyond?; how will the contractor-operator relationship develop?; will the contractors take a more speculative role in projects such as leasing and contract to produce?; does the future belong to broad skilled providers or small specialised niche players, or both?; and how will rapid technological improvements affect the industry? (author) 3. Industrial robot Science.gov (United States) Prakashan, A.; Mukunda, H. S.; Samuel, S. D.; Colaco, J. C. 1992-11-01 This paper addresses the design and development of a four degree of freedom industrial manipulator, with three liner axes in the positioning mechanism and one rotary axis in the orientation mechanism. The positioning mechanism joints are driven with dc servo motors fitted with incremental shaft encoders. The rotary joint of the orientation mechanism is driven by a stepping motor. The manipulator is controlled by an IBM 386 PC/AT. Microcomputer based interface cards have been developed for independent joint control. PID controllers for dc motors have been designed. Kinematic modeling, dynamic modeling, and path planning have been carried out to generate the control sequence to accomplish a given task with reference to source and destination state constraints. This project has been sponsored by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, and has been executed in collaboration with M/s Larsen & Toubro Ltd, Mysore, India. International Nuclear Information System (INIS) 1992-01-01 Industrial radiography is a non-destructive testing (NDT) method which allows components to be examined for flaws without interfering with their usefulness. It is one of a number of inspection methods which are commonly used in industry to control the quality of manufactured products and to monitor their performance in service. Because of its involvement in organizing training courses in all the common NDT methods in regional projects in Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean and in many country programmes, the Agency is aware of the importance of standardizing as far as possible the syllabi and training course notes used by the many experts who are involved in presenting the training courses. IAEA-TECDOC-628 ''Training Guidelines in Non-destructive Testing'' presents syllabi which were developed by an Agency executed UNDP project in Latin America and the Caribbean taking into account the developmental work done by the International Committee for Non-destructive Testing. Experience gained from using the radiography syllabi from TECDOC-628 at national and regional radiography training courses in the Agency executed UNDP project in Asia and the Pacific (RAS/86/073) showed that some guidance needed to be given to radiography experts engaged in teaching at these courses on the material which should be covered. The IAEA/UNDP Asia and Pacific Project National NDT Coordinators therefore undertook to prepare Radiography Training Course Notes which could be used by experts to prepare lectures for Level 1,2 and 3 radiography personnel. The notes have been expanded to cover most topics in a more complete manner than that possible at a Level 1, 2 or 3 training course and can now be used as source material for NDT personnel interested in expanding their knowledge of radiography. Refs, figs and tabs 5. Sequential water molecule binding enthalpies for aqueous nanodrops containing a mono-, di- or trivalent ion and between 20 and 500 water molecules† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Detailed description of the experimental and computational modeling methods. Isolation, BIRD and UVPD sequence for [Ru(NH3)6]3+·(H2O)169–171, nanoESI spectra for 2+ and 3+ ions. Detailed description of the isotope distribution simulation program. Comparison between experimental and simulated 1+, 2+ and 3+ ion isotope distributions. Wavelength dependence of the deduced sequential binding enthalpies. Comparison of experimental UVPD binding enthalpies to the liquid drop model at different temperatures. Complete list of binding enthalpies and average number of water molecules lost upon UVPD. See DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04957e Click here for additional data file. Science.gov (United States) Heiles, Sven; Cooper, Richard J.; DiTucci, Matthew J. 2017-01-01 Sequential water molecule binding enthalpies, ΔH n,n–1, are important for a detailed understanding of competitive interactions between ions, water and solute molecules, and how these interactions affect physical properties of ion-containing nanodrops that are important in aerosol chemistry. Water molecule binding enthalpies have been measured for small clusters of many different ions, but these values for ion-containing nanodrops containing more than 20 water molecules are scarce. Here, ΔH n,n–1 values are deduced from high-precision ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) measurements as a function of ion identity, charge state and cluster size between 20–500 water molecules and for ions with +1, +2 and +3 charges. The ΔH n,n–1 values are obtained from the number of water molecules lost upon photoexcitation at a known wavelength, and modeling of the release of energy into the translational, rotational and vibrational motions of the products. The ΔH n,n–1 values range from 36.82 to 50.21 kJ mol–1. For clusters containing more than ∼250 water molecules, the binding enthalpies are between the bulk heat of vaporization (44.8 kJ mol–1) and the sublimation enthalpy of bulk ice (51.0 kJ mol–1). These values depend on ion charge state for clusters with fewer than 150 water molecules, but there is a negligible dependence at larger size. There is a minimum in the ΔH n,n–1 values that depends on the cluster size and ion charge state, which can be attributed to the competing effects of ion solvation and surface energy. The experimental ΔH n,n–1 values can be fit to the Thomson liquid drop model (TLDM) using bulk ice parameters. By optimizing the surface tension and temperature change of the logarithmic partial pressure for the TLDM, the experimental sequential water molecule binding enthalpies can be fit with an accuracy of ±3.3 kJ mol–1 over the entire range of cluster sizes. PMID:28451364 6. Dutch industry prepares for the future International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Anon. 1978-01-01 In a review of the Dutch nuclear industry descriptions are given of the contributions of the following: Rotterdam Dockyard Company (RDM), manufacturers of nuclear pressure vessels; Rheine-Schelde-Verolme and Comprimo BV who co-operate in the field of nuclear engineering and turnkey power plants; Neeratom, which leads the industry in the SNR fast reactor project; and Royal Schelde an engineering company with many activities in the nuclear engineering field, and particularly in welding technology. (UK) 7. The Athena Data Dictionary and Description Language CERN Document Server Bazan, A; Ghez, P; Marino, M; Tull, C 2003-01-01 Athena is the ATLAS off-line software framework, based upon the GAUDI architecture from LHCb. As part of ATLAS' continuing efforts to enhance and customise the architecture to meet our needs, we have developed a data object description tool suite and service for Athena. The aim is to provide a set of tools to describe, manage, integrate and use the Event Data Model at a design level according to the concepts of the Athena framework (use of patterns, relationships, ...). Moreover, to ensure stability and reusability this must be fully independent from the implementation details. After an extensive investigation into the many options, we have developed a language grammar based upon a description language (IDL, ODL) to provide support for object integration in Athena. We have then developed a compiler front end based upon this language grammar, JavaCC, and a Java Reflection API-like interface. We have then used these tools to develop several compiler back ends which meet specific needs in ATLAS such as automatic... 8. Durability 2007. Injection grout investigations. Background description International Nuclear Information System (INIS) Orantie, K.; Kuosa, H. 2008-12-01 The aim of this project was to evaluate the durability risks of injection grouts. The investigations were done with respect to the application conditions, materials and service life requirements at the ONKALO underground research facility. The study encompassed injection grout mixtures made of ultrafine cement with and without silica fume. Some of the mixtures hade a low pH and thus a high silica fume content. The project includes a background description on durability literature, laboratory testing programme, detailed analysis of results and recommendations for selecting of ideal grout mixtures. The background description was made for the experimental study of low-pH and reference rock injection grouts as regards pore- and microstructure, strength, shrinkage/swelling and thus versatile durability properties. A summary of test methods is presented as well as examples, i.e. literature information or former test results, of expected range of results from the tests. Also background information about how the test results correlate to other material properties and mix designs is presented. Besides the report provides basic information on the pore structure of cement based materials. Also the correlation between the pore structure of cement based materials and permeability is shortly discussed. The test methods included in the background description are compressive strength, measurement of bulk drying, autogenous and chemical shrinkage and swelling, hydraulic conductivity / permeability, capillary water uptake test, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and thin section analysis. Three main mixtures with water-binder ratio of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.4 and silica fume content of 0, 15 and 40% were studied in the laboratory. Besides two extra mixtures were studied to provide additional information about the effect of varying water-dry-material ratio and silica fume content on durability. The evaluation of water tightness based on water permeability coefficient and micro cracking was 9. Making detailed predictions makes (some) predictions worse Science.gov (United States) Kelly, Theresa F. In this paper, we investigate whether making detailed predictions about an event makes other predictions worse. Across 19 experiments, 10,895 participants, and 415,960 predictions about 724 professional sports games, we find that people who made detailed predictions about sporting events (e.g., how many hits each baseball team would get) made worse predictions about more general outcomes (e.g., which team would win). We rule out that this effect is caused by inattention or fatigue, thinking too hard, or a differential reliance on holistic information about the teams. Instead, we find that thinking about game-relevant details before predicting winning teams causes people to give less weight to predictive information, presumably because predicting details makes information that is relatively useless for predicting the winning team more readily accessible in memory and therefore incorporated into forecasts. Furthermore, we show that this differential use of information can be used to predict what kinds of games will and will not be susceptible to the negative effect of making detailed predictions. 10. Air barrier details: How effective are they Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 11. A guide to the sources of energy use statistics for the industrial, commercial, agricultural and institutional sectors of the Canadian economy. Phase 2 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1985-01-01 The intent of this report is to provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the current data available on energy consumption in selected sectors in Canada. These sectors are the industrial sector--mainly fishing/trapping, logging/forestry, mining, manufacturing, and construction--agriculture (including all types of farm operations and agricultural service industries) and the commerical/institutional sector (excluding government or public administration). Summaries of the sources of energy use information are presented according to source agency and individual energy commodity. Data bases are assessed according to the kinds of data collected, collection methods, availability, quality, coverage, format of presentation and units used, timeliness, and usefulness for analysis and forecasting. A separate section of the report discusses some of the problems with the data available, such as standardization of data codes, data gaps, lack of detail, and reconciliation of different data sources. 36 tabs. 12. Fatigue-Prone Details in Steel Bridges Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Mohsen Heshmati 2012-11-01 Full Text Available This paper reviews the results of a comprehensive investigation including more than 100 fatigue damage cases, reported for steel and composite bridges. The damage cases are categorized according to types of detail. The mechanisms behind fatigue damage in each category are identified and studied. It was found that more than 90% of all reported damage cases are of deformation-induced type and generated by some kind of unintentional or otherwise overlooked interaction between different load-carrying members or systems in the bridge. Poor detailing, with unstiffened gaps and abrupt changes in stiffness at the connections between different members were also found to contribute to fatigue cracking in many details. 13. Contribution to a Theory of Detailed Design DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Mortensen, Niels Henrik 1999-01-01 It has been recognised, that literature actually do not propose a theory of detailed design. In this paper a theory contribution is proposed, linking part design to organ design and allowing a type of functional reasoning. The proposed theory satisfies our need for explaining the nature of a part...... structure, for support of synthesis of part structure, i.e. detailed design, and our need for digital modelling of part structures.The aim of this paper is to contribute to a design theory valid for detailed design. The proposal is based upon the theory's ability to explain the nature of machine parts...... and assemblies, to support the synthesis of parts and to allow the modelling, especially digital modelling of a part structure. The contribution is based upon Theory of Technical Systems, Hubka, and the Domain Theory, Andreasen. This paper is based on a paper presented at ICED 99, Mortensen, but focus... 14. Detailed balance and reciprocity in solar cells Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kirchartz, Thomas; Rau, Uwe [IEF5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Juelich, 52425 Juelich (Germany) 2008-12-15 The limiting efficiency of photovoltaic devices follows from the detailed balance of absorption and emission of a diode according to the Shockley-Queisser theory. However, the principle of detailed balance has more implications for the understanding of photovoltaic devices than only defining the efficiency limit. We show how reciprocity relations between carrier collection and dark carrier injection, between electroluminescence emission and photovoltaic quantum efficiency and between open circuit voltage and light emitting diode quantum efficiency all follow from the principle of detailed balance. We also discuss the validity range of the Shockley-Queisser limit and the reciprocity relations. Discussing the validity of the reciprocity relations helps to deepen the understanding of photovoltaic devices and allows us to identify interrelationships between the superposition principle, the diode ideality and the reciprocity relations. (copyright 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) (orig.) 15. Memory for details with self-referencing. Science.gov (United States) Serbun, Sarah J; Shih, Joanne Y; Gutchess, Angela H 2011-11-01 Self-referencing benefits item memory, but little is known about the ways in which referencing the self affects memory for details. Experiment 1 assessed whether the effects of self-referencing operate only at the item, or general, level or whether they also enhance memory for specific visual details of objects. Participants incidentally encoded objects by making judgements in reference to the self, a close other (one's mother), or a familiar other (Bill Clinton). Results indicate that referencing the self or a close other enhances both specific and general memory. Experiments 2 and 3 assessed verbal memory for source in a task that relied on distinguishing between different mental operations (internal sources). The results indicate that self-referencing disproportionately enhances source memory, relative to conditions referencing other people, semantic, or perceptual information. We conclude that self-referencing not only enhances specific memory for both visual and verbal information, but can also disproportionately improve memory for specific internal source details. 16. Local address and emergency contact details CERN Multimedia 2013-01-01 The HR Department would like to remind members of the personnel that they are responsible for ensuring that their personal data concerning local address and preferred emergency contact details remains valid and up-to-date. Both are easily accessible via the links below: Local address: https://edh.cern.ch/Document/Personnel/LocalAddressChange Emergency contacts: https://edh.cern.ch/Document/Personnel/EC Please take a few minutes to check your details and modify if necessary. Thank you in advance. HR Department Head Office 17. Severn Barrage project. Detailed report - V. 5 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) 1989-01-01 Prior to the present programme of work, the effects which a tidal power barrage would have on the region, during both construction and operation, had not been studied in detail. This volume of the Detailed Report therefore represents a significant extension of work into these aspects of the Severn Barrage Project. In the Regional Study, a number of benefits have been identified, some of which may represent net benefits nationally. The economic assessment of both regional and national benefits and costs is presented. The second part of this volume reports on the work done on the Legal Background for the Project. (author). 18. Detail in architecture: Between arts & crafts Science.gov (United States) Dulencin, Juraj 2016-06-01 Architectural detail represents an important part of architecture. Not only can it be used as an identifier of a specific building but at the same time enhances the experience of the realized project. Within it lie the signs of a great architect and clues to understanding his or her way of thinking. It is therefore the central topic of a seminar offered to architecture students at the Brno University of Technology. During the course of the semester-long class the students acquaint themselves with atypical architectural details of domestic and international architects by learning to read them, understand them and subsequently draw them by creating architectural blueprints. In other words, by general analysis of a detail the students learn theoretical thinking of its architect who, depending on the nature of the design, had to incorporate a variety of techniques and crafts. Students apply this analytical part to their own architectural detail design. The methodology of the seminar consists of experiential learning by project management and is complemented by a series of lectures discussing a diversity of details as well as materials and technologies required to implement it. The architectural detail design is also part of students' bachelors thesis, therefore, the realistic nature of their blueprints can be verified in the production process of its physical counterpart. Based on their own documentation the students choose the most suitable manufacturing process whether it is supplied by a specific technology or a craftsman. Students actively participate in the production and correct their design proposals in real scale with the actual material. A student, as a future architect, stands somewhere between a client and an artisan, materializes his or her idea and adjusts the manufacturing process so that the final detail fulfills aesthetic consistency and is in harmony with its initial concept. One of the very important aspects of the design is its economic cost, an 19. The need for detailed gender-specific occupational safety analysis. Science.gov (United States) Cruz Rios, Fernanda; Chong, Wai K; Grau, David 2017-09-01 The female work in population is growing in the United States, therefore the occupational health and safety entities must start to analyze gender-specific data related to every industry, especially to nontraditional occupations. Women working in nontraditional jobs are often exposed to extreme workplace hazards. These women have their safety and health threatened because there are no adequate policies to mitigate gender-specific risks such as discrimination and harassment. Employers tend to aggravate this situation because they often fail to provide proper reporting infrastructure and support. According to past studies, women suffered from workplace injuries and illnesses that were less prominent among men. Statistics also confirmed that men and women faced different levels of risks in distinct work environments. For example, the rates of workplace violence and murders by personal acquaintances were significantly higher among women. In this paper, the authors analyze prior public data on fatal and nonfatal injuries to understand why we need to differentiate genders when analyzing occupational safety and health issues. The analyses confirmed that women dealt with unique workplace hazards compared to men. It is urgent that public agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Labor, record gender-specific data in details and by occupations and industries. The reader will become aware of the current lack - and need - of data and knowledge about injuries and illnesses separated by gender and industry. Finally, safety and health researchers are encouraged to investigate the gender-specific data in all industries and occupations, as soon as they become available. Copyright © 2017 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 20. HDR IMAGING FOR FEATURE DETECTION ON DETAILED ARCHITECTURAL SCENES Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) G. Kontogianni 2015-02-01 Full Text Available 3D reconstruction relies on accurate detection, extraction, description and matching of image features. This is even truer for complex architectural scenes that pose needs for 3D models of high quality, without any loss of detail in geometry or color. Illumination conditions influence the radiometric quality of images, as standard sensors cannot depict properly a wide range of intensities in the same scene. Indeed, overexposed or underexposed pixels cause irreplaceable information loss and degrade digital representation. Images taken under extreme lighting environments may be thus prohibitive for feature detection/extraction and consequently for matching and 3D reconstruction. High Dynamic Range (HDR images could be helpful for these operators because they broaden the limits of illumination range that Standard or Low Dynamic Range (SDR/LDR images can capture and increase in this way the amount of details contained in the image. Experimental results of this study prove this assumption as they examine state of the art feature detectors applied both on standard dynamic range and HDR images.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.37174713611602783, "perplexity": 6266.573669819183}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882934.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703184459-20200703214459-00113.warc.gz"}
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/356645/code-compiles-in-windows-but-doesnt-in-linux	# Code Compiles in Windows but Doesn't in Linux I'm currently in the process of standing up a Linux machine, and one of the things I'm trying to get running is Texmaker. I've got that installed as well as the full texlive package on the new Linux machine. On the old Windows machine, I'm running Texmaker on top of MikTeX. The problem that I'm experiencing is with a very large TeX file (my partially completed dissertation). The file compiles perfectly on the Windows machine, but the same code will not compile on the Linux machine, throwing this error instead: Runaway argument? {preli ! File ended while scanning use of \@newl@bel. <inserted text> \par l.80 \begin{document} I suspect you have forgotten a }', causing me to read past where you wanted me to stop. I'll try to recover; but if the error is serious, you'd better type E' or X' now and fix your file. \openout1 = Test6.aux'. Since the exact same code compiles on the Windows machine, I think that there must be something wrong with my Linux installation, or perhaps with the encoding of the TeX file I'm attempting to compile. Have any of you run into similar problems? If so, how did you resolve it? If additional logs from the failed compilation would be helpful (or other code snippets), I'm happy to provide those. EDIT Here's the beginning code of the document: \documentclass[10pt,a4paper]{book} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{fancyhdr} \renewcommand{\partname}{Book} \renewcommand{\chaptername}{Book} \usepackage[english]{babel} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{endnotes} \usepackage{imakeidx} \makeindex[name=intro,title=Index to the Introduction and Prefaces] \makeindex[name=name,title=Index of Names] \makeindex[name=subj,title=Index of Subjects] \makeindex[name=for,title=Index of Foreign Terms] \usepackage[series={A,B,C,D},noend, noend,nofamiliar,noledgroup]{reledmac} \usepackage[hang,flushmargin,symbol]{footmisc} \usepackage{indentfirst} \usepackage{enumitem} \usepackage{blindtext} \usepackage{tabu} \usepackage{longtable} \usepackage{tikz} \usepackage{hanging} \usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref} \usepackage{xcolor} \hypersetup{ colorlinks, linkcolor={black!50!black}, citecolor={black!50!black}, urlcolor={black!80!black} } \sloppy \setcounter{secnumdepth}{5} \setcounter{tocdepth}{7} \renewcommand{\UrlBreaks}{\do\/\do\a\do\b\do\c\do\d\do\e\do\f\do\g\do\h\do\i\do\j\do\k\do\l\do\m\do\n\do\o\do\p\do\q\do\r\do\s\do\t\do\u\do\v\do\w\do\x\do\y\do\z\do\A\do\B\do\C\do\D\do\E\do\F\do\G\do\H\do\I\do\J\do\K\do\L\do\M\do\N\do\O\do\P\do\Q\do\R\do\S\do\T\do\U\do\V\do\W\do\X\do\Y\do\Z} \newfam\hebfam \font\tmp=rcjhbltx at10pt \textfont\hebfam=\tmp \font\tmp=rcjhbltx at7pt \scriptfont\hebfam=\tmp \font\tmp=rcjhbltx at5pt \scriptscriptfont\hebfam=\tmp \edef\declfam{\ifcase\hebfam 0\or1\or2\or3\or4\or5\or6\or7\or8\or9\or A\or B\or C\or D\or E\or F\fi} \mathchardef\aleph = "0\declfam 27 \mathchardef\beth = "0\declfam 62 \mathchardef\gimel = "0\declfam 67 \mathchardef\daleth = "0\declfam 64 \mathchardef\he = "0\declfam 68 \mathchardef\vau = "0\declfam 77 \mathchardef\zayin = "0\declfam 7A \mathchardef\cheth = "0\declfam 78 \mathchardef\teth = "0\declfam 54 \mathchardef\yod = "0\declfam 79 \mathchardef\kaph = "0\declfam 6B \mathchardef\kaphfinal = "0\declfam 4B \mathchardef\lamed = "0\declfam 6C \mathchardef\mem = "0\declfam 6D \mathchardef\memfinal = "0\declfam 4D \mathchardef\nun = "0\declfam 6E \mathchardef\nunfinal = "0\declfam 4E \mathchardef\samekh = "0\declfam 73 \mathchardef\ayin = "0\declfam 60 \mathchardef\pe = "0\declfam 70 \mathchardef\pefinal = "0\declfam 50 \mathchardef\tzaddi = "0\declfam 76 \mathchardef\tzaddifinal = "0\declfam 5A \mathchardef\qoph = "0\declfam 71 \mathchardef\resh = "0\declfam 72 \mathchardef\shin = "0\declfam 98 % 98 is hexa code of shin \mathchardef\tau = "0\declfam 74 \begin{document} • Perhaps an encoding problem? Did you use utf8 on both machines? – Bernard Mar 3 '17 at 2:06 • Just checked both machines, encoding is UTF-8 across the board. – nxl4 Mar 3 '17 at 2:15 • You should treat your Linux machine better - fancy standing it up! Can you blame it for feeling irritable? – cfr Mar 3 '17 at 2:16 • @Bernard Line endings? What would be used on Windows? @ OP Can you create a minimal example which produces the error? It does not seem to be getting very far before failing. – cfr Mar 3 '17 at 2:19 • \@newl@bel indicates a problem with a \newlabel definition in the aux-file. Open the aux, search for the preli mentioned in the error message and try to figure out, why the argument is fault. As you have a windows aux which compiles you can compare the two. – Ulrike Fischer Mar 3 '17 at 8:24	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6637430191040039, "perplexity": 7756.469241180944}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986682037.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20191018104351-20191018131851-00443.warc.gz"}
https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/n/network+sn+consists.html	#### Sample records for network sn consists 1. Self-consistent calculations of radiative nuclear reaction characteristics for 56Ni, 132Sn, 208Pb Science.gov (United States) Achakovskiy, Oleg; Kamerdzhiev, Sergei 2017-09-01 The photon strength functions (PSF), neutron capture cross sections and average radiative widths of neutron resonances for three double-magic nuclei 56Ni, 132Sn and 208Pb have been calculated within the self-consistent version of the microscopic theory. Our approach includes phonon coupling (PC) effects in addition to the standard QRPA approach. With our microscopic PSFs, calculations of radiative nuclear reaction characteristics have been performed using the EMPIRE 3.1 nuclear reaction code. Three nuclear level density (NLD) models have been used: the phenomenological so-called GSM, phenomenological Enhanced GSM (EGSM) and microscopical combinatorial HFB model. For all the considered characteristics, we found a noticeable contribution of the PC effects and a significant disagreement between the results obtained with the GSM and the other two NLD models. The results confirm the necessity of using consistent microscopic approaches for calculations of radiative nuclear characteristics in double-magic nuclei. 2. OGLE-2013-SN-079: A Lonely Supernova Consistent with a Helium Shell Detonation Science.gov (United States) Inserra, C.; Sim, S. A.; Wyrzykowski, L.; Smartt, S. J.; Fraser, M.; Nicholl, M.; Shen, K. J.; Jerkstrand, A.; Gal-Yam, A.; Howell, D. A.; Maguire, K.; Mazzali, P.; Valenti, S.; Taubenberger, S.; Benitez-Herrera, S.; Bersier, D.; Blagorodnova, N.; Campbell, H.; Chen, T.-W.; Elias-Rosa, N.; Hillebrandt, W.; Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, Z.; Kozłowski, S.; Kromer, M.; Lyman, J. D.; Polshaw, J.; Röpke, F. K.; Ruiter, A. J.; Smith, K.; Spiro, S.; Sullivan, M.; Yaron, O.; Young, D.; Yuan, F. 2015-01-01 We present observational data for a peculiar supernova discovered by the OGLE-IV survey and followed by the Public ESO Spectroscopic Survey for Transient Objects. The inferred redshift of z = 0.07 implies an absolute magnitude in the rest-frame I-band of MI ~ -17.6 mag. This places it in the luminosity range between normal Type Ia SNe and novae. Optical and near infrared spectroscopy reveal mostly Ti and Ca lines, and an unusually red color arising from strong depression of flux at rest wavelengths <5000 Å. To date, this is the only reported SN showing Ti-dominated spectra. The data are broadly consistent with existing models for the pure detonation of a helium shell around a low-mass CO white dwarf and "double-detonation" models that include a secondary detonation of a CO core following a primary detonation in an overlying helium shell. 3. NASA Near Earth Network (NEN), Deep Space Network (DSN) and Space Network (SN) Support of CubeSat Communications Science.gov (United States) Schaire, Scott H.; Altunc, Serhat; Bussey, George; Shaw, Harry; Horne, Bill; Schier, Jim 2015-01-01 There has been a historical trend to increase capability and drive down the Size, Weight and Power (SWAP) of satellites and that trend continues today. Small satellites, including systems conforming to the CubeSat specification, because of their low launch and development costs, are enabling new concepts and capabilities for science investigations across multiple fields of interest to NASA. NASA scientists and engineers across many of NASAs Mission Directorates and Centers are developing exciting CubeSat concepts and welcome potential partnerships for CubeSat endeavors. From a communications and tracking point of view, small satellites including CubeSats are a challenge to coordinate because of existing small spacecraft constraints, such as limited SWAP and attitude control, low power, and the potential for high numbers of operational spacecraft. The NASA Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) Programs Near Earth Network (NEN), Deep Space Network (DSN) and the Space Network (SN) are customer driven organizations that provide comprehensive communications services for space assets including data transport between a missions orbiting satellite and its Mission Operations Center (MOC). The NASA NEN consists of multiple ground antennas. The SN consists of a constellation of geosynchronous (Earth orbiting) relay satellites, named the Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS). The DSN currently makes available 13 antennas at its three tracking stations located around the world for interplanetary communication. The presentation will analyze how well these space communication networks are positioned to support the emerging small satellite and CubeSat market. Recognizing the potential support, the presentation will review the basic capabilities of the NEN, DSN and SN in the context of small satellites and will present information about NEN, DSN and SN-compatible flight radios and antenna development activities at the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and across 4. Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Encapsulated SnO2@Sn Nanoparticles Uniformly Grafted on Three-Dimensional Graphene-like Networks as Anode for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries. Science.gov (United States) Li, Yunyong; Zhang, Haiyan; Chen, Yiming; Shi, Zhicong; Cao, Xiaoguo; Guo, Zaiping; Shen, Pei Kang 2016-01-13 A peculiar nanostructure consisting of nitrogen-doped, carbon-encapsulated (N-C) SnO2@Sn nanoparticles grafted on three-dimensional (3D) graphene-like networks (designated as N-C@SnO2@Sn/3D-GNs) has been fabricated via a low-cost and scalable method, namely an in situ hydrolysis of Sn salts and immobilization of SnO2 nanoparticles on the surface of 3D-GNs, followed by an in situ polymerization of dopamine on the surface of the SnO2/3D-GNs, and finally a carbonization. In the composites, three-layer core-shell N-C@SnO2@Sn nanoparticles were uniformly grafted onto the surfaces of 3D-GNs, which promotes highly efficient insertion/extraction of Li(+). In addition, the outermost N-C layer with graphene-like structure of the N-C@SnO2@Sn nanoparticles can effectively buffer the large volume changes, enhance electronic conductivity, and prevent SnO2/Sn aggregation and pulverization during discharge/charge. The middle SnO2 layer can be changed into active Sn and nano-Li2O during discharge, as described by SnO2 + Li(+) → Sn + Li2O, whereas the thus-formed nano-Li2O can provide a facile environment for the alloying process and facilitate good cycling behavior, so as to further improve the cycling performance of the composite. The inner Sn layer with large theoretical capacity can guarantee high lithium storage in the composite. The 3D-GNs, with high electrical conductivity (1.50 × 10(3) S m(-1)), large surface area (1143 m(2) g(-1)), and high mechanical flexibility, tightly pin the core-shell structure of the N-C@SnO2@Sn nanoparticles and thus lead to remarkably enhanced electrical conductivity and structural integrity of the overall electrode. Consequently, this novel hybrid anode exhibits highly stable capacity of up to 901 mAh g(-1), with ∼89.3% capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.1 A g(-1) and superior high rate performance, as well as a long lifetime of 500 cycles with 84.0% retention at 1.0 A g(-1). Importantly, this unique hybrid design is expected to be 5. Fission gas bubble percolation on crystallographically consistent grain boundary networks Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sabogal-Suárez, Daniel; David Alzate-Cardona, Juan, E-mail: [email protected]; Restrepo-Parra, Elisabeth 2016-07-15 Fission gas release in nuclear fuels can be modeled in the framework of percolation theory, where each grain boundary is classified as open or closed to the release of the fission gas. In the present work, two-dimensional grain boundary networks were assembled both at random and in a crystallographically consistent manner resembling a general textured microstructure. In the crystallographically consistent networks, grain boundaries were classified according to its misorientation. The percolation behavior of the grain boundary networks was evaluated as a function of radial cracks and radial thermal gradients in the fuel pellet. Percolation thresholds tend to shift to the left with increasing length and number of cracks, especially in the presence of thermal gradients. In general, the topology and percolation behavior of the crystallographically consistent networks differs from those of the random network. - Highlights: • Fission gas release in nuclear fuels was studied in the framework of percolation theory. • The nuclear fuel cross-section microstructure was modeled through grain boundary networks. • The grain boundaries were classified randomly or according to its crystallography. • Differences in topology and percolation behavior for both kinds networks were determined. 6. Path lengths in tree-child time consistent hybridization networks CERN Document Server Cardona, Gabriel; Rossello, Francesc; Valiente, Gabriel 2008-01-01 Hybridization networks are representations of evolutionary histories that allow for the inclusion of reticulate events like recombinations, hybridizations, or lateral gene transfers. The recent growth in the number of hybridization network reconstruction algorithms has led to an increasing interest in the definition of metrics for their comparison that can be used to assess the accuracy or robustness of these methods. In this paper we establish some basic results that make it possible the generalization to tree-child time consistent (TCTC) hybridization networks of some of the oldest known metrics for phylogenetic trees: those based on the comparison of the vectors of path lengths between leaves. More specifically, we associate to each hybridization network a suitably defined vector of splitted' path lengths between its leaves, and we prove that if two TCTC hybridization networks have the same such vectors, then they must be isomorphic. Thus, comparing these vectors by means of a metric for real-valued vecto... 7. Network structure of SnO2 hollow sphere/PANI nanocomposites for electrochemical performance. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Qianqian; Zong, Quan; Zhang, Chunlei; Yang, Hui; Zhang, Qilong 2018-02-13 Homogeneous SnO2 hollow spheres have been synthesized through a hydrothermal method without a template, followed by in situ polymerization of PANI. The resulting SnO2 hollow spheres were uniformly deposited onto the surface or embedded into the PANI nanofibers to form a SnO2-PANI network structure. As electrode materials, the SnO2-PANI composites exhibit greatly enhanced specific capacitance (477 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1) and superior cycling performance (no capacitance loss after 3000 galvanostatic charge-discharge cycles). These intriguing features are attributed to the interaction between the SnO2 hollow spheres and PANI network. On the one hand, the SnO2 spheres not only provide larger area for electrochemical reaction but also release volume expansion during the charge-discharge process. On the other hand, the conducting PANI improves electrical conductivity and maintains mechanical integrity of the composites as well. 8. Self-consistent description of the SHFB equations for 112Sn Science.gov (United States) Ghafouri, M.; Sadeghi, H.; Torkiha, M. 2018-03-01 The Hartree-Fock (HF) method is an excellent approximation of the closed shell magic nuclei. Pair correlation is essential for the description of open shell nuclei and has been derived for even-even, odd-odd and even-odd nuclei. These effects are reported by Hartree-Fock with BCS (HFBCS) or Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov (HFB). These issues have been investigated, especially in the nuclear charts, and such studies have been compared with the observed information. We compute observations such as total binding energy, charge radius, densities, separation energies, pairing gaps and potential energy surfaces for neutrons and protons, and compare them with experimental data and the result of the spherical codes. In spherical even-even neutron-rich nuclei are considered in the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogolyubov (SHFB) method with density-dependent pairing interaction. Zero-range density-dependent interactions is used in the pairing channel. We solve SHF or SHFB equations in the spatial coordinates with spherical symmetry for tin isotopes such as 112Sn. The numerical accuracy of solving equations in the coordinate space is much greater than the fundamental extensions, which yields almost precise results. 9. Decentralized Consistent Network Updates in SDN with ez-Segway KAUST Repository Nguyen, Thanh Dang 2017-03-06 We present ez-Segway, a decentralized mechanism to consistently and quickly update the network state while preventing forwarding anomalies (loops and black-holes) and avoiding link congestion. In our design, the centralized SDN controller only pre-computes information needed by the switches during the update execution. This information is distributed to the switches, which use partial knowledge and direct message passing to efficiently realize the update. This separation of concerns has the key benefit of improving update performance as the communication and computation bottlenecks at the controller are removed. Our evaluations via network emulations and large-scale simulations demonstrate the efficiency of ez-Segway, which compared to a centralized approach, improves network update times by up to 45% and 57% at the median and the 99th percentile, respectively. A deployment of a system prototype in a real OpenFlow switch and an implementation in P4 demonstrate the feasibility and low overhead of implementing simple network update functionality within switches. 10. Stable functional networks exhibit consistent timing in the human brain. Science.gov (United States) Chapeton, Julio I; Inati, Sara K; Zaghloul, Kareem A 2017-03-01 Despite many advances in the study of large-scale human functional networks, the question of timing, stability, and direction of communication between cortical regions has not been fully addressed. At the cellular level, neuronal communication occurs through axons and dendrites, and the time required for such communication is well defined and preserved. At larger spatial scales, however, the relationship between timing, direction, and communication between brain regions is less clear. Here, we use a measure of effective connectivity to identify connections between brain regions that exhibit communication with consistent timing. We hypothesized that if two brain regions are communicating, then knowledge of the activity in one region should allow an external observer to better predict activity in the other region, and that such communication involves a consistent time delay. We examine this question using intracranial electroencephalography captured from nine human participants with medically refractory epilepsy. We use a coupling measure based on time-lagged mutual information to identify effective connections between brain regions that exhibit a statistically significant increase in average mutual information at a consistent time delay. These identified connections result in sparse, directed functional networks that are stable over minutes, hours, and days. Notably, the time delays associated with these connections are also highly preserved over multiple time scales. We characterize the anatomic locations of these connections, and find that the propagation of activity exhibits a preferred posterior to anterior temporal lobe direction, consistent across participants. Moreover, networks constructed from connections that reliably exhibit consistent timing between anatomic regions demonstrate features of a small-world architecture, with many reliable connections between anatomically neighbouring regions and few long range connections. Together, our results demonstrate 11. Rubber elasticity for percolation network consisting of Gaussian chains Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nishi, Kengo, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected]; Noguchi, Hiroshi; Shibayama, Mitsuhiro, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8581 (Japan); Sakai, Takamasa, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656 (Japan) 2015-11-14 A theory describing the elastic modulus for percolation networks of Gaussian chains on general lattices such as square and cubic lattices is proposed and its validity is examined with simulation and mechanical experiments on well-defined polymer networks. The theory was developed by generalizing the effective medium approximation (EMA) for Hookian spring network to Gaussian chain networks. From EMA theory, we found that the ratio of the elastic modulus at p, G to that at p = 1, G{sub 0}, must be equal to G/G{sub 0} = (p − 2/f)/(1 − 2/f) if the position of sites can be determined so as to meet the force balance, where p is the degree of cross-linking reaction. However, the EMA prediction cannot be applicable near its percolation threshold because EMA is a mean field theory. Thus, we combine real-space renormalization and EMA and propose a theory called real-space renormalized EMA, i.e., REMA. The elastic modulus predicted by REMA is in excellent agreement with the results of simulations and experiments of near-ideal diamond lattice gels. 12. Aversive Peer Experiences on Social Networking Sites: Development of the Social Networking-Peer Experiences Questionnaire (SN-PEQ). Science.gov (United States) Landoll, Ryan R; La Greca, Annette M; Lai, Betty S 2013-12-01 Cyber victimization is an important research area; yet, little is known about aversive peer experiences on social networking sites (SNSs), which are used extensively by youth and host complex social exchanges. Across samples of adolescents (n=216) and young adults (n=214), we developed the Social Networking-Peer Experiences Questionnaire (SN-PEQ), and examined its psychometric properties, distinctiveness from traditional peer victimization, and associations with internalized distress. The SN-PEQ demonstrated strong factorial invariance and a single factor structure that was distinct from other forms of peer victimization. Negative SNS experiences were associated with youths' symptoms of social anxiety and depression, even when controlling for traditional peer victimization. Findings highlight the importance of examining the effects of aversive peer experiences that occur via social media. 13. Structure, mechanical property and corrosion behaviors of (HA+β-TCP)/Mg-5Sn composite with interpenetrating networks. Science.gov (United States) Wang, X; Li, J T; Xie, M Y; Qu, L J; Zhang, P; Li, X L 2015-11-01 In this paper, a novel (Hydroxyapatite+β-tricalcium phosphate)/Mg-5Sn ((HA+β-TCP)/Mg-5Sn) composite with interpenetrating networks was fabricated by infiltrating Mg-5Sn alloy into porous HA+β-TCP using suction casting technique. The structure, mechanical property and corrosion behaviors of the composite have been evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mechanical testing, electrochemical and immersion test. It is shown that the molten Mg-5Sn alloy has infiltrated not only into the pores but also into the struts of the HA+β-TCP scaffold to forming a compact composite. The microstructure observation also shows that the Mg alloy contacts to the HA+β-TCP closely, and no reaction layer can be found between Mg-5Sn alloy and scaffold. The ultimate compressive strength of the composite is as high as 176MPa, which is about four fifths of the strength of the Mg-5Sn bulk alloy. The electrochemical and immersion tests indicate that the corrosion resistance of the composite is better than that of the Mg-5Sn bulk alloy. The corrosion products on the composite surface are mainly Mg(OH)2, Ca3(PO4)2 and HA. Appropriate mechanical and corrosion properties of the (HA+β-TCP)/Mg-5Sn composite indicate its possibility for new bone tissue implant materials. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 14. Global Consistency Management Methods Based on Escrow Approaches in Mobile ad Hoc Networks Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Takahiro Hara 2010-01-01 Full Text Available In a mobile ad hoc network, consistency management of data operations on replicas is a crucial issue for system performance. In our previous work, we classified several primitive consistency levels according to the requirements from applications and provided protocols to realize them. In this paper, we assume special types of applications in which the instances of each data item can be partitioned and propose two consistency management protocols which are combinations of an escrow method and our previously proposed protocols. We also report simulation results to investigate the characteristics of these protocols in a mobile ad hoc network. From the simulation results, we confirm that the protocols proposed in this paper drastically improve data availability and reduce the traffic for data operations while maintaining the global consistency in the entire network. 15. Consistency of network modules in resting-state FMRI connectome data. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Malaak N Moussa Full Text Available At rest, spontaneous brain activity measured by fMRI is summarized by a number of distinct resting state networks (RSNs following similar temporal time courses. Such networks have been consistently identified across subjects using spatial ICA (independent component analysis. Moreover, graph theory-based network analyses have also been applied to resting-state fMRI data, identifying similar RSNs, although typically at a coarser spatial resolution. In this work, we examined resting-state fMRI networks from 194 subjects at a voxel-level resolution, and examined the consistency of RSNs across subjects using a metric called scaled inclusivity (SI, which summarizes consistency of modular partitions across networks. Our SI analyses indicated that some RSNs are robust across subjects, comparable to the corresponding RSNs identified by ICA. We also found that some commonly reported RSNs are less consistent across subjects. This is the first direct comparison of RSNs between ICAs and graph-based network analyses at a comparable resolution. 16. Using Bayesian Networks for Candidate Generation in Consistency-based Diagnosis Science.gov (United States) Narasimhan, Sriram; Mengshoel, Ole 2008-01-01 Consistency-based diagnosis relies heavily on the assumption that discrepancies between model predictions and sensor observations can be detected accurately. When sources of uncertainty like sensor noise and model abstraction exist robust schemes have to be designed to make a binary decision on whether predictions are consistent with observations. This risks the occurrence of false alarms and missed alarms when an erroneous decision is made. Moreover when multiple sensors (with differing sensing properties) are available the degree of match between predictions and observations can be used to guide the search for fault candidates. In this paper we propose a novel approach to handle this problem using Bayesian networks. In the consistency- based diagnosis formulation, automatically generated Bayesian networks are used to encode a probabilistic measure of fit between predictions and observations. A Bayesian network inference algorithm is used to compute most probable fault candidates. 17. Connectome-scale group-wise consistent resting-state network analysis in autism spectrum disorder Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yu Zhao 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Understanding the organizational architecture of human brain function and its alteration patterns in diseased brains such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD patients are of great interests. In-vivo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI offers a unique window to investigate the mechanism of brain function and to identify functional network components of the human brain. Previously, we have shown that multiple concurrent functional networks can be derived from fMRI signals using whole-brain sparse representation. Yet it is still an open question to derive group-wise consistent networks featured in ASD patients and controls. Here we proposed an effective volumetric network descriptor, named connectivity map, to compactly describe spatial patterns of brain network maps and implemented a fast framework in Apache Spark environment that can effectively identify group-wise consistent networks in big fMRI dataset. Our experiment results identified 144 group-wisely common intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs shared between ASD patients and healthy control subjects, where some ICNs are substantially different between the two groups. Moreover, further analysis on the functional connectivity and spatial overlap between these 144 common ICNs reveals connectomics signatures characterizing ASD patients and controls. In particular, the computing time of our Spark-enabled functional connectomics framework is significantly reduced from 240 hours (C++ code, single core to 20 hours, exhibiting a great potential to handle fMRI big data in the future. 18. Base structure consisting of an endothelialized vascular-tree network and hepatocytes for whole liver engineering. Science.gov (United States) Shirakigawa, Nana; Takei, Takayuki; Ijima, Hiroyuki 2013-12-01 Reconstructed liver has been desired as a liver substitute for transplantation. However, reconstruction of a whole liver has not been achieved because construction of a vascular network at an organ scale is very difficult. We focused on decellularized liver (DC-liver) as an artificial scaffold for the construction of a hierarchical vascular network. In this study, we obtained DC-liver and the tubular network structure in which both portal vein and hepatic vein systems remained intact. Furthermore, endothelialization of the tubular structure in DC-liver was achieved, which prevented blood leakage from the tubular structure. In addition, hepatocytes suspended in a collagen sol were injected from the surroundings using a syringe as a suitable procedure for liver cell inoculation. In summary, we developed a base structure consisting of an endothelialized vascular-tree network and hepatocytes for whole liver engineering. Crown Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 19. A Dynamic Linear Hashing Method for Redundancy Management in Train Ethernet Consist Network Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Xiaobo Nie 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Massive transportation systems like trains are considered critical systems because they use the communication network to control essential subsystems on board. Critical system requires zero recovery time when a failure occurs in a communication network. The newly published IEC62439-3 defines the high-availability seamless redundancy protocol, which fulfills this requirement and ensures no frame loss in the presence of an error. This paper adopts these for train Ethernet consist network. The challenge is management of the circulating frames, capable of dealing with real-time processing requirements, fast switching times, high throughout, and deterministic behavior. The main contribution of this paper is the in-depth analysis it makes of network parameters imposed by the application of the protocols to train control and monitoring system (TCMS and the redundant circulating frames discarding method based on a dynamic linear hashing, using the fastest method in order to resolve all the issues that are dealt with. 20. Consistent initial conditions for the Saint-Venant equations in river network modeling Science.gov (United States) Yu, Cheng-Wei; Liu, Frank; Hodges, Ben R. 2017-09-01 Initial conditions for flows and depths (cross-sectional areas) throughout a river network are required for any time-marching (unsteady) solution of the one-dimensional (1-D) hydrodynamic Saint-Venant equations. For a river network modeled with several Strahler orders of tributaries, comprehensive and consistent synoptic data are typically lacking and synthetic starting conditions are needed. Because of underlying nonlinearity, poorly defined or inconsistent initial conditions can lead to convergence problems and long spin-up times in an unsteady solver. Two new approaches are defined and demonstrated herein for computing flows and cross-sectional areas (or depths). These methods can produce an initial condition data set that is consistent with modeled landscape runoff and river geometry boundary conditions at the initial time. These new methods are (1) the pseudo time-marching method (PTM) that iterates toward a steady-state initial condition using an unsteady Saint-Venant solver and (2) the steady-solution method (SSM) that makes use of graph theory for initial flow rates and solution of a steady-state 1-D momentum equation for the channel cross-sectional areas. The PTM is shown to be adequate for short river reaches but is significantly slower and has occasional non-convergent behavior for large river networks. The SSM approach is shown to provide a rapid solution of consistent initial conditions for both small and large networks, albeit with the requirement that additional code must be written rather than applying an existing unsteady Saint-Venant solver. 1. A bi-overlayer type plasmonic photocatalyst consisting of mesoporous Au/TiO2 and CuO/SnO2 films separately coated on FTO. Science.gov (United States) Naya, Shin-ichi; Kume, Takahiro; Okumura, Nozomi; Tada, Hiroaki 2015-07-21 The principal purpose of this study is to present a new design for preparing highly active immobilized gold nanoparticle-based plasmonic photocatalysts. Gold nanoparticles were loaded on rutile TiO2 particles with a mean size of 80 nm (Au/TiO2) by the deposition precipitation method. The surface of SnO2 particles with a mean size of 100 nm was modified by copper(ii) oxide clusters (CuO/SnO2) with the loading amount (Γ/Cu ions nm(-2)) precisely controlled by the chemisorption-calcination cycle technique. Two mesoporous overlayers of Au/TiO2 and CuO/SnO2 were coated side by side on glass substrates with a fluorine-doped tin oxide film (FTO) using the doctor blade method (Au/mp-TiO2\|FTO\|CuO/mp-SnO2). As test reactions for assessing the visible-light activity, we carried out gas-phase decomposition of acetaldehyde and liquid-phase oxidation of alcohol. In each reaction, this bi-overlayer type catalyst shows a high level of visible-light activity much exceeding those of Au/TiO2 particles and a Au/mp-TiO2\|FTO mono-overlayer type catalyst [J. Phys. Chem. C, 2014, 118, 26887]. To confirm the origin of the striking visible-light activity, we studied the electrocatalytic activity of CuO/mp-SnO2\|FTO electrodes for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Both the visible-light activity of Au/mp-TiO2\|FTO\|CuO/mp-SnO2 and the electrocatalytic activity of CuO/mp-SnO2\|FTO for ORR strongly depend on the Γ value. A good positive correlation has been found between the visible-light activities and the electrocatalytic activity for ORR. The striking activity of the present bi-overlayer type catalyst can be attributed to the efficient and long-range charge separation by the vectorial electron transport (Au(oxidation sites) → TiO2→ FTO, SnO2→ CuO(reduction sites)) and the excellent electrocatalytic activity of the CuO clusters. 2. Group independent component analysis reveals consistent resting-state networks across multiple sessions. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Sharon; Ross, Thomas J; Zhan, Wang; Myers, Carol S; Chuang, Keh-Shih; Heishman, Stephen J; Stein, Elliot A; Yang, Yihong 2008-11-06 Group independent component analysis (gICA) was performed on resting-state data from 14 healthy subjects scanned on 5 fMRI scan sessions across 16 days. The data were reduced and aggregated in 3 steps using Principal Components Analysis (PCA, within scan, within session and across session) and subjected to gICA procedures. The amount of reduction was estimated by an improved method that utilizes a first-order autoregressive fitting technique to the PCA spectrum. Analyses were performed using all sessions in order to maximize sensitivity and alleviate the problem of component identification across session. Across-session consistency was examined by three methods, all using back-reconstruction of the single-session or single-subject/session maps from the grand (5-session) maps. The gICA analysis produced 55 spatially independent maps. Obvious artifactual maps were eliminated and the remainder were grouped based upon physiological recognizability. Biologically relevant component maps were found, including sensory, motor and a 'default-mode' map. All analysis methods showed that components were remarkably consistent across session. Critically, the components with the most obvious physiological relevance were the most consistent. The consistency of these maps suggests that, at least over a period of several weeks, these networks would be useful to follow longitudinal treatment-related manipulations. 3. A protein–protein interaction network linking the energy-sensor kinase SnRK1 to multiple signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) 2016-04-01 Full Text Available In plants, the sucrose non-fermenting (SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1 represents a central integrator of low energy signaling and acclimation towards many environmental stress responses. Although SnRK1 acts as a convergent point for many different environmental and metabolic signals to control growth and development, it is currently unknown how these many different signals could be translated into a cell-type or stimulus specific response since many components of SnRK1-regulated signaling pathways remain unidentified. Recently, we have demonstrated that proteins containing a domain of unknown function (DUF 581 interact with the catalytic α subunits of SnRK1 (AKIN10/11 from Arabidopsis thaliana and could potentially act as mediators conferring tissue- and stimulus-type specific differences in SnRK1 regulation. To further extend the SnRK1 signaling network in plants, we systematically screened for novel DUF581 interaction partners using the yeast two-hybrid system. A deep and exhaustive screening identified 17 interacting partners for 10 of the DUF581 proteins tested. Many of these novel interaction partners are implicated in cellular processes previously associated with SnRK1 signaling. Furthermore, we mined publicly available interaction data to identify additional DUF581 interacting proteins. A protein–protein interaction network resulting from our studies suggests connections between SnRK1 signaling and other central signaling pathways involved in growth regulation and environmental responses. These include TOR and MAP-kinase signaling as well as hormonal pathways. The resulting protein–protein interaction network promises to be effective in generating hypotheses to study the precise mechanisms SnRK1 signaling on a functional level. 4. The pairwise phase consistency in cortical network and its relationship with neuronal activation Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Wang Daming 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Gamma-band neuronal oscillation and synchronization with the range of 30-90 Hz are ubiquitous phenomenon across numerous brain areas and various species, and correlated with plenty of cognitive functions. The phase of the oscillation, as one aspect of CTC (Communication through Coherence hypothesis, underlies various functions for feature coding, memory processing and behaviour performing. The PPC (Pairwise Phase Consistency, an improved coherence measure, statistically quantifies the strength of phase synchronization. In order to evaluate the PPC and its relationships with input stimulus, neuronal activation and firing rate, a simplified spiking neuronal network is constructed to simulate orientation columns in primary visual cortex. If the input orientation stimulus is preferred for a certain orientation column, neurons within this corresponding column will obtain higher firing rate and stronger neuronal activation, which consequently engender higher PPC values, with higher PPC corresponding to higher firing rate. In addition, we investigate the PPC in time resolved analysis with a sliding window. 5. Software-based microwave CT system consisting of antennas and vector network analyzer. Science.gov (United States) Ogawa, Takahiro; Miyakawa, Michio 2011-01-01 We have developed a software-based microwave CT (SMCT) that consists of antennas and a vector network analyzer. Regardless of the scanner type, SMCT collects the S-parameters at each measurement position in the frequency range of interest. After collecting all the S-parameters, it calculates the shortest path to obtain the projection data for CPMCT. Because of the redundant data in SMCT, the calculation of the projection is easily optimized. Therefore, the system can improve the accuracy and stability of the measurement. Furthermore, the experimental system is constructed at a reasonable cost. Hence, SMCT is useful for imaging experiments for CP-MCT and particularly for basic studies. This paper describes the software-based microwave imaging system, and experimental results show the usefulness of the system. 6. 2D Sn-doped ZnO ultrathin nanosheet networks for enhanced acetone gas sensing application KAUST Repository 2016-11-10 In this paper, we report the synthesis, characterizations and gas sensing application of 2D Sn-doped ZnO ultrathin nanosheet networks synthesized by a simple and facile hydrothermal process. The synthesized nanosheets were characterized using several techniques in terms of their morphological, structural, optical and compositional properties. The detailed characterizations confirmed that the nanosheets are pure, grown in high-density, possessing well-crystalline wurtzite hexagonal phase and exhibiting good optical properties. Further, the synthesized nanosheets were used as functional material to develop nanosensor device by coating it on the alumina substrate with suitable electrodes. The fabricated sensor device was tested towards acetone gas which exhibited a maximum sensitivity of 5.556 (Ra/Rg) for 200 ppm of acetone at 320 °C. 7. An Analysis of Weakly Consistent Replication Systems in an Active Distributed Network OpenAIRE Amit Chougule; Pravin Ghewari 2011-01-01 With the sudden increase in heterogeneity and distribution of data in wide-area networks, more flexible, efficient and autonomous approaches for management and data distribution are needed. In recent years, the proliferation of inter-networks and distributed applications has increased the demand for geographically-distributed replicated databases. The architecture of Bayou provides features that address the needs of database storage of world-wide applications. Key is the use of weak consisten... 8. Texture synthesis using convolutional neural networks with long-range consistency and spectral constraints NARCIS (Netherlands) Schreiber, Shaun; Geldenhuys, Jaco; Villiers, De Hendrik 2017-01-01 Procedural texture generation enables the creation of more rich and detailed virtual environments without the help of an artist. However, finding a flexible generative model of real world textures remains an open problem. We present a novel Convolutional Neural Network based texture model 9. Self-consisting modeling of entangled network strands and dangling ends DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Jensen, Mette Krog; Schieber, Jay D.; Khaliullin, Renat N. 2009-01-01 Text of Abstract We seek knowledge about the effect of dangling ends and soluble structures of stoichiometrically imbalanced networks. To interpretate our recent experimental results we seek a molecular model that can predict LVE data. The discrete slip-link model (DSM) has proven to be a robust...... tool for LVE and non-linear rheology predictions for linear chains, and it is thus used to analyze the experimental results. We divide the LVE predictions into three domains; 1) the low frequency region, where G' is a plateau, G0, 2) the intermediate frequency region, where G' and G'' are parallel...... and 3) the high frequency region, where G' levels off to an entanglement plateau, GN0, close to that of the linear polymer. The latter region is seldom obtained in experiments, while it is obtained in simulations since these start at zero time. Initially we consider a stoichiometrically balanced network... 10. Frequency Distribution of Junction Angles of Valley Networks on Mars Consistent with an Early Warm Climate Science.gov (United States) Cang, X.; Luo, W. 2017-10-01 The junction angles on Earth formed under different climatic conditions are different. Here, we investigated the junction angles on Mars. The results are consistent with a “warm” early Mars climate with precipitation. 11. Connectivity-consistent mapping method for 2-D discrete fracture networks Science.gov (United States) Roubinet, Delphine; de Dreuzy, Jean-Raynald; Davy, Philippe 2010-07-01 We present a new flow computation method in 2-D discrete fracture networks (DFN) intermediary between the classical DFN flow simulation method and the projection onto continuous grids. The method divides the simulation complexity by solving for flows successively at a local mesh scale and at the global domain scale. At the local mesh scale, flows are determined by classical DFN flow simulations and approximated by an equivalent hydraulic matrix (EHM) relating heads and flow rates discretized on the mesh borders. Assembling the equivalent hydraulic matrices provides for a domain-scale discretization of the flow equation. The equivalent hydraulic matrices transfer the connectivity and flow structure complexities from the local mesh scale to the domain scale. Compared to existing geometrical mapping or equivalent tensor methods, the EHM method broadens the simulation range of flow to all types of 2-D fracture networks both below and above the representative elementary volume (REV). Additional computation linked to the derivation of the local mesh-scale equivalent hydraulic matrices increases the accuracy and reliability of the method. Compared to DFN methods, the EHM method first provides a simpler domain-scale alternative permeability model. Second, it enhances the simulation capacities to larger fracture networks where flow discretization on the DFN structure yields system sizes too large to be solved using the most advanced multigrid and multifrontal methods. We show that the EHM method continuously moves from the DFN method to the tensor representation as a function of the local mesh-scale discretization. The balance between accuracy and model simplification can be optimally controlled by adjusting the domain-scale and local mesh-scale discretizations. 12. Consistent dust and gas models for protoplanetary disks. II. Chemical networks and rates Science.gov (United States) Kamp, I.; Thi, W.-F.; Woitke, P.; Rab, C.; Bouma, S.; Ménard, F. 2017-11-01 Aims: We aim to define a small and large chemical network which can be used for the quantitative simultaneous analysis of molecular emission from the near-IR to the submm. We also aim to revise reactions of excited molecular hydrogen, which are not included in UMIST, to provide a homogeneous database for future applications. Methods: We have used the thermo-chemical disk modeling code ProDiMo and a standard T Tauri disk model to evaluate the impact of various chemical networks, reaction rate databases and sets of adsorption energies on a large sample of chemical species and emerging line fluxes from the near-IR to the submm wavelength range. Results: We find large differences in the masses and radial distribution of ice reservoirs when considering freeze-out on bare or polar ice coated grains. Most strongly the ammonia ice mass and the location of the snow line (water) change. As a consequence molecules associated to the ice lines such as N2H+ change their emitting region; none of the line fluxes in the sample considered here changes by more than 25% except CO isotopologues, CN and N2H+ lines. The three-body reaction N+H2+M plays a key role in the formation of water in the outer disk. Besides that, differences between the UMIST 2006 and 2012 database change line fluxes in the sample considered here by less than a factor of two (a subset of low excitation CO and fine structure lines stays even within 25%); exceptions are OH, CN, HCN, HCO+ and N2H+ lines. However, different networks such as OSU and KIDA 2011 lead to pronounced differences in the chemistry inside 100 au and thus affect emission lines from high excitation CO, OH and CN lines. H2 is easily excited at the disk surface and state-to-state reactions enhance the abundance of CH+ and to a lesser extent HCO+. For sub-mm lines of HCN, N2H+ and HCO+, a more complex larger network is recommended. Conclusions: More work is required to consolidate data on key reactions leading to the formation of water, molecular 13. Using network screening methods to determine locations with specific safety issues: A design consistency case study. Science.gov (United States) Butsick, Andrew J; Wood, Jonathan S; Jovanis, Paul P 2017-09-01 14. Determining geometric error model parameters of a terrestrial laser scanner through two-face, length-consistency, and network methods Science.gov (United States) Wang, Ling; Muralikrishnan, Bala; Rachakonda, Prem; Sawyer, Daniel 2017-06-01 Terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) are increasingly used in large-scale manufacturing and assembly where required measurement uncertainties are on the order of few tenths of a millimeter or smaller. In order to meet these stringent requirements, systematic errors within a TLS are compensated in situ through self-calibration. In the network method of self-calibration, numerous targets distributed in the work-volume are measured from multiple locations with the TLS to determine the parameters of the TLS error model. In this paper, we propose two new self-calibration methods, the two-face method and the length-consistency method. The length-consistency method is proposed as a more efficient way of realizing the network method where the length between any pair of targets from multiple TLS positions are compared to determine TLS model parameters. The two-face method is a two-step process. In the first step, many model parameters are determined directly from the difference between front-face and back-face measurements of targets distributed in the work volume. In the second step, all remaining model parameters are determined through the length-consistency method. We compare the two-face method, the length-consistency method, and the network method in terms of the uncertainties in the model parameters, and demonstrate the validity of our techniques using a calibrated scale bar and front-face back-face target measurements. The clear advantage of these self-calibration methods is that a reference instrument or calibrated artifacts are not required, thus significantly lowering the cost involved in the calibration process. 15. Consistent earthquake catalog derived from changing network configurations: Application to the Rawil Depression in the southwestern Helvetic Alps Science.gov (United States) Lee, Timothy; Diehl, Tobias; Kissling, Edi; Wiemer, Stefan 2017-04-01 Earthquake catalogs derived from several decades of observations are often biased by network geometries, location procedures, and data quality changing with time. To study the long-term spatio-temporal behavior of seismogenic fault zones at high-resolution, a consistent homogenization and improvement of earthquake catalogs is required. Assuming that data quality and network density generally improves with time, procedures are needed, which use the best available data to homogeneously solve the coupled hypocenter - velocity structure problem and can be as well applied to earlier network configurations in the same region. A common approach to uniformly relocate earthquake catalogs is the calculation of a so-called "minimum 1D" model, which is derived from the simultaneous inversion for hypocenters and 1D velocity structure, including station specific delay-time corrections. In this work, we will present strategies using the principles of the "minimum 1D" model to consistently relocate hypocenters recorded by the Swiss Seismological Service (SED) in the Swiss Alps over a period of 17 years in a region, which is characterized by significant changes in network configurations. The target region of this study is the Rawil depression, which is located between the Aar and Mont Blanc massifs in southwestern Switzerland. The Rhone-Simplon Fault is located to the south of the Rawil depression and is considered as a dextral strike-slip fault representing the dominant tectonic boundary between Helvetic nappes to the north and Penninic nappes to the south. Current strike-slip earthquakes, however, occur predominantly in a narrow, east-west striking cluster located in the Rawil depression north of the Rhone-Simplon Fault. Recent earthquake swarms near Sion and Sierre in 2011 and 2016, on the other hand, indicate seismically active dextral faults close to the Rhone valley. The region north and south of the Rhone-Simplon Fault is one of the most seismically active regions in 16. Sn-doped ZnO nanopetal networks for efficient photocatalytic degradation of dye and gas sensing applications Science.gov (United States) Bhatia, Sonik; Verma, Neha; Bedi, R. K. 2017-06-01 Nowadays, tremendous increase in environmental issue is an alarming threat to the ecosystem. This paper reports, rapid synthesis and characterization for tin doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by simple combustion method and doctor blade technique. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by several techniques in terms of their morphological, structural, compositional, optical, photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. These detailed characterization confirmed that all the synthesized nanoparticles are well crystalline and having good optoelectronic properties. Herein, different concentrations of Sn (0.5 at. wt%, 1.0 at. wt%, 2.0 at. wt%, 3.0 at. wt%) were used as dopants (SZ1-SZ4). The morphology of synthesized technique confirmed that the petal-shaped nanoparticles has high surface area and are well crystalline. In order to develop smart and functional nano-device, the prepared powder was coated on glass substrate by doctor blade technique and fabricated device was sensed for ethanol and acetone gas at different operating temperatures (300-500̊C). It is noteworthy that morphology of the nanoparticles of the sensitive layer is maintained after different concentration of Sn. High sensitivity is the main cause of high surface area and tin doping. PL intensity near 598 nm of SZ3 is greater than other Sn-doped ZnO which indicates more oxygen vacancies of SZ3 is responsible for enhanced gas sensitivity and photocatalytic activity. The sensing performance showed 5% volume of ethanol and acetone and gases could be detected with sensitivity of 86.80% and 84.40% respectively. The mechanism for the improvement in the sensing properties can be explained with the surface adsorption theory. Sn-ZnO was used as photocatalyst for degradation of DR-31 dye. Optimum concentration of prepared nanoparticles (2.0 at. wt%) exhibits complete degradation of dye only in 60 min under UV irradiation. 17. Sn-doped ZnO nanopetal networks for efficient photocatalytic degradation of dye and gas sensing applications Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bhatia, Sonik, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Physics, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Vidyalaya Marg, Jalandhar, 144004 (India); Verma, Neha [Department of Physics, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Vidyalaya Marg, Jalandhar, 144004 (India); Bedi, R.K. [Satyam Institute of Engineering and Technology, Amritsar, 143107, Punjab (India) 2017-06-15 Highlights: • Tin doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by simple combustion method and doctor blade technique. • Different concentrations of Sn (0.5 at. wt%, 1.0 at. wt%, 2.0 at. wt%, 3.0 at. wt%) were used as dopants. • 2.0% of Sn-doped ZnO nanoparticles exhibiting complete photodegradation of DR-31 dye under UV irradiation. Photocatalytic activities for all the samples were observed in 60 min. • The sensing performance showed 5% volume of ethanol and acetone and gases could be detected with sensitivity of 86.80% and 84.40% respectively. - Abstract: Nowadays, tremendous increase in environmental issue is an alarming threat to the ecosystem. This paper reports, rapid synthesis and characterization for tin doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by simple combustion method and doctor blade technique. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by several techniques in terms of their morphological, structural, compositional, optical, photocatalytic and gas sensing properties. These detailed characterization confirmed that all the synthesized nanoparticles are well crystalline and having good optoelectronic properties. Herein, different concentrations of Sn (0.5 at. wt%, 1.0 at. wt%, 2.0 at. wt%, 3.0 at. wt%) were used as dopants (SZ1–SZ4). The morphology of synthesized technique confirmed that the petal-shaped nanoparticles has high surface area and are well crystalline. In order to develop smart and functional nano-device, the prepared powder was coated on glass substrate by doctor blade technique and fabricated device was sensed for ethanol and acetone gas at different operating temperatures (300–500{sup °}C). It is noteworthy that morphology of the nanoparticles of the sensitive layer is maintained after different concentration of Sn. High sensitivity is the main cause of high surface area and tin doping. PL intensity near 598 nm of SZ3 is greater than other Sn-doped ZnO which indicates more oxygen vacancies of SZ3 is responsible for enhanced gas 18. Engineering technology for networks Science.gov (United States) Paul, Arthur S.; Benjamin, Norman 1991-01-01 Space Network (SN) modeling and evaluation are presented. The following tasks are included: Network Modeling (developing measures and metrics for SN, modeling of the Network Control Center (NCC), using knowledge acquired from the NCC to model the SNC, and modeling the SN); and Space Network Resource scheduling. 19. SN Refsdal DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Kelly, P. L.; Brammer, G.; Selsing, J. 2016-01-01 (SNe), and we find strong evidence for a broad H-alpha P-Cygni profile in the HST grism spectrum at the redshift (z = 1.49) of the spiral host galaxy. SNe IIn, powered by circumstellar interaction, could provide a good match to the light curve of SN Refsdal, but the spectrum of a SN IIn would not show...... 1987A, we estimate it would have an ejecta mass of 20+-5 solar masses. The evolution of the light curve at late times will provide additional evidence about the potential existence of any substantial circumstellar material (CSM). Using MOSFIRE and X-shooter spectra, we estimate a subsolar host-galaxy... 20. Achieving Consistent Near-Optimal Pattern Recognition Accuracy Using Particle Swarm Optimization to Pre-Train Artificial Neural Networks Science.gov (United States) Nikelshpur, Dmitry O. 2014-01-01 Similar to mammalian brains, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are universal approximators, capable of yielding near-optimal solutions to a wide assortment of problems. ANNs are used in many fields including medicine, internet security, engineering, retail, robotics, warfare, intelligence control, and finance. "ANNs have a tendency to get… 1. Analysis of diverse regulatory networks in a hierarchical context shows consistent tendencies for collaboration in the middle levels Science.gov (United States) Bhardwaj, Nitin; Yan, Koon-Kiu; Gerstein, Mark B. 2010-01-01 Gene regulatory networks have been shown to share some common aspects with commonplace social governance structures. Thus, we can get some intuition into their organization by arranging them into well-known hierarchical layouts. These hierarchies, in turn, can be placed between the extremes of autocracies, with well-defined levels and clear chains of command, and democracies, without such defined levels and with more co-regulatory partnerships between regulators. In general, the presence of partnerships decreases the variation in information flow amongst nodes within a level, more evenly distributing stress. Here we study various regulatory networks (transcriptional, modification, and phosphorylation) for five diverse species, Escherichia coli to human. We specify three levels of regulators—top, middle, and bottom—which collectively govern the non-regulator targets lying in the lowest fourth level. We define quantities for nodes, levels, and entire networks that measure their degree of collaboration and autocratic vs. democratic character. We show individual regulators have a range of partnership tendencies: Some regulate their targets in combination with other regulators in local instantiations of democratic structure, whereas others regulate mostly in isolation, in more autocratic fashion. Overall, we show that in all networks studied the middle level has the highest collaborative propensity and coregulatory partnerships occur most frequently amongst midlevel regulators, an observation that has parallels in corporate settings where middle managers must interact most to ensure organizational effectiveness. There is, however, one notable difference between networks in different species: The amount of collaborative regulation and democratic character increases markedly with overall genomic complexity. PMID:20351254 2. Surfactantless synthesis and textural properties of self-assembled mesoporous SnO{sub 2} Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Velasquez, Celso [Departamento de QuImica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, PO Box 55-534, Mexico, DF 09340 (Mexico); Ojeda, MarIa Luisa [Instituto de QuImica, UNAM, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico, DF (Mexico); Campero, Antonio [Departamento de QuImica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, PO Box 55-534, Mexico, DF 09340 (Mexico); Esparza, Juan Marcos [Departamento de QuImica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, PO Box 55-534, Mexico, DF 09340 (Mexico); Rojas, Fernando [Departamento de QuImica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, PO Box 55-534, Mexico, DF 09340 (Mexico) 2006-07-28 Ordered surfactantless self-assembled, mesoporous SnO{sub 2} adsorbents, consisting of tubular voids of nanometric sizes, are prepared by the sol-gel processing of tin (IV) tetra-tert-amyloxide, Sn(OAm{sup t}){sub 4}, whose molecules have been previously chelated with acetylacetone in the absence of water, to modulate their reactivity and to promote an incipient self-assembling of -O-Sn-O oligomeric species; ultimately, the necessary amount of water to induce the hydrolysis-condensation reactions is added to this aged sol, then producing tubular pore templates within the SnO{sub 2} xerogel network. A collection of mesoporous SnO{sub 2} xerogels of assorted structural properties has been obtained after calcination in air of precursory gels proceeding from an aged mixture of Sn(OAm{sup t}){sub 4} and acetylacetone at temperatures in the range 200-1000 deg. C. N{sub 2} sorption isotherms measured on these SnO{sub 2} solids evidence mesoporous structures of diverse textural characteristics (i.e. pore widths of 3-50 nm and surface areas of 10-140 m{sup 2} g{sup -1}) in which voids virtually behave as if they are independent cylindrical pores during capillary condensation and evaporation. 3. Characterization of the pairwise correlations in different quantum networks consisting of four-wave mixers and beamsplitters Science.gov (United States) Qi, Jian; Xin, Jun; Wang, Hai-Long; Jing, Jie-Tai 2017-06-01 Not Available Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants Nos. 91436211, 11374104, and 10974057), the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai, China (Grant No. 17ZR1442900), the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education, China (Grant No. 20130076110011), the Program for Professor of Special Appointment (Eastern Scholar) at Shanghai Institutions of Higher Learning, the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University, China (Grant No. NCET-10-0383), the Shu Guang Project supported by Shanghai Municipal Education Commission and Shanghai Education Development Foundation, China (Grant No. 11SG26), the Shanghai Pujiang Program, China (Grant No. 09PJ1404400), the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars, State Education Ministry, National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0302103), and the Program of State Key Laboratory of Advanced 207 Optical Communication Systems and Networks, China (Grant No. 2016GZKF0JT003). 4. Consistent circuit technique for zero-sequence currents evaluation in interconnected single/three-phase power networks Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Diego Bellan 2016-06-01 Full Text Available This paper deals with a rigorous and mathematically consistent technique for circuit analysis of modern electrical power systems consisting in the interconnection of three-phase components and single-phase active loads. Indeed, it is well known that the standard technique based on the symmetrical components transformation is commonly used in the analysis of symmetrical threephase systems. Nowadays, however, the evolution of power systems towards the custom power conditioning (e.g., active filtering and the smart grid model requires the inclusion into the analytical tool of single-phase active loads. Starting from the symmetrical components transformation in its rational form instead of its classical form, a rigorous circuit representation of the interconnection of a three-phase system with single-phase active loads is derived in the paper. The proposed circuit representation allows the analysis of complex power systems by means of basic circuit techniques. In particular, the paper focuses on the evaluation of the zero-sequence component of the currents in any branch of the power system. The application of the proposed circuit technique is demonstrated through an example consisting in the analysis of an active filter designed to force to zero the current in the fourth wire of the mains. 5. Amorphous Ultrathin SnO2 Films by Atomic Layer Deposition on Graphene Network as Highly Stable Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Science.gov (United States) Xie, Ming; Sun, Xiang; George, Steven M; Zhou, Changgong; Lian, Jie; Zhou, Yun 2015-12-23 Amorphous SnO2 (a-SnO2) thin films were conformally coated onto the surface of reduced graphene oxide (G) using atomic layer deposition (ALD). The electrochemical characteristics of the a-SnO2/G nanocomposites were then determined using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge curves. Because the SnO2 ALD films were ultrathin and amorphous, the impact of the large volume expansion of SnO2 upon cycling was greatly reduced. With as few as five formation cycles best reported in the literature, a-SnO2/G nanocomposites reached stable capacities of 800 mAh g(-1) at 100 mA g(-1) and 450 mAh g(-1) at 1000 mA g(-1). The capacity from a-SnO2 is higher than the bulk theoretical values. The extra capacity is attributed to additional interfacial charge storage resulting from the high surface area of the a-SnO2/G nanocomposites. These results demonstrate that metal oxide ALD on high surface area conducting carbon substrates can be used to fabricate high power and high capacity electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. 6. The nuclear cap-binding complex interacts with the U4/U6·U5 tri-snRNP and promotes spliceosome assembly in mammalian cells Science.gov (United States) Pabis, Marta; Neufeld, Noa; Steiner, Michaela C.; Bojic, Teodora; Shav-Tal, Yaron; Neugebauer, Karla M. 2013-01-01 The nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC) binds to the 7-methyl guanosine cap present on every RNA polymerase II transcript. CBC has been implicated in many aspects of RNA biogenesis; in addition to roles in miRNA biogenesis, nonsense-mediated decay, 3′-end formation, and snRNA export from the nucleus, CBC promotes pre-mRNA splicing. An unresolved question is how CBC participates in splicing. To investigate CBC’s role in splicing, we used mass spectrometry to identify proteins that copurify with mammalian CBC. Numerous components of spliceosomal snRNPs were specifically detected. Among these, three U4/U6·U5 snRNP proteins (hBrr2, hPrp4, and hPrp31) copurified with CBC in an RNA-independent fashion, suggesting that a significant fraction of CBC forms a complex with the U4/U6·U5 snRNP and that the activity of CBC might be associated with snRNP recruitment to pre-mRNA. To test this possibility, CBC was depleted from HeLa cells by RNAi. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and live-cell imaging assays revealed decreased cotranscriptional accumulation of U4/U6·U5 snRNPs on active transcription units, consistent with a requirement for CBC in cotranscriptional spliceosome assembly. Surprisingly, recruitment of U1 and U2 snRNPs was also affected, indicating that RNA-mediated interactions between CBC and snRNPs contribute to splicing. On the other hand, CBC depletion did not impair snRNP biogenesis, ruling out the possibility that decreased snRNP recruitment was due to changes in nuclear snRNP concentration. Taken together, the data support a model whereby CBC promotes pre-mRNA splicing through a network of interactions with and among spliceosomal snRNPs during cotranscriptional spliceosome assembly. PMID:23793891 7. PREDICTION OF STABILITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SnO2NANOFLUID VIA STATISTICAL METHOD AND AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) A. Kazemi-Beydokhti 2015-12-01 Full Text Available Abstract Central composite rotatable design (CCRD and artificial neural networks (ANN have been applied to optimize the performance of nanofluid systems. In this regard, the performance was evaluated by measuring the stability and thermal conductivity ratio based on the critical independent variables such as temperature, particle volume fraction and the pH of the solution. A total of 20 experiments were accomplished for the construction of second-order polynomial equations for both target outputs. All the influential factors, their mutual effects and their quadratic terms were statistically validated by analysis of variance (ANOVA. According to the results, the predicted values were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data as more than 96% and 95% of the variation could be predicted by the respective models for zeta potential and thermal conductivity ratio. Also, ANN proved to be a very promising method in comparison with CCD for the purpose of process simulation due to the complexity involved in generalization of the nanofluid system. 8. Interface Consistency DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Staunstrup, Jørgen 1998-01-01 This paper proposes that Interface Consistency is an important issue for the development of modular designs. Byproviding a precise specification of component interfaces it becomes possible to check that separately developedcomponents use a common interface in a coherent matter thus avoiding a very... 9. Thermodynamic and surface properties of Sb–Sn and In–Sn liquid ... Alloys of Sn are likely to be very promising as an alternative solder in the electronic industry [1–3]. This is because the commonly used solder consists of lead which is known to be ... lation links surface properties of a liquid binary alloy to its bulk thermodynamic ..... For the Sb–Sn alloys, more Sb atoms are present at the. 328. 10. Spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs of Tetrahymena thermophila and some possible snRNA-snRNA base-pairing interactions DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Orum, H; Nielsen, Henrik; Engberg, J 1991-01-01 organisms. Furthermore, secondary structures closely similar to phylogenetically proven models can be inferred from the T. thermophila data. Analysis of the snRNA sequences identifies three potential snRNA-snRNA base-pairing interactions, all of which are consistent with available phylogenetic data. Two......We have identified and characterized the full set of spliceosomal small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs; U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6) from the ciliated protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. With the exception of U4 snRNA, the sizes of the T. thermophila snRNAs are closely similar to their metazoan homologues. The T....... thermophila snRNAs all have unique 5' ends, which start with an adenine residue. In contrast, with the exception of U6, their 3' ends show some size heterogeneity. The primary sequences of the T. thermophila snRNAs contain the sequence motifs shown, or proposed, to be of functional importance in other... 11. Rational design of Sn/SnO{sub 2}/porous carbon nanocomposites as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Li, Xiaojia [Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387 (China); Li, Xifei, E-mail: [email protected] [Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387 (China); Center for Advanced Energy Materials and Devices, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048 (China); Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China); Fan, Linlin; Yu, Zhuxin; Yan, Bo; Xiong, Dongbin; Song, Xiaosheng; Li, Shiyu [Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387 (China); Adair, Keegan R. [Nanomaterials and Energy Lab., Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9 (Canada); Li, Dejun, E-mail: [email protected] [Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387 (China); Sun, Xueliang, E-mail: [email protected] [Nanomaterials and Energy Lab., Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B9 (Canada); Tianjin International Joint Research Centre of Surface Technology for Energy Storage Materials, College of Physics and Materials Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387 (China) 2017-08-01 Highlights: • Sn/SnO{sub 2}/porous carbon nanocomposites are rationally designed via a facile strategy. • The porous carbon mitigates the volume change and poor conductivity of Sn/SnO{sub 2}. • The nanocomposites exhibit the enhanced sodium storage performance. - Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have successfully attracted considerable attention for application in energy storage, and have been proposed as an alternative to lithium ion batteries (LIBs) due to the abundance of sodium resources and low price. Sn has been deemed as a promising anode material in SIBs which holds high theoretical specific capacity of 845 mAh g{sup −1}. In this work we design nanocomposite materials consisting of porous carbon (PC) with SnO{sub 2} and Sn (Sn/SnO{sub 2}/PC) via a facile reflux method. Served as an anode material for SIBs, the Sn/SnO{sub 2}/PC nanocomposite delivers the primary discharge and charge capacities of 1148.1 and 303.0 mAh g{sup −1}, respectively. Meanwhile, it can preserve the discharge capacity approximately of 265.4 mAh g{sup −1} after 50 cycles, which is much higher than those of SnO{sub 2}/PC (138.5 mAh g{sup −1}) and PC (92.2 mAh g{sup −1}). Furthermore, the Sn/SnO{sub 2}/PC nanocomposite possesses better cycling stability with 77.8% capacity retention compared to that of SnO{sub 2}/PC (61.88%) over 50 cycles. Obviously, the Sn/SnO{sub 2}/PC composite with excellent electrochemical performance shows the great possibility of application in SIBs. 12. Chemistry, growth kinetics, and epitaxial stabilization of Sn2+ in Sn-doped SrTiO3 using (CH36Sn2 tin precursor Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Tianqi Wang 2016-12-01 Full Text Available PbTiO3-based ferroelectrics have impressive electroactive properties, originating from the Pb2+ 6s2 electron lone-pair, which cause large elastic distortion and electric polarization due to cooperative pseudo Jahn-Teller effect. Recently, tin-based perovskite oxide (SnTiO3 containing Sn2+ and a chemistry similar to that of the 6s2 lone-pair has been identified as a thermally stable, environmentally friendly substitute for PbTiO3-based ferroelectrics. However experimental attempts to stabilize Sn2+ on the A-site of perovskite ATiO3 have so far failed. In this work, we report on the growth of atomically smooth, epitaxial, and coherent Sn-alloyed SrTiO3 films on SrTiO3 (001 substrates using a hybrid molecular beam epitaxy approach. With increasing Sn concentration, the out-of-plane lattice parameter first increases in accordance with the Vegard’s law and then decreases for Sn(Sr+Ti+Sn at. % ratio > 0.1 due to the incorporation of Sn2+ at the A-site. Using a combination of high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations, we show that while majority of Sn is on the B-site, there is a quantitatively unknown fraction of Sn being consistent with the A-site occupancy making SrTiO3 polar. A relaxor-like ferroelectric local distortion with monoclinic symmetry, induced by A-site Sn2+, was observed in Sn-doped SrTiO3 with Sn(Sr+Ti+Sn at. % ratio = 0.1 using optical second harmonic generation measurements. The role of growth kinetics on the stability of Sn2+ in SrTiO3 is discussed. 13. Reactions in Electrodeposited Cu/Sn and Cu/Ni/Sn Nanoscale Multilayers for Interconnects Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Pay Ying Chia 2016-05-01 Full Text Available Miniaturization of electronic devices has led to the development of 3D IC packages which require ultra-small-scale interconnections. Such small interconnects can be completely converted into Cu-Sn based intermetallic compounds (IMCs after reflow. In an effort to improve IMC based interconnects, an attempt is made to add Ni to Cu-Sn-based IMCs. Multilayer interconnects consisting of stacks of Cu/Sn/Cu/Sn/Cu or Cu/Ni/Sn/Ni/Sn/Cu/Ni/Sn/Ni/Cu with Ni = 35 nm, 70 nm, and 150 nm were electrodeposited sequentially using copper pyrophosphate, tin methanesulfonic, and nickel Watts baths, respectively. These multilayer interconnects were investigated under room temperature aging conditions and for solid-liquid reactions, where the samples were subjected to 250 °C reflow for 60 s and also 300 °C for 3600 s. The progress of the reaction in the multilayers was monitored by using X-ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. FIB-milled samples were also prepared for investigation under room temperature aging conditions. Results show that by inserting a 70 nanometres thick Ni layer between copper and tin, premature reaction between Cu and Sn at room temperature can be avoided. During short reflow, the addition of Ni suppresses formation of Cu3Sn IMC. With increasing Ni thickness, Cu consumption is decreased and Ni starts acting as a barrier layer. On the other hand, during long reflow, two types of IMC were found in the Cu/Ni/Sn samples which are the (Cu,Ni6Sn5 and (Cu,Ni3Sn, respectively. Details of the reaction sequence and mechanisms are discussed. 14. Ultraviolet emission from low resistance Cu2SnS3/SnO2 and CuInS2/Sn:In2O3 nanowires Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) E. Karageorgou 2014-11-01 Full Text Available SnO2 and Sn:In2O3 nanowires were grown on Si(001, and p-n junctions were fabricated in contact with p-type Cu2S which exhibited rectifying current–voltage characteristics. Core-shell Cu2SnS3/SnO2 and CuInS2/Sn:In2O3 nanowires were obtained by depositing copper and post-growth processing under H2S between 100 and 500 °C. These consist mainly of tetragonal rutile SnO2 and cubic bixbyite In2O3. We observe photoluminescence at 3.65 eV corresponding to band edge emission from SnO2 quantum dots in the Cu2SnS3/SnO2 nanowires due to electrostatic confinement. The Cu2SnS3/SnO2 nanowires assemblies had resistances of 100 Ω similar to CuInS2/In2O3 nanowires which exhibited photoluminescence at 3.0 eV. 15. SN 1006: a thousand-year perspective Science.gov (United States) Winkler, P. Frank 2007-08-01 We review some of the extensive historical observations of SN 1006, emphasizing estimates of its brightness at maximum. An estimate of Vmax ≈ -7.5 is consistent with what may be the most reasonable interpretation of these records and with an a posteriori calculation based on typical peak magnitudes for Type Ia supernovae together with the distance and extinction to SN 1006. We also give a brief overview of the discovery of the SN 1006 remnant in 1965, and contrast the earliest radio, optical, and X-ray observations of the remnant with recent ones, as reported in more detail by other papers in this JD09 review. 16. Diffusion couple studies of the Ni-Bi-Sn system Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Vassilev G. 2012-01-01 Full Text Available Investigations of Ni-Bi-Sn system were performed in order to inquire the phase diagram and to assess some diffusion kinetic parameters. For this purpose diffusion couples consisting of solid nickel (preliminary electroplated with tin and liquid Bi-Sn phase were annealed at 370 °C. Three compositions (0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 mole fractions Sn of the Bi-Sn melts were chosen. Annealing times from 24 to 216 h were applied. The phase and chemical compositions of the contact zone were determined by means of electron scanning microscope. It was confirmed that the diffusion layers consist mainly of Ni3Sn4 but other intermetallic phases grow as well. For the first time metastable Ni-Sn phases as NiSn and NiSn8 (NiSn9 were observed in metallurgical alloys (i.e. not in electroplated samples. The existence of a ternary compound previously reported in the literature was confirmed. More than one ternary Ni-Bi-Sn compounds might possibly be admitted. A growth coefficient of (2.29 ± 0.02 x 10-15 m2 s-1 was obtained. It was found that the apparent activation energy for diffusion layers growth (18 ± 8 kJ mol-1 is inferior to that one assessed at growth from solid state Bi-Sn mixtures (88 ± 12 kJ mol-1. 17. Stability and electronic properties of hybrid SnO bilayers: SnO/graphene and SnO/BN Science.gov (United States) Guo, Qing; Wang, Gaoxue; Kumar, Ashok; Pandey, Ravindra 2017-11-01 Van der Waals structures based on two-dimensional materials have been considered as promising structures for novel nanoscale electronic devices. Two-dimensional SnO films which display intrinsic p-type semiconducting properties were fabricated recently. In this paper, we consider vertically stacked heterostructures consisting of a SnO monolayer with graphene or a BN monolayer to investigate their stability, electronic and transport properties using density functional theory. The calculated results find that the properties of the constituent monolayers are retained in these SnO-based heterostructures, and a p-type Schottky barrier is formed in the SnO/graphene heterostructure. Additionally, the Schottky barrier can be effectively controlled with an external electric field, which is useful characteristic for the van der Waals heterostructure-based electronic devices. In the SnO/BN heterostructure, the electronic properties of SnO are least affected by the insulating monolayer suggesting that the BN monolayer would be an ideal substrate for SnO-based nanoscale devices. 18. Interfacial Reaction and Mechanical Properties of Sn-Bi Solder joints. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Fengjiang; Huang, Ying; Zhang, Zhijie; Yan, Chao 2017-08-09 Sn-Bi solder with different Bi content can realize a low-to-medium-to-high soldering process. To obtain the effect of Bi content in Sn-Bi solder on the microstructure of solder, interfacial behaviors in solder joints with Cu and the joints strength, five Sn-Bi solders including Sn-5Bi and Sn-15Bi solid solution, Sn-30Bi and Sn-45Bi hypoeutectic and Sn-58Bi eutectic were selected in this work. The microstructure, interfacial reaction under soldering and subsequent aging and the shear properties of Sn-Bi solder joints were studied. Bi content in Sn-Bi solder had an obvious effect on the microstructure and the distribution of Bi phases. Solid solution Sn-Bi solder was composed of the β-Sn phases embedded with fine Bi particles, while hypoeutectic Sn-Bi solder was composed of the primary β-Sn phases and Sn-Bi eutectic structure from networked Sn and Bi phases, and eutectic Sn-Bi solder was mainly composed of a eutectic structure from short striped Sn and Bi phases. During soldering with Cu, the increase on Bi content in Sn-Bi solder slightly increased the interfacial Cu₆Sn₅ intermetallic compound (IMC)thickness, gradually flattened the IMC morphology, and promoted the accumulation of more Bi atoms to interfacial Cu₆Sn₅ IMC. During the subsequent aging, the growth rate of the IMC layer at the interface of Sn-Bi solder/Cu rapidly increased from solid solution Sn-Bi solder to hypoeutectic Sn-Bi solder, and then slightly decreased for Sn-58Bi solder joints. The accumulation of Bi atoms at the interface promoted the rapid growth of interfacial Cu₆Sn₅ IMC layer in hypoeutectic or eutectic Sn-Bi solder through blocking the formation of Cu₆Sn₅ in solder matrix and the transition from Cu₆Sn₅ to Cu₃Sn. Ball shear tests on Sn-Bi as-soldered joints showed that the increase of Bi content in Sn-Bi deteriorated the shear strength of solder joints. The addition of Bi into Sn solder was also inclined to produce brittle morphology with interfacial fracture, which 19. High capacity, microporous Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5}-Sn anodes for Li-Ion batteries. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Trahey, L.; Vaughey, J. T.; Kung, H. H.; Thackeray, M. M. (Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division); ( PSC-USR); (Northwestern Univ.) 2009-03-16 Three-dimensional, microporous Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5}-Sn architectures were created by electrodeposition of copper and tin onto sintered copper foam substrates and evaluated as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. The electrodes were characterized before and after cycling by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Before cycling, the electrochemically deposited films consisted of a combination of crystalline Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} and Sn, whereas after cycling, the films appeared amorphous to X-rays. When evaluated in coin cells against metallic lithium, the composite Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5}-Sn electrodes delivered a reversible capacity of 670 mAh/g, which is significantly greater than the capacity achieved previously from powdered (ballmilled) and thin-film (sputtered) Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} electrodes, typically 200-350 mAh/g. 20. Surface passivation and conversion of SnO{sub 2} to SnS{sub 2} nanowires Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zervos, M., E-mail: [email protected] [Nanostructured Materials and Devices Laboratory and Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678 (Cyprus); Mihailescu, C.N. [Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678 (Cyprus); National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Str. Atomistilor, P.O. Box MG-36, 077125 Magurele (Romania); Giapintzakis, J. [Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678 (Cyprus); Othonos, A. [Center of Ultrafast Science, Nanotechnology Research Center and Department of Physics, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, Nicosia 1678 (Cyprus); Luculescu, C.R. [National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Str. Atomistilor, P.O. Box MG-36, 077125 Magurele (Romania) 2015-08-15 Highlights: • SnO{sub 2} nanowires contain SnS{sub 2} after exposure to H{sub 2}S up to 300 °C. • The resistance of SnO{sub 2} nanowires is reduced significantly after exposure to H{sub 2}S at 300 °C. • SnO{sub 2} nanowires are fully converted to SnS{sub 2} at 400 °C under H{sub 2}S. • The photoluminescence of SnO{sub 2}/SnS{sub 2} nanowires does not change upon exposure to H{sub 2}S. • SnO{sub 2} nanowires are converted into SnS{sub 2} crystals upon exposure to H{sub 2}S above 400 °C. - Abstract: SnO{sub 2} nanowires have been grown on Si(0 0 1) via the vapour–liquid–solid mechanism at 800 °C and then exposed to H{sub 2}S between 300 and 600 °C. The SnS{sub 2}/SnO{sub 2} nanowires obtained at 300 °C consist of tetragonal rutile SnO{sub 2} and hexagonal SnS{sub 2}, exhibited defect related photoluminescence at 2.4 eV and have smaller resistances than the SnO{sub 2} nanowires. We show how the Fermi level pinning at the surface of a SnS{sub 2}/SnO{sub 2} nanowire would lead to an increase of the one dimensional electron gas density, smaller barrier height and resistance. The SnO{sub 2} nanowires are fully converted into hexagonal SnS{sub 2} at 400 °C resulting into photoluminescence at 2.4 and 2.8 eV but have considerably larger resistances than the SnO{sub 2} nanowires which are eliminated and converted into SnS{sub 2} crystals above 400 °C. 1. Core-shell PbS/Sn:In2O3 and branched PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowires in quantum dot sensitized solar cells Science.gov (United States) Zervos, Matthew; Vasile, Eugenia; Vasile, Eugeniu; Othonos, Andreas 2017-02-01 Core-shell PbS/Sn:In2O3 and branched PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowires have been obtained via the deposition of Pb over Sn:In2O3 nanowires and post growth processing under H2S between 100 °C-200 °C and 300 °C-500 °C respectively. The PbS/Sn:In2O3 nanowires have diameters of 50-250 nm and consist of cubic PbS and In2O3 while the PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowires consist of PbIn2S4 branches with diameters of 10-30 nm and an orthorhombic crystal structure. We discuss the growth mechanisms and also show that the density of electrons in the n-type Sn:In2O3 core is strongly dependent on the thickness of the p-type PbS shell, which must be smaller than 30 nm to prevent core depletion, via the self-consistent solution of the Poisson-Schrödinger equations in the effective mass approximation. The PbS/Sn:In2O3 and PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowire networks had resistances of 100-200 Ω due to the large carrier densities and exhibited defect related photoluminescence at 2.2 eV and 1.5 eV respectively. We show that PbS in contact with polysulfide electrolyte has ohmic like behavior but the PbS/Sn:In2O3 nanowires gave, rectifying current voltage characteristics as a counter electrode in a quantum dot sensitized solar cell using a conventional ITO/TiO2/CdS/CdSe photo anode, an open circuit voltage of ≈0.5 V, and short circuit current density of ≈1 mA cm-2. In contrast the branched PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowires exhibited a higher current carrying capability of ≈7 mA cm-2 and higher power conversion efficiency of ≈2%. 2. Core-shell PbS/Sn:In2O3 and branched PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowires in quantum dot sensitized solar cells. Science.gov (United States) Zervos, Matthew; Vasile, Eugenia; Vasile, Eugeniu; Othonos, Andreas 2017-02-03 Core-shell PbS/Sn:In2O3 and branched PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowires have been obtained via the deposition of Pb over Sn:In2O3 nanowires and post growth processing under H2S between 100 °C-200 °C and 300 °C-500 °C respectively. The PbS/Sn:In2O3 nanowires have diameters of 50-250 nm and consist of cubic PbS and In2O3 while the PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowires consist of PbIn2S4 branches with diameters of 10-30 nm and an orthorhombic crystal structure. We discuss the growth mechanisms and also show that the density of electrons in the n-type Sn:In2O3 core is strongly dependent on the thickness of the p-type PbS shell, which must be smaller than 30 nm to prevent core depletion, via the self-consistent solution of the Poisson-Schrödinger equations in the effective mass approximation. The PbS/Sn:In2O3 and PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowire networks had resistances of 100-200 Ω due to the large carrier densities and exhibited defect related photoluminescence at 2.2 eV and 1.5 eV respectively. We show that PbS in contact with polysulfide electrolyte has ohmic like behavior but the PbS/Sn:In2O3 nanowires gave, rectifying current voltage characteristics as a counter electrode in a quantum dot sensitized solar cell using a conventional ITO/TiO2/CdS/CdSe photo anode, an open circuit voltage of ≈0.5 V, and short circuit current density of ≈1 mA cm(-2). In contrast the branched PbIn2S4/Sn:In2O3 nanowires exhibited a higher current carrying capability of ≈7 mA cm(-2) and higher power conversion efficiency of ≈2%. 3. SnO{sub 2} thin films grown by atomic layer deposition using a novel Sn precursor Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Choi, Min-Jung [Electronic Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 (Korea, Republic of); Cho, Cheol Jin [Electronic Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-744 (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Kwang-Chon; Pyeon, Jung Joon [Electronic Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Park, Hyung-Ho [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749 (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Hyo-Suk; Han, Jeong Hwan; Kim, Chang Gyoun; Chung, Taek-Mo [Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 305-600 (Korea, Republic of); Park, Tae Joo [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, 426-791 (Korea, Republic of); Kwon, Beomjin [Electronic Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Jeong, Doo Seok; Baek, Seung-Hyub [Electronic Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Department of Nanomaterials, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-333 (Korea, Republic of); Kang, Chong-Yun; Kim, Jin-Sang [Electronic Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Kim, Seong Keun, E-mail: [email protected] [Electronic Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 136-791 (Korea, Republic of); Department of Nanomaterials, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-333 (Korea, Republic of) 2014-11-30 Highlights: • We developed a new ALD process for SnO{sub 2} films using dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-propoxy-tin(II) as a novel Sn precursor. • The SnO{sub 2} films grown from Sn(dmamp){sub 2} has negligible impurity contents. • Sn ions in the films had a single binding state corresponding to Sn{sup 4+} in SnO{sub 2}. - Abstract: SnO{sub 2} thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with dimethylamino-2-methyl-2-propoxy-tin(II) (Sn(dmamp){sub 2}) and O{sub 3} in a temperature range of 100–230 °C. The ALD window was found to be in the range of 100–200 °C. The growth per cycle of the films in the ALD window increased with temperature in the range from 0.018 to 0.042 nm/cycle. Above 230 °C, the self-limiting behavior which is a unique characteristic of ALD, was not observed in the growth because of the thermal decomposition of the Sn(dmamp){sub 2} precursor. The SnO{sub 2} films were amorphous in the ALD window and exhibited quite a smooth surface. Sn ions in all films had a single binding state corresponding to Sn{sup 4+} in SnO{sub 2}. The concentration of carbon and nitrogen in the all SnO{sub 2} films was below the detection limit of the auger electron spectroscopy technique and a very small amount of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen was detected by secondary ions mass spectroscopy only. The impurity contents decreased with increasing the growth temperature. This is consistent with the increase in the density of the SnO{sub 2} films with respect to the growth temperature. The ALD process with Sn(dmamp){sub 2} and O{sub 3} shows excellent conformality on a hole structure with an aspect ratio of ∼9. This demonstrates that the ALD process with Sn(dmamp){sub 2} and O{sub 3} is promising for growth of robust and highly pure SnO{sub 2} films. 4. Electronic topological transition in LaSn3 under pressure DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Ram, Swetarekha; Kanchana, V.; Vaitheeswaran, G. 2012-01-01 The electronic structure, Fermi surface, and elastic properties of the isostructural and isoelectronic LaSn3 and YSn3 intermetallic compounds are studied under pressure within the framework of density functional theory including spin-orbit coupling. The LaSn3 Fermi surface consists of two sheets... 5. SnAs-Based Layered Superconductor NaSn2As2 Science.gov (United States) Goto, Yosuke; Yamada, Akira; Matsuda, Tatsuma D.; Aoki, Yuji; Mizuguchi, Yoshikazu 2017-12-01 Superconducting behavior with exotic characteristics is often observed in materials with a layered two-dimensional crystal structure. Low dimensionality affects the electronic structure of these materials, potentially leading to high transition temperatures (Tc) and/or unconventional pairing mechanisms. In this letter, we report on superconductivity in layered tin arsenide NaSn2As2. The crystal structure consists of Sn2As2 bilayers, bound by the van der Waals forces and separated by Na+ ions. Measurements of electrical resistivity and specific heat confirm the bulk nature of superconductivity of NaSn2As2, with Tc of 1.3 K. Our results suggest that layered SnAs is a basic structure, offering another universality class in the family of layered superconductors. The results provide a new platform for the studies of physics and chemistry of low-dimensional superconductors with lone pair electrons. 6. Microstructure, corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity of biodegradable Mg–Sn implant alloys prepared by sub-rapid solidification Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zhao, Chaoyong [College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 (China); Pan, Fusheng, E-mail: [email protected] [College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 (China); National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 (China); Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401123 (China); Zhao, Shuang; Pan, Hucheng; Song, Kai [College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 (China); Tang, Aitao [College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 (China); National Engineering Research Center for Magnesium Alloys, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044 (China) 2015-09-01 In this study, biodegradable Mg–Sn alloys were fabricated by sub-rapid solidification, and their microstructure, corrosion behavior and cytotoxicity were investigated by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, immersion test, potentiodynamic polarization test and cytotoxicity test. The results showed that the microstructure of Mg–1Sn alloy was almost equiaxed grain, while the Mg–Sn alloys with higher Sn content (Sn ≥ 3 wt.%) displayed α-Mg dendrites, and the secondary dendrite arm spacing of the primary α-Mg decreased significantly with increasing Sn content. The Mg–Sn alloys consisted of primary α-Mg matrix, Sn-rich segregation and Mg{sub 2}Sn phase, and the amount of Mg{sub 2}Sn phases increased with increasing Sn content. Potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests revealed that the corrosion rates of Mg–Sn alloys increased with increasing Sn content. Cytotoxicity test showed that Mg–1Sn and Mg–3Sn alloys were harmless to MG63 cells. These results of the present study indicated that Mg–1Sn and Mg–3Sn alloys were promising to be used as biodegradable implants. - Highlights: • Biodegradable Mg–Sn implant alloys were prepared by sub-rapid solidification. • Secondary dendrite arm spacing of alloys decreased with increasing Sn content. • Corrosion rates of alloys increased significantly with increasing Sn content. • Mg–1Sn and Mg–3Sn alloys were harmless to MG63 cells. 7. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes@C@SnO2 quantum dots and SnO2 quantum dots@C as high rate anode materials for lithium-ion batteries Science.gov (United States) Jin, Rencheng; Meng, Yanfeng; Li, Guihua 2017-11-01 The SnO2 quantum dots anchored on amorphous carbon coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs@C@SnO2) and SnO2 quantum dots embedded in amorphous carbon network (SnO2@C) have been designed and fabricated by a solvothermal process accompanied by a high temperature calcination treatment. Such unique structured electrodes exhibit excellent cycle stability and high rate capability. At the current density of 5 A g-1, the capacities of 515 and 364 mAh g-1 are achieved after 300 cycles for CNTs@C@SnO2 and SnO2@C, respectively. 8. Security-Enhanced Autonomous Network Management for Space Networking Project Data.gov (United States) National Aeronautics and Space Administration — NASA's Space Communications and Navigation (SCaN) program is integrating its three current agency networks: Space Network (SN), Deep Space Network (DSN), and Near... 9. Shifted intrinsic connectivity of central executive and salience network in borderline personality disorder Science.gov (United States) Doll, Anselm; Sorg, Christian; Manoliu, Andrei; Wöller, Andreas; Meng, Chun; Förstl, Hans; Zimmer, Claus; Wohlschläger, Afra M.; Riedl, Valentin 2013-01-01 Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by “stable instability” of emotions and behavior and their regulation. This emotional and behavioral instability corresponds with a neurocognitive triple network model of psychopathology, which suggests that aberrant emotional saliency and cognitive control is associated with aberrant interaction across three intrinsic connectivity networks [i.e., the salience network (SN), default mode network (DMN), and central executive network (CEN)]. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether and how such triple network intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) is changed in patients with BPD. We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from 14 patients with BPD and 16 healthy controls. High-model order independent component analysis was used to extract spatiotemporal patterns of ongoing, coherent blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal fluctuations from rs-fMRI data. Main outcome measures were iFC within networks (intra-iFC) and between networks (i.e., network time course correlation inter-iFC). Aberrant intra-iFC was found in patients’ DMN, SN, and CEN, consistent with previous findings. While patients’ inter-iFC of the CEN was decreased, inter-iFC of the SN was increased. In particular, a balance index reflecting the relationship of CEN- and SN-inter-iFC across networks was strongly shifted from CEN to SN connectivity in patients. Results provide first preliminary evidence for aberrant triple network iFC in BPD. Our data suggest a shift of inter-network iFC from networks involved in cognitive control to those of emotion-related activity in BPD, potentially reflecting the persistent instability of emotion regulation in patients. PMID:24198777 10. High-pressure high-temperature crystal growth of equiatomic rare earth stannides RENiSn and REPdSn Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Heymann, Gunter [Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria); Heying, Birgit; Rodewald, Ute Ch.; Janka, Oliver [Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster (Germany); Huppertz, Hubert, E-mail: [email protected] [Institut für Allgemeine, Anorganische und Theoretische Chemie, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020 Innsbruck (Austria); Pöttgen, Rainer, E-mail: [email protected] [Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 30, 48149 Münster (Germany) 2016-04-15 The two series of equiatomic rare earth (RE) stannides RENiSn and REPdSn were systematically studied with respect to high-pressure modifications. The normal-pressure (NP) low-temperature (LT) modifications were synthesized by arc-melting and subsequently treated under high-pressure (P{sub max}=11.5 GPa) and high-temperature (T{sub max}=1570 K) conditions in a Walker-type multi-anvil press. The pressure and temperature conditions were systematically varied in order to improve the crystallization conditions. The new ZrNiAl-type high-pressure modifications HP-RENiSn (RE=Sc, Y, La, Gd–Lu) and HP-REPdSn (RE=Y, Sm–Dy) were obtained in 80 mg quantities, several of them in X-ray pure form. Some of the REPdSn stannides with the heavy rare earth elements show high-temperature (HT) modifications. The structures of HP-ScNiSn, HP-GdNiSn, HP-DyNiSn (both ZrNiAl-type), NP-YbNiSn, and HT-ErPdSn (both TiNiSi-type) were refined from single crystal diffractometer data, indicating full ordering of the transition metal and tin sites. TiNiSi-type NP-EuPdSn transforms to MgZn{sub 2}-type HP-EuPdSn: P6{sub 3}/mmc, a=588.5(2), c=917.0(3) pm, wR2=0.0769, 211 F{sup 2} values, 11 variables. The structure refinement indicated statistical occupancy of the palladium and tin sites on the tetrahedral network. The X-ray pure high-pressure phases were studied with respect to their magnetic properties. HP-YPdSn is a Pauli paramagnet. The susceptibility data of HP-TbNiSn, HP-DyNiSn, HP-GdPdSn, and HP-TbPdSn show experimental magnetic moments close to the free ion values of RE{sup 3+} and antiferromagnetic ordering at low temperature with the highest Néel temperature of 15.8 K for HP-TbPdSn. HP-SmPdSn shows the typical Van Vleck type behavior along with antiferromagnetic ordering at T{sub N}=5.1 K. HP-EuPdSn shows divalent europium and antiferromagnetic ordering at 8.9 K followed by a spin reorientation at 5.7 K. - Graphical abstract: Packing of the polyhedra in the high-pressure phase of EuPdSn 11. Microstructure evolution of directionally solidifi ed Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Li Shuangming 2008-11-01 Full Text Available The directionally solidifi ed microstructure of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy has been investigated at various solidifi cation rates using a high-thermal gradient directional solidifi cation apparatus. The results indicate that the solidifi cation microstructure consists of hard primary intermetallic SnSb phase embedded in a matrix of soft peritectic β-Sn phase. The primary SnSb phase exhibits faceted growth with tetragonal or trigonal shapes. At the same time, the primary SnSb phase is refi ned with an increase in the solidifi cation rate and dispersed more uniformly in the matrix of β-Sn phase. The volume fraction of the SnSb phase fi rstly decreases and then increases when the solidifi cation rate increases in directional solidifi cation of Sn-16%Sb hyperperitectic alloy. 12. Enhancement of field emission and photoluminescence properties of graphene-SnO2 composite nanostructures. Science.gov (United States) Ding, Jijun; Yan, Xingbin; Li, Jun; Shen, Baoshou; Yang, Juan; Chen, Jiangtao; Xue, Qunji 2011-11-01 In this study, the SnO(2) nanostructures and graphene-SnO(2) (G-SnO(2)) composite nanostructures were prepared on n-Si (100) substrates by electrophoretic deposition and magnetron sputtering techniques. The field emission of SnO(2) nanostructures is improved largely by depositing graphene buffer layer, and the field emission of G-SnO(2) composite nanostructures can also further be improved by decreasing sputtering time of Sn nanoparticles to 5 min. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the SnO(2) nanostructures revealed multipeaks, which are consistent with previous reports except for a new peak at 422 nm. Intensity of six emission peaks increased after depositing graphene buffer layer. Our results indicated that graphene can also be used as buffer layer acting as interface modification to simultaneity improve the field emission and PL properties of SnO(2) nanostructures effectively. 13. Gold-tin ordering in SrAu{sub 2}Sn{sub 2} Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schwickert, Christian; Gerke, Birgit; Poettgen, Rainer [Univ. Muenster (Germany). Inst. fuer Anorganische und Analytische Chemie 2014-07-15 Samples of the solid solutions SrAu{sub x}Sn{sub 4-x} (1.7 ≤ x ≤ 2.2) were obtained by high-frequency melting of the elements in sealed niobium ampoules. Powder and single-crystal X-ray data confirmed the CaBe{sub 2}Ge{sub 2}-type structure, space group P4/nmm. The structures of SrAu{sub 1.76}Sn{sub 2.24}, SrAu{sub 2}Sn{sub 2}, SrAu{sub 2.16}Sn{sub 1.84} (crystal A), SrAu{sub 2.16}Sn{sub 1.84} (crystal B), and SrAu{sub 2.22}Sn{sub 1.78} were refined from single-crystal diffractometer data. Only the SrAu{sub 2}Sn{sub 2} crystal shows complete Au-Sn ordering while all other crystals show substantial mixed occupancies on the four crystallographically independent sites of the polyanionic networks in which the strontium atoms fill cages of coordination number 16. Temperature-dependent susceptibility measurements have revealed diamagnetism for SrAu{sub 2}Sn{sub 2}. {sup 119}Sn Moessbauer spectroscopic data of a bulk SrAu{sub 2}Sn{sub 2} sample have resolved the tetrahedral and square-pyramidal tin sites but point to substantial Au-Sn disorder. 14. SN1987A's Twentieth Anniversary Science.gov (United States) 2007-02-01 Light Curve of SN1987A/small> Astronomers John Danziger and Patrice Bouchet, who were there at the time, recall: "When astronomers at La Silla arrived for the ritual afternoon tea at 4pm on the 24th February 1987 after the previous night's clear observing, they were greeted by the news that a supernova had been detected in the LMC the previous night. The tea-time ritual of groggy astronomers quietly sipping their tea was transformed, to be succeeded by flurries of excited but still to some extent uncoordinated planning. Nobody doubted for one second that the sky would be clear and there would be excitement galore in the days and nights ahead. And indeed there was! A large observatory such as La Silla with its many telescopes can be considered like a naval fleet consisting of many ships from torpedo boats to cruisers and even aircraft carriers. La Silla had them all. All observers were encouraged to plan for observing SN1987A by whatever means at their disposal." "Ironically, the supernova was too bright for the state-of-the-art 4m-class telescopes and some of them had to be stopped down, e.g. by half-closed telescope covers," says Jason Spyromilio (ESO). Some of the smaller telescopes took their chance. The 61-cm Bochum telescope on La Silla was used, on a nearly daily basis for more than a year, to measure optical spectroscopy with photometric accuracy. Since the LMC is circumpolar for most southern observatories, this also meant that there exists an uninterrupted record of the photometry and spectroscopy; else part of the peak phase, which lasted into May of 1987, would have been missed. By July, the first conference on SN 1987A, organised by John Danziger, had already taken place at ESO in Garching to be followed by several others during that year and following years. The optical light curve of SN 1987A was rather different from those of previously observed core-collapse supernovae. The old models of spherical explosions had to be revised. The spectroscopic evolution 15. Synthesis, photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties of SnO2, SnS2 and SnO2/SnS2 nanostructure. Science.gov (United States) Fakhri, Ali; Behrouz, Sajjad; Pourmand, Melika 2015-08-01 Nanoscale SnO2, SnS2 and SnO2/SnS2 were synthesized by hydrothermal treatment method and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) and UV-vis spectra. The photocatalytic activity of SnO2, SnS2 and SnO2/SnS2 were tested with Enrofloxacin antibiotic. The tetragonal and hexagonal SnO2 and SnS2 phase was confirmed through XRD, respectively. The photocatalytic results indicated that the SnO2/SnS2 enhanced the photocatalytic activity and could be effectively used as photocatalyst for degradation of Enrofloxacin antibiotic pollutant. The results of antibacterial experiment under visible light irradiation demonstrate that the SnO2/SnS2 nanocomposite exhibit enhanced antibacterial efficiency compared with pure SnO2 and SnS2. The antifungal activity of the nanoscale SnO2, SnS2 and SnO2/SnS2 against Candida albicans was assessed using the disc-diffusion susceptibility tests. It was seen that the antifungal activity of SnO2/SnS2 nanocomposite is higher than the pure SnO2 and SnS2 toward pathogenic C. albicans. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 16. Mg2Sn heterostructures on Si(111) substrate Science.gov (United States) Dózsa, L.; Galkin, N. G.; Pécz, B.; Osváth, Z.; Zolnai, Zs.; Németh, A.; Galkin, K. N.; Chernev, I. M.; Dotsenko, S. A. 2017-05-01 Thin un-doped and Al doped polycrystalline Mg-stannide films consisting mainly of Mg2Sn semiconductor phase have been grown by deposition of Sn-Mg multilayers on Si(111) p-type wafers at room temperature and annealing at 150 °C. Rutherford backscattering measurement spectroscopy (RBS) were used to determine the amount of Mg and Sn in the structures. Raman spectroscopy has shown the layers contain Mg2Sn phase. Cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) measurements have identified Mg2Sn nanocrystallites in hexagonal and cubic phases without epitaxial orientation with respect to the Si(111) substrate. Significant oxygen concentration was found in the layer both by RBS and TEM. The electrical measurements have shown laterally homogeneous conductivity in the grown layer. The undoped Mg2Sn layers show increasing resistivity with increasing temperature indicating the scattering process dominates the resistance of the layers, i.e. large concentration of point defects was generated in the layer during the growth process. The Al doped layer shows increase of the resistance at low temperature caused by freeze out of free carriers in the Al doped Mg2Sn layer. The measurements indicate the necessity of protective layer grown over the Mg2Sn layers, and a short time delay between sample preparation and cross sectionalTEM analysis, since the unprotected layer is degraded by the interaction with the ambient. 17. Defect interactions in Sn1−xGex random alloys KAUST Repository Chroneos, Alexander 2009-06-23 Sn1−xGex alloys are candidates for buffer layers to match the lattices of III-V or II-VI compounds with Si or Ge for microelectronic or optoelectronic applications. In the present work electronic structure calculations are used to study relative energies of clusters formed between Sn atoms and lattice vacancies in Ge that relate to alloys of low Sn content. We also establish that the special quasirandom structure approach correctly describes the random alloy nature of Sn1−xGex with higher Sn content. In particular, the calculated deviations of the lattice parameters from Vegard’s Law are consistent with experimental results. 18. {sub 119}Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy of tin containing float glass Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jung, Verena; Vadim, Ksenofontov; Felser, Claudia [Johannes Gutenberg - Universitaet, 55099 Mainz (Germany); Aigner, Maria Luisa; Pfeiffer, Thomas; Sprenger, Dirk [Schott AG, 55122 Mainz (Germany) 2007-07-01 According to the production process of float glasses tin is used as a common refining agent. Since the surface quality of the glass strongly depends on the local distribution of Sn-redox states, the influence of process parameters on Sn{sup 2+}/Sn{sup 4+} ratios and the assignment to their structural role in the glass network is extremely helpful. Therefore, glass compositions based on SiO{sub 2}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-B{sub 2}O{sub 3}-CaO-SnO{sub 2} were molten with additions of 0,1, 0,3 and 0,5 wt% SnO{sub 2}. All samples were tempered for 7 days at 1400 C in N{sub 2} and N{sub 2}-air mixtures with controlled p{sub O2}-values of 10{sup -2} and 10{sup -5} bar, respectively. Hyperfine parameters for the tin nucleus in different structural units and their oxidation states were calculated from {sup 119}Sn Moessbauer spectra, using theoretical simulations of electron densities and electric field gradients with the Wien2k software. Finally, the thermochemical impact of oxygen on the structure of Sn-bearing glasses is discussed. 19. Shifted intrinsic connectivity of central executive and salience network in borderline personality disorder Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Anselm eDoll 2013-10-01 Full Text Available Borderline personality disorder (BPD is characterized by stable instability of emotions and behavior and their regulation. This emotional and behavioral instability corresponds with a neurocognitive triple network model of psychopathology, which suggests that aberrant emotional saliency and cognitive control is associated with aberrant interaction across three intrinsic connectivity networks (ICN (i.e. the salience, default mode, and central executive network, SN, DMN, CEN. The objective of the current study was to investigate whether and how such triple network intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC is changed in patients with BPD. We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI data from fourteen patients with BPD and sixteen healthy controls (HC. High-model order independent component analysis (ICA was used to extract spatiotemporal patterns of ongoing, coherent blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD signal fluctuations from rs-fMRI data. Main outcome measures were iFC within networks (intra-iFC and between networks (i.e. network time course correlation inter-iFC.Aberrant intra-iFC was found in patients’ DMN, SN, and CEN, consistent with previous findings. While patients’ inter-iFC of the CEN was decreased, inter-iFC of the SN was increased. In particular, a balance index reflecting the relationship of CEN-and SN-inter-iFC across networks was strongly shifted from CEN to SN connectivity in patients. Results provide first preliminary evidence for aberrant triple network intrinsic functional connectivity in BPD. Our data suggest a shift of inter-network iFC from networks involved in cognitive control to those of emotion-related activity in BPD, potentially reflecting the persistent instability of emotion regulation in patients. 20. Transport and NMR characteristics of the skutterudite-related compound Ca3Rh4Sn13 Science.gov (United States) Tseng, C. W.; Kuo, C. N.; Li, B. S.; Wang, L. M.; Gippius, A. A.; Kuo, Y. K.; Lue, C. S. 2018-02-01 We report the electronic properties of the Yb3Rh4Sn13-type single crystalline Ca3Rh4Sn13 by means of the electrical resistivity, Hall coefficient, Seebeck coefficient, thermal conductivity, as well as 119Sn nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. The negative sign of the Hall coefficient and Seebeck coefficient at low temperatures suggests that the n-type carriers dominate the electrical transport in Ca3Rh4Sn13, in contrast to the observations in Sr3Rh4Sn13 which has a p-type conduction. Such a finding indicates a significant difference in the electronic features between these two stannides. Furthermore, we analyzed the temperature-dependent 119Sn NMR spin-lattice relaxation rate for Ca3Rh4Sn13, (Sr0.7Ca0.3)3Rh4Sn13, and Sr3Rh4Sn13 to examine the change of the electronic Fermi-level density of states (DOS) in (Sr1-xCax)3Rh4Sn13. It indicates that the Sn 5s partial Fermi-level DOS enhances with increasing the Ca content, being consistent with the trend of the superconducting temperature. Since the total Fermi-level DOS usually obeys the same trend of the partial Fermi-level DOS, the NMR analysis provides microscopic evidence for the correlation between the electronic DOS and superconductivity of the (Sr1-xCax)3Rh4Sn13 system. 1. Synthesis of SnO2 versus Sn crystals within N-doped porous carbon nanofibers via electrospinning towards high-performance lithium ion batteries. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Hongkang; Lu, Xuan; Li, Longchao; Li, Beibei; Cao, Daxian; Wu, Qizhen; Li, Zhihui; Yang, Guang; Guo, Baolin; Niu, Chunming 2016-04-14 The design of tin-based anode materials (SnO2 or Sn) has become a major concern for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their different inherent characteristics. Herein, particulate SnO2 or Sn crystals coupled with porous N-doped carbon nanofibers (denoted as SnO2/PCNFs and Sn/PCNFs, respectively) are fabricated via the electrospinning method. The electrochemical behaviors of both SnO2/PCNFs and Sn/PCNFs are systematically investigated as anodes for LIBs. When coupled with porous carbon nanofibers, both SnO2 nanoparticles and Sn micro/nanoparticles display superior cycling and rate performances. SnO2/PCNFs and Sn/PCNFs deliver discharge capacities of 998 and 710 mA h g(-1) after 140 cycles (at 100, 200, 500 and 1000 mA g(-1) each for 10 cycles and then 100 cycles at 100 mA g(-1)), respectively. However, the Sn/PCNF electrodes show better cycling stability at higher current densities, delivering higher discharge capacities of 700 and 550 mA h g(-1) than that of SnO2/PCNFs (685 and 424 mA h g(-1)) after 160 cycles at 200 and 500 mA g(-1), respectively. The different superior electrochemical performance is attributed to the introduction of porous N-doped carbon nanofibers and their self-constructed networks, which, on the one hand, greatly decrease the charge-transfer resistance due to the high conductivity of N-doped carbon fibers; on the other hand, the porous carbon nanofibers with numerous voids and flexible one-dimensional (1D) structures efficiently alleviate the volume changes of SnO2 and Sn during the Li-Sn alloying-dealloying processes. Moreover, the discussion of the electrochemical behaviors of SnO2vs. Sn would provide new insights into the design of tin-based anode materials for practical applications, and the current strategy demonstrates great potential in the rational design of metallic tin-based anode materials. 2. SN 2009kn - the twin of the Type IIn supernova 1994W DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Kankare, E.; Ergon, M.; Bufano, F. 2012-01-01 on SN 2009kn offers the possibility to test these models, in the case of both SN 2009kn and SN 1994W. We associate the narrow P Cygni lines with a swept-up shell composed of circumstellar matter and SN ejecta. The broad emission line wings, seen during the plateau phase, arise from internal electron...... scattering in this shell. The slope of the light curve after the post-plateau drop is fairly consistent with that expected from the radioactive decay of 56Co, suggesting an SN origin for SN 2009kn. Assuming radioactivity to be the main source powering the light curve of SN 2009kn in the tail phase, we infer... 3. Study on a novel Sn-electroplated silver brazing filler metal Science.gov (United States) Wang, Xingxing; Peng, Jin; Cui, Datian 2017-08-01 Novel Sn-electroplated Ag brazing filler metal with a high tin content was prepared by combining the plating and thermal diffusion method. The BAg45CuZn alloy was used as a base filler metal, and a Sn layer was electroplated on it. Then the H62 brass was brazed with the Sn-plated brazing filler metal containing 6.2 wt% of Sn. The results showed that the microstructure of the brazed joints with the Sn-plated filler mainly consisted of the Ag phase, Cu phase, CuZn phase and Cu5Zn8 phase. The tensile strength of the joints brazed with the Sn-plated filler metal was 326 MPa, which was higher than that of the joints with the base filler metal. Fracture analysis showed that the fractures of the joints brazed by the Sn-plated filler metal was mainly ductile fracture mixed with a small quantity of brittle fracture. 4. Comparison of the Properties of SnCl(3)(-) and SnBr(3)(-) Complexes of Platinum(II). Science.gov (United States) Nelson, John H.; Wilson, William L.; Cary, Lewis W.; Alcock, Nathaniel W.; Clase, Howard J.; Jas, Gouri S.; Ramsey-Tassin, Lori; Kenney, John W. 1996-02-14 independent observed reflections with I/sigma(I) > 3.0 and I/sigma(I) > 2.0, respectively. For the former, the asymmetric unit contains 1.5 cis-[PtBr(2)(SnBr(3))(2)](2)(-) ions, 0.5 of which is disordered in such a way as to be pseudocentrosymmetric. This disordering involves a half-occupied PtBr(2) unit appearing on either side of the center. Simultaneously, one bromine from each SnBr(3) ligand changes sides while the other two bromines appear in average positions with very small displacements between their positions. The Pt-Sn distance in [PtBr(3)(SnBr(3))](2)(-) (2.486(3) Å) is slightly shorter than that incis-[PtBr(2)(SnBr(3))(2)](2)(-) (2.4955(3) Å, average), and both are significantly longer than that previously found in cis-[PtCl(2)(SnCl(3))(2)](2)(-) (2.3556 Å, average), which is not consistent with the relative magnitudes of the (1)J((195)Pt-(119)Sn) coupling constants (28 487, 25 720, and 27 627 Hz, respectively). From our electronic absorption and emission studies of the Pt-SnX(3)(-) complexes, we conclude that (a) the low-energy transitions are d-d transitions analogous to those found in [PtX(4)](2)(-) systems, (b) the SnCl(3)(-) ligand is a stronger sigma donor than SnBr(3)(-), (c) the triplet state from which the emission occurs is split by spin-orbit coupling into different spin-orbit states, (d) a forbidden spin-orbit state must lie at or near the bottom of the spin-orbit manifold, (e) the solid state crystal environment perturbs the platinum-tin halide electronic states, and (f) dispersion of the samples in solvents changes this perturbation, which can be rationalized in terms of an in-plane distortion of the square planar platinum coordination sphere. 5. Mg{sub 2}Sn heterostructures on Si(111) substrate Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Dózsa, L., E-mail: [email protected] [Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1525 Budapest Pf, 49 (Hungary); Galkin, N.G. [Institute of Automation and Control Processes of FEB RAS, 5 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041 (Russian Federation); Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690950 (Russian Federation); Pécz, B.; Osváth, Z.; Zolnai, Zs. [Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1525 Budapest Pf, 49 (Hungary); Németh, A. [Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, 1525 Budapest, P.O.B. 49 (Hungary); Galkin, K.N.; Chernev, I.M. [Institute of Automation and Control Processes of FEB RAS, 5 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041 (Russian Federation); Dotsenko, S.A. [Institute of Automation and Control Processes of FEB RAS, 5 Radio St., Vladivostok 690041 (Russian Federation); Far Eastern Federal University, 8 Sukhanova St., Vladivostok 690950 (Russian Federation) 2017-05-31 Highlights: • Investigations show that the nanostructures have significant changes during the applied regular experimental investigations. • It is especially true for transmittance electron microscopy, where the investigated layers have to be thinned near to the nanostructure size. • The time order of the applied experimental investigation has a dominant effect on the experimetal results. - Abstract: Thin un-doped and Al doped polycrystalline Mg-stannide films consisting mainly of Mg{sub 2}Sn semiconductor phase have been grown by deposition of Sn-Mg multilayers on Si(111) p-type wafers at room temperature and annealing at 150 °C. Rutherford backscattering measurement spectroscopy (RBS) were used to determine the amount of Mg and Sn in the structures. Raman spectroscopy has shown the layers contain Mg{sub 2}Sn phase. Cross sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) measurements have identified Mg{sub 2}Sn nanocrystallites in hexagonal and cubic phases without epitaxial orientation with respect to the Si(111) substrate. Significant oxygen concentration was found in the layer both by RBS and TEM. The electrical measurements have shown laterally homogeneous conductivity in the grown layer. The undoped Mg{sub 2}Sn layers show increasing resistivity with increasing temperature indicating the scattering process dominates the resistance of the layers, i.e. large concentration of point defects was generated in the layer during the growth process. The Al doped layer shows increase of the resistance at low temperature caused by freeze out of free carriers in the Al doped Mg{sub 2}Sn layer. The measurements indicate the necessity of protective layer grown over the Mg{sub 2}Sn layers, and a short time delay between sample preparation and cross sectionalTEM analysis, since the unprotected layer is degraded by the interaction with the ambient. 6. Quantitative characterization of brazing performance for Sn-plated silver alloy fillers Science.gov (United States) Wang, Xingxing; Peng, Jin; Cui, Datian 2017-12-01 Two types of AgCuZnSn fillers were prepared based on BAg50CuZn and BAg34CuZnSn alloy through a combinative process of electroplating and thermal diffusion. The models of wetting entropy and joint strength entropy of AgCuZnSn filler metals were established. The wetting entropy of the Sn-plated silver brazing alloys are lower than the traditional fillers, and its joint strength entropy value is slightly higher than the latter. The wetting entropy value of the Sn-plated brazing alloys and traditional filler metal are similar to the change trend of the wetting area. The trend of the joint strength entropy value with those fillers are consisted with the tensile strength of the stainless steel joints with the increase of Sn content. 7. Irrelevant stimulus processing in ADHD: catecholamine dynamics and attentional networks Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Francisco eAboitiz 2014-03-01 Full Text Available A cardinal symptom of Attenion Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD is a general distractibility where children and adults shift their attentional focus to stimuli that are irrelevant to the ongoing behavior. This has been attributed to a deficit in dopaminergic signaling in cortico-striatal networks that regulate goal-directed behavior. Furthermore, recent imaging evidence points to an impairment of large scale, antagonistic brain networks that normally contribute to attentional engagement and disengagement, such as the task-positive networks and the Default Mode Network (DMN. Related networks are the ventral attentional network (VAN involved in attentional shifting, and the salience network (SN related to task expectancy. Here we discuss the tonic-phasic dynamics of catecholaminergic signaling in the brain, and attempt to provide a link between this and the activities of the large-scale cortical networks that regulate behavior. More specifically, we propose that a disbalance of tonic catecholamine levels during task performance produce an emphasis of phasic signaling and increased excitability of the VAN, yielding distractibility symptoms. Likewise, immaturity of the SN may relate to abnormal tonic signaling and an incapacity to build up a proper executive system during task performance. We discuss different lines of evidence including pharmacology, brain imaging and electrophysiology, that are consistent with our proposal. Finally, restoring the pharmacodynamics of catecholaminergic signaling seems crucial to alleviate ADHD symptoms; however, the possibility is open to explore cognitive rehabilitation strategies to top-down modulate network dynamics compensating the pharmacological deficits. 8. Decentralized Consistent Updates in SDN KAUST Repository Nguyen, Thanh Dang 2017-04-10 We present ez-Segway, a decentralized mechanism to consistently and quickly update the network state while preventing forwarding anomalies (loops and blackholes) and avoiding link congestion. In our design, the centralized SDN controller only pre-computes information needed by the switches during the update execution. This information is distributed to the switches, which use partial knowledge and direct message passing to efficiently realize the update. This separation of concerns has the key benefit of improving update performance as the communication and computation bottlenecks at the controller are removed. Our evaluations via network emulations and large-scale simulations demonstrate the efficiency of ez-Segway, which compared to a centralized approach, improves network update times by up to 45% and 57% at the median and the 99th percentile, respectively. A deployment of a system prototype in a real OpenFlow switch and an implementation in P4 demonstrate the feasibility and low overhead of implementing simple network update functionality within switches. 9. Promotion and resignation in employee networks Science.gov (United States) Yuan, Jia; Zhang, Qian-Ming; Gao, Jian; Zhang, Linyan; Wan, Xue-Song; Yu, Xiao-Jun; Zhou, Tao 2016-02-01 Enterprises have put more and more emphasis on data analysis so as to obtain effective management advices. Managers and researchers are trying to dig out the major factors that lead to employees' promotion and resignation. Most previous analyses are based on questionnaire survey, which usually consists of a small fraction of samples and contains biases caused by psychological defense. In this paper, we successfully collect a data set consisting of all the employees' work-related interactions (action network, AN for short) and online social connections (social network, SN for short) of a company, which inspires us to reveal the correlations between structural features and employees' career development, namely promotion and resignation. Through statistical analysis, we show that the structural features of both AN and SN are correlated and predictive to employees' promotion and resignation, and the AN has higher correlation and predictability. More specifically, the in-degree in AN is the most relevant indicator for promotion, while the k-shell index in AN and in-degree in SN are both very predictive to resignation. Our results provide a novel and actionable understanding of enterprise management and suggest that to enhance the interplays among employees, no matter work-related or social interplays, can be helpful to reduce staffs' turnover risk. 10. Characterization of Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} intermetallic powders produced by water atomization and powder heat treatment Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tongsri, Ruangdaj, E-mail: [email protected] [Powder Metallurgy Research and Development Unit (PM-RDU), National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Paholyothin, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 (Thailand); Yotkaew, Thanyaporn, E-mail: [email protected] [Powder Metallurgy Research and Development Unit (PM-RDU), National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Paholyothin, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 (Thailand); Krataitong, Rungtip, E-mail: [email protected] [Powder Metallurgy Research and Development Unit (PM-RDU), National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Paholyothin, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 (Thailand); Wila, Pongsak, E-mail: [email protected] [Powder Metallurgy Research and Development Unit (PM-RDU), National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Paholyothin, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 (Thailand); Sir-on, Autcharaporn, E-mail: [email protected] [Materials Characterization Research Unit (MCRU), National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Paholyothin, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 (Thailand); Muthitamongkol, Pennapa, E-mail: [email protected] [Materials Characterization Research Unit (MCRU), National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Paholyothin, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 (Thailand); Tosangthum, Nattaya, E-mail: [email protected] [Powder Metallurgy Research and Development Unit (PM-RDU), National Metal and Materials Technology Center, 114 Paholyothin, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 (Thailand) 2013-12-15 Since the Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} intermetallic shows its importance in industrial applications, the Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} intermetallic-containing powders, produced by a powder processing route with a high production rate, were characterized. The route consisted of water atomization of an alloy melt (Cu–61 wt.% Sn) and subsequent heat treatment of the water-atomized powders. Characterization of the water-atomized powders and their heated forms was conducted by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Fine water-atomized powder microstructures consisted of primary hexagonal η-Cu{sub 6.25}Sn{sub 5} dendrites coexisting with interdendritic η-Cu{sub 6.25}Sn{sub 5} + β-Sn eutectic. Solidification of fine melt droplets was governed by surface nucleation and growth of the primary hexagonal η-Cu{sub 6.25}Sn{sub 5} dendrites followed by η-Cu{sub 6.25}Sn{sub 5} + β-Sn eutectic solidification of the remnant liquid. In coarse melt droplets, nucleation and growth of primary ε-Cu{sub 3}Sn dendrites were followed by peritectic reaction (ε-Cu{sub 3}Sn + liquid → η-Cu{sub 6.25}Sn{sub 5}) or direct crystallization of η-Cu{sub 6.25}Sn{sub 5} phase from the undercooled melt. Finally, the η-Cu{sub 6.25}Sn{sub 5} + β-Sn eutectic solidification of the remnant liquid occurred. Heating of the water-atomized powders at different temperatures resulted in microstructural homogenization. The water-atomized powders with mixed phases were transformed to powders with single monoclinic ή-Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} phase. - Highlights: • The Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} intermetallic powder production route was proposed. • Single phase Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} powders could be by water atomization and heating. • Water-atomized Cu–Sn powders contained mixed Cu–Sn phases. • Solidification and heat treatment of water-atomized Cu–Sn powders are explained. 11. No consistent bimetric gravity? OpenAIRE Deser, S.; Sandora, M.; Waldron, A 2013-01-01 We discuss the prospects for a consistent, nonlinear, partially massless (PM), gauge symmetry of bimetric gravity (BMG). Just as for single metric massive gravity, we show that consistency of BMG relies on it having a PM extension; we then argue that it cannot. 12. Consistency of orthodox gravity Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bellucci, S. [INFN, Frascati (Italy). Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati; Shiekh, A. [International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste (Italy) 1997-01-01 A recent proposal for quantizing gravity is investigated for self consistency. The existence of a fixed-point all-order solution is found, corresponding to a consistent quantum gravity. A criterion to unify couplings is suggested, by invoking an application of their argument to more complex systems. 13. Structures of tin cluster cations Sn3(+) to Sn15(+). Science.gov (United States) Drebov, Nedko; Oger, Esther; Rapps, Thomas; Kelting, Rebecca; Schooss, Detlef; Weis, Patrick; Kappes, Manfred M; Ahlrichs, Reinhart 2010-12-14 We employ a combination of ion mobility measurements and an unbiased systematic structure search with density functional theory methods to study structure and energetics of gas phase tin cluster cations, Sn(n)(+), in the range of n = 3-15. For Sn(13)(+) we also carry out trapped ion electron diffraction measurements to ascertain the results obtained by the other procedures. The structures for the smaller systems are most easily described by idealized point group symmetries, although they are all Jahn-Teller distorted: D(3h) (trigonal bipyramid), D(4h) (octahedron), D(5h) (pentagonal bipyramid) for n = 5, 6, and 7. For the larger systems we find capped D(5h) for Sn(8)(+) and Sn(9)(+), D(3h) (tricapped trigonal prism) and D(4d) (bicapped squared antiprism) plus adatoms for n = 10, 11, 14, and 15. A centered icosahedron with a peripheral atom removed is the dominant motif in Sn(12)(+). For Sn(13)(+) the calculations predict a family of virtually isoenergetic isomers, an icosahedron and slightly distorted icosahedra, which are about 0.25 eV below two C(1) structures. The experiments indicate the presence of two structures, one from the I(h) family and a prolate C(1) isomer based on fused deltahedral moieties. 14. Massive Dirac neutrinos and SN 1987A Science.gov (United States) Burrows, Adam; Gandhi, Raj; Turner, Michael S. 1992-01-01 The wrong-helicity states of a Dirac neutrino can provide an important cooling mechanism for young neutron stars. Based on numerical models of the early cooling of the neutron star associated with SN 1987A which self-consistently incorporate wrong-helicity neutrino emission, it is argued that a Dirac neutrino of mass greater than 30 keV (25 keV if it is degenerate) leads to shortening of the neutrino burst that is inconsistent with the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven and Kamiokande II data. If pions are as abundant as nucleons in the cores of neutron stars, the present limit improves to 15 keV. 15. Prizes for consistency Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hiscock, S. 1986-07-01 The importance of consistency in coal quality has become of increasing significance recently, with the current trend towards using coal from a range of sources. A significant development has been the swing in responsibilities for coal quality. The increasing demand for consistency in quality has led to a re-examination of where in the trade and transport chain the quality should be assessed and where further upgrading of inspection and preparation facilities are required. Changes are in progress throughout the whole coal transport chain which will improve consistency of delivered coal quality. These include installation of beneficiation plant at coal mines, export terminals, and on the premises of end users. It is suggested that one of the keys to success for the coal industry will be the ability to provide coal of a consistent quality. 16. Consistent Probabilistic Social Choice OpenAIRE Brandl, Florian; Brandt, Felix; Seedig, Hans Georg 2015-01-01 Two fundamental axioms in social choice theory are consistency with respect to a variable electorate and consistency with respect to components of similar alternatives. In the context of traditional non-probabilistic social choice, these axioms are incompatible with each other. We show that in the context of probabilistic social choice, these axioms uniquely characterize a function proposed by Fishburn (Rev. Econ. Stud., 51(4), 683--692, 1984). Fishburn's function returns so-called maximal lo... 17. Electronic structure and thermodynamic properties of CeRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} and LaRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gamza, M; Slebarski, A [Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, PL-40-007 Katowice (Poland); Schnelle, W; Gumeniuk, R; Prots, Yu; Rosner, H; Grin, Yu, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, D-01187 Dresden (Germany) 2009-08-12 The electronic structure and thermodynamic properties of CeRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} and LaRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} are reported. The crystal structure of CeRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} has been determined from single-crystal diffraction experiments. The Ce core-level x-ray photoemission spectra and Ce L{sub III} x-ray absorption data unanimously indicate a stable trivalent state of the Ce ions in CeRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4}, consistent with static magnetic susceptibility. Thermodynamic measurements for CeRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} show a noncollinear antiferromagnetic ordering with a ferromagnetic component at T{sub N}{approx}3.2 K. There is evidence for spin fluctuations in both CeRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} and LaRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4}. A Fermi surface analysis reveals sections, which could generate 'nesting' instabilities and be responsible for the spin fluctuation effects. Both CeRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} and LaRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} exhibit slight homogeneity ranges and can be described by RE{sub 1+x}Rh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4-x}, where 0<=x{approx}<0.2 for Ce and 0<=x{approx}<0.1 in the case of La. Implantation of additional Ce atoms into the CeRh{sub 2}Sn{sub 4} structure leads to a distinct lowering of T{sub N} and the weakening of the ferromagnetic component of the magnetic ground state, whereas for the La-based systems the alloying reduces the strong diamagnetism. 18. Structure of the SnO2(110)-(4 x 1) Surface DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Merte, Lindsay R.; Jorgensen, Mathias S.; Pussi, Katariina 2017-01-01 Using surface x-ray diffraction (SXRD), quantitative low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations, we have determined the structure of the (4 x 1) reconstruction formed by sputtering and annealing of the SnO2(110) surface. We find that the reconstruction...... consists of an ordered arrangement of Sn3O3 clusters bound atop the bulk-terminated SnO2(110) surface. The model was found by application of a DFT-based evolutionary algorithm with surface compositions based on SXRD, and shows excellent agreement with LEED and with previously published scanning tunneling...... microscopy measurements. The model proposed previously consisting of inplane oxygen vacancies is thus shown to be incorrect, and our result suggests instead that Sn(II) species in interstitial positions are the more relevant features of reduced SnO2(110) surfaces.... 19. A Distributed Data Acquisition System for the Sensor Network of the TAWARA_RTM Project Science.gov (United States) Fontana, Cristiano Lino; Donati, Massimiliano; Cester, Davide; Fanucci, Luca; Iovene, Alessandro; Swiderski, Lukasz; Moretto, Sandra; Moszynski, Marek; Olejnik, Anna; Ruiu, Alessio; Stevanato, Luca; Batsch, Tadeusz; Tintori, Carlo; Lunardon, Marcello This paper describes a distributed Data Acquisition System (DAQ) developed for the TAWARA_RTM project (TAp WAter RAdioactivity Real Time Monitor). The aim is detecting the presence of radioactive contaminants in drinking water; in order to prevent deliberate or accidental threats. Employing a set of detectors, it is possible to detect alpha, beta and gamma radiations, from emitters dissolved in water. The Sensor Network (SN) consists of several heterogeneous nodes controlled by a centralized server. The SN cyber-security is guaranteed in order to protect it from external intrusions and malicious acts. The nodes were installed in different locations, along the water treatment processes, in the waterworks plant supplying the aqueduct of Warsaw, Poland. Embedded computers control the simpler nodes, and are directly connected to the SN. Local-PCs (LPCs) control the more complex nodes that consist signal digitizers acquiring data from several detectors. The DAQ in the LPC is split in several processes communicating with sockets in a local sub-network. Each process is dedicated to a very simple task (e.g. data acquisition, data analysis, hydraulics management) in order to have a flexible and fault-tolerant system. The main SN and the local DAQ networks are separated by data routers to ensure the cyber-security. 20. Sn x[BPO 4] 1-x composites as negative electrodes for lithium ion cells: Comparison with amorphous SnB 0.6P 0.4O 2.9 and effect of composition Science.gov (United States) Conte, Donato Ercole; Aboulaich, Abdelmaula; Robert, Florent; Olivier-Fourcade, Josette; Jumas, Jean-Claude; Jordy, Christian; Willmann, Patrick 2010-01-01 A comparative study of two Sn-based composite materials as negative electrode for Li-ion accumulators is presented. The former SnB 0.6P 0.4O 2.9 obtained by in-situ dispersion of SnO in an oxide matrix is shown to be an amorphous tin composite oxide (ATCO). The latter Sn 0.72[BPO 4] 0.28 obtained by ex-situ dispersion of Sn in a borophosphate matrix consists of Sn particles embedded in a crystalline BPO 4 matrix. The electrochemical responses of ATCO and Sn 0.72[BPO 4] 0.28 composite in galvanostatic mode show reversible capacities of about 450 and 530 mAh g -1, respectively, with different irreversible capacities (60% and 29%). Analysis of these composite materials by 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy in transmission (TMS) and emission (CEMS) modes confirms that ATCO is an amorphous Sn II composite oxide and shows that in the case of Sn 0.72[BPO 4] 0.28, the surface of the tin clusters is mainly formed by Sn II in an amorphous interface whereas the bulk of the clusters is mainly formed by Sn 0. The determination of the recoilless free fractions f (Lamb-Mössbauer factors) leads to the effective fraction of both Sn 0 and Sn II species in such composites. The influence of chemical composition and especially of the surface-to-bulk tin species ratio on the electrochemical behaviour has been analysed for several Sn x[BPO 4] 1-x composite materials (0.17BPO 4] 0.28 as active material exhibits interesting electrochemical performances (reversible capacity of 500 mAh g -1 at C/5 rate). Science.gov (United States) Utrap, André; Xiang, Ng Yan; Nilges, Tom 2017-10-01 Herein we report on the optimized synthesis process of SnIP, the first inorganic double helix compound which shows high mechanical flexibility, a strong tendency for cleavage or delamination and intriguing electronic properties. In this work we analyzed the influence of SnI2 as a reaction promotor or mineralizer compound for the synthesis of SnIP. In previous studies Sn/SnI4 was used as a precursor and chemical transport agent for the SnIP synthesis but significant amounts of non-reacted tin halide (SnI2 and SnI4) remained after the formation of the target compound reducing its quality and yield. Significantly less tin halide residue can be observed which suggests a reduction of side-reactions. While the Sn/SnI4 couple works perfectly for the synthesis of the two-dimensional material phosphorene precursor black phosphorus the Sn/SnI2 couple is beneficial for the one-dimensional ternary polyphosphide SnIP. These results strongly encourage the theory of SnI2 as the important reaction intermediate in the synthesis of covalently-bonded polyphosphide substructures and element allotropes at elevated temperatures. 2. Formation of non-substitutional β-Sn defects in Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x} alloys Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Fuhr, J. D. [Centro Atómico Bariloche-CNEA and CONICET, Av. Bustillo 9500, R8402AGP Bariloche (Argentina); Instituto Balseiro, Univ. Nac. de Cuyo and CNEA, 8400 Bariloche (Argentina); Ventura, C. I. [Centro Atómico Bariloche-CNEA and CONICET, Av. Bustillo 9500, R8402AGP Bariloche (Argentina); Sede Andina, Univ. Nac. de Río Negro, 8400 Bariloche (Argentina); Barrio, R. A. [Instituto de Física, U.N.A.M., 01000 Mexico, D.F. (Mexico) 2013-11-21 Although group IV semiconductor alloys are expected to form substitutionally, in Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x} this is true only for low concentrations (x < 0.13). The use of these alloys as a narrow gap semiconductor depends on the ability to produce samples with the high quality required for optoelectronic device applications. In a previous paper, we proposed the existence of a non-substitutional complex defect (β-Sn), consisting of a single Sn atom in the center of a Ge divacancy, which may account for the segregation of Sn at large x. Afterwards, the existence of this defect was confirmed experimentally. In this paper we study the local environment and the interactions of the substitutional defect (α-Sn), the vacancy in Ge, and the β-Sn defect by performing extensive numerical ab initio calculations. Our results confirm that a β-Sn defect can be formed by natural diffusion of a vacancy around the substitutional α-Sn defect, since the energy barrier for the process is very small. 3. Incorporation of graphene into SnO{sub 2} photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Batmunkh, Munkhbayar [School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 (Australia); Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042 (Australia); Dadkhah, Mahnaz; Shearer, Cameron J. [Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042 (Australia); Biggs, Mark J. [School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005 (Australia); School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU (United Kingdom); Shapter, Joseph G., E-mail: [email protected] [Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5042 (Australia) 2016-11-30 Graphical abstract: Incorporation of a graphene structure into SnO{sub 2} dye-sensitized solar cell photoanode films has been demonstrated for the first time. The use of graphene in the SnO{sub 2} has been found to be a promising strategy to address many problems of photovoltaic cells based on SnO{sub 2} photoanodes. - Highlights: • SnO{sub 2}-reduced graphene oxide (RGO) hybrid is prepared using a microwave technique. • The first SnO{sub 2}-RGO photoanode based DSSC is fabricated. • Use of RGO addresses the major shortcoming of SnO{sub 2} when employed as a DSSC photoanode. • RGO significantly improved the electron transport rate within the DSSC devices. • Incorporation of RGO into the SnO{sub 2} photoanode enhanced the DSSC efficiency by 91.5%. - Abstract: In dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoanodes, tin dioxide (SnO{sub 2}) structures present a promising alternative semiconducting oxide to the conventional titania (TiO{sub 2}), but they suffer from poor photovoltaic (PV) efficiency caused by insufficient dye adsorption and low energy value of the conduction band. A hybrid structure consisting of SnO{sub 2} and reduced graphene oxide (SnO{sub 2}-RGO) was synthesized via a microwave-assisted method and has been employed as a photoanode in DSSCs. Incorporation of RGO into the SnO{sub 2} photoanode enhanced the power conversion efficiency of DSSC device by 91.5%, as compared to the device assembled without RGO. This efficiency improvement can be attributed to increased dye loading, enhanced electron transfer and addition of suitable energy levels in the photoanode. Finally, the use of RGO addresses the major shortcoming of SnO{sub 2} when employed as a DSSC photoanode, namely poor dye adsorption and slow electron transfer rate. 4. Geodetic Networks, This is udated by the use of GPS and updated weekely. It consist of interstate highways, state highways, major roads and local roads as well as private streets with address range, speed limit and elevation data associated to each segement., Published in 2007, Johnson County Government. Data.gov (United States) NSGIC Local Govt \| GIS Inventory — Geodetic Networks dataset current as of 2007. This is udated by the use of GPS and updated weekely. It consist of interstate highways, state highways, major roads... 5. Emission of SN 1006 produced by accelerated cosmic rays OpenAIRE Berezhko, E. G.; Ksenofontov, L. T.; Voelk, H. J. 2002-01-01 The nonlinear kinetic model of cosmic ray (CR) acceleration in supernova remnants (SNRs) is used to describe the properties of the remnant of SN 1006. It is shown, that the theory fits the existing data in a satisfactory way within a set of parameters which is consistent with the idea that SN 1006 is a typical source of Galactic CR nucleons, although not necessarily of CR electrons. The adjusted parameters are those that are not very well determined by present theory or not directly amenable ... 6. Cache Consistency by Design NARCIS (Netherlands) Brinksma, Hendrik In this paper we present a proof of the sequential consistency of the lazy caching protocol of Afek, Brown, and Merritt. The proof will follow a strategy of stepwise refinement, developing the distributed caching memory in five transformation steps from a specification of the serial memory, whilst 7. Application of Cu3InSnSe5 Heteronanostructures as Counter Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Science.gov (United States) Lou, Yue; Zhao, Wenjie; Li, Chunguang; Huang, He; Bai, Tianyu; Chen, Cailing; Liang, Chen; Shi, Zhan; Zhang, Dong; Chen, Xiao-Bo; Feng, Shouhua 2017-05-31 In this research, we reported the synthesis of quaternary Cu3InSnSe5 nanoparticles with uniform size distribution and morphology for the first time through delicate controls over the chemical reaction kinetics. On the basis of the preparation strategy of Cu3InSnSe5 nanoparticles, Pt-Cu3InSnSe5 and Au-Cu3InSnSe5 heteronanostructures were designed and yielded using a simple and efficient seed growth method. These two heteronanostructures remained monodispersed without presence of any Cu3InSnSe5 nanocrystal impurities. To explore their application potentials for dye-sensitized solar cells, counter electrodes consisting of individual Cu3InSnSe5, Pt-Cu3InSnSe5, or Au-Cu3InSnSe5 constituents were fabricated. Current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics evaluation reveals that Cu3InSnSe5 nanoparticles, Pt-Cu3InSnSe5 and Au-Cu3InSnSe5 heterostructured nanoparticles display a comparative power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.8%, 7.6%, and 6.5% to that of a Pt-based counter electrode (7.9%), respectively. As such, we believe that the reported preparation strategy could provide new insights to the design and manufacture of counter electrode materials with controlled structure, morphology, and optimized power conversion efficiency for dye-sensitized solar cells. 8. The Effect of Increasing Sn Content on High-Temperature Mechanical Deformation of an Mg-3%Cu-1%Ca Alloy Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Georgios S.E. Antipas 2013-11-01 Full Text Available Chill casting of magnesium alloy samples with secondary alloying elements of Cu, Ca and Sn at % w.t. concentrations in the range 1–5, 0.1–5 and 0.1–3 respectively, gave rise to appreciably enhanced resistance to high-temperature creep, while maintaining good heat conductivity. The latter was considered to be driven by Cu and Mg-Cu intermetallics while it was clear that Sn mediated the high-temperature performance, mainly via networks of Mg2Sn and MgCaSn precipitates along the Mg matrix grain boundaries. It was postulated that Sn formed intermetallics by preferential substitution of Ca atoms and, thus, did not degrade the heat conductivity by retaining Cu. The % w.t. stoichiometry with the optimum combination of heat conductivity and resistance to high-temperature creep was found to be Mg-3Cu-1Ca-0.1Sn. 9. Reporting consistently on CSR DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Thomsen, Christa; Nielsen, Anne Ellerup 2006-01-01 This chapter first outlines theory and literature on CSR and Stakeholder Relations focusing on the different perspectives and the contextual and dynamic character of the CSR concept. CSR reporting challenges are discussed and a model of analysis is proposed. Next, our paper presents the results...... of a case study showing that companies use different and not necessarily consistent strategies for reporting on CSR. Finally, the implications for managerial practice are discussed. The chapter concludes by highlighting the value and awareness of the discourse and the discourse types adopted...... in the reporting material. By implementing consistent discourse strategies that interact according to a well-defined pattern or order, it is possible to communicate a strong social commitment on the one hand, and to take into consideration the expectations of the shareholders and the other stakeholders... 10. PROTEUS-SN User Manual Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Shemon, Emily R. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Smith, Micheal A. [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Lee, Changho [Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States) 2016-02-16 PROTEUS-SN is a three-dimensional, highly scalable, high-fidelity neutron transport code developed at Argonne National Laboratory. The code is applicable to all spectrum reactor transport calculations, particularly those in which a high degree of fidelity is needed either to represent spatial detail or to resolve solution gradients. PROTEUS-SN solves the second order formulation of the transport equation using the continuous Galerkin finite element method in space, the discrete ordinates approximation in angle, and the multigroup approximation in energy. PROTEUS-SN’s parallel methodology permits the efficient decomposition of the problem by both space and angle, permitting large problems to run efficiently on hundreds of thousands of cores. PROTEUS-SN can also be used in serial or on smaller compute clusters (10’s to 100’s of cores) for smaller homogenized problems, although it is generally more computationally expensive than traditional homogenized methodology codes. PROTEUS-SN has been used to model partially homogenized systems, where regions of interest are represented explicitly and other regions are homogenized to reduce the problem size and required computational resources. PROTEUS-SN solves forward and adjoint eigenvalue problems and permits both neutron upscattering and downscattering. An adiabatic kinetics option has recently been included for performing simple time-dependent calculations in addition to standard steady state calculations. PROTEUS-SN handles void and reflective boundary conditions. Multigroup cross sections can be generated externally using the MC2-3 fast reactor multigroup cross section generation code or internally using the cross section application programming interface (API) which can treat the subgroup or resonance table libraries. PROTEUS-SN is written in Fortran 90 and also includes C preprocessor definitions. The code links against the PETSc, METIS, HDF5, and MPICH libraries. It optionally links against the MOAB library and 11. Geometrically Consistent Mesh Modification KAUST Repository Bonito, A. 2010-01-01 A new paradigm of adaptivity is to execute refinement, coarsening, and smoothing of meshes on manifolds with incomplete information about their geometry and yet preserve position and curvature accuracy. We refer to this collectively as geometrically consistent (GC) mesh modification. We discuss the concept of discrete GC, show the failure of naive approaches, and propose and analyze a simple algorithm that is GC and accuracy preserving. © 2010 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. 12. Laser processing issues of nanosized intermetallic Fe-Sn and metallic Sn particles Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Alexandrescu, R., E-mail: [email protected] [National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics Bucharest, POB MG-36, 077125 (Romania); Morjan, I.; Dumitrache, F.; Birjega, R.; Fleaca, C.; Morjan, Iuliana; Scarisoreanu, M.; Luculescu, C.R.; Dutu, E. [National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics Bucharest, POB MG-36, 077125 (Romania); Kuncser, V.; Filoti, G. [National Institute of Materials Physics, POB MG-7, 077125 Bucharest-Magurele (Romania); Vasile, E. [Metav R and D, Rosetti 31, Bucharest (Romania); Ciupina, V. [Ovidius University of Constanta, Bd. Mamaia 124, Constanta (Romania) 2012-09-15 Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Intermetallic Fe-Sn and metallic Sn nanoparticles synthesized by laser pyrolysis. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Fe(CO){sub 5} and Sn(CH{sub 3}){sub 4} were used as precursors. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer FeSn{sub 2}, Sn and Fe{sub 3}SnC phases were identified by XRD. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Complex core-shell structural characteristics were found by HRTEM analysis. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Higher magnetization was found in samples with increased Fe/Sn atomic ratio. - Abstract: Intermetallic Fe-Sn and nanocrystalline metallic Sn nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized from organic precursors using the laser pyrolysis technique with ethylene as sensitizer. Nano-structured Sn (single phase) was prepared by the pyrolysis of Sn(CH{sub 3}){sub 4} (TMT) vapors. Controlled Fe/Sn atomic ratios, ranging from 0.69 to 1.64 were obtained for the prepared Fe-Sn nanopowders by the control of Fe(CO){sub 5} and TMT flows, respectively. XRD studies evidence three main phases: the tetragonal metallic Sn phase and the intermetallic FeSn{sub 2} phase and, to a much lesser extent, the cubic ternary carbide Fe{sub 3}SnC. Complex core-shell structural characteristics were found by HRTEM analysis. More complete information about the Fe phase distributions in the new intermetallic Fe-Sn nanomaterial is provided by temperature dependent {sup 57}Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy. 13. Hubble space telescope and ground-based observations of the type Iax supernovae SN 2005hk and SN 2008A Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) McCully, Curtis; Jha, Saurabh W. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (United States); Foley, Ryan J. [Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 West Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801 (United States); Chornock, Ryan [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Holtzman, Jon A. [Department of Astronomy, MSC 4500, New Mexico State University, P.O. Box 30001, Las Cruces, NM 88003 (United States); Balam, David D. [Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, BC V9E 2E7 (Canada); Branch, David [Homer L. Dodge Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 (United States); Filippenko, Alexei V.; Ganeshalingam, Mohan; Li, Weidong [Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3411 (United States); Frieman, Joshua [Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States); Fynbo, Johan; Leloudas, Giorgos [Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø (Denmark); Galbany, Lluis [Institut de Física d' Altes Energies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona) (Spain); Garnavich, Peter M. [Department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556 (United States); Graham, Melissa L. [Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, Goleta, CA 93117 (United States); Hsiao, Eric Y. [Carnegie Observatories, Las Campanas Observatory, Colina El Pino, Casilla 601 (Chile); Leonard, Douglas C., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Astronomy, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182 (United States); and others 2014-05-10 We present Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and ground-based optical and near-infrared observations of SN 2005hk and SN 2008A, typical members of the Type Iax class of supernovae (SNe). Here we focus on late-time observations, where these objects deviate most dramatically from all other SN types. Instead of the dominant nebular emission lines that are observed in other SNe at late phases, spectra of SNe 2005hk and 2008A show lines of Fe II, Ca II, and Fe I more than a year past maximum light, along with narrow [Fe II] and [Ca II] emission. We use spectral features to constrain the temperature and density of the ejecta, and find high densities at late times, with n{sub e} ≳ 10{sup 9} cm{sup –3}. Such high densities should yield enhanced cooling of the ejecta, making these objects good candidates to observe the expected 'infrared catastrophe', a generic feature of SN Ia models. However, our HST photometry of SN 2008A does not match the predictions of an infrared catastrophe. Moreover, our HST observations rule out a 'complete deflagration' that fully disrupts the white dwarf for these peculiar SNe, showing no evidence for unburned material at late times. Deflagration explosion models that leave behind a bound remnant can match some of the observed properties of SNe Iax, but no published model is consistent with all of our observations of SNe 2005hk and 2008A. 14. Nb_{3}Sn macrostructure, microstructure, and property comparisons for bronze and internal Sn process strands CERN Document Server Lee, P J; Larbalestier, D C 2000-01-01 The variation in irreversibility field, B(T), with temperature has been measured for Nb/sub 3/Sn superconducting strands manufactured for ITER using vibrating sample and SQUID magnetometers. The high performance strands were developed for both high transport critical current density, J/sub c/, and low hysteresis loss. Despite a wide variety of designs and components, the strands could be split into two distinctive groups, based on the extrapolated irreversibility fields, which lie about 10% lower than the upper critical field. "Bronze-process" strands exhibited consistently higher B(T) (28 T to 31 T) compared with "internal Sn" process (24 T to 26 T) conductors. The intrinsic critical current density of the superconductor, J/sub c (sc)/, and the specific pinning force of the grain boundaries, Q/sub gb/, were evaluated using the measured J/sub c/, and image analysis of the macro- and micro-structures. A bronze-processed Nb(-Ta)/sub 3 /Sn was found to have a higher J/sub c(sc)/ but lower Q/sub gb/ than Nb/sub... 15. The Rucio Consistency Service CERN Document Server Serfon, Cedric; The ATLAS collaboration 2016-01-01 One of the biggest challenge with Large scale data management system is to ensure the consistency between the global file catalog and what is physically on all storage elements. To tackle this issue, the Rucio software which is used by the ATLAS Distributed Data Management system has been extended to automatically handle lost or unregistered files (aka Dark Data). This system automatically detects these inconsistencies and take actions like recovery or deletion of unneeded files in a central manner. In this talk, we will present this system, explain the internals and give some results. 16. Computer architecture for solving consistent labeling problems Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Ullmann, J.R.; Haralick, R.M.; Shapiro, L.G. 1982-01-01 Consistent labeling problems are a family of np-complete constraint satisfaction problems such as school timetabling, for which a conventional computer may be too slow. There are a variety of techniques for reducing the elapsed time to find one or all solutions to a consistent labeling problem. The paper discusses and illustrates solutions consisting of special hardware to accomplish the required constraint propagation and an asynchronous network of intercommunicating computers to accomplish the tree search in parallel. 5 references. 17. Graphene-SnO2 nanocomposites decorated with quantum tunneling junctions: preparation strategies, microstructures and formation mechanism. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Qingxiu; Wu, Xianzheng; Wang, Lijun; Chen, Zhiwen; Wang, Shilong 2014-09-28 Tin dioxide (SnO2) and graphene are versatile materials that are vitally important for creating new functional and smart materials. A facile, simple and efficient ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal synthesis approach has been developed to prepare graphene-SnO2 nanocomposites (GSNCs), including three samples with graphene/Sn weight ratios = 1 : 2 (GSNC-2), 1 : 1 (GSNC-1), and graphene oxide/Sn weight ratio = 1 : 1 (GOSNC-1). Low-magnification electron microscopy analysis indicated that graphene was exfoliated and adorned with SnO2 nanoparticles, which were dispersed uniformly on both the sides of the graphene nanosheets. High-magnification electron microscopy analysis confirmed that the graphene-SnO2 nanocomposites presented network tunneling frameworks, which were decorated with the SnO2 quantum tunneling junctions. The size distribution of SnO2 nanoparticles was estimated to range from 3 to 5.5 nm. Comparing GSNC-2, GSNC-1, and GOSNC-1, GOSNC-1 was found to exhibit a significantly better the homogeneous distribution and a considerably smaller size distribution of SnO2 nanoparticles, which indicated that it was better to use graphene oxide as a supporting material and SnCl4·5H2O as a precursor to synthesize hybrid graphene-SnO2 nanocomposites. Experimental results suggest that the graphene-SnO2 nanocomposites with interesting SnO2 quantum tunneling junctions may be a promising material to facilitate the improvement of the future design of micro/nanodevices. 18. La5Zn2Sn Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Igor Oshchapovsky 2011-11-01 Full Text Available A single crystal of pentalanthanum dizinc stannide, La5Zn2Sn, was obtained from the elements in a resistance furnace. It belongs to the Mo5SiB2 structure type, which is a ternary ordered variant of the Cr5B3 structure type. The space is filled by bicapped tetragonal antiprisms from lanthanum atoms around tin atoms sharing their vertices. Zinc atoms fill voids between these bicapped tetragonal antiprisms. All four atoms in the asymmetric unit reside on special positions with the following site symmetries: La1 (..m; La2 (4/m..; Zn (m.2m; Sn (422. 19. Cu-Sn Bimetallic Catalyst for Selective Aqueous Electroreduction of CO2 to CO KAUST Repository Sarfraz, Saad 2016-03-23 We report a selective and stable electrocatalyst utilizing non-noble metals consisting of Cu and Sn for the efficient and selective reduction of CO2 to CO over a wide potential range. The bimetallic electrode was prepared through the electrodeposition of Sn species on the surface of oxide-derived copper (OD-Cu). The Cu surface, when decorated with an optimal amount of Sn, resulted in a Faradaic efficiency (FE) for CO greater than 90% and a current density of −1.0 mA cm−2 at −0.6 V vs. RHE, compared to the CO FE of 63% and −2.1 mA cm−2 for OD-Cu. Excess Sn on the surface caused H2 evolution with a decreased current density. X-ray diffraction (XRD) suggests the formation of Cu-Sn alloy. Auger electron spectroscopy of the sample surface exhibits zero-valent Cu and Sn after the electrodeposition step. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that replacing a single Cu atom with a Sn atom leaves the d-band orbitals mostly unperturbed, signifying no dramatic shifts in the bulk electronic structure. However, the Sn atom discomposes the multi-fold sites on pure Cu, disfavoring the adsorption of H and leaving the adsorption of CO relatively unperturbed. Our catalytic results along with DFT calculations indicate that the presence of Sn on reduced OD-Cu diminishes the hydrogenation capability—i.e., the selectivity towards H2 and HCOOH—while hardly affecting the CO productivity. While the pristine monometallic surfaces (both Cu and Sn) fail to selectively reduce CO2, the Cu-Sn bimetallic electrocatalyst generates a surface that inhibits adsorbed H, resulting in improved CO FE. This study presents a strategy to provide a low-cost non-noble metals that can be utilized as a highly selective electrocatalyst for the efficient aqueous reduction of CO2. 20. SN 2009E: a faint clone of SN 1987A DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Pastorello, A.; Pumo, M. L.; Navasardyan, H. 2012-01-01 Context.1987A-like events form a rare sub-group of hydrogen-rich core-collapse supernovae that are thought to originate from the explosion of blue supergiant stars. Although SN 1987A is the best known supernova, very few objects of this group have been discovered and, hence, studied. Aims. In thi... 1. Generating Consistent Program Tutorials DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Vestdam, Thomas 2002-01-01 In this paper we present a tool that supports construction of program tutorials. A program tutorial provides the reader with an understanding of an example program by interleaving fragments of source code and explaining text. An example program can for example illustrate how to use a library...... or a framework. We present a means for specifying the fragments of a program that are to be in-lined in the tutorial text. These in-line fragments are defined by addressing named syntactical elements, such as classes and methods, but it is also possible to address individual code lines by labeling them...... with source markers. The tool helps ensuring consistency between program tutorial and example programs by extracting fragments of source code based on the fragment specifications and by detecting when a program tutorial is addressing program fragments that do not exist. The program tutorials are presented... 2. Laser processing issues of nanosized intermetallic Fe-Sn and metallic Sn particles Science.gov (United States) Alexandrescu, R.; Morjan, I.; Dumitrache, F.; Birjega, R.; Fleaca, C.; Morjan, Iuliana; Scarisoreanu, M.; Luculescu, C. R.; Dutu, E.; Kuncser, V.; Filoti, G.; Vasile, E.; Ciupina, V. 2012-09-01 Intermetallic Fe-Sn and nanocrystalline metallic Sn nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized from organic precursors using the laser pyrolysis technique with ethylene as sensitizer. Nano-structured Sn (single phase) was prepared by the pyrolysis of Sn(CH3)4 (TMT) vapors. Controlled Fe/Sn atomic ratios, ranging from 0.69 to 1.64 were obtained for the prepared Fe-Sn nanopowders by the control of Fe(CO)5 and TMT flows, respectively. XRD studies evidence three main phases: the tetragonal metallic Sn phase and the intermetallic FeSn2 phase and, to a much lesser extent, the cubic ternary carbide Fe3SnC. Complex core-shell structural characteristics were found by HRTEM analysis. More complete information about the Fe phase distributions in the new intermetallic Fe-Sn nanomaterial is provided by temperature dependent 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. 3. Mendapatkan Young’s Modulus Fasa Cu6Sn5 dengan Teknik Ultrasonik dan Teori Komposit Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ellyza Herda 2015-09-01 Full Text Available The purpose of this study is to obtain the Young’s Modulus (elastic property of Cu6Sn5 phase by using ultrasonic technique and composite theory. Alloy with the following composition (weight percent = wt%: 15.00 % Cu and 85 % Sn was fabricated by casting method. Phases identification were determined by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM + EDAX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis. A non destructive technique is preferable evaluation method for evaluation the elastic property of material, that is by utilizing longitudinal and transversal waves velocity employed by ultrasonic pulse-echo method. X-ray diffraction, DSC, and SEM+EDAX analysis indicate that the fabricated Cu-85%Sn alloy produce a composite in situ material which consist of Sn as a matrix (0.67 volume fraction and Cu6Sn5 phase as a reinforcing material (0.33 volume fraction. The Young’s Modulus value of Cu-85%Sn is 67.7 GPa. This value is base on the calculating result on the longitudinal and transversal waves velocity. In order to obtain the Young’s Modulus of reinforcement (Cu6Sn5 phase the composite theory was applied to this material (Cu-85%Sn, and the resulted value is 103.8 GPa. 4. Novel two-step SnO{sub 2}/SnO water-splitting cycle for solar thermochemical production of hydrogen Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Abanades, Stephane; Charvin, Patrice; Flamant, Gilles [Processes, Materials, and Solar Energy laboratory (PROMES-CNRS, UPR 8521), 7 Rue du Four Solaire, 66120 Font-Romeu (France); Lemont, Florent [Commissariat a l' Energie Atomique (CEA), Rhone Valley Research Center BP17171, 30207 Bagnols-Sur-Ceze Cedex (France) 2008-11-15 The production of hydrogen from a novel two-step thermochemical cycle based on SnO{sub 2}/SnO redox reactions is presented. This process targets CO{sub 2}-free hydrogen production by using renewable solar energy and water in a high-temperature water-splitting cycle. The cycle consists of a solar endothermic reduction of SnO{sub 2} into SnO(g) and O{sub 2} followed by a non-solar exothermic hydrolysis of SnO(s) to form H{sub 2} and SnO{sub 2}(s). The objective of this study was to demonstrate this innovative concept for H{sub 2} production and to establish the potential of cycle implementation in an integrated solar chemical process. The reduction and hydrolysis reactions were experimentally tested in order to define optimal operating conditions, chemical conversion and hydrogen yield. The thermal reduction occurs under atmospheric pressure at about 1600 C and over. The solar step encompasses the formation of SnO nanoparticles that can be hydrolysed efficiently in the temperature range 500-600 C with a H{sub 2} yield over 90%. A preliminary process design is also proposed for cycle integration in solar chemical plants. (author) 5. Hierarchically structured carbon-coated SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} microparticles with enhanced lithium storage performance Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Chai, Xiaohan; Shi, Chunsheng [School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 (China); Liu, Enzuo [School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 (China); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072 (China); Li, Jiajun [School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 (China); Zhao, Naiqin [School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 (China); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072 (China); Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 (China); He, Chunnian, E-mail: [email protected] [School of Materials Science and Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composites and Functional Materials, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 (China); Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072 (China); Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 (China) 2016-01-15 Graphical abstract: Hierarchically structured SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C microparticles for lithium-ion battery anode are developed by a facile and scalable strategy. - Highlights: • Hierarchically structured SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C micrometer-sized particles were synthesized. • The SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C micrometer-sized particles deliver high reversible lithium storage capacity. • The wrapped carbon layer can buffer the volume expansion of SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}. - Abstract: A facile and scalable strategy was developed to fabricate SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C micrometer-sized particles as a good lithium-ion battery anode. The obtained materials were constructed by aggregated nanoclusters (100–200 nm) consisting of SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C nanospheres (20 ∼ 30 nm), in which SnO{sub 2} and Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} nanoparticles (5 ∼ 8 nm) were homogeneously embedded in a percolating carbonaceous network with an average thickness of about 3 nm. SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C microparticles were synthesized by a one-pot hydrothermal process followed by annealing under Ar and subsequent chemical vapor transformation (CVT) under vacuum. The peculiar strategy allows to obtain hierarchical structure of micrometer-sized particles including nanospheres, nanoclusters and micro-scale particles, and the combination of SnO{sub 2} and Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} could promote the synergistic effects to enhance the reversible capacity as well as the structural stability. Meanwhile, the carbon layer, homogeneously covering the nanoparticles does not only accommodate the volume change of active materials to maintain the structural integrity but also forms a conductive network throughout the whole micro-sized structure during charge/discharge processes. As a result, the electrode of SnO{sub 2}-Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4}@C microparticles exhibits good rate performance (1056 mAh g{sup −1} at 0.1 C, 734 mAh g{sup −1} at 0.2 C, 449 mAh g{sup −1} at 0.5 C, 212 6. In vitro corrosion behavior and cellular response of thermally oxidized Zr-3Sn alloy Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Zhou, F.Y.; Wang, B.L.; Qiu, K.J. [Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001 (China); Li, H.F. [Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Li, L. [Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001 (China); Zheng, Y.F., E-mail: [email protected] [Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001 (China); Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871 (China); Han, Y. [State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian 710049 (China) 2013-01-15 Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer A main monoclinic ZrO{sub 2} layer formed on ZrSn alloy after thermal oxidation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Corrosion resistance of ZrSn alloy was improved with thermal oxidation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The oxide layer inhibited the release of the ions into the mediums. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Oxidized ZrSn alloy exhibited an excellent in vitro biocompatibility. - Abstract: In this study, ZrSn alloy was thermally oxidized at 600 Degree-Sign C for 3 h and its morphological and structural characteristics, corrosion behavior, ion release and in vitro cytocompatibility were studied to evaluate the feasibility of applying it as dental implant. After oxidation, a dense black oxide layer formed on ZrSn alloy surface, which consisted of predominant monoclinic zirconia and a few non-stoichiometric oxides. The scratching and water contact angle test results demonstrated that the oxide layer exhibited good adhesion strength and similar hydrophilicity to zirconia. The oxidized ZrSn alloy showed higher corrosion resistance, as indicated by far lower corrosion current density and passive current density compared to pure Ti and untreated ZrSn alloy in artificial saliva with and without H{sub 2}O{sub 2}. The amount of ions released from the oxidized ZrSn alloy was much lower than that dissolved from pure Ti in simulated corrosive oral mediums. Moreover, the oxidized ZrSn alloy did not present any significant toxic effect to both osteoblast-like cells and fibroblast cells, and osteoblast-like cells could adhere well onto the surface and exhibited a good proliferative pattern. The combination of improved surface properties, superior corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility made the oxidized ZrSn alloy promising for oral implantology application. 7. Catalytic growth of vertically aligned SnS/SnS2 p-n heterojunctions Science.gov (United States) Degrauw, Aaron; Armstrong, Rebekka; Rahman, Ajara A.; Ogle, Jonathan; Whittaker-Brooks, Luisa 2017-09-01 Nanowire arrays of SnS/SnS2 p-n heterojunctions are grown on transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) coated-glass and Si/SiO2 substrates via chemical vapor transport (CVT). The nanowire arrays are comprised of individual SnS/SnS2 heterostructures that are highly oriented with their lengths and morphologies controlled by the CVT conditions (i.e. reaction temperature, flow rate, and reaction time). The growth and optoelectronic characterization of these well-defined SnS/SnS2 p-n heterostructures pave the way for the fabrication of highly efficient solar cell devices. 8. ASAS-SN Detection of Strong Flaring Activity from a Known Blazar PKS 1510-089 and a New Blazar Candidate ASASSN-15ha Science.gov (United States) Stanek, K. Z.; Prieto, J. L.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Danilet, A. B.; Simonian, G.; Basu, U.; Goss, N.; Beacom, J. F.; Thompson, T. A.; Shappee, B. J.; Bersier, D.; Brimacombe, J.; Dong, Subo; Falco, E.; Wozniak, P. R.; Szczygiel, D.; Pojmanski, G. 2015-04-01 Flaring blazar PKS 1510-089 (e.g., ATel #6366) is in a field regularly observed by ASAS-SN robotic telescope network. Images obtained on UT 2015-04-13.29 reveal a strong (delta V~1 mag) V-band flare of that object, see this figure for last 30 days of ASAS-SN photometry. 9. A comparative investigation on the effects of nitrogen-doping into graphene on enhancing the electrochemical performance of SnO2/graphene for sodium-ion batteries. Science.gov (United States) Xie, Xiuqiang; Su, Dawei; Zhang, Jinqiang; Chen, Shuangqiang; Mondal, Anjon Kumar; Wang, Guoxiu 2015-02-21 SnO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanohybrids have been synthesized by an in situ hydrothermal method, during which the formation of SnO2 nanocrystals and nitrogen doping of graphene occur simultaneously. The as-prepared SnO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanohybrids exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance for sodium-ion batteries compared to SnO2/graphene nanocomposites. A systematic comparison between SnO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanohybrids and the SnO2/graphene counterpart as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries has been conducted. The comparison is in a reasonable framework, where SnO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanohybrids and the SnO2/graphene counterpart have the same SnO2 ratio, similar SnO2 crystallinity and particle size, close surface area and pore size. The results clearly manifest that the improved electron transfer efficiency of SnO2/nitrogen-doped graphene due to nitrogen-doping plays a more important role than the increased electro-active sites within graphene network in enhancing the electro-activity of SnO2/nitrogen-doped graphene nanohybrids compared to the SnO2/graphene counterpart. In contrast to the previous reports which often ascribe the enhanced electro-activity of nitrogen-doped graphene based composites to two nitrogen-doping effects (improving the electron transfer efficiency and increasing electro-active sites within graphene networks) in one single declaration, this work is expected to provide more specific information for understanding the effects of nitrogen-doping into graphene on improving the electrochemical performance of graphene based composites. 10. How students use social networks in education? Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Feshchenko Artem 2016-01-01 Full Text Available The aim of this study is analysis of the use of social networks (SN by Russian students in training. The study analyzed the results of the survey respondents from 25 universities of the Russian Federation (375 participants. Results of the study showed that 95% of students use SN in education, 5% refuse them. Students spend about 24% of their time to SN for the purpose of learning. Remaining time they spend on entertainment (41%, finding useful information (28% and other (7%. Distribution of training time takes students: 35% - in the classroom with a teacher, 22% - using a variety of ICT (not including SN and LMS, 21% - extracurricular work without ICT, 15% - in SN, 7% - in LMS. Social networks are the de facto space for learning, and it’s happening at the initiative of the students themselves. And if the teacher offers students interact via the network in the course, the students’ attention more switches from entertainment to education. 11. TbNb6Sn6: the first ternary compound from the rare earth–niobium–tin system Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Viktor Hlukhyy 2010-12-01 Full Text Available The title compound, terbium hexaniobium hexastannide, TbNb6Sn6, is the first ternary compound from the rare earth–niobium–tin system. It has the HfFe6Ge6 structure type, which can be analysed as an intergrowth of the Zr4Al3 and CaCu5 structures. All the atoms lie on special positions; their coordination geometries and site symmetries are: Tb (dodecahedron 6/mmm; Nb (distorted icosahedron 2mm; Sn (Frank–Caspar polyhedron, CN = 14–15 6mm and overline{6}m2; Sn (distorted icosahedron overline{6}m2. The structure contains a graphite-type Sn network, Kagome nets of Nb atoms, and Tb atoms alternating with Sn2 dumbbells in the channels. 12. Controlling the antibacterial activity of CuSn thin films by varying the contents of Sn Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kang, Yujin; Park, Juyun; Kim, Dong-Woo; Kim, Hakjun; Kang, Yong-Cheol, E-mail: [email protected] 2016-12-15 Highlights: • We deposit CuSn thin films on a Si substrate with various Cu/Sn ratio. • Antibacterial activities of CuSn thin films increased as the ratio of Cu and the contact time increased. • XPS was utilized to assign the chemical environment of CuSn thin films before and after antibacterial test. - Abstract: We investigated antibacterial activity of CuSn thin films against Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). CuSn thin films with different Cu to Sn ratios were deposited on Si(100) by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering method using Cu and Sn metal anodes. The film thickness was fixed at 200 nm by varying the sputtering time and RF power on the metal targets. The antibacterial test was conducted in various conditions such as different contact times and Cu to Sn ratios in the CuSn films. The antibacterial activities of CuSn thin films increased as the ratio of Cu and the contact time between the film and bacteria suspension increased execpt in the case of CuSn-83. The oxidation states of Cu and Sn and the chemical composition of CuSn thin films before and after the antibacterial test were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). When the contact time was fixed, the Cu species was further oxidized as the RF power on Cu target increased. The intensity of Sn 3d decreased with increasing Cu ratio. When the sample was fixed, the peak intensity of Sn 3d decreased as the contact time increased due to the permeation of Sn into the cell. 13. Investigation of the reversible sodiation of Sn foil by ex-situ X-ray diffractometry and Mössbauer effect spectroscopy Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Du, Zhijia [Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 (Canada); Dunlap, R.A. [Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 (Canada); Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 (Canada); College of Sustainability, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 (Canada); Obrovac, M.N., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 (Canada); Institute for Research in Materials, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 (Canada); Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2 (Canada) 2014-12-25 Highlights: • Mössbauer spectra of all phases formed during sodiation measured for the first time. • Center shifts correlated with metallurgically prepared samples. • Center shift correlated with Na content in Na–Sn. - Abstract: The reversible sodiation of Sn foil was investigated using ex-situ X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Mössbauer effect spectroscopy. The measured voltage profile indicated that the sodiation process of Sn foil proceeded in three stages. Ex-situ XRD patterns demonstrated that Na{sub 4}Sn{sub 4}, Na{sub 5}Sn{sub 2} and Na{sub 15}Sn{sub 4} phases were formed at the end of each discharge plateau. Na{sub 5}Sn{sub 2}, Na{sub 4}Sn{sub 4} and β-Sn were formed at the end of each charge plateau. Three single-phase alloys, Na{sub 4}Sn{sub 4}, Na{sub 9}Sn{sub 4} and Na{sub 15}Sn{sub 4}, were prepared by annealing stoichiometric ratios of Na and Sn. The Mössbauer spectra of ex-situ samples at the end of each discharge plateau were collected and compared with the Mössbauer spectra of the three single phase alloys. The measured parameters for the Mössbauer effect spectra were consistent with an analysis of the crystal structures. The center shift became less positive with an increase of the sodium content in Na–Sn phases and this was shown to be a useful indicator of the degree of sodiation of Sn electrodes. 14. A dislocation density based micromechanical constitutive model for Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys Science.gov (United States) Liu, Lu; Yao, Yao; Zeng, Tao; Keer, Leon M. 2017-10-01 Based on the dislocation density hardening law, a micromechanical model considering the effects of precipitates is developed for Sn-Ag-Cu solder alloys. According to the microstructure of the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu thin films, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are assumed as sphere particles embedded in the polycrystalline β-Sn matrix. The mechanical behavior of polycrystalline β-Sn matrix is determined by the elastic-plastic self-consistent method. The existence of IMCs not only impedes the motion of dislocations but also increases the overall stiffness. Thus, a dislocation density based hardening law considering non-shearable precipitates is adopted locally for single β-Sn crystal, and the Mori-Tanaka scheme is applied to describe the overall viscoplastic behavior of solder alloys. The proposed model is incorporated into finite element analysis and the corresponding numerical implementation method is presented. The model can describe the mechanical behavior of Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-1.0Ag-0.5Cu alloys under high strain rates at a wide range of temperatures. Furthermore, the overall Young’s modulus changes due to different contents of IMCs is predicted and compared with experimental data. Results show that the proposed model can describe both elastic and inelastic behavior of solder alloys with reasonable accuracy. 15. Microstructural study of brass matrix internal tin multifilamentary Nb3Sn superconductors Science.gov (United States) Banno, Nobuya; Miyamoto, Yasuo; Tachikawa, Kyoji 2018-03-01 Zn addition to the Cu matrix in internal-tin-processed Nb3Sn superconductors is attractive in terms of the growth kinetics of the Nb3Sn layers. Sn activity is enhanced in the Cu-Zn (brass) matrix, which accelerates Nb3Sn layer formation. Here, we prepared multifilamentary wires using a brass matrix with a Nb core diameter of less than 10 μm and investigated the potential for further Jc improvement through microstructural and microchemical studies. Ti was added into the Sn cores in the precursor wire. Microchemical analysis showed that Ti accumulates between subelements consisting of Nb cores, which blocks Sn diffusion through this region when the spacing between the subelements in the precursor wire is a few microns. The average grain size was found to be about 230 nm through image analysis. To date, matrix Jc values of 1470 and 640 A/mm-2 have been obtained at 12 and 16 T, respectively. The area fraction of Nb cores in the filamentary region of the precursor wire was about 36.3%. There was still some unreacted Nb core area after heat treatment. Insufficient Ti diffusion into the Nb3Sn layers was identified in the outer subelements. These findings suggest that there is still room for improvement in Jc. 16. Process modules for GeSn nanoelectronics with high Sn-contents Science.gov (United States) Schulte-Braucks, C.; Glass, S.; Hofmann, E.; Stange, D.; von den Driesch, N.; Hartmann, J. M.; Ikonic, Z.; Zhao, Q. T.; Buca, D.; Mantl, S. 2017-02-01 This paper systematically studies GeSn n-FETs, from individual process modules to a complete device. High-k gate stacks and NiGeSn metallic contacts for source and drain are characterized in independent experiments. To study both direct and indirect bandgap semiconductors, a range of 0-14.5 at.% Sn-content GeSn alloys are investigated. Special emphasis is placed on capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics and Schottky-barrier optimization. GeSn n-FET devices are presented including temperature dependent I-V characteristics. Finally, as an important step towards implementing GeSn in tunnel-FETs, negative differential resistance in Ge0.87Sn0.13 tunnel-diodes is demonstrated at cryogenic temperatures. The present work provides a base for further optimization of GeSn FETs and novel tunnel FET devices. 17. Optical and Near-Infrared Observations of SN 2013DX Associated with GRB 130702A Science.gov (United States) Toy, V. L.; Cenko, S. B.; Silverman, J. M.; Butler, N. R.; Cucchiara, A.; Watson, A. M.; Bersier, D.; Perley, D. A.; Margutti, R.; Bellm, E.; 2016-01-01 We present optical and near-infrared (NIR) light curves and optical spectra of SN 2013dx, associated with the nearby (redshift 0.145) gamma-ray burst GRB 130702A. The prompt isotropic gamma-ray energy released from GRB 130702A is measured to be E(sub gamma, iso) = 6.4(+1.3/-1.0) x 10(exp 50) erg (1 keV to 10 MeV in the rest frame), placing it intermediate between low-luminosity GRBs like GRB 980425/SN 1998bw and the broader cosmological population. We compare the observed g'r'i'z' light curves of SN 2013dx to a SN 1998bw template, finding that SN 2013dx evolves approx. 20% faster (steeper rise time), with a comparable peak luminosity. Spectroscopically, SN 2013dx resembles other broad-lined SNe Ic, both associated with (SN 2006aj and SN 1998bw) and lacking (SN 1997ef, SN 2007I, and SN 2010ah) gamma-ray emission, with photospheric velocities around peak of approx. 21,000 km/s. We construct a quasi-bolometric (g'r'z'yJ) light curve for SN 2013dx, only the fifth GRB-associated SN with extensive NIR coverage and the third with a bolometric light curve extending beyond (Delta)t > 40 days. Together with the measured photospheric velocity, we derive basic explosion parameters using simple analytic models. We infer a Ni-56 mass of M(sub Ni) = 0.37+/- 0.01 Stellar Mass, an ejecta mass of M(sub ej) = 3.1+/- 0.1 Stellar Mass, and a kinetic energy of E(sub K) = (8.2+/- 0.43) x 10(exp 51) erg (statistical uncertainties only), consistent with previous GRB-associated supernovae. When considering the ensemble population of GRB-associated supernovae, we find no correlation between the mass of synthesized Ni-56 and high-energy properties, despite clear predictions from numerical simulations that M(sub Ni) should correlate with the degree of asymmetry. On the other hand, M(sub Ni) clearly correlates with the kinetic energy of the supernova ejecta across a wide range of core-collapse events. 18. Science.gov (United States) Ordaz, Sarah J; Goyer, Meghan S; Ho, Tiffany C; Singh, Manpreet K; Gotlib, Ian H 2018-01-15 Suicidal ideation rates rise precipitously in adolescence, contributing to risk for attempts. Although researchers are beginning to explore the brain basis of attempts in depressed adolescents, none have focused on the basis of ideation, which has implications for prevention. This study examined the association between intrinsic neural network coherence and the severity of suicidal ideation in depressed adolescents. Forty adolescents diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder were administered the Columbia-Suicide Severity Rating Scale and underwent resting-state fMRI. We quantified within-network coherence in the executive control (ECN), default mode (DMN), and salience (SN) networks, and in a non-relevant network consisting of noise signal. We associated coherence in each of these networks with the greatest lifetime severity of suicidal ideation experienced, covarying for motion, age of depression onset, and severity of current depressive and anxious symptoms. Lower coherence in the left ECN, anterior DMN, and SN were independently associated with greater lifetime severity of suicidal ideation. When including all three significant networks and covariates in a single model, only the left ECN significantly predicted suicidal ideation. Studies with a larger sample size are needed to verify our findings. Our finding of hypoconnectivity in multiple networks extends emerging evidence for hypoconnectivity in adolescent suicidality and is consistent with theoretical conceptualizations of suicidal ideation as a complex set of cognitions associated with cognitive control, self-referential thinking, and processing salient information. While multiple networks could be targets for effective early interventions, those targeting ECN functionality (cognitive control) may be particularly beneficial. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 19. On the Consistent Migration of Unsplittable Flows DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Förster, Klaus-Tycho 2017-01-01 In consistent flow migration, the task is to change the paths the flows take in the network, but without inducing congestion during the update process. Even though the rise of Software Defined Networks allows for centralized control of path changes, the execution is still performed in an inheren......In consistent flow migration, the task is to change the paths the flows take in the network, but without inducing congestion during the update process. Even though the rise of Software Defined Networks allows for centralized control of path changes, the execution is still performed...... of consistently migrating splittable flows is well understood, for the practically more relevant unsplittable flows, few non-heuristic results are known – and upper complexity bounds are missing. We give a dynamic programming algorithm for unsplittable flows, showing the containment in EXPTIME, for both...... computation time and schedule length. In particular, there are cases where flows must switch between paths back and forth repeatedly: as thus, flow migration is not just an ordering problem. We also study lower bounds and show NP-hardness already for two flows, via reduction from edge-disjoint path problems... 20. Topological crystalline insulator SnTe nanoribbons Science.gov (United States) Dahal, Bishnu R.; Dulal, Rajendra P.; Pegg, Ian L.; Philip, John 2017-03-01 Topological crystalline insulators are systems in which a band inversion that is protected by crystalline mirror symmetry gives rise to nontrivial topological surface states. SnTe is a topological crystalline insulator. It exhibits p-type conductivity due to Sn vacancies and Te antisites, which leads to high carrier density in the bulk. Thus growth of high quality SnTe is a prerequisite for understanding the topological crystalline insulating behavior. We have grown SnTe nanoribbons using a solution method. The width of the SnTe ribbons varies from 500 nm to 2 μm. They exhibit rock salt crystal structure with a lattice parameter of 6.32 Å. The solution method that we have adapted uses low temperature, so the Sn vacancies can be controlled. The solution grown SnTe nanoribbons exhibit strong semiconducting behavior with an activation energy of 240 meV. This activation energy matches with the calculated band gap for SnTe with a lattice parameter of 6.32 Å, which is higher than that reported for bulk SnTe. The higher activation energy makes the thermal excitation of bulk charges very difficult on the surface. As a result, the topological surfaces will be free from the disturbance caused by the thermal excitations 1. STRESS a SN survey at ESO Science.gov (United States) Botticella, M. T. We performed the Southern inTermediate Redshift ESO Supernova Search (STRESS), a survey specifically designed to measure the rate of both SNe Ia and CC SNe, in order to obtain a direct comparison of the high redshift and local rates and to investigate the dependence of the rates on specific galaxy properties, most notably their colour. We found that the type Ia SN rate, at mean redshift z = 0.3, is 0.22+0.10+0.16-0.08-0.14 h270 SNu, while the CC SN rate, at z = 0.21, is 0.82+0.31+0.300.24-0.26 h270 SNu. The quoted errors are the statistical and systematic uncertainties. With respect to the local value, the CC SN rate at z = 0.2 is higher by a factor of ˜ 2, whereas the type Ia SN rate remains almost constant. We also measured the SN rates in the red and blue galaxies and found that the SN Ia rate seems to be constant in galaxies of different colour, whereas the CC SN rate seems to peak in blue galaxies, as in the local Universe. Finally we exploited the link between SFH and SN rates to predict the evolutionary behaviour of the SN rates and compare it with the path indicated by observations. 2. Optical and IR observations of SN 2013L, a Type IIn Supernova surrounded by asymmetric CSM Science.gov (United States) Andrews, Jennifer E.; Smith, Nathan; McCully, Curtis; Fox, Ori D.; Valenti, S.; Howell, D. A. 2017-11-01 We present optical and near-IR photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2013L for the first 4 yr post-explosion. SN 2013L was a moderately luminous (Mr = -19.0) Type IIn supernova (SN) that showed signs of strong shock interaction with the circumstellar medium (CSM). The CSM interaction was equal to or stronger to SN 1988Z for the first 200 d and is observed at all epochs after explosion. Optical spectra revealed multicomponent hydrogen lines appearing by day 33 and persisting and slowly evolving over the next few years. By day 1509, the H α emission was still strong and exhibiting multiple peaks, hinting that the CSM was in a disc or torus around the SN. SN 2013L is part of a growing subset of SNe IIn that shows both strong CSM interaction signatures and the underlying broad lines from the SN ejecta photosphere. The presence of a blue H α emission bump and a lack of a red peak does not appear to be due to dust obscuration since an identical profile is seen in Pa β. Instead this suggests a high concentration of material on the near-side of the SN or a disc inclination of roughly edge-on and hints that SN 2013L was part of a massive interactive binary system. Narrow H α P-Cygni lines that persist through the entirety of the observations measure a progenitor outflow speed of 80-130 km s-1, speeds normally associated with extreme red supergiants, yellow hypergiants, or luminous blue variable winds. This progenitor scenario is also consistent with an inferred progenitor mass-loss rate of 0.3-8.0 × 10-3 M⊙ yr-1. 3. Stringent radio constraint on the exceptional super-luminous supernova SN2017egm Science.gov (United States) Romero-Canizales, Cristina; Beswick, Robert; Dong, Subo; Prieto, Jose L. 2017-06-01 We report radio observations of supernova SN2017egm (TNS Discovery Report, 591) at 10GHz with the Very Large Array (VLA; project 17A-464) on UT 22.9 June 2017, and at 1.5GHz with the electronic Multi-Element Remotely-Linked Interferometer Network (e-MERLIN) on UT 21 to 22 June 2017. 4. Electrochemical oxidation of methanol on Pt/(RuxSn1-xO2 nanocatalyst Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Krstajić Mila N. 2013-01-01 Full Text Available The Ru-doped SnO2 powder, (RuxSn1-xO2, with the Sn:Ru atomic ratio of 9:1 was synthesized and used as a support for Pt nanoparticles (30 mass% loading. The (RuxSn1-xO2 support and Pt/(RuxSn1-xO2 catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM. (RuxSn1-xO2 was found to be two-phase material consisting of probably solid solution of RuO2 in SnO2 and pure RuO2. The average Pt particle size determined by TEM was 5.3 nm. Cyclic voltammetry of Pt/(RuxSn1-xO2 indicated good conductivity of the sup-port and displayed usual features of Pt. The results of the electrochemical oxidation of COads and methanol on Pt/(RuxSn1-xO2 were compared with those on commercial Pt/C and PtRu/C catalysts. Oxidation of COads on Pt/(RuxSn1-xO2 starts at less positive potentials than on PtRu/C and Pt/C. Potentiodynamic polarization curves and chronoamperometric curves of methanol oxidation indicated higher initial activity of Pt/(RuxSn1-xO2 catalyst compared to PtRu/C, but also a greater loss in the current density over time. Potentiodynamic stability test of the catalysts revealed that deactivation of the Pt/(RuxSn1-xO2 and Pt/C was primarily caused by the poisoning of Pt surface by the methanol oxidation residues, which mostly occurred during the first potential cycle. In the case of PtRu/C the poisoning of the surface was minor and deactivation was caused by the PtRu surface area loss. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON-172054 5. Studying superconducting Nb3Sn wire CERN Multimedia AUTHOR\|(CDS)2099575 2015-01-01 Studying superconducting Nb3Sn wire. From the current experience from LHC and HL-LHC we know that the performance requirements for Nb3Sn conductor for future circular collider are challenging and should exceed that of present state-of-the-art materials. 6. The Transition of a Type IIL Supernova into a Supernova Remnant: Late-time Observations of SN 2013by Science.gov (United States) Black, C. S.; Milisavljevic, D.; Margutti, R.; Fesen, R. A.; Patnaude, D.; Parker, S. 2017-10-01 We present early-time Swift and Chandra X-ray data along with late-time optical and near-infrared observations of SN 2013by, a Type IIL supernova (SN) that occurred in the nearby spiral galaxy ESO 138-G10 (D ˜ 14.8 Mpc). Optical and NIR photometry and spectroscopy follow the late-time evolution of the SN from days +89 to +457 post maximum brightness. The optical spectra and X-ray light curves are consistent with the picture of an SN having prolonged interaction with circumstellar material (CSM) that accelerates the transition from SN to supernova remnant (SNR). Specifically, we find SN 2013by’s Hα profile exhibits significant broadening (˜10,000 km s-1) on day +457, the likely consequence of high-velocity, H-rich material being excited by a reverse shock. A relatively flat X-ray light curve is observed that cannot be modeled using Inverse Compton scattering processes alone, but requires an additional energy source most likely originating from the SN-CSM interaction. In addition, we see the first overtone of CO emission near 2.3 μm on day +152, signaling the formation of molecules and dust in the SN ejecta and is the first time CO has been detected in a Type IIL SN. We compare SN 2013by with Type IIP SNe, whose spectra show the rarely observed SN-to-SNR transition in varying degrees and conclude that Type IIL SNe may enter the remnant phase at earlier epochs than their Type IIP counterparts. 7. Ribonucleoprotein assembly defects correlate with spinal muscular atrophy severity and preferentially affect a subset of spliceosomal snRNPs. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Francesca Gabanella 2007-09-01 Full Text Available Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA is a motor neuron disease caused by reduced levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN protein. SMN together with Gemins2-8 and unrip proteins form a macromolecular complex that functions in the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs of both the major and the minor splicing pathways. It is not known whether the levels of spliceosomal snRNPs are decreased in SMA. Here we analyzed the consequence of SMN deficiency on snRNP metabolism in the spinal cord of mouse models of SMA with differing phenotypic severities. We demonstrate that the expression of a subset of Gemin proteins and snRNP assembly activity are dramatically reduced in the spinal cord of severe SMA mice. Comparative analysis of different tissues highlights a similar decrease in SMN levels and a strong impairment of snRNP assembly in tissues of severe SMA mice, although the defect appears smaller in kidney than in neural tissue. We further show that the extent of reduction in both Gemin proteins expression and snRNP assembly activity in the spinal cord of SMA mice correlates with disease severity. Remarkably, defective SMN complex function in snRNP assembly causes a significant decrease in the levels of a subset of snRNPs and preferentially affects the accumulation of U11 snRNP--a component of the minor spliceosome--in tissues of severe SMA mice. Thus, impairment of a ubiquitous function of SMN changes the snRNP profile of SMA tissues by unevenly altering the normal proportion of endogenous snRNPs. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that SMN deficiency affects the splicing machinery and in particular the minor splicing pathway of a rare class of introns in SMA. 8. Laser spectroscopy of neutron deficient Sn isotopes CERN Multimedia We propose to study the ground state properties of neutron-deficient Sn isotopes towards the doubly-magic nucleus^{100}$Sn. Nuclear spins, changes in the rms charge radii and electromagnetic moments of$^{101-121}$Sn will be measured by laser spectroscopy using the CRIS experimental beam line. These ground-state properties will help to clarify the evolution of nuclear structure properties approaching the$\\textit{N = Z =}$50 shell closures. The Sn isotopic chain is currently the frontier for the application of state-of-the-art ab-initio calculations. Our knowledge of the nuclear structure of the Sn isotopes will set a benchmark for the advances of many-body methods, and will provide an important test for modern descriptions of the nuclear force. 9. Application of 119Sn CPMG MAS NMR for Fast Characterization of Sn Sites in Zeolites with Natural 119Sn Isotope Abundance DEFF Research Database (Denmark) G. Kolyagin, Yury; V. Yakimo, Alexander; Tolborg, Søren 2016-01-01 119Sn CPMG MAS NMR is demonstrated to be a fast and efficient method for characterization of Sn-sites in Sn-containing zeolites. Tuning of the CPMG echo-train sequence decreases the experimental time by a factor of 5–40 in the case of as-synthesized and hydrated Sn-BEA samples and by 3 orders......-BEA zeolites with natural 119Sn isotope abundance using conventional MAS NMR equipment.... 10. Self-consistent field modeling of hydrated unsaturated lipid bilayers in the liquid-crystal phase and comparison to molecular dynamics simulations NARCIS (Netherlands) Leermakers, F.A.M.; Rabinovich, A.L.; Balabaev, N.K. 2003-01-01 A molecular-level self-consistent-field (SCF) theory is applied to model the lipid bilayer structures composed of 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (18:0/18:1omega9cis PC) and 1-stearoyl-2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (18:0/22:6omega3cis PC). As compared to 11. Enhanced Conductivity and High Thermal Stability of W-Doped SnO2 Based on First-Principle Calculations Science.gov (United States) Chen, C. Z.; Wen, N. Y.; Chen, H. J.; Li, Y.; Cai, C. B. 2017-02-01 Tungsten (W)-doped SnO2 is investigated by first-principle calculations, with a view to understand the effect of doping on the lattice structure, thermal stability, conductivity, and optical transparency. Due to the slight difference in ionic radius as well as high thermal and chemical compatibility between the native element and the heterogeneous dopant, the doped system changes a little with different deviations in the lattice constant from Vegard's law, and good thermal stability is observed as the doping level reaches x = 0.125 in Sn1- x W x O2 compounds. Nevertheless, the large disparities in electron configuration and electronegativity between W and Sn atoms will dramatically modify the electronic structure and charge distribution of W-doped SnO2, leading to a remarkable enhancement of conductivity, electron excitation in the low energy region, and the consequent optical properties, while the visible transparency of Sn1 -x W x O2 is still preserved. Particularly, it is found that the optimal photoelectric properties of W-doped SnO2 may be achieved at x = 0.03. These observations are consistent with the experimental results available on the structural, thermal, electronic, and optical properties of Sn1- x W x O2, thus presenting a practical way of tailoring the physical behaviors of SnO2 through the doping technique. 12. Development of heat resistant Pb-free joints by TLPS process of Ag and Sn-Bi-Ag alloy powders Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ohnuma I. 2012-01-01 Full Text Available TLPS (Transient Liquid Phase Sintering process is a candidate method of heat-resistant bonding, which makes use of the reaction between low-melting temperature powder of Sn-Bi base alloys and reactive powder of Ag. During heat treatment above the melting temperature of a Sn-Bi base alloy, the molten Sn-Bi reacts rapidly with solid Ag particles, which results in the formation of heat-resistant intermetallic compound (IMC. In this study, the TLPS properties between Sn-17Bi-1Ag (at.% powder with its liquidus temperature of 200°C and pure Ag powder were investigated. During differential scanning calorimetry (DSC measurement, an exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction occurred, which correspond to the formation of the e-Ag3Sn IMC phase and the melting of the Sn-17Bi-1Ag alloy, respectively. After the overall measurement, the obtained reactant consists of the Ag3Sn-IMC and Bi-rich phases, both of which start melting above 250°C, with a small amount of the residual Sn-Bi eutectic phase. These results suggest that the TLPS process can be applied for Pb-free heatresistant bonding. 13. Improved durability of proton exchange membrane fuel cells by introducing Sn (IV) oxide into electrodes using an ion exchange method Science.gov (United States) Poulsen, M. G.; Larsen, M. J.; Andersen, S. M. 2017-03-01 Electrodes of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), consisting of catalyst-coated gas diffusion layers, were subjected to an optimized ion exchange procedure, in which tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) nanoparticles were introduced into them. Both methanol and sulfuric acid were tested as ion exchange solvents. SnO2 has previously been shown to exhibit radical scavenging abilities towards radicals inside the electrocatalyst layers. Its presence inside the electrodes was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence. After exposure to an accelerated stress test in a three-electrode setup, the electrodes containing SnO2 were found to have retained approximately 73.0% of their original Pt, while only 53.2% was retained in electrodes treated identically, but without Sn. Similarly, the SnO2-treated electrodes also experienced a smaller loss in electrochemical surface area in comparison to before the accelerated stress test. A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) constructed with a SnO2-containing anode was evaluated over 500 h. The results showed remarkably reduced OCV decay rate and end of test hydrogen crossover compared to the control MEA, indicating that SnO2 aids in impeding membrane thinning and pinhole formation. The results point toward a positive effect of SnO2 on fuel cell durability, by reducing the degradation of the membrane as well as of the ionomer in the electrocatalyst layer. 14. Querying moving objects detected by sensor networks CERN Document Server Bestehorn, Markus 2012-01-01 Declarative query interfaces to Sensor Networks (SN) have become a commodity. These interfaces allow access to SN deployed for collecting data using relational queries. However, SN are not confined to data collection, but may track object movement, e.g., wildlife observation or traffic monitoring. While rational approaches are well suited for data collection, research on ""Moving Object Databases"" (MOD) has shown that relational operators are unsuitable to express information needs on object movement, i.e., spatio-temporal queries. ""Querying Moving Objects Detected by Sensor Networks"" studi 15. Synthesis, surface modification and ethanol sensing properties of Sb-doped SnO2 Science.gov (United States) Huang, Jiarui; Yu, Kun; Zhukova, Anna A.; Rumyantseva, Marina N.; Gaskov, Alexandre M.; Wang, Junhai; Gu, Cuiping; Liu, Jinhuai 2009-07-01 Sb-doped SnO2 whiskers were prepared by thermal evaporation of mixture of SnO and Sb2O3 powders. And then the surface of the whisker was modified with the Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) by in situ reduction method. FE-SEM observations reveal that the synthesized products consist of a large number of whiskers. The Au NPs were homogeneously distributed on the surface of the whisker. The ethanol sensitive characteristics of single SnO2 whiskerbased sensors have been investigated. These sensors show good sensitivity, rapid response and recovery. The response and recovery time of the sensor is about 38-45 s and 125-150 s, respectively. It is found that the working temperature of the sensor decreases after the surface of Sb-doped whiskers modified with Au NPs. Compared to the unmodified Sbdoped SnO2 whisker, Au NPs modified Sb-doped SnO2 whisker exhibits greatly improvement of sensitivity which could be explained by the catalytic action of Au NPs. These results indicate that the Au NPs modifying the surface of SnO2 whiskers is important for improving its sensitivity and lowering the working temperature. This is the first step towards fundamental understanding of single-crystalline tin oxide whiskers for sensor applications, which could lead to integration in real devices. 16. 119Sn Mössbauer studies on ferromagnetic and photocatalytic Sn-TiO2 nanocrystals Science.gov (United States) Ganeshraja, Ayyakannu Sundaram; Nomura, Kiyoshi; Wang, Junhu 2016-12-01 Diluted Sn doped TiO2 nanocrystals (Sn/Ti ratio: x ≤ 1.37 %) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method using pure reagents without any surfactant and dispersant material. The XRD of these samples showed an anatase phase, anatase and rutile mixed phases, and a rutile phase of TiO2 and SnO2 with the increase of Sn dopant concentrations. 119Sn Mössbauer spectra gave the broad peaks, which were decomposed into doublets and sextets because almost all these samples showed magnetic hysteresis even at room temperature. The titanium oxides doped with x ≤ 0.12 % showed the relatively large magnetic hysteresis and high photocatalytic activity. Mössbauer spectra of samples doped with x > 0.3 % were analyzed by one doublet and two sextets although the samples showed weak ferromagnetism. Three kinds of Sn species may be distinguished as Sn 4+ substituted TiO2 and two different magnetic arrangements of Sn doped TiO2: one with more oxygen defects and other at the interface of TiO2 and precipitated SnO2 containing Ti atoms. The correlation between various amounts of Sn sites and photocatalytic activity and/ or magnetic property was discussed. 17. Design of Reduction Process of SnO2 by CH4 for Efficient Sn Recovery. Science.gov (United States) Ha, Hyunwoo; Yoo, Mi; An, Hyesung; Shin, Kihyun; Han, Taeyang; Sohn, Youhan; Kim, Sangyeol; Lee, Sang-Ro; Han, Jun Hyun; Kim, Hyun You 2017-10-31 We design a novel method for the CH4 reduction of SnO2 for the efficient recovery of Sn from SnO2 through a study combining theory and experiment. The atomic-level process of CH4-SnO2 interaction and temperature-dependent reduction behavior of SnO2 were studied with a combination of a multi-scale computational method of thermodynamic simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We found that CH4 was a highly efficient and a versatile reducing agent, as the total reducing power of CH4 originates from the carbon and hydrogen of CH4, which sequentially reduce SnO2. Moreover, as a result of the CH4 reduction of SnO2, a mixture of CO and H2 was produced as a gas-phase product (syngas). The relative molar ratio of the produced gas-phase product was controllable by the reduction temperature and the amount of supplied CH4. The laboratory-scale experimental study confirmed that CH4 actively reduces SnO2, producing 99.34% high-purity Sn and H2 and CO. Our results present a novel method for an efficient, green, and economical recycling strategy for Sn with economic value added that is held by the co-produced clean energy source (syngas). 18. Effect of indium addition on the microstructural formation and soldered interfaces of Sn-2.5Bi-1Zn-0.3Ag lead-free solder Science.gov (United States) Dong, Ming-jie; Gao, Zhi-ming; Liu, Yong-chang; Wang, Xun; Yu, Li-ming 2012-11-01 The microstructural formation and properties of Sn-2.5Bi- xIn-1Zn-0.3Ag (in wt%) alloys and the evolution of soldered interfaces on a Cu substrate were investigated. Apart from the relatively low melting point (about 195°C), which is close to that of conventional eutectic Sn-Pb solder, the investigated solder presents superior wettability, solderability, and ductility. The refined equiaxial grains enhance the mechanical properties, and the embedded bulk intermetallic compounds (IMCs) (Cu6Sn5 and Cu5Zn8) and granular Bi particles improve the joint reliability. The addition of In reduces the solubility of Zn in the β-Sn matrix and strongly influences the separation and growth behaviors of the IMCs. The soldered interface of Sn-2.5Bi- xIn-1Zn-0.3Ag/Cu consists of Cu-Zn and Cu-Sn IMC layers. 19. Defect and dislocation structures in low-temperature-grown Ge and Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x} epitaxial layers on Si(110) substrates Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kidowaki, Shohei [Department of Crystalline Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Asano, Takanori [Department of Crystalline Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, 5-3-1, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083 (Japan); Shimura, Yosuke [Department of Crystalline Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Kurosawa, Masashi [Department of Crystalline Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Taoka, Noriyuki [Department of Crystalline Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Nakatsuka, Osamu, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Crystalline Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Zaima, Shigeaki [Department of Crystalline Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan); Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603 (Japan) 2016-01-01 We have investigated the epitaxial growth and crystalline properties of Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x} layers on a Si(110) substrate. We found that the twin growth in the Ge epitaxial layer deposited on the Si(110) using molecular beam epitaxy at a low temperature of 200 °C can be effectively suppressed by the incorporation of 2.0% Sn. We also examined the strain relaxation of annealed Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x}/Si(110) samples. The degree of strain relaxation is enhanced by the annealing process, and the threading dislocation in the Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x} layers decreases from 10{sup 11} cm{sup −2} to 10{sup 10} cm{sup −2} because of the propagation of misfit dislocations. We also observed misfit dislocations formed at the Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x}/Si interface, which would effectively promote isotropic strain relaxation in the Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x} layers. - Highlights: • Suppression of twin in GeSn growth on Si(110) substrate • Isotropic strain relaxation of Ge and GeSn layers by misfit dislocation network • Achievement of high quality GeSn epitaxial layers on Si(110) by post deposition annealing. 20. Personalized recommendation based on unbiased consistence Science.gov (United States) Zhu, Xuzhen; Tian, Hui; Zhang, Ping; Hu, Zheng; Zhou, Tao 2015-08-01 Recently, in physical dynamics, mass-diffusion-based recommendation algorithms on bipartite network provide an efficient solution by automatically pushing possible relevant items to users according to their past preferences. However, traditional mass-diffusion-based algorithms just focus on unidirectional mass diffusion from objects having been collected to those which should be recommended, resulting in a biased causal similarity estimation and not-so-good performance. In this letter, we argue that in many cases, a user's interests are stable, and thus bidirectional mass diffusion abilities, no matter originated from objects having been collected or from those which should be recommended, should be consistently powerful, showing unbiased consistence. We further propose a consistence-based mass diffusion algorithm via bidirectional diffusion against biased causality, outperforming the state-of-the-art recommendation algorithms in disparate real data sets, including Netflix, MovieLens, Amazon and Rate Your Music. 1. Quantifying the consistency of scientific databases. Science.gov (United States) Šubelj, Lovro; Bajec, Marko; Boshkoska, Biljana Mileva; Kastrin, Andrej; Levnajić, Zoran 2015-01-01 Science is a social process with far-reaching impact on our modern society. In recent years, for the first time we are able to scientifically study the science itself. This is enabled by massive amounts of data on scientific publications that is increasingly becoming available. The data is contained in several databases such as Web of Science or PubMed, maintained by various public and private entities. Unfortunately, these databases are not always consistent, which considerably hinders this study. Relying on the powerful framework of complex networks, we conduct a systematic analysis of the consistency among six major scientific databases. We found that identifying a single "best" database is far from easy. Nevertheless, our results indicate appreciable differences in mutual consistency of different databases, which we interpret as recipes for future bibliometric studies. 2. Monodisperse and inorganically capped Sn and Sn/SnO2 nanocrystals for high-performance Li-ion battery anodes. Science.gov (United States) Kravchyk, Kostiantyn; Protesescu, Loredana; Bodnarchuk, Maryna I; Krumeich, Frank; Yarema, Maksym; Walter, Marc; Guntlin, Christoph; Kovalenko, Maksym V 2013-03-20 We report a facile synthesis of highly monodisperse colloidal Sn and Sn/SnO2 nanocrystals with mean sizes tunable over the range 9-23 nm and size distributions below 10%. For testing the utility of Sn/SnO2 nanocrystals as an active anode material in Li-ion batteries, a simple ligand-exchange procedure using inorganic capping ligands was applied to facilitate electronic connectivity within the components of the nanocrystalline electrode. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated that 10 nm Sn/SnO2 nanocrystals enable high Li insertion/removal cycling stability, in striking contrast to commercial 100-150 nm powders of Sn and SnO2. In particular, reversible Li-storage capacities above 700 mA h g(-1) were obtained after 100 cycles of deep charging (0.005-2 V) at a relatively high current of 1000 mA h g(-1). 3. Investigations of interfacial reactions of Sn-Zn based and Sn-Ag-Cu lead-free solder alloys as replacement for Sn-Pb solder Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Islam, M.N. [Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (China); Chan, Y.C. [Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (China)]. E-mail: [email protected]; Rizvi, M.J. [Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong (China); Jillek, W. [Department of EFI, Georg Simon Ohm University of Applied Science, 10 Wassertorstrasse, 90489 Nuernberg (Germany) 2005-09-01 The interfacial reactions of Sn-Zn based solders and a Sn-Ag-Cu solder have been compared with a eutectic Sn-Pb solder. During reflow soldering different types of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) are found at the interface. The morphologies of these IMCs are quite different for different solder compositions. As-reflowed, the growth rates of IMCs in the Sn-Zn based solder are higher than in the Sn-Ag-Cu and Sn-Pb solders. Different types of IMCs such as {gamma}-Cu{sub 5}Zn{sub 8}, {beta}-CuZn and a thin unknown Cu-Zn layer are formed in the Sn-Zn based solder but in the cases of Cu/Sn-Pb and Cu/Sn-Ag-Cu solder systems Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} IMC layers are formed at the interface. Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} and Cu{sub 3}Sn interfacial IMCs are formed in the early stages of 10 min reflow due to the limited supply of Sn from the Sn-Pb solder. The spalling of Cu-Sn IMCs is observed only in the Sn-Ag-Cu solder. The size of Zn platelets is increased with an increase of reflow time for the Cu/Sn-Zn solder system. In the case of the Sn-Zn-Bi solder, there is no significant increase in the Zn-rich phases with extended reflow time. Also, Bi offers significant effects on the wetting, the growth rate of IMCs as well as on the size and distribution of Zn-rich phases in the {beta}-Sn matrix. No Cu-Sn IMCs are found in the Sn-Zn based solder during 20 min reflow. The consumption of Cu by the solders are ranked as Sn-Zn-Bi > Sn-Ag-Cu > Sn-Zn > Sn-Pb. Despite the higher Cu-consumption rate, Bi-containing solder may be a promising candidate for a lead-free solder in modern electronic packaging taking into account its lower soldering temperature and material costs. 4. The Rise and Peak of the Luminous Type IIn SN 2017hcc/ATLAS17lsn from ASAS-SN and Swift UVOT Data Science.gov (United States) Prieto, J. L.; Chen, Ping; Dong, Subo; Shappee, B. J.; Seibert, M.; Bersier, D.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Stanek, K. Z.; Thompson, T. A. 2017-12-01 We present observations of the rise and peak of the Type IIn supernova SN 2017hcc/ATLAS17lsn obtained by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) and Swift UVOT. The light curve of SN 2017hcc/ATLAS17lsn peaks at$V\\simeq 13.7$mag, which from the estimated redshift of the host galaxy ($z=0.0168$,$D\\simeq 73$Mpc) implies an absolute peak magnitude$M_{V,peak} \\simeq -20.7$mag. The near-UV to optical spectral energy distribution of SN 2017hcc/ATLAS17lsn from Swift UVOT is consistent with a hot, but cooling blackbody with$\\rm T_{bb}\\simeq 16500$K on Oct. 28.4 and$\\rm T_{bb} \\simeq 11700$K on Nov. 19.6. The estimated peak bolometric luminosity$L_{bol, peak}\\simeq 1.3\\times 10^{44}$erg s$^{-1}$makes SN2017hcc/ATLAS17lsn one of the most luminous Type IIn supernovae studied to date. From the bolometric light curve we constrain the risetime to be$\\sim 27$days and the total radiated energy of the event to date is$4\\times 10^{50}$erg. 5. Single-Particle States in$^{133}$Sn CERN Multimedia Huck, A 2002-01-01 % IS338 \\\\ \\\\ It is suggested to investigate the$\\beta^- $-decay of$^{133}$In and$^{134}$In in order to determine the single-particle states in$^{133}$Sn, which are so far unknown and needed for the shell-model description of the region close to$^{132}$Sn. Large hyper-pure Ge-detectors will be used for the$\\gamma$-ray spectroscopy. In the experiments with$^{134}$In, delayed neutrons in coincidence with$\\gamma$-rays from excited states in$^{133}Sn provide the opportunity for a very selective detection of the states in question. 6. Magnetism and heavy fermions in YbRhSn and YbPtSn Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Andraka, Bohdan [Department of Physics, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118440, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440 (United States); Pietri, Richard [Department of Physics, University of Florida, P.O. Box 118440, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440 (United States); Kaczorowski, Dariusz [W.Trzebiatowski Institute for Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 50-950 Wroclaw 2, (Poland); Leithe-Jasper, A. [Institut fuer Physikalische Chemie der Universitaet Wien, Waehringerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, (Austria); Rogl, P. [Institut fuer Physikalische Chemie der Universitaet Wien, Waehringerstrasse 42, A-1090 Vienna, (Austria) 2000-05-01 Isostructural YbRhSn and YbPtSn were studied by specific heat, electrical resistivity, and magnetoresistance. Both compounds order antiferromagnetically below 2 and 3.5 K, respectively. Above 4 K, they display a number of remarkable similarities including Kondo-like resistivity and large negative magnetoresistance. Scaling analysis of this magnetoresistance shows that it is due to the suppression of Kondo scattering in YbRhSn but has a ferromagnetic spin fluctuation character in YbPtSn. The heavy fermion state was confirmed in YbRhSn by low temperature specific heat measurements yielding {gamma} of about 1200 mJ/K2 mol. {gamma} for YbPtSn is of order 100 mJ/K2 mol only. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics. 7. Ordered CoSn-type ternary phases in Co3Sn3-xGex DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Allred, Jared M.; Jia, Shuang; Bremholm, Martin 2012-01-01 CoSn is the prototype compound of the B35 structure, which has long been of interest due to its rarity and unusually low packing density. We report the synthesis and properties of the solid solution Co3Sn3-xGex for 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2, in order to clarify the conditions necessary to stabilize such a phase....... By taking advantage of the chemical differences between the two crystallographically inequivalent Sn sites in the structure, we observe ordered ternary phases, nominally Co3SnGe2 and Co3Sn2Ge. The electron count and unit cell configuration remain unchanged from CoSn; these observations thus help to clarify... 8. ZnO@SnO2 engineered composite photoanodes for dye sensitized solar cells. Science.gov (United States) Milan, R; Selopal, G S; Epifani, M; Natile, M M; Sberveglieri, G; Vomiero, A; Concina, I 2015-09-30 Layered multi-oxide concept was applied for fabrication of photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO and SnO2, capitalizing on the beneficial properties of each oxide. The effect of different combinations of ZnO@SnO2 layers was investigated, aimed at exploiting the high carrier mobility provided by the ZnO and the higher stability under UV irradiation pledged by SnO2. Bi-oxide photoanodes performed much better in terms of photoconversion efficiency (PCE) (4.96%) compared to bare SnO2 (1.20%) and ZnO (1.03%). Synergistic cooperation is effective for both open circuit voltage and photocurrent density: enhanced values were indeed recorded for the layered photoanode as compared with bare oxides (Voc enhanced from 0.39 V in case of bare SnO2 to 0.60 V and Jsc improved from 2.58 mA/cm(2) pertaining to single ZnO to 14.8 mA/cm(2)). Improved functional performances of the layered network were ascribable to the optimization of both high chemical capacitance (provided by the SnO2) and low recombination resistance (guaranteed by ZnO) and inhibition of back electron transfer from the SnO2 conduction band to the oxidized species of the electrolyte. Compared with previously reported results, this study testifies how a simple electrode design is powerful in enhancing the functional performances of the final device. 9. ZnO@SnO2 engineered composite photoanodes for dye sensitized solar cells Science.gov (United States) Milan, R.; Selopal, G. S.; Epifani, M.; Natile, M. M.; Sberveglieri, G.; Vomiero, A.; Concina, I. 2015-01-01 Layered multi-oxide concept was applied for fabrication of photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells based on ZnO and SnO2, capitalizing on the beneficial properties of each oxide. The effect of different combinations of ZnO@SnO2 layers was investigated, aimed at exploiting the high carrier mobility provided by the ZnO and the higher stability under UV irradiation pledged by SnO2. Bi-oxide photoanodes performed much better in terms of photoconversion efficiency (PCE) (4.96%) compared to bare SnO2 (1.20%) and ZnO (1.03%). Synergistic cooperation is effective for both open circuit voltage and photocurrent density: enhanced values were indeed recorded for the layered photoanode as compared with bare oxides (Voc enhanced from 0.39 V in case of bare SnO2 to 0.60 V and Jsc improved from 2.58 mA/cm2 pertaining to single ZnO to 14.8 mA/cm2). Improved functional performances of the layered network were ascribable to the optimization of both high chemical capacitance (provided by the SnO2) and low recombination resistance (guaranteed by ZnO) and inhibition of back electron transfer from the SnO2 conduction band to the oxidized species of the electrolyte. Compared with previously reported results, this study testifies how a simple electrode design is powerful in enhancing the functional performances of the final device. PMID:26419618 10. Genome-wide identification and characterization of SnRK2 gene family in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Science.gov (United States) Liu, Zhao; Ge, Xiaoyang; Yang, Zuoren; Zhang, Chaojun; Zhao, Ge; Chen, Eryong; Liu, Ji; Zhang, Xueyan; Li, Fuguang 2017-06-12 Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 2 (SnRK2) is a plant-specific serine/threonine kinase family involved in the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway and responds to osmotic stress. A genome-wide analysis of this protein family has been conducted previously in some plant species, but little is known about SnRK2 genes in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The recent release of the G. hirsutum genome sequence provides an opportunity to identify and characterize the SnRK2 kinase family in upland cotton. We identified 20 putative SnRK2 sequences in the G. hirsutum genome, designated as GhSnRK2.1 to GhSnRK2.20. All of the sequences encoded hydrophilic proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the GhSnRK2 genes were classifiable into three groups. The chromosomal location and phylogenetic analysis of the cotton SnRK2 genes indicated that segmental duplication likely contributed to the diversification and evolution of the genes. The gene structure and motif composition of the cotton SnRK2 genes were analyzed. Nine exons were conserved in length among all members of the GhSnRK2 family. Although the C-terminus was divergent, seven conserved motifs were present. All GhSnRK2s genes showed expression patterns under abiotic stress based on transcriptome data. The expression profiles of five selected genes were verified in various tissues by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Transcript levels of some family members were up-regulated in response to drought, salinity or ABA treatments, consistent with potential roles in response to abiotic stress. This study is the first comprehensive analysis of SnRK2 genes in upland cotton. Our results provide the fundamental information for the functional dissection of GhSnRK2s and vital availability for the improvement of plant stress tolerance using GhSnRK2s. 11. Metric Clustering via Consistent Labeling Science.gov (United States) 2010-09-28 triangulation is a heuristic for estimating distances in a network, initially suggested by Guyton and Schwartz [15]. Motivated by the practical success...beddings. In 44th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, pages 534–543, October 2003. 4 [15] J. D. Guyton and M. F. Schwartz 12. Effect of Sn Grain Orientation on the Cu6Sn5 Formation in a Sn-Based Solder Under Current Stressing Science.gov (United States) Lin, Chih-Fan; Lee, Shang-Hua; Chen, Chih-Ming 2012-08-01 A SnAgCu-based solder stripe between two Cu electrodes is current stressed with a density of 5 × 104 A/cm2 at 393 K (120 °C). After current stressing for 24 hours, electromigration induces the Cu dissolution from the cathode-side Cu electrode, leading to the Cu6Sn5 formation in the solder stripe. Very interestingly, the Cu6Sn5 phase is selectively formed within a specific Sn grain. Electron backscattering diffraction analysis indicates the crystallographic orientations of Sn grains play an important role in the selective Cu6Sn5 formation. 13. Attachment of metal nanoparticles to SnO2 nanowires for enhancement of gas sensing properties. Science.gov (United States) Woo, Hyoun Woo; Kwon, Yong Jung; Cho, Hong Yeon; Na, Han Gil 2014-11-01 We fabricated SnO2/cobalt (Co) core-shell nanowires by means of a two-step process, for their application as chemical sensors. For Co-functionalization, we synthesized SnO2-Co core-shell nanowires by the sputtering deposition of Co layers on the surface of networked SnO2 nanowires, subsequently transforming the continuous Co-shell layers into crystalline islands by thermal heating. While scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of annealed core-shell nanowires exhibited a rough surface, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that the roughness is related to the agglomeration of the sputtered Co layer. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and lattice-resolved TEM images coincidentally indicated that the agglomerated particles are comprised of a hexagonal Co phase. The NO2 sensing test revealed that the sensor response was enhanced by decoration with Co nanoparticles. In addition, both response and recovery times tended to decrease as a result of the Co-functionalization. This indicates that the Co-functionalized SnO2 nanowire sensors can be used to sense gases at very low concentrations. We discussed possible mechanisms for enhancing sensor properties by Co-functionalization. The NO2 gas sensing test demonstrated the ability of the Co-functionalization to provide higher sensitivity, shorter response time, and shorter recovery time than would bare SnO2 nanowires. 14. SN 2009ip and SN 2010mc as dual-shock Quark-Novae OpenAIRE Ouyed, Rachid; Koning, Nico; Leahy, Denis 2013-01-01 In recent years a number of double-humped supernovae have been discovered. This is a feature predicted by the dual-shock Quark-Nova model where a SN explosion is followed (a few days to a few weeks later) by a Quark-Nova explosion. SN 2009ip and SN 2010mc are the best observed examples of double-humped SNe. Here, we show that the dual-shock Quark-Nova model naturally explains their lightcurves including the late time emission, which we attribute to the interaction between the mixed SN and QN ... 15. Polymer-SnO2 composite membranes DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Nørgaard, Casper Frydendal; Skou, Eivind Morten . This work utilizes the latter approach and makes use of particles of tin dioxide (SnO2). Polymer-SnO2 composite membranes were successfully prepared using an ion-exchange method. SnO2 was incorporated into membranes by ion-exchange in solutions of SnCl2 ∙ 2 H2O in methanol, followed by oxidation to SnO2... 16. Conductivity studies in SnO–NaPO3 glasses Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Unknown to about 35 mol% SnO, above which activation barrier registers a moderate increase (Note: The percentages of. SnO in the glass composition indicate the initial quantity used to prepare the glass. Indeed, xSnO is in reality. 0⋅6 × SnIIO + 0⋅4 × SnIVO2). The region corresponding to rise in activation barrier is the regime of ... 17. Dirac neutrinos and SN 1987A Science.gov (United States) Turner, Michael S. 1991-01-01 Previous work has shown that the cooling of SN 1987A excludes a Dirac-neutrino mass greater than theta(20 keV) for nu(sub e), nu(sub mu), or nu(sub tau). The emission of wrong-helicity, Dirac neutrinos from SN 1987A, is re-examined. It is concluded that the effect of a Dirac neutrino on the cooling of SN 1987A has been underestimated due to neutrino degeneracy and additional emission processes. The limit that follows from the cooling of SN 1987A is believed to be greater (probably much greater) than 10 keV. This result is significant in light of the recent evidence for a 17 keV mass eigenstate that mixes with the electron neutrino. 18. Crystal growth and characterization of SnS{sub 2} Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Trifonova, E.P.; Yanchev, I.Y. [St. Kliment Ohridski Univ. of Sofia (Bulgaria). Faculty of Physics; Stoyanova, V.B. [Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia (Bulgaria). Inst. of Physical Chemistry; Mandalidis, S.; Kambas, K.; Anagnostopoulos, A.N. [Aristotle Univ., Thessaloniki (Greece) 1996-08-01 SnS{sub 2} crystals were grown by the stoichiometric composition technique (total synthesis). After their stoichiometrical investigation, they were characterized by means of (1) X-ray diffraction, which gave the following results for their structure: space group D{sub 3d}{sup 3} {minus} P{bar 3}ml, lattice parameters a = 3.646 {angstrom} and c = 5.879 {angstrom}; (2) scanning electron microscopy, which revealed the layered structure of the crystals; and (3) microhardness measurements, which were performed for the first time on this material. The obtained results are consistent with the reported values for the energy gap and melting point of this material. 19. The RMgSn{sub 2} series of compounds (R = rare earth metal). Synthesis, crystal structure, and magnetic measurements Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Solokha, Pavlo; Minetti, Riccardo; De Negri, Serena; Saccone, Adriana [Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Universita di Genova (Italy); Pereira, Laura Cristina J.; Goncalves, Antonio P. [Centro de Ciencias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Tecnico, EN 10, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela (Portugal) 2017-06-30 The novel isostructural series of phases RMgSn{sub 2} (R = Y, La-Nd, Sm, Gd-Tm, Lu) is presented. They were prepared by direct synthesis in an induction furnace and subsequently annealed at 500 C. Their crystal structures were determined through single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the Ce representative [I anti 42m, tI32-LaMgSn{sub 2}, Z = 8, a = 0.82863(3) nm, c = 1.23129(5) nm] and confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis of the other members of the series. Rietveld refinements were also performed on the homologues with R = Pr, Tm, and Y. The title phases show a unique space distribution of atoms, characterized by the presence of a Sn-Sn dumbbell distanced at around 0.29 nm. Their structures are related to those of a few binary AeTt{sub 3} (Ae = alkaline earth; Tt = Si, Ge; I4/mmm, tI32-YbSi{sub 3}) compounds that are stable at high pressure, characterized by a more complex 3D covalently bonded Tt network. Compounds CeMgSn{sub 2} and TbMgSn{sub 2} were magnetically characterized; they show paramagnetic behavior with the presence of ferromagnetic interactions, more pronounced in the case of TbMgSn{sub 2}, as suggested by the Curie-Weiss temperatures, determined in the high-temperature range, of 0.96 and 27.6 K for CeMgSn{sub 2} and TbMgSn{sub 2}, respectively. (copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 20. Consistency argued students of fluid Science.gov (United States) Viyanti; Cari; Suparmi; Winarti; Slamet Budiarti, Indah; Handika, Jeffry; Widyastuti, Fatma 2017-01-01 Problem solving for physics concepts through consistency arguments can improve thinking skills of students and it is an important thing in science. The study aims to assess the consistency of the material Fluid student argmentation. The population of this study are College students PGRI Madiun, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta and Lampung University. Samples using cluster random sampling, 145 samples obtained by the number of students. The study used a descriptive survey method. Data obtained through multiple-choice test and interview reasoned. Problem fluid modified from [9] and [1]. The results of the study gained an average consistency argmentation for the right consistency, consistency is wrong, and inconsistent respectively 4.85%; 29.93%; and 65.23%. Data from the study have an impact on the lack of understanding of the fluid material which is ideally in full consistency argued affect the expansion of understanding of the concept. The results of the study as a reference in making improvements in future studies is to obtain a positive change in the consistency of argumentations. 1. Sn(II), −Sm(II) African Journals Online (AJOL) Preferred Customer Sm(NTA)]⋅H2O (3), and. [Sm(NTA)(H2O)2]⋅H2O (4) were obtained during the reactions of metal salts (VCl3, SnCl2⋅2H2O, SnCl4,. Sm(NO3)2⋅6H2O and SmCl3⋅6H2O) with nitrilotriacetic acid, H3NTA. The infrared and 1H-NMR spectra of the. 2. Tension and systematics in the Gold06 SnIa data set Science.gov (United States) Nesseris, S.; Perivolaropoulos, L. 2007-02-01 The Gold06 SnIa data set recently released in astro-ph/0611572 consists of five distinct subsets defined by the group or instrument that discovered and analysed the corresponding data. These subsets are: the SNLS subset (47 SnIa), the HST subset (30 SnIa), the HZSST subset (41 SnIa), the SCP subset (26 SnIa) and the low redshift (LR) subset (38 SnIa). These subsets sum up to the 182 SnIa of the Gold06 data set. We use Monte Carlo simulations to study the statistical consistency of each one of the above subsets with the full Gold06 data set. In particular, we compare the best fit w(z) parameters (w0, w1) obtained by subtracting each one of the above subsets from the Gold06 data set (subset truncation), with the corresponding best fit parameters (w0r, w1r) obtained by subtracting the same number of randomly selected SnIa from the same redshift range of the Gold06 data set (random truncation). We find that the probability for (w0r, w1r) = (w0, w1) is large for the Gold06 minus SCP (Gold06-SCP) truncation but is less than 5% for the Gold06-SNLS, Gold06-HZSST and Gold06-HST truncations. This result implies that the Gold06 data set is not statistically homogeneous. By comparing the values of the best fit (w0, w1) for each subset truncation we find that the tension among subsets is such that the SNLS and HST subsets are statistically consistent with each other and 'pull' towards ΛCDM (w0 = -1, w1 = 0) while the HZSST subset is statistically distinct and strongly 'pulls' towards a varying w(z) crossing the line w = -1 from below (w0 0). We also isolate six SnIa that are mostly responsible for this behaviour of the HZSST subset. 3. Coordinating user interfaces for consistency CERN Document Server Nielsen, Jakob 2001-01-01 In the years since Jakob Nielsen's classic collection on interface consistency first appeared, much has changed, and much has stayed the same. On the one hand, there's been exponential growth in the opportunities for following or disregarding the principles of interface consistency-more computers, more applications, more users, and of course the vast expanse of the Web. On the other, there are the principles themselves, as persistent and as valuable as ever. In these contributed chapters, you'll find details on many methods for seeking and enforcing consistency, along with bottom-line analys 4. Consistency Checking of Web Service Contracts DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Cambronero, M. Emilia; Okika, Joseph C.; Ravn, Anders Peter 2008-01-01 Behavioural properties are analyzed for web service contracts formulated in Business Process Execution Language (BPEL) and Choreography Description Language (CDL). The key result reported is an automated technique to check consistency between protocol aspects of the contracts. The contracts...... are abstracted to (timed) automata and from there a simulation is set up, which is checked using automated tools for analyzing networks of finite state processes. Here we use the Concurrency Work Bench. The proposed techniques are illustrated with a case study that include otherwise difficult to analyze fault... 5. Process Fairness and Dynamic Consistency NARCIS (Netherlands) S.T. Trautmann (Stefan); P.P. Wakker (Peter) 2010-01-01 textabstractAbstract: When process fairness deviates from outcome fairness, dynamic inconsistencies can arise as in nonexpected utility. Resolute choice (Machina) can restore dynamic consistency under nonexpected utility without using Strotz's precommitment. It can similarly justify dynamically 6. Neutron capture cross section measurements of 120Sn, 122Sn and 124Sn with the array of Ge spectrometer at the J-PARC/MLF/ANNRI Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kimura Atsushi 2017-01-01 Full Text Available Preliminary neutron capture cross section of 120Sn, 122Sn and 124Sn were obtained in the energy range from 20 meV to 4 keV with the array of germanium detectors in ANNRI at MLF,J-PARC. The results of 120Sn, 122Sn and 124Sn were obtained by normalizing the relative cross sections to the data in JENDL-4.0 at the largest 426.7-, 107.0- and 62.05-eV resonances, respectively. The 67.32- and 150-eV resonances for 120Sn and the 579- and 950-eV resonances for 124Sn which are listed in JENDL-4.0 and/or ENDF/B VII.1 were not observed. 7. Time-consistent and market-consistent evaluations NARCIS (Netherlands) Pelsser, A.; Stadje, M.A. 2014-01-01 We consider evaluation methods for payoffs with an inherent financial risk as encountered for instance for portfolios held by pension funds and insurance companies. Pricing such payoffs in a way consistent to market prices typically involves combining actuarial techniques with methods from 8. The structure and photoluminescence properties of Bi2O3-core/SnO2-shell nanowires. Science.gov (United States) Jin, Changhyun; Kim, Hyunsoo; Lee, Chongmu 2011-01-01 Bi2O3-core/SnO2-shell nanowires have been prepared by using a two-step process: thermal evaporation of Bi2O3 powders and sputtering of SnO2. The crystalline nature of the Bi2O3-core/SnO2-shell nanowires has been revealed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). TEM analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that the Bi2O3-core/SnO2-shell nanowires consist of pure tetragonal alpha-Bi2O3-phase momocrystalline cores and tetragonal SnO2-phase polycrystalline shells. The photoluminescence (PL) measurements show that Bi2O3 nanowires have a broad emission band centered at around 560 nm in the yellow-green region. On the other hand, the Bi2O3-core/SnO2-shell coaxial nanowires with the sputtering times of 4 and 8 min have a blue emission band centered at around 450 nm. In contrast, those with a sputtering time of 10 min have a broad emission band centered at approximately 550 nm again. The origin of this yellow-green emission from the core/shell nanowires, however, quite differs from that from Bi2O3 nanowires, i.e., it is not from the Bi2O3 cores but from the SnO2 shells. 9. Time-reversal-based SU(2) x Sn scalar invariants as (Lie Algebraic) group measures: a structured overview of generalised democratic-recoupled, uniform non-Abelian [AX]n NMR spin systems, as abstract [Formula: see text] chain networks. Science.gov (United States) Temme, F P 2004-03-01 The physics of dual group scalar invariants (SIs) as (Lie algebraic) group measures (L-GMs) and its significance to non-Abelian NMR spin systems motivates this overview of uniform general-2n [AX](2n) spin evolution, which represents an extensive addendum to Corio's earlier (essentially restricted) view of Abelian spin system SU(2)-based SI-cardinalities. The [Formula: see text] values in [J. Magn. Reson., 134 (1998) 131] arise from strictly linear recoupled time-reversal invariance (TRI) models. In contrast, here we discuss the physical significance of an alternative polyhedral combinatorics approach to democratic recoupling (DR), a property inherent in both the TRI and statistical sampling. Recognition of spin ensemble SIs as being L-GMs over isomorphic algebras is invaluable in many DR-based NMR problems. Various [AX]n model spin systems, including the [AX]3 bis odd-odd parity spin system, are examined as direct applications of these L-GM- and combinatorial-based SI ideas. Hence in place of /SI/=15 (implied by Corio's [Formula: see text] approach), the bis 3-fold spin system cardinality is seen now as constrained to a single invariant on an isomorphic product algebra under L-GMs, in accord with the subspectral analysis of Jones et al. [Canad. J. Chem., 43 (1965) 683]. The group projective ideas cited here for DR (as cf. to graph theoretic views) apply to highly degenerate non-Abelian problems. Over dual tensorial bases, they define models of spin dynamical evolution whose (SR) quasiparticle superboson carrier (sub)spaces are characterised by SIs acting as explicit auxiliary labels [Physica, A198 (1993) 245; J. Math. Chem., 31 (2002) 281]. A deeper [Formula: see text] network-based view of spin-alone space developed in Balasubramanian's work [J. Chem. Phys., 78 (1983) 6358] is especially important, (e.g.) in the study of spin waves [J. Math. Chem., 31 (2002) 363]. Beyond the specific NMR SIs derived here, there are DR applications where a sporadic, still higher, 2 10. Cluster radioactivity leading to doubly magic 100Sn and 132Sn ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Cluster radioactivity leading to doubly magic 100Sn and 132Sn daughters. K P SANTHOSH. School of Pure and Applied Physics, Kannur University, Payyanur Campus,. Payyanur 670 327, India. E-mail: [email protected]. MS received 1 June 2010; revised 13 August 2010; accepted 8 September 2010. Abstract. 11. Formation of SnO2 Nanowires Using Thermal Evaporation of SnO. Science.gov (United States) Lin, Yu-Yun; Lin, Che-Yu; Chen, Ching-Yi; Li, Yuan-Yao 2015-12-01 SnO2 nanowires (NWs) were grown on a catalyst-coated silicon wafer via the thermal evaporation of SnO powder at 20-30 mTorr. Three types of catalyst, namely Fe, Pt, and Au, were used for the synthesis of the SnO2 NWs. The results show that Pt and Au can be used for the formation of SnO2 NWs. Depending on the experimental conditions, the diameter and length of the SnO2 NWs obtained with Au catalyst are in the ranges of 20-65 nm and a few hundred nanometers to a few micrometers, respectively. The size of the Au nanocatalyst greatly affects the diameter of the SnO2 NWs. With increasing particle size of the Au catalyst, the diameter of the SnO2 NWs increased. In addition, the results show that the synthesis of SnO2 NWs can be conducted at 500 degrees C, which is compatible with low-temperature processes. 12. Optical spectroscopy of complex open-4d-shell ions Sn7+-Sn10+ NARCIS (Netherlands) Torretti, F.; Windberger, A.; Ryabtsev, A.; Dobrodey, S.; Bekker, H.; Ubachs, W.; Hoekstra, R.; Kahl, E. V.; Berengut, J. C.; Lopez-Urrutia, J. R. Crespo; Versolato, O. O. 2017-01-01 We analyze the complex level structure of ions with many-valence-electron open-[Kr] 4d(m) subshells (m = 7-4) with ab initio calculations based on configuration-interaction many-body perturbation theory (CI+MBPT). Charge-state-resolved optical and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra of Sn7+-Sn10+ ions 13. Optical spectroscopy of complex open 4d-shell ions Sn7+ - Sn10+ NARCIS (Netherlands) Torretti, F.; Windberger, R.A.W.; Ryabtsev, A.; Dobrodey, S.; Bekker, H.; Ubachs, W.; Hoekstra, R.; Kahl, E. V.; Berengut, Julian C.; Crespo López-Urrutia, J. R.; Versolato, O. 2017-01-01 We analyze the complex level structure of ions with many-valence-electron open-[Kr] 4dm subshells (m=7–4) with ab initio calculations based on configuration-interaction many-body perturbation theory (CI+MBPT). Charge-state-resolved optical and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectra of Sn7+–Sn10+ ions 14. Hyperfine field distributions in disordered Mn2CoSn and Mn2NiSn ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Unknown Mössbauer studies using Sn-119 were carried out to investigate the hyperfine fields present at the Sn site in these alloys. The hyperfine field distribution in these alloys as well as X-ray studies point to the chemical disorder present in both alloys. Co-existence of a paramagnetic portion along with the magnetic hyperfine part. 15. Interests diffusion in social networks Science.gov (United States) D'Agostino, Gregorio; D'Antonio, Fulvio; De Nicola, Antonio; Tucci, Salvatore 2015-10-01 We provide a model for diffusion of interests in Social Networks (SNs). We demonstrate that the topology of the SN plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the individual interests. Understanding cultural phenomena on SNs and exploiting the implicit knowledge about their members is attracting the interest of different research communities both from the academic and the business side. The community of complexity science is devoting significant efforts to define laws, models, and theories, which, based on acquired knowledge, are able to predict future observations (e.g. success of a product). In the mean time, the semantic web community aims at engineering a new generation of advanced services by defining constructs, models and methods, adding a semantic layer to SNs. In this context, a leapfrog is expected to come from a hybrid approach merging the disciplines above. Along this line, this work focuses on the propagation of individual interests in social networks. The proposed framework consists of the following main components: a method to gather information about the members of the social networks; methods to perform some semantic analysis of the Domain of Interest; a procedure to infer members' interests; and an interests evolution theory to predict how the interests propagate in the network. As a result, one achieves an analytic tool to measure individual features, such as members' susceptibilities and authorities. Although the approach applies to any type of social network, here it is has been tested against the computer science research community. The DBLP (Digital Bibliography and Library Project) database has been elected as test-case since it provides the most comprehensive list of scientific production in this field. 16. Market-consistent actuarial valuation CERN Document Server Wüthrich, Mario V 2016-01-01 This is the third edition of this well-received textbook, presenting powerful methods for measuring insurance liabilities and assets in a consistent way, with detailed mathematical frameworks that lead to market-consistent values for liabilities. Topics covered are stochastic discounting with deflators, valuation portfolio in life and non-life insurance, probability distortions, asset and liability management, financial risks, insurance technical risks, and solvency. Including updates on recent developments and regulatory changes under Solvency II, this new edition of Market-Consistent Actuarial Valuation also elaborates on different risk measures, providing a revised definition of solvency based on industry practice, and presents an adapted valuation framework which takes a dynamic view of non-life insurance reserving risk. 17. Tests of insulation systems for Nb3Sn wind and react coils Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Bossert, R.; Ambrosio, G; Andreev, N.; Whitson, G.; Zlobin, A.; /Fermilab 2007-07-01 Tests were performed to assess the viability of several cable insulation systems for use in Nb{sub 3}Sn accelerator magnets. Insulated stacks of cables were subjected to reaction cycles commonly used for Nb{sub 3}Sn coils. After reaction and epoxy impregnation, current leakage between turns was measured at pressures up to 180 MPa and turn-to-turn potentials up to 500V. Systems consisting of S-2 glass, ceramic fiber, and E-glass were tested. Several methods of applying the insulation were incorporated, including sleeves and various spiral wrapped configurations. Methods of sample preparation and testing are described and results are reported. 18. The Principle of Energetic Consistency Science.gov (United States) Cohn, Stephen E. 2009-01-01 A basic result in estimation theory is that the minimum variance estimate of the dynamical state, given the observations, is the conditional mean estimate. This result holds independently of the specifics of any dynamical or observation nonlinearity or stochasticity, requiring only that the probability density function of the state, conditioned on the observations, has two moments. For nonlinear dynamics that conserve a total energy, this general result implies the principle of energetic consistency: if the dynamical variables are taken to be the natural energy variables, then the sum of the total energy of the conditional mean and the trace of the conditional covariance matrix (the total variance) is constant between observations. Ensemble Kalman filtering methods are designed to approximate the evolution of the conditional mean and covariance matrix. For them the principle of energetic consistency holds independently of ensemble size, even with covariance localization. However, full Kalman filter experiments with advection dynamics have shown that a small amount of numerical dissipation can cause a large, state-dependent loss of total variance, to the detriment of filter performance. The principle of energetic consistency offers a simple way to test whether this spurious loss of variance limits ensemble filter performance in full-blown applications. The classical second-moment closure (third-moment discard) equations also satisfy the principle of energetic consistency, independently of the rank of the conditional covariance matrix. Low-rank approximation of these equations offers an energetically consistent, computationally viable alternative to ensemble filtering. Current formulations of long-window, weak-constraint, four-dimensional variational methods are designed to approximate the conditional mode rather than the conditional mean. Thus they neglect the nonlinear bias term in the second-moment closure equation for the conditional mean. The principle of 19. Consistent force fields for saccharides DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Rasmussen, Kjeld 1999-01-01 Consistent force fields for carbohydrates were hitherto developed by extensive optimization ofpotential energy function parameters on experimental data and on ab initio results. A wide range of experimental data is used: internal structures obtained from gas phase electron diffraction and from x......-anomeric effects are accounted for without addition of specific terms. The work is done in the framework of the Consistent Force Field which originatedin Israel and was further developed in Denmark. The actual methods and strategies employed havebeen described previously. Extensive testing of the force field... 20. Coulomb excitation of 104Sn and the strength of the 100Sn shell closure. Science.gov (United States) Guastalla, G; DiJulio, D D; Górska, M; Cederkäll, J; Boutachkov, P; Golubev, P; Pietri, S; Grawe, H; Nowacki, F; Sieja, K; Algora, A; Ameil, F; Arici, T; Atac, A; Bentley, M A; Blazhev, A; Bloor, D; Brambilla, S; Braun, N; Camera, F; Dombrádi, Zs; Domingo Pardo, C; Estrade, A; Farinon, F; Gerl, J; Goel, N; Grȩbosz, J; Habermann, T; Hoischen, R; Jansson, K; Jolie, J; Jungclaus, A; Kojouharov, I; Knoebel, R; Kumar, R; Kurcewicz, J; Kurz, N; Lalović, N; Merchan, E; Moschner, K; Naqvi, F; Nara Singh, B S; Nyberg, J; Nociforo, C; Obertelli, A; Pfützner, M; Pietralla, N; Podolyák, Z; Prochazka, A; Ralet, D; Reiter, P; Rudolph, D; Schaffner, H; Schirru, F; Scruton, L; Sohler, D; Swaleh, T; Taprogge, J; Vajta, Zs; Wadsworth, R; Warr, N; Weick, H; Wendt, A; Wieland, O; Winfield, J S; Wollersheim, H J 2013-04-26 A measurement of the reduced transition probability for the excitation of the ground state to the first 2+ state in 104Sn has been performed using relativistic Coulomb excitation at GSI. 104Sn is the lightest isotope in the Sn chain for which this quantity has been measured. The result is a key point in the discussion of the evolution of nuclear structure in the proximity of the doubly magic nucleus 100Sn. The value B(E2; 0+ → 2+) = 0.10(4) e2b2 is significantly lower than earlier results for 106Sn and heavier isotopes. The result is well reproduced by shell model predictions and therefore indicates a robust N = Z = 50 shell closure. 1. Coulomb Excitation of Sn104 and the Strength of the Sn100 Shell Closure Science.gov (United States) Guastalla, G.; DiJulio, D. D.; Górska, M.; Cederkäll, J.; Boutachkov, P.; Golubev, P.; Pietri, S.; Grawe, H.; Nowacki, F.; Sieja, K.; Algora, A.; Ameil, F.; Arici, T.; Atac, A.; Bentley, M. A.; Blazhev, A.; Bloor, D.; Brambilla, S.; Braun, N.; Camera, F.; Dombrádi, Zs.; Domingo Pardo, C.; Estrade, A.; Farinon, F.; Gerl, J.; Goel, N.; Grȩbosz, J.; Habermann, T.; Hoischen, R.; Jansson, K.; Jolie, J.; Jungclaus, A.; Kojouharov, I.; Knoebel, R.; Kumar, R.; Kurcewicz, J.; Kurz, N.; Lalović, N.; Merchan, E.; Moschner, K.; Naqvi, F.; Nara Singh, B. S.; Nyberg, J.; Nociforo, C.; Obertelli, A.; Pfützner, M.; Pietralla, N.; Podolyák, Z.; Prochazka, A.; Ralet, D.; Reiter, P.; Rudolph, D.; Schaffner, H.; Schirru, F.; Scruton, L.; Sohler, D.; Swaleh, T.; Taprogge, J.; Vajta, Zs.; Wadsworth, R.; Warr, N.; Weick, H.; Wendt, A.; Wieland, O.; Winfield, J. S.; Wollersheim, H. J. 2013-04-01 A measurement of the reduced transition probability for the excitation of the ground state to the first 2+ state in Sn104 has been performed using relativistic Coulomb excitation at GSI. Sn104 is the lightest isotope in the Sn chain for which this quantity has been measured. The result is a key point in the discussion of the evolution of nuclear structure in the proximity of the doubly magic nucleus Sn100. The value B(E2;0+→2+)=0.10(4) e2b2 is significantly lower than earlier results for Sn106 and heavier isotopes. The result is well reproduced by shell model predictions and therefore indicates a robust N=Z=50 shell closure. 2. Psychodynamic Factors Behind Online Social Networking and its Excessive Use. Science.gov (United States) Li, Thomas Cheuk Wing 2016-03-01 This article discusses the psychodynamic factors behind the popularity of one form of Internet activity, online social networking (SN). It views online SN as an extension of the social self, organized in a way that is more controllable than real life relating. The SN platforms reward its users with reassuring surfaces and novel self-object experiences while at the same time induces much anxiety. The addictive quality of online SN is understood in the context of collapse of dialectical space and the defensive use of this technology. 3. Liquidus Projection and Isothermal Section of the Sb-Se-Sn System Science.gov (United States) Chang, Jui-shen; Chen, Sinn-wen 2017-12-01 Sb-Se-Sn ternary alloys are promising chalcogenide materials. The liquidus projection and 673.2 K (400 °C) isothermal section of the Sb-Se-Sn ternary system are determined. Numerous Sb-Se-Sn alloys are prepared, and their primary solidification phases are examined. In addition to the three terminal phases, (Sb), (Se) and (Sn), there are Sb2Sn3, SbSn, SnSe, SnSe2, Sb2Se3, Sn2Sb9Se9, and SnSb2Se4 phases. In addition, there are two miscibility gaps along the Sb-Se and Se-Sn and sides. There are ten invariant reactions in the Sb-Se-Sn ternary system, and seven of them are experimentally determined in this study. The lowest reaction temperature of determined invariant reaction is L + SbSn = (Sn) + SnSe at 515.4 K ± 5 K (242.2 °C ± 5 °C). There are nine tie-triangles, which are Liquid + SbSn + SnSe, SbSn + SnSe + (Sb), SnSe + (Sb) + Sn2Sb9Se9, (Sb) + Sb2Se3 + Sn2Sb9Se9, SnSe + Sn2Sb9Se9 + SnSb2Se4, Sb2Se3 + Sn2Sb9Se9 + SnSb2Se4, SnSe + SnSe2 + SnSb2Se4, SnSe2 + SnSb2Se4 + Sb2Se3, and SnSe2 + Sb2Se3 + Liquid in the 673.2 K (400 °C) isothermal section of the Sb-Se-Sn ternary system. 4. Synthesis and growth kinetics of carbon nanocoils using Sn-Fe-O xerogel film catalyst Science.gov (United States) Hikita, Muneaki; Lafdi, Khalid 2014-09-01 Carbon nanocoils (CNCs) were synthesized by a chemical vapor deposition method using tin-iron-oxide (Sn-Fe-O) xerogel film catalyst. The Sn-Fe-O catalyst was prepared by a low-cost sol-gel method using stannous acetate and ferric acetate as precursors. The growth kinetics of CNCs were monitored by a thermogravimetric analyzer, and the experimental result was correlated using one-dimensional tip growth kinetic model. The kinetic model consists of three steps: (1) dissociative chemisorption of acetylene and formation of encapsulating carbon on a leading face of the catalyst, (2) diffusion and reduction of Sn-Fe-O catalyst in bulk structure, and (3) carbon cluster nucleation on a tailing face of the catalyst. 5. Superconductivity in the antiperovskite Dirac-metal oxide Sr3-xSnO Science.gov (United States) Oudah, Mohamed; Ikeda, Atsutoshi; Hausmann, Jan Niklas; Yonezawa, Shingo; Fukumoto, Toshiyuki; Kobayashi, Shingo; Sato, Masatoshi; Maeno, Yoshiteru 2016-12-01 Investigations of perovskite oxides triggered by the discovery of high-temperature and unconventional superconductors have had crucial roles in stimulating and guiding the development of modern condensed-matter physics. Antiperovskite oxides are charge-inverted counterpart materials to perovskite oxides, with unusual negative ionic states of a constituent metal. No superconductivity was reported among the antiperovskite oxides so far. Here we present the first superconducting antiperovskite oxide Sr3-xSnO with the transition temperature of around 5 K. Sr3SnO possesses Dirac points in its electronic structure, and we propose from theoretical analysis a possibility of a topological odd-parity superconductivity analogous to the superfluid 3He-B in moderately hole-doped Sr3-xSnO. We envision that this discovery of a new class of oxide superconductors will lead to a rapid progress in physics and chemistry of antiperovskite oxides consisting of unusual metallic anions. 6. Bio-green synthesis of Fe doped SnO2 nanoparticle thin film Science.gov (United States) Gattu, Ketan P.; Ghule, Kalyani; Huse, Nanasaheb P.; Dive, Avinash S.; Bagul, Sagar B.; Digraskar, Renuka V.; Sharma, Ramphal; Ghule, Anil V. 2017-05-01 Herein Fe doped SnO2 nanoparticles have been synthesized using simple, cost effective and ecofriendly biosynthesis method, in which remnant water (ideally kitchen waste) collected from soaked Bengal gram beans (Cicer arietinum L.) was used. This extract consists of different bio-molecules which acted as complexing as well as capping agents for synthesis of Fe-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. The X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) revealed uniform size distribution with the average size of 6 nm and confirmed the formation of rutile structure with space group (P42/mnm) and nanocrystalline nature of the products with spherical morphology. Further, the gas sensing properties of the materials have been studied in comparison with other gases. The reported gas sensing results are promising, which suggest that the Fe-dopant is a promising noble metal additives to fabricate low cost SnO2 based sensor. 7. Caffeine increases the expression of cystatin SN in human submandibular acinar-like HSG cells. Science.gov (United States) Dsamou, Micheline; Morzel, Martine; Le Corre, Ludovic; Séverin, Isabelle; Chagnon, Marie-Christine 2013-10-01 The study aimed at evaluating in vitro the effect of caffeine on expression of cystatin SN, a potential marker of sensitivity to bitterness in humans. Differentiation of human submandibular gland (HSG) cells was induced by culturing cells on Matrigel. Caffeine cytotoxicity was assessed over 3 days by the Resazurin test. Finally, effects of 5, 50 and 100μM caffeine exposure on cystatin SN expression were explored over 3 days by ELISA. At concentrations relevant to human adult plasma levels (5, 50 and 100μM), caffeine did not affect cell viability whether cells were differentiated or not. Cystatin SN levels were overall higher in differentiated cells and increased with time in both conditions. There was a significant (peffect of caffeine on cystatin SN expression specifically in differentiated cells. The HSG cell line proved to be a relevant tool to study in vitro the effect of caffeine at concentrations consistent with dietary intake in human subjects. The results suggest that salivary cystatin SN abundance may depend on caffeine intake, with possible consequences on taste sensitivity. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 8. Sn-0.4BPO 4 composite as a promising negative electrode for rechargeable lithium batteries Science.gov (United States) Aboulaich, Abdelmaula; Womes, Manfred; Olivier-Fourcade, Josette; Willmann, Patrick; Jumas, Jean-Claude 2010-01-01 The structural and textural properties of a Sn-0.4BPO 4 composite material synthesized by ex situ dispersion of β-Sn in a BPO 4 matrix were investigated by using several complementary techniques to study the global order (XRD, TGA-DSC, SEM-XEDS) and the local order (FT-IR, 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy). The results reveal that the composite material consists of three main components: an electrochemically active species "Sn", an inactive matrix "BPO 4", and an amorphous Sn(II) borophosphate which acts as a link between the two former and which improves the cohesion of the composite. The electrochemical performances of the composite material were tested in Swagelok-type cells with metallic Li as counter-electrode. It shows a high reversible capacity of about 500 mAh g -1 at a C/20 rate, and a very good stability under cycling even at very fast rates of C or C/1.3. 9. Incorporation of graphene into SnO2 photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells Science.gov (United States) Batmunkh, Munkhbayar; Dadkhah, Mahnaz; Shearer, Cameron J.; Biggs, Mark J.; Shapter, Joseph G. 2016-11-01 In dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoanodes, tin dioxide (SnO2) structures present a promising alternative semiconducting oxide to the conventional titania (TiO2), but they suffer from poor photovoltaic (PV) efficiency caused by insufficient dye adsorption and low energy value of the conduction band. A hybrid structure consisting of SnO2 and reduced graphene oxide (SnO2-RGO) was synthesized via a microwave-assisted method and has been employed as a photoanode in DSSCs. Incorporation of RGO into the SnO2 photoanode enhanced the power conversion efficiency of DSSC device by 91.5%, as compared to the device assembled without RGO. This efficiency improvement can be attributed to increased dye loading, enhanced electron transfer and addition of suitable energy levels in the photoanode. Finally, the use of RGO addresses the major shortcoming of SnO2 when employed as a DSSC photoanode, namely poor dye adsorption and slow electron transfer rate. 10. Competitive Adsorption of Substrate and Solvent in Sn-Beta Zeolite During Sugar Isomerization. Science.gov (United States) van der Graaff, William N P; Tempelman, Christiaan H L; Li, Guanna; Mezari, Brahim; Kosinov, Nikolay; Pidko, Evgeny A; Hensen, Emiel J M 2016-11-23 The isomerization of 1,3-dihydroxyactone and d-glucose over Sn-Beta zeolite was investigated by in situ 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The conversion rate at room temperature is higher when the zeolite is dehydrated before exposure to the aqueous sugar solution. Mass transfer limitations in the zeolite micropores were excluded by comparing Sn-Beta samples with different crystal sizes. Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that sugar and water molecules compete for adsorption on the active framework Sn centers. Careful solvent selection may thus increase the rate of sugar isomerization. Consistent with this prediction, batch catalytic experiments show that the use of a co-solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, that strongly interacts with the Sn centers suppresses glucose isomerization. On the other hand, the use of ethanol as cosolvent results in significantly higher isomerization activity in comparison with pure water because of decreased competition with glucose adsorption on zeolitic Sn sites. © 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. 11. Binder Free SnO2-CNT Composite as Anode Material for Li-Ion Battery Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Dionne Hernandez 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Tin dioxide-carbon nanotube (SnO2-CNT composite films were synthesized on copper substrates by a one-step process using hot filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD with methane gas (CH4 as the carbon source. The composite structural properties enhance the surface-to-volume ratio of SnO2 demonstrating a desirable electrochemical performance for a lithium-ion battery anode. The SnO2 and CNT interactions were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, and Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Comprehensive analysis of the structural, chemical, and electrochemical properties reveals that the material consists of self-assembled and highly dispersed SnO2 nanoparticles in CNT matrix. The process employed to develop this SnO2-CNT composite film presents a cost effective and facile way to develop anode materials for Li-ion battery technology. 12. A nontoxic and low-cost hydrothermal route for synthesis of hierarchical Cu2ZnSnS4 particles. Science.gov (United States) Xia, Yu; Chen, Zhihong; Zhang, Zhengguo; Fang, Xiaoming; Liang, Guozheng 2014-01-01 We explore a facile and nontoxic hydrothermal route for synthesis of a Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystalline material by using l-cysteine as the sulfur source and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as the complexing agent. The effects of the amount of EDTA, the mole ratio of the three metal ions, and the hydrothermal temperature and time on the phase composition of the obtained product have been systematically investigated. The addition of EDTA and an excessive dose of ZnCl2 in the hydrothermal reaction system favor the generation of kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4. Pure kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 has been synthesized at 180°C for 12 h from the reaction system containing 2 mmol of EDTA at 2:2:1 of Cu/Zn/Sn. It is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy that those binary and ternary phases are absent in the kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 product. The kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 material synthesized by the hydrothermal process consists of flower-like particles with 250 to 400 nm in size. It is revealed that the flower-like particles are assembled from single-crystal Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoflakes with ca. 20 nm in size. The band gap of the Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystalline material is estimated to be 1.55 eV. The films fabricated from the hierarchical Cu2ZnSnS4 particles exhibit fast photocurrent responses under intermittent visible-light irradiation, implying that they show potentials for use in solar cells and photocatalysis. 13. Impact of Sn/F Pre-Treatments on the Durability of Protective Coatings against Dentine Erosion/Abrasion. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Carolina Ganss Full Text Available For preventing erosive wear in dentine, coating with adhesives has been suggested as an alternative to fluoridation. However, clinical studies have revealed limited efficacy. As there is first evidence that Sn(2+ increases bond strength of the adhesive Clearfil SE (Kuraray, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether pre-treatment with different Sn(2+/F(- solutions improves the durability of Clearfil SE coatings. Dentine samples (eight groups, n=16/group were freed of smear layer (0.5% citric acid, 10 s, treated (15 s either with no solution (control, aminefluoride (AmF, 500 ppm F(-, pH 4.5, SnCl2 (800/1600 ppm Sn(2+; pH 1.5, SnCl2/AmF (500 ppm F(-, 800 ppm Sn(2+, pH 1.5/3.0/4.5, or Elmex Erosion Protection Rinse (EP, 500 ppm F-, 800 ppm Sn(2+, pH 4.5; GABA International, then rinsed with water (15 s and individually covered with Clearfil SE. Subsequently the specimens were subjected to an erosion/abrasion protocol consisting of 1320 cycles of immersion in 0.5% citric acid (5 °C/55 °C; 2 min and automated brushing (15 s, 200 g, NaF-toothpaste, RDA 80. As the coatings proved stable up to 1320 cycles, 60 modified cycles (brushing time 30 min/cycle were added. Wear was measured profilometrically. After SnCl2/AmF, pH 4.5 or EP pre-treatment all except one coating survived. In the other groups, almost all coatings were lost and there was no significant difference to the control group. Pre-treatment with a Sn(2+/F(- solution at pH 4.5 seems able to improve the durability of adhesive coatings, rendering these an attractive option in preventing erosive wear in dentine. 14. Modification of SnO2 Anodes by Atomic Layer Deposition for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries KAUST Repository Yesibolati, Nulati 2013-05-01 Tin dioxide (SnO2) is considered one of the most promising anode materials for Lithium ion batteries (LIBs), due to its large theoretical capacity and natural abundance. However, its low electronic/ionic conductivities, large volume change during lithiation/delithiation and agglomeration prevent it from further commercial applications. In this thesis, we investigate modified SnO2 as a high energy density anode material for LIBs. Specifically two approaches are presented to improve battery performances. Firstly, SnO2 electrochemical performances were improved by surface modification using Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Ultrathin Al2O3 or HfO2 were coated on SnO2 electrodes. It was found that electrochemical performances had been enhanced after ALD deposition. In a second approach, we implemented a layer-by-layer (LBL) assembled graphene/carbon-coated hollow SnO2 spheres as anode material for LIBs. Our results indicated that the LBL assembled electrodes had high reversible lithium storage capacities even at high current densities. These superior electrochemical performances are attributed to the enhanced electronic conductivity and effective lithium diffusion, because of the interconnected graphene/carbon networks among nanoparticles of the hollow SnO2 spheres. 15. Study of a SiGeSn/GeSn/SiGeSn structure toward direct bandgap type-I quantum well for all group-IV optoelectronics. Science.gov (United States) Ghetmiri, Seyed Amir; Zhou, Yiyin; Margetis, Joe; Al-Kabi, Sattar; Dou, Wei; Mosleh, Aboozar; Du, Wei; Kuchuk, Andrian; Liu, Jifeng; Sun, Greg; Soref, Richard A; Tolle, John; Naseem, Hameed A; Li, Baohua; Mortazavi, Mansour; Yu, Shui-Qing 2017-02-01 A SiGeSn/GeSn/SiGeSn single quantum well structure was grown using an industry standard chemical vapor deposition reactor with low-cost commercially available precursors. The material characterization revealed the precisely controlled material growth process. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra were correlated with band structure calculation for a structure accurately determined by high-resolution x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Based on the result, a systematic study of SiGeSn and GeSn bandgap energy separation and barrier heights versus material compositions and strain was conducted, leading to a practical design of a type-I direct bandgap quantum well. 16. Anchoring Vignettes and Response Consistency OpenAIRE Arie Kapteyn; Smith, James P.; Arthur van Soest 2011-01-01 The use of anchoring vignettes to correct for differential item functioning rests upon two identifying assumptions: vignette equivalence and response consistency. To test the second assumption the authors conduct an experiment in which respondents in an Internet panel are asked to both describe their health in a number of domains and rate their health in these domains. In a subsequent interview respondents are shown vignettes that are in fact descriptions of their own health. Under response c... 17. Telling the Technology Story: PR Strategies for School Leaders. Backgrounder Brief. CoSN Essential Leadership Skills Series Science.gov (United States) Consortium for School Networking (NJ1), 2006 2006-01-01 This Backgrounder Brief is an executive summary of "Telling the Technology Story: PR Strategies for School Leaders," a component of the Consortium for School Networking (CoSN) Essential Leadership Skills Series. Public relations is a critical component of a district's successful technology implementation--and it involves communicating on an… 18. Hydrogen peroxide route to Sn-doped titania photocatalysts National Research Council Canada - National Science Library Štengl, Václav; Grygar, Tomáš Matys; Henych, Jiří; Kormunda, Martin 2012-01-01 .... Tin-doped titania catalysts were prepared by thermal hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of titanium peroxo-complexes in the presence of SnCl4 or SnCl2 using an original, proprietary "one pot" synthesis... 19. Electrodeposition of SnO2 on FTO and its Application in Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells as an Electron Transport Layer Science.gov (United States) Ko, Yohan; Kim, Yeong Rim; Jang, Haneol; Lee, Chanyong; Kang, Man Gu; Jun, Yongseok 2017-08-01 We report the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with an electron transport layer (ETL) consisting of a SnO2 thin film obtained by electrochemical deposition. The surface morphology and thickness of the electrodeposited SnO2 films were closely related to electrochemical process conditions, i.e., the applied voltage, bath temperature, and deposition time. We investigated the performance of PSCs based on the SnO2 films. Remarkably, the experimental factors that are closely associated with the photovoltaic performance were strongly affected by the SnO2 ETLs. Finally, to enhance the photovoltaic performance, the surfaces of the SnO2 films were modified slightly by TiCl4 hydrolysis. This process improves charge extraction and suppresses charge recombination. 20. Electrodeposition of SnO2 on FTO and its Application in Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells as an Electron Transport Layer. Science.gov (United States) Ko, Yohan; Kim, Yeong Rim; Jang, Haneol; Lee, Chanyong; Kang, Man Gu; Jun, Yongseok 2017-08-16 We report the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with an electron transport layer (ETL) consisting of a SnO2 thin film obtained by electrochemical deposition. The surface morphology and thickness of the electrodeposited SnO2 films were closely related to electrochemical process conditions, i.e., the applied voltage, bath temperature, and deposition time. We investigated the performance of PSCs based on the SnO2 films. Remarkably, the experimental factors that are closely associated with the photovoltaic performance were strongly affected by the SnO2 ETLs. Finally, to enhance the photovoltaic performance, the surfaces of the SnO2 films were modified slightly by TiCl4 hydrolysis. This process improves charge extraction and suppresses charge recombination. 1. Aluminum-stabilized NB3SN superconductor Science.gov (United States) Scanlan, Ronald M. 1988-01-01 An aluminum-stabilized Nb.sub.3 Sn superconductor and process for producing same, utilizing ultrapure aluminum. Ductile components are co-drawn with aluminum to produce a conductor suitable for winding magnets. After winding, the conductor is heated to convert it to the brittle Nb.sub.3 Sn superconductor phase, using a temperature high enough to perform the transformation but still below the melting point of the aluminum. This results in reaction of substantially all of the niobium, while providing stabilization and react-in-place features which are beneficial in the fabrication of magnets utilizing superconducting materials. 2. Shell model calculation for Te and Sn isotopes in the vicinity of {sup 100}Sn Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yakhelef, A.; Bouldjedri, A. [Physics Department, Farhat abbas University, Setif (Algeria); Physics Department, Hadj Lakhdar University, Batna (Algeria) 2012-06-27 New Shell Model calculations for even-even isotopes {sup 104-108}Sn and {sup 106,108}Te, in the vicinity of {sup 100}Sn have been performed. The calculations have been carried out using the windows version of NuShell-MSU. The two body matrix elements TBMEs of the effective interaction between valence nucleons are obtained from the renormalized two body effective interaction based on G-matrix derived from the CD-bonn nucleon-nucleon potential. The single particle energies of the proton and neutron valence spaces orbitals are defined from the available spectra of lightest odd isotopes of Sb and Sn respectively. 3. Guidelines for maintaining a professional compass in the era of social networking. Science.gov (United States) Landman, Matthew P; Shelton, Julia; Kauffmann, Rondi M; Dattilo, Jeffery B 2010-01-01 The use of social networking (SN) sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, has skyrocketed during the past 5 years, with more than 400 million current users. What was once isolated to high schools or college campuses has become increasingly ubiquitous in everyday life and across a multitude of industries. Medical centers and residency programs are not immune to this invasion. These sites present opportunities for the rapid dissemination of information from status updates, to tweets, to medical support groups, and even clinical communication between patients and providers. Although powerful, this technology also opens the door for misuse and policies for use will be necessary. We strive to begin a discourse in the surgical community in regard to maintaining professionalism while using SN sites. The use of SN sites among surgical house staff and faculty has not been addressed previously. To that end, we sought to ascertain the use of the SN site Facebook at our residency program. Of 88 residents and 127 faculty, 56 (64%) and 28 (22%), respectively, have pages on Facebook. Of these, 50% are publicly accessible. Thirty-one percent of the publicly accessible pages had work-related comments posted, and of these comments, 14% referenced specific patient situations or were related to patient care. Given the widespread use of SN websites in our surgical community and in society as a whole, every effort should be made to guard against professional truancy. We offer a set of guidelines consistent with the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education and the American College of Surgeons professionalism mandates in regard to usage of these websites. By acknowledging this need and by following these guidelines, surgeons will continue to define and uphold ethical boundaries and thus demonstrate a commitment to patient privacy and the highest levels of professionalism. Copyright © 2010 Association of Program Directors in Surgery. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 4. Guidelines for Maintaining a Professional Compass in the Era of Social Networking Science.gov (United States) Landman, Matthew P.; Shelton, Julia; Kauffmann, Rondi M.; Dattilo, Jeffery B. 2014-01-01 Objectives The use of social networking (SN) sites such as Facebook and Twitter has skyrocketed over the past 5 years, with over 400 million current users. What was once isolated to high schools or college campuses has become increasingly ubiquitous in everyday life and across a multitude of industries. Medical centers and residency programs are not immune to this invasion. These sites present opportunities for the rapid dissemination of information from status updates to tweets to medical support groups and even clinical communication between patients and providers. While powerful, this technology also opens the door for misuse and policies for use will be necessary. We strive to begin a discourse in the surgical community regarding maintaining professionalism while using SN sites. Results The use of SN sites among surgical housestaff and faculty has not previously been addressed. To that end, we sought to ascertain the use of the SN site Facebook at our residency program. Of 88 residents and 127 faculty, 56 (64%) and 28 (22%) respectively have pages on Facebook. Of these, 50% are publicly accessible. Thirty-one percent of the publicly accessible pages had work –related comments posted, and of these comments, 14% referenced specific patient situations or were related to patient care. Conclusions Given the widespread use of SN sites in our surgical community and in society as a whole, every effort should be made to guard against professional truancy. We offer a set a guidelines consistent with the ACGME and ACS professionalism mandates regarding usage of these sites. By acknowledging this need and following these guidelines, surgeons will continue to define and uphold ethical boundaries and thus demonstrate a commitment to patient privacy and the highest levels of professionalism. PMID:21156295 5. Tin (Sn) for enhancing performance in silicon CMOS KAUST Repository Hussain, Aftab M. 2013-10-01 We study a group IV element: tin (Sn) by integrating it into silicon lattice, to enhance the performance of silicon CMOS. We have evaluated the electrical properties of the SiSn lattice by performing simulations using First-principle studies, followed by experimental device fabrication and characterization. We fabricated high-κ/metal gate based Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs) using SiSn as channel material to study the impact of Sn integration into silicon. © 2013 IEEE. 6. Nb 3Sn material development in Russia Science.gov (United States) Pantsyrny, V.; Shikov, A.; Vorobieva, A. 2008-07-01 In the USSR and later in Russia, the main activities in technical superconductivity were concentrated in the institutes that belonged to the Ministry of Atomic Energy (Minatom). The development of new technologies shortly transferred to the large-scale industrial production of NbTi and Nb 3Sn superconductors in early 1970s. Two main technologies for multifilamentary Nb 3Sn strands were under investigation during that time - bronze-process and internal tin method. More than 25 ton of Nb 3Sn bronze-processed strands were produced for the fabrication of 90 ton of conductors for application in the magnet system of first in the world fusion facility (tokamak T-15) with magnet system based on the intermetallic compound. The characteristics of these strands and conductors have been briefly described. The requirements for the Nb 3Sn strands constantly increased and the main R&D on the enhancement of critical current density have been reviewed. For bronze-processed strands the increase of the tin content in large ingots was the crucial factor. The artificial doping of niobium filaments by niobium-titanium alloy was invented, which enabled to improve the workability of Nb 3Sn strands, with enhanced critical current density in high fields. For internal tin Nb 3Sn strands the main R&D were concentrated on the optimization of the layouts of the strand and on the multistage heat treatment because of the inevitable liquid phase formation which could result in severe distortion of the geometrical arrangement of the filaments and even in destruction of the whole strand. The main results of these investigations have been presented. The corresponding impact of these R&D on the design of bronze-processed and internal tin strands has been analyzed. The quantitative estimations of the grain size were made for bronze-processed and internal tin strands. It was shown that in bronze-processed and internal tin strands subjected to the standard ITER heat treatment characterized by two stages 7. The Development of Social Networks from Early to Middle Childhood: Gender Differences and the Relation to School Competence. Science.gov (United States) Feiring, Candice; Lewis, Michael 1991-01-01 Examines gender differences in social network (SN) development from early to middle childhood and the relation of network characteristics to school competence through mothers' reports of the SNs of 38 sons and 37 daughters. For girls, SN characteristics correspond to teacher ratings of social competence in school. (SLD) 8. Methanol Oxidation on Pt3Sn(111) for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Methanol Decomposition. Science.gov (United States) Lu, Xiaoqing; Deng, Zhigang; Guo, Chen; Wang, Weili; Wei, Shuxian; Ng, Siu-Pang; Chen, Xiangfeng; Ding, Ning; Guo, Wenyue; Wu, Chi-Man Lawrence 2016-05-18 PtSn alloy, which is a potential material for use in direct methanol fuel cells, can efficiently promote methanol oxidation and alleviate the CO poisoning problem. Herein, methanol decomposition on Pt3Sn(111) was systematically investigated using periodic density functional theory and microkinetic modeling. The geometries and energies of all of the involved species were analyzed, and the decomposition network was mapped out to elaborate the reaction mechanisms. Our results indicated that methanol and formaldehyde were weakly adsorbed, and the other derivatives (CHxOHy, x = 1-3, y = 0-1) were strongly adsorbed and preferred decomposition rather than desorption on Pt3Sn(111). The competitive methanol decomposition started with the initial O-H bond scission followed by successive C-H bond scissions, (i.e., CH3OH → CH3O → CH2O → CHO → CO). The Brønsted-Evans-Polanyi relations and energy barrier decomposition analyses identified the C-H and O-H bond scissions as being more competitive than the C-O bond scission. Microkinetic modeling confirmed that the vast majority of the intermediates and products from methanol decomposition would escape from the Pt3Sn(111) surface at a relatively low temperature, and the coverage of the CO residue decreased with an increase in the temperature and decrease in partial methanol pressure. 9. SN Ia archaeology: Searching for the relics of progenitors past Science.gov (United States) Woods, Tyrone E.; Gilfanov, Marat; Clocchiatti, Alejandro; Rest, Armin 2016-06-01 Despite the critical role that SNe Ia play in the chemical enrichment of the Universe and their great importance in measuring cosmological distances, we still don't know for certain how they arise. In the canonical form of the single-degenerate'' scenario, a white dwarf grows through the nuclear burning of matter accreted at its surface from some companion star. This renders it a hot, luminous object (a supersoft X-ray source or SSS, 10^5-10^6K, 10^{38} erg/s) for up to a million years prior to explosion. Past efforts to directly detect the progenitors of very recent, nearby SNe Ia in archival soft X-ray images have produced only upper limits, and are only constraining assuming progenitors with much higher temperatures than known SSSs. In this talk, I will outline an alternative approach: given that such objects should be strong sources of ionizing radiation, one may instead search the environment surrounding nearby SN Ia remnants for interstellar matter ionized by the progenitor. Such fossil nebulae should extend out to tens of parsecs and linger for roughly the recombination timescale in the ISM, of order 10,000 — 100,000 years. Progress on this front has been hampered by the failure to detect nebulae surrounding most known SSSs using 1m class telescopes in the early 1990s. I will present new benchmark calculations for the emission-line nebulae expected to surround such objects, demonstrating that previous non-detections are entirely consistent with the low ISM densities expected in the vicinity of most SN Ia progenitors (Woods & Gilfanov, 2016). Modern large optical telescopes are now well able to reach the required limiting surface brightness needed to find such faint emission. With this in mind, I will introduce our new narrow-band survey for fossil nebulae surrounding young Magellanic SN Ia remnants and SSSs, already underway using the Magellan Baade telescope (PI: Alejandro Clocchiatti). In addition to opening a new era of SN Ia archaeology, I will show 10. Investigation of ceramics based on Cu-Sn powder obtained by plasma dynamic method Science.gov (United States) Shanenkova, Yu; Sivkov, A.; Ivashutenko, A.; Tsimmerman, A. 2017-05-01 Composites based on copper matrix are of a great interest in various applications. Copper-tin alloys are intensively investigated due to their thermal and chemical stability in combination with good mechanical properties. This work shows the possibility to obtain Cu-Sn ceramics by spark plasma sintering using nanoscale powders consisting of copper and tin, synthesized by plasma dynamic method. This method is implemented by using a coaxial magnetoplasma accelerator with copper electrodes and adding the solid precursor (tin) in the accelerator before carrying out the synthesis process. The synthesized Cu-Sn powders were investigated by X-Ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. It was determined that the final material consists of phase Cu41Sn11. Using this product, the bulk ceramics samples were obtained by spark plasma sintering at different temperatures (150 °C, 250 °C and 500 °C). The changes in microstructure of copper-tin ceramics in dependence on the sintering temperature were also studied. After analyzing all ceramics samples by X-Ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy methods, it was found that the optimal temperature for sintering Cu-Sn ceramics, which was made of the powder synthesized by a plasma dynamic method, was equal to 250 °C at pressure 60 MPa. At these conditions, the ceramics sample had the lowest porosity with the smallest grain size. 11. Metallic Sn spheres and SnO2@C core-shells by anaerobic and aerobic catalytic ethanol and CO oxidation reactions over SnO2 nanoparticles Science.gov (United States) Kim, Won Joo; Lee, Sung Woo; Sohn, Youngku 2015-01-01 SnO2 has been studied intensely for applications to sensors, Li-ion batteries and solar cells. Despite this, comparatively little attention has been paid to the changes in morphology and crystal phase that occur on the metal oxide surface during chemical reactions. This paper reports anaerobic and aerobic ethanol and CO oxidation reactions over SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs), as well as the subsequent changes in the nature of the NPs. Uniform SnO2@C core-shells (10 nm) were formed by an aerobic ethanol oxidation reaction over SnO2 NPs. On the other hand, metallic Sn spheres were produced by an anaerobic ethanol oxidation reaction at 450 °C, which is significantly lower than that (1200 °C) used in industrial Sn production. Anaerobic and aerobic CO oxidation reactions were also examined. The novelty of the methods for the production of metallic Sn and SnO2@C core-shells including other anaerobic and aerobic reactions will contribute significantly to Sn and SnO2-based applications. PMID:26300041 12. The First Reported Infrared Emission from the SN1006 Remnant Science.gov (United States) Winkler, P. Frank; Williams, Brian J.; Blair, William P.; Borkowski, Kazimierz J.; Ghavamian, Parviz; Long, Knox S.; Raymond, John C.; Reynolds, Stephen P. 2012-01-01 We report results of infrared imaging and spectroscopic observations of the SN 1006 remnant, carried out with the Spitzer Space Telescope. The 24 m image from MIPS clearly shows faint filamentary emission along the northwest rim of the remnant shell, nearly coincident with the Balmer filaments that delineate the present position of the expanding shock. The 24 m emission traces the Balmer filaments almost perfectly, but lies a few arcsec within, indicating an origin in interstellar dust heated by the shock. Subsequent decline in the IR behind the shock is presumably due largely to grain destruction through sputtering. The emission drops far more rapidly than current models predict, however, even for a higher proportion of small grains than would be found closer to the Galactic plane. The rapid drop may result in part from a grain density that has always been lowera relic effect from an earlier epoch when the shock was encountering a lower densitybut higher grain destruction rates still seem to be required. Spectra from three positions along the NW filament from the IRS instrument all show only a featureless continuum, consistent with thermal emission from warm dust. The dust-to-gas mass ratio in the pre-shock interstellar medium is lower than that expected for the Galactic ISM-as has also been observed in the analysis of IR emission from other SNRs but whose cause remains unclear. As with other SNIa remnants, SN1006 shows no evidence for dust grain formation in the supernova ejecta. 13. Crystal structure of the TbZnSn{sub 2} and TbZnSn ternary compounds Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Pavlyuk, V. [Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kyryla and Mefodia Street 6, 79005 Lviv (Ukraine); Czestochowa Jan Dlugosz University, Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42200 Czestochowa (Poland)], E-mail: [email protected]; Oshchapovsky, I. [Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Kyryla and Mefodia Street 6, 79005 Lviv (Ukraine); Marciniak, B. [Czestochowa Jan Dlugosz University, Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, al. Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42200 Czestochowa (Poland) 2009-05-27 The crystal structures of the TbZnSn{sub 2} and TbZnSn compounds were determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. The TbZnSn{sub 2} compound crystallizes with the HfCuSi{sub 2} structure type (space group P4/nmm) and TbZnSn crystallizes with the YPtAs structure type (space group P6{sub 3}/mmc) 14. Photo and electroluminescence of ZnSe: Sn and ZnSe:(Sn, Pr) phosphors Science.gov (United States) Mishra, A. K.; Mishra, S. K.; Pandey, S. P.; Lakshmi Mishra, Kshama 2016-09-01 We have prepared ZnSe (luminescent grade) phosphor doped with Sn and (Sn,Pr) with varying concentration in an inert atmosphere in a silica tubular furnace at temperature of (780 ± 20) °C for 1 hr to obtain ZnSe:Sn and ZnSe: (Sn,Pr) phosphors. The photo luminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) spectra of these phosphors have been studied at room temperature and results were discussed in the light of existing models. Dependence of EL emission on the voltage frequency has also been carried out. It is found that the plot between the integrated light intensity versus 1/√Vrms is a straight line suggesting the existence of Mott-Schottky type barrier on the metal semiconductor interface. 15. Electronic structure and thermodynamic properties of Ce{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13} and La{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13} Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gamza, M; Slebarski, A [Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 40-007 Katowice (Poland); Schnelle, W; Burkhardt, U; Gumeniuk, R; Rosner, H [Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, D-01187 Dresden (Germany)], E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] 2008-10-01 We report on the electronic structure and basic thermodynamic properties of Ce{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13} and of the reference compound La{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13}. XPS core-level spectra revealed a stable trivalent configuration of the Ce atoms in Ce{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13}, consistent with magnetic susceptibility data. Band structure calculations within the LSDA+U approximation yield the qualitatively correct description of Ce in a trivalent state. The reliability of the theoretical results has been confirmed by a comparison of the calculated XPS valence band spectra with experimental data. The calculated densities of states as well as the rare-earth (RE) 3d XPS spectra point to a weak hybridization between the RE 4f shell and the conduction band states. The band structure calculations result in a magnetic ground state for Ce{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13}. Previous analysis pointed to the partial occupancy of the 2a site by Sn atoms. The charge density analysis reveals the dominant metallic character of the chemical bonding at the 2a atomic position. Simulation of vacancies at the 2a site using the virtual crystal approximation (VCA) indicate that the magnetic properties of Ce{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13} strongly depend on the Sn content, which could explain the discrepancy in magnetic properties between different Ce{sub 3}Rh{sub 4}Sn{sub 13} samples. 16. An investigation of new infrared nonlinear optical material: BaCdSnSe4, and three new related centrosymmetric compounds: Ba2SnSe4, Mg2GeSe4, and Ba2Ge2S6. Science.gov (United States) Wu, Kui; Su, Xin; Yang, Zhihua; Pan, Shilie 2015-12-14 A series of new metal chalcongenides, BaCdSnSe4 (1), Ba2SnSe4 (2), Mg2GeSe4 (3), and Ba2Ge2S6 (4), were successfully synthesized for the first time. Among them, compounds 2 and 4 were prepared by a molten flux method with Zn as the flux. In their structures, all of them have MQ4 (M = Sn, Ge; Q = S, Se) units. For compound 1, the CdSe4 and SnSe4 groups are connected to form CdSnSe6 layers and these layers are linked together by the Ba atoms. Compounds 2 and 3 are composed of isolated MSe4 (M = Sn, Ge) units and charge-balanced by the Ba or Mg atoms, respectively, while compound 4 has infinite ∞(GeS3)n chains, which is different from the structures of the other three compounds that only have isolated MSe4 (M = Sn, Ge) units. The measured IR and Raman data of the title compounds show wide infrared transmission ranges. The experimental band gaps of compounds 1, 2, 3 and were determined to be 1.79, 1.90, and 2.02 eV, respectively. Band structures were also calculated and indicate that their tetrahedral units, such as [SnSe4], [GeS4] and [GeSe4], determine the energy band gaps of the title compounds, respectively. As for compound 1, based on fundamental light at 2.09 μm, the experimental second harmonic generation (SHG) response is about 1.6 times that of the benchmark AgGaS2, which is also consistent with the calculated value. Based on the above results, compound 1 has promising applications in the IR field as a NLO material. 17. Near-infrared SN Ia Cosmology Science.gov (United States) Avelino, Arturo; Kirshner, Robert; Mandel, Kaisey; Challis, Peter; Friedman, Andrew; RAISIN Team 2018-01-01 Observations of SN Ia in the near infrared (NIR) are a promising way to construct an accurate cosmic expansion history to constrain the properties of dark energy. SN Ia are more nearly standard candles in NIR than in optical bands, while dust absorption is less of a problem at NIR wavelengths. This allows us to investigate the dark energy properties in a way that is less sensitive to systematic errors due to the variations in the intrinsic brightness of SN Ia or the properties of dust in their host galaxies. In this talk, I present preliminary results from our RAISIN 1 (HST GO-13046) and RAISIN 2 (HST GO-14216) programs with the Hubble Space Telescope, where we have constructed a Hubble diagram combining optical + NIR photometric data using a sample of low and high redshift SN Ia. I will discuss our current results, challenges, and the advantage of using optical + NIR data to derive accurate cosmic distances and improve knowledge of the dark energy equation of state. This research is supported by NSF grants AST-156854 and AST-1211196. 18. SN 1006 and other historical supernovae Science.gov (United States) Stephenson, F. Richard 2007-08-01 The supernova which appeared in AD 1006 is unique in history for its brilliance, duration of visibility, and the interest it aroused. Almost thirty separate records of the star are preserved from various parts of the world. This paper briefly summarizes historical records of SN 1006 and discusses the prospects of uncovering further historical records of supernovae. 19. Sn and three-body forces Indian Academy of Sciences (India) c Indian Academy of Sciences. Vol. 85, No. 3. — journal of. September 2015 physics pp. 403–413. 136. Sn and three-body forces. M SAHA SARKAR1,∗ and S SARKAR2. 1Saha Institute of ... 2Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India ... So far, experimental investigations. 20. Fabrication of SnO2 nanotube microyarn and its gas sensing behavior Science.gov (United States) Lee, Byoung-Sun; Kim, Won-Sik; Kim, Dai-Hong; Kim, Hong-Chan; Hong, Seong-Hyeon; Yu, Woong-Ryeol 2011-10-01 Continuously aligned and assembled forms of nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotube yarns) have been recognized as an effective means of realizing the marvelous properties of individual nanomaterial in the macro/microscale. Many efforts have been made to develop metal oxide nanotubes, however, few researches have been dedicated to fabricating their microyarns. In this study, we report a fabrication method for SnO2 nanotube microyarns and their potential applications. The aligned polyacrylonitrile nanofibers were first prepared using electrospinning and they were twisted into a microyarn. SnO2 was then coated onto the nanofibers in the yarn by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Finally the microyarn consisting of the coated nanofibers was calcined, resulting in a SnO2 nanotube microyarn. The average diameter of the obtained SnO2 nanotubes in the microyarn was around 500 nm, and their wall thickness was approximately 70 nm when 1000 cycles of the ALD process were applied. The lattice fringes in the high resolution transmission electron microscope image and selected area electron diffraction pattern revealed that the nanotubes were polycrystalline SnO2 with a rutile structure. The SnO2 nanotube microyarn fabricated in this study has the potential to be applied for the development of a multiple-celled gas sensor, which has been confirmed by carrying out H2 gas sensing at 400 °C using a one-celled sensor. The results showed the stable and reversible gas sensing of the nanotube yarn, demonstrating that the nanotube yarns can be incorporated into a multiple-celled sensor due to their handling convenience, stable structure, and gas sensing performance. 1. A self-consistent analytical magnetar model: the luminosity of γ-ray burst supernovae is powered by radioactivity Science.gov (United States) Cano, Zach; Johansson Andreas, K. G.; Maeda, Keiichi 2016-04-01 We present an analytical model that considers energy arising from a magnetar central engine. The results of fitting this model to the optical and X-ray light curves of five long-duration γ-ray bursts (LGRBs) and two ultralong GRBs (ULGRBs), including their associated supernovae (SNe), show that emission from a magnetar central engine cannot be solely responsible for powering an LGRB-SN. While the early afterglow (AG)-dominated phase can be well described with our model, the predicted SN luminosity is underluminous by a factor of 3-17. We use this as compelling evidence that additional sources of heating must be present to power an LGRB-SN, which we argue must be radioactive heating. Our self-consistent modelling approach was able to successfully describe all phases of ULGRB 111209A/SN 2011kl, from the early AG to the later SN, where we determined for the magnetar central engine a magnetic field strength of 1.1-1.3 × 1015 G, an initial spin period of 11.5-13.0 ms, a spin-down time of 4.8-6.5 d, and an initial energy of 1.2-1.6 × 1050 erg. These values are entirely consistent with those determined by other authors. The luminosity of a magnetar-powered SN is directly related to how long the central engine is active, where central engines with longer durations give rise to brighter SNe. The spin-down time-scales of superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) are of order months to years, which provides a natural explanation as to why SN 2011kl was less luminous than SLSNe that are also powered by emission from magnetar central engines. 2. Cu-SnO2 nanostructures obtained via galvanic replacement control as high performance anodes for lithium-ion storage Science.gov (United States) Nguyen, Tuan Loi; Park, Duckshin; Hur, Jaehyun; Son, Hyung Bin; Park, Min Sang; Lee, Seung Geol; Kim, Ji Hyeon; Kim, Il Tae 2018-01-01 SnO2 has been considered as a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical capacity (782 mAh g-1). However, the reaction between lithium ions and Sn causes a large volume change, resulting in the pulverization of the anode, a loss of contact with the current collector, and a deterioration in electrochemical performance. Several strategies have been proposed to mitigate the drastic volume changes to extend the cyclic life of SnO2 materials. Herein, novel composites consisting of Cu and SnO2 were developed via the galvanic replacement reaction. The reaction was carried out at 180 °C for different durations and triethylene glycol was used as the medium solvent. The structure, morphology, and composition of the composites were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The reaction time affected the particle size, which in turn affected the reaction kinetics. Furthermore, the novel nanostructures contained an inactive metal phase (Cu), which acted both as the buffer space against the volume change of Sn during the alloying reaction and as the electron conductor, resulting in a lower impedance of the composites. When evaluated as potential anodes for LIBs, the composite electrodes displayed extraordinary electrochemical performance with a high capacity and Coulombic efficiency, an excellent cycling stability, and a superior rate capability compared to a Sn electrode. 3. Enhancing Performance of SnO2-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using ZnO Passivation Layer Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) W. M. N. M. B. Wanninayake 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Although liquid electrolyte based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs have shown higher photovoltaic performance in their class, they still suffer from some practical limitations such as solvent evaporation, leakage, and sealing imperfections. These problems can be circumvented to a certain extent by replacing the liquid electrolytes with quasi-solid-state electrolytes. Even though SnO2 shows high election mobility when compared to the semiconductor material commonly used in DSCs, the cell performance of SnO2-based DSCs is considerably low due to high electron recombination. This recombination effect can be reduced through the use of ultrathin coating layer of ZnO on SnO2 nanoparticles surface. ZnO-based DSCs also showed lower performance due to its amphoteric nature which help dissolve in slightly acidic dye solution. In this study, the effect of the composite SnO2/ZnO system was investigated. SnO2/ZnO composite DSCs showed 100% and 38% increase of efficiency compared to the pure SnO2-based and ZnO-based devices, respectively, with the gel electrolyte consisting of LiI salt. 4. The Consistent Vehicle Routing Problem Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Groer, Christopher S [ORNL; Golden, Bruce [University of Maryland; Edward, Wasil [American University 2009-01-01 In the small package shipping industry (as in other industries), companies try to differentiate themselves by providing high levels of customer service. This can be accomplished in several ways, including online tracking of packages, ensuring on-time delivery, and offering residential pickups. Some companies want their drivers to develop relationships with customers on a route and have the same drivers visit the same customers at roughly the same time on each day that the customers need service. These service requirements, together with traditional constraints on vehicle capacity and route length, define a variant of the classical capacitated vehicle routing problem, which we call the consistent VRP (ConVRP). In this paper, we formulate the problem as a mixed-integer program and develop an algorithm to solve the ConVRP that is based on the record-to-record travel algorithm. We compare the performance of our algorithm to the optimal mixed-integer program solutions for a set of small problems and then apply our algorithm to five simulated data sets with 1,000 customers and a real-world data set with more than 3,700 customers. We provide a technique for generating ConVRP benchmark problems from vehicle routing problem instances given in the literature and provide our solutions to these instances. The solutions produced by our algorithm on all problems do a very good job of meeting customer service objectives with routes that have a low total travel time. 5. Intermetallic Formation and Fluidity in Sn-Rich Sn-Cu-Ni Alloys Science.gov (United States) Gourlay, C. M.; Nogita, K.; Read, J.; Dahle, A. K. 2010-01-01 This paper investigates the phase equilibria and solidification behavior of Sn-Cu-Ni alloys with compositions in the range of 0 wt.% to 1.5 wt.% Cu and 0 wt.% to 0.3 wt.% Ni. The isothermal section at 268°C in the Sn-rich corner was determined. No evidence for a ternary phase was found, and the section is in good agreement with past experimental studies that report wide solubility ranges for (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 and (Ni,Cu)3Sn4. The vacuum fluidity test was applied to compositions that are liquid at 268°C to map the variation in microstructure and flow behavior with composition in this system. Significant variations in fluidity length were measured among the Sn-Cu-Ni alloys, and the variations correlate with the microstructure that develops during solidification. The generated fluidity map enables the selection of Sn-Cu-Ni solder compositions that exhibit good fluidity behavior during solidification and form near-eutectic microstructures. 6. Nanoparticle cluster gas sensor: Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticles for NH3 detection with ultrahigh sensitivity. Science.gov (United States) Liu, Xu; Chen, Nan; Han, Bingqian; Xiao, Xuechun; Chen, Gang; Djerdj, Igor; Wang, Yude 2015-09-28 Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters were synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. The structure, morphology, chemical state and specific surface area were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2-sorption studies, respectively. The SnO2 nanoparticle cluster matrix consists of tens of thousands of SnO2 nanoparticles with an ultra-small grain size estimated to be 3.0 nm. And there are abundant random-packed wormhole-like pores, caused by the inter-connection of the SnO2 nanoparticles, throughout each cluster. The platinum element is present in two forms including metal (Pt) and tetravalent metal oxide (PtO2) in the Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters. The as-synthesized pure and Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters were used to fabricate gas sensor devices. It was found that the gas response toward 500 ppm of ammonia was improved from 6.48 to 203.44 through the activation by Pt. And the results indicate that the sensor based on Pt activated SnO2 not only has ultrahigh sensitivity but also possesses good response-recovery properties, linear dependence, repeatability, selectivity and long-term stability, demonstrating the potential to use Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters as ammonia gas sensors. At the same time, the formation mechanisms of the unique nanoparticle clusters and highly enhanced sensitivity are also discussed. 7. EARLY-PHASE PHOTOMETRY AND SPECTROSCOPY OF TRANSITIONAL TYPE Ia SN 2012ht: DIRECT CONSTRAINT ON THE RISE TIME Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yamanaka, Masayuki; Nogami, Daisaku [Kwasan Observatory, Kyoto University, 17-1 Kitakazan-ohmine-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8471 (Japan); Maeda, Keiichi [Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan); Kawabata, Miho; Masumoto, Kazunari; Matsumoto, Katsura [Astronomical Institute, Osaka Kyoiku University, Asahigaoka, Kashiwara, Osaka 582-8582 (Japan); Tanaka, Masaomi [National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 (Japan); Takaki, Katsutoshi; Ueno, Issei; Itoh, Ryosuke [Department of Physical Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 (Japan); Kawabata, Koji S.; Moritani, Yuki; Akitaya, Hiroshi; Yoshida, Michitoshi [Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 (Japan); Arai, Akira; Honda, Satoshi [Center for Astronomy, University of Hyogo, 407-2 Nishigaichi, Sayo-cho, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5313 (Japan); Nishiyama, Koichi [Kurume, Fukuoka-ken (Japan); Kabashima, Fujio, E-mail: [email protected] [Miyaki-cho, Saga-ken (Japan) 2014-02-20 We report photometric and spectroscopic observations of the nearby Type Ia Supernova (SN Ia) 2012ht from –15.8 days to +49.1 days after B-band maximum. The decline rate of the light curve is Δm {sub 15}(B) = 1.39 ± 0.05 mag, which is intermediate between normal and subluminous SNe Ia, and similar to that of the ''transitional'' Type Ia SN 2004eo. The spectral line profiles also closely resemble those of SN 2004eo. We were able to observe SN 2012ht at a very early phase, when it was still rising and was about three magnitudes fainter than at the peak. The rise time to the B-band maximum is estimated to be 17.6 ± 0.5 days and the time of the explosion is MJD 56277.98 ± 0.13. SN 2012ht is the first transitional SN Ia whose rise time is directly measured without using light curve templates, and the fifth SN Ia overall. This rise time is consistent with those of the other four SNe within the measurement error, even including the extremely early detection of SN 2013dy. The rising part of the light curve can be fitted by a quadratic function, and shows no sign of a shock-heating component due to the interaction of the ejecta with a companion star. The rise time is significantly longer than that inferred for subluminous SNe such as SN 1991bg, which suggests that a progenitor and/or explosion mechanism of transitional SNe Ia are more similar to normal SNe Ia rather than to subluminous SNe Ia. 8. Network security CERN Document Server Perez, André 2014-01-01 This book introduces the security mechanisms deployed in Ethernet, Wireless-Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Internet Protocol (IP) and MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) networks. These mechanisms are grouped throughout the book according to the following four functions: data protection, access control, network isolation, and data monitoring. Data protection is supplied by data confidentiality and integrity control services. Access control is provided by a third-party authentication service. Network isolation is supplied by the Virtual Private Network (VPN) service. Data monitoring consists of applying 9. Study of structural properties and defects of Ni-doped SnO2 nanorods as ethanol gas sensors. Science.gov (United States) Inderan, Vicinisvarri; Arafat, M M; Kumar, Sudesh; Haseeb, A S M A; Jiang, Zhong-Tao; Altarawneh, Mohammednoor; Lee, Hooi Ling 2017-06-30 An ethanol gas sensor with enhanced sensor response was fabricated using Ni-doped SnO2 nanorods, synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. It was found that the response (R = R 0/R g) of a 5.0 mol% Ni-doped SnO2 (5.0Ni:SnO2) nanorod sensor was 1.4 × 10(4) for 1000 ppm C2H5OH gas, which is about 13 times higher than that of pure SnO2 nanorods, (1.1 × 10(3)) at the operating temperature of 450 °C. Moreover, for 50 ppm C2H5OH gas, the 5.0Ni:SnO2 nanorod sensor still recorded a significant response reading, namely 2.0 × 10(3) with a response time of 30 s and recovery time of 10 min. To investigate the effect of Ni dopant (0.5-5.0 mol%) on SnO2 nanorods, structural characterizations were demonstrated using field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and an ultraviolet-visible spectrometer. XRD results confirmed that all the samples consisted of tetragonal-shaped rutile SnO2 nanorods. It was found that the average diameter and length of the nanorods formed in 5.0Ni:SnO2 were four times smaller (∼6 and ∼35 nm, respectively) than those of the nanorods formed in pure SnO2 (∼25 and 150 nm). Interestingly, both samples had the same aspect ratio, ∼6. It is proposed that the high response of the 5.0Ni:SnO2 nanorod sensor can be attributed to the particle size, which causes an increase in the thickness of the charge depletion layer, and the presence of oxygen vacancies within the matrix of SnO2 nanorods. 10. Martensitic Transformation in Ni-Mn-Sn-Co Heusler Alloys Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Alexandre Deltell 2015-04-01 Full Text Available Thermal and structural austenite to martensite reversible transition was studied in melt spun ribbons of Ni50Mn40Sn5Co5, Ni50Mn37.5Sn7.5Co5 and Ni50Mn35Sn10Co5 (at. % alloys. Analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns confirms that all alloys have martensitic structure at room temperature: four layered orthorhombic 4O for Ni50Mn40Sn5Co5, four layered orthorhombic 4O and seven-layered monoclinic 14M for Ni50Mn37.5Sn7.5Co5 and seven-layered monoclinic 14M for Ni50Mn35Sn5Co5. Analysis of differential scanning calorimetry scans shows that higher enthalpy and entropy changes are obtained for alloy Ni50Mn37.5Sn7.5Co5, whereas transition temperatures increases as increasing valence electron density. 11. The effect of low Au concentrations on the properties of eutectic Sn/Pb Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kramer, P.A. 1992-05-01 This study was of the effects moderately low Au concentrations ({le} 10 wt%) have on the mechanical properties and microstructure of an eutectic Sn/Pb alloy. Vibration (60--90 Hz swept sine wave for 30 hours) and thermal cycling (0--110C for 1450 cycles) reliability tests were performed on fine pitch leaded chip carriers using eutectic Sn/Pb solder on PCBs (printed circuit boards) with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50{mu}in nominal Au thicknesses. Testing was also performed on double shear creep specimens consisting of arrays of regular pitch joints. There was a dramatic increase in the number of joints containing voids with increasing Au concentration, an effect more pronounced in the creep joints than in the reliability joints. These voids tended to coalesce and grow during rework simulation of the reliability joints. AuSn{sub 4} intermetallics present in toe of 4.8 wt% (50 {mu}in) Au vibration joints rotated from initial vertical perpendicular to surface of PCB metallization, solidification positions to roughly horizontal (parallel to plating surface) orientations during rework simulation and during aging of the parts. The AuSn{sub 4} intermetallics in the toe of the 4.8 wt% (50{mu}in) Au reflowed joints also rotated after vibration testing. No joint failures were observed in either vibration tested or thermally cycled specimens. Cracks formed in some of the vibration tested specimen joints under the heel of the gull-wing lead at Pb-rich phases. Thermally cycled specimens showed eutectic microstructure and intermetallic coarsening without crack formation. Creep tests showed loss of the superplasticity in eutectic Sn/Pb alloys with even the lowest Au concentration tested of 0.2 wt% Au. Intermetallic rotation was not a factor in crack propagation, but void presence was. Cracks tended to form in joints containing voids before forming in void-free joints. Crack propagation followed Sn/Sn grain boundaries and Sn/Pb phase boundaries from Pb-rich phase to Pb-rich phase. 12. The effect of low Au concentrations on the properties of eutectic Sn/Pb Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kramer, Pamela Ann [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States) 1992-05-01 This study was of the effects moderately low Au concentrations (≤ 10 wt%) have on the mechanical properties and microstructure of an eutectic Sn/Pb alloy. Vibration (60--90 Hz swept sine wave for 30 hours) and thermal cycling (0--110C for 1450 cycles) reliability tests were performed on fine pitch leaded chip carriers using eutectic Sn/Pb solder on PCBs (printed circuit boards) with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 50μin nominal Au thicknesses. Testing was also performed on double shear creep specimens consisting of arrays of regular pitch joints. There was a dramatic increase in the number of joints containing voids with increasing Au concentration, an effect more pronounced in the creep joints than in the reliability joints. These voids tended to coalesce and grow during rework simulation of the reliability joints. AuSn4 intermetallics present in toe of 4.8 wt% (50 μin) Au vibration joints rotated from initial vertical perpendicular to surface of PCB metallization, solidification positions to roughly horizontal (parallel to plating surface) orientations during rework simulation and during aging of the parts. The AuSn4 intermetallics in the toe of the 4.8 wt% (50μin) Au reflowed joints also rotated after vibration testing. No joint failures were observed in either vibration tested or thermally cycled specimens. Cracks formed in some of the vibration tested specimen joints under the heel of the gull-wing lead at Pb-rich phases. Thermally cycled specimens showed eutectic microstructure and intermetallic coarsening without crack formation. Creep tests showed loss of the superplasticity in eutectic Sn/Pb alloys with even the lowest Au concentration tested of 0.2 wt% Au. Intermetallic rotation was not a factor in crack propagation, but void presence was. Cracks tended to form in joints containing voids before forming in void-free joints. Crack propagation followed Sn/Sn grain boundaries and Sn/Pb phase boundaries from Pb-rich phase to Pb-rich phase. 13. Confined SnO2 quantum-dot clusters in graphene sheets as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries OpenAIRE Chengling Zhu; Shenmin Zhu; Kai Zhang; Zeyu Hui; Hui Pan; Zhixin Chen; Yao Li; Di Zhang; Da-Wei Wang 2016-01-01 Construction of metal oxide nanoparticles as anodes is of special interest for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. The main challenge lies in their rapid capacity fading caused by the structural degradation and instability of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer during charge/discharge process. Herein, we address these problems by constructing a novel-structured SnO2-based anode. The novel structure consists of mesoporous clusters of SnO2 quantum dots (SnO2 QDs), which are wrapped with... 14. Lattice Thermal Conductivity of the Binary and Ternary Group-IV Alloys Si-Sn, Ge-Sn, and Si-Ge-Sn Science.gov (United States) Khatami, S. N.; Aksamija, Z. 2016-07-01 Efficient thermoelectric (TE) energy conversion requires materials with low thermal conductivity and good electronic properties. Si-Ge alloys, and their nanostructures such as thin films and nanowires, have been extensively studied for TE applications; other group-IV alloys, including those containing Sn, have not been given as much attention as TEs, despite their increasing applications in other areas including optoelectronics. We study the lattice thermal conductivity of binary (Si-Sn and Ge-Sn) and ternary (Si-Ge-Sn) alloys and their thin films in the Boltzmann transport formalisms, including a full phonon dispersion and momentum-dependent boundary-roughness scattering. We show that Si-Sn alloys have the lowest conductivity (3 W /mK ) of all the bulk alloys, more than 2 times lower than Si-Ge, attributed to the larger difference in mass between the two constituents. In addition, we demonstrate that thin films offer an additional reduction in thermal conductivity, reaching around 1 W /mK in 20-nm-thick Si-Sn, Ge-Sn, and ternary Si-Ge-Sn films, which is near the conductivity of amorphous SiO2 . We conclude that group-IV alloys containing Sn have the potential for high-efficiency TE energy conversion. 15. Study of tin amalgam mirrors by {sup 119}Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy and other analytical methods Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lerf, A. [Bavarian Academy of Sciences, Walther Meißner Institute (Germany); Wagner, F. E., E-mail: [email protected] [Technical University of Munich, Physics Department E15 (Germany); Herrera, L. K. [Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dpto. de Ingeniería Mecánica y Mecatrónica (Colombia); Justo, A.; Mu noz-Páez, A.; Pérez-Rodríguez, J. L. [University of Sevilla-CSIC, ICMSE (Spain) 2016-12-15 From the beginning of the 16 {sup th} until the end of the 19 {sup th} century the most widely used mirrors consisted of a pane of glass backed with a reflecting layer of tin-mercury amalgam. They were made by sliding the glass pane over a tin foil covered with liquid mercury. After removal of the superfluous mercury, tin amalgam formed slowly at ambient temperature and yielded a reflecting layer adhering to the surface of the glass. Such mirrors often deteriorate in the course of time by oxidation of the tin in the amalgam to stannous or stannic oxide. {sup 119}Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, micro-XRF and X-ray diffraction have been used to study this deterioration process. The studied specimens were a modern mirror made for the reconstruction of the Green Vault in Dresden in the early 2000s, two rather well preserved German mirrors from the 17 {sup th} and 19 {sup th} centuries and several strongly deteriorated specimens of Baroque mirrors from the south of Spain. The modern mirror consists mainly of a Sn{sub 0.9}Hg{sub 0.1} amalgam with only 2 % of SnO{sub 2}. The older German mirrors showed more pronounced oxidation, containing 12 and 15 % of SnO{sub 2}, which did not noticeably impair their reflectivity. In the samples from the Spanish mirrors at best a few percent of metallic phase was left. The majority of the tin had oxidised to SnO{sub 2}, but between 8 and 20 % of the tin was present as SnO. X-ray diffraction yielded similar results and micro-XRF mapping using synchrotron radiation for excitation gave information on the distribution of Sn and Hg in the reflecting layer of the mirrors. 16. Layer-by-layer assembled graphene-coated mesoporous SnO2 spheres as anodes for advanced Li-ion batteries KAUST Repository Shahid, Muhammad 2014-10-01 We report layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly of graphene/carbon-coated mesoporous SnO2 spheres (Gr/C-SnO2 spheres), without binder and conducting additives, as anode materials with excellent Li-ion insertion-extraction properties. Our results indicate that these novel LBL assembled electrodes have high reversible Li storage capacity, improved cycling, and especially good rate performance, even at high specific currents. The superior electrochemical performance offered by these LBL assembled Gr/C-SnO2 spheres is attributed to the enhanced electronic conductivity and effective diffusion of Li ions in the interconnected network of nanoparticles forming the mesoporous SnO2 spheres. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 17. Corrosive synthesis and enhanced electromagnetic absorption properties of hollow porous Ni/SnO2 hybrids. Science.gov (United States) Zhao, Biao; Zhao, Wanyu; Shao, Gang; Fan, Bingbing; Zhang, Rui 2015-09-28 In this study, novel porous hollow Ni/SnO2 hybrids were prepared by a facile and flexible two-step approach composed of solution reduction and subsequent reaction-induced acid corrosion. In our protocol, it can be found that the hydrothermal temperature exerts a vital influence on the phase crystal and morphology of Ni/SnO2 hybrids. Notably, the Ni microspheres might be completely corroded in the hydrothermal process at 220 °C. The complex permittivity and permeability of Ni/SnO2 hybrids-paraffin wax composite were measured based on a vector network analyzer in the frequency range of 1-18 GHz. Electromagnetic absorption properties of samples were evaluated by transmission line theory. Ni/SnO2 hybrid composites exhibit superior electromagnetic absorption properties in comparison with pristine Ni microspheres. The outstanding electromagnetic absorption performances can be observed for the hollow porous Ni/SnO2 hybrid prepared at 200 °C. The minimum reflection loss is -36.7 dB at 12.3 GHz, and the effective electromagnetic wave absorption band (RL electromagnetic absorption properties were assigned to the improved impedance match, more interfacial polarization and unique hollow porous structures, which can result in microwave multi-reflection and scattering. This novel hollow porous hybrid is an attractive candidate for new types of high performance electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials, which satisfies the current requirements of electromagnetic absorbing materials, which include wide-band absorption, high-efficiency absorption capability, thin thickness and light weight. 18. Isospin Character of the Pygmy Dipole Resonance in Sn124 Science.gov (United States) Endres, J.; Litvinova, E.; Savran, D.; Butler, P. A.; Harakeh, M. N.; Harissopulos, S.; Herzberg, R.-D.; Krücken, R.; Lagoyannis, A.; Pietralla, N.; Ponomarev, V. Yu.; Popescu, L.; Ring, P.; Scheck, M.; Sonnabend, K.; Stoica, V. I.; Wörtche, H. J.; Zilges, A. 2010-11-01 The pygmy dipole resonance has been studied in the proton-magic nucleus Sn124 with the (α, α'γ) coincidence method at Eα=136MeV. The comparison with results of photon-scattering experiments reveals a splitting into two components with different structure: one group of states which is excited in (α, α'γ) as well as in (γ, γ') reactions and a group of states at higher energies which is only excited in (γ, γ') reactions. Calculations with the self-consistent relativistic quasiparticle time-blocking approximation and the quasiparticle phonon model are in qualitative agreement with the experimental results and predict a low-lying isoscalar component dominated by neutron-skin oscillations and a higher-lying more isovector component on the tail of the giant dipole resonance. 19. Combinatorial development of Cu2SnS3 as an earth abundant photovoltaic absorber Science.gov (United States) Baranowski, Lauryn L. The development of high efficiency, earth abundant photovoltaic absorbers is critical if photovoltaics are to be implemented on the TW scale. Although traditional thin films absorbers such as Cu(In,Ga)Se2 and CdTe have achieved over 20% device efficiencies, the ultimately scalability of these devices may be limited by elemental scarcity and toxicity issues. To date, the most successful earth abundant thin film absorber is Cu2ZnSn(S,Se) 4, which has achieved 12.6% efficiency as of 2014. However, chemical complexity and disorder issues with this material have made the path to higher efficiency CZTSSe devices unclear. As a result, many researchers are now exploring alternative earth abundant absorber materials. In this thesis, we apply our "rapid development" methodology to the exploration of alternative photovoltaic absorbers. The rapid development (RD) methodology, consisting of exploration, research, and development stages, uses complementary theory and experiment to assess candidate materials and down-select in each stage. The overall result is that, in the time span of ~2-3 years, we are able to rapidly go from tens of possible absorber materials to 1-2 working PV device prototypes. Here, we demonstrate the RD approach as applied to the Cu-Sn-S system. We begin our investigation of the Cu-Sn-S system by evaluating the thermodynamic stability, electrical transport, electronic structure, and optical and defect properties of candidate materials using complementary theory and experiment. We find that Cu2SnS3 is the most promising absorber candidate because of its strong optical absorption, tunable doping, and wide stability range. Our other candidate compounds suffer from serious flaws that preclude them from being successful photovoltaic absorbers, including too high experimental conductivity (Cu4SnS4), or poor hole transport and low absorption coefficient (Cu4Sn7S16). Next, we investigate the doping and defect physics of Cu2SnS 3. We identify the origins of the 20. The influence of oxygen flow rate on properties of SnO{sub 2} thin films grown epitaxially on c-sapphire by chemical vapor deposition Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lu, Y.M. [I. Physics Institute, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen (Germany); Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University (China); Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei University (China); Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University (China); Jiang, J. [I. Physics Institute, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen (Germany); Xia, C. [Physical Chemistry Institute, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 58, D-35392 Giessen (Germany); Kramm, B.; Polity, A. [I. Physics Institute, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen (Germany); He, Y.B., E-mail: [email protected] [Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Hubei University (China); Key Laboratory of Green Preparation and Application for Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei University (China); Faculty of Materials Science & Engineering, Hubei University (China); Klar, P.J.; Meyer, B.K. [I. Physics Institute, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen (Germany) 2015-11-02 Tin dioxide (SnO{sub 2}) thin films were grown on c-plane sapphire substrates by chemical vapor deposition using SnI{sub 2} and O{sub 2} as reactants. The growth experiments were carried out at a fixed substrate temperature of 510 °C and different O{sub 2} flow rates. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, UV–Vis–IR spectrophotometry and Hall-effect measurement were used to characterize the films. All films consisted of pure-phase SnO{sub 2} with a rutile structure and showed an epitaxial relationship with the substrate of SnO{sub 2}(100)\|\|Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) and SnO{sub 2}[010]\|\|Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}< 11–20 >. The crystalline quality and properties of the films were found to be sensitively dependent on the O{sub 2} flow rate during the film growth. The absolute average transmittance of the SnO{sub 2} films exceeded 85% in the visible and infrared spectral region. The films had optical band-gaps (3.72–3.89 eV) that are in line with the band gap of single-crystal SnO{sub 2}. The carrier concentration and Hall mobility of the films decreased from 3.3 × 10{sup 19} to 9 × 10{sup 17} cm{sup −3} and from 19 to 2 cm{sup 2} V{sup −1} s{sup −1}, respectively, while the resistivity increased from 0.01 to 3 Ω cm with increasing of the O{sub 2} flow rate from 5 to 60 sccm. - Highlights: • SnI{sub 2} (Sn{sup 2+}) was used as tin precursor to prepare tin oxide films by CVD. • Epitaxial SnO{sub 2} (100) films were obtained on c-sapphire with thickness more than 1 μm. • The epitaxial relationship is SnO{sub 2}(100)\|\|Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}(0001) and SnO{sub 2}[010]\|\|Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}< 11–20 >. • B{sub 2g} Raman mode was found to be absent in (100)-orientated SnO{sub 2} films on c-sapphire. • The crystal quality and properties of SnO{sub 2} films depended sensitively on the O{sub 2} flow rate. 1. One-pot synthesis of SnO{sub 2}/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite in ionic liquid-based solution and its application for lithium ion batteries Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gu, Changdong, E-mail: [email protected]; Zhang, Heng; Wang, Xiuli; Tu, Jiangping 2013-10-15 Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • A facile and low-temperature method is developed for SnO{sub 2}/graphene composite. • Synthesis performed in a choline chloride-based ionic liquid. • The composite shows an enhanced cycling stability as anode for Li-ion batteries. • 4 nm SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles mono-dispersed on the surface of reduced graphene oxide. - Abstract: A facile and low-temperature method is developed for SnO{sub 2}/graphene composite which involves an ultrasonic-assistant oxidation–reduction reaction between Sn{sup 2+} and graphene oxide in a choline chloride–ethylene glycol based ionic liquid under ambient conditions. The reaction solution is non-corrosive and environmental-friendly. Moreover, the proposed technique does not require complicated infrastructures and heat treatment. The SnO{sub 2}/graphene composite consists of about 4 nm sized SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles with cassiterite structure mono-dispersed on the surface of reduced graphene oxide. As anode for lithium-ion batteries, the SnO{sub 2}/graphene composite shows a satisfying cycling stability (535 mAh g{sup −1} after 50 cycles @100 mA g{sup −1}), which is significantly prior to the bare 4 nm sized SnO{sub 2} nanocrsytals. The graphene sheets in the hybrid nanostructure could provide a segmentation effect to alleviate the volume expansion of the SnO{sub 2} and restrain the small and active Sn-based particles aggregating into larger and inactive clusters during cycling. 2. Dependence of electrical properties on thermal temperature in nanocrystalline SnO2 thin films. Science.gov (United States) Du, Juan; Zhang, HaiJiao; Jiao, Zheng; Wu, Minghong; Shek, Chan-Hung; Wu, C M Lawrence; Lai, Joseph K L; Chen, Zhiwen 2011-12-01 Nanocrystalline SnO2 thin films were prepared by pulsed laser deposition techniques on clean glass substrates, and the films were then annealed for 30 min from 50 to 550 degrees C with a step of 50 degrees C, respectively. The investigation of X-ray diffraction confirmed that the various SnO2 thin films were consisted of nanoparticles with average grain size in the range of 23.7-28.9 nm. Root-mean-square surface roughness of the as-prepared SnO2 thin film was measured to be 25.6 nm which decreases to 16.2 nm with thermal annealing. Electrical resistivity and refractive index were measured as a function of annealing temperature, and found to lie between 1.24 to 1.45 momega-cm, and 1.502 to 1.349, respectively. The results indicate that nearly opposite actions to root-mean-square surface roughness and electrical resistivity make a unique performance with thermal annealing temperature. The post annealing shows greater tendency to affect the structural and electrical properties of SnO2 thin films which composed of nanoparticles. 3. Investigating the X-ray and Radio Evolution of SN 2005kd Science.gov (United States) Dwarkadas, V.; Romero-Canizales, C.; Reddy, R.; Bauer, F. 2017-10-01 SN 2005kd is among the most luminous supernovae (SNe) to be discovered at X-ray wavelengths. We have re-analysed all good angular resolution archival X-ray data for SN 2005kd. The data reveal an X-ray lightcurve that decreases as t^{-1.62 ± 0.06}. Our modelling of the data suggests that the early evolution is dominated by emission from the forward shock in a high-density medium. Emission from the radiative reverse shock is absorbed by the cold dense shell formed behind the reverse shock. Our results suggest a progenitor with a mass-loss rate towards the end of its evolution > 4.3 × 10^{-4} M_{⊙} yr^{-1}, for a wind velocity of 10 km s^{-1}, at 4.0 × 10^{16} cm. This mass-loss rate is too high for most known stars, except perhaps hypergiant stars, or luminous blue variables. The observations are consistent with the fact that Type IIn SNe expand into high-density and high mass-loss rate environments, and also suggest rapid variability in the wind mass-loss parameters within the last 5000 yr of stellar evolution prior to core collapse. We present the radio and X-ray lightcurves of SN 2005kd, and discuss the implications for the evolution of the SN and the identity of the progenitor. 4. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of low-melting point Bi-Sn-In solder joints Science.gov (United States) Nguyen, Van Luong; Kim, Sang Hoon; Jeong, Jae Won; Lim, Tae-Soo; Yang, Dong-Yeol; Kim, Ki Bong; Kim, Young Ja; Lee, Jun Hong; Kim, Yong-Jin; Yang, Sangsun 2017-09-01 Ternary Bi-31.5Sn-25.0In solder has been proposed and studied for application in temperature-sensitive electronic components. In a Bi-31.5Sn- 25.0In solder joint, In was detected in an intermetallic compound (IMC) layer formed at the solder/Cu substrate interface with a thickness of 4.8 μm. The microstructure of the bulk solder consisted of Sn-rich phases distributed in Bi-rich phases with dispersion of In in both phases. Meanwhile, the nanomechanical properties of the Bi-31.5Sn-25.0In solder showed great strain rate sensitivity. To be specific, hardness increased from 9.91 MPa to 56.84 MPa as the strain rate increased in the range of (0.0005-0.125) s-1. The strain-rate sensitivity exponent ( m) was found to be 0.28, indicating that the excellent ductility was shown for the solder tested under the present conditions. [Figure not available: see fulltext. 5. 450 d of Type II SN 2013ej in optical and near-infrared Science.gov (United States) Yuan, Fang; Jerkstrand, A.; Valenti, S.; Sollerman, J.; Seitenzahl, I. R.; Pastorello, A.; Schulze, S.; Chen, T.-W.; Childress, M. J.; Fraser, M.; Fremling, C.; Kotak, R.; Ruiter, A. J.; Schmidt, B. P.; Smartt, S. J.; Taddia, F.; Terreran, G.; Tucker, B. E.; Barbarino, C.; Benetti, S.; Elias-Rosa, N.; Gal-Yam, A.; Howell, D. A.; Inserra, C.; Kankare, E.; Lee, M. Y.; Li, K. L.; Maguire, K.; Margheim, S.; Mehner, A.; Ochner, P.; Sullivan, M.; Tomasella, L.; Young, D. R. 2016-09-01 We present optical and near-infrared photometric and spectroscopic observations of SN 2013ej, in galaxy M74, from 1 to 450 d after the explosion. SN 2013ej is a hydrogen-rich supernova, classified as a Type IIL due to its relatively fast decline following the initial peak. It has a relatively high peak luminosity (absolute magnitude MV = -17.6) but a small 56Ni production of ˜0.023 M⊙. Its photospheric evolution is similar to other Type II SNe, with shallow absorption in the Hα profile typical for a Type IIL. During transition to the radioactive decay tail at ˜100 d, we find the SN to grow bluer in B - V colour, in contrast to some other Type II supernovae. At late times, the bolometric light curve declined faster than expected from 56Co decay and we observed unusually broad and asymmetric nebular emission lines. Based on comparison of nebular emission lines most sensitive to the progenitor core mass, we find our observations are best matched to synthesized spectral models with a MZAMS = 12-15 M⊙ progenitor. The derived mass range is similar to but not higher than the mass estimated for Type IIP progenitors. This is against the idea that Type IIL are from more massive stars. Observations are consistent with the SN having a progenitor with a relatively low-mass envelope. 6. Spatial distribution of radionuclides in 3D models of SN 1987A and Cas A Science.gov (United States) Janka, Hans-Thomas; Gabler, Michael; Wongwathanarat, Annop 2017-02-01 Fostered by the possibilities of multi-dimensional computational modeling, in particular the advent of three-dimensional (3D) simulations, our understanding of the neutrino-driven explosion mechanism of core-collapse supernovae (SNe) has experienced remarkable progress over the past decade. First self-consistent, first-principle models have shown successful explosions in 3D, and even failed cases may be cured by moderate changes of the microphysics inside the neutron star (NS), better grid resolution, or more detailed progenitor conditions at the onset of core collapse, in particular large-scale perturbations in the convective Si and O burning shells. 3D simulations have also achieved to follow neutrino-driven explosions continuously from the initiation of the blast wave, through the shock breakout from the progenitor surface, into the radioactively powered evolution of the SN, and towards the free expansion phase of the emerging remnant. Here we present results from such simulations, which form the basis for direct comparisons with observations of SNe and SN remnants in order to derive constraints on the still disputed explosion mechanism. It is shown that predictions based on hydrodynamic instabilities and mixing processes associated with neutrino-driven explosions yield good agreement with measured NS kicks, light-curve properties of SN 1987A and asymmetries of iron and 44Ti distributions observed in SN 1987A and Cassiopeia A. 7. Rare Earth Chalcogels NaLnSnS4 (Ln = Y, Gd, Tb) for Selective Adsorption of Volatile Hydrocarbons and Gases KAUST Repository Edhaim, Fatimah 2017-06-28 The synthesis and characterization of the rare earth chalcogenide aerogels NaYSnS4, NaGdSnS4, and NaTbSnS4 is reported. Rare earth metal ions like Y3+, Gd3+, and Tb3+ react with the chalcogenide clusters [SnS4]4– in aqueous formamide solution forming extended polymeric networks by gelation. Aerogels obtained after supercritical drying have BET surface areas of 649 m2·g–1 (NaYSnS4), 479 m2·g–1 (NaGdSnS4), and 354 m2·g–1 (NaTbSnS4). Electron microscopy and physisorption studies reveal that the new materials have pores in the macro (above 50 nm) and meso (2–50 nm) regions. These aerogels show higher adsorption of toluene vapor over cyclohexane vapor and CO2 over CH4 or H2. The notable adsorption capacity for toluene (NaYSnS4: 1108 mg·g–1; NaGdSnS4: 921 mg·g–1; and NaTbSnS4: 645 mg·g–1) and high selectivity for gases (CO2/H2: 172 and CO2/CH4: 50 for NaYSnS4, CO2/H2: 155 and CO2/CH4: 37 for NaGdSnS4, and CO2/H2: 75 and CO2/CH4: 28 for NaTbSnS4) indicate potential future use of chalcogels in adsorption-based gas or hydrocarbon separation processes. 8. The dipole response of {sup 132}Sn Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schrock, Philipp; Aumann, Thomas; Johansen, Jacob; Schindler, Fabia [IKP, TU Darmstadt (Germany); Boretzky, Konstanze [GSI Helmholtzzentrum (Germany); Rossi, Dominic [Michigan State University (United States); Collaboration: R3B-Collaboration 2015-07-01 The Isovector Giant Dipole Resonance (IVGDR) is a well-known collective excitation in which all protons oscillate against all neutrons of a nucleus. In neutron-rich nuclei an additional low-lying dipole excitation occurs, often denoted as Pygmy Dipole Resonance (PDR). To study the PDR in exotic Sn-isotopes, an experiment has been successfully performed with the upgraded R{sup 3}B-LAND setup at GSI. The complete-kinematics measurement of all reaction participants allows for the reconstuction of the excitation energy and, hence, the extraction of the dipole strength. Presented are the main features of the experiment, the analysis concept and the current status of the analysis of the dipole response of the doubly-magic isotope {sup 132}Sn. 9. Crystallographic Orientation Effect on Electromigration in Ni-Sn Microbump Science.gov (United States) Huang, Yi-Ting; Chen, Chih-Hao; Chakroborty, Subhendu; Wu, Albert T. 2017-09-01 This article addresses the reliability challenges regarding electromigration in developing three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs). The line-type sandwich structure of Ni/Sn3.5Ag(15 μm)/Ni was used to simulate microbumps to examine the reliability of electromigration in 3D-IC technology. The solder strip of Ni/Sn3.5Ag(15 μm)/Ni was stressed with a current density of 1.0 × 104 A/cm2 at 150°C. The current stressing enhanced the reaction between the solder and Ni to form Ni3Sn4, which occupied the entire joint and transformed into a Ni/Ni3Sn4/Ni structure when the solder was completely consumed. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to analyze the crystallographic characteristics of Sn and Ni3Sn4 as related to the electromigration effect. The results indicated that the crystallographic orientation of Sn plays a significant role in the Ni/Sn3.5Ag/Ni, whereas the orientation of Ni3Sn4 is the dominant factor of diffusion behavior in the Ni/Ni3Sn4/Ni. 10. {sup 119}Sn CEMS study of Sb doped SnO{sub 2} film Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Nomura, K., E-mail: [email protected] [Tokyo University of Science, PIRC (Japan); Kuzmann, E., E-mail: [email protected] [Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Institute of Chemistry (Hungary); Garg, V. K.; Oliveira, A. C. de [University of Brasília, Institute of Physics (Brazil); Stichleutner, S.; Homonnay, Z. [Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Institute of Chemistry (Hungary) 2016-12-15 Sb doped SnO{sub 2} films prepared by DC sputtering and heating were characterized by {sup 119}Sn conversion electron Mössbauer spectrometry (CEMS). An asymmetric doublet was observed in the Mössbauer spectra of 1 %, 3 %, and 10 % Sb doped SnO{sub 2} films. The peak ratios of doublets are considered to be due to the columnar crystal growth on the substrate. With the doping level of Sb, both the isomer shift (δ) and the quadrupole splitting (Δ) increased. After annealing, δ increased and Δ decreased for each sample. These results suggest the followings. The electron doping of the SnO{sub 2} lattice by pentavalent Sb induces the increase of the electron density at the Sn{sup IV} nucleus. The annealing process leads to more complete accommodation of the Sb dopant that results in more effective electron doping and therefore increasing isomer shift for tin. Simultaneously, the distortion of the lattice caused by Sb is relaxed and the quadrupole splitting decreases. 11. Nonthermal emission of SN 1987A Science.gov (United States) Berezhko, Evgeny; Ksenofontov, Leonid; Voelk, Heinrich A nonlinear kinetic theory of cosmic-ray acceleration in supernova remnants is employed to investigate the properties of the remnant SN 1987A. Recent observational data in radio and X-ray is used to constrain a set of model parameters. The spectrum of gamma-ray emission and its behavior in time is calculated and compared with sensitivities of the modern ground-based gamma-ray experiments. 12. On Mossbauer dynamics in Nb3Sn Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Before the advent of high temperature oxide superconductivity, several intermetallic com- pounds possessing A15 crystal structure [1] have been known to be good superconductors; namely V3Si (Мc=17.1 K), V3Ga (Мc=16.8 K), Nb3Sn (Мc=18 K), Nb3Al (Мc=18.5 K) and Nb3Alo75 Geo75 (Мc=20 K). A15 group of ... 13. A review and prospects for Nb3Sn superconductor development Science.gov (United States) Xu, Xingchen 2017-09-01 Nb3Sn superconductors have significant applications in constructing high-field (>10 T) magnets. This article briefly reviews development of Nb3Sn superconductor and proposes prospects for further improvement. It is shown that significant improvement of critical current density (J c) is needed for future accelerator magnets. After a brief review of the development of Nb3Sn superconductors, the factors controlling J c are summarized and correlated with their microstructure and chemistry. The non-matrix J c of Nb3Sn conductors is mainly determined by three factors: the fraction of current-carrying Nb3Sn phase in the non-matrix area, the upper critical field B c2, and the flux line pinning capacity. Then prospects to improve the three factors are discussed respectively. An analytic model was developed to show how the ratios of precursors determine the phase fractions after heat treatment, based on which it is predicted that the limit of current-carrying Nb3Sn fraction in subelements is ∼65%. Then, since B c2 is largely determined by the Nb3Sn stoichiometry, a thermodynamic/kinetic theory is presented to show what essentially determines the Sn content of Nb3Sn conductors. This theory explains the influences of Sn sources and Ti addition on stoichiometry and growth rate of Nb3Sn layers. Next, to improve flux pinning, previous efforts in this community to introduce additional pinning centers to Nb3Sn wires are reviewed, and an internal oxidation technique is described. Finally, prospects for further improvement of non-matrix J c of Nb3Sn conductors are discussed, and it is seen that the only opportunity for further significantly improving J c lies in improving flux pinning. 14. VERY LATE PHOTOMETRY OF SN 2011fe Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kerzendorf, W. E. [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto, 50 Saint George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H4 (Canada); Taubenberger, S.; Seitenzahl, I. R.; Ruiter, A. J., E-mail: [email protected] [Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 1, D-85748 Garching (Germany) 2014-12-01 The Type Ia supernova SN 2011fe is one of the closest supernovae of the past decades. Due to its proximity and low dust extinction, this object provides a very rare opportunity to study the extremely late time evolution (>900 days) of thermonuclear supernovae. In this Letter, we present our photometric data of SN 2011fe taken at an unprecedented late epoch of ≈930 days with GMOS-N mounted on the Gemini North telescope (g = 23.43 ± 0.28, r = 24.14 ± 0.14, i = 23.91 ± 0.18, and z = 23.90 ± 0.17) to study the energy production and retention in the ejecta of SN 2011fe. Together with previous measurements by other groups, our result suggests that the optical supernova light curve can still be explained by the full thermalization of the decay positrons of {sup 56}Co. This is in spite of theoretical predicted effects (e.g., infrared catastrophe, positron escape, and dust) that advocate a substantial energy redistribution and/or loss via various processes that result in a more rapid dimming at these very late epochs. 15. Thermoelectric properties of SnSe compound Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Guan, Xinhong [State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box 72, Beijing 100876 (China); Lu, Pengfei, E-mail: [email protected] [State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box 72, Beijing 100876 (China); Wu, Liyuan; Han, Lihong [State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, P.O. Box 72, Beijing 100876 (China); Liu, Gang [School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876 (China); Song, Yuxin [State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Wang, Shumin [State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050 (China); Photonics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg (Sweden) 2015-09-15 Highlights: • The electronic and thermoelectric properties of SnSe bulk material are studied. • The ZT can reach as high as 1.87 along yy and 1.6 along zz direction at 800k. • SnSe is an indirect-band material, and SOC has little effect on the band structure. • The high ZT can be attributed to the intrinsically ultralow thermal conductivity. - Abstract: A first-principles study and Boltzmann transport theory have been performed to evaluate the electronic structure and thermoelectric properties of SnSe compound. The energy band structure and density of states are studied in detail. The electronic transport coefficients are then calculated as a function of chemical potential or temperature within the assumption of the constant relaxation time. The figure of merit ZT is obtained with the use of calculated thermoelectric properties and can reach as high as 1.87 along yy and 1.6 along zz direction at 800 K. Our theoretical result agrees well with previous experimental data. 16. A facile inexpensive route for SnS thin film solar cells with SnS{sub 2} buffer Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gedi, Sreedevi [School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea (Korea, Republic of); Solar Photovoltaic Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswasra University, Tirupati 517 502 (India); Minna Reddy, Vasudeva Reddy, E-mail: [email protected] [School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea (Korea, Republic of); Solar Photovoltaic Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswasra University, Tirupati 517 502 (India); Pejjai, Babu [School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea (Korea, Republic of); Solar Photovoltaic Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswasra University, Tirupati 517 502 (India); Jeon, Chan-Wook [School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea (Korea, Republic of); Park, Chinho, E-mail: [email protected] [School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 712-749, Republic of Korea (Korea, Republic of); Ramakrishna Reddy, K.T., E-mail: [email protected] [Solar Photovoltaic Laboratory, Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswasra University, Tirupati 517 502 (India) 2016-05-30 Graphical abstract: PYS spectra of SnS/SnS{sub 2} interface and the related band diagram. - Highlights: • A low cost SnS solar cell is developed using chemical bath deposition. • We found E{sub I} & χ of SnS (5.3 eV & 4.0 eV) and SnS{sub 2} (6.9 eV & 4.1 eV) films from PYS. • Band offsets of 0.1 eV (E{sub c}) and 1.6 eV (E{sub v}) are estimated for SnS/SnS{sub 2} junction. • SnS based solar cell showed a conversion efficiency of 0.51%. - Abstract: Environment-friendly SnS based thin film solar cells with SnS{sub 2} as buffer layer were successfully fabricated from a facile inexpensive route, chemical bath deposition (CBD). Layer studies revealed that as-grown SnS and SnS{sub 2} films were polycrystalline; (1 1 1)/(0 0 1) peaks as the preferred orientation; 1.3 eV/2.8 eV as optical band gaps; and showed homogeneous microstructure with densely packed grains respectively. Ionization energy and electron affinity values were found by applying photoemission yield spectroscopy (PYS) to the CBD deposited SnS and SnS{sub 2} films for the first time. These values obtained as 5.3 eV and 4.0 eV for SnS films; 6.9 eV and 4.1 eV for SnS{sub 2} films. The band alignment of SnS/SnS{sub 2} junction showed TYPE-II heterostructure. The estimated conduction and valance band offsets were 0.1 eV and 1.6 eV respectively. The current density–voltage (J–V) measurements of the cell showed open circuit voltage (V{sub oc}) of 0.12 V, short circuit current density (J{sub sc}) of 10.87 mA cm{sup −2}, fill factor (FF) of 39% and conversion efficiency of 0.51%. 17. Consistency between GRUAN sondes, LBLRTM and IASI Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) X. Calbet 2017-06-01 Full Text Available Radiosonde soundings from the GCOS Reference Upper-Air Network (GRUAN data record are shown to be consistent with Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Instrument (IASI-measured radiances via LBLRTM (Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model in the part of the spectrum that is mostly affected by water vapour absorption in the upper troposphere (from 700 hPa up. This result is key for climate data records, since GRUAN, IASI and LBLRTM constitute reference measurements or a reference radiative transfer model in each of their fields. This is specially the case for night-time radiosonde measurements. Although the sample size is small (16 cases, daytime GRUAN radiosonde measurements seem to have a small dry bias of 2.5 % in absolute terms of relative humidity, located mainly in the upper troposphere, with respect to LBLRTM and IASI. Full metrological closure is not yet possible and will not be until collocation uncertainties are better characterized and a full uncertainty covariance matrix is clarified for GRUAN. 18. Interface chemistry engineering for stable cycling of reduced GO/SnO2 nanocomposites for lithium ion battery. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Lei; Wang, Dong; Dong, Zhihui; Zhang, Fengxing; Jin, Jian 2013-04-10 From the whole anode electrode of view, we report in this work a system-level strategy of fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/SnO2 composite-based anode for lithium ion battery (LIB) to enhance the capacity and cyclic performance of SnO2-based electrode materials. RGO/SnO2 composite was first coated by a nanothick polydopamine (PD) layer and the PD-coated RGO/SnO2 composite was then cross-linked with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) that was used as a binder to accomplish a whole anode electrode. The cross-link reaction between PAA and PD produced a robust network in the anode system to stabilize the whole anode during cycling. As a result, the designed anode exhibits an outstanding energy capacity up to 718 mAh/g at current density of 100 mA/g after 200 cycles and a good rate performance of 811, 700, 641, and 512 mAh/g at current density of 100, 250, 500, and 1000 mA/g, respectively. Fourier transform IR spectra confirm the formation of cross-link reaction and the stability of the robust network after long-term cycling. Our results indicate the importance of designing interfaces in anode system on achieving improved performance of electrode of LIBs. 19. Hierarchical Graphene-Encapsulated Hollow SnO2@SnS2 Nanostructures with Enhanced Lithium Storage Capability. Science.gov (United States) Xu, Wangwang; Xie, Zhiqiang; Cui, Xiaodan; Zhao, Kangning; Zhang, Lei; Dietrich, Grant; Dooley, Kerry M; Wang, Ying 2015-10-14 Complex hierarchical structures have received tremendous attention due to their superior properties over their constitute components. In this study, hierarchical graphene-encapsulated hollow SnO2@SnS2 nanostructures are successfully prepared by in situ sulfuration on the backbones of hollow SnO2 spheres via a simple hydrothermal method followed by a solvothermal surface modification. The as-prepared hierarchical SnO2@SnS2@rGO nanocomposite can be used as anode material in lithium ion batteries, exhibiting excellent cyclability with a capacity of 583 mAh/g after 100 electrochemical cycles at a specific current of 200 mA/g. This material shows a very low capacity fading of only 0.273% per cycle from the second to the 100th cycle, lower than the capacity degradation of bare SnO2 hollow spheres (0.830%) and single SnS2 nanosheets (0.393%). Even after being cycled at a range of specific currents varied from 100 mA/g to 2000 mA/g, hierarchical SnO2@SnS2@rGO nanocomposites maintain a reversible capacity of 664 mAh/g, which is much higher than single SnS2 nanosheets (374 mAh/g) and bare SnO2 hollow spheres (177 mAh/g). Such significantly improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to the unique hierarchical hollow structure, which not only effectively alleviates the stress resulting from the lithiation/delithiation process and maintaining structural stability during cycling but also reduces aggregation and facilitates ion transport. This work thus demonstrates the great potential of hierarchical SnO2@SnS2@rGO nanocomposites for applications as a high-performance anode material in next-generation lithium ion battery technology. 20. An alkaline tin(II) halide compound Na{sub 3}Sn{sub 2}F{sub 6}Cl: Synthesis, structure, and characterization Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Gong, Pifu [Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Luo, Siyang [Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); Huang, Qian; Yang, Yi [Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Jiang, Xingxing [Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); Liang, Fei [Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Chen, Chuangtian [Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); Lin, Zheshuai, E-mail: [email protected] [Beijing Center for Crystal Research and Development, Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China) 2017-04-15 A new alkali tin(II) halide compound, Na{sub 3}Sn{sub 2}F{sub 6}Cl, is synthesized by hydrothermal method. This compound crystallizes trigonally in space group of R-3c (167), and processes a zero-dimensional (0D) structure consisted of Na{sup +} cations, Cl{sup −} anions and the isolated [SnF{sub 3}]{sup -} trigonal pyramids in which the stereochemically active 5s{sup 2} lone pair electrons are attached to the Sn{sup 2+} cations. Interestingly, the [SnF{sub 3}]{sup −} trigonal pyramids are parallel arranged in the a-b plane, while oppositely arranged in line with rotation along the c- axis. Moreover, the energy bandgap, thermal stability and electronic structure of Na{sub 3}Sn{sub 2}F{sub 6}Cl are characterized and the results reveal that this compound has and indirect bandgap of 3.88 eV and is stable under 270 °C. - Graphical abstract: A zero-dimensional alkaline tin halide compound, Na{sub 3}Sn{sub 2}F{sub 6}Cl, is synthesized by hydrothermal method. Interestingly, both the anions and cations coordinating polyhedra exhibit order arranged with the [SnF{sub 3}]{sup -} trigonal pyramids rotating along the c- axis. 1. Comparative genomics reveals adaptation by Alteromonas sp. SN2 to marine tidal-flat conditions: cold tolerance and aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Renukaradhya K Math Full Text Available Alteromonas species are globally distributed copiotrophic bacteria in marine habitats. Among these, sea-tidal flats are distinctive: undergoing seasonal temperature and oxygen-tension changes, plus periodic exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons. Strain SN2 of the genus Alteromonas was isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated sea-tidal flat sediment and has been shown to metabolize aromatic hydrocarbons there. Strain SN2's genomic features were analyzed bioinformatically and compared to those of Alteromonas macleodii ecotypes: AltDE and ATCC 27126. Strain SN2's genome differs from that of the other two strains in: size, average nucleotide identity value, tRNA genes, noncoding RNAs, dioxygenase gene content, signal transduction genes, and the degree to which genes collected during the Global Ocean Sampling project are represented. Patterns in genetic characteristics (e.g., GC content, GC skew, Karlin signature, CRISPR gene homology indicate that strain SN2's genome architecture has been altered via horizontal gene transfer (HGT. Experiments proved that strain SN2 was far more cold tolerant, especially at 5°C, than the other two strains. Consistent with the HGT hypothesis, a total of 15 genomic islands in strain SN2 likely confer ecological fitness traits (especially membrane transport, aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis specific to the adaptation of strain SN2 to its seasonally cold sea-tidal flat habitat. 2. Normal-pressure microwave rapid synthesis of hierarchical SnO₂@rGO nanostructures with superhigh surface areas as high-quality gas-sensing and electrochemical active materials. Science.gov (United States) Yin, Li; Chen, Deliang; Cui, Xue; Ge, Lianfang; Yang, Jing; Yu, Lanlan; Zhang, Bing; Zhang, Rui; Shao, Guosheng 2014-11-21 Hierarchical SnO2@rGO nanostructures with superhigh surface areas are synthesized via a simple redox reaction between Sn(2+) ions and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets under microwave irradiation. XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, TG-DTA and N2 adsorption-desorption are used to characterize the compositions and microstructures of the SnO2@rGO samples obtained. The SnO2@rGO nanostructures are used as gas-sensing and electroactive materials to evaluate their property-microstructure relationship. The results show that SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with particle sizes of 3-5 nm are uniformly anchored on the surfaces of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets through a heteronucleation and growth process. The as-obtained SnO2@rGO sample with a hierarchically sesame cake-like microstructure and a superhigh specific surface area of 2110.9 m(2) g(-1) consists of 92 mass% SnO2 NPs and ∼8 mass% rGO nanosheets. The sensitivity of the SnO2@rGO sensor upon exposure to 10 ppm H2S is up to 78 at the optimal operating temperature of 100 °C, and its response time is as short as 7 s. Compared with SnO2 nanocrystals (5-10 nm), the hierarchical SnO2@rGO nanostructures have enhanced gas-sensing behaviors (i.e., high sensitivity, rapid response and good selectivity). The SnO2@rGO nanostructures also show excellent electroactivity in detecting sunset yellow (SY) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH = 2.0). The enhancement in gas-sensing and electroactive performance is mainly attributed to the unique hierarchical microstructure, high surface areas and the synergistic effect of SnO2 NPs and rGO nanosheets. 3. Normal-pressure microwave rapid synthesis of hierarchical SnO2@rGO nanostructures with superhigh surface areas as high-quality gas-sensing and electrochemical active materials Science.gov (United States) Yin, Li; Chen, Deliang; Cui, Xue; Ge, Lianfang; Yang, Jing; Yu, Lanlan; Zhang, Bing; Zhang, Rui; Shao, Guosheng 2014-10-01 Hierarchical SnO2@rGO nanostructures with superhigh surface areas are synthesized via a simple redox reaction between Sn2+ ions and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets under microwave irradiation. XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, TG-DTA and N2 adsorption-desorption are used to characterize the compositions and microstructures of the SnO2@rGO samples obtained. The SnO2@rGO nanostructures are used as gas-sensing and electroactive materials to evaluate their property-microstructure relationship. The results show that SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) with particle sizes of 3-5 nm are uniformly anchored on the surfaces of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets through a heteronucleation and growth process. The as-obtained SnO2@rGO sample with a hierarchically sesame cake-like microstructure and a superhigh specific surface area of 2110.9 m2 g-1 consists of 92 mass% SnO2 NPs and ~8 mass% rGO nanosheets. The sensitivity of the SnO2@rGO sensor upon exposure to 10 ppm H2S is up to 78 at the optimal operating temperature of 100 °C, and its response time is as short as 7 s. Compared with SnO2 nanocrystals (5-10 nm), the hierarchical SnO2@rGO nanostructures have enhanced gas-sensing behaviors (i.e., high sensitivity, rapid response and good selectivity). The SnO2@rGO nanostructures also show excellent electroactivity in detecting sunset yellow (SY) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH = 2.0). The enhancement in gas-sensing and electroactive performance is mainly attributed to the unique hierarchical microstructure, high surface areas and the synergistic effect of SnO2 NPs and rGO nanosheets. 4. Toward a Theory of Industrial Supply Networks: A Multi-Level Perspective via Network Analysis Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Yi Zuo 2017-07-01 Full Text Available In most supply chains (SCs, transaction relationships between suppliers and customers are commonly considered to be an extrapolation from a linear perspective. However, this traditional linear concept of an SC is egotistic and oversimplified and does not sufficiently reflect the complex and cyclical structure of supplier-customer relationships in current economic and industrial situations. The interactional relationships and topological characteristics between suppliers and customers should be analyzed using supply networks (SNs rather than traditional linear SCs. Therefore, this paper reconceptualizes SCs as SNs in complex adaptive systems (CAS, and presents three main contributions. First, we propose an integrated framework of CAS network by synthesizing multi-level network analysis from the network-, community- and vertex-perspective. The CAS perspective enables us to understand the advances of SN properties. Second, in order to emphasize the CAS properties of SNs, we conducted a real-world SN based on the Japanese industry and describe an advanced investigation of SN theory. The CAS properties help in enriching the SN theory, which can benefit SN management, community economics and industrial resilience. Third, we propose a quantitative metric of entropy to measure the complexity and robustness of SNs. The results not only support a specific understanding of the structural outcomes relevant to SNs, but also deliver efficient and effective support to the management and design of SNs. 5. Strain sensitivity of band gaps of Sn-containing semiconductors DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Li, Hong; Castelli, Ivano Eligio; Thygesen, Kristian Sommer 2015-01-01 Tuning of band gaps of semiconductors is a way to optimize materials for applications within photovoltaics or as photocatalysts. One way to achieve this is through applying strain to the materials. We investigate the effect of strain on a range of Sn-containing semiconductors using density...... functional theory and many-body perturbation theory calculations. We find that the band gaps of bulk Sn oxides with SnO6 octahedra are highly sensitive to volumetric strain. By applying a small isotropic strain of 2% (-2%), a decrease (increase) of band gaps as large as 0.8 to 1.0 eV are obtained. We...... attribute the ultrahigh strain sensitivity to the pure Sn s-state character of the conduction-band edges. Other Sn-containing compounds may show both increasing and decreasing gaps under tensile strain and we show that the behavior can be understood by analyzing the role of the Sn s states in both... 6. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life Survey (SN-5) into Brazilian Portuguese. Science.gov (United States) Uchoa, Priscila Regina Candido Espinola; Bezerra, Thiago Freire Pinto; Lima, Élcio Duarte; Fornazieri, Marco Aurélio; Pinna, Fabio de Rezende; Sperandio, Fabiana de Araújo; Voegels, Richard Louis The concept of quality of life is subjective and variable definition, which depends on the individual's perception of their state of health. Quality of life questionnaires are instruments designed to measure quality of life, but most are developed in a language other than Portuguese. Questionnaires can identify the most important symptoms, focus on consultation, and assist in defining the goals of treatment. Some of these have been validated for the Portuguese language, but none in children. To validate the translation with cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life Survey (SN-5) into Portuguese. Prospective study of children aged 2-12 years with sinonasal symptoms of over 30 days. The study comprised two stages: (I) translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SN-5 into Portuguese (SN-5p); and (II) validation of the SN5-p. Statistical analysis was performed to assess internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and sensitivity, as well as construct and discriminant validity and standardization. The SN-5 was translated and adapted into Portuguese (SN-5p) and the author of the original version approved the process. Validation was carried out by administration of the SN-5p to 51 pediatric patients with sinonasal complaints (mean age, 5.8±2.5 years; range, 2-12 years). The questionnaire exhibited adequate construct validity (0.62, pPortuguese. The translated version exhibited adequate psychometric properties for assessment of disease-specific quality of life in pediatric patients with sinonasal complaints. Copyright © 2016 Associação Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia Cérvico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved. 7. Ejection of the Massive Hydrogen-rich Envelope Timed with the Collapse of the Stripped SN 2014C. Science.gov (United States) Margutti, Raffaella; Kamble, A; Milisavljevic, D; Zapartas, E; de Mink, S E; Drout, M; Chornock, R; Risaliti, G; Zauderer, B A; Bietenholz, M; Cantiello, M; Chakraborti, S; Chomiuk, L; Fong, W; Grefenstette, B; Guidorzi, C; Kirshner, R; Parrent, J T; Patnaude, D; Soderberg, A M; Gehrels, N C; Harrison, F 2017-02-01 We present multi-wavelength observations of SN 2014C during the first 500 days. These observations represent the first solid detection of a young extragalactic stripped-envelope SN out to high-energy X-rays ~40 keV. SN 2014C shows ordinary explosion parameters (Ek ~ 1.8 × 10(51) erg and Mej ~ 1.7 M⊙). However, over an ~1 year timescale, SN 2014C evolved from an ordinary hydrogen-poor supernova into a strongly interacting, hydrogen-rich supernova, violating the traditional classification scheme of type-I versus type-II SNe. Signatures of the SN shock interaction with a dense medium are observed across the spectrum, from radio to hard X-rays, and revealed the presence of a massive shell of ~1 M⊙of hydrogen-rich material at ~6 × 10(16) cm. The shell was ejected by the progenitor star in the decades to centuries before collapse. This result challenges current theories of massive star evolution, as it requires a physical mechanism responsible for the ejection of the deepest hydrogen layer of H-poor SN progenitors synchronized with the onset of stellar collapse. Theoretical investigations point at binary interactions and/or instabilities during the last nuclear burning stages as potential triggers of the highly time-dependent mass loss. We constrain these scenarios utilizing the sample of 183 SNe Ib/c with public radio observations. Our analysis identifies SN 2014C-like signatures in ~10% of SNe. This fraction is reasonably consistent with the expectation from the theory of recent envelope ejection due to binary evolution if the ejected material can survive in the close environment for 10(3)-10(4) years. Alternatively, nuclear burning instabilities extending to core C-burning might play a critical role. 8. Ejection of the Massive Hydrogen-rich Envelope Timed with the Collapse of the Stripped SN 2014C Science.gov (United States) Margutti, Raffaella; Kamble, A.; Milisavljevic, D.; Zapartas, E.; de Mink, S. E.; Drout, M.; Chornock, R.; Risaliti, G.; Zauderer, B. A.; Bietenholz, M.; Cantiello, M.; Chakraborti, S.; Chomiuk, L.; Fong, W.; Grefenstette, B.; Guidorzi, C.; Kirshner, R.; Parrent, J. T.; Patnaude, D.; Soderberg, A. M.; Gehrels, N. C.; Harrison, F. 2017-02-01 We present multi-wavelength observations of SN 2014C during the first 500 days. These observations represent the first solid detection of a young extragalactic stripped-envelope SN out to high-energy X-rays ˜40 keV. SN 2014C shows ordinary explosion parameters (Ek ˜ 1.8 × 1051 erg and Mej ˜ 1.7 M⊙). However, over an ˜1 year timescale, SN 2014C evolved from an ordinary hydrogen-poor supernova into a strongly interacting, hydrogen-rich supernova, violating the traditional classification scheme of type-I versus type-II SNe. Signatures of the SN shock interaction with a dense medium are observed across the spectrum, from radio to hard X-rays, and revealed the presence of a massive shell of ˜1 M⊙ of hydrogen-rich material at ˜6 × 1016 cm. The shell was ejected by the progenitor star in the decades to centuries before collapse. This result challenges current theories of massive star evolution, as it requires a physical mechanism responsible for the ejection of the deepest hydrogen layer of H-poor SN progenitors synchronized with the onset of stellar collapse. Theoretical investigations point at binary interactions and/or instabilities during the last nuclear burning stages as potential triggers of the highly time-dependent mass loss. We constrain these scenarios utilizing the sample of 183 SNe Ib/c with public radio observations. Our analysis identifies SN 2014C-like signatures in ˜10% of SNe. This fraction is reasonably consistent with the expectation from the theory of recent envelope ejection due to binary evolution if the ejected material can survive in the close environment for 103-104 years. Alternatively, nuclear burning instabilities extending to core C-burning might play a critical role. 9. Ejection of the Massive Hydrogen-rich Envelope Timed with the Collapse of the Stripped SN 2014C Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Margutti, Raffaella [Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 (United States); Kamble, A.; Milisavljevic, D.; Drout, M.; Chakraborti, S.; Kirshner, R.; Parrent, J. T.; Patnaude, D.; Soderberg, A. M. [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Zapartas, E.; De Mink, S. E. [Anton Pannenkoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam (Netherlands); Chornock, R. [Astrophysical Institute, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 251B Clippinger Lab, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701 (United States); Risaliti, G. [INAF-Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125 Firenze (Italy); Zauderer, B. A. [Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003 (United States); Bietenholz, M. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3 (Canada); Cantiello, M. [Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 (United States); Chomiuk, L. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 (United States); Fong, W. [Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 North Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721 (United States); Grefenstette, B. [Cahill Center for Astrophysics, 1216 E. California Boulevard, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 (United States); Guidorzi, C. [University of Ferrara, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, via Saragat 1, I-44122 Ferrara (Italy); and others 2017-02-01 We present multi-wavelength observations of SN 2014C during the first 500 days. These observations represent the first solid detection of a young extragalactic stripped-envelope SN out to high-energy X-rays ∼40 keV. SN 2014C shows ordinary explosion parameters ( E {sub k} ∼ 1.8 × 10{sup 51} erg and M {sub ej} ∼ 1.7 M{sub ⊙}). However, over an ∼1 year timescale, SN 2014C evolved from an ordinary hydrogen-poor supernova into a strongly interacting, hydrogen-rich supernova, violating the traditional classification scheme of type-I versus type-II SNe. Signatures of the SN shock interaction with a dense medium are observed across the spectrum, from radio to hard X-rays, and revealed the presence of a massive shell of ∼1 M {sub ⊙} of hydrogen-rich material at ∼6 × 10{sup 16} cm. The shell was ejected by the progenitor star in the decades to centuries before collapse. This result challenges current theories of massive star evolution, as it requires a physical mechanism responsible for the ejection of the deepest hydrogen layer of H-poor SN progenitors synchronized with the onset of stellar collapse. Theoretical investigations point at binary interactions and/or instabilities during the last nuclear burning stages as potential triggers of the highly time-dependent mass loss. We constrain these scenarios utilizing the sample of 183 SNe Ib/c with public radio observations. Our analysis identifies SN 2014C-like signatures in ∼10% of SNe. This fraction is reasonably consistent with the expectation from the theory of recent envelope ejection due to binary evolution if the ejected material can survive in the close environment for 10{sup 3}–10{sup 4} years. Alternatively, nuclear burning instabilities extending to core C-burning might play a critical role. 10. Stress-strain effects in alumina-Cu reinforced Nb{sub 3}Sn wires fabricated by the tube process Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Murase, Satoru; Nakayama, Shigeo; Masegi, Tamaki; Koyanagi, Kei; Nomura, Shunji [Toshiba Corp., Kawasaki, Kanagawa (Japan). Research and Development Center; Shiga, Noriyuki; Kobayashi, Norio; Watanabe, Kazuo 1997-09-01 In order to fabricate a large-bore, high-field magnet which achieves a low coil weight and volume, a high strength compound superconducting wire is required. For those demands we have developed the reinforced Nb{sub 3}Sn wire using alumina dispersion strengthened copper (alumina-Cu) as a reinforcement material and the tube process of the Nb{sub 3}Sn wire fabrication. The ductility study of the composites which consisted of the reinforcement, Nb tube, Cu, and Cu clad Sn brought a 1 km long alumina-Cu reinforced Nb{sub 3}Sn wire successfully. Using fabricated wires measurements and evaluations of critical current density as parameters of magnetic field, tensile stress, tensile strain, and transverse compressive stress, and those of stress-strain curves at 4.2 K were performed. They showed superior performance such as high 0.3% proof stress (240 MPa at 0.3% strain) and high maximum tolerance stress (320 MPa) which were two times as large as those of conventional Cu matrix Nb{sub 3}Sn wire. The strain sensitivity parameters were obtained for the reinforced Nb{sub 3}Sn wire and the Cu matrix one using the scaling law. Residual stress of the component materials caused by cooling down to 4.2 K from heat-treatment temperature was calculated using equivalent Youngs modulus, equivalent yield strength, thermal expansion coefficient and other mechanical parameters. Calculated stress-strain curves at 4.2 K for the reinforced Nb{sub 3}Sn wire and the Cu matrix one based on calculation of residual stress, had good agreement with the experimental values. (author) 11. THE PROGENITOR MASS OF SN 2011dh FROM STELLAR POPULATION ANALYSIS Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Murphy, Jeremiah W.; Jennings, Zachary G.; Williams, Benjamin; Dalcanton, Julianne J. [Astronomy Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 (United States); Dolphin, Andrew E., E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Raytheon, 1151 E. Hermans Road, Tucson, AZ 85706 (United States) 2011-11-20 Using Hubble Space Telescope photometry, we characterize the age of the stellar association in the vicinity of supernova (SN) 2011dh and use it to infer the zero-age main-sequence mass (M{sub ZAMS}) of the progenitor star. We find two distinct and significant star formation (SF) events with ages of <6 and 17{sup +3}{sub -4} Myr, and the corresponding M{sub ZAMS} are >29 and 13{sup +2}{sub -1} M{sub Sun }, respectively. These two bursts represent 18{sup +4}{sub -9}% (young) and 64{sup +10}{sub -14}% (old) of the total SF in the last 50 Myr. Adopting these fractions as probabilities suggests that the most probable M{sub ZAMS} is 13{sup +2}{sub -1} M{sub Sun }. These results are most sensitive to the luminosity function along the well-understood main sequence (MS) and are less sensitive to uncertain late-stage stellar evolution. Therefore, they stand even if the progenitor suffered disruptive post-MS evolution (e.g., eruptive mass loss or binary Roche-lobe overflow). Progenitor identification will help to further constrain the appropriate population. Even though pre-explosion images show a yellow supergiant (YSG) at the site of the SN, panchromatic SN light curves suggest a more compact star as the progenitor. In spite of this, our results suggest an association between the YSG and the SN. Not only was the star located at the SN site, but reinforcing an association, the star's bolometric luminosity is consistent with the final evolutionary stage of the 17 Myr old starburst. If the YSG disappears, then M{sub ZAMS} = 13{sup +2}{sub -1} M{sub Sun }, but if it persists, then our results allow the possibility that the progenitor was an unseen star of >29 M{sub Sun }. 12. Numerically Modeling the First Peak of the Type IIb SN 2016gkg Science.gov (United States) Piro, Anthony L.; Muhleisen, Marc; Arcavi, Iair; Sand, David J.; Tartaglia, Leonardo; Valenti, Stefano 2017-09-01 Many Type IIb supernovae (SNe) show a prominent additional early peak in their light curves, which is generally thought to be due to the shock cooling of extended hydrogen-rich material surrounding the helium core of the exploding star. The recent SN 2016gkg was a nearby Type IIb SN discovered shortly after explosion, which makes it an excellent candidate for studying this first peak. We numerically explode a large grid of extended envelope models and compare these to SN 2016gkg to investigate what constraints can be derived from its light curve. This includes exploring density profiles for both a convective envelope and an optically thick steady-state wind, the latter of which has not typically been considered for Type IIb SNe models. We find that roughly ˜ 0.02 {M}⊙ of extended material with a radius of ≈ 180{--}260 {R}⊙ reproduces the photometric light curve data, consistent with pre-explosion imaging. These values are independent of the assumed density profile of this material, although a convective profile provides a somewhat better fit. We infer from our modeling that the explosion must have occurred within ≈2-3 hr of the first observed data point, demonstrating that this event was caught very close to the moment of explosion. Nevertheless, our best-fitting 1D models overpredict the earliest velocity measurements, which suggests that the hydrogen-rich material is not distributed in a spherically symmetric manner. We compare this to the asymmetries that have also been seen in the SN IIb remnant Cas A, and we discuss the implications of this for Type IIb SN progenitors and explosion models. 13. Structural properties and hyperfine characterization of Sn-substituted goethites Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Larralde, A.L. [INQUIMAE, Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Analitica y Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina); Ramos, C.P. [Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, GIyA - CAC - CNEA, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (1650), San Martin, Bs. As. (Argentina); Arcondo, B. [Departamento de Fisica, Facultad de Ingenieria, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Av. Paseo Colon 850 (C1063ACV), Bs. As. (Argentina); Tufo, A.E. [INQUIMAE, Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Analitica y Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina); Saragovi, C. [Departamento de Fisica de la Materia Condensada, GIyA - CAC - CNEA, Av. Gral. Paz 1499 (1650), San Martin, Bs. As. (Argentina); Sileo, E.E., E-mail: [email protected] [INQUIMAE, Departamento de Quimica Inorganica, Analitica y Quimica Fisica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina) 2012-04-16 Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Pure and tin-doped goethites were synthesized from Sn(II) solutions at ambient pressure and 70 Degree-Sign C. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The Rietveld refinement of PXRD data indicated that Sn partially substituted the Fe(III) ions. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The substitution provoked unit cell expansion, and a distortion of the coordination polyhedron. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer {sup 119}Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy revealed that Sn(II) is incorporated as Sn(IV). Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer {sup 57}Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy showed a lower magnetic coupling as tin concentration increased. - Abstract: Tin-doped goethites obtained by a simple method at ambient pressure and 70 Degree-Sign C were characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction data, and {sup 57}Fe and {sup 119}Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy. The particles size and the length to width ratios decreased with tin-doping. Sn partially substituted the Fe(III) ions provoking unit cell expansion and increasing the crystallinity of the particles with enlarged domains that grow in the perpendicular and parallel directions to the anisotropic broadening (1 1 1) axis. Intermetallic E, E Prime and DC distances also change although the variations are not monotonous, indicating different variations in the coordination polyhedron. In general, the Sn-substituted samples present larger intermetallic distances than pure goethite, and the greatest change is shown in the E Prime distance which coincides with the c-parameter. {sup 119}Sn Moessbauer spectroscopy revealed that Sn(II) is incorporated as Sn(IV) in the samples. On the other hand, Fe(II) presence was not detected by {sup 57}Fe Moessbauer spectroscopy, suggesting the existence of vacancies in the Sn-doped samples. A lower magnetic coupling is also evidenced from the average magnetic hyperfine field values obtained as tin 14. Microwave study of superconducting Sn films above and below percolation OpenAIRE Beutel, Manfred H.; Ebensperger, Nikolaj G; Thiemann, Markus; Untereiner, Gabriele; Fritz, Vincent; Javaheri, Mojtaba; Nägele, Jonathan; Rösslhuber, Roland; Dressel, Martin; Scheffler, Marc 2016-01-01 The electronic properties of superconducting Sn films (T_c \\approx$3.8 K) change significantly when reducing the film thickness down to a few nm, in particular close to the percolation threshold. The low-energy electrodynamics of such Sn samples can be probed via microwave spectroscopy, e.g. with superconducting stripline resonators. Here we study Sn thin films, deposited via thermal evaporation -ranging in thickness between 38 nm and 842 nm- which encompasses the percolation transition. We... 15. Nanoparticle cluster gas sensor: Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticles for NH3 detection with ultrahigh sensitivity Science.gov (United States) Liu, Xu; Chen, Nan; Han, Bingqian; Xiao, Xuechun; Chen, Gang; Djerdj, Igor; Wang, Yude 2015-09-01 Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters were synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. The structure, morphology, chemical state and specific surface area were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2-sorption studies, respectively. The SnO2 nanoparticle cluster matrix consists of tens of thousands of SnO2 nanoparticles with an ultra-small grain size estimated to be 3.0 nm. And there are abundant random-packed wormhole-like pores, caused by the inter-connection of the SnO2 nanoparticles, throughout each cluster. The platinum element is present in two forms including metal (Pt) and tetravalent metal oxide (PtO2) in the Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters. The as-synthesized pure and Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters were used to fabricate gas sensor devices. It was found that the gas response toward 500 ppm of ammonia was improved from 6.48 to 203.44 through the activation by Pt. And the results indicate that the sensor based on Pt activated SnO2 not only has ultrahigh sensitivity but also possesses good response-recovery properties, linear dependence, repeatability, selectivity and long-term stability, demonstrating the potential to use Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters as ammonia gas sensors. At the same time, the formation mechanisms of the unique nanoparticle clusters and highly enhanced sensitivity are also discussed.Pt activated SnO2 nanoparticle clusters were synthesized by a simple solvothermal method. The structure, morphology, chemical state and specific surface area were analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2-sorption studies, respectively. The SnO2 nanoparticle cluster matrix consists of tens of thousands of SnO2 nanoparticles with an ultra-small grain size estimated to be 3.0 nm. And there are abundant random-packed wormhole-like pores, caused by the inter 16. Interaction of multiple networks modulated by the working memory training based on real-time fMRI Science.gov (United States) Shen, Jiahui; Zhang, Gaoyan; Zhu, Chaozhe; Yao, Li; Zhao, Xiaojie 2015-03-01 Neuroimaging studies of working memory training have identified the alteration of brain activity as well as the regional interactions within the functional networks such as central executive network (CEN) and default mode network (DMN). However, how the interaction within and between these multiple networks is modulated by the training remains unclear. In this paper, we examined the interaction of three training-induced brain networks during working memory training based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI). Thirty subjects assigned to the experimental and control group respectively participated in two times training separated by seven days. Three networks including silence network (SN), CEN and DMN were identified by the training data with the calculated function connections within each network. Structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was used to construct the directional connectivity patterns. The results showed that the causal influences from the percent signal changes of target ROI to the SN were positively changed in both two groups, as well as the causal influence from the SN to CEN was positively changed in experimental group but negatively changed in control group from the SN to DMN. Further correlation analysis of the changes in each network with the behavioral improvements showed that the changes in SN were stronger positively correlated with the behavioral improvement of letter memory task. These findings indicated that the SN was not only a switch between the target ROI and the other networks in the feedback training but also an essential factor to the behavioral improvement. 17. Structure of the pygmy dipole resonance in 124Sn Science.gov (United States) Endres, J.; Savran, D.; Butler, P. A.; Harakeh, M. N.; Harissopulos, S.; Herzberg, R.-D.; Krücken, R.; Lagoyannis, A.; Litvinova, E.; Pietralla, N.; Ponomarev, V. Yu.; Popescu, L.; Ring, P.; Scheck, M.; Schlüter, F.; Sonnabend, K.; Stoica, V. I.; Wörtche, H. J.; Zilges, A. 2012-06-01 Background: In atomic nuclei, a concentration of electric dipole strength around the particle threshold, commonly denoted as pygmy dipole resonance, may have a significant impact on nuclear structure properties and astrophysical scenarios. A clear identification of these states and the structure of this resonance is still under discussion.Purpose: We present an experimental and theoretical study of the isospin character of the pygmy dipole resonance and investigation of a splitting of the electric dipole strength previously observed in experiments on N=82 nuclei.Method: The pygmy dipole resonance has been studied in the semi-magic Z=50 nucleus 124Sn by means of the (α,α'γ) coincidence method at Eα=136MeV using the Big-Bite Spectrometer at the Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut in Groningen, The Netherlands.Results: A splitting of the low-energy part of the electric dipole strength was identified in 124Sn by comparing the differential cross sections measured in (α,α'γ) to results stemming from (γ,γ') photon-scattering experiments. While an energetically lower-lying group of states is observed in both kinds of experiments, a higher-lying group of states is only excited in the (γ,γ') reaction. In addition, theoretical calculations using the self-consistent relativistic quasiparticle time-blocking approximation and the quasiparticle-phonon model have been performed. Both calculations show a qualitative agreement with the experimental data and predict a low-lying isoscalar component that is dominated by neutron-skin oscillations as expected for the pygmy dipole resonance. Furthermore, the states at higher energies show a pronounced isovector component and a different radial dependence of the corresponding transition densities as expected for the tail of the giant dipole resonance.Conclusions: An experimental signature of the neutron-skin oscillation of the pygmy dipole resonance has been corroborated. The combination of the presented reactions might make it 18. Elastic anisotropy in multifilament Nb$_3$Sn superconducting wires CERN Document Server Scheuerlein, C; Alknes, P; Arnau, G; Bjoerstad, R; Bordini, B 2015-01-01 The elastic anisotropy caused by the texture in the Nb3Sn filaments of PIT and RRP wires has been calculated by averaging the estimates of Voigt and Reuss, using published Nb3Sn single crystal elastic constants and the Nb3Sn grain orientation distribution determined in both wire types by Electron Backscatter Diffraction. At ambient temperature the calculated Nb3Sn E-moduli in axial direction in the PIT and the RRP wire are 130 GPa and 140 GPa, respectively. The calculated E-moduli are compared with tensile test results obtained for the corresponding wires and extracted filament bundles. 19. Sn-doped Zinc Oxide thin films for LPG sensors Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) R. K. Nath 2012-03-01 Full Text Available Sn doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Sn thin films have been prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique using Zn(CH3COO2 as a precursor solution and SnCl4 as a doping solution respectively. The dopant concentration (Sn/Zn at% is varied from 0 to 1.5 at%. The structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the films are explored and then tested for LPG sensing. The resistivity of the Sn-doped films decreases with the Sn doping up to 0.5at%, while at a higher doping concentration the disorder produced in the lattice causes an increase in resistivity of the films. Exposure of LPG decreases the resistance of undoped and doped films. The response of the film is measured for both ZnO and ZnO:Sn films at different operating temperature (275-400℃ and concentration (vol % of LPG in air. It is observed that Sn-doped ZnO films are more sensitive to LPG than undoped ZnO film. In this work, maximum response (~88 % is observed for 0.5at % ZnO:Sn film for 1 vol% of LPG in air at 300℃. Further all the films have shown faster response and recovery times at higher operating temperatures 20. The 20th anniversary of SN1987A Science.gov (United States) Suzuki, A. 2008-07-01 Observation of a neutrino burst from the supernova, SN1987A opened a new window of observational astronomy by neutrinos. And the history showed that the SN1987A neutrino burst observation was the vanguard of successive discoveries of neutrino properties by Super-Kamiokande, SNO, K2K, KamLAND and so on. On the occasion of the SN1987A 20th anniversary, the backstage story up to the discovery of the SN1987A neutrino bursts is summarized, tracing the Kamiokande log-note and including the IMB, LSD and Baksan data. 1. Facile Hydrothermal Synthesis and Basic Gas-Sensing Properties of Two Three-Dimensional Nanostructures of SnO2 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Lingna Xu 2014-01-01 Full Text Available The hierarchical SnO2 sphere-like architecture, consisting of numerous thin nanosheets, was successfully synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The structures and morphologies of this hierarchical architecture were characterized in detail by means of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET. Further comparative experiments of gas-sensing performances of the as-prepared SnO2 were investigated towards ethanol. It shows this three-dimensional, sheet-spheres, SnO2 as a potential gas-sensing material for a broad range of future sensor applications, like sensitive response to other gases such as hydrogen, carbonic oxide, and methane. 2. Structure and optical band gaps of (Ba,Sr)SnO{sub 3} films grown by molecular beam epitaxy Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Schumann, Timo; Raghavan, Santosh; Ahadi, Kaveh; Kim, Honggyu; Stemmer, Susanne, E-mail: [email protected] [Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050 (United States) 2016-09-15 Epitaxial growth of (Ba{sub x}Sr{sub 1−x})SnO{sub 3} films with 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 using molecular beam epitaxy is reported. It is shown that SrSnO{sub 3} films can be grown coherently strained on closely lattice and symmetry matched PrScO{sub 3} substrates. The evolution of the optical band gap as a function of composition is determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry. The direct band gap monotonously decreases with x from to 4.46 eV (x = 0) to 3.36 eV (x = 1). A large Burnstein-Moss shift is observed with La-doping of BaSnO{sub 3} films. The shift corresponds approximately to the increase in Fermi level and is consistent with the low conduction band mass. 3. Investigation of preparation and characteristics of Sn-Bi eutectic powders derived from a high shear mechanical approach Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Liang Kun; Tang Xianzhong [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Yu Lijing [Kunming Institute of Physics, Kunming 650223 (China); Wang Ni [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China); Hu Wencheng, E-mail: [email protected] [State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054 (China) 2011-10-13 Graphical abstract: Highlights: > Sn-Bi eutectic powders were prepared by a high shear mechanical approach. This approach is a green one because no chemical reaction occurs in the process and the high boiling point solvent can be used repeatedly. > The melting point of the as-prepared powders is about 140 deg. C, which is in agreement with the low melting point solder for industrial applications. > The size of Sn-Bi eutectic powders can be controlled by addition of Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) due to the adsorption. - Abstract: Fusible Sn-Bi eutectic alloy particles were synthesized from bulk Sn-Bi alloy via a high-shear mechanical approach. The morphology, composition, and structure of the as-prepared Sn-Bi alloy particles were characterized by XRD, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The particles were found to be spherical and consist of the tetragonal phase of tin as well as the rhombohedral phase of bismuth. In addition, there were large amounts of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) coated on the particles. 4. 3′-End processing of histone pre-mRNAs in Drosophila: U7 snRNP is associated with FLASH and polyadenylation factors Science.gov (United States) Sabath, Ivan; Skrajna, Aleksandra; Yang, Xiao-cui; Dadlez, Michał; Marzluff, William F.; Dominski, Zbigniew 2013-01-01 3′-End cleavage of animal replication-dependent histone pre-mRNAs is controlled by the U7 snRNP. Lsm11, the largest component of the U7-specific Sm ring, interacts with FLASH, and in mammalian nuclear extracts these two proteins form a platform that recruits the CPSF73 endonuclease and other polyadenylation factors to the U7 snRNP. FLASH is limiting, and the majority of the U7 snRNP in mammalian extracts exists as a core particle consisting of the U7 snRNA and the Sm ring. Here, we purified the U7 snRNP from Drosophila nuclear extracts and characterized its composition by mass spectrometry. In contrast to the mammalian U7 snRNP, a significant fraction of the Drosophila U7 snRNP contains endogenous FLASH and at least six subunits of the polyadenylation machinery: symplekin, CPSF73, CPSF100, CPSF160, WDR33, and CstF64. The same composite U7 snRNP is recruited to histone pre-mRNA for 3′-end processing. We identified a motif in Drosophila FLASH that is essential for the recruitment of the polyadenylation complex to the U7 snRNP and analyzed the role of other factors, including SLBP and Ars2, in 3′-end processing of Drosophila histone pre-mRNAs. SLBP that binds the upstream stem–loop structure likely recruits a yet-unidentified essential component(s) to the processing machinery. In contrast, Ars2, a protein previously shown to interact with FLASH in mammalian cells, is dispensable for processing in Drosophila. Our studies also demonstrate that Drosophila symplekin and three factors involved in cleavage and polyadenylation—CPSF, CstF, and CF Im—are present in Drosophila nuclear extracts in a stable supercomplex. PMID:24145821 5. Rapid Solidification of Sn-Cu-Al Alloys for High-Reliability, Lead-Free Solder: Part II. Intermetallic Coarsening Behavior of Rapidly Solidified Solders After Multiple Reflows Science.gov (United States) Reeve, Kathlene N.; Choquette, Stephanie M.; Anderson, Iver E.; Handwerker, Carol A. 2016-12-01 Controlling the size, dispersion, and stability of intermetallic compounds in lead-free solder alloys is vital to creating reliable solder joints regardless of how many times the solder joints are melted and resolidified (reflowed) during circuit board assembly. In this article, the coarsening behavior of Cu x Al y and Cu6Sn5 in two Sn-Cu-Al alloys, a Sn-2.59Cu-0.43Al at. pct alloy produced via drip atomization and a Sn-5.39Cu-1.69Al at. pct alloy produced via melt spinning at a 5-m/s wheel speed, was characterized after multiple (1-5) reflow cycles via differential scanning calorimetry between the temperatures of 293 K and 523 K (20 °C and 250 °C). Little-to-no coarsening of the Cu x Al y particles was observed for either composition; however, clustering of Cu x Al y particles was observed. For Cu6Sn5 particle growth, a bimodal size distribution was observed for the drip atomized alloy, with large, faceted growth of Cu6Sn5 observed, while in the melt spun alloy, Cu6Sn5 particles displayed no significant increase in the average particle size, with irregularly shaped, nonfaceted Cu6Sn5 particles observed after reflow, which is consistent with shapes observed in the as-solidified alloys. The link between original alloy composition, reflow undercooling, and subsequent intermetallic coarsening behavior was discussed by using calculated solidification paths. The reflowed microstructures suggested that the heteroepitaxial relationship previously observed between the Cu x Al y and the Cu6Sn5 was maintained for both alloys. 6. Oxygen-Induced Ordering in Bulk Polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnS4 by Sn Removal. Science.gov (United States) Pogue, Elizabeth A; Sutrisno, Andre; Johnson, Nicole E; Shoemaker, Daniel P; Rockett, Angus A 2017-10-16 Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy were used to show that Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) bulk solids grown in the presence of oxygen had improved cation ordering compared to bulk solids grown without oxygen. Oxygen was shown to have negligible solubility in the CZTS phase. The addition of oxygen resulted in the formation of SnO2, leading to Sn-deficient CZTS. At the highest oxygen levels, other phases such as Cu9S5 and ZnS were observed. Beneficial ordering was only observed in samples produced with more than 2 at. % oxygen in the precursor materials but did not occur in samples designed with excess Sn and O. Thus, it is the removal of Sn and formation of Sn-deficient CZTS that improves ordering rather than the presence of SnO2 or O alone. These results indicate that using oxygen or air annealing to tailor the Sn content of CZTS followed by an etching step to remove SnO2 may significantly improve the properties of CZTS. 7. Pulse number controlled laser annealing for GeSn on insulator structure with high substitutional Sn concentration Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Moto, Kenta; Sadoh, Taizoh; Miyao, Masanobu, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Electronics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan); Matsumura, Ryo [Department of Electronics, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan); JSPS, 5-3-1 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083 (Japan); Ikenoue, Hiroshi [Department of Gigaphoton Next GLP, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka 819-0395 (Japan) 2016-06-27 Crystalline GeSn-on-insulator structures with high Sn concentration (>8%), which exceeds thermal equilibrium solid-solubility (∼2%) of Sn in Ge, are essential to achieve high-speed thin film transistors and high-efficiency optical devices. We investigate non-thermal equilibrium growth of Ge{sub 1−x}Sn{sub x} (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.2) on quartz substrates by using pulsed laser annealing (PLA). The window of laser fluence enabling complete crystallization without film ablation is drastically expanded (∼5 times) by Sn doping above 5% into Ge. Substitutional Sn concentration in grown layers is found to be increased with decreasing irradiation pulse number. This phenomenon can be explained on the basis of significant thermal non-equilibrium growth achieved by higher cooling rate after PLA with a lower pulse number. As a result, GeSn crystals with substitutional Sn concentration of ∼12% are realized at pulse irradiation of single shot for the samples with the initial Sn concentration of 15%. Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy measurements reveal the high quality of the grown layer. This technique will be useful to fabricate high-speed thin film transistors and high-efficiency optical devices on insulating substrates. 8. Cluster radioactivity leading to doubly magic 100Sn and 132Sn ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) The predicted half-lives are compared with other models and most of the values are well within the present experimental limit for measurements (1/2 < 1030} ). The lowest 1/2 value for 28Si emission from 128Gd indicates the role of doubly magic 100Sn daughter in cluster decay process. It is also found that neutron ... 9. A Fast Responsive Ultraviolet Sensor from mSILAR-Processed Sn-ZnO Science.gov (United States) Thomas, Deepu; Vijayalakshmi, K. A.; Sadasivuni, Kishor Kumar; Thomas, Ajith; Ponnamma, Deepalekshmi; Cabibihan, John-John 2017-11-01 Microwave-assisted successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction was employed to synthesize Sn-ZnO (tin-doped zinc oxide), and its sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation is compared with zinc oxide (ZnO). The sensing films were made by the dip-coated method on an indium titanium oxide glass substrate, and the sensing performance was monitored using the 300-700 nm wavelength of UV-Vis light. Excellent sensitivity and recovery were observed for the Sn-doped ZnO sensor device, especially at 380 nm wavelength of ultraviolet (UV) light (response and recovery time 2.26 s and 8.63 s, respectively, at 5 V bias voltage). The variation in photocurrent with respect to dark and light illumination atmosphere was well illustrated based on the Schottky and inter-particle network effects. Doping of Sn on ZnO nanoparticles varied the surface roughness and crystallite size as observed from scanning electron microscopic and x-ray diffraction studies. Here, we demonstrate a simple and economical fabrication technique for designing a high-performance UV light sensor. The developed device works at room temperature with high durability and stability. 10. Interactions of Cu-substrates with titanium-alloyed Sn-Zn solders Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Soares D. 2006-01-01 Full Text Available The interactions of copper substrate with titanium-alloyed Sn-Zn eutectic solders have been studied. Two series of experiments have been performed. The first one consisted in differential thermal analyses of Sn-Zn nearly eutectic alloys containing from 1.3 to 2.2 wt. % Ti. Diffusion couples consisted of Cu-wires and Sn-Zn-Ti liquid solders, produced at 250 and 275 OC have been prepared in the second series,. The contact times were up to 3600 s. The contact zones have been characterized by optical and scanning electron microscope. Two layers have been found along the interfaces solid/liquid. The first and the second layers are identical, respectively, with γ and ε phases of the Cu-Zn system. No changes of the chemical compositions were detected for the tested temperatures and reaction times. Continuous parabolic growth of the total diffusion zone thickness with the time of diffusion is observed. The growth is due mainly to one the formed layers (γ while the thickness of the ε-phase layer, stays almost constant for all tested diffusion times and temperatures. 11. Influence of Sn/S composition ratio on SnS thin-film solar cells produced via co-evaporation method Science.gov (United States) Yago, Aimi; Kibishi, Takashi; Akaki, Yoji; Nakamura, Shigeyuki; Oomae, Hiroto; Katagiri, Hironori; Araki, Hideaki 2018-02-01 SnS thin films were fabricated using a co-evaporation method, and the optimization of SnS thin films in terms of substrate temperature and the dependence of their properties on Sn/S ratio were investigated. The substrate temperature was adjusted in the range of 250–350 °C. On the other hand, the SnS thin films with Sn/S compositional ratios of 0.88–1.28 were fabricated. The resulting SnS films were then used to fabricate solar cells with the structure glass/Mo/SnS/CdS/ZnO:Al/Al. It was found that the optimal substrate temperature for SnS thin films was 300 °C. The highest performance was obtained for solar cells containing a SnS thin film with a Sn/S ratio that was slightly lower than the stoichiometric value. 12. Origin of the Napoleon's hat nebula around SN1987A and implications for the progenitor Science.gov (United States) Podsiadlowski, Ph.; Fabian, A. C.; Stevens, I. R. 1991-11-01 A simple geometrical model for the emission nebula around SN1987A, whose morphology has been likened to Napoleon's hat, is presented. The model consists of a ring and a truncated double cone. When the effects of light travel time are included, the model reproduces the important topological structures of the nebula and makes detailed quantitative predictions for its future appearance. In particular, the hat-shaped northern rim is simply explained as the interaction of the light front with the northern cone. To explain the origin of the double cone, it is argued that the progenitor of SN1987A was in a binary system: its strong wind, colliding with a weaker wind from the companion star, created an asymptotic shock surface that was spread out into the required geometry by the rotation of the binary. 13.$J_{C}(B,T,\\epsilon)$Parameterization for the ITER$Nb_{3}SnProduction CERN Document Server Bottura, L; 10.1109/TASC.2009.2018278 2009-01-01 A number of models for the critical surface of Nb3Sn, and in general A15 superconductors, have been developed in the past years. This paper compares the most common parameterizations using consistent notation. Although the parameterizations appear dissimilar at first sight, they are in reality all based on a fit of the normalised pinning force vs. the reduced field, and have similar scalings for the critical field and critical temperature based on a Unified Scaling Law. In this paper we take the various parameterizations as a basis for a generic scaling proposed for the characterization and production follow-up of the ITER Nb3Sn strands. The accuracy of the scaling is estimated using the fitting residuals on various sets of Ic(B,T,e) data available in literature. We discuss the results, and give our view of the work towards a unified, practical parameterization. 14. Heat transfer through the electrical insulation of Nb3Sn cables CERN Document Server Granieri, P; van Weelderen, R 2014-01-01 For the LHC upgrade projects, CERN will rely on the Nb3Sn technology to build high field dipole and quadrupole superconducting magnets. In the frame of this R&D program, cooling studies are carried out to determine the heat extraction from this new type of accelerator magnets and the relevant quench limits. In this paper we present and discuss experimental results of heat transfer through the electrical insulation of Nb3Sn cables. A cable-stack was prepared using fiberglass sleeves and CTD-101K impregnation resin. Two different measurement methods were compared, consisting of instrumenting the sample before or after the vacuum impregnation. The tests were performed both in 1.9 K superfluid and 4.2 K liquid helium baths, using different heating configurations. We also present results of the numerical model developed to reproduce the experimental results. 15. Whisker-Like Formations in Sn-3.0Ag-Pb Alloys Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Koncz-Horváth D. 2017-06-01 Full Text Available In this study, different types of whisker-like formations of Sn-3.0Ag based alloy were presented. In the experimental process the amount of Pb element was changed between 1000 and 2000 ppm, and the furnace atmosphere and cooling rate were also modified. The novelty of this work was that whisker-like formations in macro scale size were experienced after an exothermic reaction. The whiskers of larger sizes than general provided opportunities to investigate the microstructure and the concentration nearby the whiskers. In addition, the whisker-like formations from Sn-Ag based bulk material did not only consist of pure tin but tin and silver phases. The whisker-like growth appeared in several forms including hillock, spire and nodule shaped formations in accordance with parameters. It was observed that the compound phases were clustered in many cases mainly at hillocks. 16. Electronic structure and photocatalytic activities of (Bi2-δYδ)Sn2O7 solid solution Science.gov (United States) Fan, Wenjie; Hu, Jinli; Huang, Jing; Wu, Xin; Lin, Sen; Huang, Caijin; Qiu, Xiaoqing 2015-12-01 A series of (Bi2-δYδ)Sn2O7 solid solutions were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method to investigate the correlation between the electronic structures and photocatalytic activity. All the (Bi2-δYδ)Sn2O7 samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, infrared and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller technique. The effects of Bi 6s orbitals in (Bi2-δYδ)Sn2O7 solid solutions on the electronic structures and photogradation of colorless 2-naphthol solution were investigated experimentally and theoretically. It is found that the introduction of Y3+ induces the shrinkage of the lattice of (Bi2-δYδ)Sn2O7 solid solutions. Consequently, the contribution of Bi 6s orbitals to electronic structures of (Bi2-δYδ)Sn2O7 solid solutions can be continuously tuned by Y3+ substitution for Bi3+. Density function theory calculations reveal that the Bi 6s and O 2p states dominate the top of valence band of Bi2Sn2O7, while the bottom of conduction band mainly consists of the states of Sn 5s, O 2p and Bi 6p. Once the Bi3+ ions are substituted by Y3+, the intensity of Bi 6s states is weakening at the top of valence band while the bottom of conduction band retains the same feature observed for pure Bi2Sn2O7. Moreover, the band dispersions of valence band and conduction band become narrower after Y3+ introduction into the lattice of (Bi2-δYδ)Sn2O7 solid solutions. As a result, the photocatalytic performance for decomposition of 2-naphthol has been suppressed by the Y3+ substitution, since the electronic structure limits the mobility of the photoinduced charge carriers. Our results suggest that high photocatalytic activity of Bi-containing compounds should originate from the good band dispersions of valence band and conduction band involving the Bi 6s orbitals. 17. SODIUM ABSORPTION SYSTEMS TOWARD SN Ia 2014J ORIGINATE ON INTERSTELLAR SCALES Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Maeda, K.; Nogami, D. [Department of Astronomy, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502 (Japan); Tajitsu, A. [Subaru Telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 650 North A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720 (United States); Kawabata, K. S. [Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526 (Japan); Foley, R. J. [Astronomy Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1002 W. Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801 (United States); Honda, S.; Arai, A. [Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatory, Center for Astronomy, University of Hyogo, 407-2, Nishigaichi, Sayo-cho, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5313 (Japan); Moritani, Y.; Ishigaki, M.; Nomoto, K.; Schramm, M. [Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8583 (Japan); Tanaka, M.; Aoki, W. [National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 (Japan); Hashimoto, O. [Gunma Astronomical Observatory, Takayama, Gunma 377-0702 (Japan); Simon, J. D. [Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, 813 Santa Barbara St, Pasadena, CA 91101 (United States); Phillips, M. M. [Carnegie Observatories, Las Campanas Observatory, Casilla 601, La Serena (Chile); Yamanaka, M. [Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Okamoto, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501 (Japan); Milisavljevic, D.; Soderberg, A. M. [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Mazzali, P. A., E-mail: [email protected] [Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5RF (United Kingdom); and others 2016-01-10 Na i D absorbing systems toward Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) have been intensively studied over the last decade with the aim of finding circumstellar material (CSM), which is an indirect probe of the progenitor system. However, it is difficult to deconvolve CSM components from non-variable, and often dominant, components created by interstellar material (ISM). We present a series of high-resolution spectra of SN Ia 2014J from before maximum brightness to ≳250 days after maximum brightness. The late-time spectrum provides unique information for determining the origin of the Na i D absorption systems. The deep late-time observation allows us to probe the environment around the SN at a large scale, extending to ≳40 pc. We find that a spectrum of diffuse light in the vicinity, but not directly in the line of sight, of the SN has absorbing systems nearly identical to those obtained for the “pure” SN line of sight. Therefore, basically all Na i D systems seen toward SN 2014J must originate from foreground material that extends to at least ∼40 pc in projection and none at the CSM scale. A fluctuation in the column densities at a scale of ∼20 pc is also identified. After subtracting the diffuse, “background” spectrum, the late-time Na i D profile along the SN line of sight is consistent with profiles near maximum brightness. The lack of variability on a ∼1 year timescale is consistent with the ISM interpretation for the gas. 18. Microstructural evolution of eutectic Au-Sn solder joints Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Song, Ho Geon [Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States) 2002-05-01 Current trends toward miniaturization and the use of lead(Pb)-free solder in electronic packaging present new problems in the reliability of solder joints. This study was performed in order to understand the microstructure and microstructural evolution of small volumes of nominally eutectic Au-Sn solder joints (80Au-20Sn by weight), which gives insight into properties and reliability. 19. The ASAS-SN bright supernova catalogue - III. 2016 DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Holoien, T. W. -S.; Brown, J. S.; Stanek, K. Z. 2017-01-01 This catalogue summarizes information for all supernovae discovered by the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) and all other bright (m(peak)d......This catalogue summarizes information for all supernovae discovered by the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN) and all other bright (m(peak)d... 20. Distinction between SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized using co ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Distinction between SnO2 nanoparticles synthesized using co-precipitation and solvothermal methods for the photovoltaic efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells ... The energy conversion efficiency of the solvothermal SnO2 powders was considerably higher than that formed by co-precipitation powders; ∼ 3.20% ... 1. Do π-conjugative effects facilitate SN2 reactions? Science.gov (United States) Wu, Chia-Hua; Galabov, Boris; Wu, Judy I-Chia; Ilieva, Sonia; Schleyer, Paul von R; Allen, Wesley D 2014-02-26 Rigorous quantum chemical investigations of the SN2 identity exchange reactions of methyl, ethyl, propyl, allyl, benzyl, propargyl, and acetonitrile halides (X = F(-), Cl(-)) refute the traditional view that the acceleration of SN2 reactions for substrates with a multiple bond at Cβ (carbon adjacent to the reacting Cα center) is primarily due to π-conjugation in the SN2 transition state (TS). Instead, substrate-nucleophile electrostatic interactions dictate SN2 reaction rate trends. Regardless of the presence or absence of a Cβ multiple bond in the SN2 reactant in a series of analogues, attractive Cβ(δ(+))···X(δ(-)) interactions in the SN2 TS lower net activation barriers (E(b)) and enhance reaction rates, whereas repulsive Cβ(δ(-))···X(δ(-)) interactions increase E(b) barriers and retard SN2 rates. Block-localized wave function (BLW) computations confirm that π-conjugation lowers the net activation barriers of SN2 allyl (1t, coplanar), benzyl, propargyl, and acetonitrile halide identity exchange reactions, but does so to nearly the same extent. Therefore, such orbital interactions cannot account for the large range of E(b) values in these systems. 2. Wafer bonding using Cu-Sn intermetallic bonding layers NARCIS (Netherlands) Flötgen, C.; Pawlak, M.; Pabo, E.; Wiel, H.J. van de; Hayes, G.R.; Dragoi, V. 2014-01-01 Wafer-level Cu-Sn intermetallic bonding is an interesting process for advanced applications in the area of MEMS and 3D interconnects. The existence of two intermetallic phases for Cu-Sn system makes the wafer bonding process challenging. The impact of process parameters on final bonding layer 3. Microwave study of superconducting Sn films above and below percolation Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Beutel, Manfred H.; Ebensperger, Nikolaj G.; Thiemann, Markus; Untereiner, Gabriele; Dressel, Martin; Scheffler, Marc [1. Physikalisches Institut, Stuttgart Univ. (Germany) 2016-07-01 The electronic properties of superconducting Sn films (T{sub c} ∼ 3.7 K) change significantly when lowering the film thickness down to a few nm, in particular at the percolation threshold. The low energy electrodynamics of such Sn samples can be probed via microwave spectroscopy, e.g. with superconducting stripline resonators. We have deposited Sn films by thermal evaporation, ranging in thickness between 38 nm and 842 nm, and we characterized their morphology by AFM. We use superconducting Pb stripline resonators to probe the microwave response of Sn films at temperatures from 7.5 K down to 1.5 K in a frequency range between 1 GHz and 20 GHz. The measured quality factor of the resonators decreases with increasing temperature due to increasing losses. As a function of the sample thickness we observe three regimes with significantly different properties: Samples below percolation exhibit dielectric properties with negligible losses, demonstrating that macroscopic current paths are required for appreciable dynamical conductivity of Sn at GHz frequencies. Thick Sn films, on the other hand, lead to low-loss resonances above and below T{sub c} of Sn, but in an intermediate thickness regime, just above percolation, the metallic state of the Sn films is too lossy for resonator operation whereas the superconducting state only has low microwave losses. 4. Limits of Nb3Sn Accelerator Magnets CERN Document Server Caspi, Shlomo 2005-01-01 Pushing accelerator magnets beyond 10T holds a promise of future upgrades to machines like the Tevatron at FermiLab and the LHC at CERN. Exhausting the current density limits of NbTi, superconductor, Nb3Sn is at the present time the only practical superconductor capable of generating fields beyond 10T. Several Nb3Sn pilot magnets, with fields as high as 16T, have been built and tested, paving the way for future attempts at fields approaching 20T. The combination of high current density and the required high magnetic fields has resulted in reduced conductor volume and significantly increased the accumulated Lorentz forces. Future coil and structure designs will be required to deal with stresses of several 100s of MPa and forces of 10s of MN/m. The combined engineering requirements on size and cost of accelerator magnets will require a magnet technology that diverges from the one currently used with NbTi conductor. How far can the engineering of high field magnets be pushed, what are the i... 5. The dusty aftermath of SN Hunt 248: merger-burst remnant? Science.gov (United States) Mauerhan, Jon C.; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Johansson, Joel; Fox, Ori D.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Graham, Melissa L. 2018-01-01 SN Hunt 248 was classified as a non-terminal eruption (a supernova 'impostor') from a directly identified and highly variable cool hypergiant star. The 2014 outburst achieved peak luminosity equivalent to that of the historic eruption of luminous blue variable (LBV) η Car, and exhibited a multipeaked optical light curve which rapidly faded after ∼100 d. We report ultraviolet (UV) through optical observations of SN Hunt 248 with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) about 1 yr after the outburst, and mid-infrared observations with the Spitzer Space Telescope before the burst and in decline. The HST data reveal a source which is a factor of ∼10 dimmer in apparent brightness than the faintest available measurement of the precursor star. The UV-optical spectral energy distribution (SED) requires a strong Balmer continuum, consistent with a hot B4-B5 photosphere attenuated by grey circumstellar extinction. Substantial mid-infrared excess of the source is consistent with thermal emission from hot dust with a mass of ∼10-6-10-5 M⊙ and a geometric extent which is comparable to the expansion radius of the ejecta from the 2014 event. SED modelling indicates that the dust consists of relatively large grains ( > 0.3 μm), which could be related to the grey circumstellar extinction which we infer for the UV-optical counterpart. Revised analysis of the precursor photometry is also consistent with grey extinction by circumstellar dust, and suggests that the initial mass of the star could be twice as large as previously estimated (nearly ∼ 60 M⊙). Re-analysis of the earlier outburst data shows that the peak luminosity and outflow velocity of the eruption are consistent with a trend exhibited by stellar merger candidates, prompting speculation that SN Hunt 248 may also have stemmed from a massive stellar merger or common-envelope ejection. 6. Snøscooterkjøring og scooterfeelingen Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Grete Mehus 2014-10-01 Full Text Available Snøscooterkjøring inngår i repertoaret av vinteraktiviteter forungdom i Finnmark og Nord-Troms. Guttene er sterkere knyttettil aktiviteten enn jentene. Artikkelen analyserer beskrivelserav snøscooterkjøring fra fokusgruppeintervjuer med 81ungdommer (31 jenter og 50 gutter i Nord-Norge. Snøscooterkjøringbeskrives som et kroppslig og sanselig motivert fenomen.Den kroppslige persepsjonen av terreng og omgivelsersmelter sammen med den fysiske mestringen av snøscooterenog kan gi en flyterfaring ledsaget av stor frihets- og lykkefølelse.Noen av guttene brukte begrepet scooterfeelingen som enbetegnelse på det optimale opplevelsesnivået ved snøscooterkjøring.Dette kobles til flytteori og kroppsfenomenologi. 7. SiSn diodes: Theoretical analysis and experimental verification KAUST Repository Hussain, Aftab M. 2015-08-24 We report a theoretical analysis and experimental verification of change in band gap of silicon lattice due to the incorporation of tin (Sn). We formed SiSn ultra-thin film on the top surface of a 4 in. silicon wafer using thermal diffusion of Sn. We report a reduction of 0.1 V in the average built-in potential, and a reduction of 0.2 V in the average reverse bias breakdown voltage, as measured across the substrate. These reductions indicate that the band gap of the silicon lattice has been reduced due to the incorporation of Sn, as expected from the theoretical analysis. We report the experimentally calculated band gap of SiSn to be 1.11 ± 0.09 eV. This low-cost, CMOS compatible, and scalable process offers a unique opportunity to tune the band gap of silicon for specific applications. 8. Synthesis and lithium storage properties of Zn, Co and Mg doped SnO 2 Nano materials CSIR Research Space (South Africa) Palaniyandy, Nithyadharseni 2017-09-01 Full Text Available In this paper, we show that magnesium and cobalt doped SnO 2 (Mg-SnO 2 and Co-SnO 2) nanostructures have profound influence on the discharge capacity and coulombic efficiency of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) employing pure SnO 2 and zinc doped SnO 2 (Zn-SnO... 9. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life Survey (SN-5 into Brazilian Portuguese Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Priscila Regina Candido Espinola Uchoa Full Text Available Abstract Introduction: The concept of quality of life is subjective and variable definition, which depends on the individual's perception of their state of health. Quality of life questionnaires are instruments designed to measure quality of life, but most are developed in a language other than Portuguese. Questionnaires can identify the most important symptoms, focus on consultation, and assist in defining the goals of treatment. Some of these have been validated for the Portuguese language, but none in children. Objective: To validate the translation with cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Sinus and Nasal Quality of Life Survey (SN-5 into Portuguese. Methods: Prospective study of children aged 2-12 years with sinonasal symptoms of over 30 days. The study comprised two stages: (I translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SN-5 into Portuguese (SN-5p; and (II validation of the SN5-p. Statistical analysis was performed to assess internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and sensitivity, as well as construct and discriminant validity and standardization. Results: The SN-5 was translated and adapted into Portuguese (SN-5p and the author of the original version approved the process. Validation was carried out by administration of the SN-5p to 51 pediatric patients with sinonasal complaints (mean age, 5.8 ± 2.5 years; range, 2-12 years. The questionnaire exhibited adequate construct validity (0.62, p < 0.01, internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.73, and discriminant validity (p < 0.01, as well as good test-retest reproducibility (Goodman-Kruskal gamma = 0.957, p < 0.001, good correlation with a visual analog scale (r = 0.62, p < 0.01, and sensitivity to change. Conclusion: This study reports the successful translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the SN-5 instrument into Brazilian Portuguese. The translated version exhibited adequate psychometric properties for assessment of disease-specific quality of life in 10. Structural and electronic properties of SnO{sub 2} Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Akgul, Funda Aksoy, E-mail: [email protected] [Physics Department, Nigde University, 51240 Nigde (Turkey); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States); Gumus, Cebrail, E-mail: [email protected] [Physics Department, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana (Turkey); Er, Ali O. [Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92612 (United States); Farha, Ashraf H. [Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529 (United States); Physics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566 (Egypt); Akgul, Guvenc [Bor Vocational School, Nigde University, 51700 Nigde (Turkey); Ufuktepe, Yuksel [Physics Department, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana (Turkey); Liu, Zhi [Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 (United States) 2013-12-05 Highlights: •Structural and electronic properties of SnO{sub 2} films were determined. •Oxidation states of the SnO{sub 2} thin films were confirmed by XPS analysis. •Chemical component is non-stoichiometric and ratio of oxygen to tin was 1.85. -- Abstract: Highly transparent polycrystalline thin film of SnO{sub 2} (tin dioxide) was deposited using a simple and low cost spray pyrolysis method. The film was prepared from an aqueous solution of tin tetrachloride (stannic chloride) onto glass substrates at 400 °C. A range of diagnostic techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible absorption, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to investigate structural, optical, and electronic properties of the resulting film. Deposited film was found to be polycrystalline. A mixture of SnO and SnO{sub 2} phases was observed. The average crystallite size of ∼21.3 nm for SnO{sub 2} was calculated by Rietveld method using XRD data. The oxidation states of the SnO{sub 2} thin film were confirmed by the shape analysis of corresponding XPS O 1s, Sn 3d, and Sn 4d peaks using the decomposition procedure. The analysis of the XPS core level peaks showed that the chemical component is non-stoichiometric and the ratio of oxygen to tin (O/Sn) is 1.85 which is slightly under stoichiometry. 11. Sn-doped hematite nanostructures for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Science.gov (United States) Ling, Yichuan; Wang, Gongming; Wheeler, Damon A; Zhang, Jin Z; Li, Yat 2011-05-11 We report on the synthesis and characterization of Sn-doped hematite nanowires and nanocorals as well as their implementation as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The hematite nanowires were prepared on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate by a hydrothermal method, followed by high temperature sintering in air to incorporate Sn, diffused from the FTO substrate, as a dopant. Sn-doped hematite nanocorals were prepared by the same method, by adding tin(IV) chloride as the Sn precursor. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirms Sn(4+) substitution at Fe(3+) sites in hematite, and Sn-dopant levels increase with sintering temperature. Sn dopant serves as an electron donor and increases the carrier density of hematite nanostructures. The hematite nanowires sintered at 800 °C yielded a pronounced photocurrent density of 1.24 mA/cm(2) at 1.23 V vs RHE, which is the highest value observed for hematite nanowires. In comparison to nanowires, Sn-doped hematite nanocorals exhibit smaller feature sizes and increased surface areas. Significantly, they showed a remarkable photocurrent density of 1.86 mA/cm(2) at 1.23 V vs RHE, which is approximately 1.5 times higher than that of the nanowires. Ultrafast spectroscopy studies revealed that there is significant electron-hole recombination within the first few picoseconds, while Sn doping and the change of surface morphology have no major effect on the ultrafast dynamics of the charge carriers on the picosecond time scales. The enhanced photoactivity in Sn-doped hematite nanostructures should be due to the improved electrical conductivity and increased surface area. 12. Delay performance of a broadcast spectrum sharing network in Nakagami-m fading KAUST Repository Khan, Fahd Ahmed 2014-03-01 In this paper, we analyze the delay performance of a point-to-multipoint secondary network (P2M-SN), which is concurrently sharing the spectrum with a point-to-multipoint primary network (P2M-PN). The channel is assumed to be independent but not identically distributed (i.n.i.d.) and has Nakagami-m fading. A constraint on the peak transmit power of the secondary-user transmitter (SU-Tx) is considered, in addition to the peak interference power constraint. The SU-Tx is assumed to be equipped with a buffer and is modeled using the M/G/1 queueing model. The performance of this system is analyzed for two scenarios: 1) P2M-SN does not experience interference from the primary network (denoted by P2M-SN-NI), and 2) P2M-SN does experience interference from the primary network (denoted by P2M-SN-WI). The performance of both P2M-SN-NI and P2M-SN-WI is analyzed in terms of the packet transmission time, and the closed-form cumulative density function (cdf) of the packet transmission time is derived for both scenarios. Furthermore, by utilizing the concept of timeout, an exact closed-form expression for the outage probability of the P2M-SN-NI is obtained. In addition, an accurate approximation for the outage probability of the P2M-SN-WI is also derived. Furthermore, for the P2M-SN-NI, the analytic expressions for the total average waiting time (TAW-time) of packets and the average number of packets waiting in the buffer of the SU-Tx are also derived. Numerical simulations are also performed to validate the derived analytical results. © 1967-2012 IEEE. 13. Spectroscopic observation of SN 2016ijk and SN 2016iuc by NUTS (NOT Un-biased Transient Survey) Science.gov (United States) Kangas, T.; Mattila, S.; Lundqvist, P.; Taddia, F.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Harmanen, J.; Somero, A.; Reynolds, T.; Ergon, M. 2016-12-01 The Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) Unbiased Transient Survey (NUTS; ATel #8992) reports the spectroscopic classification of the supernovae SN 2016ijk/Gaia16car in the host galaxy 2MASX J01290449+4021466 and SN 2016iuc/Gaia16cay in the host galaxy NGC 5032. 14. Spectroscopic observation of SN 2016ieq and SN 2016isg by NUTS (NOT Un-biased Transient Survey) Science.gov (United States) Kangas, T.; Mattila, S.; Stritzinger, M.; Dong, S.; Hsiao, E.; Lundqvist, P.; Taddia, F.; Kankare, E.; Kuncarayakti, H.; Harmanen, J.; Somero, A.; Reynolds, T.; Ergon, M.; Gafton, E. 2016-12-01 The Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) Unbiased Transient Survey (NUTS; ATel #8992) reports the spectroscopic classification of the supernovae SN 2016ieq/Gaia16buy in the host galaxy APMUKS(BJ) B211942.51-120949.1 and SN 2016isg/ASASSN-16oo in the host galaxy 2MASX J01411858-0012382. 15. Unexpected, spontaneous and selective formation of colloidal Pt 3Sn nanoparticles using organometallic Pt and Sn complexes KAUST Repository Boualleg, Malika 2010-01-01 The facile and selective synthesis of small crystalline Pt3Sn alloy nanoparticles was performed at room temperature under H2, using a colloidal approach without the use of extra-stabilizing ligands. The Pt 3Sn alloy was found to be obtained spontaneously as the unique phase regardless of the number of tin equivalents introduced. © 2010 The Royal Society of Chemistry. 16. Wafer-Level Hermetic Package by Low-Temperature Cu/Sn TLP Bonding with Optimized Sn Thickness Science.gov (United States) Wu, Zijian; Cai, Jian; Wang, Qian; Wang, Junqiang; Wang, Dejun 2017-10-01 In this paper, a wafer-level package with hermetic sealing by low-temperature Cu/Sn transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding for a micro-electromechanical system was introduced. A Cu bump with a Sn cap and sealing ring were fabricated simultaneously by electroplating. The model of Cu/Sn TLP bonding was established and the thicknesses of Cu and Sn were optimized after a series of bonding experiments. Cu/Sn wafer-level bonding was undertaken at 260°C for 30 min under a vacuum condition. An average shear strength of 50.36 MPa and a fine leak rate of 1.9 × 10-8 atm cc/s were achieved. Scanning electron microscope photos of the Cu/Sn/Cu interlayers were presented, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis was conducted simultaneously. The results showed that the Sn was completely consumed to form the stable intermetallic compound Cu3Sn. An aging test of 200 h at 200°C was conducted to test the performance of the hermetic sealing, while the results of shear strength, fine leak rate and bonding interface were also set out. 17. Viscoelastic behavior over a wide range of time and frequency in tin alloys: SnCd and SnSb Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Quackenbush, J.; Brodt, M.; Lakes, R.S. [Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA (United States) 1996-08-01 All materials exhibit some viscoelastic response, which can manifest itself as creep, relaxation, or, if the load is sinusoidal in time, a phase angle {delta} between stress and strain. Recently, a study of pure elements with low melting points, Cd, In, Pb, and Sn disclosed that cadmium exhibited a substantial loss tangent of 0.03 to 0.04 over much of the audio range of frequencies, combined with a moderate stiffness G = 20.7 GPa. Lead, by contrast, exhibited tan {delta} of 0.005 to 0.016 in the audio range. Indium exhibited a high loss tangent exceeding 0.1 at very low frequency. A eutectic alloy of indium and tin was found to exhibit substantial damping exceeding 0.1 below 0.1 Hz, and this alloy was used to make a composite exhibiting high stiffness and high damping. It is the purpose of this communication to present viscoelastic properties of two additional low melting point alloys, SnCd and SnSb. Both InSn and SnSb are used as solders. Although the melting point of Sb is 630.74 C, T{sub H} > 0.55 at ambient temperature for the alloy of SnSb (95 wt% Sn/5 wt% Sb) which melts near 240 C. Eutectic SnCd melts at 177 C so T{sub H} {approx} 0.65 at room temperature. 18. Carbon supported Pd-Sn and Pd-Ru-Sn nanocatalysts for ethanol electro-oxidation in alkaline medium CSIR Research Space (South Africa) Modibedi, RM 2011-04-01 Full Text Available Carbon supported Pd-Sn and Pd-Ru-Sn nanocatalysts were prepared by the chemical reduction method, using sodium borohydride and ethylene glycol mixture as the reducing agent. The catalytic activity towards ethanol electro-oxidation in alkaline medium... 19. Endohedrally filled [Ni@Sn9](4-) and [Co@Sn9](5-) clusters in the neat solids Na12Ni(1-x)Sn17 and K(13-x)Co(1-x)Sn17: crystal structure and 119Sn solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Science.gov (United States) Hlukhyy, Viktor; Stegmaier, Saskia; van Wüllen, Leo; Fässler, Thomas F 2014-09-15 A systematic approach to the formation of endohedrally filled atom clusters by a high-temperature route instead of the more frequent multistep syntheses in solution is presented. Zintl phases Na12Ni(1-x)Sn17 and K(13-x)Co(1-x)Sn17, containing endohedrally filled intermetalloid clusters [Ni@Sn9](4-) or [Co@Sn9](5-) beside [Sn4](4-), are obtained from high-temperature reactions. The arrangement of [Ni@Sn9](4-) or [Co@Sn9](5-) and [Sn4](4-) clusters, which are present in the ratio 1:2, can be regarded as a hierarchical replacement variant of the hexagonal Laves phase MgZn2 on the Mg and Zn positions, respectively. The alkali-metal positions are considered for the first time in the hierarchical relationship, which leads to a comprehensive topological parallel and a better understanding of the composition of these compounds. The positions of the alkali-metal atoms in the title compounds are related to the known inclusion of hydrogen atoms in the voids of Laves phases. The inclusion of Co atoms in the {Sn9} cages correlates strongly with the number of K vacancies in K(13-x)Co(1-x)Sn17 and K(5-x)Co(1-x)Sn9, and consequently, all compounds correspond to diamagnetic valence compounds. Owing to their diamagnetism, K(13-x)Co(1-x)Sn17, and K(5-x)Co(1-x)Sn9, as well as the d-block metal free binary compounds K12Sn17 and K4Sn9, were characterized for the first time by (119)Sn solid-state NMR spectroscopy. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. 20. Study of Pd-Sn/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} catalysts prepared by an oxide colloidal route; Etude de catalyseurs Pd-Sn/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} prepares par voie colloidale oxyde Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Verdier, St. 2001-09-01 The oxide colloidal route, developed in the laboratory for mono-metallic catalysts, consists in preparing a metallic oxide hydro-sol which leads to the supported catalyst after deposition onto a support and an activation stage. In this work, this method has been adapted to the preparation of alumina supported bimetallic Pd-Sn catalysts to determine its interest for the control of the properties of the bimetallic phase (size, composition and structure). In the preliminary study concerning tin oxide sols, SnO{sub 2} (size=2,3 nm) and Sn{sub 6}O{sub 4}(OH){sub 4} (size = 25 nm) nano-particles were synthesized by neutralization respectively for tin(IV) and tin(H). The control through the pH of the aggregation of the PdO and SnO{sub 2} particles revealed that increasing oxide solubility promotes integral re-dispersion of the oxide particles. To synthesize oxide bimetallic sols, three strategies were defined. Copolymerization (formation of a mixed oxide nano-sol by cross condensation of both metals) does not lead to a mixed oxide Pd-Sn phase. Surface precipitation (neutralization of the second metal in the presence of the first oxide sol) yields nano-particles of both oxides in close interaction. Adsorption (adsorption of the second metal onto the first oxide sol) significantly occurs when contacting tin with a basic PdO sol (hydrolytic adsorption). The characterization and the assessment of the catalytic properties (selective hydrogenation of buta-1,3-diene) of the catalysts prepared by deposition of oxide bimetallic sols showed that the oxide colloidal route allows the control of the properties of the supported bimetallic phase. Moreover, our results display that both Pd-Sn alloy formation and,aggregation of the metallic particles contribute to increase the selectivity for this reaction. (author) 1. Distinct Patterns of Temporal and Directional Connectivity among Intrinsic Networks in the Human Brain. Science.gov (United States) Shine, James M; Kucyi, Aaron; Foster, Brett L; Bickel, Stephan; Wang, Danhong; Liu, Hesheng; Poldrack, Russell A; Hsieh, Liang-Tien; Hsiang, Jen Chun; Parvizi, Josef 2017-10-04 To determine the spatiotemporal relationships among intrinsic networks of the human brain, we recruited seven neurosurgical patients (four males and three females) who were implanted with intracranial depth electrodes. We first identified canonical resting-state networks at the individual subject level using an iterative matching procedure on each subject's resting-state fMRI data. We then introduced single electrical pulses to fMRI pre-identified nodes of the default network (DN), frontoparietal network (FPN), and salience network (SN) while recording evoked responses in other recording sites within the same networks. We found bidirectional signal flow across the three networks, albeit with distinct patterns of evoked responses within different time windows. We used a data-driven clustering approach to show that stimulation of the FPN and SN evoked a rapid (130 ms) in other nodes of the DN, as well as FPN and SN. Our results provide temporal information about the patterns of signal flow between intrinsic networks that provide insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics that are likely to constrain the architecture of the brain networks supporting human cognition and behavior. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Despite great progress in the functional neuroimaging of the human brain, we still do not know the precise set of rules that define the patterns of temporal organization between large-scale networks of the brain. In this study, we stimulated and then recorded electrical evoked potentials within and between three large-scale networks of the brain, the default network (DN), frontoparietal network (FPN), and salience network (SN), in seven subjects undergoing invasive neurosurgery. Using a data-driven clustering approach, we observed distinct temporal and directional patterns between the three networks, with FPN and SN activity predominant in early windows and DN stimulation affecting the network in later windows. These results provide important temporal information about 2. First-principles investigation of competing magnetic interactions in (Mn ,Fe )Ru2Sn Heusler solid solutions Science.gov (United States) Decolvenaere, Elizabeth; Gordon, Michael; Seshadri, Ram; Van der Ven, Anton 2017-10-01 Many Heusler compounds possess magnetic properties well suited for applications as spintronic materials. The pseudobinary Mn0.5Fe0.5Ru2Sn , formed as a solid solution of two full Heuslers, has recently been shown to exhibit exchange hardening suggestive of two magnetic phases, despite existing as a single chemical phase. We have performed a first-principles study of the chemical and magnetic degrees of freedom in the Mn1 -xFexRu2Sn pseudobinary to determine the origin of the unique magnetic behavior responsible for exchange hardening within a single phase. We find a transition from antiferromagnetic (AFM) to ferromagnetic (FM) behavior upon replacement of Mn with Fe, consistent with experimental results. The lowest energy orderings in Mn1 -xFexRu2Sn consist of chemically and magnetically uniform (111) planes, with Fe-rich regions preferring FM ordering and Mn-rich regions preferring AFM ordering, independent of the overall composition. Analysis of the electronic structure suggests that the magnetic behavior of this alloy arises from a competition between AFM-favoring Sn-mediated superexchange and FM-favoring RKKY exchange mediated by spin-polarized conduction electrons. Changes in valency upon replacement of Mn with Fe shifts the balance from superexchange-dominated interactions to RKKY-dominated interactions. 3. Corporate Strategy And The Social Networking Phenomena OpenAIRE Johnson, Robert L. 2011-01-01 The Social Networking (SN) phenomena has developed relatively overnight and is continuing to develop at an exponential pace. It allows for innovative new methods of disseminating and collecting information in ways never before dreamed possible by corporate executives. The rise of Social Networking is becoming a disruptive technology for traditional marketing and advertising medium such as radio, television, web page, and print media, creating new business opportunities for the entrepreneur w... 4. Sn powder as reducing agents and SnO2 precursors for the synthesis of SnO2-reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanoparticles. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Mingxi; Zhang, Congcong; Li, Lingzhi; Liu, Yu; Li, Xichuan; Xu, Xiaoyang; Xia, Fengling; Wang, Wei; Gao, Jianping 2013-12-26 A facile approach to prepare SnO2/rGO (reduced graphene oxide) hybrid nanoparticles by a direct redox reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and tin powder was developed. Since no acid was used, it is an environmentally friendly green method. The SnO2/rGO hybrid nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The microstructure of the SnO2/rGO was observed with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The tin powder efficiently reduced GO to rGO, and the Sn was transformed to SnO2 nanoparticles (∼45 nm) that were evenly distributed on the rGO sheets. The SnO2/rGO hybrid nanoparticles were then coated on an interdigital electrode to fabricate a humidity sensor, which have an especially good linear impedance response from 11% to 85% relative humidity. 5. Photovoltaic properties of SnCl{sub 2}Pc films and SnCl{sub 2}Pc/pentacene heterostructures Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Lutsyk, P.; Vertsimakha, Ya. [Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Prosp. Nauky 46, 03028 Kyiv (Ukraine); Misiewicz, J.; Podhorodecki, A. [Institute of Physics, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wyb. S. Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw (Poland) 2007-01-05 The optical and photovoltaic properties of dichlorotin phthalocyanine (SnCl{sub 2}Pc) films and SnCl{sub 2}Pc/pentacene (Pn) heterostructures (HS) have been studied. Weak bands at 1.35, 1.52 and 2.05eV have been found in absorption and modulated photoreflectance spectra of SnCl{sub 2}Pc films. These bands can be caused by the formation of charge transfer states. The low concentration of recombination centers of charge carriers has been formed on a free surface of SnCl{sub 2}Pc films. This concentration essentially decreases at air evacuation before vacuum deposition of a Pn layer. Therefore, interface with an insignificant recombination rate of charge carriers is formed for SnCl{sub 2}Pc/Pn HS. (author) 6. INTERACTING SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA IMPOSTORS: SN 2009ip, IS THIS THE END? Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Pastorello, A.; Cappellaro, E.; Benetti, S. [INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell' Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padova (Italy); Inserra, C.; Smartt, S. J.; Fraser, M. [Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen' s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN (United Kingdom); Pignata, G.; Takats, K.; Bufano, F. [Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Avda. Republica 252, Santiago (Chile); Valenti, S. [Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network Inc., Santa Barbara, CA 93117 (United States); Benitez, S. [Max-Planck-Institut fuer Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1, D-85741 Garching (Germany); Botticella, M. T. [INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131 Napoli (Italy); Brimacombe, J. [Coral Towers Observatory, Coral Towers, Esplanade, Cairns 4870 (Australia); Cellier-Holzem, F. [Laboratoire de Physique Nucleaire et de Hautes Energies, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, Universite Paris Diderot, Paris 7, CNRS-IN2P3, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05 (France); Costado, M. T. [Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC, Apdo 3004, E-18080 Granada (Spain); Cupani, G. [INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, via Tiepolo 11, I-34143 Trieste (Italy); Curtis, I. [2 Yandra Street, Vale Park, Adelaide, South Australia 5081 (Australia); Elias-Rosa, N. [Institut de Ciencies de l' Espai (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, E-08193 Bellaterra (Spain); Ergon, M. [The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, AlbaNova, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm (Sweden); Fynbo, J. P. U., E-mail: [email protected] [Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen University, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen O (Denmark); and others 2013-04-10 We report the results of a three-year-long dedicated monitoring campaign of a restless luminous blue variable (LBV) in NGC 7259. The object, named SN 2009ip, was observed photometrically and spectroscopically in the optical and near-infrared domains. We monitored a number of erupting episodes in the past few years, and increased the density of our observations during eruptive episodes. In this paper, we present the full historical data set from 2009 to 2012 with multi-wavelength dense coverage of the two high-luminosity events between 2012 August and September. We construct bolometric light curves and measure the total luminosities of these eruptive or explosive events. We label them the 2012a event (lasting {approx}50 days) with a peak of 3 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 41} erg s{sup -1}, and the 2012b event (14 day rise time, still ongoing) with a peak of 8 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 42} erg s{sup -1}. The latter event reached an absolute R-band magnitude of about -18, comparable to that of a core-collapse supernova (SN). Our historical monitoring has detected high-velocity spectral features ({approx}13,000 km s{sup -1}) in 2011 September, one year before the current SN-like event. This implies that the detection of such high-velocity outflows cannot, conclusively, point to a core-collapse SN origin. We suggest that the initial peak in the 2012a event was unlikely to be due to a faint core-collapse SN. We propose that the high intrinsic luminosity of the latest peak, the variability history of SN 2009ip, and the detection of broad spectral lines indicative of high-velocity ejecta are consistent with a pulsational pair-instability event, and that the star may have survived the last outburst. The question of the survival of the LBV progenitor star and its future fate remain open issues, only to be answered with future monitoring of this historically unique explosion. 7. X-ray emission from SN 2012ca: A Type Ia-CSM supernova explosion in a dense surrounding medium Science.gov (United States) Bochenek, Christopher D.; Dwarkadas, Vikram V.; Silverman, Jeffrey M.; Fox, Ori D.; Chevalier, Roger A.; Smith, Nathan; Filippenko, Alexei V. 2018-01-01 X-ray emission is one of the signposts of circumstellar interaction in supernovae (SNe), but until now, it has been observed only in core-collapse SNe. The level of thermal X-ray emission is a direct measure of the density of the circumstellar medium (CSM), and the absence of X-ray emission from Type Ia SNe has been interpreted as a sign of a very low density CSM. In this paper, we report late-time (500-800 d after discovery) X-ray detections of SN 2012ca in Chandra data. The presence of hydrogen in the initial spectrum led to a classification of Type Ia-CSM, ostensibly making it the first SN Ia detected with X-rays. Our analysis of the X-ray data favours an asymmetric medium, with a high-density component which supplies the X-ray emission. The data suggest a number density >108 cm-3 in the higher density medium, which is consistent with the large observed Balmer decrement if it arises from collisional excitation. This is high compared to most core-collapse SNe, but it may be consistent with densities suggested for some Type IIn or superluminous SNe. If SN 2012ca is a thermonuclear SN, the large CSM density could imply clumps in the wind, or a dense torus or disc, consistent with the single-degenerate channel. A remote possibility for a core-degenerate channel involves a white dwarf merging with the degenerate core of an asymptotic giant branch star shortly before the explosion, leading to a common envelope around the SN. 8. Consistent Design of Dependable Control Systems DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Blanke, M. 1996-01-01 Design of fault handling in control systems is discussed, and a method for consistent design is presented.......Design of fault handling in control systems is discussed, and a method for consistent design is presented.... 9. DISCOVERY OF THE BROAD-LINED TYPE Ic SN 2013cq ASSOCIATED WITH THE VERY ENERGETIC GRB 130427A Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Xu, D.; Krühler, T.; Hjorth, J.; Malesani, D.; Fynbo, J. P. U.; Watson, D. J.; Geier, S. [Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 København Ø (Denmark); De Ugarte Postigo, A.; Thöne, C. C.; Sánchez-Ramírez, R. [Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, CSIC, Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n, E-18008 Granada (Spain); Leloudas, G. [The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm (Sweden); Cano, Z.; Jakobsson, P. [Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi 5, IS-107 Reykjavik (Iceland); Schulze, S. [Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22 (Chile); Kaper, L. [Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, NL-1098 XH Amsterdam (Netherlands); Sollerman, J. [The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova, SE-10691 Stockholm (Sweden); Cabrera-Lavers, A. [Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife (Spain); Cao, C. [Department of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209 (China); Covino, S. [INAF/Brera Astronomical Observatory, via Bianchi 46, I-23807 Merate (Italy); Flores, H., E-mail: [email protected] [Laboratoire Galaxies Etoiles Physique et Instrumentation, Observatoire de Paris, 5 place Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon (France); and others 2013-10-20 Long-duration gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) at z < 1 are found in most cases to be accompanied by bright, broad-lined Type Ic supernovae (SNe Ic-BL). The highest-energy GRBs are mostly located at higher redshifts, where the associated SNe are hard to detect observationally. Here, we present early and late observations of the optical counterpart of the very energetic GRB 130427A. Despite its moderate redshift, z = 0.3399 ± 0.0002, GRB 130427A is at the high end of the GRB energy distribution, with an isotropic-equivalent energy release of E{sub iso} ∼ 9.6 × 10{sup 53} erg, more than an order of magnitude more energetic than other GRBs with spectroscopically confirmed SNe. In our dense photometric monitoring, we detect excess flux in the host-subtracted r-band light curve, consistent with that expected from an emerging SN, ∼0.2 mag fainter than the prototypical SN 1998bw. A spectrum obtained around the time of the SN peak (16.7 days after the GRB) reveals broad undulations typical of SNe Ic-BL, confirming the presence of an SN, designated SN 2013cq. The spectral shape and early peak time are similar to those of the high expansion velocity SN 2010bh associated with GRB 100316D. Our findings demonstrate that high-energy, long-duration GRBs, commonly detected at high redshift, can also be associated with SNe Ic-BL, pointing to a common progenitor mechanism. 10. Talking about your health to strangers: understanding the use of online social networks by patients Science.gov (United States) Colineau, Nathalie; Paris, Cécile 2010-04-01 The internet has become a participatory place where everyone can contribute and interact with others. In health in particular, social media have changed traditional patient-physician relationships. Patients are organising themselves in groups, sharing observations and helping each other, although there is still little evidence of the effectiveness of these online communities on people's health. To understand why and how people use health-related sites, we studied these sites and identified three dimensions characterising most of them: informational/supportive; general/focused; and new relationships/existing ones. We conducted an online survey about the use of health-related social networking (SN) sites and learnt that, consistent with previous research, most patients were seeking information about their medical condition online, while, at the same time, still interacting with health professionals to talk about sensitive information and complex issues. We also found that, while people's natural social network played an important role for emotional support, sometimes, people chose to not involve their family, but instead interact with peers online because of their perceived support and ability to understand someone's experience, and also to maintain a comfortable emotional distance. Finally, our results show that people using general SN sites do not necessarily use health-related sites and vice versa. 11. Sn surface-enriched Pt-Sn bimetallic nanoparticles as a selective and stable catalyst for propane dehydrogenation KAUST Repository Zhu, Haibo 2014-12-01 A new one pot, surfactant-free, synthetic route based on the surface organometallic chemistry (SOMC) concept has been developed for the synthesis of Sn surface-enriched Pt-Sn nanoparticles. Bu3SnH selectively reacts with [Pt]-H formed in situ at the surface of Pt nanoparticles, Pt NPs, obtained by reduction of K2PtCl4 by LiB(C2H5)3H. Chemical analysis, 1H MAS and 13C CP/MAS solid-state NMR as well as two-dimensional double-quantum (DQ) and triple-quantum (TQ) experiments show that organo-tin moieties Sn(n-C4H9) are chemically linked to the surface of Pt NPs to produce, in fine, after removal of most of the n-butyl fragment, bimetallic Pt-Sn nanoparticles. The Sn(n-CH2CH2CH2CH3) groups remaining at the surface are believed to stabilize the as-synthesized Pt-Sn NPs, enabling the bimetallic NPs to be well dispersed in THF. Additionally, the Pt-Sn nanoparticles can be supported on MgAl2O4 during the synthesis of the nanoparticles. Some of the Pt-Sn/MgAl2O4 catalyst thus prepared exhibits high activity in PROX of CO and an extremely high selectivity and stability in propane dehydrogenation to propylene. The enhanced activity in propane dehydrogenation is associated with the high concentration of inactive Sn at the surface of Pt nanoparticles which ”isolates” the active Pt atoms. This conclusion is confirmed by XRD, NMR, TEM, and XPS analysis. 12. Influence of the C/Sn Ratio on the Synthesis and Lithium Electrochemical Insertion of Tin-Supported Graphite Materials Used as Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Cédric Mercier 2011-01-01 Full Text Available Novel composites consisting of tin particles associated to graphite were prepared by chemical reduction of tin(+2 chloride by t-BuONa-activated sodium hydride in the presence of graphite. The samples obtained using various C/Sn ratios were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD, transmission electron microscopy (TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM, and elemental analyses. The largest tin particles associated to graphite layers were observed for the material with a C/Sn ratio of 16. For the materials with C/Sn ratios of 42 and 24, SEM and TEM experiments demonstrated that Sn aggregates of ca. 250 nm length and composed of Sn particles with an average diameter of ca. 50 nm were homogeneously distributed at the surface of graphite. Electrodes prepared from the C/Sn=42 material exhibit a high reversible capacity of over 470 mAhg−1 up to twenty cycles with stable cyclic performances. 13. Effects of calcination temperatures on photocatalytic activity of SnO2/TiO2 composite films prepared by an EPD method. Science.gov (United States) Zhou, Minghua; Yu, Jiaguo; Liu, Shengwei; Zhai, Pengcheng; Jiang, Li 2008-06-15 SnO2/TiO2 composite films were fabricated on transparent electro-conductive glass substrates (F-doped SnO2-coated glass:FTO glass) via an electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method using Degussa P25 as raw materials, and were further characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra and Photoluminescence spectra (PL). XRD and XPS results confirmed that the films were composed of TiO2 and SnO2. FESEM images indicated that the as-prepared TiO2 films had roughness surfaces, which consisted of nano-sized particles. The effects of calcination temperatures on the surface morphology, microstructures and photocatalytic activity of SnO2/TiO2 composite films were further investigated. All the prepared SnO2/TiO2 composite films exhibited high photocatalytic activities for photocatalytic decolorization of Rhodamine-B aqueous solution. At 400 degrees C, the SnO2/TiO2 composite films showed the highest photocatalytic activity due to synergetic effects of low sodium content, good crystallization, appropriate phase composition and slower recombination rate of photogenerated charge carriers. 14. Biallelic Mutations in the 3’ Exonuclease TOE1 Cause Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia and Uncover a Role in snRNA Processing Science.gov (United States) Lardelli, Rea M.; Schaffer, Ashleigh E.; Eggens, Veerle R.C.; Zaki, Maha S.; Grainger, Stephanie L.; Sathe, Shashank; Van Nostrand, Eric L.; Schlachetzki, Zinayida; Rosti, Basak; Akizu, Naiara; Scott, Eric; Heckman, Laura Dean; Rosti, Rasim Ozgur; Dikoglu, Esra; Gregor, Anne; Guemez-Gamboa, Alicia; Musaev, Damir; Mande, Rohit; Widjaja, Ari; Shaw, Tim L.; Markmiller, Sebastian; Marin-Valencia, Isaac; Davies, Justin H.; de Meirleir, Linda; Kayserili, Hulya; Altunoglu, Umut; Freckmann, Mary Louise; Warwick, Linda; Chitayat, David; Çağlayan, Ahmet Okay; Bilguvar, Kaya; Per, Huseyin; Fagerberg, Christina; Kibaek, Maria; Aldinger, Kimberley A.; Manchester, David; Matsumoto, Naomichi; Muramatsu, Kazuhiro; Saitsu, Hirotomo; Shiina, Masaaki; Ogata, Kazuhiro; Foulds, Nicola; Dobyns, William B.; Chi, Neil; Traver, David; Spaccini, Luigina; Bova, Stefania Maria; Gabriel, Stacey B.; Gunel, Murat; Valente, Enza Maria; Nassogne, Marie-Cecile; Bennett, Eric J.; Yeo, Gene W.; Baas, Frank; Lykke-Andersen, Jens; Gleeson, Joseph G. 2016-01-01 Deadenylases are best known for degrading the poly(A) tail during mRNA decay. The deadenylase family has expanded throughout evolution and, in mammals, consists of 12 Mg2+-dependent 3’ end ribonucleases with mostly unknown substrate specificity1. Pontocerebellar hypoplasia type 7 (PCH7) is a unique recessive syndrome characterized by neurodegeneration with ambiguous genitalia2 (MIM%614969). We studied 12 human families with PCH7, uncovering biallelic, loss of function mutations in TOE1 (NC_000001.11), which encodes an unconventional deadenylase3,4. Toe1-morphant zebrafish displayed mid- and hind-brain degeneration, modeling PCH-like structural defects in vivo. Surprisingly, we found TOE1 associated with incompletely processed small nuclear (sn)RNAs of the spliceosome, which is responsible for pre-mRNA splicing. These pre-snRNAs contained 3’ genome-encoded tails often followed by post-transcriptionally added adenosines. Human cells with reduced levels of TOE1 accumulated 3’ end-extended pre-snRNAs, and immuno-isolated TOE1 complex was sufficient for 3’ end maturation of snRNAs. Our findings reveal the cause of a neurodegenerative syndrome linked to snRNA maturation and uncover a key factor involved in processing of snRNA 3’ ends. PMID:28092684 15. Preparation of α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} heterostructure with enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Yao, Shiyue; Zhang, Min; Di, Junwei; Wang, Zuoshan [College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 (China); Long, Yumei, E-mail: [email protected] [College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 (China); The Key Lab of Health Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Suzhou (China); Li, Weifeng, E-mail: [email protected] [College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123 (China) 2015-12-01 Graphical abstract: SnO{sub 2}-hybridized α-SnWO{sub 4} nanocomposites were prepared and they exhibited favorable photocatalytic activity for the degradation of MO under visible light irradiation. A detailed photocatalytic mechanism based on heterostructure was given. - Highlights: • α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} heterostructure was prepared by a two-step hydrothermal route. • The attachment of SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals on α-SnWO{sub 4} nanoplates increases BET surface area. • The α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} heterojunction efficiently hinders the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. • α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} nanocomposite exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation. - Abstract: In this work, a novel α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} heterostructure was synthesized via a facile two-step hydrothermal method. The as-prepared products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scan electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which confirmed the typical orthorhombic α-SnWO{sub 4} phase, plate-like morphology and α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} heterostructure. The photocatalytic studies revealed that the attachment of SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles on the surface of α-SnWO{sub 4} plates can remarkably improve their photocatalytic activities and the α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} heterostructure exhibited the best photocatalytic properties in the degradation of methyl orange (MO) under visible light irradiation. The degradation rate of MO on α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} plate was 97% within 40 min and the photocatalytic degradation reaction followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The enhanced photocatalytic property was ascribed to the large surface area and the heterojuction between α-SnWO{sub 4} and SnO{sub 2}, which can facilitate efficient charge separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. Furthermore, α-SnWO{sub 4}/SnO{sub 2} nanocomposite demonstrated good 16. Device simulation of GeSn/GeSiSn pocket n-type tunnel field-effect transistor for analog and RF applications Science.gov (United States) Wang, Suyuan; Zheng, Jun; Xue, Chunlai; Li, Chuanbo; Zuo, Yuhua; Cheng, Buwen; Wang, Qiming 2017-11-01 We present the device simulations of analog and radio frequency (RF) performances of four double-gate pocket n-type tunneling field-effect transistors (NTFETs). The direct current (DC), analog and RF performances of the Ge-homo, GeSn-homo, GeSn/Ge and GeSn/GeSiSn NTFETs, are compared. The GeSn NTFETs greatly improve the on-state current (ION) and average subthreshold slope (SS), when compared with the Ge NTFET. Moreover, the GeSn/GeSiSn NTFET has the largest intrinsic gain (Av), and exhibits a suppressed ambipolar behavior, improved cut-off frequency (fT), and gain bandwidth product (GBW), according to the analyzed analog and RF figures of merit (FOM). Therefore, it can be concluded that the GeSn/GeSiSn NTFET has great potential as a promising candidate for the realization of future generation low-power analog/RF applications. 17. Host Galaxy Spectra and Consequences for SN Typing from the SDSS SN Survey Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Olmstead, Matthew D.; Brown, Peter J.; Sako, Masao; Bassett, Bruce; Bizyaev, Dmitry; Brinkmann, J.; Brownstein, Joel R.; Brewington, Howard; Campbell, Heather; D’Andrea, Chris B.; Dawson, Kyle S.; Ebelke, Garrett L.; Frieman, Joshua A.; Galbany, Lluís; Garnavich, Peter; Gupta, Ravi R.; Hlozek, Renee; Jha, Saurabh W.; Kunz, Martin; Lampeitl, Hubert; Malanushenko, Elena; Malanushenko, Viktor; Marriner, John; Miquel, Ramon; Montero-Dorta, Antonio D.; Nichol, Robert C.; Oravetz, Daniel J.; Pan, Kaike; Schneider, Donald P.; Simmons, Audrey E.; Smith, Mathew; Snedden, Stephanie A. 2014-03-06 We present the spectroscopy from 5254 galaxies that hosted supernovae (SNe) or other transient events in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey II (SDSS-II). Obtained during SDSS-I, SDSS-II, and the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS), this sample represents the largest systematic, unbiased, magnitude limited spectroscopic survey of supernova (SN) host galaxies. Using the host galaxy redshifts, we test the impact of photometric SN classification based on SDSS imaging data with and without using spectroscopic redshifts of the host galaxies. Following our suggested scheme, there are a total of 1166 photometrically classified SNe Ia when using a flat redshift prior and 1126 SNe Ia when the host spectroscopic redshift is assumed. For 1024 (87.8%) candidates classified as likely SNe Ia without redshift information, we find that the classification is unchanged when adding the host galaxy redshift. Using photometry from SDSS imaging data and the host galaxy spectra, we also report host galaxy properties for use in future nalysis of SN astrophysics. Finally, we investigate the differences in the interpretation of the light curve properties with and without knowledge of the redshift. When using the SALT2 light curve fitter, we find a 21% increase in the number of fits that converge when using the spectroscopic redshift. Without host galaxy redshifts, we find that SALT2 light curve fits are systematically biased towards lower photometric redshift estimates and redder colors in the limit of low signal-to-noise data. The general improvements in performance of the light curve fitter and the increased diversity of the host galaxy sample highlights the importance of host galaxy spectroscopy for current photometric SN surveys such as the Dark Energy Survey and future surveys such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope. 18. Electronic structure and crystallographic properties of skutterudite-related Ce3M4Sn13 and La3M4Sn13 (M=Co, Ru, and Rh) Science.gov (United States) Ślebarski, A.; Goraus, J. 2013-10-01 The structural and electronic properties of the skutterudite-related Ce3M4Sn13 and La3M4Sn13 intermetallic compounds with M=Co, Ru, and Rh have been investigated. A subtle structural transition from a simple cubic phase (Yb3Rh4Sn13-type structure) to the superlattice variant at TD˜160 K has been evidenced by x-ray diffraction, resistivity, and specific-heat data. Recently, a high charge density between metal M and Sn atoms was calculated for Ce3Rh4Sn13 and Ce3Co4Sn13. The strong charge accumulation implies a strong M-Sn2 covalent bonding interaction. In consequence, a local distortion of the trigonal Sn prisms around metal M can modify the electronic structure of the system. The main goal of this report is to study the electronic structure in the family of RE3M4Sn13, where RE=Ce or La above and below TD. We show that the Sn 4d x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra have the complex structure, which can be interpreted as a result of different charge distribution around Sn atoms. The shape of the 4d Sn lines is also temperature dependent, which we attribute to the local distortion of the Sn2 cages in RE3M4Sn13. 19. Impact of the Residual Resistivity Ratio on the Stability of Nb3Sn Magnets CERN Document Server Bordini, B; Oberli, L; Rossi, L; Takala, E 2012-01-01 The CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is envisioned to be upgraded in 2020 to increase the luminosity of the machine. The major upgrade will consist in replacing the NbTi quadrupole magnets of the interaction regions with larger aperture magnets. The Nb3Sn technology is the preferred option for this upgrade. The critical current density Jc of Nb3Sn strands have reached sufficiently high values (in excess of 3000 A/mm2 at 12 T and 4.2 K) allowing larger aperture/stronger field magnets. Nevertheless, such large Jc values may cause magneto-thermal instabilities that can drastically reduce the conductor performance by quenching the superconductor prematurely. In Nb3Sn magnets, a relevant parameter for preventing premature quenches induced by magneto-thermal instabilities is the Residual Resistivity Ratio (RRR) of the conductor stabilizing copper. An experimental and theoretical study was carried out to investigate how much the value of the RRR affects the magnet stability and to identify the proper conductor speci... 20. The pygmy quadrupole resonance and neutron-skin modes in 124Sn Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) M. Spieker 2016-01-01 Full Text Available We present an extensive experimental study of the recently predicted pygmy quadrupole resonance (PQR in Sn isotopes, where complementary probes were used. In this study, (α,α′γ and (γ,γ′ experiments were performed on 124Sn. In both reactions, Jπ=2+ states below an excitation energy of 5 MeV were populated. The E2 strength integrated over the full transition densities could be extracted from the (γ,γ′ experiment, while the (α,α′γ experiment at the chosen kinematics strongly favors the excitation of surface modes because of the strong α-particle absorption in the nuclear interior. The excitation of such modes is in accordance with the quadrupole-type oscillation of the neutron skin predicted by a microscopic approach based on self-consistent density functional theory and the quasiparticle-phonon model (QPM. The newly determined γ-decay branching ratios hint at a non-statistical character of the E2 strength, as it has also been recently pointed out for the case of the pygmy dipole resonance (PDR. This allows us to distinguish between PQR-type and multiphonon excitations and, consequently, supports the recent first experimental indications of a PQR in 124Sn. 1. The pygmy quadrupole resonance and neutron-skin modes in 124Sn Science.gov (United States) Spieker, M.; Tsoneva, N.; Derya, V.; Endres, J.; Savran, D.; Harakeh, M. N.; Harissopulos, S.; Herzberg, R.-D.; Lagoyannis, A.; Lenske, H.; Pietralla, N.; Popescu, L.; Scheck, M.; Schlüter, F.; Sonnabend, K.; Stoica, V. I.; Wörtche, H. J.; Zilges, A. 2016-01-01 We present an extensive experimental study of the recently predicted pygmy quadrupole resonance (PQR) in Sn isotopes, where complementary probes were used. In this study, (α ,α‧ γ) and (γ ,γ‧) experiments were performed on 124Sn. In both reactions, Jπ =2+ states below an excitation energy of 5 MeV were populated. The E2 strength integrated over the full transition densities could be extracted from the (γ ,γ‧) experiment, while the (α ,α‧ γ) experiment at the chosen kinematics strongly favors the excitation of surface modes because of the strong α-particle absorption in the nuclear interior. The excitation of such modes is in accordance with the quadrupole-type oscillation of the neutron skin predicted by a microscopic approach based on self-consistent density functional theory and the quasiparticle-phonon model (QPM). The newly determined γ-decay branching ratios hint at a non-statistical character of the E2 strength, as it has also been recently pointed out for the case of the pygmy dipole resonance (PDR). This allows us to distinguish between PQR-type and multiphonon excitations and, consequently, supports the recent first experimental indications of a PQR in 124Sn. 2. Superconductivity in the antiperovskite Dirac-metal oxide Sr3−xSnO Science.gov (United States) Oudah, Mohamed; Ikeda, Atsutoshi; Hausmann, Jan Niklas; Yonezawa, Shingo; Fukumoto, Toshiyuki; Kobayashi, Shingo; Sato, Masatoshi; Maeno, Yoshiteru 2016-01-01 Investigations of perovskite oxides triggered by the discovery of high-temperature and unconventional superconductors have had crucial roles in stimulating and guiding the development of modern condensed-matter physics. Antiperovskite oxides are charge-inverted counterpart materials to perovskite oxides, with unusual negative ionic states of a constituent metal. No superconductivity was reported among the antiperovskite oxides so far. Here we present the first superconducting antiperovskite oxide Sr3−xSnO with the transition temperature of around 5 K. Sr3SnO possesses Dirac points in its electronic structure, and we propose from theoretical analysis a possibility of a topological odd-parity superconductivity analogous to the superfluid 3He-B in moderately hole-doped Sr3−xSnO. We envision that this discovery of a new class of oxide superconductors will lead to a rapid progress in physics and chemistry of antiperovskite oxides consisting of unusual metallic anions. PMID:27941805 3. Cosmic ray acceleration parameters from multi-wavelength observations. The case of SN 1006 Science.gov (United States) Berezhko, E. G.; Ksenofontov, L. T.; Völk, H. J. 2009-10-01 Aims: The properties of the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) SN 1006 are theoretically reanalysed. Methods: Nonlinear kinetic theory is used to determine the acceleration efficiency of cosmic rays (CRs) in the supernova remnant SN 1006. The known range of astronomical parameters and the existing measurements of nonthermal emission are examined in order to define the values of the relevant physical parameters that determine the CR acceleration efficiency. Results: It is shown that the parameter values - proton injection rate, electron to proton ratio and downstream magnetic field strength -are determined with the appropriate accuracy. In particular the observed azimuthal variations in the γ-ray morphology also agree with the theoretical expectation. These parameter values, together with the reduction of the γ-ray flux relative to a spherically symmetric acceleration geometry, allow a good fit to the existing data, including the recently detected TeV emission by H.E.S.S. Conclusions: SN 1006 represents the first example where a high efficiency of nuclear CR production, required for the Galactic CR sources, is consistently established. 4. An Arabic report about supernova SN 1006 by Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) Science.gov (United States) Neuhäuser, R.; Ehrig-Eggert, C.; Kunitzsch, P. 2017-01-01 We present here an Arabic report about supernova 1006 (SN 1006) written by the famous Persian scholar Ibn Sina (Lat. Avicenna, AD 980-1037), which was not discussed in astronomical literature before. The short observational report about a new star is part of Ibn Sina's book called al-Shifa', a work about philosophy including physics, astronomy, and meteorology. We present the Arabic text and our English translation. After a detailed discussion of the dating of the observation, we show that the text specifies that the transient celestial object was stationary and/or tail-less ("a star among the stars"), that it "remained for close to three months getting fainter and fainter until it disappeared", that it "threw out sparks", i.e. it was scintillating and very bright, and that the color changed with time. The information content is consistent with the other Arabic and non-Arabic reports about SN 1006. Hence, it is quite clear that Ibn Sina refers to SN 1006 in his report, given as an example for transient celestial objects in a discussion of Aristotle's "Meteorology". Given the wording and the description, e.g. for the color evolution, this report is independent from other reports known so far. 5. Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment observations of Co-57 in SN 1987A Science.gov (United States) Kurfess, J. D.; Johnson, W. N.; Kinzer, R. L.; Kroeger, R. A.; Strickman, M. S.; Grove, J. E.; Leising, M. D.; Clayton, D. D.; Grabelsky, D. A.; Purcell, W. R. 1992-01-01 The Oriented Scintillation Spectrometer Experiment (OSSE) on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory has observed SN 1987A for two 2 week periods during the first 9 months of the mission. Evidence for gamma-ray line and continuum emission from Co-57 is observed with an intensity of about 10 exp -4 gamma/sq cm/s. This photon flux between 50 and 136 keV is demonstrated by Monte Carlo calculations to be independent of the radial distribution of Co-57 for models of low optical depth, viz., models having photoelectric absorption losses of 122 keV photons no greater than several percent. For such models the observed Co-57 flux indicates that the ratio Ni-57/Ni-56 produced in the explosion was about 1.5 times the solar system ratio of Fe-57/Fe-56. When compared with nearly contemporaneous bolometric estimates of the luminosity for SN 1987A, our observations imply that Co-57 radioactivity does not account for most of the current luminosity of the supernova remnant in low optical depth models. We suggest alternatives, including a large optical depth model that is able to provide the SN 1987A luminosity and is consistent with the OSSE flux. It requires a 57/56 production ratio about twice solar. 6. Axions and SN 1987A: Axion trapping Science.gov (United States) Burrows, Adam; Ressell, M. Ted; Turner, Michael S. 1990-01-01 If an axion of mass between about 10(exp -3) and 10 eV exists, axion emission would have significantly affected the cooling of the nascent neutron star associated with SN 1987A. For an axion of mass greater than about 10(exp -2) eV axions would, like neutrinos, have a mean-free path that is smaller than the size of a neutron star, and thus would become trapped and radiated from an axion sphere. The trapping regime is treated by using numerical models of the initial cooling of a hot neutron star that incorporate a diffusion approximation for axion-energy transport. The axion opacity due to inverse nucleon-nucleon, axion bremsstrahlung is computed; and then the numerical models are used to calculate the integrated axion luminosity, the temperature of the axion sphere, and the effect of axion emission on the neutrino bursts detected by the Kamiokande II (KII) and Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven (IMB) water-Cherenkov detectors. The larger the axion mass, the stronger the trapping and the smaller the axion luminosity. The estimate of the axion mass is confirmed above which trapping is so strong that axion emission does not significantly affect the neutrino burst. Based upon the neutrino-burst duration - the most sensitive barometer of axion cooling - it is concluded that for an axion mass greater than about 3 eV axion emission would not have had a significant effect on the neutrino bursts detected by KII and IMB. It is strongly suggested that an axion with mass in the interval 10(exp -3) to 3 eV is excluded by the observation of neutrinos from SN 1987A. 7. SnS Thin Film Solar Cells: Perspectives and Limitations Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Simone Di Mare 2017-02-01 Full Text Available Thin film solar cells have reached commercial maturity and extraordinarily high efficiency that make them competitive even with the cheaper Chinese crystalline silicon modules. However, some issues (connected with presence of toxic and/or rare elements are still limiting their market diffusion. For this reason new thin film materials, such as Cu2ZnSnS4 or SnS, have been introduced so that expensive In and Te, and toxic elements Se and Cd, are substituted, respectively, in CuInGaSe2 and CdTe. To overcome the abundance limitation of Te and In, in recent times new thin film materials, such as Cu2ZnSnS4 or SnS, have been investigated. In this paper we analyze the limitations of SnS deposition in terms of reproducibility and reliability. SnS deposited by thermal evaporation is analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The raw material is also analyzed and a different composition is observed according to the different number of evaporation (runs. The sulfur loss represents one of the major challenges of SnS solar cell technology. 8. Tin Compensation for the SnS Based Optoelectronic Devices. Science.gov (United States) Wang, S F; Wang, W; Fong, W K; Yu, Y; Surya, C 2017-01-03 In this paper we report the growth of high quality SnS thin films with good crystallinity deposited on two-dimensional (2D) mica substrates. It is believed that the 2D nature of SnS, with strong intra-layer covalent bonds and weak inter-layer van der Waals interactions, is responsible for its relative insensitivity to lattice mismatch. We also investigated the reduction of Sn vacancies in the material using Sn-compensation technique during the material growth process. The experimental results clearly demonstrated substantial enhancements in the electrical and structural properties for films deposited using Sn-compensation technique. A mobility of 51 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) and an XRD rocking curve full width at half maximum of 0.07° were obtained. Sn-compensated SnS/GaN:Si heterojunctions were fabricated and significant improvement in both the I-V characteristics and the spectral responsivities of the devices were characterized. 9. Facile route to SnS nanocrystals and their characterization Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Koktysh, Dmitry S., E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Station B 350106, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); McBride, James R. [Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Station B 350106, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Geil, Robert D. [Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Station B 350106, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351604, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Schmidt, Benjamin W. [Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351604, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Rogers, Bridget R. [Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Station B 350106, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351604, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Rosenthal, Sandra J. [Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Station B 350106, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351604, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, 1807 Station B, Nashville, TN 37235 (United States); Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 1211 Medical Center Drive, Nashville, TN 37232 (United States) 2010-06-15 SnS nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized in oleylamine using the hot-injection technique from tin(II) chloride and diethylammonium diethyldithiocarbamate in the presence of dodecanethiol. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analysis revealed the formation of single crystalline SnS NCs with sizes finely controlled by synthetic conditions. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) investigation confirmed the formation of SnS in a nearly stoichiometric ratio with additional evidence of the SnS NCs surface oxidation when NCs were stored in the air. Optical absorption measurements showed a shift in band gap energy of SnS NCs towards larger values with decreasing particle sizes. SnS NCs were successfully transferred into water using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and Vitamin E as surfactants. These VIS/NIR absorbing SnS NCs should have widespread applications in the construction of efficient photoelectronic devices and probes in bioimaging due to their unique optoelectronic properties and low toxicity. 10. Sn-doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films for Methanol Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Rajarshi Krishna NATH 2009-09-01 Full Text Available Sn doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Sn thin films have been prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique with dopant concentration (Sn/Zn at % from 0 to 1.5 at %. The structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of the films are explored and then tested for methanol sensing. The resistivity of the films decreases with Sn doping up to 0.5 at %, while at higher doping concentration the disorder produced in the lattice causes an increase in resistivity of the films. Exposure of methanol decreases the resistance of the films. The response of the film is measured for both ZnO and ZnO:Sn films at different operating temperature (200-350 0C and concentration (ppm of methanol in air. It is observed that ZnO:Sn films are more sensitive to methanol than undoped ZnO film. The maximum response (~53 % is observed for 0.5at % ZnO:Sn film to 500 ppm of methanol in air at 300 0C. Further the films have shown faster response and recovery times at higher operating temperatures. 11. GeSn growth kinetics in reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition from Ge2H6 and SnCl4 Science.gov (United States) Aubin, J.; Hartmann, J. M. 2018-01-01 We have investigated the low temperature epitaxy of high Sn content GeSn alloys in a 200 mm industrial Reduced Pressure - Chemical Vapor Deposition tool from Applied Materials. Gaseous digermane (Ge2H6) and liquid tin tetrachloride (SnCl4) were used as the Ge and Sn precursors, respectively. The impact of temperature (in the 300-350 °C range), Ge2H6 and SnCl4 mass-flows on the GeSn growth kinetics at 100 Torr has been thoroughly explored. Be it at 300 °C or 325 °C, a linear GeSn growth rate increase together with a sub-linear Sn concentration increase occurred as the SnCl4 mass-flow increased, irrespective of the Ge2H6 mass flow (fixed or varying). The Sn atoms seemed to catalyze H desorption from the surface, resulting in higher GeSn growth rates for high SnCl4 mass-flows (in the 4-21 nm min-1 range). The evolution of the Sn content x with the F (SnCl4) 2 ·/F (Ge2H6) mass-flow ratio was fitted by x2/(1 - x) = n ·F (SnCl4) 2 ·/F (Ge2H6), with n = 0.25 (325 °C) and 0.60 (300 °C). We have otherwise studied the impact of temperature, in the 300-350 °C range, on the GeSn growth kinetics. The GeSn growth rate exponentially increased with the temperature, from 15 up to 32 nm min-1. The associated activation energy was low, i.e. Ea = 10 kcal mol-1. Meanwhile, the Sn content decreased linearly as the growth temperature increased, from 15% at 300 °C down to 6% at 350 °C. 12. Semiconducting Ba 3 Sn 3 Sb 4 and Metallic Ba 7–x Sn 11 Sb 15–y ( x = 0.4, y = 0.6) Zintl Phases Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Chen, Haijie [Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States; Materials; Narayan, Awadhesh [Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States; Stoumpos, Constantinos C. [Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States; Zhao, Jing [Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States; Han, Fei [Materials; Chung, Duck Young [Materials; Wagner, Lucas K. [Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61801, United States; Kwok, Wai-Kwong [Materials; Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. [Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States; Materials 2017-11-08 We report the discovery of two ternary Zintl phases Ba3Sn3Sb4 and Ba7-xSn11Sb15-y, (x = 0.4, y = 0.6). Ba3Sn3Sb4 adopts the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 14.669(3) Å, b = 6.9649(14) Å, c = 13.629(3) Å, and β = 104.98(3)°. It features a unique corrugated two-dimensional (2D) structure consisting of [Sn3Sb4]6- layers extending along the ab plane with Ba2+ atoms sandwiched between them. The non-stoichiometric Ba6.6Sn11Sb14.4 has a complex one-dimensional (1D) structure adopting the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with unit cell parameters a = 37.964(8) Å, b = 4.4090(9) Å and c = 24.682(5) Å. It consists of large double Sn-Sb ribbons separated by Ba2+ atoms. Ba3Sn3Sb4 is an n-type semiconductor which has a narrow energy gap of ~0.18 eV and a room temperature carrier concentration of ~4.2 × 1018 cm-3. Ba6.6Sn11Sb14.4 is determined to be a metal with electrons being the dominant carriers. 13. X-ray Proper Motions and Shock Speeds along the Northwest Rim of SN1006 Science.gov (United States) Katsuda, Satoru; Long, Knox S.; Petre, Robert; Reynolds, Stephen P.; Williams, Brian J.; Winkler, P. Frank 2012-01-01 We report the results of an X-ray proper motion measurement for the NW rim of SN 1006, carried out by comparing Chandra observations from 2001 and 2012. The NW limb has predominantly thermal X-ray emission, and it is the only location in SN 1006 with signi cant optical emission: a thin, Balmer-dominated lament. For most of the NW rim, the proper motion is approximately equal to 0.30"yr(exp -1), essentially the same as has been measured from the H alpha lament. Isolated regions of the NW limb are dominated by nonthermal emission, and here the proper motion is much higher, 0:49"yr(exp -1), close to the value measured in X-rays along the much brighter NE limb, where the X-rays are overwhelmingly nonthermal. At the 2.2 kpc distance to SN 1006, the proper motions imply shock velocities of approximately 3000 kms(exp -1) and approximately 5000 kms(exp -1) in the thermal and nonthermal regions, respectively. A lower velocity behind the H alpha filament is consistent with the picture that SN 1006 is encountering denser gas in the NW, as is also suggested by its overall morphology. In the thermally-dominated portion of the X-ray shell, we also see an o set in the radial profiles at different energies; the 0.5-0.6 keV peak dominated by O VII is closer to the shock front than that of the 0.8-3 keV emission\|due to the longer times for heavier elements to reach ionization states where they produce strong X-ray emission. 14. THE PROGENITOR OF SN 2011ja: CLUES FROM CIRCUMSTELLAR INTERACTION Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Chakraborti, Sayan [Institute for Theory and Computation, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Ray, Alak; Yadav, Naveen [Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1 Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400 005 (India); Smith, Randall [Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 (United States); Ryder, Stuart [Australian Astronomical Observatory, P.O. Box 915, North Ryde, NSW 1670 (Australia); Sutaria, Firoza [Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Koramangala, Bangalore (India); Dwarkadas, Vikram V. [Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 (United States); Chandra, Poonam [Department of Physics, Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, ON K7K 7B4 (Canada); Pooley, David [Department of Physics, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX (United States); Roy, Rupak, E-mail: [email protected] [Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Manora Peak, Nainital (India) 2013-09-01 Massive stars, possibly red supergiants, which retain extended hydrogen envelopes until core collapse, produce Type II plateau (IIP) supernovae. The ejecta from these explosions shocks the circumstellar matter originating from the mass loss of the progenitor during the final phases of its life. This interaction accelerates particles to relativistic energies which then lose energy via synchrotron radiation in the shock-amplified magnetic fields and inverse Compton scattering against optical photons from the supernova. These processes produce different signatures in the radio and X-ray parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Observed together, they allow us to break the degeneracy between shock acceleration and magnetic field amplification. In this work, we use X-rays observations from the Chandra and radio observations from the Australia Telescope Compact Array to study the relative importance of processes which accelerate particles and those which amplify magnetic fields in producing the non-thermal radiation from SN 2011ja. We use radio observations to constrain the explosion date. Multiple Chandra observations allow us to probe the history of variable mass loss from the progenitor. The ejecta expands into a low-density bubble followed by interaction with a higher density wind from a red supergiant consistent with M{sub ZAMS} {approx}> 12 M{sub Sun }. Our results suggest that a fraction of Type IIP supernovae may interact with circumstellar media set up by non-steady winds. 15. GAMMA RAYS FROM TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA SN 2014J Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Churazov, E.; Sunyaev, R.; Grebenev, S. [Space Research Institute (IKI), Profsouznaya 84/32, Moscow 117997 (Russian Federation); Isern, J. [Institut for Space Sciences (ICE-CSIC/IEEC), E-08193 Bellaterra (Spain); Bikmaev, I. [Kazan Federal University (KFU), Kremlevskaya Strasse, 18, Kazan (Russian Federation); Bravo, E. [E.T.S.A.V., Univ. Politecnica de Catalunya, Carrer Pere Serra 1-15, E-08173 Sant Cugat del Valles (Spain); Chugai, N. [Institute of Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 48 Pyatnitskaya Street, 119017, Moscow (Russian Federation); Jean, P.; Knödlseder, J. [Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse (France); Lebrun, F. [APC, Univ Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/Irfu, Obs de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité (France); Kuulkers, E. [European Space Astronomy Centre (ESA/ESAC), Science Operations Department, P.O. Box 78, E-28691 Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid (Spain) 2015-10-10 The whole set of INTEGRAL observations of Type Ia supernova SN 2014J, covering the period 19–162 days after the explosion, has been analyzed. For spectral fitting the data are split into early and late periods covering days 19–35 and 50–162, respectively, optimized for {sup 56}Ni and {sup 56}Co lines. As expected for the early period, much of the gamma-ray signal is confined to energies below ∼200 keV, while for the late period it is strongest above 400 keV. In particular, in the late period, {sup 56}Co lines at 847 and 1248 keV are detected at 4.7σ and 4.3σ, respectively. The light curves in several representative energy bands are calculated for the entire period. The resulting spectra and light curves are compared with a subset of models. We confirm our previous finding that the gamma-ray data are broadly consistent with the expectations for canonical one-dimensional models, such as delayed detonation or deflagration models for a near-Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf. Late optical spectra (day 136 after the explosion) show rather symmetric Co and Fe line profiles, suggesting that, unless the viewing angle is special, the distribution of radioactive elements is symmetric in the ejecta. 16. Iron, Cobalt, and Nickel in SN 1987A Science.gov (United States) Li, Hongwei; McCray, Richard; Sunyaev, Rashid A. 1993-01-01 During the first several weeks after the explosion of SN 1987A, Fe/Co/Ni clumps, containing approx. 1% of the mass of the supernova envelope, absorbed most of the energy release by Ni-56 and Co-56 decay. As a result, the clumps expanded relative to the substrate, forming a 'nickel bubble' of low-density Fe/Co/Ni. Later the clumps captured approx. 10% of the radioactive luminosity of gamma rays and positrons. Assuming that these elements are not mixed microscopically with other elements, we find that the clumps must occupy approx. greater than 30% of the volume of the emitting region (radial velocity approx. less than 2500 km/s). The result indicates that the emission at late times is dominated by an extra source of heating and ionization, most likely photoionization by two-photon continuum from metastable helium in the gas surrounding the clumps. The resulting 'frothy' structure, consisting of bubbles of low-density Fe surrounded by higher-density filaments of H, He, and other elements, will persist and may be seen in the spectra and structure of supernova remnants. 17. Thermodynamic Study of Sn-Bi-Nd, Tb Ternary Systems Science.gov (United States) Xu, F.; Chen, Y. T.; Ye, R.; Chen, Y. Y.; Su, X. H.; Wang, S. L.; Fu, C. Y. 2017-09-01 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of rare earth elements on Sn-Bi-based alloy, and to study the phase equilibrium of Sn-Bi-Nd, Tb ternary systems by means of establishing the thermodynamic database. Combined with the thermodynamic parameters of relevant binary systems, the thermodynamic database of the Sn-Bi-Nd, Tb ternary systems has been developed to present the significant information for the design of low-temperature lead-free solder alloys. 18. Electronic properties of lithiated SnO-based anode materials Science.gov (United States) Bauer, Dominik; Bunjaku, Teutë; Pedersen, Andreas; Luisier, Mathieu 2017-08-01 In this paper, we use an ab-initio quantum transport approach to study the electron current flowing through lithiated SnO anodes for potential applications in Li-ion batteries. By investigating a set of lithiated structures with varying lithium concentrations, it is revealed that Lix SnO can be a good conductor, with values comparable to bulk β-Sn and Li. A deeper insight into the current distribution indicates that electrons preferably follow specific trajectories, which offer superior conducting properties than others. These channels have been identified and it is shown here how they can enhance or deteriorate the current flow in lithiated anode materials. 19. Highly Active, Carbon-supported, PdSn Nano-core, Partially ... African Journals Online (AJOL) Carbon-supported, Pt partially covered, PdSn alloy nanoparticles (Pt-PdSn/C) were synthesized via a metathetical reaction of PdSn alloy nanoparticles, and a platinum precursor. The electrochemical activity was evaluated by methanol oxidation. The Pt-PdSn/C catalysts were characterized by transmission electron ... 20. Spark plasma-sintered Sn-based intermetallic alloys and their Li-storage studies CSIR Research Space (South Africa) Nithyadharseni, P 2016-06-01 Full Text Available In the present study, SnSb, SnSb/Fe, SnSb/Co, and SnSb/Ni alloy powders processed by co-precipitation were subjected to spark plasma-sintering (SPS) at 400 °C for 5 min. The compacts were structurally and morphologically characterized by X... 1. Green collaboration in cognitive radio cellular networks with roaming and spectrum trading KAUST Repository Sboui, Lokman 2015-08-30 In this paper, we propose a new cognitive cellular network architecture based on the coexistence of primary and secondary networks, (PN) and (SN), respectively. The PN aims to minimize its energy consumption by switching off the maximum number of its BSs and offloading its users to the SN\\'s infrastructure to maintain its QoS. In return, the PN pays a roaming price and permits the SN to share or lease the spectrum at a certain price. We propose a low-complexity algorithm allowing the PN to minimize its energy consumption by selecting a suboptimal combination of active base stations. Our algorithm also optimizes the resource allocation of the SN to maximize its total sum-rate while respecting the minimal profit constraints for both networks. In the numerical results, we show that our proposed algorithm achieves close performances to the optimal exhaustive search algorithm. In addition, we investigate the impact of various system parameters in the collaboration decision. 2. Nanostructured SnO2-Ge Multi-layer thin Films with Quantum Confinement Effects for Solar Cell. Science.gov (United States) Khan, Abdul Faheem; Sajjad, Wasim; Rahim, Nasrudin A 2016-01-01 It is well-known that multi-layer films with nanostructure can give novel properties by interfacial phenomenon and quantum confinement effects. Nanostructured multi-layer thin films are presently being analyzed for their vast applications in the area of optoelectronics technology particularly photovoltaics. Hereof, two dimensional thin films with nanostructure are of prime importance due to their structure dependent optical, electrical, and opto-electronic properties. It has been revealed that these films exhibit quantum confinement effects with band gap engineering. The main focus of the research is to evaluate the effect on structural and optical properties with number of layers. Nanostructured SnO2-Ge multi-layer thin films were fabricated using electron beam evaporation and resistive heating techniques. Alternate layers of SnO2 and Ge were deposited on glass substrate at a substrate temperature of 300 °C in order to obtain uniform and homogeneous deposition. The substrate temperature of 300 °C has been determined to be effective for the deposition of these multi-layer films from our previous studies. The films were characterized by investigating their structural and optical properties. The structural properties of the as-deposited films were characterized by Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) and Raman spectroscopy and optical properties by Ultra-Violet-Near infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) spectroscopy. RBS studies confirmed that the layer structure has been effectively formed. Raman spectroscopy results show that the peaks of both Ge and SnO2 shifts towards lower wavenumbers (in comparison with bulk Ge and SnO2, suggesting that the films consist of nanostructures and demonstrate quantum confinement effects. UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy showed an increase in the band gap energy of Ge and SnO2 and shifting of transmittance curves toward higher wavelength by increasing the number of layers. The band gap lies in the range of 0.9 to 1.2 eV for Ge, while for SnO2, it 3. Influence of social networking websites on medical school and residency selection process. Science.gov (United States) Schulman, Carl I; Kuchkarian, Fernanda M; Withum, Kelly F; Boecker, Felix S; Graygo, Jill M 2013-03-01 Social networking (SN) has become ubiquitous in modern culture. The potential consequences of revealing personal information through SN websites are not fully understood. To assess familiarity with, usage of, and attitudes towards, SN websites by admissions offices at US medical schools and residency programmes. A 26-question survey was distributed in autumn 2009 to 130 US medical school admissions officers and 4926 residency programme directors accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. A total of 600 surveys were completed, with 46 (8%) respondents who self-identified as reviewing only medical school applications, 511 (85%) who reported reviewing residency programme applications and 43 (7%) who reported reviewing both. 90/600 (15%) medical schools or programmes maintain profiles on SN websites and 381/600 (64%) respondents reported being somewhat or very familiar with searching individual profiles on SN websites. While a minority of medical schools and residency programmes routinely use SN websites in the selection process (53/600; 9%), more than half of respondents felt that unprofessional information on applicants' SN websites could compromise their admission into medical school or residency (315/600; 53%). SN websites will affect selection of medical students and residents. Formal guidelines for professional behaviour on SN websites might help applicants avoid unforeseen bias in the selection process. 4. Insight into the Effect of Sn on CO and Formic Acid Oxidation at PtSn Catalysts DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Stevanović, S.; Tripković, D.; Tripkovic, Vladimir 2014-01-01 The role of Sn on the catalytic activity for CO and formic acid oxidation is studied by comparing the activities of differently treated PtSn/C and Pt/C catalysts. The catalysts are prepared by a microwave-assisted polyol synthesis method. As revealed by scanning tunneling and transmission electron...... microscopic (STM and TEM) characterization, the outcomes of the synthesis procedure for both Pt and PtSn are small particles, ∼1.5 nm in diameter. Upon deposition on the carbon support, the particle size increases to ∼2.5 nm due to sintering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that PtSn/C has a low...... alloying degree and is mainly composed of Pt and Pt3Sn phases. The remaining Sn is present in the form of very small tin oxide particles. Different surfaces are obtained by double-layer, oxide, and CO annealing of the Pt/C and PtSn/C catalysts and by modifying the CO-annealed surfaces with irreversibly... 5. A graphene–SnO{sub 2}–TiO{sub 2} ternary nanocomposite electrode as a high stability lithium-ion anode material Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Liang, Jicai [Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025 (China); Roll Forging Research Institute, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025, Jilin (China); Wang, Juan; Zhou, Meixin; Li, Yi [Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025 (China); Wang, Xiaofeng [State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012 (China); Yu, Kaifeng, E-mail: [email protected] [Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025 (China) 2016-07-15 In this work, a solvothermal method combined with a hydrothermal two-step method is developed to synthesize graphene–SnO{sub 2}–TiO{sub 2} ternary nanocomposite, in which the nanometer-sized TiO{sub 2} and SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles form in situ uniformly anchored on the surface of graphene sheets, as high stability and capacity lithium-ion anode materials. Compared to graphene–TiO{sub 2}, bulk TiO{sub 2} and grapheme–SnO{sub 2} composites, the as-prepared nanocomposite delivers a superior rate performance of 499.3 mAhg{sup −1} at 0.2 C and an outstanding stability cycling capability (1073.4 mAhg{sup −1} at 0.2 C after 50 cycles), due to the synergistic effects contributed from individual components, for example, high specific capacity of SnO{sub 2}, excellent conductivity of 3D graphene networks. - Graphical abstract: Graphene–SnO{sub 2}–TiO{sub 2} nanocomposite is synthesized by a hydrothermal two-step method. The composite exhibits higher reversible capacity and better cycle/rate performance due to the unique structure. - Highlights: • We have synthesized a graphene–SnO{sub 2}–TiO{sub 2} nanocomposite by a two-step method to improve the cycling performance. • Graphene–SnO{sub 2}–TiO{sub 2} nanocomposite is synthesized by a hydrothermal two-step method. • The composite exhibits higher reversible capacity and better cycle/rate performance due to the unique structure. 6. Epitaxial Technologies for SiGeSn High Performance Optoelectronic Devices Science.gov (United States) 2015-04-29 includes i) Growth of mid-IR GeSn/SiGeSn materials using Ultra-high- vacuum Chemical Vapor Deposition , ii) In-depth characterizations of GeSn materials...shrinkage has been observed in heavily doped n-type samples. GeSn samples have been fabricated into photoconductive detectors, avalanche photo diodes, and...low temperatures using two different Sn precursors (SnCl4 and SnD4) via a cold-wall ultra-high-vacuum chemical-vapor- deposition system (UHV- CVD 7. Modeling and Testing Legacy Data Consistency Requirements DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Nytun, J. P.; Jensen, Christian Søndergaard 2003-01-01 . This paper addresses the need for new techniques that enable the modeling and consistency checking for legacy data sources. Specifically, the paper contributes to the development of a framework that enables consistency testing of data coming from different types of data sources. The vehicle is UML and its...... accompanying XMI. The paper presents techniques for modeling consistency requirements using OCL and other UML modeling elements: it studies how models that describe the required consistencies among instances of legacy models can be designed in standard UML tools that support XMI. The paper also considers... 8. A new approach to hull consistency Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Kolev Lubomir 2016-06-01 Full Text Available Hull consistency is a known technique to improve the efficiency of iterative interval methods for solving nonlinear systems describing steady-states in various circuits. Presently, hull consistency is checked in a scalar manner, i.e. successively for each equation of the nonlinear system with respect to a single variable. In the present poster, a new more general approach to implementing hull consistency is suggested which consists in treating simultaneously several equations with respect to the same number of variables. 9. Synthesis and high sensing properties of a single Pd-doped SnO2 nanoribbon OpenAIRE Ma, Jiang; Liu, Yingkai; Zhang, Heng; Ai, Peng; Gong, Nailiang; Zhang, Ying 2014-01-01 Monocrystal SnO2 and Pd-SnO2 nanoribbons have been successfully synthesized by thermal evaporation, and novel ethanol sensors based on a single Pd-SnO2 nanoribbon and a single SnO2 nanoribbon were fabricated. The sensing properties of SnO2 nanoribbon (SnO2 NB) and Pd-doped SnO2 nanoribbon (Pd-SnO2 NB) sensors were investigated. The results indicated that the SnO2 NB showed a high sensitivity to ethanol and the Pd-SnO2 NB has a much higher sensitivity of 4.3 at 1,000 ppm of ethanol at 230°C, w... 10. Thermally evaporated indium-free, transparent, flexible SnO2/AgPdCu/SnO2 electrodes for flexible and transparent thin film heaters. Science.gov (United States) Kim, Doo-Hee; Cho, Kyung-Su; Kim, Han-Ki 2017-05-31 We investigated the characteristics of themally evaporated SnO2/Ag-Pd-Cu (APC)/SnO2 multilayer films for applications as damage-free, indium-free, flexible, and transparent electrodes for high performance flexible and transparent thin film heaters (TFHs). The top and bottom SnO2 layers and APC interlayer were prepared by a multi-source evaporation process, and the effect of the thickness of each layer on the resistivity, optical transmittance, and mechanical flexibility of the SnO2/APC/SnO2 electrodes was investigated in detail. Based on a figure of merit value, we obtained a SnO2/APC/SnO2 electrode with a low sheet resistance of 9.42 Ohm/square and a high optical transmittance of 91.14%. In addition, we examined the mechanical properties of the SnO2/APC/SnO2 electrode using various bending tests such as inner bending, outer bending, dynamic fatigue, and a twisting test. By comparing the crack shape of the SnO2/APC/SnO2 electrode bent beyond the critical bending radius (2~3 mm), we suggest a possible crack formation mechanism for the SnO2/APC/SnO2 electrodes. Furthermore, we evaluated the feasibility of the SnO2/APC/SnO2 electrodes for flexible and transparent TFHs. By correlating the sheet resistance of the SnO2/APC/SnO2 electrode and the performance of TFHs, we show the importance of transparent electrodes for high performance flexible and transparent TFHs. 11. Comparative study of SnS recrystallization in molten CdI{sub 2}, SnCl{sub 2}and KI Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Timmo, Kristi; Kauk-Kuusik, Marit; Pilvet, Maris; Mikli, Valdek; Kaerber, Erki; Raadik, Taavi; Leinemann, Inga; Altosaar, Mare; Raudoja, Jaan [Department of Materials Science, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn (Estonia) 2016-01-15 In the present study, the recrystallization of polycrystalline SnS in different molten salts CdI{sub 2}, SnCl{sub 2} and KI as flux materials are presented. The recrystallization and growth of polycrystalline material in molten salts produces unique SnS monograin powders usable in monograin layer solar cells. XRD and Raman analysis revealed that single phase SnS powder can be obtained in KI at 740 C and in SnCl{sub 2} at 500 C. Long time heating of SnS in molten CdI{sub 2} was accompanied by chemical interaction between SnS and CdI{sub 2} that resulted in a mixture of CdS and Sn{sub 2}S{sub 3} crystals. SEM images showed that morphology of crystals can be controlled by the nature of the flux materials: needle-like Sn{sub 2}S{sub 3} together with round edged crystals of CdS in CdI{sub 2}, flat crystals of SnS with smooth surfaces in SnCl{sub 2} and well-formed SnS crystals with rounded edges in KI had been formed. The temperatures of phase transitions and/or the interactions of SnS and flux materials were determined by differential thermal analysis. (copyright 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 12. Increased frontal functional networks in adult survivors of childhood brain tumors Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Hongbo Chen 2016-01-01 Full Text Available Childhood brain tumors and associated treatment have been shown to affect brain development and cognitive outcomes. Understanding the functional connectivity of brain many years after diagnosis and treatment may inform the development of interventions to improve the long-term outcomes of adult survivors of childhood brain tumors. This work investigated the frontal region functional connectivity of 16 adult survivors of childhood cerebellar tumors after an average of 14.9 years from diagnosis and 16 demographically-matched controls using resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI. Independent component analysis (ICA was applied to identify the resting state activity from rs-fMRI data and to select the specific regions associated with executive functions, followed by the secondary analysis of the functional networks connecting these regions. It was found that survivors exhibited differences in the functional connectivity in executive control network (ECN, default mode network (DMN and salience network (SN compared to demographically-matched controls. More specifically, the number of functional connectivity observed in the survivors is higher than that in the controls, and with increased strength, or stronger correlation coefficient between paired seeds, in survivors compared to the controls. Observed hyperconnectivity in the selected frontal functional network thus is consistent with findings in patients with other neurological injuries and diseases. 13. Sn-Cu nanotubes enveloped in three-dimensional interconnected polyaniline hydrogel framework as binder-free anode for lithium-ion battery Science.gov (United States) Zhang, Lifang; Dou, Peng; Wang, Wenjing; Zheng, Jiao; Xu, Xinhua 2017-11-01 The novel Sn-Cu nanotubes enveloped in three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical polyaniline (PANI) hydrogel (Sn-Cu/PANI) were successfully prepared as a high performance anode for lithium-ion battery. The binder-free electrode exhibits reversible capacity of 548 mA h g-1 after 500 cycles and admirable rate capacity even up to 5000 mA g-1. The exceptional electrochemical performance of Sn-Cu/PANI hydrogel could be attributed to the unique structure: (1) The inactive Cu matrix in binary Sn-Cu compounds and the tubular construction conduce to relieve the volume swing; The high porosity originated from galvanic replacement reaction accelerates ions transmission, which contributes to rapid charging and discharging. (2) The 3D porous PANI framework offers a continuous electron and lithium ions transport network among the whole electrode; the hierarchical PANI serves as mechanical support to accommodate the stress related to the large volume change of Sn-Cu nanotubes, thus reducing the risk of electrode pulverization. 14. In Situ Synthesis of Tungsten-Doped SnO2 and Graphene Nanocomposites for High-Performance Anode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Science.gov (United States) Wang, Shuai; Shi, Liyi; Chen, Guorong; Ba, Chaoqun; Wang, Zhuyi; Zhu, Jiefang; Zhao, Yin; Zhang, Meihong; Yuan, Shuai 2017-05-24 The composite of tungsten-doped SnO2 and reduced graphene oxide was synthesized through a simple one-pot hydrothermal method. According to the structural characterization of the composite, tungsten ions were doped in the unit cells of tin dioxide rather than simply attaching to the surface. Tungsten-doped SnO2 was in situ grown on the surface of graphene sheet to form a three-dimensional conductive network that enhanced the electron transportation and lithium-ion diffusion effectively. The issues of SnO2 agglomeration and volume expansion could be also avoided because the tungsten-doped SnO2 nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed on a graphene sheet. As a result, the nanocomposite electrodes of tungsten-doped SnO2 and reduced graphene oxide exhibited an excellent long-term cycling performance. The residual capacity was still as high as 1100 mA h g(-1) at 0.1 A g(-1) after 100 cycles. It still remained at 776 mA h g(-1) after 2000 cycles at the current density of 1A g(-1). 15. Structural reconstruction: a milestone in the hydrothermal synthesis of highly active Sn-Beta zeolites. Science.gov (United States) Zhu, Zhiguo; Xu, Hao; Jiang, Jingang; Wu, Haihong; Wu, Peng 2017-11-21 A novel structural reconstruction strategy is proposed to prepare an active Sn-Beta catalyst with high Sn contents and a hydrophobic nature. Compared with post-synthesized Sn-Beta and state-of-the-art classic fluoride-mediated Sn-Beta-F, this Sn-Beta zeolite exhibits unparalleled active site-based turnover frequency for desirable products and in particular catalyst weight-based space-time-yields in various redox reactions of ketones. 16. Lattice dynamics in Sn nanoislands and cluster-assembled films Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Houben, Kelly; Couet, Sebastien; Trekels, Maarten; Menéndez, Enric; Peissker, Tobias; Seo, Jin Won; Hu, Michael Y.; Zhao, Jiyong Y.; Alp, Esen E.; Roelants, Sam; Partoens, Bart; Milošević, Milorad V.; Peeters, François M.; Bessas, Dimitrios; Brown, Simon A.; Vantomme, André; Temst, Kristiaan; Van Bael, Margriet J. 2017-04-01 To unravel the effects of phonon confinement, the influence of size and morphology on the atomic vibrations is investigated in Sn nanoislands and cluster-assembled films. Nuclear resonant inelastic x-ray scattering is used to probe the phonon densities of states of the Sn nanostructures which show significant broadening of the features compared to bulk phonon behavior. Supported by ab initio calculations, the broadening is attributed to phonon scattering and can be described within the damped harmonic oscillator model. Contrary to the expectations based on previous research, the appearance of high-energy modes above the cutoff energy is not observed. From the thermodynamic properties extracted from the phonon densities of states, it was found that grain boundary Sn atoms are bound by weaker forces than bulk Sn atoms. 17. Solderability and environmental testing of Sn-plated surfaces Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sorensen, N.R.; Hosking, F.M. 1990-01-01 The effect of atmospheric corrosion on the solderability of Sn plated surfaces was evaluated with 60Sn-40Pb solder. Tin thicknesses of 10, 50, and 150 {mu}in on Ni plated Cu were studied. The 10 {mu}in. plating gave the smallest solder meniscus rise. A general decrease in contact angle, or increase in wettability, was observed with increasing Sn plating. The environmental exposures retarded the wetting rate and increased the time to maximum wetting, particularly with only 10 {mu}in. of Sn. Although the solderability of the 50 and 150 {mu}in. surfaces wee not significantly affected by the test conditions, an intermediate plating thickness of 100 {mu}in. is preferred for processing flexibility. 13 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab. 18. Solderability of environmentally exposed Sn-plated surfaces Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hosking, F.M.; Sorensen, N.R. 1990-01-01 Solderability of Class II environmentally exposed Ni-Sn plated Cu substrates was evaluated with 60Sn-40Pb solder. Tin thickness were 10, 50, and 150 {mu}in. The 10 {mu}in. plating gave the smallest solder meniscus rise. A general decrease in contact angle, or increase in wettability, was observed with increasing Sn plating. The environmental exposures retarded the wetting rate and increased the time to maximum wetting, particularly with only 10 {mu}in. of Sn. Although the solderability of the 50 and 150 {mu}in. surfaces were not significantly affected by the test conditions, an intermediate plating thickness of 100 {mu}in. is preferred for processing flexibility. 13 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab. 19. Re-examination of the Expected gamma-ray emission of supernova remnant SN 1987A OpenAIRE Berezhko, E; Ksenofontov, L.; Völk, H. 2015-01-01 A nonlinear kinetic theory, combining cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration in supernova remnants (SNRs) with their gas dynamics, is used to re-examine the nonthermal properties of the remnant of SN 1987A for an extended evolutionary period of 5-50 yr. This spherically symmetric model is approximately applied to the different features of the SNR which consist of (i) a blue supergiant wind and bubble, and (ii) of the swept-up red supergiant (RSG) wind structures in the form of an H II region, an equato... 20. Spectroscopic Classification of SN 2017ghm as a Type Ia Supernova Science.gov (United States) Vinko, J.; Wheeler, J. C.; Wang, X.; Li, W.; Li, Z.; Xiang, D.; Rui, L.; Lin, H.; Xu, Z.; Li, B.; Zhao, H.; Wang, L.; Tan, H.; Zhang, J. 2017-09-01 An optical spectrum (range 360-680 nm) of SN 2017ghm (=PTSS-17uyml), discovered by the PMO-Tsinghua Supernova Survey (PTSS, http://www.cneost.org/ptss/), was obtained with the new "Low Resolution Spectrograph-2" (LRS2) on the 10m Hobby-Eberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory by S. Rostopchin on 2017 Aug 31.17 UT. The spectrum is consistent with that of a heavily reddened Type Ia supernova (with Av > 2.3 mag) around maximum light. 1. Depression and Logical Consistency of Personal Constructs. Science.gov (United States) Chambers, W. V.; And Others 1986-01-01 Explored Neimeyer's notion that moderately depressed people have relatively disorganized personal construct systems, that non-depressed people see themselves consistently positively, highly depressed people view themselves negatively, and moderately depressed people view themselves with ambivalence. Using a grid measure of logical consistency,… 2. Testing the visual consistency of web sites NARCIS (Netherlands) van der Geest, Thea; Loorbach, N.R. 2005-01-01 Consistency in the visual appearance of Web pages is often checked by experts, such as designers or reviewers. This article reports a card sort study conducted to determine whether users rather than experts could distinguish visual (in-)consistency in Web elements and pages. The users proved to 3. Student Effort, Consistency, and Online Performance Science.gov (United States) Patron, Hilde; Lopez, Salvador 2011-01-01 This paper examines how student effort, consistency, motivation, and marginal learning, influence student grades in an online course. We use data from eleven Microeconomics courses taught online for a total of 212 students. Our findings show that consistency, or less time variation, is a statistically significant explanatory variable, whereas… 4. THE VERY EARLY LIGHT CURVE OF SN 2015F IN NGC 2442: A POSSIBLE DETECTION OF SHOCK-HEATED COOLING EMISSION AND CONSTRAINTS ON SN Ia PROGENITOR SYSTEM Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Im, Myungshin; Choi, Changsu; Kim, Jae-Woo [Center for the Exploration of the Origin of the universe (CEOU), Seoul National University, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Yoon, Sung-Chul [Astronomy Program, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul (Korea, Republic of); Ehgamberdiev, Shuhrat A. [Ulugh Beg Astronomical Institute, Tashkent (Uzbekistan); Monard, Libert A. G. [Kleinkaroo Observatory, Center for Backyard Astrophysics Kleinkaroo, Sint Helena 1B, P.O. Box 281, Calitzdorp 6660 (South Africa); Sung, Hyun-Il, E-mail: [email protected], E-mail: [email protected] [Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon 305-348 (Korea, Republic of) 2015-11-15 The main progenitor candidates of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are white dwarfs in binary systems where the companion star is another white dwarf (double degenerate (DD) system) or a less-evolved, non-degenerate star with R{sub } ≳ 0.1 R{sub ⊙} (single degenerate system). However, no direct observational evidence exists to tell us which progenitor system is more common. Recent studies suggest that the light curve of a supernova shortly after its explosion can be used to set a limit on the progenitor size, R{sub }. Here, we report high-cadence monitoring observations of SN 2015F, a normal SN Ia in the galaxy NGC 2442, starting about 84 days before the first light time. Using our daily cadence data, we capture the emergence of the radioactively powered light curve; more importantly, with >97.4% confidence, we detect possible dim precursor emission that appears roughly 1.5 days before the rise of the radioactively powered emission. The signal is consistent with theoretical expectations for a progenitor system involving a companion star with R{sub } ≃ 0.1–1 R{sub ⊙} or a prompt explosion of a DD system, but is inconsistent with the typically invoked size of a white dwarf progenitor of R{sub } ∼ 0.01 R{sub ⊙}. Upper limits on the precursor emission also constrain the progenitor size to be R{sub } ≲ 0.1 R{sub ⊙} with a companion star size of R{sub *} ≲ 1.0 R{sub ⊙}, excluding a very large companion star in the progenitor system. Additionally, we find that the distance to SN 2015F is 23.9 ± 0.4 Mpc. 5. Comparison of GaP nanowires grown from Au and Sn vapor-liquid-solid catalysts as photoelectrode materials Science.gov (United States) Lee, Sudarat; Wen, Wen; Cheek, Quintin; Maldonado, Stephen 2018-01-01 Gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowire film electrodes have been prepared via solid sublimation of GaP powder using both gold (Au) and tin (Sn) nanoparticles as the vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) catalysts on Si(1 1 1) and GaP(1 1 1)B substrates. The resultant GaP nanowires are compared and contrasted in terms of structures and photoactivity in photoelectrochemical half cells. Raman spectra implicated a difference in the surface condition of the two types of nanowires. Complete wet etching removal of metallic VLS catalysts from the as-prepared GaP nanowires was possible with Sn catalysts but not with Au catalysts. The photoresponses of both Sn- and Au-seeded GaP nanowire films were collected and examined under 100 mW cm-2 white light illumination. Au-seeded nanowire films exhibited strong n-type characteristics when measured in nonaqueous electrolyte with ferrocene/ferricenium as the redox species while Sn-seeded nanowires showed behavior consistent with degenerate n-type doping. 6. Rare earth doped SnO2 nanoscaled powders and coatings: enhanced photoluminescence in water and waveguiding properties. Science.gov (United States) Gonçalves, R R; Messaddeq, Y; Aegerter, M A; Ribeiro, S J L 2011-03-01 Luminescent Eu3+ and Er3+ doped SnO2 powders have been prepared by Sn4+ hydrolysis followed by a controlled growth reaction using a particle's surface modifier in order to avoid particles aggregation. The powders so obtained doped with up to 2 mol% rare earth ions are fully redispersable in water at pH > 8 and present the cassiterite structure. Particles size range from 3 to 10 nm as determined by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy. Rare earth ions were found to be essentially incorporated into the cassiterite structure, substituting for Sn4+, for doping concentration smaller than 0.05 mol%. For higher concentration they are also located at the particles surface. The presence of Eu3+ ions at the surface of the particles hinder their growth and has therefore allowed the preparation of new materials consisting of water redispersable powders coated with Eu(3+)-beta diketonate complexes. Enhanced UV excited photoluminescence was observed in water. SnO2 single layers with thickness up to 200 nm and multilayer coatings were spin coated on borosilicate glass substrates from the colloidal suspensions. Waveguiding properties were evaluated by the prism coupling technique. For a 0.3 microm planar waveguide single propagating mode was observed with attenuation coefficient of 3.5 dB/cm at 632.8 nm. 7. Biphasic thermoelectric materials derived from the half-Heusler/full-Heusler system Ti-Ni-Sn Science.gov (United States) Douglas, Jason Everett comparative energies of formation. We discuss the effects of thermal treatment on the microstructure of biphasic materials comprising hH and fH phases, as well as on their associated thermal transport properties. The fH phase is observed to be semi-coherent with the hH majority phase. Microstructural analysis, both in 2-D and 3-D, shows that the fH solidifies first and the hH then nucleates on these fH dendrites as the melt becomes depleted of Ni. The various heat treatments generated microstructures containing second phase precipitates ranging from 10 nm to a few micrometers, reducing the connectivity of the percolated network observed previously. The materials were characterized with regard to morphology, size, shape and orientation relationship of the fH precipitates with the hH matrix. The precipitate size and morphology are very sensitive to Ni concentration in fH/hH phase. The thermal conductivity is found to drop by 50% as the precipitate size increases; however, this enhancement was not retained after high temperature exposure. In addition to the microstructural implications of TiNi 1+xSn alloying, the (crystal) structural implications of excess Ni in the TiNiSn hH compound were investigated next through a combination of synchrotron x-ray and neutron scattering studies, in conjunction with first principles density functional theory calculations on supercells. Despite the phase diagram suggesting that TiNiSn is a line compound with no solid solution, for small x in TiNi 1+xSn there is indeed an appearance--from careful analysis of the scattering--of some solubility, with the excess Ni occupying the interstitial tetrahedral site in the hH structure. The analysis performed here would point to the excess Ni not being statistically distributed, but rather occurring as coherent nanoclusters. First principles calculations of energetics, carried out using supercells, support a scenario of Ni interstitials clustering, rather than a statistical distribution. Finally, we also 8. A Secure Localization Approach against Wormhole Attacks Using Distance Consistency Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Honglong Chen 2010-01-01 Full Text Available Wormhole attacks can negatively affect the localization in wireless sensor networks. A typical wormhole attack can be launched by two colluding attackers, one of which sniffs packets at one point in the network and tunnels them through a wired or wireless link to another point, and the other relays them within its vicinity. In this paper, we investigate the impact of the wormhole attack on the localization and propose a novel distance-consistency-based secure localization scheme against wormhole attacks, which includes three phases of wormhole attack detection, valid locators identification and self-localization. The theoretical model is further formulated to analyze the proposed secure localization scheme. The simulation results validate the theoretical results and also demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. 9. Analysis and results of the 104Sn Coulomb excitation experiment Science.gov (United States) Guastalla, G.; DiJulio, D. D.; Górska, M.; Cederkäll, J.; Boutachkov, P.; Golubev, P.; Pietri, S.; Grawe, H.; Nowacki, F.; Algora, A.; Ameil, F.; Arici, T.; Atac, A.; Bentley, M. A.; Blazhev, A.; Bloor, D.; Brambilla, S.; Braun, N.; Camera, F.; Domingo Pardo, C.; Estrade, A.; Farinon, F.; Gerl, J.; Goel, N.; Grȩbosz, J.; Habermann, T.; Hoischen, R.; Jansson, K.; Jolie, J.; Jungclaus, A.; Kojouharov, I.; Knoebel, R.; Kumar, R.; Kurcewicz, J.; Kurz, N.; Lalović, N.; Merchan, E.; Moschner, K.; Naqvi, F.; Nara Singh, B. S.; Nyberg, J.; Nociforo, C.; Obertelli, A.; Pfützner, M.; Pietralla, N.; Podolyák, Z.; Prochazka, A.; Ralet, D.; Reiter, P.; Rudolph, D.; Schaffner, H.; Schirru, F.; Scruton, L.; Swaleh, T.; Taprogge, J.; Wadsworth, R.; Warr, N.; Weick, H.; Wendt, A.; Wieland, O.; Winfield, J. S.; Wollersheim, H. J. 2014-09-01 The analysis of the Coulomb excitation experiment conducted on 104Sn required a strict selection of the data in order to reduce the large background present in the γ-ray energy spectra and identify the γ-ray peak corresponding to the Coulomb excitation events. As a result the B(E2; 0+ → 2+) value could be extracted, which established the downward trend towards 100Sn and therefore the robustness of the N=Z=50 core against quadrupole excitations. 10. A facile one-pot reduction method for the preparation of a SnO/SnO2/GNS composite for high performance lithium ion batteries. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Xiao-Ting; Wang, Kai-Xue; Zhai, Yu-Bo; Zhang, Hao-Jie; Wu, Xue-Yan; Wei, Xiao; Chen, Jie-Sheng 2014-02-28 A SnO/SnO2/GNS composite with controlled oxidation states and composition has been prepared through simple one-pot reduction of an EG suspension of SnCl2 and graphene oxide. The as-prepared composite was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, SEM, TEM and BET. SnO and SnO2 nanoparticles are uniformly distributed on the surface of the graphene. Taking advantage of the high electron conductivity of graphene and the large theoretical capacity of SnO, this SnO/SnO2/GNS composite exhibits high charge/discharge capacity, good cycling stability and good rate capability. A specific discharge capacity of approximately 464.2 mA h g(-1) is retained after being charged/discharged at a current density of 1000 mA g(-1) for 30 cycles. 11. SN 1986J VLBI. IV. The Nature of the Central Component Science.gov (United States) Bietenholz, Michael F.; Bartel, Norbert 2017-12-01 We report on Very Large Array measurements between 1 and 45 GHz of the evolving radio spectral energy distribution (SED) of SN 1986J, made in conjunction with very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) imaging. The SED of SN 1986J is unique among supernovae, and shows an inversion point and a high-frequency turnover. Both are due to the central component seen in the VLBI images, and both are progressing downward in frequency with time. The optically thin spectral index of the central component is almost the same as that of the shell. We fit a simple model to the evolving SED consisting of an optically thin shell and a partly absorbed central component. The evolution of the SED is consistent with that of a homologously expanding system. Both components are fading, but the shell is fading more rapidly. We conclude that the central component is physically inside the expanding shell, and not a surface hotspot central only in projection. Our observations are consistent with the central component being due to interaction of the shock with the dense and highly structured circumstellar medium that resulted from a period of common-envelope evolution of the progenitor. However, a young pulsar-wind nebula or emission from an accreting black hole can also not be ruled out at this point. 12. Hydrothermal synthesis of SnQ (Q = Te, Se, S) and their thermoelectric properties Science.gov (United States) Feng, Dan; Ge, Zhen-Hua; Chen, Yue-Xing; Li, Ju; He, Jiaqing 2017-11-01 Lead-free IV-VI semiconductors SnQ (Q = Te, Se, S) are deemed as promising thermoelectric (TE) materials. In this work, we designed a hydrothermal route to selectively synthesize single phase SnTe, SnSe and SnS nanopowders. For all three samples, the phase structure were characterized by x-ray diffraction, SnTe particles with octahedron structure and SnSe/SnS particles with plate-like shape were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the formation mechanism was discussed in detail. Then, SnTe, SnSe and SnS nanopowders were densified by spark plasma sintering for investigating TE properties. It was noticed that SnSe and SnS exhibited remarkably anisotropy in both electrical and thermal properties attributed to the layered crystal structure. The highest ZT values 0.79 at 873 K, 0.21 at 773 K, and 0.13 at 773 K were achieved for SnTe, SnSe and SnS bulk samples, respectively. 13. Hydrothermal Synthesis of SnQ (Q=Te, Se, S) and Their Thermoelectric Properties. Science.gov (United States) Feng, Dan; Ge, Zhenhua; Chen, Yuexing; Li, Ju; He, Jiaqing 2017-09-08 Lead-free IV-VI semiconductors SnQ (Q=Te, Se, S) are deemed as promising thermoelectric materials. In this work, we designed a hydrothermal route to selectively synthesize single phase SnTe, SnSe and SnS nanopowders. For all three samples, the phase structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SnTe particles with octahedron structure and SnSe/SnS particles with plate-like shape were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the formation mechanism was discussed in detail. Then, SnTe, SnSe and SnS nanopowders were densified by spark plasma sintering for investigating thermoelectric properties. It was noticed that SnSe and SnS exhibited remarkably anisotropy in both electrical and thermal properties attributed to the layered crystal structure. The highest ZT values 0.79 at 873 K, 0.21 at 773 K, and 0.13 at 773 K were achieved for SnTe, SnSe and SnS bulk samples, respectively. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. 14. Globally consistent registration of terrestrial laser scans via graph optimization Science.gov (United States) Theiler, Pascal Willy; Wegner, Jan Dirk; Schindler, Konrad 2015-11-01 In this paper we present a framework for the automatic registration of multiple terrestrial laser scans. The proposed method can handle arbitrary point clouds with reasonable pairwise overlap, without knowledge about their initial orientation and without the need for artificial markers or other specific objects. The framework is divided into a coarse and a fine registration part, which each start with pairwise registration and then enforce consistent global alignment across all scans. While we put forward a complete, functional registration system, the novel contribution of the paper lies in the coarse global alignment step. Merging multiple scans into a consistent network creates loops along which the relative transformations must add up. We pose the task of finding a global alignment as picking the best candidates from a set of putative pairwise registrations, such that they satisfy the loop constraints. This yields a discrete optimization problem that can be solved efficiently with modern combinatorial methods. Having found a coarse global alignment in this way, the framework proceeds by pairwise refinement with standard ICP, followed by global refinement to evenly spread the residual errors. The framework was tested on six challenging, real-world datasets. The discrete global alignment step effectively detects, removes and corrects failures of the pairwise registration procedure, finally producing a globally consistent coarse scan network which can be used as initial guess for the highly non-convex refinement. Our overall system reaches success rates close to 100% at acceptable runtimes < 1 h, even in challenging conditions such as scanning in the forest. 15. Optical and electronic properties of semiconducting Sn2S3 Science.gov (United States) Singh, David J. 2016-07-01 We report the electronic and optical properties of Sn2S3 as obtained from first principles calculations with the modified Becke-Johnson potential. The electronic structure shows that Sn occurs in both divalent and tetravalent forms. The fundamental band gap of 0.82 eV is indirect. The direct gap is 0.97 eV, but the onset of strong optical absorption is much higher at ˜1.75 eV. This is as a consequence of the Sn2+ s and Sn4+ s characters of the valence and conduction band extrema, respectively. We also find strong and different anisotropies for conduction in p- and n-type Sn2S3. This should be taken into account in device structures in order to obtain efficient charge collection. The thermopowers are reasonably high for both p- and n-type materials. p-type Sn2S3 shows complex corrugated isosurface sections, while the n-type material shows multiple band extrema. 16. Portuguese granites associated with Sn-W and Au mineralizations Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ana M.R. Neiva 2002-01-01 Full Text Available In northern and central Portugal, there are different tin-bearing granites. Most of them are of S-type, others have mixed characteristics of I-type and S-type granites and a few are of I-type. Tin-tungsten deposits are commonly associated with Hercynian tin-bearing S-type granites. Some quartz veins with wolframite are associated with an I-type granite, which has a low Sn content. In suites of tin-bearing S-type granitic rocks, Sn content increases as a function of the degree of fractional crystallization. Greisenizations of two-mica S-type granites associated with tin-tungsten mineralizations are accompanied by an increase in SiO2, H2O+, Sn, W, Nb, Ta, Rb, Zn, and Pb and decrease in MgO, Na2O, V, Sc,Zr, and Sr. The granite associated with the Jales gold deposit is of S-type and strongly differentiated like the tin-bearing S-type granites, but it has a very low Sn content. During fractional crystallization, Si, Rb, Sn, Pb, Au, As, Sb, and S increase. During increasing degree of hydrothermal alteration of this granite at the gold-quartz vein walls, there are progressive increases in K2O, H2O+, Sn, Cs, Cu, Pb, Au, Sb, As, and S. 17. Modifications in SnS thin films by plasma treatments Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Martinez, H., E-mail: [email protected] [Instituto de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 48-3, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos (Mexico); Avellaneda, D. [Facultad de Ingenieria Mecanica y Electrica, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon (Mexico) 2012-02-01 The present study shows the modifications of structural, optical and electrical characteristics that occur in tin sulfide (SnS) thin films treated in air and in nitrogen plasma at different pressure conditions. The films were obtained by the chemical bath deposition method, which results in SnS thin films with an orthorhombic crystalline structure, band gap (E{sub g}) of 1.1-1.2 eV, and electrical conductivities ({sigma}) in the order of 10{sup -6} {Omega}{sup -1}cm{sup -1}. The films treated with air plasma at pressures between 1 and 4 Torr, showed the presence of SnS{sub 2}, Sn{sub 2}S{sub 3}, and SnO{sub 2} phases, within the band gap values ranging from 0.9 to 1.5 eV. On the other hand, the films treated with nitrogen plasma presented the same phases, but showed a significant modification in the electrical conductivity, increasing from 10{sup -6} {Omega}{sup -1}cm{sup -1} (as-deposited) up to 10{sup -2}-10{sup -3} {Omega}{sup -1}cm{sup -1} (plasma treated). This result is a suitable range of conductivity for the improvement of the solar cells with SnS as an absorber material. Also, emission spectroscopy measurements were carried out in both air and nitrogen plasma treatments. 18. A Tale of Two Impostors: SN2002kg and SN1954J in NGC 2403 Science.gov (United States) Humphreys, Roberta M.; Davidson, Kris; Van Dyk, Schuyler D.; Gordon, Michael S. 2017-10-01 We describe new results on two supernova impostors in NGC 2403, SN 1954J(V12) and SN 2002kg(V37). For the famous object SN 1954J, we combine four critical observations: its current SED, its Hα emission line profile, the Ca II triplet in absorption in its red spectrum, and the brightness compared to its pre-event state. Together, these strongly suggest that the survivor is now a hot supergiant with T ˜ 20,000 K, a dense wind, substantial circumstellar extinction, and a G-type supergiant companion. The hot star progenitor of V12's giant eruption was likely in the post-red supergiant stage and had already shed a lot of mass. V37 is a classical LBV/S Dor variable. Our photometry and spectra observed during and after its eruption show that its outburst was an apparent transit on the HR Diagram due to enhanced mass loss and the formation of a cooler, dense wind. V37 is an evolved hot supergiant at ≈106 {L}⊙ with a probable initial mass of 60-80 {M}⊙ . Based on observations with the Multiple Mirror Telescope, a joint facility of the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Arizona, and on observations obtained with the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT), an international collaboration among institutions in the United States, Italy, and Germany. LBT Corporation partners include The University of Arizona on behalf of the Arizona university system; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Italy; LBT Beteiligungsgesellschaft, Germany, representing the Max-Planck Society, the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam, and Heidelberg University; The Ohio State University, and The Research Corporation, on behalf of The University of Notre Dame, University of Minnesota, and University of Virginia. 19. Kinetics of phase growth in the Cu-Sn system and application to composite Nb3Sn strands CERN Document Server Barzi, E 2002-01-01 Nb sub 3 Sn is the superconductor most used in the R and D of high field accelerator magnets by either the wind and react or the react and wind technique. In order to program the low temperature steps of the heat treatment, the growth kinetics of Cu-Sn intermetallics was investigated as a function of duration and temperature. The diffusion constants of eta, (var sub e psilon) and (delta) phases between 150 and 550 C were evaluated using Cu-Sn model samples. Statistical and systematic errors were thoroughly evaluated for an accurate data analysis. Next the behavior of Internal Tin and Modified Jelly Roll Nb sub 3 Sn composites was compared with the model predictions. 20. Consistency relations in multi-field inflation Science.gov (United States) Gong, Jinn-Ouk; Seo, Min-Seok 2018-02-01 We study the consequences of spatial coordinate transformation in multi-field inflation. Among the spontaneously broken de Sitter isometries, only dilatation in the comoving gauge preserves the form of the metric and thus results in quantum-protected Slavnov-Taylor identities. We derive the corresponding consistency relations between correlation functions of cosmological perturbations in two different ways, by the connected and one-particle-irreducible Green's functions. The lowest-order consistency relations are explicitly given, and we find that even in multi-field inflation the consistency relations in the soft limit are independent of the detail of the matter sector. 1. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of SN-38 nanocrystals with different particle sizes. Science.gov (United States) Chen, Min; Li, Wanqing; Zhang, Xun; Dong, Ye; Hua, Yabing; Zhang, Hui; Gao, Jing; Zhao, Liang; Li, Ying; Zheng, Aiping 2017-01-01 7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) is a potent broad-spectrum antitumor drug derived from irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11). Due to its poor solubility and instability of the active lactone ring, its clinical use is significantly limited. As one of the most promising formulations for poorly water-soluble drugs, nanocrystals have attracted increasing attention. In order to solve these problems and evaluate the antitumor effect of SN-38 in vitro and in vivo, two nanocrystals with markedly different particle sizes were prepared. Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the two nanocrystals. The particle sizes of SN-38 nanocrystals A (SN-38/NCs-A) and SN-38 nanocrystals B (SN-38/NCs-B) were 229.5±1.99 and 799.2±14.44 nm, respectively. X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed that the crystalline state of SN-38 did not change in the size reduction process. An accelerated dissolution velocity of SN-38 was achieved by nanocrystals, and release rate of SN-38/NCs-A was significantly faster than that of SN-38/NCs-B. Cellular uptake, cellular cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetics, animal antitumor efficacy, and tissue distribution were subsequently examined. As a result, enhanced intracellular accumulation in HT1080 cells and cytotoxicity on different tumor cells were observed for SN-38/NCs-A compared to that for SN-38/NCs-B and solution. Besides, compared to the SN-38 solution, SN-38/NCs-A had a higher bioavailability after intravenous injection; while the bioavailability of SN-38/NCs-B was even lower than that of the SN-38 solution. SN-38/NCs-A exhibited a significant inhibition of tumor growth compared to SN-38 solution and SN-38/NCs-B in vivo. The antitumor effect of SN-38/NCs-B was stronger than SN-38 solution. The tissue distribution study in tumor-bearing mice showed that nanocrystals could markedly improve the drug accumulation in tumor tissue by the enhanced permeability and retention effect compared to SN-38 solution, and 2. INSTABILITES IN NB3SN WIRES. Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) COOLEY, L.; GHOSH, A. 2006-04-03 High current-density Nb{sub 3}Sn strands made by internal-tin routes are not stable against flux jumps at low fields. Since flux jumps release heat, they can initiate quenching if thermal conductivity to the liquid helium is poor. To make matters worse, tin is a potent contaminant of copper, and reaction of strands to maximize performance leads to the loss of thermal conductivity. We discuss how the root of a solution of this problem lies in optimizing two parameters, RRR and J{sub c}, instead of J{sub c} alone. An important workaround for magnet designers is controlling the balance between performance and stability by reducing the temperature or time of the final heat treatment step. This provides ample J{sub c} while also keeping RRR high. Under these conditions, the instability current density threshold J{sub s} is higher than J{sub c}. Additional factors are also available to improve the management of instabilities, including new strand designs with smaller subelements or divided subelements. 3. Sulfurization Growth of SnS Thin Films and Experimental Determination of Valence Band Discontinuity for SnS-Related Solar Cells Science.gov (United States) Sugiyama, Mutsumi; Murata, Yoshitsuna; Shimizu, Tsubasa; Ramya, Kottadi; Venkataiah, Chinna; Sato, Tomoaki; Ramakrishna Reddy, K. T. 2011-05-01 Tin sulphide is considered to be a potential candidate for the development of low cost polycrystalline thin film solar cells. The advantages of using sulfurization process to grow SnS films were demonstrated. Polycrystalline p-type SnS films were obtained by a simple dry process at 300 °C for 90 min. The sulfurization condition depends on the deposition method of the Sn precursor. Using single-phase SnS films, band discontinuities at SnS/CdS and SnO2/SnS heterointerfaces were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band offsets were determined to be approximately 1.5 eV for SnS/CdS and 3.5 eV for SnO2/SnS interfaces. Using these values and the energy band gaps of the corresponding layers, the energy band diagram was developed. It indicated that the SnS/CdS heterojunction is of TYPE-II form of heterostructure. This result indicated that SnS-related solar cells with CdS as window layer do not have an ideal band structure that could give high conversion efficiency. 4. Consistency in the World Wide Web DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Thomsen, Jakob Grauenkjær Tim Berners-Lee envisioned that computers will behave as agents of humans on the World Wide Web, where they will retrieve, extract, and interact with information from the World Wide Web. A step towards this vision is to make computers capable of extracting this information in a reliable...... and consistent way. In this dissertation we study steps towards this vision by showing techniques for the specication, the verication and the evaluation of the consistency of information in the World Wide Web. We show how to detect certain classes of errors in a specication of information, and we show how...... the World Wide Web, in order to help perform consistent evaluations of web extraction techniques. These contributions are steps towards having computers reliable and consistently extract information from the World Wide Web, which in turn are steps towards achieving Tim Berners-Lee's vision. ii... 5. Cyberbullying Identification Using Participant-Vocabulary Consistency OpenAIRE Raisi, Elaheh; Huang, Bert 2016-01-01 With the rise of social media, people can now form relationships and communities easily regardless of location, race, ethnicity, or gender. However, the power of social media simultaneously enables harmful online behavior such as harassment and bullying. Cyberbullying is a serious social problem, making it an important topic in social network analysis. Machine learning methods can potentially help provide better understanding of this phenomenon, but they must address several key challenges: t... 6. Integrating perspectives on vocal performance and consistency OpenAIRE Sakata, Jon T.; Vehrencamp, Sandra L. 2012-01-01 Recent experiments in divergent fields of birdsong have revealed that vocal performance is important for reproductive success and under active control by distinct neural circuits. Vocal consistency, the degree to which the spectral properties (e.g. dominant or fundamental frequency) of song elements are produced consistently from rendition to rendition, has been highlighted as a biologically important aspect of vocal performance. Here, we synthesize functional, developmental and mechanistic (... 7. Corfu: A Platform for Scalable Consistency OpenAIRE Wei, Michael 2017-01-01 Corfu is a platform for building systems which are extremely scalable, strongly consistent and robust. Unlike other systems which weaken guarantees to provide better performance, we have built Corfu with a resilient fabric tuned and engineered for scalability and strong consistency at its core: the Corfu shared log. On top of the Corfu log, we have built a layer of advanced data services which leverage the properties of the Corfu log. Today, Corfu is already replacing data platforms in commer... 8. Correlation between some thermo-mechanical and physico-chemical properties in multi-component glasses of Se-Te-Sn-Cd system Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Kumar, Amit; Mehta, Neeraj [Banaras Hindu University, Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Varanasi (India) 2017-06-15 The glass transition phenomenon is guided by the swift cooling of a melt (glass-forming liquid). Consequently, the glass as a final product consists of a considerable number of micro-voids having the size of the order of atomic and/or molecular sizes. The model of free volume fluctuation helps in describing the diverse physico-chemical properties of amorphous materials (like glasses and polymers). This theory is based on the fraction of fluctuation free frozen at the glass transition temperature and it forms a basis for determination of various significant thermo-mechanical properties. In the present work, Vickers hardness test method is employed that provides useful information concerning the mechanical behavior of brittle solids. The present work emphasizes the results of micro-indentation measurements on recently synthesized novel Se{sub 78-x}Te{sub 20}Sn{sub 2}Cd{sub x} glassy system. Basic thermo-mechanical parameters such as micro-hardness, volume (V{sub h}), formation energy (E{sub h}) of micro-voids in the glassy network and modulus of elasticity (E) have been determined and their variation with glass composition has been investigated. (orig.) 9. Sulfonated Schiff base Sn(IV) complexes as potential anticancer agents. Science.gov (United States) Hazra, Susanta; Paul, Anup; Sharma, Gunjan; Koch, Biplob; da Silva, M Fátima C Guedes; Pombeiro, Armando J L 2016-09-01 Syntheses, crystal structures and biological activities of the diphenoxo-bridged diorgano dinuclear Sn(IV) compounds [Sn(Et)2(HL)(H2O)]2 (1) and [Sn(n-Bu)2(HL)(H2O)]2 (2) derived from the Schiff base 2-[(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]benzenesulfonic acid trihydrate (H3L·3H2O) are described. The monoprotonated form (HL2-) of the Schiff base behaves as O,O'-bidentate ligand, chelating the metal by the two phenoxo oxygen atoms. The hexacoordinated metal centres in 1 and 2 are bridged by a phenoxo oxygen and the remaining coordination positions are fulfilled by the other phenoxo oxygen, two organic groups (ethyl for 1 and n-butyl for 2) and a water molecule. A two dimensional zigzag sheet in 1 and three dimensional polymeric networks in H3L·3H2O and 2 are stabilized by a number of non-covalent, H-bonding and π⋯π stacking interactions. The DNA binding activities of these complexes have been studied by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies. Their antiproliferative efficacies have been evaluated on A-549, HeLa and MDA-MB-231 cancer cell lines by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. IC50 values (1.35±0.23, 2.43±0.54 and 1.74±0.04μM for 2) are indicative of a substantial cytotoxicity of 2, mainly towards the A-549 lung cancer cell line. The greater antiproliferative efficacy of 2has further been studied by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) and nuclear morphology by Hoechst/propidium iodide (PI) double staining method. The possible mode of the apoptotic pathway for 2has been substantiated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation studies. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 10. Improving cycle stability of SnS anode for sodium-ion batteries by limiting Sn agglomeration Science.gov (United States) Wang, Wenhui; Shi, Liang; Lan, Danni; Li, Quan 2018-02-01 Flower-like SnS nanostructures are obtained by a simple solvothermal method for anode applications in Na-ion batteries. We show experimental evidence of progressive Sn agglomeration and crystalline Na2S enrichment at the end of de-sodiation process of the SnS electrode, both of which contribute to the capacity decay of the electrode upon repeated cycles. By replacing the commonly adopted acetylene black conductive additive with multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), the cycle stability of the SnS electrode is largely improved, which correlates well with the observed suppression of both Sn agglomeration and Na2S enrichment at the end of de-sodiation cycle. A full cell is assembled with the SnS/MWCNT anode and the P2-Na2/3Ni1/3Mn1/2Ti1/6O2 cathode. An initial energy density of 262 Wh/kg (normalized to the total mass of cathode and anode) is demonstrated for the full cell, which retains 71% of the first discharge capacity after 40 cycles. 11. Microstructural investigation and SnO nanodefects in spray-pyrolyzed SnO2 thin films DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Thanachayanont, Chanchana; Yordsri, Visittapong; Boothroyd, Chris 2011-01-01 Spray pyrolysis is one of the most cost-effective methods to prepare SnO2 films due to its ability to deposit large uniform area, low fabrication cost, simplicity and low deposition temperature. Conventionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) are routinely used...... to investigate microstructure and crystal structure of the SnO2 films. In the present study, the SnO2 films were deposited by spray pyrolysis at 300, 400 and 500°C and the microstructure of the 500°C film was further examined by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and convergent beam electron...... diffraction (CBED). It was found that large grain-size vertically-aligned columnar SnO2 grains were formed after a few layers of small grain-size randomly oriented SnO2 grains. Moreover, CBED showed the presence of SnO nanodefects that had not been reported before and could not be detected by SEM or XRD.... 12. Identify and Quantify the Mechanistic Sources of Sensor Performance Variation Between Individual Sensors SN1 and SN2 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Diaz, Aaron A. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Baldwin, David L. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Cinson, Anthony D. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Jones, Anthony M. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Larche, Michael R. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Mathews, Royce [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Mullen, Crystal A. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Pardini, Allan F. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Posakony, Gerald J. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Prowant, Matthew S. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Hartman, Trenton S. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Edwards, Matthew K. [Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States) 2014-08-06 This Technical Letter Report satisfies the M3AR-14PN2301022 milestone, and is focused on identifying and quantifying the mechanistic sources of sensor performance variation between individual 22-element, linear phased-array sensor prototypes, SN1 and SN2. This effort constitutes an iterative evolution that supports the longer term goal of producing and demonstrating a pre-manufacturing prototype ultrasonic probe that possesses the fundamental performance characteristics necessary to enable the development of a high-temperature sodium-cooled fast reactor inspection system. The scope of the work for this portion of the PNNL effort conducted in FY14 includes performing a comparative evaluation and assessment of the performance characteristics of the SN1 and SN2 22 element PA-UT probes manufactured at PNNL. Key transducer performance parameters, such as sound field dimensions, resolution capabilities, frequency response, and bandwidth are used as a metric for the comparative evaluation and assessment of the SN1 and SN2 engineering test units. 13. Dynamic Nuclear Polarization NMR Enables the Analysis of Sn-Beta Zeolite Prepared with Natural Abundance 119Sn Precursors Science.gov (United States) 2015-01-01 The catalytic activity of tin-containing zeolites, such as Sn-Beta, is critically dependent on the successful incorporation of the tin metal center into the zeolite framework. However, synchrotron-based techniques or solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) of samples enriched with 119Sn isotopes are the only reliable methods to verify framework incorporation. This work demonstrates, for the first time, the use of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) NMR for characterizing zeolites containing ∼2 wt % of natural abundance Sn without the need for 119Sn isotopic enrichment. The biradicals TOTAPOL, bTbK, bCTbK, and SPIROPOL functioned effectively as polarizing sources, and the solvent enabled proper transfer of spin polarization from the radical’s unpaired electrons to the target nuclei. Using bCTbK led to an enhancement (ε) of 75, allowing the characterization of natural-abundance 119Sn-Beta with excellent signal-to-noise ratios in <24 h. Without DNP, no 119Sn resonances were detected after 10 days of continuous analysis. PMID:24697321 14. Adaptive multi-node multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) transmission for mobile wireless multimedia sensor networks. Science.gov (United States) Cho, Sunghyun; Choi, Ji-Woong; You, Cheolwoo 2013-10-02 Mobile wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), which consist of mobile sink or sensor nodes and use rich sensing information, require much faster and more reliable wireless links than static wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper proposes an adaptive multi-node (MN) multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) transmission to improve the transmission reliability and capacity of mobile sink nodes when they experience spatial correlation. Unlike conventional single-node (SN) MIMO transmission, the proposed scheme considers the use of transmission antennas from more than two sensor nodes. To find an optimal antenna set and a MIMO transmission scheme, a MN MIMO channel model is introduced first, followed by derivation of closed-form ergodic capacity expressions with different MIMO transmission schemes, such as space-time transmit diversity coding and spatial multiplexing. The capacity varies according to the antenna correlation and the path gain from multiple sensor nodes. Based on these statistical results, we propose an adaptive MIMO mode and antenna set switching algorithm that maximizes the ergodic capacity of mobile sink nodes. The ergodic capacity of the proposed scheme is compared with conventional SN MIMO schemes, where the gain increases as the antenna correlation and path gain ratio increase. 15. Adaptive Multi-Node Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) Transmission for Mobile Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks Science.gov (United States) Cho, Sunghyun; Choi, Ji-Woong; You, Cheolwoo 2013-01-01 Mobile wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs), which consist of mobile sink or sensor nodes and use rich sensing information, require much faster and more reliable wireless links than static wireless sensor networks (WSNs). This paper proposes an adaptive multi-node (MN) multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) transmission to improve the transmission reliability and capacity of mobile sink nodes when they experience spatial correlation. Unlike conventional single-node (SN) MIMO transmission, the proposed scheme considers the use of transmission antennas from more than two sensor nodes. To find an optimal antenna set and a MIMO transmission scheme, a MN MIMO channel model is introduced first, followed by derivation of closed-form ergodic capacity expressions with different MIMO transmission schemes, such as space-time transmit diversity coding and spatial multiplexing. The capacity varies according to the antenna correlation and the path gain from multiple sensor nodes. Based on these statistical results, we propose an adaptive MIMO mode and antenna set switching algorithm that maximizes the ergodic capacity of mobile sink nodes. The ergodic capacity of the proposed scheme is compared with conventional SN MIMO schemes, where the gain increases as the antenna correlation and path gain ratio increase. PMID:24152920 16. Effects of the copper content on the structural and electrical properties of Cu{sub 2}ZnSnSe{sub 4} bulks Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Tsega, Moges, E-mail: [email protected] [Department of Physics, University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus), Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866 (South Africa); Department of Physics, Bahir Dar University (Ethiopia); Dejene, F.B.; Koao, L.F. [Department of Physics, University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus), Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866 (South Africa) 2016-01-01 We have investigated the concept of defect in Cu{sub x}ZnSnSe{sub 4} (x=1.6–2.0) and Cu{sub y}(Zn{sub 0.9}Sn{sub 1.1})Se{sub 4} (y= 1.6–2.0) bulks prepared by liquid-phase sintering at 600 °C for 2 h with soluble sintering aids of Sb{sub 2}S{sub 3} and Te. All samples were found to exhibit p-type semiconductor for Cu{sub x}ZnSnSe{sub 4}, while n-type of behavior obtained at y= 1.8–2.0 for Cu{sub y}(Zn{sub 0.9}Sn{sub 1.1})Se{sub 4} pellets. The Cu vacancy acts as an acceptor point defect to form the p-type semiconductor, and Sn{sup 4+} acts as a donor to form the n-type behavior for the Sn-rich CZTSe. SEM images of pellets show dense surface morphology, and increase in grain size upon Cu inclusion. The largely increased Hall mobility and the slightly changed carrier concentration for Cu{sub y}(Zn{sub 0.9}Sn{sub 1.1})Se{sub 4} with increasing the Cu content is related to the types of its defects. At y=2.0 with carrier concentration of 4.88×10{sup 17} cm{sup −3} showed the highest mobility of around 58 cm{sup 2}/V s. Based upon the proposed point defects, the CZTSe property can be consistently explained. 17. Graphene-SnO2 composites for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue under sunlight. Science.gov (United States) Seema, Humaira; Christian Kemp, K; Chandra, Vimlesh; Kim, Kwang S 2012-09-07 Graphene sheets decorated with SnO(2) nanoparticles (RGO-SnO(2)) were prepared via a redox reaction between graphene oxide (GO) and SnCl(2). Graphene oxide (GO) was reduced to graphene (RGO) and Sn(2+) was oxidized to SnO(2) during the redox reaction, leading to a homogeneous distribution of SnO(2) nanoparticles on RGO sheets. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show uniform distribution of the nanoparticles on the RGO surface and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows an average particle size of 3-5 nm. The RGO-SnO(2) composite showed an enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity for the organic dye methylene blue under sunlight compared to bare SnO(2) nanoparticles. This result leads us to believe that the RGO-SnO(2) composite could be used in catalytic photodegradation of other organic dyes. 18. Microstructure and Solderability of Zn-6Al- xSn Solders Science.gov (United States) Yang, Xiaojun; Hu, Wei; Yan, Xin; Lei, Yongping 2015-04-01 The eutectic point of Zn-6Al alloy is 381°C, and the peritectic reaction of Zn-Al-Sn alloy occurs at 280°C. In order to find an alloy with an appropriate melting point between 280°C and 340°C, Zn-6Al-5Sn, Zn-6Al-10Sn, Zn-6Al-15Sn, and Zn-6Al-20Sn alloys were prepared. The microstructure, melting behavior, and wettability of the Zn-6Al- xSn solder alloys were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the sessile drop method. The results show that the alloys were composed of Zn-rich phase, Zn-Al structure, Sn-Zn-Al peritectic structure, and Sn-Zn eutectic structure. The progressive decrease of the liquidus temperature of the Zn-6Al- xSn solders was confirmed by the DSC results in the order: Zn-6Al-5Sn, Zn-6Al-10Sn, Zn-6Al-15Sn, Zn-6Al-20Sn. A decrease of the wetting angle, selected for evaluation of the solderability of the Zn-6Al- xSn solders, was observed in the same order. The cross-section of a solder joint on a Cu substrate was examined by SEM coupled with energy-dispersive x-ray (EDS) analysis. 19. Rare earth chalcogels NaLnSnS{sub 4} (Ln = Y, Gd, Tb) for selective adsorption of volatile hydrocarbons and gases Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Edhaim, Fatimah; Rothenberger, Alexander [Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal (Saudi Arabia) 2017-08-16 The synthesis and characterization of the rare earth chalcogenide aerogels NaYSnS{sub 4}, NaGdSnS{sub 4}, and NaTbSnS{sub 4} is reported. Rare earth metal ions like Y{sup 3+}, Gd{sup 3+}, and Tb{sup 3+} react with the chalcogenide clusters [SnS{sub 4}]{sup 4-} in aqueous formamide solution forming extended polymeric networks by gelation. Aerogels obtained after supercritical drying have BET surface areas of 649 m{sup 2}.g{sup -1} (NaYSnS{sub 4}), 479 m{sup 2}.g{sup -1} (NaGdSnS{sub 4}), and 354 m{sup 2}.g{sup -1} (NaTbSnS{sub 4}). Electron microscopy and physisorption studies reveal that the new materials have pores in the macro (above 50 nm) and meso (2-50 nm) regions. These aerogels show higher adsorption of toluene vapor over cyclohexane vapor and CO{sub 2} over CH{sub 4} or H{sub 2}. The notable adsorption capacity for toluene (NaYSnS{sub 4}: 1108 mg.g{sup -1}; NaGdSnS{sub 4}: 921 mg.g{sup -1}; and NaTbSnS4: 645 mg.g{sup -1}) and high selectivity for gases (CO{sub 2}/H{sub 2}: 172 and CO{sub 2}/CH{sub 4}: 50 for NaYSnS{sub 4}, CO{sub 2}/H{sub 2}: 155 and CO{sub 2}/CH{sub 4}: 37 for NaGdSnS{sub 4}, and CO{sub 2}/H{sub 2}: 75 and CO{sub 2}/CH{sub 4}: 28 for NaTbSnS{sub 4}) indicate potential future use of chalcogels in adsorption-based gas or hydrocarbon separation processes. (copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 20. Dynamics of the ethanolamine glycerophospholipid remodeling network. Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Lu Zhang Full Text Available Acyl chain remodeling in lipids is a critical biochemical process that plays a central role in disease. However, remodeling remains poorly understood, despite massive increases in lipidomic data. In this work, we determine the dynamic network of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (PE remodeling, using data from pulse-chase experiments and a novel bioinformatic network inference approach. The model uses a set of ordinary differential equations based on the assumptions that (1 sn1 and sn2 acyl positions are independently remodeled; (2 remodeling reaction rates are constant over time; and (3 acyl donor concentrations are constant. We use a novel fast and accurate two-step algorithm to automatically infer model parameters and their values. This is the first such method applicable to dynamic phospholipid lipidomic data. Our inference procedure closely fits experimental measurements and shows strong cross-validation across six independent experiments with distinct deuterium-labeled PE precursors, demonstrating the validity of our assumptions. In contrast, fits of randomized data or fits using random model parameters are worse. A key outcome is that we are able to robustly distinguish deacylation and reacylation kinetics of individual acyl chain types at the sn1 and sn2 positions, explaining the established prevalence of saturated and unsaturated chains in the respective positions. The present study thus demonstrates that dynamic acyl chain remodeling processes can be reliably determined from dynamic lipidomic data. 1. Imaging the Chemical Distribution in Type Ia SN Ejecta Science.gov (United States) Fesen, Robert 2004-07-01 We know Type Ia supernovae are thermonuclear explosions of CO white dwarfs, but we don't know the specifics of how the nuclear burning process proceeds from the core outward once it starts. The thermonuclear instability is thought to start off as a subsonic, turbulent deflagration or burning wave but then, at some point, may transition into a blast or detonation wave. In such "delayed detonation" models, differences between normal and subluminous Type Ia SNe reflect differences in the amount of burning that has occurred in the pre-detonation phase. More burning helps to pre-expand the WD before passage of the detontation wave, which then results in different final element abundances and internal Fe-rich ejecta structure. Directly imaging the 2-D chemical distribution of ejecta from a Type Ia SN is actually possible in the case of the subluminous Type Ia SN 1885, which occurred on the near-side of M31's central bulge. This 119 year old remnant is visible -- from its core to its outer edge -- via strong optical/UV Ca and Fe line absorptions. Remarkably, the SNR appears to still be in a nearly free expansion phase, meaning that the elemental stratification seen present today accurately reflects SN Ia explosive nucleosynthesis physics. We propose to obtain ACS WFC/HRC images of SN 1885 in order to take advantage of this extraordinary situation: Having a young, nearby Type Ia SN remnant visible in silhouette against a galaxy-size light table. These unique observations will reveal a SN Ia's Ca and Fe ejecta distribution, density structure, sphericity, and ionization state as a function of expansion velocity, thereby confronting various SN Ia models with detailed ejecta stratification and expansion velocity maps. 2. Self-consistent calculations within the Green's function method including particle-phonon coupling and the single-particle continuum Science.gov (United States) Lyutorovich, N.; Speth, J.; Avdeenkov, A.; Grümmer, F.; Kamerdzhiev, S.; Krewald, S.; Tselyaev, V. I. 2008-09-01 The Green’s function method in the Quasiparticle Time Blocking Approximation is applied to nuclear excitations in 132Sn and 208Pb. The calculations are performed self-consistently using a Skyrme interaction. The method combines the conventional RPA with an exact single-particle continuum treatment and considers in a consistent way the particle-phonon coupling. We reproduce not only the experimental values of low-and high-lying collective states but we also obtain fair agreement with the data of non-collective low-lying states that are strongly influenced by the particle-phonon coupling. 3. Crystal structure, chemical bonding and magnetism studies for three quinary polar intermetallic compounds in the (Eu(1-x)Ca(x))9In8(Ge(1-y)Sn(y))8 (x = 0.66, y = 0.03) and the (Eu(1-x)Ca(x))3In(Ge(3-y)Sn(1+y)) (x = 0.66, 0.68; y = 0.13, 0.27) phases. Science.gov (United States) Woo, Hyein; Jang, Eunyoung; Kim, Jin; Lee, Yunho; Kim, Jongsik; You, Tae-Soo 2015-04-22 Three quinary polar intermetallic compounds in the (Eu(1-x)Ca(x))9In8(Ge(1-y)Sn(y))8 (x = 0.66, y = 0.03) and the (Eu(1-x)Ca(x))3In(Ge(3-y)Sn(1+y)) (x = 0.66, 0.68; y = 0.13, 0.27) phases have been synthesized using the molten In-metal flux method, and the crystal structures are characterized by powder and single-crystal X-ray diffractions. Two orthorhombic structural types can be viewed as an assembly of polyanionic frameworks consisting of the In(Ge/Sn)4 tetrahedral chains, the bridging Ge2 dimers, either the annulene-like "12-membered rings" for the (Eu(1-x)Ca(x))9In8(Ge(1-y)Sn(y))8 series or the cis-trans Ge/Sn-chains for the (Eu(1-x)Ca(x))3In(Ge(3-y)Sn(1+y)) series, and several Eu/Ca-mixed cations. The most noticeable difference between two structural types is the amount and the location of the Sn-substitution for Ge: only a partial substitution (11%) occurs at the In(Ge/Sn)4 tetrahedron in the (Eu(1-x)Ca(x))9In8(Ge(1-y)Sn(y))8 series, whereas both a complete and a partial substitution (up to 27%) are observed, respectively, at the cis-trans Ge/Sn-chain and at the In(Ge/Sn)4 tetrahedron in the (Eu(1-x)Ca(x))3In(Ge(3-y)Sn(1+y)) series. A series of tight-binding linear muffin-tin orbital calculations is conducted to understand overall electronic structures and chemical bonding among components. Magnetic susceptibility measurement indicates a ferromagnetic ordering of Eu atoms below 5 K for Eu1.02(1)Ca1.98InGe2.87(1)Sn1.13. 4. Smoothing of Fused Spectral Consistent Satellite Images DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Sveinsson, Johannes; Aanæs, Henrik; Benediktsson, Jon Atli 2006-01-01 Several widely used methods have been proposed for fusing high resolution panchromatic data and lower resolution multi-channel data. However, many of these methods fail to maintain spectral consistency of the fused high resolution image, which is of high importance to many of the applications based...... in a statistically meaningful way. The fusion method was called spectral consistent panshapen- ing (SC) and it was shown that spectral consistency was a direct consequence of imaging physics and hence guaranteed by the SCP. In this paper exploit this framework and investigate two smoothing methods of the fused image...... obtain by SCP. The first smoothing method is based on Markov random field (MRF) model, while the second method uses wavelet domain hidden Markov models (HMM) for smoothing of the SCP fused image.... 5. Learning Networks, Networked Learning NARCIS (Netherlands) Sloep, Peter; Berlanga, Adriana 2010-01-01 Sloep, P. B., & Berlanga, A. J. (2011). Learning Networks, Networked Learning [Redes de Aprendizaje, Aprendizaje en Red]. Comunicar, XIX(37), 55-63. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3916/C37-2011-02-05 6. Thermally evaporated indium-free, transparent, flexible SnO2/AgPdCu/SnO2 electrodes for flexible and transparent thin film heaters OpenAIRE Doo-Hee Kim; Kyung-Su Cho; Han-Ki Kim 2017-01-01 We investigated the characteristics of themally evaporated SnO2/Ag-Pd-Cu (APC)/SnO2 multilayer films for applications as damage-free, indium-free, flexible, and transparent electrodes for high performance flexible and transparent thin film heaters (TFHs). The top and bottom SnO2 layers and APC interlayer were prepared by a multi-source evaporation process, and the effect of the thickness of each layer on the resistivity, optical transmittance, and mechanical flexibility of the SnO2/APC/SnO2 e... 7. Dynamically consistent Jacobian inverse for mobile manipulators Science.gov (United States) Ratajczak, Joanna; Tchoń, Krzysztof 2016-06-01 By analogy to the definition of the dynamically consistent Jacobian inverse for robotic manipulators, we have designed a dynamically consistent Jacobian inverse for mobile manipulators built of a non-holonomic mobile platform and a holonomic on-board manipulator. The endogenous configuration space approach has been exploited as a source of conceptual guidelines. The new inverse guarantees a decoupling of the motion in the operational space from the forces exerted in the endogenous configuration space and annihilated by the dual Jacobian inverse. A performance study of the new Jacobian inverse as a tool for motion planning is presented. 8. SN 1986J VLBI. III. The Central Component Becomes Dominant Science.gov (United States) Bietenholz, Michael F.; Bartel, Norbert 2017-04-01 We present a new 5 GHz global very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) image of supernova 1986J, observed in 2014 at t = 31.6 yr after the explosion, and compare it to previous images to show the evolution of the supernova. Our new image has a dynamic range of ˜100 and a background rms noise level of 5.9 μJy beam-1. There is no significant linear polarization, with the image peak supernova shell. This central component is marginally resolved with an FWHM of {900}-500+100 μ {as}, corresponding to a radius of {r}{comp}={6.7}-3.7+0.7× {10}16 {cm} for a distance of 10 Mpc. Using VLBI observations between 2002 and 2014, we measured the proper motions of both the central component and a hot spot to the NE in the shell relative to the quasar 3C 66A. The central component is stationary to within the uncertainty of 12 μas yr-1, corresponding to 570 km s-1. Our observations argue that the central component is located near the physical center of SN 1986J. The shell hot spot had a mean velocity of 2810 ± 750 km s-1 to the NE, which is consistent with its taking part in the homologous expansion of the shell seen earlier. The shell emission is evolving in a non-self-similar fashion, with the brightest emission shifting inward within the structure and with only relatively faint emission seen near the outer edge and the presumed forward shock. An animation of the explosion is available. 9. Spectroscopy of the doubly magic nucleus {sup 100}Sn and its decay Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Hinke, Christoph B. 2010-07-23 The nucleus {sup 100}Sn has been the aim of a number of experimental approaches. It is of great interest for various reasons. It is presumably the heaviest particle-stable N=Z nucleus and at the same time doubly magic. Its beta decay is of particular importance because it is expected to be the purest Gamow-Teller decay in the nuclear chart and thus allows to study the question of the missing Gamow-Teller strength/the Gamow-Teller quenching due to core polarisation effects. From the beta-coincident decay spectroscopy of the daughter nucleus {sup 100}In information about the proton-neutron interaction in this region of the nuclear chart can be obtained. Simultaneously with the implantation of the nucleus in the detector setup after production the search for delayed gamma radiation from a predicted isomeric state in {sup 100}Sn could yield first insight into the structure of excited states in this exotic nucleus. This work presents investigation results concerning the spectroscopy of the doubly magic nucleus {sup 100}Sn and its decay. The experiment was performed in March 2008 at the accelerator facilities of the GSI Helmholtz Zentrum Darmstadt. The neutron deficient nucleus was produced in a projectile fragmentation reaction of a {sup 124}Xe primary beam impinging on a Beryllium target with an energy of 1 GeV x A. After a separation from other fragmentation products and a unique identification {sup 100}Sn was stopped in an implantation detector consisting of highly segmented silicon strip detectors for decay spectroscopy. Beside the determination of the half life it was possible to detect the total energy of the emitted particle radiation in the implantation detector as well as the emitted gamma radiation with a surrounding array of Germanium detectors. With a number of approximately 70 successfully observed decays of {sup 100}Sn a half life of T{sub 1/2}=1.16{+-}0.20s was obtained. The beta endpoint energy of the single channel decay yielded a value of E{sub {beta 10. Non-LTE spectral analysis and model constraints on SN 1993J Science.gov (United States) Baron, E.; Hauschildt, P. H.; Branch, D.; Austin, S.; Garnavich, P.; Ann, Hong Bae; Wagner, R. M.; Filippenko, A. V.; Matheson, T.; Liebert, James 1995-01-01 We present non-Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium (LTE) synthetic spectra for a time series of observations of SN 1993J obtained on 1993 March 30-31, April 7, April 13-15, and June 13 UT. The spectra are dominated by hydrogen Balmer lines; neutral helium lines, which have been nonthermally excited; and Fe II features. The density profile evolves from an extremely steep 'brick wall' structure with an equivalent power-law index of about 50 on March 30 to a more typical SN II profile with a power law index of about 10. The early spectra are well fitted by a solar composition of metals, although an enhanced abundance of helium is required in order to fit the neutral helium lines. By June 13, the photosphere has receded deep into the helium layer, although there appears to be a layer of hydrogen at higher velocity. The distance is estimated for each epoch. While consistent results are found for spectra obtained in the month of April, the spread in distances from March to June is quite large. Our value for April is mu = 28.0 +/- 0.3 mag, consistent with the recent Cepheid distance to the host galaxy M81. We also compare our results to other implementations of the expanding photosphere method. 11. Hierarchical nanostructured core-shell Sn@C nanoparticles embedded in graphene nanosheets: spectroscopic view and their application in lithium ion batteries Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Wang, Dongniu; Li, Xifei; Yang, Jinli; Wang, Jiajun; Geng, Dongsheng; Li, Ruying; Cai, Mei; Sham, Tsun-Kong; Sun, Xueliang (General Motors); (UWO) 2016-02-04 Hierarchical carbon encapsulated tin (Sn@C) embedded graphene nanosheet (GN) composites (Sn@C–GNs) have been successfully fabricated via a simple and scalable one-step chemical vapor deposition (CVD) procedure. The GN supported Sn@C core–shell structures consist of a crystalline tin core, which is thoroughly covered by a carbon shell and more interestingly, extra voids are present between the carbon shell and the tin core. Synchrotron spectroscopy confirms that the metallic tin core is free of oxidation and the existence of charge redistribution transfer from tin to the carbonaceous materials of the shell, facilitating their intimate contact by chemical bonding and resultant lattice variation. The hybrid electrodes of this material exhibit a highly stable and reversible capacity together with an excellent rate capability, which benefits from the improved electrochemical properties of tin provided by the protective carbon matrix, voids and the flexible GN matrices. 12. Controlled fabrication of Sn/TiO2 nanorods for photoelectrochemical water splitting OpenAIRE Sun, Bo; Shi, Tielin; Peng, Zhengchun; Sheng, Wenjun; Jiang, Ting; Liao, Guanglan 2013-01-01 In this work, we investigate the controlled fabrication of Sn-doped TiO2 nanorods (Sn/TiO2 NRs) for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Sn is incorporated into the rutile TiO2 nanorods with Sn/Ti molar ratios ranging from 0% to 3% by a simple solvothermal synthesis method. The obtained Sn/TiO2 NRs are single crystalline with a rutile structure. The concentration of Sn in the final nanorods can be well controlled by adjusting the molar ratio of the precursors. Photoelectrochemical experiment... 13. Studies of Nuclei Close to 132Sn Using Single-Neutron Transfer Reactions Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Jones, K. L. [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Pain, S. D. [Rutgers University; Kozub, R. L. [Tennessee Technological University; Adekola, Aderemi S [ORNL; Bardayan, Daniel W [ORNL; Blackmon, Jeff C [ORNL; Catford, Wilton N [ORNL; Chae, K. Y. [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Chipps, K. [Colorado School of Mines, Golden; Cizewski, J. A. [Rutgers University; Erikson, Luke [Colorado School of Mines, Golden; Gaddis, A. L. [Furman University; Greife, U. [Colorado School of Mines, Golden; Grzywacz, R. K. [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Harlin, Christopher W [ORNL; Hatarik, Robert [Rutgers University; Howard, Joshua A [ORNL; James, J. [Colorado School of Mines, Golden; Kapler, R. [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Krolas, W. [University of Warsaw; Liang, J Felix [ORNL; Ma, Zhanwen [ORNL; Matei, Catalin [Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU); Moazen, Brian [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Nesaraja, Caroline D [ORNL; O' Malley, Patrick [Rutgers University; Patterson, N. P. [University of Surrey, UK; Paulauskas, Stanley [University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK); Shapira, Dan [ORNL; ShrinerJr., J. F. [Tennessee Technological University; Sikora, M. [Rutgers University; Sissom, D. J. [Tennessee Technological University; Smith, Michael Scott [ORNL; Swan, T. P. [University of Surrey, UK; Thomas, J. S. [Rutgers University; Wilson, Gemma L [ORNL 2009-01-01 Neutron transfer reactions were performed in inverse kinematics using radioactive ion beams of 132Sn, 130Sn, and 134Te and deuterated polyethylene targets. Preliminary results are presented. The Q-value spectra for 133Sn, 131Sn and 135Te reveal a number of previously unobserved peaks. The angular distributions are compatible with the expected lf7/2 nature of the ground state of 133Sn, and 2p3/2 for the 3.4 MeV state in 131Sn. 14. Influence of Sn Doping on Phase Transformation and Crystallite Growth of TiO2 Nanocrystals Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Guozhu Fu 2014-01-01 Full Text Available Sn doped TiO2 nanocrystals were synthesized via a single-step hydrothermal method and the influences of Sn doping on TiO2 have been investigated. It is found that Sn doping not only facilitates the crystal transfer from anatase to rutile but also facilitates the morphology change from sphere to rod. The states of Sn were studied by XPS and the creation of oxygen vacancies by Sn doping is confirmed. Moreover, the HRTEM results suggest that Sn facilitates preferential growth of resulting nanocrystals along (110 axis, which results in the formation of rod-like rutile nanocrystals. 15. Synthesis of Nanocrystalline SnOx (x = 1–2 Thin Film Using a Chemical Bath Deposition Method with Improved Deposition Time, Temperature and pH Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Zulkarnain Zainal 2011-09-01 Full Text Available Nanocrystalline SnOx (x = 1–2 thin films were prepared on glass substrates by a simple chemical bath deposition method. Triethanolamine was used as complexing agent to decrease time and temperature of deposition and shift the pH of the solution to the noncorrosive region. The films were characterized for composition, surface morphology, structure and optical properties. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that SnOx thin films consist of a polycrystalline structure with an average grain size of 36 nm. Atomic force microscopy studies show a uniform grain distribution without pinholes. The elemental composition was evaluated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The average O/Sn atomic percentage ratio is 1.72. Band gap energy and optical transition were determined from optical absorbance data. The film was found to exhibit direct and indirect transitions in the visible spectrum with band gap values of about 3.9 and 3.7 eV, respectively. The optical transmittance in the visible region is 82%. The SnOx nanocrystals exhibit an ultraviolet emission band centered at 392 nm in the vicinity of the band edge, which is attributed to the well-known exciton transition in SnOx. Photosensitivity was detected in the positive region under illumination with white light. 16. Platinum(0-1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane Complex as a Pt Source for Pt/SnO2 Catalyst Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Agnieszka Martyla 2014-01-01 Full Text Available This paper presents new preparation method of Pt/SnO2, an important catalytic system. Besides of its application as a heterogenic industrial catalyst, it is also used as a catalyst in electrochemical processes, especially in fuel cells. Platinum is commonly used as an anode catalyst in low temperature fuel cells, fuelled with alcohols of low molecular weight such as methanol. Platinum(0-1,3-divinyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane complex was used as a precursor of metallic phase. The aim of the research was to obtain a highly active in electrochemical system Pt/SnO2 catalyst with low metal load. Considering small size of Pt crystallites, it should result in high activity of Pt/SnO2 system. The presented method of SnO2 synthesis allows for obtaining support consisting of nanoparticles. The effect of the thermal treatment on activity of Pt/SnO2 gel was demonstrated. The system properties were investigated using TEM, FTIR (ATR, and XRD techniques to describe its thermal structural evolution. The results showed two electrocatalytical activity peaks for drying at a temperature of 430 K and above 650 K. 17. Confined SnO2 quantum-dot clusters in graphene sheets as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries Science.gov (United States) Zhu, Chengling; Zhu, Shenmin; Zhang, Kai; Hui, Zeyu; Pan, Hui; Chen, Zhixin; Li, Yao; Zhang, Di; Wang, Da-Wei 2016-01-01 Construction of metal oxide nanoparticles as anodes is of special interest for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. The main challenge lies in their rapid capacity fading caused by the structural degradation and instability of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer during charge/discharge process. Herein, we address these problems by constructing a novel-structured SnO2-based anode. The novel structure consists of mesoporous clusters of SnO2 quantum dots (SnO2 QDs), which are wrapped with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets. The mesopores inside the clusters provide enough room for the expansion and contraction of SnO2 QDs during charge/discharge process while the integral structure of the clusters can be maintained. The wrapping RGO sheets act as electrolyte barrier and conductive reinforcement. When used as an anode, the resultant composite (MQDC-SnO2/RGO) shows an extremely high reversible capacity of 924 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 100 mA g−1, superior capacity retention (96%), and outstanding rate performance (505 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g−1). Importantly, the materials can be easily scaled up under mild conditions. Our findings pave a new way for the development of metal oxide towards enhanced lithium storage performance. PMID:27181691 18. Confined SnO2 quantum-dot clusters in graphene sheets as high-performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Science.gov (United States) Zhu, Chengling; Zhu, Shenmin; Zhang, Kai; Hui, Zeyu; Pan, Hui; Chen, Zhixin; Li, Yao; Zhang, Di; Wang, Da-Wei 2016-05-16 Construction of metal oxide nanoparticles as anodes is of special interest for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. The main challenge lies in their rapid capacity fading caused by the structural degradation and instability of solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer during charge/discharge process. Herein, we address these problems by constructing a novel-structured SnO2-based anode. The novel structure consists of mesoporous clusters of SnO2 quantum dots (SnO2 QDs), which are wrapped with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets. The mesopores inside the clusters provide enough room for the expansion and contraction of SnO2 QDs during charge/discharge process while the integral structure of the clusters can be maintained. The wrapping RGO sheets act as electrolyte barrier and conductive reinforcement. When used as an anode, the resultant composite (MQDC-SnO2/RGO) shows an extremely high reversible capacity of 924 mAh g(-1) after 200 cycles at 100 mA g(-1), superior capacity retention (96%), and outstanding rate performance (505 mAh g(-1) after 1000 cycles at 1000 mA g(-1)). Importantly, the materials can be easily scaled up under mild conditions. Our findings pave a new way for the development of metal oxide towards enhanced lithium storage performance. 19. Lead-Free Sn-Ce-O Composite Coating on Cu Produced by Pulse Electrodeposition from an Aqueous Acidic Sulfate Electrolyte Science.gov (United States) Sharma, Ashutosh; Das, Karabi; Das, Siddhartha 2017-10-01 Pulse-electrodeposited Sn-Ce-O composite solder coatings were synthesized on a Cu substrate from an aqueous acidic solution containing stannous sulfate (SnSO4·3H2O), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and Triton X-100 as an additive. The codeposition was achieved by adding nano-cerium oxide powder in varying concentrations from 5 g/L to 20 g/L into the electrolytic bath. Microstructural characterization was carried out using x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The XRD analysis showed that the deposits consist mainly of tetragonal β (Sn) with reduced cerium oxide species. The composite coatings thus obtained exhibit a smaller grain size, possess higher microhardness, and a lower melting point than the monolithic Sn coating. The electrical resistivity of the developed composites increases, however, but lies within the permissible limits for current lead-free solder applications. Also, an optimum balance of properties in terms of microhardness, adhesion, melting point and resistivity can be obtained with 0.9 wt.% cerium oxide in the Sn matrix, which enables potential applications in solder joints and packaging. 20. Si- and Sn-containing SiOCN-based nanocomposites as anode materials for lithium ion batteries. Synthesis, thermodynamic characterization and modeling Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Rohrer, Jochen; Albe, Karsten [Technische Univ. Darmstadt (Germany). Materialmodellierung; Vrankovic, Dragoljub; Riedel, Ralf; Graczyk-Zajac, Magdalena [Technische Univ. Darmstadt (Germany). Disperse Feststoffe; Cupid, Damian; Seifert, Hans J. [Karlsruher Institut fuer Technologie, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen (Germany). IAM - Angewandte Werkstoffphysik 2017-11-15 Novel nanocomposites consisting of silicon/tin nanoparticles (n-Si/n-Sn) embedded in silicon carbonitride (SiCN) or silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) ceramic matrices are investigated as possible anode materials for Li-ion batteries. The goal of our study is to exploit the large mass specific capacity of Si/Sn (3 579 mAh g{sup -1}/994 mAh g{sup -1}), while avoiding rapid capacity fading due to the large volume changes of Si/Sn during Li insertion. We show that a large amount (∝30-40 wt.%) of disordered carbon phase is dispersed within the SiOC/SiCN matrix and stabilizes the Si/Sn nanoparticles with respect to extended reversible lithium ion storage. Silicon nanocomposites are prepared by mixing of a polymeric precursor with commercial and ''home-synthesized'' crystalline and amorphous silicon. Tin nanocomposites, in contrast, are prepared using a single precursor approach, which allows the in-situ generation of Sn nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed within the SiOC host. The best electrochemical stability along with capacities of 600 - 700 mAh g{sup -1} is obtained when amorphous/porous silicon is used. Mechanisms contributing to the increase of storage capacity and the cycle stability are clarified by analyzing elemental composition, local solid-state structures, intercalation hosts and Li-ion mobility. Our work is supplemented by first-principles based atomistic modeling and thermochemical measurements. 1. Correlation between SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals and optical properties of Eu{sup 3+} ions in SiO{sub 2} matrix: Relation of crystallinity, composition, and photoluminescence Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Thanh, Bui Quang [International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), No.1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi (Viet Nam); Ha, Ngo Ngoc, E-mail: [email protected] [International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), No.1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi (Viet Nam); Khiem, Tran Ngoc, E-mail: [email protected] [International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), No.1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi (Viet Nam); Chien, Nguyen Duc [International Training Institute for Materials Science (ITIMS), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), No.1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi (Viet Nam); School of Engineering Physics (SEP), Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST), No.1 Dai Co Viet, Hanoi (Viet Nam) 2015-07-15 We report characteristics and optical properties of Eu{sup 3+}-doped SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals dispersed in SiO{sub 2} matrix. Samples are prepared by the sol–gel method. Crystallinity of SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals is examined by X-ray diffraction experiments. At annealing temperatures from 900 to 1200 °C, we observe the formation of single tetragonal rutile structure of SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals. Average sizes of SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals within 3–7 nm are estimated by Debye–Scherrer equation. Intense photoluminescent spectra of Eu{sup 3+} ions consist of a series of resolved emission bands within 570–645 nm, which are varied with different sample-preparation conditions. We show the efficient excitation process of Eu{sup 3+} ions through SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals in the materials. Microscopic structure of SnO{sub 2} nanoparticles and optical properties of Eu{sup 3+} ions are also presented and discussed. - Highlights: • Thin layers of Eu{sup 3+} doped SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals dispersed in SiO{sub 2} were prepared by sol-gel method and spin-coating process. • Formation of single-phase tetragonal rutile structure of SnO{sub 2} nanocrystals and highly efficient optical excitation of the Eu{sup 3+} dopants were exhibited. • Relations of the crystallinity and composition of SnO{sub 2} and optical properties of Eu{sup 3+} dopants were comprehensively investigated and presented. • Allocations of major optically-active Eu{sup 3+} ions in the materials were deduced from their emission bands. 2. First Principles Investigation of the Mechanical, Thermodynamic and Electronic Properties of FeSn{sub 5} and CoSn{sub 5} Intermetallic Phases under Pressure Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Sun, Wenming; Liu, Jing; Wang, Hong [China Building Materials Academy, Beijing (China); Zhang, Zhenwei [Linyi Academy of Technology Cooperation and Application, Linyi (China); Zhang, Liang [NeoTrident Technology Ltd., Shanghai (China); Bu, Yuxiang [Shandong University, Jinan (China) 2017-02-15 For guidance for developing Fe/Co-Sn-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries, the mechanical, thermodynamic and electronic properties of FeSn{sub 5} and CoSn{sub 5} intermetallic phases under pressures ranging from 0 to 30 GPa have been investigated systematically using first-principles total-energy calculations within the framework of the generalized gradient approximation. The pressure was found to have significant effects on the mechanical, thermodynamic and electronic properties of these compounds. In the selected pressure range, CoSn{sub 5} has a more negative formation enthalpy than FeSn{sub 5}. Based on the calculated elastic constants, the bulk modulus, shear modulus, and Young's modulus were determined via the Viogt-Reuss-Hill averaging scheme. The variations of specific heats at constant volume for FeSn{sub 5} and CoSn{sub 5} in a wide pressure (0 - 30 GPa) and temperature (0 - 1000 K) range are also predicted from phonon density of states calculation. The calculated results suggested that both FeSn{sub 5} and CoSn{sub 5} are mechanically stable at pressure from 0 to 30 GPa. FeSn{sub 5} is dynamically stable at pressure up to, 30 GPa, at least, however, CoSn{sub 5} is dynamically stable no higher than 15 GPa. 3. Tetrakis(dipropylammonium tetrakis(oxalato-κ2O1,O2stannate(IV monohydrate: a complex with an eight-coordinate SnIV atom Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Ndongo Gueye 2014-02-01 Full Text Available In the title salt, [(CH3CH2CH22NH2]4[Sn(C2O44]·H2O, the SnIV atom of the stannate anion is located on a special position with -42m symmetry. It is eight-coordinated by four chelating oxalate anions. The dipropylammonium cation possesses mirror symmetry while the lattice water molecule is disordered about a position with -42m symmetry and has an occupancy of 0.25. In the crystal, the anions and cations are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional network. This network is futher stabilized by weak O—H...O hydrogen bonds involving the water molecules and oxalate O atoms. The crystal studied was refined as an inversion twin. 4. Consistent Visual Analyses of Intrasubject Data Science.gov (United States) Kahng, SungWoo; Chung, Kyong-Mee; Gutshall, Katharine; Pitts, Steven C.; Kao, Joyce; Girolami, Kelli 2010-01-01 Visual inspection of single-case data is the primary method of interpretation of the effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable in applied behavior analysis. The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend the results of DeProspero and Cohen (1979) by reexamining the consistency of visual analysis across raters. We… 5. Effecting Consistency across Curriculum: A Case Study Science.gov (United States) Devasagayam, P. Raj; Mahaffey, Thomas R. 2008-01-01 Continuous quality improvement is the clarion call across all business schools which is driving the emphasis on assessing the attainment of learning outcomes. An issue that deems special attention in assurance of learning outcomes is related to consistency across courses and, more specifically, across multiple sections of the same course taught by… 6. 'Ionic crystals' consisting of trinuclear macrocations and ... Indian Academy of Sciences (India) Home; Journals; Journal of Chemical Sciences; Volume 129; Issue 8. 'Ionic crystals' consisting of trinuclear macrocations and polyoxometalate anions exhibiting single crystal to single crystal transformation: breathing of crystals. T ARUMUGANATHAN ASHA SIDDIKHA SAMAR K DAS. REGULAR ARTICLE Volume 129 ... 7. Proteolysis and consistency of Meshanger cheese NARCIS (Netherlands) Jong, de L. 1978-01-01 Proteolysis in Meshanger cheese, estimated by quantitative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is discussed. The conversion of α s1 -casein was proportional to rennet concentration in the cheese. Changes in consistency, after a maximum, were correlated to breakdown of 8. On Consistency Maintenance In Service Discovery NARCIS (Netherlands) Sundramoorthy, V.; Hartel, Pieter H.; Scholten, Johan Communication and node failures degrade the ability of a service discovery protocol to ensure Users receive the correct service information when the service changes. We propose that service discovery protocols employ a set of recovery techniques to recover from failures and regain consistency. We 9. Consistent feeding positions of great tit parents NARCIS (Netherlands) Lessells, C.M.; Poelman, E.H.; Mateman, A.C.; Cassey, P. 2006-01-01 When parent birds arrive at the nest to provision their young, their position on the nest rim may influence which chick or chicks are fed. As a result, the consistency of feeding positions of the individual parents, and the difference in position between the parents, may affect how equitably food is 10. Consistency in multi-viewpoint architectural design NARCIS (Netherlands) Dijkman, R.M.; Dijkman, Remco Matthijs 2006-01-01 This thesis presents a framework that aids in preserving consistency in multi-viewpoint designs. In a multi-viewpoint design each stakeholder constructs his own design part. We call each stakeholder’s design part the view of that stakeholder. To construct his view, a stakeholder has a viewpoint. 11. Developing consistent pronunciation models for phonemic variants CSIR Research Space (South Africa) Davel, M 2006-09-01 Full Text Available from a lexicon containing variants. In this paper we (the authors) address both these issues by creating ‘pseudo-phonemes’ associated with sets of ‘generation restriction rules’ to model those pronunciations that are consistently realised as two or more... 12. On the existence of consistent price systems DEFF Research Database (Denmark) Bayraktar, Erhan; Pakkanen, Mikko S.; Sayit, Hasanjan 2014-01-01 We formulate a sufficient condition for the existence of a consistent price system (CPS), which is weaker than the conditional full support condition (CFS). We use the new condition to show the existence of CPSs for certain processes that fail to have the CFS property. In particular this condition... 13. Activation of a σ-SnSn bond at copper, followed by double addition to an alkyne. Science.gov (United States) Lassauque, Nicolas; Gualco, Pauline; Mallet-Ladeira, Sonia; Miqueu, Karinne; Amgoune, Abderrahmane; Bourissou, Didier 2013-09-18 Many synthetically useful copper-catalyzed transformations involve the activation of apolar or weakly polar σ-bonds (E-H and E-E' bonds, with E = C, B, Si, Sn, etc.). Yet, little is known so far about the associated elementary steps, and it is highly desirable to gain better knowledge regarding the way σ-bonds can be activated by copper to help further development in this area. To this end, we became interested in investigating the coordination and activation of apolar or weakly polar σ-bonds at copper using chelating assistance. Here we report investigations of gold and copper complexes deriving from the diphosphine-stannane [Ph2P(o-C6H4)Me2Sn-SnMe2(o-C6H4)PPh2] 1. The σ-SnSn bond of 1 readily undergoes oxidative addition at both gold and copper, giving bis(stannyl) Au(+) and Cu(+) complexes 2 and 3. Coordination of 1 to CuBr leads to the neutral complex 4 which features more σ-SnSn complex character. The ability of complex 3 to undergo insertion reactions with alkynes was then examined. With methyl propiolate, a clean reaction occurred, and the bis-stannylated alkene copper complex 5 was isolated. The structures of ligand 1 and complexes 2-5 have been unambiguously determined by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and crystallography. These results substantiate the ability of copper to promote the addition of apolar σ-bonds to CC multiple bonds via a 2e redox sequence and draw thereby an unprecedented parallel with the group 10 metals. 14. Laser Spectroscopy Studies in the Neutron-Rich Sn Region CERN Multimedia Obert, J 2002-01-01 We propose to use the powerful laser spectroscopy method to determine the magnetic moment\\mu$and the variation of the mean square charge radius ($\\delta\\,\\langle$r$_{c}^{2}\\,\\rangle$) for ground and long-lived isomeric states of the Sn isotopes from A=125 to the doubly-magic$^{132}$Sn isotope and beyond. For these neutron-rich Sn nuclei, numerous$\\delta\\,\\langle$r$^{2}_{c}\\,\\rangle$curves have already been calculated and the predictions depend upon the effective interactions used. Therefore, a study of the effect of the shell closure N=82 on the$\\delta\\,\\langle$r$^{2}_{c}\\,\\rangle$values in the Z=50 magic nuclei is of great interest, especially because$^{132}\$Sn is located far from the stability valley. It will help to improve the parameters of the effective interactions and make them more suitable to predict the properties of exotic nuclei. \\\\ \\\\The neutron-rich Sn isotopes produced with an uranium carbide target, are ionized using either a hot plasma ion source or the resonant ionization laser ion ... 15. Hydrogen peroxide route to Sn-doped titania photocatalysts Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden) Štengl Václav 2012-10-01 Full Text Available Abstract Background The work aims at improving photocatalytic activity of titania under Vis light irradiation using modification by Sn ions and an original, simple synthesis method. Tin-doped titania catalysts were prepared by thermal hydrolysis of aqueous solutions of titanium peroxo-complexes in the presence of SnCl4 or SnCl2 using an original, proprietary "one pot" synthesis not employing organic solvents, metallo-organic precursors, autoclave aging nor post-synthesis calcination. The products were characterized in details by powder diffraction, XPS, UV–vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopies, electron microscopy and surface area and porosity measurements Results The presence of tin in synthesis mixtures favors the formation of rutile and brookite at the expense of anatase, decreases the particle size of all formed titania polymorphs, and extends light absorption of titania to visible light region >400 nm by both red shift of the absorption edge and introduction of new chromophores. The photocatalytic activity of titania under UV irradiation and >400 nm light was tested by decomposition kinetics of Orange II dye in aqueous solution Conclusions Doping by Sn improves titania photoactivity under UV light and affords considerable photoactivity under >400 nm light due to increased specific surface area and a phase heterogeneity of the Sn-doped titania powders. 16. Four new chalcohalides, NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br and CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl: Syntheses, crystal structures and optical properties Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Li, Chao; Feng, Kai; Tu, Heng [Center for Crystal Research and Development, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049 (China); Yao, Jiyong, E-mail: [email protected] [Center for Crystal Research and Development, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); Wu, Yicheng [Center for Crystal Research and Development, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China); Key Laboratory of Functional Crystals and Laser Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190 (China) 2015-07-15 Four new chalcohalides, namely NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br, and CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, have been synthesized by the conventional high temperature solid-state reactions. They crystallize in three different space groups: space group I4/mcm for NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl and KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, Pnma for KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br, and P2{sub 1}/c for CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl. In all four compounds, the X{sup −} halide anions are only connected to six alkali metal or Ba cations, and the Sn atoms are only tetrahedrally enjoined to four S atoms. However, the M–X–Ba pseudo layers and the SnS{sub 4} tetrahedra are arranged in different ways in the three structural types, which demonstrates the interesting effect of ionic radii on the crystal structures. UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy measurements indicate that NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br, and CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl have band gaps of 2.28, 2.30, 1.95, and 2.06 eV, respectively. - Graphical abstract: A new series of chalcohalides, NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br and CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl have been obtained. They present three different space groups: NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl and KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl in space group I4/mcm, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br in Pnma and CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl in space group P2{sub 1}/c. UV–vis–NIR spectroscopy measurements indicate that NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br and CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl have band gaps of 2.28, 2.30 1.95, and 2.06 eV, respectively. - Highlights: • Four new chalcohalides, NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br and CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl were obtained. • They adopt three different structures owing to different ionic radii and elemental electronegativity. • NaBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl, KBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Br and CsBa{sub 2}SnS{sub 4}Cl have band gaps 17. Synthesis and characterization of Pt-Sn-Ni alloys to application as catalysts for direct ethanol fuel cells; Sintese e caracterizacao de ligas de Pt-Sn-Ni para aplicacao como caztalisadores em celulas a combustivel do tipo DEFC Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Silva, E.L. da; Correa, P.S.; Oliveira, E.L. de; Takimi, A.S.; Malfatti, C.F., E-mail: [email protected] [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (LAPEC/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS (Brazil). Programa de Pos-Graduacao em Engenharia Mecanica. Lab. de Pesquisa em Corrosao; Radtke, C. [Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (IQ/UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS (Brazil). Inst. de Quimica 2010-07-01 Direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) have been the focus of recent research due its application in mobile energy sources. In order to obtain the maximum efficiency from these systems, it is necessary the total ethanol oxidation, which implies in C-C bond break. Different catalysts described in literature are employed with this intent. This work consists in studying PtSnNi catalysts supported on carbon Vulcan XC72R, to application in DEFCs. Thus, it was used the impregnation/reduction method, varying the atomic proportion among Pt, Sn and Ni. The alloys were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, Cyclic Voltammetry and Transmission Microscopy. Preliminary results show that predominant structure on the catalysts is the face centered cubic platinum and the densities currents are dependent on the platinum amount. (author) 18. A network of networks. Science.gov (United States) Iedema, Rick; Verma, Raj; Wutzke, Sonia; Lyons, Nigel; McCaughan, Brian 2017-04-10 Purpose To further our insight into the role of networks in health system reform, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how one agency, the NSW Agency for Clinical Innovation (ACI), and the multiple networks and enabling resources that it encompasses, govern, manage and extend the potential of networks for healthcare practice improvement. Design/methodology/approach This is a case study investigation which took place over ten months through the first author's participation in network activities and discussions with the agency's staff about their main objectives, challenges and achievements, and with selected services around the state of New South Wales to understand the agency's implementation and large system transformation activities. Findings The paper demonstrates that ACI accommodates multiple networks whose oversight structures, self-organisation and systems change approaches combined in dynamic ways, effectively yield a diversity of network governances. Further, ACI bears out a paradox of "centralised decentralisation", co-locating agents of innovation with networks of implementation and evaluation expertise. This arrangement strengthens and legitimates the role of the strategic hybrid - the healthcare professional in pursuit of change and improvement, and enhances their influence and impact on the wider system. Research limitations/implications While focussing the case study on one agency only, this study is unique as it highlights inter-network connections. Contributing to the literature on network governance, this paper identifies ACI as a "network of networks" through which resources, expectations and stakeholder dynamics are dynamically and flexibly mediated and enhanced. Practical implications The co-location of and dynamic interaction among clinical networks may create synergies among networks, nurture "strategic hybrids", and enhance the impact of network activities on health system reform. Social implications Network governance requires more 19. Control of Ge1-x-y Si x Sn y layer lattice constant for energy band alignment in Ge1-x Sn x /Ge1-x-y Si x Sn y heterostructures Science.gov (United States) Fukuda, Masahiro; Watanabe, Kazuhiro; Sakashita, Mitsuo; Kurosawa, Masashi; Nakatsuka, Osamu; Zaima, Shigeaki 2017-10-01 The energy band alignment of Ge1-x Sn x /Ge1-x-y Si x Sn y heterostructures was investigated, and control of the valence band offset at the Ge1-x Sn x /Ge1-x-y Si x Sn y heterointerface was achieved by controlling the Si and Sn contents in the Ge1-x-y Si x Sn y layer. The valence band offset in the Ge0.902Sn0.098/Ge0.41Si0.50Sn0.09 heterostructure was evaluated to be as high as 330 meV, and its conduction band offset was estimated to be 150 meV by considering the energy bandgap calculated from the theoretical prediction. In addition, the formation of the strain-relaxed Ge1-x-y Si x Sn y layer was examined and the crystalline structure was characterized. The epitaxial growth of a strain-relaxed Ge0.64Si0.21Sn0.15 layer with the degree of strain relaxation of 55% was examined using a virtual Ge substrate. Moreover, enhancement of the strain relaxation was demonstrated by post-deposition annealing, where a degree of strain relaxation of 70% was achieved after annealing at 400 °C. These results indicate the possibility for enhancing the indirect-direct crossover with a strained and high-Sn-content Ge1-x Sn x layer on a strain-relaxed Ge1-x-y Si x Sn y layer, realizing preferable carrier confinement by type-I energy band alignment with high conduction and valence band offsets. 20. Features of the band structure and conduction mechanisms in the n-HfNiSn semiconductor heavily doped with Ru Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Romaka, V. A., E-mail: [email protected] [National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Pidstrygach Institute for Applied Problems in Mechanics and Mathematics (Ukraine); Rogl, P. [Universität Wien, Institut für Physikalische Chemie (Austria); Romaka, V. V. [National University Lvivska Politekhnika (Ukraine); Stadnyk, Yu. V. [Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Ukraine); Korzh, R. O.; Krayovskyy, V. Ya. [National University Lvivska Politekhnika (Ukraine); Horyn, A. M. [Ivan Franko National University of Lviv (Ukraine) 2014-12-15 The crystal and electronic structure and energy and kinetic properties of the n-HfNiSn semiconductor heavily doped with a Ru acceptor impurity are investigated in the temperature and Ru concentration ranges T = 80–400 K and N{sub A}{sup Ru} ≈ 9.5 × 10{sup 19}−5.7 × 10{sup 20} cm{sup −3} (x = 0–0.03), respectively. The mechanism of structural-defect generation is established, which changes the band gap and degree of compensation of the semiconductor and consists in the simultaneous concentration reduction and elimination of donor structural defects by means of the displacement of ∼1% of Ni atoms from the Hf (4a) positions, the generation of acceptor structural defects upon the substitution of Ru atoms for Ni atoms in the 4c positions, and the generation of donor defects in the form of vacancies in the Sn (4b) positions. The calculated electronic structure of HfNi{sub 1−x}Ru{sub x}Sn is consistent with the experiment. The results obtained are discussed within the Shklovsky-Efros model for a heavily doped and compensated semiconductor. 1. Synthesis and enhanced acetone gas-sensing performance of ZnSnO3/SnO2 hollow urchin nanostructures Science.gov (United States) Lian, Dandan; Shi, Bing; Dai, Rongrong; Jia, Xiaohua; Wu, Xiangyang 2017-12-01 A kind of novel ZnSnO3/SnO2 hollow urchin nanostructure was synthesized by a facile, eco-friendly two-step liquid-phase process. The structure, morphology, and composition of samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. The results revealed that many tiny needle-like SnO2 nanowires with the average diameter of 5 nm uniformly grew on the surface of the ZnSnO3 hollow microspheres and the ZnSnO3/SnO2 hollow urchin nanostructures with different SnO2 content also were successfully prepared. In order to comprehend the evolution process of the ZnSnO3/SnO2 hollow urchin nanostructures, the possible growth mechanism of samples was illustrated via several experiments in different reaction conditions. Moreover, the gas-sensing performance of as-prepared samples was investigated. The results showed that ZnSnO3/SnO2 hollow urchin nanostructures with high response to various concentration levels of acetone enhanced selectivity, satisfying repeatability, and good long-term stability for acetone detection. Specially, the 10 wt% ZnSnO3/SnO2 hollow urchin nanostructure exhibited the best gas sensitivity (17.03 for 50 ppm acetone) may be a reliable biomarker for the diabetes patients, which could be ascribed to its large specific surface area, complete pore permeability, and increase of chemisorbed oxygen due to the doping of SnO2. 2. Dominant effect of high anisotropy in β-Sn grain on electromigration-induced failure mechanism in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu interconnect Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB) Huang, M.L., E-mail: [email protected]; Zhao, J.F.; Zhang, Z.J.; Zhao, N. 2016-09-05 The effect of high diffusivity anisotropy in β-Sn grain on electromigration behavior of micro-bumps was clearly demonstrated using Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder interconnects with only two β-Sn grains. The orientation of β-Sn grain (θ is defined as the angle between the c-axis of β-Sn grain and the electron flow direction) is becoming the most crucial factor to dominate the different electromigration-induced failure modes: 1) the excessive dissolution of the cathode Cu, blocking at the grain boundary and massive precipitation of columnar Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the small angle θ β-Sn grain occur when electrons flow from a small angle θ β-Sn grain to a large one; 2) void formation and propagation occur at the cathode IMC/solder interface and no Cu{sub 6}Sn{sub 5} IMCs precipitate within the large angle θ β-Sn grain when electrons flow in the opposite direction. The EM-induced failure mechanism of the two β-Sn grain solder interconnects is well explained in viewpoint of atomic diffusion flux in β-Sn. - Highlights: • High anisotropy in β-Sn dominates different electromigration-induced failure mode. • Excessive dissolution of cathode Cu occurs if electrons flow in forward direction. • Voids initiate and propagate at cathode if electrons flow in reverse direction. • Failure modes are well explained in viewpoint of atomic diffusion flux in β-Sn. 3. Facile synthesis of two-dimensional graphene/SnO2/Pt ternary hybrid nanomaterials and their catalytic properties Science.gov (United States) Zhu, Chengzhou; Wang, Ping; Wang, Li; Han, Lei; Dong, Shaojun 2011-10-01 In this paper, we reported a simple, aqueous-phase route to the synthesis of two-dimensional graphene/SnO2 composite nanosheets (GSCN) hybrid nanostructures consisting of 5 nm Pt nanoparticles supported on the both sides of GSCN. Functional two-dimensional GSCN were obtained through the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using SnCl2 in the presence of polyelectrolyte poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). The main advantages of this preparation are that the reduction of GO, the formation of SnO2 and the functionalization of GSCN were achieved simultaneously through one-pot reaction. GSCN/Pt ternary hybrid nanomaterials were generated by in situ reduction of negatively charged PtCl62- precursors adsorbed on the positively charged surface of GSCN through electrostatic attraction. The as-synthesized GSCN/Pt ternary hybrid nanomaterials exhibited high cycle stabilization during the catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol into p-aminophenol by NaBH4. Additionally, our approach is expected to extend to other hybrid nanomaterials. We believe that the obtained GSCN/Pt ternary hybrid nanomaterials have great potential for applications in other field, such as electrochemical energy storage, sensors, and so on.In this paper, we reported a simple, aqueous-phase route to the synthesis of two-dimensional graphene/SnO2 composite nanosheets (GSCN) hybrid nanostructures consisting of 5 nm Pt nanoparticles supported on the both sides of GSCN. Functional two-dimensional GSCN were obtained through the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) using SnCl2 in the presence of polyelectrolyte poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). The main advantages of this preparation are that the reduction of GO, the formation of SnO2 and the functionalization of GSCN were achieved simultaneously through one-pot reaction. GSCN/Pt ternary hybrid nanomaterials were generated by in situ reduction of negatively charged PtCl62- precursors adsorbed on the positively charged surface of GSCN through 4. Theoretical Investigation of the Thermodynamic Properties of η'-(Cu, Co)6Sn5 Alloys Science.gov (United States) Wu, Heng; Zhang, Xuechao; Zheng, Bing; Zhao, Xiuchen; Liu, Ying; Li, Hong; Cheng, Jingwei 2018-02-01 We perform theoretical investigations on the structures of η'-Cu6Sn5-based intermetallic compounds (IMCs) with different Co doping concentration (0-12.2 wt.%) based on density functional theory (DFT). The variations of the structural, elastic and thermodynamic properties of (Cu, Co)6Sn5 IMCs with pressure (0-18 GPa) and temperature (0-500 K) are obtained with the application of quasi-harmonic Debye model for the non-equilibrium Gibbs free energy. It is found that the volume of (Cu, Co)6Sn5 shrinks with Co concentration increasing in the range of imposed pressure and temperature. At the same time, the bulk modulus of Cu4Co2Sn5 is the largest among those of Cu6Sn5, Cu5Co1Sn5 and Cu4Co2Sn5. By calculating the Debye temperature of Cu6Sn5, we find that it is higher than that of Cu5Co1Sn5 and Cu4Co2Sn5 when the pressure is higher than 2 GPa. Meanwhile, heat capacities of all three Cu6Sn5, Cu5Co1Sn5, and Cu4Co2Sn5 converge to a near-constant value at about 1090 J/mol K in the range of the imposed pressures. 5. Kinetics of plasma oxidation of germanium-tin (GeSn) Science.gov (United States) Wang, Wei; Lei, Dian; Dong, Yuan; Zhang, Zheng; Pan, Jisheng; Gong, Xiao; Tok, Eng-Soon; Yeo, Yee-Chia 2017-12-01 The kinetics of plasma oxidation of GeSn at low temperature is investigated. The oxidation process is described by a power-law model where the oxidation rate decreases rapidly from the initial oxidation rate with increasing time. The oxidation rate of GeSn is higher than that of pure Ge, which can be explained by the higher chemical reaction rate at the GeSn-oxide/GeSn interface. In addition, the Sn atoms at the interface region exchange positions with the underlying Ge atoms during oxidation, leading to a SnO2-rich oxide near the interface. The bandgap of GeSn oxide is extracted to be 5.1 ± 0.2 eV by XPS, and the valence band offset at the GeSn-oxide/GeSn heterojunction is found to be 3.7 ± 0.2 eV. Controlled annealing experiments demonstrate that the GeSn oxide is stable with respect to annealing temperatures up to 400 °C. However, after annealing at 450 °C, the GeO2 is converted to GeO, and desorbs from the GeSn-oxide/GeSn, leaving behind Sn oxide. 6. Theoretical Investigation of the Thermodynamic Properties of η'-(Cu, Co)6Sn5 Alloys Science.gov (United States) Wu, Heng; Zhang, Xuechao; Zheng, Bing; Zhao, Xiuchen; Liu, Ying; Li, Hong; Cheng, Jingwei 2017-11-01 We perform theoretical investigations on the structures of η'-Cu6Sn5-based intermetallic compounds (IMCs) with different Co doping concentration (0-12.2 wt.%) based on density functional theory (DFT). The variations of the structural, elastic and thermodynamic properties of (Cu, Co)6Sn5 IMCs with pressure (0-18 GPa) and temperature (0-500 K) are obtained with the application of quasi-harmonic Debye model for the non-equilibrium Gibbs free energy. It is found that the volume of (Cu, Co)6Sn5 shrinks with Co concentration increasing in the range of imposed pressure and temperature. At the same time, the bulk modulus of Cu4Co2Sn5 is the largest among those of Cu6Sn5, Cu5Co1Sn5 and Cu4Co2Sn5. By calculating the Debye temperature of Cu6Sn5, we find th	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7264158725738525, "perplexity": 9401.377125557843}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125947693.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180425041916-20180425061916-00061.warc.gz"}
http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Foundation-and-Leadership-Public-Schools%2C-College-Access-Reader%3A-Geometry/r1/section/4.8/	<img src="https://d5nxst8fruw4z.cloudfront.net/atrk.gif?account=iA1Pi1a8Dy00ym" style="display:none" height="1" width="1" alt="" /> # 4.8: Proofs with CPCTC Difficulty Level: At Grade Created by: CK-12 ## Learning Objectives • Apply various triangle congruence postulates and theorems. • Know the ways in which you can prove parts of a triangle congruent. As you can see, there are many different ways to prove that two triangles are congruent. It is important to know all of the different ways that can prove congruence, and it is important to know which combinations of sides and angles do not prove congruence. ## Congruence Theorem Review As you have studied in the previous lessons, there are five theorems and postulates that provide different ways in which you can prove two triangles congruent without checking all of the angles and all of the sides. It is important to know these five rules well so that you can use them in practical applications. Name Corresponding congruent parts Picture Does it prove congruence? SSS Three sides Yes SAS Two sides and the angle between them Yes ASA Two angles and the side between them Yes AAS Two angles and a side not between them Yes HL The hypotenuse and a leg in a right triangle Yes Example 1 What rule can prove that the triangles below are congruent? A. SSS B. SAS C. ASA D. AAS The two triangles in the picture have two pairs of congruent angles (DCEORN\begin{align}\angle DCE \cong \angle ORN\end{align} and CEDRNO\begin{align}\angle CED \cong \angle RNO\end{align}) and one pair of corresponding congruent sides (DC¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯OR¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯)\begin{align}(\overline{DC} \cong \overline{OR})\end{align}. So, the triangle congruence postulate you choose must have two A’s (for the angles) and one S\begin{align}S\end{align} (for the side). You can eliminate choices A and B for this reason. Now that you are deciding between choices C and D, you need to identify where the side is located in relation to the given angles. It is adjacent to one angle, but it is not in between them. Therefore, you can prove congruence using AAS. 1. The two triangles below are congruent because of the SAS postulate. Mark the SAS congruent parts with tic marks and arcs: 2. True/False: SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, and HL (in a right triangle) are 5 different ways to prove that triangles are congruent. \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} ## Proving Parts Congruent It is one thing to identify congruence when all of the important identifying information is provided, but sometimes you will have to identify congruent parts on your own. This may take a bit of thought, and you must use some deductive reasoning (finding conclusions based on facts) to find the missing parts. When you were creating proofs, you also used the reflexive property of congruence. This property states that any segment or angle is congruent to itself. While this may sound obvious, it can be very helpful in proofs, as you saw in those examples. Recall that, if two triangles are congruent, then all pairs of corresponding sides and all pairs of corresponding angles are congruent. We say that the Corresponding Parts (sides and angles) of Congruent Triangles are Congruent, or CPCTC. 1. What is a part of a triangle? \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} 2. What does it mean for parts to be corresponding? \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} 3. Explain in your own words what CPCTC means. \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} How do we use the concept of CPCTC in a proof? Check out the example on the following page… Example 2 How could you prove that segment AB\begin{align}AB\end{align} is congruent to segment DE\begin{align}DE\end{align} in the diagram below? We can see that BC¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯CE¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯\begin{align}\overline{BC} \cong \overline{CE}\end{align} and AC¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯CD¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯\begin{align}\overline{AC} \cong \overline{CD}\end{align} because of the tic marks in the figure. Think of all of the postulates and theorems (in the chart at the beginning of Lesson 7 and in your graphic organizer) that have 2 S’s (SSS and SAS). We may be able to use SSS or SAS to show the triangles are congruent. However, to use SSS, we would need AB¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯DE¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯\begin{align}\overline{AB} \cong \overline{DE}\end{align} and we cannot yet make this assumption. Can we show that two of the angles are congruent? Notice that BCA\begin{align}\angle BCA\end{align} and ECD\begin{align}\angle ECD\end{align} are vertical angles (non-adjacent angles made by the intersection of two lines—i.e., angles on the opposite sides of the intersection). The Vertical Angle Theorem states that all vertical angles are also congruent. So, this tells us that BCAECD\begin{align}\angle BCA \cong \angle ECD\end{align}. We now have two congruent sides and a congruent angle between the sides! • The congruent sides are: ___________ \begin{align}\cong\end{align} ___________ and ___________ \begin{align}\cong\end{align} ___________ • The congruent angles are: _______________ \begin{align}\cong\end{align} _______________ By putting all of this information together, you can confirm that ΔABCΔDEC\begin{align}\Delta ABC \cong \Delta DEC\end{align} by the SAS Postulate. Finally, if the two triangles are congruent, then their corresponding parts are congruent. Therefore segment AB\begin{align}AB\end{align} is congruent to segment DE\begin{align}DE\end{align} by CPCTC. 1. In the space below, draw a picture of two triangles that are congruent because of the ASA postulate. Make sure to mark the congruent parts with tic marks and arcs! \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} 2. If you know that 2 pairs of angles and 1 pair of sides are congruent in your picture above, what other parts of the triangles are congruent? (Hint: there are 3 answers!) \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} \begin{align}{\;}\end{align} 3. Your answers to question #2 above are true because of CPCTC. The letters CPCTC stand for: (Fill in the blanks) ______________________ ______________________ of ________________________ ________________________ are _________________________ . ## Finding Distances (a real-word application) One way to use congruent triangles is to help you find distances in real life—usually using a map or a diagram as a model. When using congruent triangles to identify distances, be sure you always match up corresponding sides. The most common error on this type of problem involves matching two sides that are not corresponding. Example 3 The map below shows five different towns. The town of Meridian is exactly halfway between two pairs of cities: it is halfway between Camden and Grenata AND it is halfway between Lowell and Morsetown. Using the information in the map, what is the distance between Camden and Lowell? The first step in this problem is to identify whether or not the triangles drawn on the map are congruent. Since you know that the distance from Camden to Meridian is the same as Meridian to Grenata (since Meridian is halfway between those cities), those two sides of the triangles are congruent. You can make a tic mark on these sides. Similarly, since the distance from Lowell to Meridian is the same as Meridian to Morsetown (again because Meridian is halfway between), those two sides are also a congruent pair and you can give them congruent tic marks. Finally, you can tell that the angles between these lines (at the intersection where Meridian is) are also congruent because they are vertical angles. With all of your congruent sides and angles marked, your map will look like this: So, by the SAS postulate, these two triangles are congruent. This allows us to find the distance between Camden and Lowell by identifying its corresponding side on the other triangle. Because they are both opposite the vertical angle, the side connecting Camden and Lowell corresponds to the side connecting Morsetown and Grenata. Since the triangles are congruent, these corresponding sides will also be congruent to each other. Therefore, the distance between Camden and Lowell is 5 miles. This use of the definition of congruent triangles is one of the most powerful tools you will use in geometry class! It is often abbreviated as CPCTC, meaning Corresponding Parts of Congruent Triangles are Congruent. 8 , 9 , 10 ## Date Created: Feb 23, 2012 May 12, 2014 Save or share your relevant files like activites, homework and worksheet. To add resources, you must be the owner of the section. 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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/finding-magnitudes-of-vectors-given-angles.426693/	# Homework Help: Finding magnitudes of vectors given angles 1. Sep 5, 2010 ### randomhobo 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Vector A points in the negative direction. Vector B points at an angle of 35.0 above the positive axis. Vector C has a magnitude of 16 and points in a direction 44.0 below the positive axis. Given that A+B+C=0 , find the magnitudes of A and B . 2. Relevant equations Ax cos θ Ay sin θ 3. The attempt at a solution I think I have the picture of the triangle graphed out, but since there are no 90 degree angles, how do I use the relevant equations to find the magnitudes? Last edited: Sep 5, 2010 2. Sep 5, 2010 ### CompuChip That's not an equation, it's just a formula with some variables and a cosine. Maybe you can look up precisely what formula you wanted to write there and explain to us what it means? (This is not to be strict about the rules; but if you mean what I think you mean, then understanding what that formula says is the key to the solution) Also, can you post the complete question? You just defined A, B and C, and you have to calculate the missing magnitudes, if I understand it correctly, but that is not enough info. 3. Sep 5, 2010 ### brushman Try using the law of sines (I believe this works). 4. Sep 21, 2010 ### DrewBlay _______________________________________ For angles games from the list of the subjects: http://www.free-training-tutorial.com/angles-games.html" [Broken] http://www.free-training-tutorial.com/math-games.html" [Broken] Last edited by a moderator: May 4, 2017	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9106653332710266, "perplexity": 906.8434930079567}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267860168.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180618090026-20180618110026-00566.warc.gz"}
https://doc.sagemath.org/html/en/reference/combinat/sage/rings/cfinite_sequence.html	# C-Finite Sequences# C-finite infinite sequences satisfy homogeneous linear recurrences with constant coefficients: $a_{n+d} = c_0a_n + c_1a_{n+1} + \cdots + c_{d-1}a_{n+d-1}, \quad d>0.$ CFiniteSequences are completely defined by their ordinary generating function (o.g.f., which is always a fraction of polynomials over $$\ZZ$$ or $$\QQ$$ ). EXAMPLES: sage: fibo = CFiniteSequence(x/(1-x-x^2)) # the Fibonacci sequence sage: fibo C-finite sequence, generated by -x/(x^2 + x - 1) sage: fibo.parent() The ring of C-Finite sequences in x over Rational Field sage: fibo.parent().category() Category of commutative rings sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: fibo.parent() == C True sage: C The ring of C-Finite sequences in x over Rational Field sage: C(x/(1-x-x^2)) C-finite sequence, generated by -x/(x^2 + x - 1) sage: C(x/(1-x-x^2)) == fibo True sage: var('y') y sage: CFiniteSequence(y/(1-y-y^2)) C-finite sequence, generated by -y/(y^2 + y - 1) sage: CFiniteSequence(y/(1-y-y^2)) == fibo False Finite subsets of the sequence are accessible via python slices: sage: fibo[137] #the 137th term of the Fibonacci sequence 19134702400093278081449423917 sage: fibo[137] == fibonacci(137) True sage: fibo[0:12] [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] sage: fibo[14:4:-2] [377, 144, 55, 21, 8] They can be created also from the coefficients and start values of a recurrence: sage: r = C.from_recurrence([1,1],[0,1]) sage: r == fibo True Given enough values, the o.g.f. of a C-finite sequence can be guessed: sage: r = C.guess([0,1,1,2,3,5,8]) sage: r == fibo True AUTHORS: • Ralf Stephan (2014): initial version REFERENCES: class sage.rings.cfinite_sequence.CFiniteSequence(parent, ogf)# Create a C-finite sequence given its ordinary generating function. INPUT: • ogf – a rational function, the ordinary generating function (can be an element from the symbolic ring, fraction field or polynomial ring) OUTPUT: • A CFiniteSequence object EXAMPLES: sage: CFiniteSequence((2-x)/(1-x-x^2)) # the Lucas sequence C-finite sequence, generated by (x - 2)/(x^2 + x - 1) sage: CFiniteSequence(x/(1-x)^3) # triangular numbers C-finite sequence, generated by -x/(x^3 - 3x^2 + 3x - 1) Polynomials are interpreted as finite sequences, or recurrences of degree 0: sage: CFiniteSequence(x^2-4x^5) Finite sequence [1, 0, 0, -4], offset = 2 sage: CFiniteSequence(1) Finite sequence [1], offset = 0 This implementation allows any polynomial fraction as o.g.f. by interpreting any power of $$x$$ dividing the o.g.f. numerator or denominator as a right or left shift of the sequence offset: sage: CFiniteSequence(x^2+3/x) Finite sequence [3, 0, 0, 1], offset = -1 sage: CFiniteSequence(1/x+4/x^3) Finite sequence [4, 0, 1], offset = -3 sage: P = LaurentPolynomialRing(QQ.fraction_field(), 'X') sage: X=P.gen() sage: CFiniteSequence(1/(1-X)) C-finite sequence, generated by -1/(X - 1) The o.g.f. is always normalized to get a denominator constant coefficient of $$+1$$: sage: CFiniteSequence(1/(x-2)) C-finite sequence, generated by 1/(x - 2) The given ogf is used to create an appropriate parent: it can be a symbolic expression, a polynomial , or a fraction field element as long as it can be coerced into a proper fraction field over the rationals: sage: var('x') x sage: f1 = CFiniteSequence((2-x)/(1-x-x^2)) sage: P.<x> = QQ[] sage: f2 = CFiniteSequence((2-x)/(1-x-x^2)) sage: f1 == f2 True sage: f1.parent() The ring of C-Finite sequences in x over Rational Field sage: f1.ogf().parent() Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field sage: CFiniteSequence(log(x)) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: unable to convert log(x) to a rational closed_form(n='n')# Return a symbolic expression in n, which equals the n-th term of the sequence. It is a well-known property of C-finite sequences a_n that they have a closed form of the type: $a_n = \sum_{i=1}^d c_i(n) \cdot r_i^n,$ where r_i are the roots of the characteristic equation and c_i(n) is a polynomial (whose degree equals the multiplicity of r_i minus one). This is a natural generalization of Binet’s formula for Fibonacci numbers. See, for instance, [KP2011, Theorem 4.1]. Note that if the o.g.f. has a polynomial part, that is, if the numerator degree is not strictly less than the denominator degree, then this closed form holds only when n exceeds the degree of that polynomial part. In that case, the returned expression will differ from the sequence for small n. EXAMPLES: sage: CFiniteSequence(1/(1-x)).closed_form() 1 sage: CFiniteSequence(x^2/(1-x)).closed_form() 1 sage: CFiniteSequence(1/(1-x^2)).closed_form() 1/2(-1)^n + 1/2 sage: CFiniteSequence(1/(1+x^3)).closed_form() 1/3(-1)^n + 1/3(1/2Isqrt(3) + 1/2)^n + 1/3(-1/2Isqrt(3) + 1/2)^n sage: CFiniteSequence(1/(1-x)/(1-2x)/(1-3x)).closed_form() 9/23^n - 42^n + 1/2 Binet’s formula for the Fibonacci numbers: sage: CFiniteSequence(x/(1-x-x^2)).closed_form() sqrt(1/5)(1/2sqrt(5) + 1/2)^n - sqrt(1/5)(-1/2sqrt(5) + 1/2)^n sage: [_.subs(n=k).full_simplify() for k in range(6)] [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5] sage: CFiniteSequence((4x+3)/(1-2x-5x^2)).closed_form() 1/2(sqrt(6) + 1)^n(7sqrt(1/6) + 3) - 1/2(-sqrt(6) + 1)^n(7sqrt(1/6) - 3) Examples with multiple roots: sage: CFiniteSequence(x(x^2+4x+1)/(1-x)^5).closed_form() 1/4n^4 + 1/2n^3 + 1/4n^2 sage: CFiniteSequence((1+2x-x^2)/(1-x)^4/(1+x)^2).closed_form() 1/12n^3 - 1/8(-1)^n(n + 1) + 3/4n^2 + 43/24n + 9/8 sage: CFiniteSequence(1/(1-x)^3/(1-2x)^4).closed_form() 4/3(n^3 - 3n^2 + 20n - 36)2^n + 1/2n^2 + 19/2n + 49 sage: CFiniteSequence((x/(1-x-x^2))^2).closed_form() 1/5(n - sqrt(1/5))(1/2sqrt(5) + 1/2)^n + 1/5(n + sqrt(1/5))(-1/2sqrt(5) + 1/2)^n coefficients()# Return the coefficients of the recurrence representation of the C-finite sequence. OUTPUT: • A list of values EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: lucas = C((2-x)/(1-x-x^2)) # the Lucas sequence sage: lucas.coefficients() [1, 1] denominator()# Return the numerator of the o.g.f of self. EXAMPLES: sage: f = CFiniteSequence((2-x)/(1-x-x^2)); f C-finite sequence, generated by (x - 2)/(x^2 + x - 1) sage: f.denominator() x^2 + x - 1 numerator()# Return the numerator of the o.g.f of self. EXAMPLES: sage: f = CFiniteSequence((2-x)/(1-x-x^2)); f C-finite sequence, generated by (x - 2)/(x^2 + x - 1) sage: f.numerator() x - 2 ogf()# Return the ordinary generating function associated with the CFiniteSequence. This is always a fraction of polynomials in the base ring. EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: r = C.from_recurrence([2],[1]) sage: r.ogf() -1/2/(x - 1/2) sage: C(0).ogf() 0 recurrence_repr()# Return a string with the recurrence representation of the C-finite sequence. OUTPUT: • A string EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C((2-x)/(1-x-x^2)).recurrence_repr() 'homogeneous linear recurrence with constant coefficients of degree 2: a(n+2) = a(n+1) + a(n), starting a(0...) = [2, 1]' sage: C(x/(1-x)^3).recurrence_repr() 'homogeneous linear recurrence with constant coefficients of degree 3: a(n+3) = 3a(n+2) - 3a(n+1) + a(n), starting a(1...) = [1, 3, 6]' sage: C(1).recurrence_repr() 'Finite sequence [1], offset 0' sage: r = C((-2x^3 + x^2 - x + 1)/(2x^2 - 3x + 1)) sage: r.recurrence_repr() 'homogeneous linear recurrence with constant coefficients of degree 2: a(n+2) = 3a(n+1) - 2a(n), starting a(0...) = [1, 2, 5, 9]' sage: r = CFiniteSequence(x^3/(1-x-x^2)) sage: r.recurrence_repr() 'homogeneous linear recurrence with constant coefficients of degree 2: a(n+2) = a(n+1) + a(n), starting a(3...) = [1, 1, 2, 3]' series(n)# Return the Laurent power series associated with the CFiniteSequence, with precision $$n$$. INPUT: • $$n$$ – a nonnegative integer EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: r = C.from_recurrence([-1,2],[0,1]) sage: s = r.series(4); s x + 2x^2 + 3x^3 + 4x^4 + O(x^5) sage: type(s) <class 'sage.rings.laurent_series_ring_element.LaurentSeries'> sage.rings.cfinite_sequence.CFiniteSequences(base_ring, names=None, category=None)# Return the ring of C-Finite sequences. The ring is defined over a base ring ($$\ZZ$$ or $$\QQ$$ ) and each element is represented by its ordinary generating function (ogf) which is a rational function over the base ring. INPUT: • base_ring – the base ring to construct the fraction field representing the C-Finite sequences • names – (optional) the list of variables. EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C The ring of C-Finite sequences in x over Rational Field sage: C.an_element() C-finite sequence, generated by (x - 2)/(x^2 + x - 1) sage: C.category() Category of commutative rings sage: C.one() Finite sequence [1], offset = 0 sage: C.zero() Constant infinite sequence 0. sage: C(x) Finite sequence [1], offset = 1 sage: C(1/x) Finite sequence [1], offset = -1 sage: C((-x + 2)/(-x^2 - x + 1)) C-finite sequence, generated by (x - 2)/(x^2 + x - 1) class sage.rings.cfinite_sequence.CFiniteSequences_generic(polynomial_ring, category)# The class representing the ring of C-Finite Sequences Element# alias of CFiniteSequence an_element()# Return an element of C-Finite Sequences. OUTPUT: The Lucas sequence. EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C.an_element() C-finite sequence, generated by (x - 2)/(x^2 + x - 1) fraction_field()# Return the fraction field used to represent the elements of self. EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C.fraction_field() Fraction Field of Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field from_recurrence(coefficients, values)# Create a C-finite sequence given the coefficients $$c$$ and starting values $$a$$ of a homogeneous linear recurrence. $a_{n+d} = c_0a_n + c_1a_{n+1} + \cdots + c_{d-1}a_{n+d-1}, \quad d\ge0.$ INPUT: • coefficients – a list of rationals • values – start values, a list of rationals OUTPUT: • A CFiniteSequence object EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C.from_recurrence([1,1],[0,1]) # Fibonacci numbers C-finite sequence, generated by -x/(x^2 + x - 1) sage: C.from_recurrence([-1,2],[0,1]) # natural numbers C-finite sequence, generated by x/(x^2 - 2*x + 1) sage: r = C.from_recurrence([-1],[1]) sage: s = C.from_recurrence([-1],[1,-1]) sage: r == s True sage: r = C(x^3/(1-x-x^2)) sage: s = C.from_recurrence([1,1],[0,0,0,1,1]) sage: r == s True sage: C.from_recurrence(1,1) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: Wrong type for recurrence coefficient list. gen(i=0)# Return the i-th generator of self. INPUT: • i – an integer (default:0) EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C.gen() x sage: x == C.gen() True guess(sequence, algorithm='sage')# Return the minimal CFiniteSequence that generates the sequence. Assume the first value has index 0. INPUT: • sequence – list of integers • algorithm – string • ‘sage’ - the default is to use Sage’s matrix kernel function • ‘pari’ - use Pari’s implementation of LLL • ‘bm’ - use Sage’s Berlekamp-Massey algorithm OUTPUT: • a CFiniteSequence, or 0 if none could be found With the default kernel method, trailing zeroes are chopped off before a guessing attempt. This may reduce the data below the accepted length of six values. EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C.guess([1,2,4,8,16,32]) C-finite sequence, generated by -1/2/(x - 1/2) sage: r = C.guess([1,2,3,4,5]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: Sequence too short for guessing. With Berlekamp-Massey, if an odd number of values is given, the last one is dropped. So with an odd number of values the result may not generate the last value: sage: r = C.guess([1,2,4,8,9], algorithm='bm'); r C-finite sequence, generated by -1/2/(x - 1/2) sage: r[0:5] [1, 2, 4, 8, 16] ngens()# Return the number of generators of self EXAMPLES: sage: from sage.rings.cfinite_sequence import CFiniteSequences sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C.ngens() 1 polynomial_ring()# Return the polynomial ring used to represent the elements of self. EXAMPLES: sage: C.<x> = CFiniteSequences(QQ) sage: C.polynomial_ring() Univariate Polynomial Ring in x over Rational Field	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5905564427375793, "perplexity": 5754.019001895758}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710870.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221201221914-20221202011914-00797.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/users/12556/dawid?tab=questions&sort=votes	dawid Reputation 708 Next privilege 1,000 Rep. Create tags Badges 3 11 Newest Impact ~6k people reached • 0 posts edited • 0 helpful flags • 38 votes cast # 32 Questions 7 16 votes 1 answer 791 views 1 10 votes 2 answers 196 views 9 votes 0 answers 291 views ### A question connected with the decomposition of a functional on $C(X)$ on Riesz and Banach functionals nov 5 '11 at 22:52 Srivatsan 17.7k 1 8 votes 4 answers 418 views 4 7 votes 1 answer 168 views 6 votes 1 answer 351 views 6 votes 2 answers 260 views 2 6 votes 1 answer 712 views 2 6 votes 2 answers 413 views 2 5 votes 1 answer 47 views 1 5 votes 3 answers 267 views 4 votes 1 answer 243 views 4 votes 1 answer 131 views 4 votes 1 answer 111 views 1 4 votes 1 answer 315 views 1 3 votes 1 answer 72 views 3 votes 1 answer 46 views 3 votes 1 answer 58 views 3 votes 0 answers 61 views ### The existence of the limit $\lim_{n\to\infty} S_{i_n}\circ…\circ S_{i_1}(x)=x_0$ for some $i_1, i_2,…\leq N$ sep 28 '12 at 20:51 dawid 708 1 3 votes 0 answers 101 views ### Different definitions of e-property for Markov-Feller chains nov 27 '11 at 4:56 Srivatsan 17.7k 1 3 votes 1 answer 189 views 3 votes 1 answer 71 views 1 2 votes 0 answers 57 views ### The inequality of the form $\mathbb{P}_x(\sigma=k)\leq (1-p)^k$, where $\sigma$ is a stopping time dec 1 '12 at 3:31 dawid 708 2 votes 1 answer 120 views 1 2 votes 1 answer 224 views 1 vote 0 answers 44 views ### A deterministic corollary from a probailistic result for IFS oct 11 '12 at 17:53 dawid 708 1 1 vote 0 answers 63 views ### An Iterated function system with probabilities and overlapping supports of its invariant measures sep 13 '12 at 20:18 dawid 708 1 vote 1 answer 92 views 1 vote 0 answers 209 views ### The existence of the concave modulus of continuity for a continuos functions on a compact set sep 1 '12 at 17:01 dawid 708 0 votes 1 answer 43 views	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5840874910354614, "perplexity": 3710.647373177806}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246662032.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045742-00290-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/calculus/158494-qs-2-derivative-second-order-marginal-revenue-cost.html	# Math Help - Qs 2) - Derivative, second order, marginal revenue and cost 1. ## Qs 2) - Derivative, second order, marginal revenue and cost I cant seem to be able to figure out qs 2 in the attached document! Help! Attached Thumbnails	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8451636433601379, "perplexity": 5225.556854857277}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398448506.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205408-00327-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://search.datacite.org/works/10.4230/LIPICS.RTA.2011.139	### Modes of Convergence for Term Graph Rewriting Patrick Bahr Term graph rewriting provides a simple mechanism to finitely represent restricted forms of infinitary term rewriting. The correspondence between infinitary term rewriting and term graph rewriting has been studied to some extent. However, this endeavour is impaired by the lack of an appropriate counterpart of infinitary rewriting on the side of term graphs. We aim to fill this gap by devising two modes of convergence based on a partial order resp. a metric on term...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9151432514190674, "perplexity": 836.0814050484067}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948514051.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20171211203107-20171211223107-00074.warc.gz"}
https://byjus.com/question-answer/to-reduce-a-rational-number-to-its-standard-form-we-divide-its-numerator-and-denominator/	Question To reduce a rational number to its standard form, we divide its numerator and denominator by their A LCM B HCM C product D multiple Solution The correct option is C HCMFor standard form, we have to divide numerator and denominator by their highest common factor(HCF).Mathematics Suggest Corrections 0 Similar questions View More People also searched for View More	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9806967377662659, "perplexity": 2044.968808045246}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320303868.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220122164421-20220122194421-00338.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/30620/conditional-expectation?answertab=votes	# Conditional expectation Consider two random variables $\theta$ and $x$ whose supports are $[0,1]$ with the joint distribution function $f(x,\theta).$ Consider a conditional expectation $E[\theta\|x]$. Suppose I have some information about $\theta$ which is given as some measurable set $S$. I want to consider a condition that the rate of change of the conditional expectation with respect to $x$ is nonzero for almost every $x$ for each $S$. That is $\frac{\partial}{\partial x}E[\theta\|x, S] \ne 0$ for every measurable set $S$. Does this condition makes sense? Can there be any sufficient condition in terms of $f(x, \theta)$? - What is the utility of this condition? Also do you mean $E[x\| \theta]$? – PEV Apr 3 '11 at 6:30 In the last line $f(x,\theta)$ should be $f(x\|\theta)$. More importantly, it seems a condition such as the one you are after should involve the (absolute) distribution of $\theta$. But you only introduce the conditional distribution of $x$ conditionally on $\theta$. Any hypothesis on the distribution of $\theta$? – Did Apr 3 '11 at 7:52 Yes you can make assumption on the distribution of $\theta$. – Thales Apr 3 '11 at 11:09 It implies that, whatever information you obtain, when $x$ is different, its estimate of $\theta$ is different. – Thales Apr 3 '11 at 11:28 It means $E[\theta\|x].$ – Thales Apr 3 '11 at 11:50	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9803606867790222, "perplexity": 240.34744883272268}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011210359/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092010-00001-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://motls.blogspot.com/2014/06/its-female-hurricanes-that-are.html?showComment=1401866435098&m=1	## Wednesday, June 04, 2014 ### It's the female hurricanes that are destructive: paper I have made the observation – not seriously – many times, especially after the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It seems that the women hurricanes such as Katrina, Rita, and Wilma are those that are strong and that destroy things. Finally, this observation was made independently and published in peer-reviewed literature. Thanks to W.M. Briggs who commented on the paper critically while the media covered it uncritically. The hole at the center of a hurricane is often called an "eye" but new research suggests it is a vagina. The paper Female hurricanes are deadlier than male hurricanes by Jung and 3 co-authors from Illinois and Arizona has made it to the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America. Not bad. They analyze the statistics of the hurricanes' sexual organs and suggest a specific hypothesis on top of the obvious results: the women hurricanes are more deadly because people are sexist pigs and they underestimate these hurricanes' abilities! ;-) I think that at least in a recent decade, it's obvious that the female major hurricanes were physically stronger in average even before one considers any response by the humans, or any influence on the human society, for that matter. I am confident that the asymmetry is obvious – but not sufficient for a five-sigma discovery of a new law of Nature, "female hurricanes kill". To estimate the degree of surprise, one would have to carefully study the fraction of the hurricanes that are getting male and female names and other things. This is a good example of the fact that unlike leftists, Nature doesn't impose any 50-50 quotas on men or women – or any other groups of objects or events that could be demanded to be "equal" in a certain quantity except that they have absolutely no reason to be equal. The higher percentage of the females among hurricanes is a good analogy of the "global warming". Men and women are expected to balance each other – and cooling and warming episodes are expected to cancel out, too. Except that this is just the mean value and statistics pretty much guarantees that this mean value is never realized. In the case of the hurricane names, it is spectacularly obvious that there can't be a real causation, especially because the names are decided before the season (and the cyclone) starts. Let me wrap this short blog post with a joke that some of you may already know. The paper is consistent with the old wisdom about the difference between women and hurricanes. There is none. When they are arriving, they are a pleasant warm humid summer breeze. When they are leaving, they are taking cars and houses with them. ;-) 1. this was known long ago... " And Man knows it! Knows, moreover, that the Woman that God gave him Must command but may not govern—shall enthral but not enslave him. And She knows, because She warns him, and Her instincts never fail, That the Female of Her Species is more deadly than the Male." 2. There seems a glaring problem here. It has not been all that long that we have been using male names for storms. Also it has not been that long since we had 24/7storm news reporting and lots of warning. More people may have been killed when storms have female names because we had less hurricane safety years ago. The period when women names only were used may have had higher death rates and if these are included then naturally women seem more dangerous. 3. The exact years are known. First the phonetic alphabet was used. No sex. Then female names were used. One sex. Then male and female were alternated. Two sexes. Next, when trans gender permutations happen, bras and kets will be necessary to describe the hurricane space. 4. "That the Female of Her Species is more deadly than the Male." It is a well know fact that all wars are started and maintained by power hungry women. sarc/off	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 1, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3186971843242645, "perplexity": 1761.0414631314443}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038077843.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210414155517-20210414185517-00444.warc.gz"}
https://yizhang82.dev/go-and-async-await	# Does Go need async/await? Does the go language need async/await support? Recently I’ve been spending a bit of time playing with Go language. Coming from a C++ and C# background, I’ve been wondering what does C# async await (C++ coroutines, or node.js await/promise - pick your choice), would look like in Go. It turns out go does not need async/await - every thing can be synchronous by default. Let me explain why I arrived at this conclusion. But before that, let’s take a look at why we need the async/await in the first place. ## Sync everything Ever since the introduction of threads, there have been many different models of how you write concurrent code in different languages. The best example is perhaps I/O - you tell the operation system to write these 4096 bytes, and OS just does its magic, and come back saying “I’m done”. The most obvious way is to fire the write operation and then wait for the result to come back: file.write(buffer) Internally, it’s probably more like this: file.write(buffer, completionEvent); completionEvent.wait(); This is pretty straightforward. But what’s the downside? Note it’s not about wasting CPU resources. When a thread is blocked in waiting, OS is smart enough to suspend the thread, send it to a waiting list, and will wake it up if the resource it is waiting for get signaled. So it should not consume any CPU resources at all once it went to a deep sleep. Basically, it comes down to cost of threads. Every time when a thread is blocked in waiting, if you want to do new work, you need to create new threads. This is even true if you have a thread pool - just imagine if every single one of them is blocked - and you still need to inject a new thread into the thread pool, essentially growing the pool. Unfortunately, thread is not cheap. The OS has to allocate its own data structure for thread (TEB, TLS, etc), and a stack (reserve 1MB by default). Each thread when running also compete for CPU resources, and preemption is a full kernel context switch. Also, you better not block the UI thread - user would be very sad if your app stops responding to inputs. ## Loop and events Another common way to address this is to have a event loop. This is mostly common in UI threads where naturally the UI thread is the one that responding to inputs and you don’t want to block that. Node.js does this - there is only one thread and every body needs to do some work, and yield the thread to other work. Let’s assume we have a message loop. file.write doesn’t block - instead it fires off the write operation, and completion of write operation sends a message that triggers OnSaveComplete: main() { application.DoEvents(); } OnClickSave() { file.write(buffer, saveCompleteMessage); } OnSaveComplete() { // file write completed // do other stuff } Now if you need to write more: OnSaveComplete() { // file write completed file.write(buffer2, saveCompleteMessage2) } OnSaveComplete2() { // file write2 completed ... } This looks pretty ugly. You can free up the thread to do other work, but the price you are paying is to break up your code into smaller, disjoint chunks. Your thread also becomes a giant switch/case, or a bunch of small onThisEventDoThat methods (which is really a switch/case in disguise). ## Callback hell Imagine if write takes a callback: file.write(buffer, () => { // write finished... }); This doesn’t look so bad. But again, if you try to write more buffer: file.write(buffer, () => { // buffer written file.write(buffer2, () => { // buffer2 written ... }); }); This is commonly known as “callback hell”. The code is less disjointed than the event version (they are grouped together, after all), but the nesting makes it pretty awkward. This is most often seen in JavaScript code, but other languages/framework can got into this situation as well (boost.asio, for example). ## async / await With C# async/await (or C++ coroutine, or javascript await/promise), you can write code as if they are synchronous: await file.write(buffer); await file.write(buffer2); await file.write(buffer3); Under the hood, the compiler creates a state machine that maintains where you are exactly (before first write, after first write, after 2nd write, etc), and can suspend when the IO is in progress, therefore free the thread to do more work, and resume when the IO is completed. This is better than the models we have earlier that programmer writes (as if) synchronous code, and threads are not wasted because once “suspended” (in quotes because the thread doesn’t suspend in the OS sense - it got “reused”) thread can do other work. But there are also unfortunate costs: • Async is infectious - any code that uses async needs to be called from async code (async all the way up) until at certain boundaries (thread start function, event loop, etc) where magic happens. Long story short, the reason being that the entire async call chain needs to participate in the suspension/resume process and create their own state machine in each level. • Compiler gets much more complicated and not all features work. Because state machines. • debugging is challenging without debugger support for async. Without them, you can easily see unrelated function show up in the same callback, because resuming essentially hijacks the stack to run another function, and this can nest very deep. Interestingly you can also run into stack overflow more often… • there is non-trivial cost associated with async/await - every function now returns a task, “suspension” needs to allocate a task and return all the way up (which is why you need to have async keyword all the way up in the call chain - they all need to participate), code needs to now maintain additional states for state machine… Note async/await is a very complicated topic and probably worth a separate post to dive into. But for now what we talked about is probably good enough for this post. ## The Go model Go interestingly opt for a very different model. Amazingly, it achieves (mostly) the same benefits with async/await, but without many of the downsides. It does that through go routines. Go routine is not a real thread. They are more like fibers - that they are mapped to OS threads in a M:N mapping (M go routines »» N OS threads) and they are scheduled by the Go runtime, and have their own stack. This has many interesting consequences: • Go routines are cheap. There are no OS data structure allocated - just Go data structures that keep track of go routines, and with a small but growable stack. You can create hundres of thousands of go routines. • Only GOMAXPROC hardware threads are running (this isn’t always true if the thread is blocked in syscall / native code, but it is mostly true) at the same time. Even if you create ton of go routines - they don’t compete for CPU. This is more or less like thread pool. • Context switch are cheap. Just swap the registers, and pointing to a new stack, do some internal book keeping (you are switching the current thread, after all), you are done. No kernel context switches. Go also knows when your go routines may suspend, so it can optimize the code a bit more and doesn’t need to restore all registers. As a result, Go programmers can simply write synchronous code and forget about all the complexity of async/await/promise. file.write(buf) file.write(buf2) file.write(buf3) Internally, file.write can be implemented using sync.Cond or a channel - it naturally suspends and go can reschedule another go routine to run on this hardware thread if it needs to block. Of course, go routines is not without its own set of challenges - it’s difficult to write a good scheduler in user mode that works in all cases (you can’t preempt - everything is cooperative), growing stack tends to be rather expensive. Interestingly, infinite recursion can make your computer run out of memory in earlier version of Go, because the stack is growable infinitely. Either way, in my opinion Go’s model greatly simplifies asynchronous programming (not to mention channels) by allowing programmers to write synchronous code, with often superior performance, and that alone is a great reason to give Go a try. ## Conclusion Go in my opinion is a great language that got many things right - it is not afraid to make bold and sometimes contraversial choices, and is not yet another C# or Java (means that they are main-stream languages that made a lot of safe, main-stream choices). The most brilliant part is definitely concurrency. Having said that, there are also things I don’t agree with. Maybe save that for another go language post. 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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11004-012-9387-4	Mathematical Geosciences , Volume 44, Issue 3, pp 343–374 # Dimensional Reduction of Pattern-Based Simulation Using Wavelet Analysis • Snehamoy Chatterjee • Roussos Dimitrakopoulos • Hussein Mustapha Open Access Article ## Abstract A pattern-based simulation technique using wavelet analysis is proposed for the simulation (wavesim) of categorical and continuous variables. Patterns are extracted by scanning a training image with a template and then storing them in a pattern database. The dimension reduction of patterns in the pattern database is performed by wavelet decomposition at certain scale and the approximate sub-band is used for pattern database classification. The pattern database classification is performed by the k-means clustering algorithm and classes are represented by a class prototype. For the simulation of categorical variables, the conditional cumulative density function (ccdf) for each class is generated based on the frequency of the individual categories at the central node of the template. During the simulation process, the similarity of the conditioning data event with the class prototypes is measured using the L 2-norm. When simulating categorical variables, the ccdf of the best matched class is used to draw a pattern from a class. When continuous variables are simulated, a random pattern is drawn from the best matched class. Several examples of conditional and unconditional simulation with two- and three- dimensional data sets show that the spatial continuity of geometric features and shapes is well reproduced. A comparative study with the filtersim algorithm shows that the wavesim performs better than filtersim in all examples. A full-field case study at the Olympic Dam base metals deposit, South Australia, simulates the lithological rock-type units as categorical variables. Results show that the proportions of various rock-type units in the hard data are well reproduced when similar to those in the training image; when rock-type proportions between the training image and hard data differ, the results show a compromise between the two. ## Keywords Pattern-based simulation k-means clustering Wavelet analysis Conditional simulation Training image ## 1 Introduction Simulation at spatially correlated continuous and/or categorical variables such as the geological units and metal grades of mineral deposits, or sedimentary facies and pertinent attributes of petroleum reservoirs and water aquifers is a challenging task. The well-known variogram-based two-point statistical techniques (Goovaerts 1997; Deutsch and Journel 1998) are limited in its ability to adequately model spatial complexity (Journel and Alabert 1989). To address the limitations of two-point statistical models, new developments have introduced high-order spatial statistics in the form of the multi-point models (mp) (Guardiano and Srivastava 1993; Tjelmeland 1998; Journel 1997). In multi-point models, a pattern is defined as a set of values spatially distributed over a given template of spatial locations (Arpat and Caers 2007; Remy et al. 2009). During simulation, multi-point conditioning data in the form of a template is compared with patterns of the training image (a geological analogue of what is being modeled) and a pattern is selected from the training image. A pattern is selected either based on the most similar pattern (Arpat and Caers 2007) or a random pattern from the best matched class (Zhang et al. 2006; Wu et al. 2008). Different distance functions are used for similarity measures, including Manhattan distance (Zhang et al. 2006), L 2-norm (Chatterjee and Dimitrakopoulos 2011), and others. The main goal of mp simulation methods is finding the best matching pattern from a pattern database with the conditioning data event. A pattern database is generated by scanning the training image using the given template. The snesim algorithm (Strebelle 2000, 2002) generates a search tree from the training image and modeled conditional cumulative distribution function (ccdf) of patterns. The main disadvantage of the snesim algorithm is that it is demanding in terms of computer random-access memory (RAM) particularly when very large training images are used. RAM requirements may limit snesim when large size simulation of several multiple categories is needed. The snesim algorithm searches for exact replicates of conditioning data event. Since exact replicates may not always be possible to obtain from the pattern database, some conditioning data points from the conditioning data event are deleted. Arpat and Caers (2007) proposed an mp simulation algorithm termed as simpat (simulation with patterns), which is not based on the exact match of the training patterns with the conditioning data event but rather it searches for the best possible match. A simpat algorithm considers the training image as a collection of patterns, same as snesim, from which a pattern can be selected to locally match as close as possible to the conditioning data event. The main advantage of this algorithm is that no conditioning data points from the conditioning data event are required to be deleted; however, the major limitation is that the entire pattern database will be searched to find the best match at each simulating node; therefore computational time will be extensively high. The filtersim (simulation using filter scores) algorithm overcomes simpat’s computing limitation (Zhang et al. 2006; Wu et al. 2008). Like simpat, the main advantage of filtersim is that no conditioning data points need to be deleted from the conditioning data event for matching with the patterns from the pattern database. In filtersim, similarly to snesim and other mp simulation approaches, scanning of the entire training image is performed using a given template to obtain patterns. Different filters are applied on patterns to obtain values of filter scores. The patterns in the pattern database are then grouped, based on their filter score values, into different classes. The classes are represented by their prototype, which is the average value of all patterns in a class. During simulation, the conditioning data event is compared with the class prototypes to find the closest matched class. Unlike simpat, filtersim does not need to search the entire pattern database. The algorithm is looking for ‘best match’ rather than ‘exact match’; therefore, no elimination of conditioning data points from the data event is required. Honarkhah and Caers (2010) introduced a distance-based simulation algorithm for efficiently classifying pattern database. Their results show that the algorithm performs better than filtersim for pattern reproduction. However, in all-pattern-bases simulation, a pattern is drawn randomly from a class; no conditional cumulative distribution function (ccdf) is generated for each class like snesim for categorical variable simulation. Therefore, the success of the technique is dependent on how well the patterns in the pattern database are classified. Since no ccdf’s are generated, the pattern obtained from a ‘best match’ class is random; no statistics are involved in it. In other approaches to mp simulation, researchers proposed a high-order spatial cumulants-based technique where ccdf was generated by Legendre polynomials (Dimitrakopoulos et al. 2010; Mustapha and Dimitrakopoulos 2010). In this framework, the coefficients of Legendre polynomials are calculated using cumulant maps generated from a training image. This high-order simulation technique is data driven instead of training image driven and therefore reproduces high-order spatial statistics of the data. The limit of this approach is that, at present, the framework is limited to simulating continuous variables. Gloaguen and Dimitrakopoulos (2009) present a different technique of conditional simulation using the inter-scale dependency at the wavelet domain. The advantage of this approach is that the direct conditioning is easy, but it is difficult to fitting the conditioning data in the wavelet domain. As an alternative to other mp simulations, a pattern-based simulation algorithm using wavelet analysis is proposed in this paper termed as wavesim. The pattern database is generated in a manner similar to other mp simulation techniques. The pattern database is classified by using wavelet approximate sub-band coefficients of each pattern. The wavelet approximate sub-band can capture most of the pattern variability, and at the same time reduce the dimensionality of the pattern database. Pattern database classification is performed using the k-means clustering technique. For categorical data simulation, the ccdf of the individual prototype class for the central node category of the template is developed using the probability of each individual category within the class; however, for continuous data simulation, a random sample is selected from ‘best match’ class. For simulation, the similarity of the prototype classes with the conditioning data event is calculated. A random pattern is generated from the developed ccdf of the ‘best match’ class. Unlike filtersim, wavesim is not generating a random pattern from a class; rather, it generates a random pattern from a ccdf developed for a class. However, for continuous data, no ccdf is generated. The present paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the wavesim method. A brief overview of pattern-based simulation is presented in Sect. 2.1, and the basic fundamentals of wavelet analysis and dimensional reduction techniques are presented in Sect. 2.2. The pattern database classification technique is presented in Sect. 2.3, while Sect. 2.4 describes the ccdf generation of a class. The similar measures of the class prototype with the conditional data event are presented in Sect. 2.5. Section 3.1 presents unconditional simulation using binary training image, three-categories training image and continuous training image for two-dimensional problem. The conditional simulations of two- and three-dimensional continuous data are presented in Sect. 3.2. The sensitivity of wavesim is presented in Sect. 4. An application for simulating categorical variable of three-dimensional data at the Olympic Dam base metal deposit in South Australia is presented in Sect. 5; and, conclusion and discussion follow. ## 2 Method ### 2.1 Generation of a Pattern Database Pattern-based simulation is viewed as an image reconstruction problem (Arpat 2004; Zhang et al. 2006; Wu et al. 2008). Instead of directly reproducing the multiple-point statistics of a training image, the training image patterns are reproduced in a stochastic manner, and this ultimately respects the multi-point statistics of the training image (Arpat and Caers 2007). Pattern-based simulation algorithms consist of two steps. First, a pattern database is generated by scanning the training image using a given template. Then, a pattern that provides the best match to the conditioning data is searched from in the pattern database. Define $$\operatorname{ti}(u)$$ as a value of the training image ti where uG ti and G ti is the regular Cartesian grid discretizing the training image, $$\operatorname{ti}_{T}(u)$$ indicates a specific multiple-point vector of $$\operatorname{ti}(u)$$ within a template T centered at node u, that is $$\operatorname{ti}_{T}(u)\mathrm{ = } \bigl\{ \operatorname{ti}(u + h_{1}),\operatorname{ti}(u+ h_{2}),\ldots ,\operatorname{ti}(u + h_{\alpha} ),\ldots ,\operatorname{ti}(u + h_{n_{T}})\bigr\}$$ (1) where the h α vectors are the vectors defining the geometry of the n T nodes of template T and α={1,2,…,n T }. The vector h 1=0 represents the central location u of template T. The pattern database is then obtained by scanning ti using template T and stored the multi-point $$\operatorname{ti}_{T}(u)$$ vectors in the database. For a categorical training image with M categories, the training image is first transformed into M sets of binary values I m (u),m=1,…,M,uT, $$I_{m}(u) = \left\{\begin{array}{l@{\quad }l}1, & \mbox{if}\ u\ \mbox{belongs to}\ m\mbox{th Category}, \\0, & \mbox{otherwise}\end{array} \right.$$ (2) Thus, a pattern of M-categories can be represented as M sets of binary patterns, where the mth binary pattern with indicator value 1 represents the presence of category m, and value 0 represents the absence of category m at a certain location in the template. Note that for continuous training images, no such transformation was made and patterns $$\operatorname{ti}_{T}(u)$$ are saved as extracted from the training image. The pattern database generated from continuous training image or categorical training image with M-categories is now defined as patdbT. ### 2.2 Dimensional Reduction of a Pattern Database After generating the patdbT irrespective of using a continuous or a categorical training image, the classification of the pattern database will be performed so that during simulation, instead of searching the entire pattern database (patdbT), only some representative members, i.e. prototypes of the classes, are compared with the conditioning data event. However, when the template dimension is large, the dimension of patdbT will also be large. Therefore, classification of this large dimensional pattern database patdbT is a computationally demanding task. In previous research, the patdbT classification was performed by reducing the dimensions of the pattern by using few filter scores (Zhang et al. 2006; Wu et al. 2008). Zhang et al. (2006) and Wu et al. (2008) used 6 and 9 filters for two- and three-dimensional training images, respectively. Any dimensional pattern in the patdbT is represented by 6×M filter scores (for a two-dimensional image) where M is the number of categories (M=1 for continuous image) present in the training image. A wavelet-based representation of patterns is introduced where the dimension of the pattern-for-pattern classification can be reduced by selecting the scale of wavelet decomposition. Wavelets analysis can decompose a training image into different frequency components (Mallat 1998). The wavelet decomposition of an image provides one approximate sub-band image and three high frequency sub-band images after one scale decomposition of a two-dimensional training image. For further decomposition, the approximate image is decomposed to obtain the next scale sub-band images. The approximate sub-band provides average type information about the training image and preserves most of the data variability of the training image. If the high frequency sub-bands are added to the approximate sub-band, then the training image is perfectly reconstructed. It is noted that the amount of data in an approximate sub-band is 2 j×d times less than the amount of data in the training image, where j is the scale number in wavelet decomposition, and d is the dimension of the original image. Figure 1 shows an example of an original image and the reconstructed image after keeping only the approximate sub-band image and zero padding to all wavelet sub-band coefficients after one scale decomposition. Figure 1 demonstrates that the image is well reconstructed after reducing 75% of the data of the original image. Let $$\operatorname{ti}_{T}$$ be a pattern from the pattern database patdbT with size p×p. If wavelet decomposition of the given pattern is performed, then it can be presented as $$\operatorname{ti}_{T} = \sum_{i,l = 0}^{N_{J} - 1}a_{J,i,l}\phi_{J,i,l}^{\mathit{LL}} + \sum _{B\in D} \sum_{j = 1}^{J} \sum _{i,l = 0}^{N_{j} - 1} w_{j,i,l}^{B}\psi_{j,i,l}^{B}$$ (3) where D={LH,HL,HH}, $$N_{j} = \frac{N}{2^{j}}$$, and J is the number of scales, L and H are low-pass and high-pass filters obtained from wavelet basis function, N=p when p is even, N=(p+1) when p is odd, ϕ j is scaling function and $$\psi^{B}_{j}$$ are wavelet functions. The scaling and wavelet coefficients a j−1 and w j−1 at scale j−1 can be experimentally calculated by taking inner products Each of these basis functions (ϕ j and $$\psi^{B}_{j}$$) is used to scan the M binary training image. At each pixel location, the template of neighborhood data values is convoluted by these basis functions to obtain the approximate and wavelet sub-band data for category m. The length of the vector of generated approximate sub-band for the M-categories image will be $$\mathit{LN} = \biggl(\biggl(\frac{N}{2^{j}}\biggr)^{d} \times M\biggr)$$ (5) where d is the number of dimensions of the image. It is noted that the original length of pattern vector is ((N) d ×M). Therefore, depending on the value of j, the dimension of the original pattern vector can be significantly reduced. For example, a three-dimensional template with size 16×16×16 for 4 categories has a vector length of 16,384, and if 2-scale wavelet decomposition is performed, the length of the vector will be 256, which is significantly less than the original. ### 2.3 Pattern Database Classification For classification of pattern database patdbT, the approximate sub-band of the patterns, which is reduced in dimension depending on the value of j, is used. The k-means clustering technique (MacQueen 1967; Hartigan and Wong 1979; Ding and He 2004) is applied to classify the pattern database patdbT. The main idea of k-means clustering is to divide the patdbT into a number of classes such that the sum of the inter-class distance is maximized. The k-means clustering is a simple unsupervised learning algorithm (MacQueen 1967). In this algorithm, the pattern database is classified based on the selected priory cluster number (k). First, k patterns from the patdbT are randomly selected. These k patterns represent the initial class centroids. Since the patdbT classification is performed by using the approximate sub-band of patterns, randomly selected approximate sub-band of k patterns from patdbT will act as initial centroids. Then each pattern from the patdbT is assigned to a class which has the closest distance to the centroids. After assigning all patterns into any one of those classes, the centroids’ positions are recalculated. This is an iterative process and the algorithm stops when the centroids’ positions no longer change. The aim of the k-means clustering algorithm is to minimize the following objective function $$J = \sum_{j = 1}^{k} \sum _{i = 1}^{n} \bigl\Vert t_{i}^{(j)}- c_{j} \bigr\Vert^{2}$$ (6) where $$\\| t_{i}^{(j)} - c_{j} \\|^{2}$$ is the squared Euclidean distance between a pattern $$t_{i}^{(j)}$$ and the centroids of class c j , and is a measure of the distance of the n patterns from their respective cluster centers. To provide an example of k-means clustering, Fig. 1(a) shows a two-categories training image. A template size of 15×15 is used to extract patterns from the training image. The approximate sub-band of two-scale decomposition is used for patdbT classification. If the number of classes is 300 for k-means clustering, Fig. 2 represents all patterns (36) falling in a particular class after classification of patdbT. It is observed from the figure that the patterns look very similar, and the algorithm can easily classify the patterns. Since the pattern classification was performed using the approximate sub-band after two-scale decomposition, the dimensionality of the patterns is reduced from 225 (15×15) to 16 (4×4, size of approximate sub-band). After classifying the patdbT by minimizing the objective function at (6), prototypes of classes are calculated. These prototypes are used during the simulation process, when the similarity between the conditional data event and prototype class is calculated. The prototype value is obtained by averaging all patterns falling into a particular class. Figure 3 presents the prototype of 36 patterns presented in Fig. 2. ### 2.4 Similarity Measures Between Conditional Data and Class Prototypes After classifying the patdbT prototype calculation, simulation was carried out. During simulation, the similarity between the conditioning data event and the prototypes of the classes are carried out. A sequential simulation algorithm (Goovaerts 1997) is used for pattern-based simulation in this paper. At each visited node, a conditioning data event is obtained by placing the same template used in the training image, centering at the node to be simulated. The similarity between the conditioning data and prototypes of classes are calculated by a distance function. A distance function is used to calculate the distance from the prototypes of classes to the conditioning data event. The distance function used in this paper is L 2-norm for its success in template matching (Goshtasby et al. 1984; Kuglin and Hines 1975; Chatterjee and Dimitrakopoulos 2011), and it is where x is the conditioning data event, y is the prototype of class, n type is the number of data from a particular data type, w i is weight associated with data types. Three different data types are considered for distance calculation: hard conditioning data, previously simulated node data, and pattern pasting node data. Generally, hard conditioning data have higher weights than other data types. If all the nodes within a template are known when simulating a node, the distance calculation with a large template can be computationally demanding. To reduce the computational time of a distance calculation, approximate sub-band coefficients after wavelet decomposition of the conditioning data event are used. The modified distance function can be presented as $$d(x,y) = \Biggl(\frac{1}{n_{\mathrm{approx}}}\sum_{j = i}^{n_{\mathrm{approx}}}\bigl(x^{\mathrm{approx}}(j)- y^{\mathrm{approx}}(j)\bigr)^{2} \Biggr),$$ (9) where n approx is a number of approximate sub-band coefficients after the wavelet decomposition, x approx is an approximate sub-band coefficient of conditioning data event, and y approx is an approximate sub-band coefficient of prototype class. If within the conditioning data event any hard data are presented, (7) will be used for distance calculations even if all the nodes within a template are fully known. ### 2.5 Conditional Cumulative Distribution Function (ccdf) of a Class for Categorical Image After measuring the similarities of the conditioning data event with the prototypes of classes, the best matching class is selected. In filtersim, a random pattern from the selected class is drawn and pasted in a simulated node. The probability of the central node categories within a class may be different, which has not been considered in filtersim. However in wavesim, a conditional cumulative distribution function (ccdf) is generated for each class. This is developed by calculating the probability of occurrence of a particular category in the central template node, divided by the total number of patterns in that class. For example in Fig. 2, out of 36 patterns, 7 times the central node category is lithology A, and 29 times it is lithology B. Therefore, the probability of occurrence of lithology A is 0.1944 (7/36) and probability of occurrence of lithology B is 0.8056 (29/36). The ccdf of that class can be presented as in Fig. 4. During the simulation process, after finding the best matched class, a uniform random number is generated. From the developed ccdf, the category at the central node is obtained corresponding to the generated random number. Then, a random pattern is drawn from the matched class patterns which have the same central node category as the category obtained from the ccdf. After pasting the drawn pattern at a simulated node, the next node is visited in a random path. The same distance function and the patterns-drawing algorithm are performed until all nodes are simulated. The algorithm stops when no nodes are left unvisited. It is noted that, for continuous image, a random pattern is drawn from a class; no ccdf is generated for continuous case. The main steps of the wavesim are as follows: 1. 1. Scan the training image ti using the given template T. Perform wavelet decomposition of the generated patterns using selected wavelet basis function and scale. Save the wavelet coefficient and approximate coefficients in the pattern database. If the training image is categorical image, generate M binary image from the M-categories training image before wavelet decomposition. 2. 2. Classify the patterns, based on only the approximate sub-band coefficients in previously defined cluster numbers and calculate the class prototype using the point-wise averaging of all patterns within a class. 3. 3. Define a random path visiting once and only once all unsampled nodes. 4. 4. Use the same template shape T at each unsampled location u. The distance from the class prototype is calculated from the conditioning data available within the template using either (7) or (9). Select the class which has minimum distance from the conditioning data. If no conditioning data are available, a random class is selected. 5. 5. Draw a random pattern from the prototype class and paste the pattern by centring at the simulated location u. If any hard data or central node value of any already simulated locations are present in any node within the template T at location u, they are frozen before simulated pattern pasting. For categorical data, the random sample is drawn based on ccdf generated for each class as described in Sect. 2.5. 6. 6. Add the simulated value at point u to a different file to use it during distance calculation. 7. 7. Repeat Steps 4 and 6 for the next points in the random path defined in Step 3. 8. 8. Repeat Steps 3 to 7 to generate different realizations using different random paths. To demonstrate the strengths and improved performance of the ccdf-based model over the random-sampling-based method for simulating the categorical image, an example is demonstrated here. The patterns are extracted from Fig. 5(a) which represents a binary channel image using a 9×9 template. The unconditional simulations are performed using wavesim-ccdf approach and without ccdf approach considering the same random path. The numbers of clusters are same for both simulations. In Fig. 5, parts (b) and (c) present one realization generated using ccdf-based approach, and non-ccdf-based approach (random sampling), respectively. The results clearly demonstrated that ccdf-based approach can reproduced better the channels’ shapes in comparison with non-ccdf approach. ## 3 Application of the Proposed Method The wavesim algorithm is validated by simulating known categorical and continuous two-dimensional and three-dimensional data sets. The exhaustive data sets are obtained from different sources. All runs are performed on a 3.2 GHz Intel(R) Xeon (TM) PC with 2 GB of RAM. For wavelet decomposition, the Haar basis functions are applied for all cases unless otherwise specified. The results of wavesim are compared with filtersim results to make a valid comparison. The filtersim results are generated by using SGeMS software (Remy et al. 2009). To assess the wavesim method, unconditional and conditional simulations are performed for categorical and continuous data sets which are then compared against results from filtersim. ### 3.1 Unconditional Simulation To perform unconditional simulation, binary training image, three-categories training image, and continuous training image are considered and presented hereafter. #### 3.1.1 Two-categories Training Image For unconditional simulation of categorical image, the wavelet decomposition is performed after generating the pattern database to reduce the dimensionality of the pattern database. The critical step of wavelet decomposition for dimensionality reduction is the selection of optimal scale. The main goal of dimensional reduction is to retain maximum data variability by fewer dimensions. The successfulness of the dimensional reduction is depends on how the lower dimensional space is preserving the energy (entropy) of the original data (Huber 1985). In wavelet analysis, the energy is distributed over the scales. Therefore, an optimal scale, in which the characteristics frequency is most dominated compared to the other, must be selected. The Shannon entropy (Schürmann 2004) is an efficient tool for calculating the entropy at different scales. To select optimal scale, we have calculated wavelet entropy value of each pattern $$\operatorname{ti}_{T}$$ at scale j using the following equation $$E_{j}^{\mathrm{ti}} = - \sum _{B \in D} p_{j}^{B} \log\bigl(p_{j}^{B}\bigr)$$ (10) where $$p_{j}^{B} = \frac{\sum_{i,l = 0}^{N_{j} - 1} \| w^{B}_{j,i,l} \|^{2}}{\sum_{B \in D} \sum_{i,l = 0}^{N_{j} - 1} \| w^{B}_{j,i,l} \|^{2}}$$ and $$D = \{ \mathit{LH},\mathit{HL},\mathit{HH}\};\qquad N_{j} = \frac{N}{2^{j}},$$ and j is the scale of decomposition; w j,i,l is wavelet coefficients in scale j at location (i,l). The average of entropy for all patterns in the pattern database is calculated by $$E_{j} = \frac{1}{s}\sum_{ti = 1}^{s} E_{j}^{\mathrm{ti}},$$ (11) where s is number of patterns in pattern database. The value of (11) is compared by changing the scale j and optimal scale is selected where the value is the maximum. Figure 6 demonstrates the optimal scale selection algorithm applied in this paper. The entropy value is calculated starting from scale j=1 and stopped when the maximum scale is reached. The maximum scale is that when no more decomposition is possible, i.e. the scaling image has only one pixel (data). To demonstrate our scale selection algorithm, we have used a binary training image (Honarkhah and Caers 2010; Strebelle 2000). The training image is presented in Fig. 5(a). This training image represents complex channels presented in a deposit. The template size is selected using the method proposed in Honarkhah and Caers (2010) and it is 9×9. The patterns are extracted from the training image and up to scale 4 wavelet decomposition was performed. The average entropy values are calculated for each scale using (11) and plotted in Fig. 7(a). Form Fig. 7(a) it is observed that the entropy value of the binary channel training image is first increased from scale 1 to scale 2 to and then starts decreasing. Thus, the optimal scale for the example is 2. To check the scale selection approach, we have unconditionally simulated the binary training image using the approximate sub-band of scale 1 to scale 4 and presented in Fig. 7(b)–(d). These figures show that the simulated realizations are almost same for scale 1 and scale 2; but the channel reproduction deteriorates when we move from scale 2 to scales 3 and 4. Therefore, the channel reproduction of the simulated realization also supports that the optimal scale for this example is 2. After selecting the optimal scale, the unconditional simulation is performed using the same binary training image and compared to the results obtained from filtersim. The parameters used for the simulations from the wavesim and filtersim are the same. Note that the inner patch size is 5×5. The k-means clustering algorithm is used with number of classes at 100. Two different unconditionally generated realizations using wavesim and filtersim are presented in Fig. 8. It is observed from the figure that the wavesim can reproduce channels presented in the training image. On the other hand, filtersim fails to reproduce the continuity of the channels. The main difference between the wavesim and filtersim is the way of classifying the patterns in patterns’ database. The example shows that when classifying patterns, using only few filter scores is not always possible to capture the complexity present in the available patterns, resulting in discontinuities of the channels when unconditional simulations are performed. #### 3.1.2 Multi-Categories Training Image To perform unconditional simulation with multiple categories, a three-categories training image is obtained from Osterholt (2006). The training image size is 50×200 pixels coding three different geological units (Fig. 6(a)). The template size used in this example is 11×11 and pasting is 7×7. The optimal scale of decomposition for this example is also 2. The number of wavelet coefficients used for classification after two-scale wavelet decomposition is 9. Different unconditionally simulated realizations of the wavesim and filtersim are presented in Fig. 9. It is observed from the figure that wavesim provides better reproduction of geological model as compared to filtersim. #### 3.1.3 Contentious Training Image For unconditional simulation of continuous data, an exhaustive two-dimensional continuous horizontal slice is obtained from a three-dimensional fluvial reservoir. The exhaustive data sets used here are obtained from the Stanford V Reservoir Data Set (Mao and Journel 1999). The channel configurations and orientation is complex in nature form one slice to another in the vertical direction. The size of the domain to be simulated is 100×128. The number of clusters chosen for this analysis is 200. The sensitivity of the number of clusters is presented in Sect. 4. The template size used in this study is large enough to capture high variability of patterns (15×15). Two-scale wavelet decomposition was performed after zero padding with template since wavelet needs even size template. After zero padding at last column and last row, template size is converted to 16×16. The pattern database is generated by scanning the entire training image and performing the wavelet decomposition of the pattern database. The approximate sub-band is utilized for pattern data classification. The optimal scale for this problem is 3. Therefore, the dimension of the data for pattern classification is reduced from 225 (template size 15×15) to 16 (approximate sub-band size 4×4). Two realizations are generated by wavesim and filtersim algorithm and presented in Fig. 10. It is observed from the figure that with wavesim channels are well reproduced; however, filtersim fails to reproduce channels. Moreover, from visual observation, it shows that the proportions of high, medium, and low values are well reproduced by wavesim which is not reproduced by the filtersim algorithm. This observation is also supported by the histograms of simulated realizations of wavesim and filtersim (Fig. 11) and their comparisons with the histogram of the training image. ### 3.2 Conditional Simulation Two different examples are shown for conditional simulation with the wavesim and compared with the filtersim results. One two-dimensional and one three-dimensional continuous data examples are presented hereafter. #### 3.2.1 Two-Dimensional Conditional Simulation with Continuous Data The same Stanford V Reservoir Data Set (Mao and Journel 1999) is used for conditional simulation example. One slice of the three-dimensional reservoir data is used as reference image where from conditioning data are sampled. Another slice is used as the training image. The size of the domain to be simulated is 100×128. The reference image to be simulated is presented in Fig. 12(a). The simulation was performed using two different data sets. The first data set consists of 208 data on regular grid at equal spacing. The second data set consists of 100 data at irregular spacing scattered all over the domain. In Fig. 12, parts (b) and (c) represent first and second data sets, respectively. The training image used in this study is the same as used in last example (Fig. 10(a)). The template size and scale of wavelet decomposition are also the same as in last example (Sect. 3.1.3). The k-means clustering with cluster number 300 is used for training pattern classification. During simulation, the distance from the cluster centers to the conditional data are calculated either using (7) or (9) depending on whether the conditional data template is fully informed or not. The weights of hard data, previously simulated node point, and patch data are 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively for distance calculation. When the conditioning data set is fully informed, only approximate sub-band coefficients after wavelet decomposition are used. The conditionally simulated realizations generated by wavesim and filtersim using the first data set, are presented in Fig. 13. The realizations show that the high-valued channels are well reproduced. The comparison study with filtersim realizations shows that the channels continuity is well reproduced using wavesim as compared to filtersim. The histogram and variogram of the simulated realizations are compared with the data histogram and variogram and presented in Fig. 14. The results revealed that the first- and second-order statistics are well reproduced using wavesim. To show the multi-point reproduction of wavesim method, the 3-point cumulant maps of the training image and simulated realizations are generated. The 3-point template presented in Fig. 15(a) is used for cumulant calculation. Figure 15(b)–(d) demonstrates that wavesim can reproduce well the cumulant map of the training image. In the second example, data set 2, shown in Fig. 12(c), is used as hard conditioning data. All other parameters are kept the same as in the previous example. Two conditional realizations using wavesim and filtersim algorithm are presented in Fig. 16. It is observed from the figure that the channels are not reproduced as good as in previous example using wavesim as well as filtersim, which is reasonable with less number of conditioning data. However, continuity of high-valued channels is much better as compared to filtersim algorithm. The histograms and variograms of realizations are well reproduced in the hard data histogram and variogram as presented in Fig. 17. Same as in previous example, we have generated cumulant maps of the simulated realizations and presented them in Fig. 18. The figure shows that 3-point cumulant maps are well reproduced in the training image cumulant maps. #### 3.2.2 Three-Dimensional Conditional Simulation with Continuous Data To performed three-dimensional conditional simulation for continuous data, we have rescaled the Stanford V Reservoir Data Set (Mao and Journel 1999) to 100×100×28. One part of the three-dimensional reservoir data is used as training image and the other part is simulated using wavesim and filtersim algorithm. The size of the training image and reference image is 100×5×28 each. The reference image to be simulated and the training image are presented in Fig. 19(a) and (b). The simulation was performed using 153 hard data from reference image. The template size used in this example is 11×11×7 and 7×7×5 pattern is pasted. The optimal scale of decomposition for this example is 2. Therefore, two-scale wavelet decomposition is performed and approximate sub-band of size 3×3×2 is used for pattern classification. Due to dimensional reduction technique using wavelet decomposition, the pattern dimension is reduced from 847 (11×11×7) to 18 (3×3×2). The dimensionality of the data is reduced more than 47 times. Since major computational time of the pattern-based simulation is utilized for pattern similarity search during simulation, therefore the computing time of the algorithm will be also reduced after dimension reduction. The number of clusters used in this example is 300. Figure 19(c) and (d), shows two different realizations generated using wavesim and filtersim algorithms. After comparing with reference image, it is observed that wavesim well reproduced the channels shapes; however, filtersim fails to reproduce the channels shapes. A contributor to the success of a simulation algorithm, in terms of use for real world applications, is its computational efficiency. The proposed algorithm is implemented in the MATLAB environment, which makes it difficult to compare the CPU time taken in our various examples to filtersim or other algorithms which are implemented in the C++ environment. The main difference between our proposed algorithm and filtersim is the dimensionality reduction. Both the algorithms are using the same clustering algorithm and simulation steps are almost the same. The computing time depends on the number of reduced dimensions. In Sect. 3.1.1 and for a binary training image, we have used the approximate sub-band of 2-scale wavelet decomposition of a 9×9 training image. Therefore, the number of variables used for classification in our algorithm is 9 in comparison to 6 of filtersim. Thus, the computing time of our proposed approach is slightly higher than that of filtersim for the simulation images in Fig. 8. However, in Fig. 7 we have presented different realizations of the same training image using 3-scale (4 variables) and 4-scale (1 variable) decomposition. It is observed in Fig. 7 that the simulation using 3-scale and 4-scale decomposition is also performing better than the filtersim results (Fig. 8(c), (d)). Since 3-scale and 4-scale are using less number of variables, 4 and 1 respectively, than filtersim, computing time will also be less for the proposed method compared to filtersim. ## 4 Sensitivity Analysis It is now clear from presented examples that wavesim has performed better than the filtersim algorithm for continuous and categorical, two- and three-dimensional problems. However, the success of the proposed method, same as for filtersim, depends on some parameters. In this section, we will present the sensitivity of the proposed method to different parameters. The number of clusters for pattern database classification, type of basis functions used, weights assigned to the distance calculation, the number of wavelet coefficients used for distance calculation will be investigated in the simulated realization. In this section, the sensitivity of the method is tested using conditional simulation techniques with same data set presented in Sect. 3.2.1. The data set 1 is used as conditioning data for sensitivity analysis unless otherwise mentioned. ### 4.1 Sensitivity to the Cluster Number The sensitivity of the wavesim algorithm is studied using the training image of Fig. 10(a). All parameters are kept the same as in the example of Sect. 3.2.1 except the number of clusters. It is noted that during simulation the distances are calculated from the conditioning data to the cluster centers. Therefore, when the number of clusters is large, several distance values have to be calculated and consequently the computational time becomes higher. On other hand, due to large number of clusters, the number of patterns within a cluster will be less. Therefore, when a random drawing is performed from a cluster, it is expected that the closely similar pattern of conditioning data event will be drawn from a cluster. In this example, four different cluster numbers 50, 100, 200, and 300 are chosen. Figure 20 presents simulated realization generated by changing the cluster numbers. The result revealed, as expected, that the channels are reproduced much better, same as in the other pattern base simulation, when number of clusters is bigger. However, computational time is also highest for cluster number 300. ### 4.2 Sensitivity to the Wavelet Basis In this example, we have presented the effect of wavelet basis function in the proposed algorithm. Three different basis functions are used: Haar, Daubechies 3 (db3) and Daubechies 5 (db5) (Daubechies 1992). Higher-order Daubechies filter has higher vanishing moments thus the approximate sub-band of db5 can store more energy of the pattern than the db3 and Haar. Therefore, it is expected when the distance calculation will be performed based on only the approximate sub-band, db5 or higher Daubechies filter may provide better cluster match with conditioning data event. In this example, number of clusters is 200. The weight values are 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2 for hard data, previously simulated nodes, and patch nodes, respectively. Only the approximate sub-band is used for patterns database classification. Figure 21 presents the simulated realizations generated with three different basis functions. The channels are well reproduced with three different basis functions, as reproduced in previous examples. The results show that there are no such significant differences observed in simulated realizations when different basis functions are used. It is always expected that when the higher order wavelet basis functions will be used, the results of the simulated map should be improved. However, we have not observed that improvement in this case. The possible reason may be that the approximate sub-band coefficients using Haar basis are sufficient to capture the complexity present in the patterns of the training image. It implies that even if we have not seen any such improvement in this case with increasing the order of wavelet basis, the improvement may be observed when the training image pattern is more complex. ### 4.3 Sensitivity to the Training Image In this example, the sensitivity of the training image is performed. In this test, the training image of the previous examples is rotated to change the orientation of the channels. Figure 22(a) shows the rotated training image used in this example. Data set 1 and data set 2 are used as hard data for this exercise. The number of classes is 300 in this example. The weights and other parameters are the same as in example in Sect. 4.2. Figure 22 represents different realizations for data set 1 and data set 2 with the rotated training image. The result showed that the directions of the channels of the simulated realizations are the same as the reference image with data set 1; whereas the directions of channels are different with data set 2, as expected. The result revealed that changing the orientation of the training image does not affect the simulated image in terms of orientation of channels when sufficient number of hard data is available; however, the conflict between hard data and training image is observed, same as other pattern base simulation, when small number of hard data are available for simulation. ### 4.4 Sensitivity to the Number of Wavelet Coefficients The examples presented so far were performed by calculating the distance from the conditioning data event to the cluster center using only approximate sub-band coefficients if the conditioning data event is fully informed (9). However, it is presented in different literature that by only keeping few wavelet coefficients with approximate sub-band coefficients can improve the quality of the reconstructed image significantly (Donoho et al. 1996; Vannucci and Corradi 1999). Therefore, in this example, the distance calculation was performed by using few wavelet coefficients along with approximate sub-band coefficients when the conditioning data event is fully informed. The dimension of the resultant data for distance calculation will be not increased much by adding few wavelet coefficients; however, adding few coefficients may increase the power of the algorithm. Four different runs were performed by changing the number of wavelet coefficients. In the first run, only approximate sub-band is used. In other three runs, numbers of wavelet coefficients incorporated for distance calculation are 40, 80, and 100. Figure 23 presents the realizations generated by four different runs. The result showed that when 40 wavelet coefficients are incorporated for distance calculation, there is some improvement in the generated realization; however, when 80 and 100 wavelet coefficients are incorporated, very little improvement is observed for this example. It is noted that increasing the number of wavelet coefficients for distance calculation means the representative features of the template is tending towards exact template. When all the wavelet coefficients will be incorporated, it will represent the exact template and the computational time will be the same as the pixel-wise distance calculation. Therefore, a trade-off between the complexity and accuracy, as always, needs to be carried out. The result revealed from this example that with few wavelet coefficients (in this example, 40) along with approximate sub-band can reasonably calculate the distance from the cluster centers, thus improving the quality of the simulated maps. It is noted that the observation is a case in a specific example. One may need more number of wavelet coefficients when the image is more complex. ## 5 Case Study The Olympic Dam base metal deposit, Southern Australia, is simulated in this section, using the hard data presented in Fig. 24 and the training image shown in Fig. 25. The training image ti is scanned with the three-dimensional template (T) to generate pattern database patdbT. The size of template is generally decided based on both the size and complexity of the training image. For large and complex training images, a large template is used; however, for small and less complex training images, a small sized template is sufficient for capturing the pattern variability. In this case study, the template size chosen is 7×7×3. The pattern database is classified using the k-mean clustering algorithm. The number of clusters used in this study is 300 to capture the complexity of patterns present in the study area. A total of 64,000 blocks are simulated with the proposed approach within the study area. Three-dimensional sections of five simulated realizations of the study area are presented in Fig. 26. To assess the performance of the algorithm, histograms, indicator variograms, and indicator cross-variograms were calculated for the various rock codes. Histograms of hard data, the training image and five simulated realizations are presented in Fig. 27 and show that the proportion of rock code 0 is well reproduced; however there are some deviations for other rock codes. The reason is that the proportions of rock codes are not same in the training image and available hard data. All simulated realization proportions for these rock codes are in-between the hard data and the training image proportions. These results demonstrate that if the training image and hard data share the same proportion of rock codes, the proposed algorithm can reproduce the exact proportions. The reproduction of the directional variability is tested by calculating directional indicator variograms. The directional indicator variograms hard data and simulated realizations are presented elsewhere (Chatterjee and Dimitrakopoulos 2010). The indicator variograms and cross-variograms show that the directional variability of hard data for these rock types is reproduced by the simulated realizations. Similarly to other multi-point simulation techniques, since the patterns are obtained from the training image, the wavesim is also training image driven. Thus, when conditional simulation is performed, the simulated realization reproduces the statistics of the training image. When the amount of hard data is increased, the effect of hard data is introduced in the resultant simulated realizations, and a clear conflict between hard data and training image statistics will be observed in simulated realizations, similarly to other mp simulation algorithms. As a result, if the statistics of the hard data and the training image are distinctly different and the conditional simulation is performed using a considerable number of hard data, the simulated realizations will fail to reproduce the training image or hard data statistics. ## 6 Conclusions A pattern-based conditional simulation algorithm, wavesim, is presented. The algorithm uses wavelet basis function for dimensional reduction of patterns. The technique is based on pattern classification and pattern matching; the dimensional reductions of the patterns were performed by wavelet decomposition. The pattern classification was performed by the k-means clustering algorithm. The algorithm is verified by two- and three-dimensional conditional and unconditional simulation using different data sets like binary and two-class categorical data, continuous complex channels data. The algorithm reproduced the continuity of the channels for two- and three-dimensional examples using conditional and unconditional simulation. The comparative study with the filtersim algorithm showed that the wavesim performed better than the filtersim for reproducing the continuity of the channels for all examples. The sensitivity of the algorithm to different parameters was also explored. The study shows that the algorithm is sensitive to the number of clusters, like other pattern-based simulation methods, and the orientation of training image. Therefore, optimal selection of the cluster number may help to improve the performance of the wavesim algorithm. Moreover, the algorithm is not sensitive to two key parameters of the wavesim algorithm, that is, the wavelet basis functions and number of wavelet coefficients. However, this is the case specific observation. It is true that an extensive sensitivity study is required with different levels of complex training image to show the true effects of wavelet basis functions. That will be considered in our future study. The case study at Olympic Dam mine was presented for multi-class categorical conditional simulation. The results showed that the proportion of the rock codes is reasonably reproduced. The major advantages of the wavesim algorithm are: (a) due to the nature of the approximate sub-band of the wavelet decomposition, which reduces the dimensionality of the pattern and captures most of the data variability, the pattern classification of the high dimensional pattern database can be performed successfully with less computational effort; and (b) since the ccdf is developed for each class for categorical simulation, the pattern drawing from a class is performed based on a probability law, rather than random drawing, which may help with the reproduction of channels better. The limits of this technique are similar to other mp simulation methods: (a) the algorithm is training image driven, therefore when the statistics of the training image and hard data are different, the algorithm will reproduce statistics in-between the hard data and training image; and (b) when the number of categories in the categorical image increases, the dimension of the pattern database will increase considerably, thus the dimensional reduction technique using the approximate sub-band after wavelet decomposition of the pattern database may not be computationally efficient. ## Notes ### Acknowledgements The work in this paper was funded by NSERC Discovery Grant 239019 and the members of McGill’s COSMO Lab, AngloGold Ashanti, Barrick Gold, BHP Billiton, De Beers, Newmont Mining, and Vale. We would like to thank the management of Olympic Dam mine for giving permission to use their data. 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Math Geol 38(1):63–80 ## Authors and Affiliations • Snehamoy Chatterjee • 1 • 2 • Roussos Dimitrakopoulos • 1 • Hussein Mustapha • 1 • 3 1. 1.COSMO—Stochastic Mine Planning Laboratory, Department of Mining and Materials EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada 2. 2.Department of Mining EngineeringNational Institute of TechnologyRourkelaIndia 3. 3.Schlumberger Abingdon Technology Centre, Lambourn Court, Wyndyke FurlongAbingdon Business ParkAbingdonUK	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 2, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6210107207298279, "perplexity": 1412.0723298955072}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647681.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321180325-20180321200325-00407.warc.gz"}
http://www.centelcu.org/Minnesota/coefficient-of-error-stereology.html	Address 115 3rd Ave SW, Crosby, MN 56441 (218) 546-2717 # coefficient of error stereology Nisswa, Minnesota Devel Neurobio. 2013 Jan;73(1):45-59. 47. • Perform a Pilot Study and check the CE• Understand the cellular distribution• Even distribution and/or high density: visit fewer sites per section• Uneven distribution and/or At least three sections must be sampled for this value to be computed. The Matheron transitive technique makes an important observation; the samples used in a typical stereological procedure are not independent. A step in the derivation for the formula replaces the curve with piecewise parabolic sections. In order to design the studies in an optimal manner, with regard to the number of individuals, sections, probes, and to be able to critically evaluate the stereological studies made by Profile Counting: Size andOrientation Biasmbfbioscience.comC. Select another clipboard × Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. The Schmitz-Hof has such a large range as to be of no practical value.Last but not least think of it this way. If less than three sections are displayed, these values are not shown in the results. There is another variance as well. This precision or reproducibility is often referred to as the coefficient of error of the estimate, which is a statistical expression for the size of the standard error of the mean You may consult with some statistician in your institution to see which one is more appropriate for your particular project.Richard Logged hokie SuperTech Posts: 43 which CE « Reply #4 on: CE Scheaffer Estimated Mean Cell Count: Mean number of cells per counting frame across one or more sections. There is clearly a dependency here. Also – how many objects/cells do you expect to see? Hof. Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 204, Pt 3, December2001, pp. 232±246. 42. Although this value depends to some degree upon the Variance Due to Noise, this dependency will normally be very small if the Variance Due to Noise is reasonably small. This means that instead of choosing every section at random, without regard to what has already been chosen, samples are chosen by choosing the starting one at random and then all NvVref The Fractionator Principle SRS Preferential Sections Independent Uniform Random (IUR) Sections Vertical Uniform Random (VUR) Sections Cycloid FAVER Sections Guide for Deciding on the Precision of Sampling Pitfalls and Solutions It takes intoaccount:• Probe choice• Region of interest• Section thickness & histology• Object distributionThe Pilot Studymbfbioscience.com 49. CE Scheaffer Estimated Mean Cell Count: Mean number of cells per counting frame across one or more sections. There are several coefficients of error commonly used in Stereology. This value is the primary contributor to the final Coefficient Of Error for a given estimate over a series of sections. Houllier F., J Microsc 1993;172:249 6. Scheaffer HL. The difference between sections has a variance that is evident even if exhaustive counting is used on each section. Ideally, this value will be both small and of roughly the same magnitude as the Variance Of Systematic Random Sampling. The fact that you are taking the time to learn about all of these different ideas suggests that you are going to do a fine job.Cheers Logged Do more, less well. You want to publish. If this value is too high, more sampling needs to be performed on each section. Schmitz and P. Formula for the Optical FractionatorThe cell population is determined by sampling asubset or subfraction of tissue within the regionof interest.Population estimate, N, is equal to:Reciprocal of Volume Fraction X Sum of With sampling, a given estimate of a population will vary from the true (and unknown) number. For quantifying volume with the Cavalieri estimator, various methods have been developed to predict the CE. Geometric Probes• Geometric probes usedfor the sampling• Points for volume• Lines for surface area• Planes for lengths• Volume for numbers• Geometric probes arerequired to report 3Ddatambfbioscience.comHoward CV, Reed MG: Unbiased Stereology. Demystifying Stereology 3. That does not apply. While the Gundersen CE is the most commonly used, we recommend following the CE protocol established within your field, and reading the references on coefficients of errors to determine which CE Journal of Microscopy, Vol. 196, Pt 1, Oct1999, pp. 69±73. 24. The Scheaffer CE is not an alternative to the Matheron method. Design-Based Stereology Model-Based Stereology What are you estimating? rumc Trainee Posts: 8 Which Coefficeint of Error value to use in Stereology « on: October 07, 2005, 06:47:52 PM » Hello,I was wondering if anyone has input on which coefficent Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. Neuroscience Reviews Plaque Load in Alzheimer's Disease Placenta Reviews Pulmonary Reviews Destructive Index Estimating the Chord Length of Alveoli Quantifying Sweat Gland Innervation Reviews Renal Reviews Number of Glomeruli Vasculature Vasculature Estimated Cell Population Count: (Contour Area or Counting Frame Area)*Estimated Mean Cell Count This is a simple linear, biased, approximation. This controversy has its origins by claims in early papers (for example Gundersen, 1986; Gundersen 1988) that it was necessary to count as few as 100 cells to accurately estimate a As mentioned earlier, all of the CE estimation methods are based on models and each method has conditions where the model is not met. Contour Area / Counting Frame Area: Inverse of the fraction of the total area actually sampled. mbfbioscience.com• Thickness should be measured at every samplingsite• Assumptions pertaining to the post-processingthickness can lead to sampling bias and error• Processing of tissue results in shrinkage• With some techniques, tissue can It is unlikely that your work is ever independently random.If you read Scheaffer's book you see that the examples are things like sampling animals taken in traps. However, the objects being counted have to be randomly distributed and the ROI must be accurately traced for Scheaffer's CE to remain unbiased. The different CE methods and their associated formulas have been developed, based upon different assumptions and with different considerations taken into account, such as the shape of the region of interest, It is difficult and time consuming to empirically derive the coefficient of error of estimates made of features observed in histological preparations.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8235493302345276, "perplexity": 2512.6444693387775}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202199.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20190320024206-20190320050206-00150.warc.gz"}
http://www.sciforums.com/threads/updates.111842/	Discussion in 'About the Members' started by darksidZz, May 29, 2008. 1. ### darksidZzAhimsa to you!Valued Senior Member Messages: 4,868 darksidZz - What's he been up to Well this has been one hell of a weird year, I bought a laptop from HP, found out the LCD was angled slightly and they couldn't repair it, scratch that dumb idea and then built a PC which was way, way over my price range but one hell of a machine non-the-less. The mobo has loose connections IMO especially the VGA but the DVI-HDMI adapter I got was so big it weighed the port down which led me to rethink using it! So money down the drain there too :S I'm a dumb person... Then wonderful for me I goto change my insurance policy and find out it would be a mere 1200 dollars! Fancy that financing a car at 289 a month would force me to full coverage and that just about equaled it's payments! LMAO I got with esurance thank god at 830 :S Now wait there's more, my car has some kinda problem on the passengers side where the wheel area squeaks badly when I drive, pretty sad eh? Let's see what that'll cost me! So all in all I've wasted tons of money out here in California with little to show but my wasted time and energy. Also I've been kinda out of things lately and I can't tell if I'm doing well at my job or not, they may think I am but still :L Hard to be optimistic at this point :/ I'm tired an feel old, how bout u? Umm yea this had gotta be so silly, why'd I write it :S guess cuz I got no therapist, lol So all in all I accomplished some things but I'm sure that car has some sorta weird problem, grrr I got extended warrenty with it but how long would it take to even fix I wonder, what a joke. Days and days probably which I don't have since some ppl work unlike mechanics who just bill 2. ### James RJust this guy, you know?Staff Member Messages: 27,689 Hang in there, darksidZz. 3. ### lucifers angelsame shit, differant day!!Registered Senior Member Messages: 7,598 and dont panic about the car, it'll get sorted, and then you'll be a happy bunny again! 4. ### vslayerRegistered Senior Member Messages: 4,972 nearly $300/month for a car? why not just by a cheap dunger and replace it every 6 months, unless im mistaken you dont have any warrant of fitness standards in america, so there shouldnt be a shortage. also, that sound is most likely a wheel bearing, shouldnt cost more than about$150 for a new one, and provided you have the right tools you can do it yourself in about 30 minutes. 5. ### alexb123The Amish web page is fast!Valued Senior Member Messages: 2,215 How you getting on with your sister? 6. ### draqonBannedBanned Messages: 35,006 DarksidZz...what is your BMI? Have you lost weight? 7. ### darksidZzAhimsa to you!Valued Senior Member Messages: 4,868 :l You know this 22 inch monitor makes text so small it's nutty, lol I try changing it in IE but the text is the same size on most things, lol Umm, my BMI is like before, it's hard doing much if you're scard to go out lol 8. ### John99BannedBanned Messages: 22,046 Never heard of that, well one time i had a DPS Velocity card that was too long but used velcro zip tie to support it. 9. ### darksidZzAhimsa to you!Valued Senior Member Messages: 4,868 Today sucked, I got talked to about a thing at work that was pretty bad. What I do part of the day is book/change/cancel room reservations. Well for 1 in particular it was complimentary through an insurance carrier they had, I found later we still get the bill so it's doesn't really matter. But anyway I saw this change in the list, looked into it, the price was 100 for 2 hours. I was not sure it would be allowed so went to ask 1 of my coworkers whose been there a long time, they only have 2 + me. Anyhow after reading everything he said to go ahead and do it, I asked specifically "at that rate?" and he said yea we've done it before. So I said ok, should I fax over a confirmation? He said yea. Later on in the day I found out the other person had been working on that very job, but there was really no indicator of it. They asked why I'd booked it at such a high cost, I was lost at first then realized it's the very one I asked him about. He then yelled out from behind the cubicle that he'd told me to do it, etc. Long story short he admitted he said I could + should, that was yesterday. Toady that other person besides him had a talk and said the people who manage complimentary locations were pissed, or management, whomever. Anyway I was like "I know" because I did know they explained it yesterday! So then I listened to her ask me why I booked it, I was like "huh" to myself, she then said if I wasn't sure to ask someone, etc. I was like "um ok". After her blathering speech I said "but I did ask him." and she acted as if I didn't still?! I was utterly confused because he would've done the thing himself if I hadn't folllowing her logic?!!! wtf they're thinking I don't know but it took all I had not to walk right out the door and deal with the consequences, I know you'd say that's irresponsible but you know what I'm tired of listening to ridiculious logic, she was completely telling me to do exactly what I'd already done! Bizarre? So essentially all I got out this was never listen to someone that tells you to book an expensive room. It's still really silly, I did ask but she made a speech about how I should ask. Hell the guy even told her in front of me and e-mailed the supervisor, so wtf she was going on about is beyond me. I would never have booked it if he hadn't said ok! Well she said basically "this can never happen again" and I was thinking to myself "no, no it can't, not if I leave." lol Just plain weird man. If I did leave I'd likely loose my car and stuff but eh, I'm sick of this silly nonsense from companies 10. ### GeoffPCaput gerat lupinumValued Senior Member Messages: 21,755 You can do it man. 11. ### MacGyver1968Fixin' Shit that Ain't BrokeValued Senior Member Messages: 6,942 Hang in there Sam...even though life is trying to make you the poster child for "If it weren't for bad luck, I'd have no luck at all"...you can bounce back..and maybe...maybe...someday you can know the comforts of a woman. 12. ### GeoffPCaput gerat lupinumValued Senior Member Messages: 21,755 If the glue holds, sure. 13. ### Blue_UKDrifting MindValued Senior Member Messages: 1,445 Just remember, Sam, always make sure blame can be passed in the event of failure. If it works, it was your doing, if it fails or will fail soon, "have confidence in the abilities of your colleagues but understand that mistakes happen and it's our joint responsibility to resolve the issue". 14. ### darksidZzAhimsa to you!Valued Senior Member Messages: 4,868 Well I did make friends with this girl at work, she's nice but has a BF. She doesn't much fancy their antics either and wanted to leave today too, lol I don't think she needs the money but I do because I have 289 for the car 132 insurance a month + 300 rent. I'd quit if it wasn't for that reason, a friend besides that girl tried cheering me up but I wasn't buying it. Pretty depressing really :s 15. ### USS Exeterunamerican americanRegistered Senior Member Messages: 2,482 Well, if she ever breaks up, just be there for the rebound. 16. ### invert_nexusZe do caixaoValued Senior Member Messages: 9,686 Darksidz, That's her way of saying that she's a female who wants you for mating purposes. 17. ### USS Exeterunamerican americanRegistered Senior Member Messages: 2,482 Recreational mating purposes. 18. ### MacGyver1968Fixin' Shit that Ain't BrokeValued Senior Member Messages: 6,942 Dude...I'd buy the hooker, if it would break the streak. Can you buy hookers online from Texas..and have the "outbound" California? 19. ### GeoffPCaput gerat lupinumValued Senior Member Messages: 21,755 Hookers were a poo's throw from my place when I lived in California about six years ago. Should still be lots. And wiser, with goldener hearts. 20. ### draqonBannedBanned Messages: 35,006 Look Sam, I expect you to loose weight, now use this summer time and jog in the park or just along the street...loose that weight!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3289242684841156, "perplexity": 4509.7215948198755}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246647589.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045727-00003-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://types.pl/@systemf/106609724456363355	We changed the LaTeX syntax a bit. First off: - The \$\$ syntax now works. - In Markdown posts, use \$content \$ for inlinemath. - Also in Markdown posts, use: latex content ... for displaymath. You have to include the normal displaymath delimiters here -- the latex mode is just an "escape" environment that gives you verbatim content. In plaintext posts, all regular LaTeX syntax should work fine. A Mastodon instance for programming language theorists and mathematicians. Or just anyone who wants to hang out.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9185373783111572, "perplexity": 16369.500809175028}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662558015.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220523101705-20220523131705-00465.warc.gz"}
https://mathsgee.com/qna/210/which-the-following-are-cardinal-numbers-there-may-more-than	MathsGee is Zero-Rated (You do not need data to access) on: Telkom \|Dimension Data \| Rain \| MWEB 0 like 0 dislike 157 views Which of the following are cardinal numbers? (There may be more than one.) $$92 ; \text{forty-three} ; 71 ; \text{twenty-six}$$ \| 157 views 0 like 0 dislike Cardinal number says how many of something there are, such as one, two, three, four, five. A Cardinal Number answers the question "How Many?" = all the above numbers are cardinal. by Diamond (45,608 points) 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 0 like 0 dislike 1 like 0 dislike	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7663202881813049, "perplexity": 21739.695676056745}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363006.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204185021-20211204215021-00626.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/42855/whats-behind-over/42856	# What’s behind \over? Typically a TeX command have arguments coming after it. But the command \over, which is used to produce fractions, can access the token before it. How exactly is it implemented and can I define a custom command like that? - This is exactly the question that got me reading the TeXbook! My understanding is that this behaviour is compiled into TeX; it's always maintaining a tokslist, just in case it happens to hit an \over. Perhaps one could hook into this tokslist? – L Spice Jan 30 '12 at 21:31 I remember once I found a command that takes a command and prints its definition, with which I tested \over but got nothing. I too guessed it was built-in but still hoped there was a way to access the token list (although David’s answer seems to imply there’s no way to do that…). – JC Chu Jan 30 '12 at 21:45 @LSpice Actually TeX always maintains the "current math list" (in math mode) and when it finds \over it puts this list aside, starts another math list and when this one is over it builds the fraction from the two lists. – egreg Jan 30 '12 at 21:52 @egreg thanks! (Plus some characters.) – L Spice Jan 30 '12 at 22:12 It's a TeX primitive so no you can't define commands like it. It's also a pain in the neck and the cause of many of the problems in math mode, as it means that you can not be sure when you first encounter any math mode token what style things will end up in, hence the need for \mathchoice and various other horrors. If the primitive had had normal prefix syntax like LaTeX's \frac it wouldn't have been necessary. It occurs to me that there is one other TeX primitive that can do this: \lastbox. It doesn't work quite the same; it just grabs the last box produced, if the last thing produced was indeed a box (and if you are not in the "main vertical mode" or math mode). It is somewhat limited, though, since the box is immutable once written, whereas \over switches its parts to "cramped" style, squeezing superscripts and subscripts. It is important to realize, however, that neither \over nor \lastbox can access previous tokens; once a token is expanded/executed, it is gone. They operate only on lists: math lists or vertical/horizontal lists. As David Carlisle said, though, its syntax is a poor design decision. For user-visible commands you have the luxury of requiring the author to write the operation before its operands. For internal commands, \lastbox is useful for picking apart things that were already produced in order to process them using knowledge that's only available after the fact.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9826219081878662, "perplexity": 1531.6843354041728}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164819343/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134659-00005-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.transtutors.com/questions/which-of-the-following-is-correct-concerning-pcaob-guidance-that-uses-the-term-ldquo-600334.htm	# Which of the following is correct concerning PCAOB guidance that uses the term “should”? Which of the following is correct concerning PCAOB guidance that uses the term “should”? a. The auditor must fulfill the responsibilities. b. The auditor must comply with requirements unless s/he demonstrates that alternative actions were sufficient to achieve the objectives of the standard. c. The auditor should consider performing the procedure; whether the auditor performs depends on the exercise of professional judgment in the circumstances. d. The auditor has complete discretion as to whether to perform the procedure.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8890071511268616, "perplexity": 2684.4385596863535}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145533.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221142006-20200221172006-00431.warc.gz"}
http://nrich.maths.org/919/note?nomenu=1	### Why do this problem? This problem offers opportunties to consider different methods of listing systematically. It can be used to introduce or revisit sample space diagrams, and with some students, tree diagrams. ### Possible approach This printable worksheet may be useful: In a Box. Play the game a few times for real. "Is this a fair game? How can we be sure?" Class work in pairs trying to decide and to develop an argument to justify their conjectures. After about ten minutes, stop to discuss the merits of different arguments and representations. This may be an appropriate point to highlight the benefits of different systematic methods for listing all possibilities, using sample space diagrams and, if pupils have met them before, tree diagrams. Finding a fair game can become a class activity: Students help to create a class list of all distinct starting points for the game (for example, four ribbons can be either $1R$ and $3B$ or $2R$ and $2B$). These are written on the board for $3, 4, 5, \ldots$ribbons. Distribute the task of checking which combinations are fair and record them on the board as pairs of pupils decide. There are not many solutions that work and if pupils are to notice a pattern amongst the combinations that are fair they may need to consider up to a total of $16$ ribbons. Spend some time conjecturing about more than $16$ ribbons and test. ### Key questions How can you decide if the game is fair? How many goes do you think we need to be confident of the likelihood of winning? Are there efficient systems for recording the different possible combinations?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18119361996650696, "perplexity": 943.9782677168782}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469258948913.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723072908-00227-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://stats.stackexchange.com/questions/262277/why-would-you-predict-from-a-mixed-effect-model-without-including-random-effects	# Why would you predict from a mixed effect model without including random effects for the prediction? This is more of a conceptual question, but as I use R I will refer to the packages in R. If the aim is to fit a linear model for the purposes of prediction, and then make predictions where the random effects might not be available, is there any benefit to using a mixed effects model, or should a fixed effect model be used instead? For example, if I have data on weight vs. height with some other information, and build the following model using lme4, where subject is a factor with $n$ levels ($n=no.samples$): mod1 <- lmer(weight ~ height + age + (1\|subject), data=df, REML=F) Then I want to be able to predict weight from the model using new height and age data. Obviously the by-subject variance in the original data is captured in the model, but is it possible to use this information in the prediction? Let's say I have some new height and age data, and want to predict weight, I can do so as follows: predict(mod1,newdata=newdf) # newdf columns for height, age, subject This will use predict.merMod, and I can either include a column for (new) subjects in newdf, or set re.form =~0. In the first instance, it is not clear what the model does with the 'new' subject factors, and in the second instance, will the by-subject variance captured in the model simply be ignored (averaged over) for the prediction? In either case it would seem to me that a fixed effect linear model might be more appropriate. Indeed, if my understanding is correct, then a fixed effect model should predict the same values as the mixed model, if the random effect is not used in the prediction. Should this be the case? In R it is not, for example: mod1 <- lmer(weight ~ height + age + (1\|subject), data=df, REML=F) predict(mod1,newdata=newdf, re.form=~0) # newdf columns for height, age, subject yields different results to: mod2 <- lm(weight ~ height + age, data=df) predict(mod2,newdata=newdf) # newdf columns for height, age • It could be yoy want to predict for a new group which was not included in the estimation Feb 16, 2017 at 14:19 • Yes, but in that instance why bother with a mixed effect model? What does it give you that a fixed effect model doesn't, if you ignore the random effects in the prediction? Feb 16, 2017 at 14:36 • Well, it might give better estimators, because you have a better (more correct) model of the error structure Feb 16, 2017 at 14:39 Simple thought experiment: You have measured weight and height of 5 infants after birth. And you measured it from the same babies again after two years. Meanwhile you measured weight and height of your baby daughter almost every week resulting in 100 value pairs for her. If you use a mixed effects model, there is no problem. If you use a fixed effects model you put undue weight on the measurements from your daughter, to a point where you would get almost the same model fit if you used only data from her. So, it's not only important for inference to model repeated measures or uncertainty structures correctly, but also for prediction. In general, you don't get the same predictions from a mixed effects model and from a fixed effects model (with violated assumptions). and I can either include a column for (new) subjects in newdf You can't predict for subjects which were not part of the original (training) data. Again a thought experiment: the new subject is obese. How could the model know that it is at the upper end of the random effects distribution? will the by-subject variance captured in the model simply be ignored (averaged over) for the prediction If I understand you correctly then yes. The model gives you an estimate of the expected value for the population (note that this estimate is still conditional on the original subjects). • Thank you for the clear explanation and example, this all makes sense. However, where you state You can't predict for subjects which were not part of the original (training) data; isn't setting re.form=~0 and predicting from the population expected value allowing me to do just that? Granted, the model is not using any subject-specific information in the prediction, but is it fair to say that the estimate from a mixed effect model will still be more accurate than that from an equivalent fixed effect model where the subject-specific variation was ignored? Feb 20, 2017 at 14:05 • The fixed model is not applicable since its assumptions are violated. You must use a model that includes a dependence structure.re.form=~0 gives you the population-level prediction, which is the best you can do for new subjects. Feb 20, 2017 at 14:32 • I had the same question when using the glmmLasso package in R. The author of the package, Andreas Groll, stated the glmmLasso procedure uses just the fixed effects for making predictions for new subjects and fixed + random effects for existing subjects in the next time period. Apr 9, 2018 at 20:00	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8484652042388916, "perplexity": 821.2153952696485}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662545326.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220522094818-20220522124818-00060.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/which-operator-is-suitable-to-define-a-qubit.269108/	# Which operator is suitable to define a qubit? 1. Nov 3, 2008 ### Lojzek What requirements must an observable A meet to be usefull as a qubit for quantum computers? I think that the wave function must have time independent coefficients in the base of A (when we are not applying quantum gates). This means that expected value <A> must be constant, so the necessary condition is [A,H]=0. But is this enough? What if the eigenstates of A have different energies (eigenvalues of H)? Then the phase of the two states is changing with different frequencies. Is quantum computing possible anyway or must both eigenstates have the same energy? 2. Nov 3, 2008 ### borgwal I suppose you mean: for what A are two eigenstates of A useful as basis states for a qubit? So yes, preferably you have [H,A]=0. And indeed, that's not quite enough, as you observe, but almost: as long as you know the energy difference precisely enough, then it's okay. In practice, the energy difference (divided by \hbar) is often matched to the difference between two laser frequencies which are stabilized. 3. Nov 5, 2008 ### Lojzek Thanks for the reply. I suppose a precisely known energy difference would not be a big problem, since we could correct the phase with phase shifter gates. Or maybe we could even use controled energy difference to create phase shifter gates?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9635211229324341, "perplexity": 1317.5718933014446}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257644271.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20180317035630-20180317055630-00366.warc.gz"}
https://www.ms.u-tokyo.ac.jp/seminar/2009/sem09-061.html	## Lie群論・表現論セミナー開催情報火曜日　16:30～18:00　数理科学研究科棟(駒場) 126号室小林俊行 https://www.ms.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~toshi/seminar/ut-seminar.html ### 2009年06月15日(月) 16:30-18:00 数理科学研究科棟(駒場) 126号室 The Schur-Szeg\\"o composition of the degree $n$ polynomials $P:=\\sum_{j=0}^na_jx^j$ and $Q:=\\sum_{j=0}^nb_jx^j$ is defined by the formula $P*Q:=\\sum_{j=0}^na_jb_jx^j/C_n^j$ where $C_n^j=n!/j!(n-j)!$. Every degree $n$ polynomial having one of its roots at $-1$ (i.e. $P=(x+1)(x^{n-1}+c_1x^{n-2}+\\cdots +c_{n-1})$) is representable as a Schur-Szeg\\"o composition of $n-1$ polynomials of the form $(x+1)^{n-1}(x+a_i)$ where the numbers $a_i$ are uniquely defined up to permutation. Denote the elementary symmetric polynomials of the numbers $a_i$ by $\\sigma_1$, $\\ldots$, $\\sigma_{n-1}$. The talk will focus on some properties of the affine mapping $$(c_1,\\ldots ,c_{n-1})\\mapsto (\\sigma_1,\\ldots ,\\sigma_{n-1})$$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9950844645500183, "perplexity": 334.77803555326057}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337731.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20221006061224-20221006091224-00643.warc.gz"}
https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_California_Davis/BIS_102%3A_Structure_and_Function_of_Biomolecules_(Gasser)/01%3A_Intro_to_Biochem.%2C_H2O_properties%2C_Biochemical_bonds/1%3AIV%3A_Biochemical_bonds%2F%2Fweak_interactions	# 1:IV: Biochemical bonds/weak interactions $$\newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} }$$ $$\newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}}$$$$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$$ $$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$$ $$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\\| #1 \\|}$$ $$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$ $$\newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}$$ $$\newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}$$ $$\newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}$$ $$\newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}$$ $$\newcommand{\norm}[1]{\\| #1 \\|}$$ $$\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}$$ $$\newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}$$$$\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}$$ #### A. Hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) The "H-bond donor" - a hydrogen bound to an electronegative atom (usually "O" or "N") in an organic compound forms this bond with an "H-bond acceptor" - an electronegative atom in the same or another compound (also usually and "O" or an "N"). H-bond donors: the "H" in -OH, -NH3+ H-bond acceptors: an "O" in -OH, -C=O, -CO2- or the "N" in -NH2 or the equivalent. #### B. Salt bridges The weak interaction between fully charged ions (e. g. Na+, K+, Cl-, -CO2-, -NH3+) when they are dissolved in an aqueous solution. The water shields the ions making their normally strong interactions much weaker. ### Some take home information Bond/interaction energy length Van der Waals 0.08 kJ/mole for single atoms (~7 kJ for benzene rings) 0.1 - 0.17 nm H-bond 12 - 30 kJ/mol 0.2 - 0.27 nm Ionic Bond ~500 kJ/mol Salt Bridge ~30 kJ/mol Covalent Bond 350 - 450 kJ/mol 0.1 - 0.15 nm Hydrophobic interaction 0.01 kJ/mol per square angstrom (13 kJ/mol for benzene rings) Two quarters of organic chemistry are one of the prerequisites for BIS102. What organic chemistry should I remember? Largely the properties of a few kinds of molecules that are important in biochemistry. At a minimum, you should recall the structure and properties of the following compounds/functional groups: 1. Carboxylic acids 2. Alcohols 3. Amines 4. Aromatic rings 5. Alkanes 6. C-C single and double bonds (e. g. geometry - tetrahedral, free rotation vs. planar, restricted rotation) 7. Aldehyde/ketone (i. e. carbonyl oxygen) Also, you should be familiar with the basics of the processes of nucleophilic attack, acid catalysis and base catalysis. 1:IV: Biochemical bonds/weak interactions is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by LibreTexts.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6946560740470886, "perplexity": 9886.355487431329}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500303.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20230206015710-20230206045710-00540.warc.gz"}
https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/392580/arrowheads-on-axes-and-function/392584	# Arrowheads on Axes and Function I'm trying to put arrowheads on both my axes and my function to no avail. I would like to have the arrows on the left and the bottom of my axes as well as at the end of my function (both sides). This is my code: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{pgfplots} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[ grid=both, axis lines=center, domain=-2pi:2pi, samples=200, no marks, xticklabels={-2$\pi$,-1.5$\pi$,...$\pi$,2$\pi$}, xtick={-6.2832,-4.7124,...,6.2832}, x post scale=1.5 ] \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \end{document} • In all the math texts I have, axis arrowheads point in the positive direction only, not both directions, and functions do not have arrowheads. I've always believed that was intentional, that the purpose of an arrowhead was to indicate which way the axis was oriented. (Of course, that always seems to be up and to-the-right by convention.) – dedded Sep 21 '17 at 19:14 • I was really hoping that this was a convention I could overwrite and make the way I teach the content to HS Students. Sigh. – C. L. Butler Sep 21 '17 at 19:15 • I assume pgfplots gives that control. But I'm not sure what the meaning of arrowheads on axes would be if you put them on both ends. What are you trying to express? – dedded Sep 21 '17 at 19:19 In order to add the arrows to the both sides of your axes, you may add axis line style={latex-latex} option to your plot style. Here is my solution for your problem: \documentclass{article} \usepackage{pgfplots} \begin{document} \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[ grid=both, axis lines=center, domain=-2pi:2pi, samples=200, no marks, axis line style={latex-latex}, xticklabels={-2$\pi$,-1.5$\pi$,...$\pi$,2$\pi$}, xtick={-6.2832,-4.7124,...,6.2832}, x post scale=1.5 ]	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6386578679084778, "perplexity": 1076.4473081233518}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986673538.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20191017095726-20191017123226-00509.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/number-theory/127473-solve-congruence.html	# Math Help - Solve a Congruence 1. ## Solve a Congruence 49x is congruent to 4000 (mod 999). I need to solve for x, and I can't figure out how to work it. Trying to use the Euclidean Algorithm. Thanks all! 2. Originally Posted by meggnog 49x is congruent to 4000 (mod 999). I need to solve for x, and I can't figure out how to work it. Trying to use the Euclidean Algorithm. Thanks all! To begin with one can notice the following: 4000 = 4999 + 4 ≡ 4 (mod 999) So, we've reduced the problem to 49x ≡ 4 (mod 999) Now, by Euclid's algorithm 999 = 2049 + 19 49 = 219 + 11 19 = 11 + 8 11 = 8 + 3 8 = 33 - 1 Going backwards in the algorithm you'll get the following 1 = 36749 - 18999 ≡ 36749 (mod 999) with other words: the inverse of 49 in Z_999 is 367 So, 49x ≡ 4 (mod 999) 36749x ≡ 3674 (mod 999) x ≡ 3674 = 1468 = 999 + 469 ≡ 469 (mod 999) x ≡ 469 (mod 999) and that's it!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8292807936668396, "perplexity": 1296.6181900354743}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/287442/treatise-on-non-elementary-integrable-functions	# Treatise on non-elementary integrable functions All of us mathematicians after some time (and trial-and-error, of course) we are able to guess with reasonable accuracy whether or not a given function is elementary integrable (test yourself: $$\int\frac1{x\sin\bigl(\frac1x\bigr)}\,dx\quad\text{vs}\quad\int\frac1{x^2\sin\bigl(\frac1x\bigr)}\,dx\ ;$$ surely the readers can give a lot more challenging and interesting examples). I would like to know what is the most comprehensive work (survey, book, whatever) dealing with the theory of integration in elementary terms. I know about the pioneering work of Liouville, as well as the classic paper by Rosenlicht, but what else? what about allowing certain "VIP" non-elementary functions (erf function, for example)? Many thanks. - Manuel Bronstein, Symbolic Integration, published by Springer in 2004, may be of some use. – Gerry Myerson Jan 27 '13 at 7:19 Here is the list of references I've seen on the topic of elementary integration. It is eclectic, and not intended to be complete, but contains most of what seem to be the relevant benchmarks, and several expository accounts in varying degrees of detail. Sadly, I am not familiar with Liouville's or Ostrowski's original papers. (Perhaps I'll use this as an excuse to track them down.) 1. MR0223346 (36 #6394). Rosenlicht, Maxwell. Liouville's theorem on functions with elementary integrals. Pacific J. Math. 24 (1968), 153–161. 2. MR0237477 (38 #5759). Risch, Robert H. The problem of integration in finite terms. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 139 (1969), 167–189. 3. MR0269635 (42 #4530). Risch, Robert H. The solution of the problem of integration in finite terms. Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 76, (1970), 605–608. 4. MR0321914 (48 #279). Rosenlicht, Maxwell. Integration in finite terms. Amer. Math. Monthly 79 (1972), 963–972. 5. MR0409427 (53 #13182). Risch, Robert H. Implicitly elementary integrals. Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 57 (1), (1976), 1–7. 6. MR0536040 (81b:12029). Risch, Robert H. Algebraic properties of the elementary functions of analysis. Amer. J. Math. 101 (4), (1979), 743–759. 7. MR0815235 (87a:12009). Richtmyer, R. D. Integration in finite terms: a method for determining regular fields for the Risch algorithm. Lett. Math. Phys. 10 (2-3), (1985), 135–141. 8. Matthew P Wiener. Elementary integration and $x^x$. Sci.Math post. February 21, 1995. (The pdf version was typed by Apollo Hogan). 9. Manuel Bronstein. Symbolic Integration Tutorial. "Course notes of an ISSAC (International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation) '98 tutorial." 10. MR1960772 (2004c:12010). Van der Put, Marius; Singer, Michael F. Galois theory of linear differential equations. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften [Fundamental Principles of Mathematical Sciences], 328. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003. xviii+438 pp. ISBN: 3-540-44228-6. 11. MR2106657 (2005i:68092). Bronstein, Manuel. Symbolic integration. I. Transcendental functions. Second edition. With a foreword by B. F. Caviness. Algorithms and Computation in Mathematics, 1. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2005. xvi+325 pp. ISBN: 3-540-21493-3. 12. Brian Conrad. Integration in elementary terms. Unpublished note. (2011?). 13. Moshe Kamensky. Differential Galois theory. "An introduction to Galois theory of linear differential equations." Bronstein's book in particular is highly recommended. - – Andres Caicedo Apr 12 '13 at 2:50 – lhf May 13 '13 at 11:47 @lhf Many thanks for the link! – Andres Caicedo May 13 '13 at 12:56	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8298851847648621, "perplexity": 879.2026957845359}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443438.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00242-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2017-07-14-15/	# Classification of all alternatives to the Born rule in terms of informational properties Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London,Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom The standard postulates of quantum theory can be divided into two groups: the first one characterizes the structure and dynamics of pure states, while the second one specifies the structure of measurements and the corresponding probabilities. In this work we keep the first group of postulates and characterize all alternatives to the second group that give rise to finite-dimensional sets of mixed states. We prove a correspondence between all these alternatives and a class of representations of the unitary group. Some features of these probabilistic theories are identical to quantum theory, but there are important differences in others. For example, some theories have three perfectly distinguishable states in a two-dimensional Hilbert space. Others have exotic properties such as lack of bit symmetry, the violation of no simultaneous encoding (a property similar to information causality) and the existence of maximal measurements without phase groups. We also analyze which of these properties single out the Born rule. The nature of measurement is one of the most debated questions in the foundations of quantum mechanics. In this work we explore alternatives to the way measurements are mathematically described in quantum mechanics. We make an exhaustive classification of all such alternatives in terms of group theory. We then analyze the information-processing properties of all these alternative theories, and conclude that quantum mechanics is the only one which satisfies an informational property known as bit symmetry. ### ► References [1] David Deutsch. Quantum theory of probability and decisions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 455, 3129-3137. 1999. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1999.0443 [2] Wojciech Hubert Zurek. Probabilities from entanglement, born's rule ${p}_{k}={{\mid}{{\psi}}_{k}{\mid}}^{2}$ from envariance. Phys. Rev. A. 71, 052105. May 2005. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.71.052105 [3] David Wallace. How to Prove the Born Rule. In Adrian Kent Simon Saunders, Jon Barrett and David Wallace, editors, Many Worlds? Everett, Quantum Theory, and Reality. Oxford University Press. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199560561.001.0001 [4] Markus P. Müller and Cozmin Ududec. Structure of reversible computation determines the self-duality of quantum theory. Phys. Rev. Lett.. 108, 130401. Mar 2012. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.130401 [5] David Gross, Markus Müller, Roger Colbeck, and Oscar C. O. Dahlsten. All reversible dynamics in maximally nonlocal theories are trivial. Phys. Rev. Lett.. 104, 080402. Feb 2010. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.080402 [6] Sabri W Al-Safi and Anthony J Short. Reversible dynamics in strongly non-local boxworld systems. Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical. 47, 325303. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/47/32/325303 [7] Sabri W Al-Safi and Jonathan Richens. Reversibility and the structure of the local state space. New Journal of Physics. 17, 123001. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/12/123001 [8] L. Hardy and W. K. Wootters. Limited Holism and Real-Vector-Space Quantum Theory. Foundations of Physics. 42, 454-473. March 2012. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-011-9616-6 [9] D. Finkelstein, J.M. Jauch, and D. Speiser. Notes on Quaternion Quantum Mechanics. CERN publications: European Organization for Nuclear Research. CERN. 1959. https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KsGKpwAACAAJ [10] H. Barnum, M. Graydon, and A. Wilce. Composites and Categories of Euclidean Jordan Algebras. eprint ArXiv:1606.09331 quant-ph. June 2016. arXiv:1606.09331 [11] Scott Aaronson. Is Quantum Mechanics An Island In Theoryspace? eprint arXiv:quant-ph/0401062. 2004. arXiv:quant-ph/0401062 [12] Y. D. Han and T. Choi. Quantum Probability assignment limited by relativistic causality. Sci. Rep.. 6, 22986. July 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22986 [13] L. Hardy. Quantum theory from five reasonable axioms. eprint arXiv:quant-ph/0101012. January 2001. arXiv:quant-ph/0101012 [14] Jonathan Barrett. Information processing in generalized probabilistic theories. Phys. Rev. A. 75, 032304. March 2007. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.75.032304 [15] Lluís Masanes and Markus P. Muller. A derivation of quantum theory from physical requirements. New Journal of Physics. 13, 063001. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/13/6/063001 [16] C. Brukner B. Dakic. Quantum Theory and Beyond: Is Entanglement Special? In H. Halvorson, editor, Deep Beauty - Understanding the Quantum World through Mathematical Innovation. pages 365-392. Cambridge University Press. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/philmat/nkr014 [17] Robin Giles. Foundations for Quantum Mechanics. Journal of Mathematical Physics. 11, 2139. 1970. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1665373 [18] Bogdan Mielnik. Generalized quantum mechanics. Communications in Mathematical Physics. 37, 221-256. 1974. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01646346 [19] G. Chiribella, G. M. D'Ariano, and P. Perinotti. Probabilistic theories with purification. Physical Review A. 81, 062348. jun 2010. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.81.062348 [20] H. Barnum, J. Barrett, L. Orloff Clark, M. Leifer, R. Spekkens, N. Stepanik, A. Wilce, and R. Wilke. Entropy and information causality in general probabilistic theories. New Journal of Physics. 12, 033024. mar 2010. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/12/3/033024 [21] Peter Janotta and Raymond Lal. Generalized probabilistic theories without the no-restriction hypothesis. Physical Review A. 87, 052131. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.87.052131 [22] William Fulton and Joe Harris. Representation theory : a first course. Graduate texts in mathematics. Springer-Verlag. New York, Berlin, Paris. 1991. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0979-9 [23] Jonathan Barrett. private communication. [24] Andrew J P Garner, Oscar C O Dahlsten, Yoshifumi Nakata, Mio Murao, and Vlatko Vedral. A framework for phase and interference in generalized probabilistic theories. New Journal of Physics. 15, 093044. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/15/9/093044 [25] Ciarán M Lee and John H Selby. Generalised phase kick-back: the structure of computational algorithms from physical principles. New Journal of Physics. 18, 033023. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/18/3/033023 [26] L. Masanes, M. P. Muller, R. Augusiak, and D. Perez-Garcia. Existence of an information unit as a postulate of quantum theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110, 16373-16377. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1304884110 [27] M. Pawłowski, T. Paterek, D. Kaszlikowski, V. Scarani, A. Winter, and M. Żukowski. Information causality as a physical principle. nature. 461, 1101-1104. October 2009. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08400 [28] Andrew M. Gleason. Measures on the Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space. pages 123-133. Springer Netherlands. Dordrecht. 1975. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1795-4_7 [29] Carlton M Caves, Christopher A Fuchs, Kiran K Manne, and Joseph M Renes. Gleason-type derivations of the quantum probability rule for generalized measurements. Foundations of Physics. 34, 193-209. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FOOP.0000019581.00318.a5 [30] Karl Heinrich. Hofmann and Sidney A. Morris. The structure of compact groups : a primer for students, a handbook for the expert. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. third edition, revised and augmented edition. 2013. http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN3110296799 [31] Ingemar Bengtsson and Karol Zyczkowski. Geometry of Quantum States. Cambridge University Press. 2006. Cambridge Books Online. http://books.google.com/books?vid=9780521814515 [32] M. L. Whippman. Branching Rules for Simple Lie Groups. Journal of Mathematical Physics. 6, 1534-1539. October 1965. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1704691 [33] W.J. Holman and L.C. Biedenharm. The Representations and Tensor Operators of the Unitary Groups U(n). In Ernest M. Loebl, editor, Group Theory and its Applications. pages 1 - 73. Academic Press. 1971. https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1483263789 [34] Roe Goodman and Nolan R. Wallachs. Symmetry, Representations, and Invariants. Springer-Verlag New York. New York. 2009. https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0387798528 [35] Fernando Antoneli, Michael Forger, and Paola Gaviria. Maximal subgroups of compact Lie groups. eprint ArXiv:math/0605784. 2006. arXiv:math/0605784 ### ► Cited by (beta) Crossref's cited-by service has no data on citing works. Unfortunately not all publishers provide suitable citation data.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7091871500015259, "perplexity": 5312.499759521889}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267161661.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20180925143000-20180925163400-00430.warc.gz"}
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implicit_k-d_tree	# Implicit k-d tree Construction and storage of a 2D implicit max kd-tree using the grid median splitting-function. Each cell of the rectilinear grid has one scalar value from low (bright blue) to high (bright red) assigned to it. The grid's memory footprint is indicated in the lower line. The implicit max kd-tree's predefined memory footprint needs one scalar value less than that. The storing of the node's max values is indicated in the upper line. An implicit k-d tree is a k-d tree defined implicitly above a rectilinear grid. Its split planes' positions and orientations are not given explicitly but implicitly by some recursive splitting-function defined on the hyperrectangles belonging to the tree's nodes. Each inner node's split plane is positioned on a grid plane of the underlying grid, partitioning the node's grid into two subgrids. ## Nomenclature and references The terms "min/max k-d tree" and "implicit k-d tree" are sometimes mixed up. This is because the first publication using the term "implicit k-d tree" [1] did actually use explicit min/max k-d trees but referred to them as "implicit k-d trees" to indicate that they may be used to ray trace implicitly given iso surfaces. Nevertheless this publication used also slim k-d trees which are a subset of the implicit k-d trees with the restriction that they can only be built over integer hyperrectangles with sidelengths that are powers of two. Implicit k-d trees as defined here have recently been introduced, with applications in computer graphics.[2][3] As it is possible to assign attributes to implicit k-d tree nodes, one may refer to an implicit k-d tree which has min/max values assigned to its nodes as an "implicit min/max k-d tree". ## Construction Implicit k-d trees are in general not constructed explicitly. When accessing a node, its split plane orientation and position are evaluated using the specific splitting-function defining the tree. Different splitting-functions may result in different trees for the same underlying grid. ### Splitting-functions Splitting-functions may be adapted to special purposes. Underneath two specifications of special splitting-function classes. • Non-degenerated splitting-functions do not allow the creation of degenerated nodes (nodes whose corresponding integer hyperrectangle's volume is equal zero). Their corresponding implicit k-d trees are full binary trees, which have for n leaf nodes n - 1 inner nodes. Their corresponding implicit k-d trees are non-degenerated implicit k-d trees. • complete splitting-functions are non-degenerated splitting-functions whose corresponding implicit k-d tree's leaf nodes are single grid cells such that they have one inner node less than the amount of gridcells given in the grid. The corresponding implicit k-d trees are complete implicit k-d trees. A complete splitting function is for example the grid median splitting-function. It creates fairly balanced implicit k-d trees by using k-dimensional integer hyperrectangles hyprec[2][k] belonging to each node of the implicit k-d tree. The hyperrectangles define which gridcells of the rectilinear grid belong to their corresponding node. If the volume of this hyperrectangle equals one, the corresponding node is a single grid cell and is therefore not further subdivided and marked as leaf node. Otherwise the hyperrectangle's longest extend is chosen as orientation o. The corresponding split plane p is positioned onto the grid plane that is closest to the hyperrectangle's grid median along that orientation. Split plane orientation o: o = min{argmax(i = 1 ... k: (hyprec[1][i] - hyprec[0][i]))} Split plane position p: p = roundDown((hyprec[0][o] + hyprec[1][o]) / 2) ### Assigning attributes to implicit k-d tree nodes An obvious advantage of implicit k-d trees is that their split plane's orientations and positions need not to be stored explicitly. But some applications require besides the split plane's orientations and positions further attributes at the inner tree nodes. These attributes may be for example single bits or single scalar values, defining if the subgrids belonging to the nodes are of interest or not. For complete implicit k-d trees it is possible to pre-allocate a correctly sized array of attributes and to assign each inner node of the tree to a unique element in that allocated array. The amount of gridcells in the grid is equal the volume of the integer hyperrectangle belonging to the grid. As a complete implicit k-d tree has one inner node less than grid cells, it is known in advance how many attributes need to be stored. The relation "Volume of integer hyperrectangle to inner nodes" defines together with the complete splitting-function a recursive formula assigning to each split plane a unique element in the allocated array. The corresponding algorithm is given in C-pseudo code underneath. // Assigning attributes to inner nodes of a complete implicit k-d tree // create an integer help hyperrectangle hyprec (its volume vol(hyprec) is equal the amount of leaves) int hyprec[2][k] = { { 0, ..., 0 }, { length_1, ..., length_k } }; // allocate once the array of attributes for the entire implicit k-d tree attr a = new attr[volume(hyprec) - 1]; attr implicitKdTreeAttributes(int hyprec[2][k], attr a) { if(vol(hyprec) > 1) // the current node is an inner node { // evaluate the split plane's orientation o and its position p using the underlying complete split-function int o, p; completeSplittingFunction(hyprec, &o, &p); // evaluate the children's integer hyperrectangles hyprec_l and hyprec_r int hyprec_l[2][k], hyprec_r[2][k]; hyprec_l = hyprec; hyprec_l[1][o] = p; hyprec_r = hyprec; hyprec_r[0][o] = p; // evaluate the children's memory location a_l and a_r attr* a_l = a + 1; attr* a_r = a + vol(hyprec_l); // evaluate recursively the children's attributes c_l and c_r attr c_l = implicitKdTreeAttributes(hyprec_l, a_l); attr c_r = implicitKdTreeAttributes(hyprec_r, a_r); // merge the children's attributes to the current attribute c attr c = merge(c_l, c_r); // store the current attribute and return it a[0] = c; return c; } // The current node is a leaf node. Return the attribute belonging to the corresponding gridcell return attribute(hyprec); } It is worth mentioning that this algorithm works for all rectilinear grids. The corresponding integer hyperrectangle does not necessarily have to have sidelengths that are powers of two. ## Applications Implicit max-k-d trees are used for ray casting isosurfaces/MIP (maximum intensity projection). The attribute assigned to each inner node is the maximal scalar value given in the subgrid belonging to the node. Nodes are not traversed if their scalar values are smaller than the searched iso-value/current maximum intensity along the ray. The low storage requirements of the implicit max kd-tree and the favorable visualization complexity of ray casting allow to ray cast (and even change the isosurface for) very large scalar fields at interactive framerates on commodity PCs. Similarly an implicit min/max kd-tree may be used to efficiently evaluate queries such as terrain line of sight.[4] ## Complexity Given an implicit k-d tree spanned over an k-dimensional grid with n gridcells. • Assigning attributes to the nodes of the tree takes $\mathrm{O}(kn)$ time. • Storing attributes to the nodes takes $\mathrm{O}(n)$ memory. • Ray casting iso-surfaces/MIP an underlying scalar field using the corresponding implicit max k-d tree takes roughly $\mathrm{O}(\log(n))$ time.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 3, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.29513880610466003, "perplexity": 3121.0552742158725}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997900573.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025820-00080-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/102280-how-find-zeros.html	# Math Help - How to find the zeros? 1. ## How to find the zeros? Im having trouble finding the zeros of this polynomial: -x^2+2x+4 I have tried factoring it and it dosent work i have tried the quadratic formula too but no luck. I am supposed to graph this but I need the zeros first. Anyone have any suggestions im really lost. Thanks for your help in advance. PS. The first term is read as "negative x squared" im not sure how to do the symbols... 2. Originally Posted by nascar77 Im having trouble finding the zeros of this polynomial: -x^2+2x+4 I have tried factoring it and it dosent work i have tried the quadratic formula too but no luck. I am supposed to graph this but I need the zeros first. Anyone have any suggestions im really lost. Thanks for your help in advance. PS. The first term is read as "negative x squared" im not sure how to do the symbols... $-x^2+2x+4 = 0$ $a = -1$ $b = 2$ $c = 4$ $x = \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{2^2 - 4(-1)(4)}}{2(-1)}$ now ... what exactly is your problem in evaluating the above expression that uses the quadratic formula? 3. Because the quadratic formula produces zeros that have imaginary numbers. But im actually supposed to graph this on a coordinate plane. The original funcion was f(x)=-x^3+4x^2-8. From here i used synthetic division and found one zero to be two. The quadratic i posted was the quotient left from the division. 4. Because the quadratic formula produces zeros that have imaginary numbers. is that so? $x = \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{2^2 - 4(-1)(4)}}{2(-1)}$ $x = \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{4 - (-16)}}{-2}$ $x = \frac{-2 \pm \sqrt{20}}{-2}$ $x = \frac{-2 \pm 2\sqrt{5}}{-2}$ $x = 1 \mp \sqrt{5}$ I'd say that x has two real zeros. 5. I feel stupid I must have gotten lost somewhere in the algebra. thanks so much for your help! -Kimberly	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 10, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7600696682929993, "perplexity": 404.1649330535274}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537271.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00645-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.ademcetinkaya.com/2023/02/mhd-blackrock-muniholdings-fund-inc.html	Outlook: Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock is assigned short-term Ba1 & long-term Ba1 estimated rating. Time series to forecast n: 28 Feb 2023 for (n+4 weeks) ## Abstract Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock prediction model is evaluated with Multi-Task Learning (ML) and Stepwise Regression1,2,3,4 and it is concluded that the MHD stock is predictable in the short/long term. According to price forecasts for (n+4 weeks) period, the dominant strategy among neural network is: Buy ## Key Points 1. Why do we need predictive models? 2. Technical Analysis with Algorithmic Trading 3. Market Signals ## MHD Target Price Prediction Modeling Methodology We consider Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock Decision Process with Multi-Task Learning (ML) where A is the set of discrete actions of MHD stock holders, F is the set of discrete states, P : S × F × S → R is the transition probability distribution, R : S × F → R is the reaction function, and γ ∈ [0, 1] is a move factor for expectation.1,2,3,4 F(Stepwise Regression)5,6,7= $\begin{array}{cccc}{p}_{a1}& {p}_{a2}& \dots & {p}_{1n}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{j1}& {p}_{j2}& \dots & {p}_{jn}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{k1}& {p}_{k2}& \dots & {p}_{kn}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{n1}& {p}_{n2}& \dots & {p}_{nn}\end{array}$ X R(Multi-Task Learning (ML)) X S(n):→ (n+4 weeks) $\stackrel{\to }{R}=\left({r}_{1},{r}_{2},{r}_{3}\right)$ n:Time series to forecast p:Price signals of MHD stock j:Nash equilibria (Neural Network) k:Dominated move a:Best response for target price For further technical information as per how our model work we invite you to visit the article below: How do AC Investment Research machine learning (predictive) algorithms actually work? ## MHD Stock Forecast (Buy or Sell) for (n+4 weeks) Sample Set: Neural Network Stock/Index: MHD Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock Time series to forecast n: 28 Feb 2023 for (n+4 weeks) According to price forecasts for (n+4 weeks) period, the dominant strategy among neural network is: Buy X axis: Likelihood% (The higher the percentage value, the more likely the event will occur.) Y axis: Potential Impact% (The higher the percentage value, the more likely the price will deviate.) Z axis (Grey to Black): Technical Analysis% ## IFRS Reconciliation Adjustments for Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock 1. As noted in paragraph B4.3.1, when an entity becomes a party to a hybrid contract with a host that is not an asset within the scope of this Standard and with one or more embedded derivatives, paragraph 4.3.3 requires the entity to identify any such embedded derivative, assess whether it is required to be separated from the host contract and, for those that are required to be separated, measure the derivatives at fair value at initial recognition and subsequently. These requirements can be more complex, or result in less reliable measures, than measuring the entire instrument at fair value through profit or loss. For that reason this Standard permits the entire hybrid contract to be designated as at fair value through profit or loss. 2. For the purpose of recognising foreign exchange gains and losses under IAS 21, a financial asset measured at fair value through other comprehensive income in accordance with paragraph 4.1.2A is treated as a monetary item. Accordingly, such a financial asset is treated as an asset measured at amortised cost in the foreign currency. Exchange differences on the amortised cost are recognised in profit or loss and other changes in the carrying amount are recognised in accordance with paragraph 5.7.10. 3. If an entity originates a loan that bears an off-market interest rate (eg 5 per cent when the market rate for similar loans is 8 per cent), and receives an upfront fee as compensation, the entity recognises the loan at its fair value, ie net of the fee it receives. 4. An alternative benchmark rate designated as a non-contractually specified risk component that is not separately identifiable (see paragraphs 6.3.7(a) and B6.3.8) at the date it is designated shall be deemed to have met that requirement at that date, if, and only if, the entity reasonably expects the alternative benchmark rate will be separately identifiable within 24 months. The 24-month period applies to each alternative benchmark rate separately and starts from the date the entity designates the alternative benchmark rate as a non-contractually specified risk component for the first time (ie the 24- month period applies on a rate-by-rate basis). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adjustment process involves reviewing the company's financial statements and identifying any differences between the company's current accounting practices and the requirements of the IFRS. If there are any such differences, neural network makes adjustments to financial statements to bring them into compliance with the IFRS. ## Conclusions Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock is assigned short-term Ba1 & long-term Ba1 estimated rating. Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock prediction model is evaluated with Multi-Task Learning (ML) and Stepwise Regression1,2,3,4 and it is concluded that the MHD stock is predictable in the short/long term. According to price forecasts for (n+4 weeks) period, the dominant strategy among neural network is: Buy ### MHD Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock Financial Analysis* Rating Short-Term Long-Term Senior OutlookBa1Ba1 Income StatementCaa2Ba1 Balance SheetB3C Leverage RatiosBaa2C Cash FlowBaa2B3 Rates of Return and ProfitabilityB2C Financial analysis is the process of evaluating a company's financial performance and position by neural network. It involves reviewing the company's financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, as well as other financial reports and documents. How does neural network examine financial reports and understand financial state of the company? ### Prediction Confidence Score Trust metric by Neural Network: 84 out of 100 with 662 signals. ## References 1. R. Williams. Simple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learning. Ma- chine learning, 8(3-4):229–256, 1992 2. R. Williams. Simple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learning. Ma- chine learning, 8(3-4):229–256, 1992 3. Belsley, D. A. (1988), "Modelling and forecast reliability," International Journal of Forecasting, 4, 427–447. 4. Athey S, Bayati M, Imbens G, Zhaonan Q. 2019. Ensemble methods for causal effects in panel data settings. NBER Work. Pap. 25675 5. Akgiray, V. (1989), "Conditional heteroscedasticity in time series of stock returns: Evidence and forecasts," Journal of Business, 62, 55–80. 6. Breiman L. 2001a. Random forests. Mach. Learn. 45:5–32 7. V. Borkar. Stochastic approximation: a dynamical systems viewpoint. Cambridge University Press, 2008 Frequently Asked QuestionsQ: What is the prediction methodology for MHD stock? A: MHD stock prediction methodology: We evaluate the prediction models Multi-Task Learning (ML) and Stepwise Regression Q: Is MHD stock a buy or sell? A: The dominant strategy among neural network is to Buy MHD Stock. Q: Is Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock stock a good investment? A: The consensus rating for Blackrock MuniHoldings Fund Inc. Common Stock is Buy and is assigned short-term Ba1 & long-term Ba1 estimated rating. Q: What is the consensus rating of MHD stock? A: The consensus rating for MHD is Buy. Q: What is the prediction period for MHD stock? A: The prediction period for MHD is (n+4 weeks)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5500870943069458, "perplexity": 8334.572639657654}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945315.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325033306-20230325063306-00588.warc.gz"}
https://www.scm.com/doc.2019-3/Tutorials/COSMO-RS/Ionic_Liquids.html	Ionic Liquids¶ 6.1: Using the ADF COSMO-RS ionic liquid database¶ Ionic liquids (ILs), usually consisting of a large organic cation and a small inorganic polyatomic anion, have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their unique thermophysical properties. The low vapor pressure and high conductivity of these molten salts combined with highly tunable properties, have resulted in highly diverse applications across many different fields in chemistry, materials science (battery electrolytes), chemical engineering (gas sorption and purification), and many more. To calculate thermodynamic properties of ionic liquids with COSMO-RS, the IL may be described either as a single ion pair or as discrete cations and anions. The latter method will be mainly used here. The COSMO-RS ionic liquid database ADFCRS-IL-2014 contains 80 cations and 56 anions. This ADFCRS-IL-2014 database consists of ADF COSMO result (.coskf) files, from standard ADF quantum mechanical calculations, as described in tutorial 1: COSMO result files. The user can create new anions and cations using that same approach and add them to the List of Added Compounds. The ADFCRS-IL-2014 database is part of the ADFCRS-2018 COSMO-RS database. Install the ADFCRS-2018 database if it is not yet installed, see tutorial 4: The COSMO-RS compound database. SCM gratefully acknowledges Prof. Zhigang Lei’s research group (State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China) for providing the ionic liquid database, the corresponding tutorial, and the reparameterization of COSMO-RS for ionic liquids (ADF Lei 2018). Reparameterization of COSMO-RS for ionic liquids¶ In Ref. [617] Han, Lei and coworkers present a reparametrization of COSMO-RS parameters for ionic liquids within the ADF framework. The extensive training set consisted of 2283 activity coefficient data points at infinite dilution and 1433 CO2 solubility data points that were collected from literature references. The authors use the refitted parameters to predict CO2 solubility in pure ionic liquids at low temperatures (<273.2 K) and the CO2 solubility in mixed ionic liquids over a wide temperature and pressure range. Their refitted optimal values for the misfit energy constant a’, hydrogen bond coefficient c_hb and the effective contact surface area of a segment a_eff can be edited manually: Select Method → COSMO-RS Select Method → Parameters Enter 2063.0 for a’ Enter 7532.0 for c_hb Enter 3.34 for a_eff However, in this Tutorial we will use the original COSMO-RS parameters. Select Method → COSMO-RS Select Method → Parameters References¶ Some of the work of Zhigang Lei group based on the COSMO-RS model using the ADF software is listed as follows: 1. Z. Lei, C. Dai, J. Zhu, B. Chen, Extractive distillation with ionic liquids: A review, AIChE Journal 60, 3312 (2014) 1. Z. Lei, C. Dai, B. Chen, Gas solubility in ionic liquids, Chemical Reviews 14, 1289 (2014) 1. Z. Lei, J. Han, Q. Li, and B. Chen, Process Intensification on the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Low-Concentration Ethanol from Aqueous Solutions, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry research 51, 2730 (2012) 1. Z. Lei, J. Han, B. Zhang, Q. Li, J. Zhu, and B. Chen, Solubility of CO2 in Binary Mixtures of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids at High Pressures, Journal of Chemical Engineering data 57, 2153 (2012) 1. Z. Lei, C. Dai, X. Liu, L. Xiao, and B. Chen, Extension of the UNIFAC Model for Ionic Liquids, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry research 51, 12135 (2012) 1. Z. Lei, C. Dai, Q. Yang, J. Zhu, and B. Chen, UNIFAC model for ionic liquid-CO (H2 ) systems: An experimental and modeling study on gas solubility, AIChE Journal 60, 4222 (2014) 1. J. Han, C. Dai, G. Yu, Z. Lei, Parameterization of COSMO-RS model for ionic liquids, Green Energy & Environment 3, 247 (2018) 6.2: Ionic liquid volumes and densities¶ Ionic liquid densities may be estimated from the molecular volume and molar mass (MW) of the constituent cations and anions. The COSMO volume is stored in the coskf file and is displayed, together with the MW, when a compound is selected in the COSMO-RS GUI. Click on the search button in the compounds field Select IL_cation_1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Click OK Volumes and molar mass of other cations and anions can be similarly found. Data for a few compounds are listed below. COSMO Volume (Å 3) MW (g/mol) cations C4MIM 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium 197.181 139.124 C6MIM 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium 241.003 167.155 C8MIM 1-octyl-3-methyl-imidazolium 282.855 195.186 anions BF4 tetrafluoroborate 72.489 87.003 PF6 hexafluorophosphate 103.495 144.964 NTF2 bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide 213.173 279.917 The molecular liquid density could be approximately calculated as (V in Å3 and MW in g/mol) using Avogadro’s number: density = (MWcation + MWanion )/[0.6022(Vcation + Vanion )] Table 1 density (g cm-3) ionic liquid expt [621] calculated C4MIMBF4 1.208 1.392 C6MIMBF4 1.148 1.346 C8MIMBF4 1.109 1.319 C4MIMPF6 1.37 1.569 C6MIMPF6 1.293 1.505 C8MIMPF6 1.237 1.462 C4MIMNTf2 1.429 1.696 C6MIMNTf2 1.37 1.635 C8MIMNTf2 1.32 1.591 As can be seen from this table, the calculated densities are systematically overestimated by approximately 15%. Thus, the COSMO volumes underestimate the volume of a single compound, if they are used for estimating the liquid densities. References¶ 1. C. Ye and J.M. Shreeve, Rapid and Accurate Estimation of Densities of Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids and Salts, Journal of Physical Chemistry A 111, 1456 (2007) 6.3: Activity coefficient calculation¶ The activity coefficient of a compound i solvated in an ionic liquid is an important thermodynamic property. The cation and anion, which have been treated separately, will be used in equal amounts to ensure an electroneutral mixture in the COSMO-RS calculation. In other applications cation-anion pair have been treated as one molecule, however, in the COSMO-RS calculations below we will treat the cation and anion as two separate molecules. This has consequences for the value of the activity coefficients. For example, for a 1:1 IL (i.e., [A]+ [B]- ), the activity coefficient at a finite concentration of solute i in the binary mixture (IL + solute) can be calculated by γi bin = (γi tern xi tern )/xi bin = γi tern /(1+xIL bin ) where the superscript “tern” represents the hypothetical ternary system comprising cation, anion and solute i, with xcation tern = xanion tern xcation tern + xanion tern + xi tern = 1 and the superscript “bin” represents the binary mixture comprising solute and IL, with xIL bin + xi bin = 1 Accordingly, the activity coefficient of a solute i in the binary mixture (IL + solute) at infinite dilution is simplified as γi bin = 0.5 γi tern (at infinite dilution) Thus in this case we should scale the activity coefficient at infinite dilution γi tern , which is directly obtained from the COSMO-RS calculation, with a factor of 0.5. Similarly, for a ternary system comprising component i, component j and an ionic liquid, the activity coefficient at finite concentration of component i can be calculated by γi tern = γi quart /(1+xIL tern ) where the superscript “quart” represents the hypothetical quaternary system comprised of cation, anion, solute i and solute j, with: xcation quart = xanion quart xcation quart + xanion quart + xi quart + xj quart = 1 and the superscript “tern” represents the ternary mixture comprising solute i, j, and IL, with xIL tern + xi tern + xj tern = 1 Select Properties → Activity coefficients Select ‘2 components’ in the popup menu next to Solvent Select ‘IL_cation_1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium’ for the first component in Solvent Enter 0.5 for the Mole fraction of the first component Select ‘IL_anion_tetracyanoborate’ for the second component in Solvent Enter 0.5 for the Mole fraction of the second component Enter ‘308.15’ for ‘Temperature Kelvin’ Check the ‘+’ button to add ‘Hexane’, ‘Heptane’, ‘Octane’, and ‘Decane’ Press ‘Run’ If one does not supply a density of the solvent in the input, the program calculates the density of the solvent by dividing the mass of a molecule with its COSMO volume. Note that the calculated activity coefficients do not depend on this density. The result of the calculation is given in the form of a table. Note that for a comparison to experimental numbers, the calculated activity coefficients have to be scaled with 0.5, as was discussed before. In the next figure the results of the calculated activity coefficients at different temperatures are compared to experiment. In this figure activity coefficients at infinite dilution of n-alkenes in [EMIM]+ [TCB]- are shown for different temperatures ranging from 298 K to 358 K. The scattered points are experimental data from Ref.[633]. The points that are connected with a line are calculated numbers with ADF COSMO-RS. For example, for Hexane, the calculated values T = 308.15 K are: 1000/308.15 = 3.245, ln(0.560.439) = 3.41. Note that the calculated numbers in this figure are calculated with an older version of COSMO-RS. These will not change much if you use a newer COSMO-RS version. References¶ 1. Z. Lei, C. Dai, J. Zhu, B. Chen, Extractive distillation with ionic liquids: A review, AIChE Journal 60, 3312 (2014) 1. Z. Lei, C. Dai, B. Chen, Gas solubility in ionic liquids, Chemical Reviews 14, 1289 (2014) 1. U. Domańska, M. Królikowska, W.E. Acree Jr., G.A. Baker, Activity coefficients at infinite dilution measurements for organic solutes and water in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 43, 1050 (2011) 6.4: Henry’s law constants¶ In this tutorial, we will calculate Henry’s law constants for CO2 in different ionic liquids. Henry’s law constant reflects the solubility of a gas in a solvent, and one way to define it is $H_i = \gamma_i^\infty P_i^S$ where Hi is the ratio between the partial vapor pressure of a compound i in the gas phase and its molar fraction in the liquid phase, $$\gamma_i^\infty$$ is the the activity coefficient of the compound at infinite dilution, and Pi S is the saturated pure compound vapor pressure of the gas. The familiar Antoine and Wagner equations can be used to calculate the vapor pressure below the critical temperature Tc , if one knows the coefficients. Above Tc , they can be extrapolated as a hypothetical vapor pressure. If the experimental saturated vapor pressures of a gas is not available, then it can be estimated by COSMO-RS. The saturated vapor pressure of CO2 at 298.15 K can be calculated by the following Antoine equation: ln PCO2 S (MPa) = 12.3312 - 4759.46/(T(K)+156.462) The saturated vapor pressure of CO2 at 298.15 K is 6.436 MPa (= 64.36 bar) according to this equation. The Antoine equation can also be written as: $${}^{10}$$log PCO2 S (bar) = 6.35537 - 2067.0/(T(K)+156.462) The activity coefficients of infinitely diluted carbon dioxide in [HMIM]+ [Tf2N]- will now be calculated. Select Compounds → List of Added Compounds Search on the left side ‘Carbon dioxide’ and click on it Enter 6.35537 for the Antoine coefficient A on the right side Enter 2067.0 for the Antoine coefficient B Enter 156.462 for the Antoine coefficient C Select Properties → Activity coefficients Select ‘2 components’ in the popup menu next to Solvent Select ‘IL_cation_1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium’ for the first component in Solvent Enter 0.5 for the Mole fraction of the first component Select ‘IL_anion_bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide’ for the second component in Solvent Enter 0.5 for the Mole fraction of the second component Enter ‘298.15’ for ‘Temperature Kelvin’ Check the ‘+’ button to add ‘Carbon dioxide’ (Remove the alkanes if they are still present) Press ‘Run’ The results of the activity coefficients. As discussed before, we should scale the COSMO-RS calculated activity coefficient at infinite dilution $$\gamma^\infty$$ with a factor of 0.5. Henry’s law coefficient is $$\gamma^\infty$$ times the saturated vapor pressure of CO2 at 298.15 K (64.36 bar). For CO2 in [HMIM]+ [Tf2N]- the calculated H = 0.51.0130564.36 = 32.6 bar. Applying the same calculations for more ionic liquids gives these results: Table 2 H (bar) ionic liquid expt [644] calculated BMIM PF6 53.4±0.3 53.1 BMIM Tf2 N 33.0±0.3 35.4 HMIM Tf2 N 31.6±0.2 32.6 HMPY Tf2 N 28.4±0.2 314 C6F9MIM Tf2 N 27.3±0.1 33.8 C8F13MIM Tf2 N 25.2±0.2 31.0 HMIM eFAP 25.2±0.1 27.1 HMIM pFAP 21.6±0.1 25.8 C5MIM bFAP 20.2±0.1 25.2 Et3 NBH2 MIM Tf2 N 33.1±1.2 30.5 There are many different definitions of Henry’s law constant. Henry’s constant as calculated directly by COSMO-RS, kH (mol/(L atm)), is defined as the ratio between the liquid phase concentration of a compound and its partial vapor pressure in the gas phase. The relationship between kH and H is: H = kH,inv px = 1/(kH Vsolvent ) where Vsolvent is the molar volume of the ionic liquid. If no densities for the cation, anion, or solvent are given, COSMO-RS will use the COSMO volume for calculating the molar volume of the ionic liquid, which is 0.2735 L/mol (=(241.00+213.17)0.6022/1000) for [HMIM]+ [Tf2N]- , if the usual convention is followed, that a pair of a cation and an anion is treated as one molecule. Thus in this case H = 1.01325/(0.1136 0.2735) = 32.6 bar, where a conversion factor from atm to bar is included. Note that kH does not depend on whether one treats a cation and an anion as separate molecules, or if a pair of a cation and an anion is treated as one molecule. H = kH,inv px does depend on this definition. References¶ 1. P.G.T. Fogg and W. Gerrard, Solubility of gases in liquids: A critical evaluation of gas/liquid systems in theory and practice, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1991. 1. J.L. Anthony, J.L. Anderson, E.J. Maginn, J.F. Brennecke, Anion Effects on Gas Solubility in Ionic Liquids, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109, 6366 (2005) 1. J.L. Anderson, E. J. Maginn and J. F. Brennecke, Measurement of SO2 Solubility in Ionic Liquids, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110, 15059 (2006) 1. M.J. Muldoon, S.N.V.K. Aki, J.L. Anderson, J.K. Dixon, J.F. Brennecke, Improving Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Ionic Liquids, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111, 9001 (2007) 1. B.H. Culbertson, S. Dai, H. Luo, D.W. DePaoli, Low-Pressure Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Measured with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 108, 721 (2004) 1. Y. Hou and R.E. Baltus, Experimental Measurement of the Solubility and Diffusivity of CO2 in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids Using a Transient Thin-Liquid-Film Method, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry research 46, 8166 (2007) 1. A. Finotello, J.E. Bara, D. Camper and R.D. Noble, Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids: Temperature Dependence of Gas Solubility Selectivity, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry research 47, 3453 (2008) 6.5: Gas solubility and selectivity in ionic liquids¶ In this example the solubility of carbon dioxide in ionic liquids is calculated and compared to experimental data. In the ADF COSMO-RS calculation, an ionic liquid molecule is described as a discrete cation and anion. Thus, the system of gas and ionic liquid will be treated as a hypothetical ternary mixture (“tern”) consisting of gas, cation, and anion. For a 1:1 ionic liquid, the solubility of gas xgas tern in the hypothetical ternary system can be calculated by xgas tern = ngas /(ngas + ncation +nanion ) = ngas /(ngas + 2nIL ) where xgas tern is the molar fraction of the gas in the hypothetical ternary system, and ngas , ncation , nanion , and nIL are the molar amounts of gas, cation, anion, and IL in the liquid phase, respectively. For the real gas and IL binary system, the gas solubility x (molar fraction of the gas in the IL) is defined as: x = ngas /(ngas + nIL ) Combining the previous equations yields: x = 2 xgas tern /(xgas tern + 1) First we use the experimental Antoine coefficients for CO2 . (Skip this part if you have just done COSMO-RS tutorial 6.4) Select Compounds → List of Added Compounds Search on the left side ‘Carbon dioxide’ and click on it Enter 6.35537 for the Antoine coefficient A on the right side Enter 2067.0 for the Antoine coefficient B Enter 156.462 for the Antoine coefficient C Next we calculate CO2 solubilities. Select Properties → Solubility in Mixture Select ‘2 components’ in the popup menu next to Solvent Select ‘IL_cation_1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium’ for the first component in Solvent Enter 0.5 for the Mole fraction of the first component Select ‘IL_anion_bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide’ for the second component in Solvent Enter 0.5 for the Mole fraction of the second component Enter ‘8’ for ‘Temperature: number of steps’ Enter ‘282.0’ for ‘Temperature from’ Enter ‘322.8’ for ‘Temperature to’ Change the popup menu next to Solutes to ‘Gas’ Enter ‘3’ for ‘Pressure: for solubility gas: number of steps’ Use ‘MPa’ units for the pressure Enter ‘0.5’ for the pressure ‘from’ Enter ‘2.0’ for the pressure ‘to’ Check the ‘+’ button to add ‘Carbon dioxide’ Press ‘Run’ From the results we will use the calculated mole fractions at 282.0 K, 297.3 K, and 322.8 K. Do the same calculation for a number of vapor pressures of Carbon dioxide, namely 0.5 MPa, 1.0 MPa, and 1.5 MPa. Remember that we need to convert the calculated solubilities xgas tern to the solubility x in the binary system, consisting of gas and IL, with x = 2 xgas tern /(xgas tern + 1): Temperature P (MPa) x tern x 282.0 0.5 0.103 0.186 282.0 1.0 0.206 0.341 282.0 1.5 0.310 0.473 282.0 2.0 0.415 0.587 297.3 0.5 0.072 0.134 297.3 1.0 0.144 0.252 297.3 1.5 0.216 0.356 297.3 2.0 0.289 0.448 322.8 0.5 0.042 0.081 322.8 1.0 0.084 0.155 322.8 1.5 0.126 0.223 322.8 2.0 0.168 0.287 In this example we also calculated the solubility of carbon dioxide at relatively high pressures. In this case, for more accurate results, we also need to take the nonideal behavior of the gas into account, the gas fugacity. fgas = Pgas $$\Phi$$ (T,P) where fgas is the gas fugacity at the system temperature and pressure, and $$\Phi$$ (T,P) is the fugacity coefficiency of the gas. We will approximate the fugacity coefficients with: $\begin{split}\Phi (T=282.0 K,P) & \approx (1 - 0.06 (P/MPa)) \\ \Phi (T=297.3 K,P) & \approx (1 - 0.05 (P/MPa)) \\ \Phi (T=322.8 K,P) & \approx (1 - 0.04 (P/MPa))\end{split}$ Note that these values are only approximate, and certainly not applicable for higher pressures. We can use the same solubilities as calculated before but plot them against fugacity instead of pressure. Temperature f (MPa) P (MPa) 282.0 0.50 0.52 282.0 1.00 1.07 282.0 1.50 1.67 282.0 2.00 2.32 297.3 0.50 0.51 297.3 1.00 1.06 297.3 1.50 1.63 297.3 2.00 2.25 322.8 0.50 0.51 322.8 1.00 1.04 322.8 1.50 1.60 322.8 2.00 2.19 The results can be compared with experimental values from Ref.[651]. Note that the calculated numbers in this figure are calculated with an older version of COSMO-RS. These will not change much if you use a newer COSMO-RS version. For low pressures one can estimate gas solubility using Henry’s law constants: $x = P_{gas} \Phi (T,P)/H_{gas}$ For low pressures $$\Phi$$ (T,P) will be close to 1. Calculating Henry’s law constants has been described in COSMO-RS Tutorial 6.4, and following this procedure for CO2 in [HMIM][Tf2 N], results in H = 2.24 MPa at T = 282 K, H = 3.20 MPa at T = 297.3 K, and H = 5.51 MPa at T = 322.8 K. Gas selectivity in ionic liquids can be defined as Si/j = Hi /Hj where Si/j is the selectivity between gas i and j in ionic liquids; Hi and Hj are Henry’s law constants of gas i and j, which can be calculated using the methods as described in the COSMO-RS Tutorial 6.4. References¶ 1. M.B. Shiflett and A. Yokozeki, Solubility of CO2 in Room Temperature Ionic Liquid [hmim][Tf2 N], Journal of Physical Chemistry B 111, 2070 (2007) 6.6: VLE for systems containing ionic liquids¶ In this example a vapor-liquid diagram of Acetone in [EMIM][Tf2 N] at 353.15 K is calculated and compared to experiment. The experimental saturated pure compound vapor pressure is used for Acetone. Select Compounds → List of Added Compounds Search on the left side ‘Acetone’ and click on it Enter ‘2.1516’ in the ‘Pure compound vapor pressure’ field Enter ‘353.15’ in the ‘at temperature’ field Select Properties → Solvents s1 - s2 Composition Line Select ‘3 components’ in the popup menu next to Solvents Select ‘Acetone’ for the first component in Solvents Select ‘IL_cation_1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium’ for the second component in Solvent Select ‘IL_anion_bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide’ for the third component in Solvent Enter ‘1.0’ for the mole fraction of compound 1 of solvent s1 Enter ‘0.0’ for the mole fraction of compound 1 of solvent s2 Enter ‘0.0’ for the mole fraction of compound 2 of solvent s1 Enter ‘0.5’ for the mole fraction of compound 2 of solvent s2 Enter ‘0.0’ for the mole fraction of compound 3 of solvent s1 Enter ‘0.5’ for the mole fraction of compound 3 of solvent s2 Enter ‘20’ for ‘Number of mixtures’ Select ‘Isotherm’ from the Isotherm, isobar, flash point popup menu Use ‘Kelvin’ as units for the temperature Enter ‘353.15’ for ‘Temperature’ Press ‘Run’ Remember that, before we compare to experiment, we need to convert the calculated molar fractions xi tern from the hypothetical ternary system to the molar fractions xi bin in the binary acetone-IL system with: xi bin = 2 xi tern /(xi tern + 1) xi tern = xi bin /(2 - xi bin ) xtern xbin P (kPa) xbin P (kPa) calc calc calc expt [661] expt [661] 0.00 0.0000 0.000 0.0133 1.139 0.05 0.0952 7.376 0.0383 3.485 0.10 0.1818 15.098 0.0539 4.825 0.15 0.2609 23.183 0.0683 6.073 0.20 0.3333 31.648 0.0949 8.509 0.25 0.4000 40.511 0.1521 14.884 0.30 0.4615 49.788 0.2081 21.660 0.35 0.5185 59.493 0.2735 30.115 0.40 0.5714 69.638 0.3393 39.811 0.45 0.6207 80.232 0.4022 50.263 0.50 0.6667 91.275 0.4647 61.862 0.55 0.7097 102.76 0.5249 74.281 0.60 0.7500 114.68 0.5839 87.870 0.65 0.7879 126.99 0.6369 101.46 0.70 0.8235 139.65 0.6846 114.73 0.75 0.8571 152.57 0.7264 127.22 0.80 0.8889 165.63 0.7631 138.75 0.85 0.9189 178.69 0.7948 149.16 0.90 0.9474 191.51 0.8222 158.37 0.95 0.9744 203.79 0.8455 166.29 1.00 1.0000 215.16 0.8653 173.07 0.8967 183.75 0.9376 196.92 0.9671 205.80 0.9844 210.74 0.9933 213.25 0.9972 214.40 0.9990 214.94 1.0000 215.16 Comparing the calculated and experimental vapor pressure of acetone in [EMIM][Tf2N] in a graph: References 1. M. Döker, J. Gmehling Measurement and prediction of vapor–liquid equilibria of ternary systems containing ionic liquids, Fluid Phase Equilibria 227 (2005), 255	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7560412883758545, "perplexity": 7665.656949622091}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585460.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022052742-20211022082742-00024.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/basic-definition-of-quadratic-fields.569359/	# Basic definition of Quadratic Fields 1. Jan 20, 2012 ### Math Amateur I am reading Dummit and Foote Chapter 7. D&F use a quadratic field as an example of a ring. I am trying to get a good understanding of this ring. D&F define a quadratic field as follows: Let D be a rational number that is not a perfect square in and define $$\mathbb{Q} ( \sqrt D ) = \{ \ a + b \sqrt D \ \| \ a,b \in \mathbb{Q} \ \}$$ as a subset of $\mathbb{C}$ In this example D&F write ... "... It is easy to show that the assumption that D is not a square implies that every element of $\mathbb{Q} ( \sqrt D )$ may be written uniquely in the form $a + b \sqrt D$." How do you show this? Further, I am not sure why this assumption is needed? Is it because we have both positive and negative roots of a square number like 4, but then only consider the principal root $+ \sqrt 3$ of 3? This seems slightly inconsistent! Also how does the above fit with the idea that D must be not only not a perfect square but squarefree? Is the squarefree condition on D necessary? If so why? Can someone please clarify this situation for me? PeterMarshall Newcomer Posts: 8 Joined: Tue Jan 17, 2012 9:22 pm Location: Tasmania, Australia 2. Jan 20, 2012 ### Deveno it's really pretty simple. if D is a square of a rational number, then Q(√D) = Q. if D isn't square-free, say D = p2m, for some prime p, and integer m, then we get the same extension of Q with Q(√m) as we do for Q(√D) (in other words, we want "the totally irrational part" of the square root, with any rational factors (hence squares) already factored out). for example, 12 isn't square free, so adjoining √12 = 2√3, gives us the same field as adjoining √3: a+b√12 <=> a + 2b√3 c+d√3 <=> c + (d/2)√12 on the other hand, if D IS square-free, we get a UNIQUE quadratic extension (different D's, different extensions). you can visualize such a ring (which is actually a field, since 1/√D = √D/D, and one can use "the conjugate trick" to find an inverse for a + b√D, as long as not both a and b are 0) as a lattice of rational points in the plane, that is, as a vector space it's isomorphic to Q x Q. 3. Jan 20, 2012 ### Math Amateur Thanks! Thinking through this now! 4. Jan 20, 2012 ### Math Amateur Thanks again I can see that if D is not a squarefree number then the field specified by $\mathbb{Q} ( \sqrt D )$ is not unique in the sense that $\mathbb{Q} ( \sqrt 12 )$ is the same field as$\mathbb{Q} ( \sqrt 3 )$. But D&F's statement seemingly refers to consequences within the field if D is not squarefree. They write: "It is easy to show that the assumption that D is not a square implies that every element of $\mathbb{Q} ( \sqrt D )$ may be written uniquely in the form $a + b \sqrt D$." So they are saying that there is a lack of uniqueness within the field. Do you agree? Can you clarify? Another thing that bothers me in D&F's statement is that they do not use the term "squarefree" but go for a lesser condition that D is not a square. Can you clarify this also? 5. Jan 20, 2012 ### Deveno if D is not a square, then Q(√D) is bigger than D. argue by contradiction: suppose Q(√D) = Q. then √D is in Q, hence we have some rational number m (= √D) with m2 = D, so D is a square. the uniqueness of the extension is what D being square-free entails. even if D is NOT square-free, there is still only one way to write an element of Q(√D): suppose a+b√D = c+d√D, where √D is not in Q. then a-c = (d-b)√D. case 1) d≠ b: then (a-c)/(d-b) = √D, and thus √D is in Q, contradiction. case 2) d = b: then a-c = 0, so that a = c, which shows uniqueness. 6. Jan 20, 2012 ### Math Amateur Thanks. OK so the sqarefree part is only to get a unique description of the field Yes, follow you arguments regarding $Q \sqrt D$ being bigger that Q. I now regard D&F's statement - that got me going on this - as rather misleading! 7. Jan 20, 2012 ### morphism I fail to see what is misleading. If D is not a square then $\sqrt D$ is irrational. So if $a+b\sqrt D = a'+b' \sqrt D$ with $a,b,a',b' \in \mathbb Q$, then from $a-a' = (b'-b) \sqrt D$ one easily sees that b'=b and hence a'=a (since otherwise $\sqrt D = (a-a')/(b'-b)$ would be rational). It follows that an element x of $\mathbb Q(\sqrt D)$ has a unique expression of the form $x=a+b\sqrt D$ where $a,b \in \mathbb Q$, in the sense that a and b are uniquely determined by x. If D is a square, say D=E^2 with E rational, then it's easy to see that this fails. For example, we have $a+b\sqrt D = (a-\|E\|)+(b+1)\sqrt D$ for any $a,b \in \mathbb Q$. 8. Jan 21, 2012 ### Math Amateur Thanks for that help and guidance Your last two sentences clarified the situation for me!	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9217544198036194, "perplexity": 712.2465200204158}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590295.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718154631-20180718174631-00475.warc.gz"}
https://www.optilayer.com/products-and-services/tools/design-targets/range-targets	### Range Targets OptiLayer allows you to specify targets for cases when your spectral characteristic $$S(\lambda)$$ should satisfy the following conditions: $S(\lambda_j)\ge a_j,$ $S(\lambda_j)\le b_j,$ $a_j\le S(\lambda_j)\le b_j$ Example (left panel). Beamplitter design satisfies range target conditions: $49\%\le R(\lambda_j)\le 51\%, \lambda_j=620+(j-1)$ Design targets (and therefore a merit function) can be modified using qualifiers A, B or R. A corresponds to the Bypass Above option. It means that OptiLayer bypasses the target when the corresponding characteristic is greater than a target value. B corresponds to the Bypass Below option. It means that OptiLayer bypasses the target when the corresponding characteristic is less than a target value. R corresponds to the Range option. It means that OptiLayer bypasses the target when the corresponding characteristic belongs to a given segment (see right panel). An empty qualifier (blank) corresponds to a conventional target. ### Easy to start OptiLayer provides user-friendly interface and a variety of examples allowing even a beginner to effectively start to design and characterize optical coatings. Read more... ### Docs / Support Comprehensive manual in PDF format and e-mail support help you at each step of your work with OptiLayer.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.36409813165664673, "perplexity": 1898.7618625041432}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243988759.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210506175146-20210506205146-00100.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/trigonometry/18198-trigonometry.html	1. ## Trigonometry 1. Verify the identity (sinx/1-cosx) -cotx=cscx 2. Show that the equation sin(x+y)=sin x + sin y is not an identity. 3. Write the product 11sin (x/2) cos (x/4) as a sum. 2. I will give you some hints, try them and see what you come up with Originally Posted by johntuan 1. Verify the identity (sinx/1-cosx) -cotx=cscx - start with the left hand side - put everything in terms of sine and cosine - combine all terms into a single term (simplify) 2. Show that the equation sin(x+y)=sin x + sin y is not an identity. weird question. start on the left hand side, expand it using the addition formula for sine. show that you can't get the right hand side from that 3. Write the product 11sin (x/2) cos (x/4) as a sum. the product to sum formula for sine-cosine is: $\sin A \cos B = \frac {1}{2} \big[ \sin (A + B) + \sin (A - B) \big]$ 3. ok thanks I will try that. Can you tell me what each part does in this function f(x)=2tan(x+(pi/2)) 4. That's a different question, give it its own thread. 5. for 1 I am stuck on this L.H.S. sinx/1-cosx - 1/tanx what can I do from here. For 2 what would I do from here sinxcosy+cosxsiny=sinx+siny 6. Originally Posted by johntuan for 1 I am stuck on this L.H.S. sinx/1-cosx - 1/tanx what can I do from here. i said change everything in terms of sines and cosines did i not? what is tan x doing there. and you still have two terms, combine them into one 7. Originally Posted by johntuan sinxcosy+cosxsiny=sinx+siny that's pretty much it, i think in general, those two sides are not equal, only for particular values of x and y, which means they can't be identities 8. Originally Posted by Jhevon i said change everything in terms of sines and cosines did i not? what is tan x doing there. and you still have two terms, combine them into one What else can cotx equal then if not 1/tanx? 9. $\displaystyle\frac{\sin x}{1-\cos x}-\frac{\cos x}{\sin x}=\frac{\sin^2x-\cos x+\cos^2x}{\sin x(1-\cos x)}=$ $\displaystyle =\frac{1-\cos x}{\sin x(1-\cos x)}=\frac{1}{\sin x}=\csc x$ 10. Originally Posted by johntuan What else can cotx equal then if not 1/tanx? $cot x = \frac{cos x}{sin x}$ AND $tan x = \frac{sin x}{cos x}$ 11. Originally Posted by johntuan What else can cotx equal then if not 1/tanx? as red_dog pointed out: remember that we have a formula for tanx itself in terms of sine and cosine $\tan x = \frac {\sin x }{\cos x}$ $\Rightarrow \cot x = \frac {1}{\tan x} = \frac {1}{ \frac {\sin x }{\cos x}} = \frac {\cos x }{\sin x}$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 7, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7661766409873962, "perplexity": 1526.5918451724751}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805914.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20171120052322-20171120072322-00379.warc.gz"}
https://brilliant.org/discussions/thread/youtube-channel-continued/	× As mentioned in my note, I uploaded about 50 videos on different topics on my YouTube channel. I am planning to upload more videos. But, I don't know what topics to start with. Any Suggestions? P.S. Let those topics be of moderate difficulty, topics which I know of. Note by Anish Puthuraya 3 years, 4 months ago Sort by: How about something that will help in JEE as well as in brilliant?? - 3 years, 4 months ago Sure..Ill include that - 3 years, 4 months ago Thank you very much Also remind everyone when you upload them ;) - 3 years, 4 months ago Sure - 3 years, 4 months ago Guys, I have uploaded a video on Electric Potential...I hope you guys like it... Hoping for a like or two, so that Im motivated to do more such videos. - 3 years, 4 months ago - 3 years, 4 months ago - 3 years, 4 months ago Physics problems and solutions would be good ;) - 3 years, 4 months ago Perhaps you can make some based purely on magnetism? - 3 years, 4 months ago Problems or Theory? - 3 years, 4 months ago Both. Some videos may have theory whereas other videos on problems. - 3 years, 4 months ago Ok... - 3 years, 4 months ago Hi anish, your videos uploaded are awesome. I think now you should upload some good problem based on electricity and magnetism. - 3 years, 4 months ago Thank you...I will be doing that for sure.. - 3 years, 4 months ago I think you must upload videos that teach how to solve problems that difficulty level of 4,5 on Brilliant? - 3 years, 4 months ago Do you mean that I show the solutions? I dont think thats allowed... - 3 years, 4 months ago No, I mean techniques involved in solving them............I can't solve a single one!!!! - 3 years, 4 months ago Different problems use different techniques...So, indirectly, I will be telling you the solutions if I do so...Perhaps, you could give me an example where showing the techniques does not reveal the solution to that problem...Or shall I just deal with the general techniques involved, rather than the techniques for specific problems...? - 3 years, 4 months ago I mean general techniques involved.BTW,how was your JEE MAINS Paper? - 3 years, 4 months ago It was horrible...Im getting just 212 marks and 86% in HSC Maharashtra Boards - 3 years, 4 months ago No , that's FINE performance. - 3 years, 4 months ago - 3 years, 4 months ago I just have the basic knowledge about quantum mechanics... - 3 years, 4 months ago can you upload on relativit special and general - 3 years, 4 months ago I have very less knowledge and understanding about that as well...But, Ill try to do some videos on them afterwards...Lately, I havent had much time to do videos, since, I have been very busy with some work regarding my boards - 3 years, 4 months ago ×	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9948587417602539, "perplexity": 4606.079363051464}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825154.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022075310-20171022095310-00393.warc.gz"}
http://slideplayer.com/slide/3191552/	# Transport phenomena in electrochemical systems: ## Presentation on theme: "Transport phenomena in electrochemical systems:"— Presentation transcript: Transport phenomena in electrochemical systems: Charge and mass transport in electrochemical cells F. Lapicque, CNRS-ENSIC, Nancy, France Outline 1- Various phenomena in electrolyte solutions 2- Mass transport rates and current density 3- Flow fields in electrochemical cells (a brief introduction to) 4- Mass transfer rates to electrode surfaces PhD in Chemical Engineering (Nafion Nanocomposite membranes for the Direct Methanol Fuel Cells) Currently working as a Postdoc for Francois Lapicque at CNRS ENSIC, Nancy France Originally from Australia (which is a long, long way from Serbia!) 1- Various physical phenomena in electrolyte solution Metal ions (and also anions) are highly solvated. Solvatation Relaxation: caused by interactions between the cation and the ionic atmosphere This atmosphere is distorted by the motion of Men+ (It is a sphere for nil electric field) Electrophoretic effect : Force on the ionic atmosphere. acts as an increase in solvent viscosity Existing forces and hindrance to motion Ionic atmosphere (negative charge) Electric field Fionic atm. Men+ Fion NB: these effects are rarely accounted for in models 1- Transport phenomena: introduction to migration Electrical force on ions (charge q) Velocity of the charged particle Absolute mobility of the ion Specific migration flux (Stokes’ law) Ion: very small particle mol m-3 2- Mass transport rates and current density General equations of transport Consider a fluid in motion Species i Concentration Ci and velocity of ions vi Defining a barycentric molar velocity Convection flux Ci v Specific flux of species i Ci vi Flux for diffusion and migration Theory of irreversible processes µie: electrochemical potential Ion activity Elec. potential 2- Mass transport rates : the Nernst-Planck equation From the expression for Ji and the relation between Ni and Ji: Assuming ideal solutions (ai = Ci) leads to the Nernst Planck equation (steady state): Convection : Overall motion of particles with barycentric velocity Migration : Motion of ions (zi) under the electric field Diffusion term (Fick) NB: This equation is not rigorous in most cases, however, it is often used because of its simplicity Other expressions available from the theory of irreversible processes (Stefan maxwell, Onsager …) 2- Mass transport rates : expression of the current density Equations in electrochemical systems Current density Electroneutrality equation Without C gradients: Medium conductivity (low C) NB: The current density can be defined and calculated anywhere in the electrolytic medium 2- Mass transport rates: some more useful relations * Relation between diffusivity and ion mobility For the expression of the migration flux and Nernst-Planck equation: only in dilute media which leads to the Stokes Einstein’s relation For more concentrated media, various laws…. Dµ0.7/T = Constant * Transference number: fraction of the current transported by species i 2- Mass transport rates: the trivial case of binary solutions Binary solutions: one salt dissolved (one cation and one anion) Assuming total dissociation of the salt leads to (general transient expression): same for the anion Replacement of the electrical term, and algebraic rearrangement leads to The salt behaves like an non-dissociated species, with the overall diffusivity D being compromise between D+ and D- with Transference numbers Expression for the current density NB: Although extensively used, the relation is only valid for binary solutions 3- Flow fields in electrochemical cells (an introduction to) Fluid in motion along a surface The stress applied to the fluid has two components - the normal component, corresponding to a pressure - the second one, along the plane, corresponds to viscous force The structure of the flow can be * Laminar, for which the fluid is divided into thin layers (« laminae » that slide one each another * Turbulent, where the fluid is divided into aggregates. The velocity of the aggregate possesses a random component, in addition to its steady component NB. For too short systems, with local changes in direction and cross-section, the flow is disturbed or non-established 3- Flow fields in electrochemical cells Two dimensionless numbers allow the flow to be defined in the considered system Friction factor Reynolds number Tangent. stress/kinetic energy Inertia/viscous forces <u> Average velocity, d charactetistic dimension A few comments Laminar/turbulent transition: for Re = 2300? Only in pipes Very large systems are in turbulent flow… e.g. atmosphere, oceans Minimum length for the flow to be established Which characteristic length d? Gotta find the length of highest physical meaning Jf is used for estimation of the pressure drop 3- Flow fields in electrochemical cells: laminar and turbulent flows Laminar flow (example of a pipe) Jf = 8/Re Parabolic velocity profile The pressure drop varies with <u> Turbulent flow (example of a pipe) More complex expression for the velocity, but the profiles are much flatter One example for the expression of the friction factor: Blasius’ relation Jf = Re for 104 < Re < (the pressure drop varies with <u> 1.8 4- Analogy between the transports of various variables Specific flux = - Diffusivity x Gradient of the extensive variable Heat (J) Weight (kg) Example Dimensionless numbers: ratio of the diffusivities and orders of magnitude Sc = n/D Pr = n/a Le = a/D Gas Liquids Did2Ci/dx2 = 0 4- Mass transfer to electrode surfaces Mass balance (transient) in a fluid element near the electrode surface Whow! The Nernst-film model: a cool shortcut for approximate calculations of mass transfer rates Steady-state conditions Negligible migration Flux Vicinity of the electrode (low u) 1-D approach Did2Ci/dx2 = 0 NB: the velocity profile is Sc1/3 thicker than the concentration profile. i.e. 10 or so Linear profile of the concentration Only the diffusion term neFkL 4- Mass transfer to electrode surfaces (C’td) Expression for the current density Defining the mass transfer coefficient, kL neFkL Limiting current density: when CAS tends to 0 Miximum value for the current density iL : Fe can be equal to 1 maximum production rate 4- Mass transfer to electrode surfaces (C’td) Two dimensionless numbers: Re and Sh (Sherwood) What’s the use of these dimensionless relations?? Hint: Possible change in velocity, dimensions and physicochemical properties (D, n…) 4- Mass transfer to electrode surfaces (C’td) Examples L=1m dp=0.005 m n=10-6 m2/s D=10-9 m2/s kL = A <u>n Laminar flow 1/3 < n < 0.5 Turbulent flow < n < 0.8 4- Mass transfer to electrode surfaces How to determine them? Poorly accurate!! Access to overall data, only * Measure pressure drops in the system and use energy correlations (bridge between the dissipated energy and the mass transfer rate) Find the most suitable correlation in your usual catalogue or in published works * Measure the limiting current at electrode surfaces Reliability of the data? Is your system so close? Access to local rates with microelectrodes Find the right electrochemical system (solution, electroactive species Do measurement with the academic system Deduce estimate for kL in the real case using dimensionless analysis	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9028856158256531, "perplexity": 4820.702682394153}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-05/segments/1516084891926.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20180123111826-20180123131826-00044.warc.gz"}
http://www.nu.to.infn.it/exp/all/prospect/	PROSPECT Other Web pages: INSPIRE (Note: The process can take some time.) References 1 - Reviews [1-1] The PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Experiment, J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT), Nucl.Instrum.Meth. A922 (2019) 287-309, arXiv:1808.00097. [Ashenfelter:2018zdm] 2 - Neutrino Oscillations [2-1] First search for short-baseline neutrino oscillations at HFIR with PROSPECT, J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT), Phys.Rev.Lett. 121 (2018) 251802, arXiv:1806.02784. [Ashenfelter:2018iov] 3 - Neutrino Flux [3-1] Measurement of the Antineutrino Spectrum from $^{235}\text{U}$ Fission at HFIR with PROSPECT, J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT), Phys.Rev.Lett. 122 (2019) 251801, arXiv:1812.10877. [Ashenfelter:2018jrx] 4 - Neutrino Flux - Conference Proceedings [4-1] Measurement of the Reactor Antineutrino Spectrum from $^{235}$U Fission using PROSPECT, P. T. Surukuchi (PROSPECT), arXiv:1910.04924, 2019. 2019 Meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society (DPF2019), July 29 - August 2, 2019, Northeastern University, Boston. [Surukuchi:2019upk] 5 - Detector [5-1] The Radioactive Source Calibration System of the PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Detector, J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT), arXiv:1906.07244, 2019. [Ashenfelter:2019jzp] [5-2] A Low Mass Optical Grid for the PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Detector, J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT), JINST 14 (2019) P04014, arXiv:1902.06430. [Ashenfelter:2019lbf] [5-3] Light Collection and Pulse-Shape Discrimination in Elongated Scintillator Cells for the PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Experiment, J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT), JINST 10 (2015) P11004, arXiv:1508.06575. [Ashenfelter:2015aaa] 6 - Conference Proceedings [6-1] A Search for Sterile Neutrinos with PROSPECT, Olga Kyzylova (PROSPECT), arXiv:1910.06314, 2019. 2019 Meeting of the Division of Particles and Fields of the American Physical Society (DPF2019), July 29 - August 2, 2019, Northeastern University, Boston. [Kyzylova:2019ogb] [6-2] Sensitivity and Discovery Potential of the PROSPECT Experiment, Karin Gilje (PROSPECT), arXiv:1511.00177, 2015. DPF 2015 Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of Particles and Fields, Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 4-8, 2015. [Gilje:2015idp] [6-3] Development of PROSPECT detectors for precision antineutrino studies, Danielle Norcini (PROSPECT), arXiv:1510.09082, 2015. DPF 2015 Meeting of the American Physical Society Division of Particles and Fields, Ann Arbor, Michigan, August 4-8, 2015. [Norcini:2015ngg] [6-4] PROSPECT - A precision oscillation and spectrum experiment, T.J. Langford (PROSPECT), Nucl. Part. Phys. Proc. 265-266 (2015) 123-125, arXiv:1501.00194. NOW2014. [Langford:2014ola] 7 - Proposal [7-1] The PROSPECT Physics Program, J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT), J. Phys. G43 (2016) 113001, arXiv:1512.02202. [Ashenfelter:2015uxt] [7-2] PROSPECT - A Precision Reactor Oscillation and Spectrum Experiment at Short Baselines, J. Ashenfelter et al. (PROSPECT), arXiv:1309.7647, 2013. [Ashenfelter:2013oaa] 8 - Slides [8-1] Precision Studies of Reactor Antineutrinos with PROSPECT, Karsten Heeger, 2015. TAUP 2015, 7-11 September 2015, Torino, Italy. http://www.taup-conference.to.infn.it/2015/day4/parallel/nua/1_heeger.pdf. [Heeger-TAUP2015] Cross search NU It is possible to perform a cross search between the various pages of Neutrino Unbound. This is useful if you want to show the common elements that appear in the listings of two (or more) different topics or experiments. [Go to ...] Neutrino Unbound Home Authors: Stefano Gariazzo / [email protected] Carlo Giunti / [email protected] Marco Laveder / [email protected] Last Update: Tue 18 Feb 2020, 08:45:07 UTC	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7640496492385864, "perplexity": 17567.07367080528}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875144058.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200219061325-20200219091325-00044.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/145712-quadratctic-fomula-s.html	# Math Help - quadratctic fomula's I entered a new era of erm...unhappiness when it comes to this...Could someone help with these... Using the quadratic formula to solve x2 – 4 = 0 and -4x2 + 4x + 80 = 0 This keeps getting harder lol I know how to do the simple ones but when they are switched up like that it gets hard... I entered a new era of erm...unhappiness when it comes to this...Could someone help with these... Using the quadratic formula to solve x2 – 4 = 0 and -4x2 + 4x + 80 = 0 This keeps getting harder lol I know how to do the simple ones but when they are switched up like that it gets hard... $x^2 - 4 = 0$ $x^2 - (2)^2 = 0$ since $a^2 - b^2 = (a+b)(a-b)$ you can write $(x+2)(x-2) = 0$ and find x. for $-4x^2+4x+80=0$ use the quadratic equation formula. For a quadratic equation $ax^2+bx+c=0$, you can find x as: $x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}$ use a, b, and c from your equation to find x. 3. Originally Posted by harish21 $x^2 - 4 = 0$ $x^2 - (2)^2 = 0$ since $a^2 - b^2 = (a+b)(a-b)$ you can write $(x+2)(x-2) = 0$ and find x. for $-4x^2+4x+80=0$ use the quadratic equation formula. For a quadratic equation $ax^2+bx+c=0$, you can find x as: $x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^{2}-4ac}}{2a}$ use a, b, and c from your equation to find x. It seems (x = -5) (x = 10) could be appropiate right? It seems (x = -5) (x = 10) could be appropiate right? Looks like you have not seen that formula before.. What method does your book or your class instructor follow to solve these type of questions? 5. Originally Posted by harish21 Looks like you have not seen that formula before.. What method does your book or your class instructor follow to solve these type of questions? Actually it's online, and the lesson has that formula but the answers are a bit different, the one you solved for me was x = -2 or x = 2 as an anser for my class, I could tell the difference between your anser in mine, though they looked different I think it's the same either way. Actually it's online, and the lesson has that formula but the answers are a bit different, the one you solved for me was x = -2 or x = 2 as an anser for my class, I could tell the difference between your anser in mine, though they looked different I think it's the same either way. (x+2)(x-2)=0 means that x = 2 or x = -2 is your answer.. I was talking about the second problem.. Are you supposed to use the formula I gave earlier on, or are you supposed to do it by completing the square? 7. Originally Posted by harish21 (x+2)(x-2)=0 means that x = 2 or x = -2 is your answer.. I was talking about the second problem.. Are you supposed to use the formula I gave earlier on, or are you supposed to do it by completing the square? Oh, it says use the quadratic formula but I got the anwser x = -5 or x = 10 Oh, it says use the quadratic formula but I got the anwser x = -5 or x = 10 If your question is $-4x^2+4x+80=0$, then the answer you have gotten is wrong... plug in a= -4 , b = 4 and c =80 in the formula given in Post#2 and find x.. 9. Originally Posted by harish21 If your question is $-4x^2+4x+80=0$, then the answer you have gotten is wrong... plug in a= -4 , b = 4 and c =80 in the formula given in Post#2 and find x.. x = 5 or x = -4?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 16, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7244604229927063, "perplexity": 508.99055736647614}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398444139.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205404-00229-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://adc.bmj.com/content/46/247/273	Article Text Adrenocortical Atrophy and Diffuse Cerebral Sclerosis 1. Constance C. Forsyth, 2. Mehroo Forbes, 3. J. N. Cumings ## Abstract A boy, diagnosed as having Addison's disease due to idiopathic atrophy of the adrenal glands at the age of 7 years, developed the first evidence of what was originally thought to be Schilder's disease' at 8 years and 10 months. He died at 9 years and 11 months. There was a very striking family history of autoimmune disorders on the mother's side. The clinical and pathological aspects of his case are outlined. Detailed studies of adrenal function during life showed a diminution in excretion of adrenal androgens and corticosteroids before therapy which was not evident from the 17-oxosteroid and 17-hydroxycorticosteroid assays in the resting state, though the initial diagnosis was based on the failure of ACTH to produce a rise in the 17-hydroxycorticosteroid excretion. No unusual or abnormal steroids were detected nor was there any disproportion between the androgen and corticosteroid excretion to suggest an adrenal enzyme deficiency. The biochemistry of the brain at necropsy revealed the changes expected in a demyelinating disorder, but the detection of abnormalities in the grey matter distinguished the condition from Schilder's disease' in which the biochemistry of the grey matter is normal. There are 12 fully documented reports of boys with adrenocortical atrophy and diffuse cerebral sclerosis, and it is thought that this rare entity is inherited as an X-linked recessive characteristic. The two likely theories of causation involve either an error of metabolism common to the adrenal cortex and the brain, or the possibility that both the adrenal and brain pathology are due to an autoimmune disorder. ## Request permissions If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5658687353134155, "perplexity": 4409.412041651947}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257648113.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20180323004957-20180323024957-00793.warc.gz"}
https://www.ademcetinkaya.com/2023/02/lontm17-team17-group-plc.html	Outlook: TEAM17 GROUP PLC is assigned short-term Ba1 & long-term Ba1 estimated rating. Dominant Strategy : SellHold Time series to forecast n: 23 Feb 2023 for (n+1 year) Methodology : Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis) ## Abstract TEAM17 GROUP PLC prediction model is evaluated with Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis) and Stepwise Regression1,2,3,4 and it is concluded that the LON:TM17 stock is predictable in the short/long term. According to price forecasts for (n+1 year) period, the dominant strategy among neural network is: SellHold ## Key Points 1. Prediction Modeling 2. How do you decide buy or sell a stock? 3. Market Risk ## LON:TM17 Target Price Prediction Modeling Methodology We consider TEAM17 GROUP PLC Decision Process with Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis) where A is the set of discrete actions of LON:TM17 stock holders, F is the set of discrete states, P : S × F × S → R is the transition probability distribution, R : S × F → R is the reaction function, and γ ∈ [0, 1] is a move factor for expectation.1,2,3,4 F(Stepwise Regression)5,6,7= $\begin{array}{cccc}{p}_{a1}& {p}_{a2}& \dots & {p}_{1n}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{j1}& {p}_{j2}& \dots & {p}_{jn}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{k1}& {p}_{k2}& \dots & {p}_{kn}\\ & ⋮\\ {p}_{n1}& {p}_{n2}& \dots & {p}_{nn}\end{array}$ X R(Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis)) X S(n):→ (n+1 year) $R=\left(\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right)$ n:Time series to forecast p:Price signals of LON:TM17 stock j:Nash equilibria (Neural Network) k:Dominated move a:Best response for target price For further technical information as per how our model work we invite you to visit the article below: How do AC Investment Research machine learning (predictive) algorithms actually work? ## LON:TM17 Stock Forecast (Buy or Sell) for (n+1 year) Sample Set: Neural Network Stock/Index: LON:TM17 TEAM17 GROUP PLC Time series to forecast n: 23 Feb 2023 for (n+1 year) According to price forecasts for (n+1 year) period, the dominant strategy among neural network is: SellHold X axis: Likelihood% (The higher the percentage value, the more likely the event will occur.) Y axis: Potential Impact% (The higher the percentage value, the more likely the price will deviate.) Z axis (Grey to Black): Technical Analysis% ## IFRS Reconciliation Adjustments for TEAM17 GROUP PLC 1. In addition to those hedging relationships specified in paragraph 6.9.1, an entity shall apply the requirements in paragraphs 6.9.11 and 6.9.12 to new hedging relationships in which an alternative benchmark rate is designated as a non-contractually specified risk component (see paragraphs 6.3.7(a) and B6.3.8) when, because of interest rate benchmark reform, that risk component is not separately identifiable at the date it is designated. 2. In some jurisdictions, the government or a regulatory authority sets interest rates. For example, such government regulation of interest rates may be part of a broad macroeconomic policy or it may be introduced to encourage entities to invest in a particular sector of the economy. In some of these cases, the objective of the time value of money element is not to provide consideration for only the passage of time. However, despite paragraphs B4.1.9A–B4.1.9D, a regulated interest rate shall be considered a proxy for the time value of money element for the purpose of applying the condition in paragraphs 4.1.2(b) and 4.1.2A(b) if that regulated interest rate provides consideration that is broadly consistent with the passage of time and does not provide exposure to risks or volatility in the contractual cash flows that are inconsistent with a basic lending arrangement. 3. When designating a risk component as a hedged item, the hedge accounting requirements apply to that risk component in the same way as they apply to other hedged items that are not risk components. For example, the qualifying criteria apply, including that the hedging relationship must meet the hedge effectiveness requirements, and any hedge ineffectiveness must be measured and recognised. 4. The requirement that an economic relationship exists means that the hedging instrument and the hedged item have values that generally move in the opposite direction because of the same risk, which is the hedged risk. Hence, there must be an expectation that the value of the hedging instrument and the value of the hedged item will systematically change in response to movements in either the same underlying or underlyings that are economically related in such a way that they respond in a similar way to the risk that is being hedged (for example, Brent and WTI crude oil). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adjustment process involves reviewing the company's financial statements and identifying any differences between the company's current accounting practices and the requirements of the IFRS. If there are any such differences, neural network makes adjustments to financial statements to bring them into compliance with the IFRS. ## Conclusions TEAM17 GROUP PLC is assigned short-term Ba1 & long-term Ba1 estimated rating. TEAM17 GROUP PLC prediction model is evaluated with Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis) and Stepwise Regression1,2,3,4 and it is concluded that the LON:TM17 stock is predictable in the short/long term. According to price forecasts for (n+1 year) period, the dominant strategy among neural network is: SellHold ### LON:TM17 TEAM17 GROUP PLC Financial Analysis* Rating Short-Term Long-Term Senior OutlookBa1Ba1 Income StatementCaa2B1 Balance SheetCC Leverage RatiosCaa2Caa2 Cash FlowBa3Caa2 Rates of Return and ProfitabilityB1C Financial analysis is the process of evaluating a company's financial performance and position by neural network. It involves reviewing the company's financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, as well as other financial reports and documents. How does neural network examine financial reports and understand financial state of the company? ### Prediction Confidence Score Trust metric by Neural Network: 80 out of 100 with 544 signals. ## References 1. G. Theocharous and A. Hallak. Lifetime value marketing using reinforcement learning. RLDM 2013, page 19, 2013 2. V. Borkar and R. Jain. Risk-constrained Markov decision processes. IEEE Transaction on Automatic Control, 2014 3. Clements, M. P. D. F. Hendry (1995), "Forecasting in cointegrated systems," Journal of Applied Econometrics, 10, 127–146. 4. R. Rockafellar and S. Uryasev. Conditional value-at-risk for general loss distributions. Journal of Banking and Finance, 26(7):1443 – 1471, 2002 5. Rumelhart DE, Hinton GE, Williams RJ. 1986. Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Nature 323:533–36 6. D. S. Bernstein, S. Zilberstein, and N. Immerman. The complexity of decentralized control of Markov Decision Processes. In UAI '00: Proceedings of the 16th Conference in Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA, June 30 - July 3, 2000, pages 32–37, 2000. 7. Athey S, Imbens G, Wager S. 2016a. Efficient inference of average treatment effects in high dimensions via approximate residual balancing. arXiv:1604.07125 [math.ST] Frequently Asked QuestionsQ: What is the prediction methodology for LON:TM17 stock? A: LON:TM17 stock prediction methodology: We evaluate the prediction models Modular Neural Network (Social Media Sentiment Analysis) and Stepwise Regression Q: Is LON:TM17 stock a buy or sell? A: The dominant strategy among neural network is to SellHold LON:TM17 Stock. Q: Is TEAM17 GROUP PLC stock a good investment? A: The consensus rating for TEAM17 GROUP PLC is SellHold and is assigned short-term Ba1 & long-term Ba1 estimated rating. Q: What is the consensus rating of LON:TM17 stock? A: The consensus rating for LON:TM17 is SellHold. Q: What is the prediction period for LON:TM17 stock? A: The prediction period for LON:TM17 is (n+1 year)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 2, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6340934634208679, "perplexity": 6157.23455139775}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949107.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230330070451-20230330100451-00465.warc.gz"}
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/476278/why-oil-films-still-have-color-when-illuminated-by-an-incoherent-source-sun-at	# Why oil films still have color when illuminated by an incoherent source (sun) at oblique incidence I understand how coherent light can produce interference patterns with a thin oil film. However the sun is a spatially incoherent light source. How can it be that at oblique incidence I still see colors caused by inteference. Because when at an angle, the rays that interfere come from different spatial positions of the sun. At normal incidence the light ray would interfere with itself and the interference effects depend on the temporal coherence. I don't think I can use the Van Cittert-Zernike theorem here because I am considering two parallel rays which do not originate at the same point (Or can I assume this, because the sun is so far away?). The destructive interference happens for certain small region of the spectrum (i.e. the part of the spectrum such that the optical path length difference is half the wavelength). It's true that temporal coherence of broadband source is short, and we associate short temporal coherence with short coherence length: if the optical path length difference is longer than the coherence length, the interference pattern averages out. However, even when the optical path length is longer than the coherence length, you do expect some spectral density within your light to achieve thin-film interference condition, and that part of the spectrum will appear dim due to destructive interference. If you shine a narrowband light instead of broadband, you won't see color changes but more like bright-and-dark fringes. And regarding spatial coherence, yes, if the sunlight were to have a terrible spatial coherence (huge wavefront aberration across a small patch of the film), the color pattern will be likely ruined, but I think sunlight decently approximates a spatially coherent source (it's not a point source but close). IMO your picture is wrong. Interference doesn't take place between waves originated from different Sun's places but for just one wave reaching different points of oil film. So you have an infinity of interference patterns, one for each point of the extended source (the Sun). If these patterns had an angular fringe separation smaller than Sun's angular size, you wouldn't see no fringes. But this doesn't happen. Note that an analogous issue arises with rainbow (which isn't an interference phenomenon). Each point of Sun causes its own rainbow and they superpose producing a smeared rainbow. Happily the angular extension of rainbow (about $$2.8^\circ$$) is greater than Sun's angular size ($$0.5^\circ$$) - otherwise we wouldn't know of that beautiful sight. • So basically what you are saying is that I can use the van Cittert-Zernike theorem to calculate the mutual coherence. Because the angular size of the sun is small enough? Apr 27 '19 at 10:08 • @tgoossens, the van Cittert-Zernike theorem relates to quasi-monochromatic light, but the Sunlight is clearly a broadband light. Why do you think the theorem is relevant to the problem? – wcc Apr 28 '19 at 0:47 The interference explanation is an excellent classical one but a photon is never destroyed by photons cancelling each other. The photon "wave function" helps to explain that certain wavelengths cannot traverse a thin film due to its non-ideal path length, the colours are visible as some wavelengths are transmitted and others reflected. I.e. a thin film does work for a single photons. • " I.e. a thin film does work for a single photons." Also at oblique incidence then? Apr 27 '19 at 9:45 • Yes but bear in mind that the path length thru the film also changes with angle. When a dichroic filter is made (see Thor labs) to reflect or transmit a certain color band (or bands) many thin layers are put down (100s) so that the angular performance is improved. Apr 27 '19 at 15:28	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 2, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.7650861144065857, "perplexity": 661.0746047496605}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304810.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220125100035-20220125130035-00155.warc.gz"}
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/reduce-decimals-while-printing-in-arduino	# Reduce decimals while printing in Arduino ArduinoArduino BoardsArduino IDEArduino Programming Language Often some functions can output really long floating-point numbers, with several decimal digits. Several times, we are just interested in the first couple of decimal digits, and the remaining digits just reduce the readability and make the Serial Monitor window cluttered. In order to round of floating-point numbers when printing to the Serial Monitor, you can just add the number of decimal places required as the second argument to serial.print. An example is shown below − ## Example void setup() { // put your setup code here, to run once: Serial.begin(9600); Serial.println("Printing decimals"); Serial.println(9.6745,0); //This prints 10 Serial.println(9.6745,1); //This prints 9.7 Serial.println(9.6745,2); //This prints 9.67 } void loop() { // put your main code here, to run repeatedly: } The output of the above program on the Serial Monitor will be − ## Output As indicated in the comments, for the same floating-point number, the output will be different each time because we have specified different number of decimal places to use. Try it out yourself. Please note that this works only when your first argument to Serial.print() is a pure floating-point number. If it is a string, this won't work. Thus, Serial.println("9.6745",0); won't print just '9'. In fact, this line will give you an error − no matching function for call to 'println(const char [7], int)' Published on 23-Mar-2021 15:55:12	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.18030688166618347, "perplexity": 2865.4259477928954}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487635920.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20210618073932-20210618103932-00126.warc.gz"}
https://quantumcomputing.stackexchange.com/questions/14786/what-are-the-possible-results-of-measuring-x-and-z-on-the-state-01-rangle	# What are the possible results of measuring $X$ and $Z$ on the state $\|01\rangle+\|10\rangle$? When calculating the probability of getting +1 on X-basis on the first qubit of Bell's state $$\|01\rangle+\|10\rangle$$, the result is 1/2 with the state after measurement \|++⟩ while the probability of measuring the second qubit with the collapse state is 1 and the state after measurement also $$\|++\rangle$$. When calculating the probability of getting +1 on Z-basis on the first qubit of Bell's state $$\|01\rangle+\|10\rangle$$, the result is 1/2 with the state after measurement \|01⟩ while the probability of measuring the second qubit with the collapse state is 0 and the state after measurement also $$\|01\rangle$$. What is other possible result of measuring X and Z, for example, XX, XZ, ZX, ZZ ? How to build a table to compile all of the possible results? Starting with the state $$\|\psi \rangle = \dfrac{\|01\rangle + \|10 \rangle }{\sqrt{2}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$. If you want to find the probability of measuring $$+1$$ in observable $$X = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ for the first qubit, and $$+1$$ in the observable $$Z = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$$ for the second qubit then you can calculate it as $$\langle \psi\| M \| \psi \rangle = Tr(\rho M)$$ where $$\rho = \|\psi \rangle \langle \psi \|$$ and here $$M = \|+\rangle\langle +\| \otimes \|0\rangle\langle 0 \|$$ since $$\|+\rangle = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix}$$ is the eigenvector corresponding to the $$+1$$ eigenvalue of $$X$$ and $$\|0\rangle = \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ is the eigenvector corresponding to the $$+1$$ eigenvalue of $$Z$$. So explicitly \begin{align} M = \|+\rangle \langle+\| \otimes \|0\rangle\langle 0\| &= \bigg[ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \bigg] \otimes \bigg[ \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \bigg] \\ &= \dfrac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \otimes \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} \\ &= \dfrac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} \end{align} Thus, $$\langle \psi\| M \| \psi \rangle = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \dfrac{1}{4}$$ Also note that, the above is the same if we have done $$Tr(\rho M)$$ since $$Tr\bigg( \rho M \bigg) = Tr\bigg( \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 0 & 1/2 & 1/2 & 0\\ 0 & 1/2 & 1/2 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} \bigg) = \dfrac{1}{4}$$ You can extend this to other cases as well. Update: If you want to do sequential measurement, then you can find the the post measurement state $$\|\psi\rangle_{post}$$ then follow the same procedure. For instance, if we again start with $$\|\psi \rangle = \dfrac{\|01\rangle + \|10 \rangle }{\sqrt{2}} = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ and we want to find the probability of measuring $$+1$$ in observable $$X = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 \end{pmatrix}$$ for the first qubit. Then afterward, finding the probability of measuring $$+1$$ in observable $$X$$ for the first qubit, and $$+1$$ in the observable $$Z = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0\\ 0 & -1 \end{pmatrix}$$ for the second qubit on this collapsed state then we can do it as follow: First Step: To find the probability of measuring $$+1$$ in observable $$X$$ we can construct $$M$$ as \begin{align} M = \|+\rangle \langle+\| \otimes I = \bigg[ \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \bigg] \otimes \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} &= \dfrac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \otimes \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} \\ &= \dfrac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} \end{align} And therefore, $$\langle \psi\| M \| \psi \rangle = \dfrac{1}{2}$$ and the state after measurement, $$\|\psi_{post}\rangle$$, is going to be \begin{align} \|\psi_{post}\rangle = \dfrac{ M \|\psi \rangle }{ \sqrt{prob(+1)}} = \dfrac{ \dfrac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1\end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} }{ \sqrt{ 1/\sqrt{2} } } = \dfrac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \end{align} Second Step: Now the probability of measuring $$+1$$ in observable $$X$$ for the first qubit, and $$+1$$ in the observable $$Z$$ for the second qubit on this collapsed state $$\|\psi_{post} \rangle$$ can be calculated as $$\langle \psi_{post} \| M \| \psi_{post} \rangle$$ where again $$M = \|+\rangle\langle +\| \otimes \|0\rangle\langle 0 \|$$ (as indicated why on the top of this answer). Hence this probability is $$\langle \psi_{post} \| M \| \psi_{post} \rangle = \dfrac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} = \dfrac{1}{2}$$ Where the post state after this process, $$\|\psi_{post 2} \rangle$$ is now in the state $$\|\psi_{post 2} \rangle = \dfrac{ \dfrac{1}{2}\begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\\ 1 & 0 & 1 & 0\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0\end{pmatrix} \dfrac{1}{2} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} }{ \sqrt{1/2} } = \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} = \dfrac{\|00\rangle + \|10\rangle }{\sqrt{2}}$$ • for the second qubit, suppose the measurement needs to use the collapse state of measuring the first qubit. can you show a measurement of observable Z for the first qubit and then measuring the second qubit using the collapse state? Nov 22 '20 at 19:42 • how to relate the measurement with the non-locality of quantum entanglement? how they are correlated? @KAJ226 Nov 22 '20 at 19:48 • can you explain why the M = \|+><+\| \otimes \|0><0\| not I\otimes \|0><0\| ? Nov 23 '20 at 0:02 • @EaraShahirah That is because I wanted to find the probability of measuring $+1$ in observable $X$ for the first qubit, and $+1$ in the observable $Z$ for the second qubit on this collapsed state... But if you want to find the probability of calculating $+1$ in the $Z$ observable for the second qubit then you would make $M = I \otimes \|0\rangle \langle 0\|$ like you wrote. Hope that helps. Nov 23 '20 at 0:51 • Thank you for your answer. I got it now. But, can you give me insight behind all this calculation? what actually this calculation is for? @KAJ226 Nov 23 '20 at 15:33 I would start by rewriting the same state in different bases: • $$XX$$ basis: $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\|++\rangle-\|--\rangle\right)$$ • $$XZ$$ basis: $$\frac{1}{2}\left(\|+1\rangle+\|-1\rangle+\|+0\rangle-\|-0\rangle\right)$$ • $$ZX$$ basis: $$\frac{1}{2}\left(\|0+\rangle-\|0-\rangle+\|1+\rangle+\|1-\rangle\right)$$ • $$ZZ$$ basis: $$\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\left(\|01\rangle+\|10\rangle\right)$$ Now we can look at all the possibilities where $$M_1M_2$$ indicates first measuring the first qubit in the $$M_1$$ basis and then measuring the second qubit in the $$M_2$$ basis: $$X_1X_2$$: $$P(X_1=1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(X_2=1\|X_1=1) = 1, P(X_2=-1\|X_1=1) = 0$$ $$P(X_1=-1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(X_2=1\|X_1=-1) = 0, P(X_2=-1\|X_1=-1) = 1$$ $$X_1Z_2$$: $$P(X_1=1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(Z_2=1\|X_1=1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(Z_2=-1\|X_1=1) = \frac{1}{2}$$ $$P(X_1=-1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(Z_2=1\|X_1=-1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(Z_2=-1\|X_1=-1) = \frac{1}{2}$$ $$Z_1X_2$$: $$P(Z_1=1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(X_2=1\|Z_1=1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(X_2=-1\|Z_1=1) = \frac{1}{2}$$ $$P(Z_1=-1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(X_2=1\|Z_1=-1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(X_2=-1\|Z_1=-1) = \frac{1}{2}$$ $$Z_1Z_2$$: $$P(Z_1=1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(Z_2=1\|Z_1=1) = 0, P(Z_2=-1\|Z_1=1) = 1$$ $$P(Z_1=-1) = \frac{1}{2}, P(Z_2=1\|Z_1=-1) = 1, P(Z_2=-1\|Z_1=-1) = 0$$ In summary 1. if you're measuring in $$XX$$, it's $$\frac{1}{2}$$ for the first measurement and the second measurement is fully correlated to the first one, 2. if you're measuring in $$ZZ$$, it's also $$\frac{1}{2}$$ for the first measurement but the second measurement is fully anti-correlated to the first one, 3. For the other two combinations, it's all $$\frac{1}{2}$$ for both measurements regardless of the outcome of the first measurement (because the two measurements happen to be completely uncorrelated).	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 75, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 3, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9997771382331848, "perplexity": 180.490906933912}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320302740.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220121071203-20220121101203-00419.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/differential-equations/157874-critical-points-phase-portraits.html	# Math Help - Critical points and phase portraits 1. ## Critical points and phase portraits Find the critical points and phase portrait of the given autonomous first-order differential equation: dx/dt=x^2 - x^4. Classify each critical point as asymptotically stable, semi-stable, or unstable. Sketch the graph of a typical solution x(t) where x0 has the given values: (a) x0>1 (b) 0<x0<1 (c) -1<x0<0 (d) x0<-1. 2. What did you get for $x(t)$ ? 3. I got (x∙ln(\|x+1\|)-x∙ln(\|x-1\|) - 2)/2x but couldn't figure out how to solve for x. 4. Originally Posted by kiddopop I got (x∙ln(\|x+1\|)-x∙ln(\|x-1\|) - 2)/2x what is this equal to? 5. (x∙ln(\|x+1\|)-x∙ln(\|x-1\|) - 2)/2x = t 6. I understand. I was going about the problem in the completely wrong way.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 1, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.883258581161499, "perplexity": 2831.708771787093}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657135777.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011215-00145-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://portrait.gitee.com/minglonghuang/third_party_weston/blob/master/DCO-1.1.txt	## Robert / third_party_weston DCO-1.1.txt 1.39 KB mamingshuai 提交于 2021-06-02 00:37 . update OpenHarmony 2.0 Canary Developer Certificate of Origin Version 1.1 Copyright (C) 2004, 2006 The Linux Foundation and its contributors. 1 Letterman Drive Suite D4700 San Francisco, CA, 94129 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 By making a contribution to this project, I certify that: (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I have the right to submit it under the open source license indicated in the file; or (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source license and I have the right under that license to submit that work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part by me, under the same open source license (unless I am permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated in the file; or (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified it. (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution are public and that a record of the contribution (including all personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with this project or the open source license(s) involved. ### 评论 ( 0 ) 1 https://gitee.com/minglonghuang/third_party_weston.git [email protected]:minglonghuang/third_party_weston.git minglonghuang third_party_weston third_party_weston master	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.6306817531585693, "perplexity": 5566.197952914375}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363006.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20211204185021-20211204215021-00206.warc.gz"}
https://echa.europa.eu/registration-dossier/-/registered-dossier/18215/7/5/1	## Registration Dossier Toxicological information ## Endpoint summary ### Key value for chemical safety assessment #### Skin sensitisation ##### Reference Endpoint: skin sensitisation: in vivo (LLNA) Type of information: experimental study key study Study period: 26-02-2015 to 19-05-2015 Reliability: 1 (reliable without restriction) Qualifier: according to Guideline: OECD Guideline 442B (Skin Sensitization: Local Lymph Node Assay: BrdU-ELISA) Deviations: no GLP compliance: yes Type of study: mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) Species: mouse Strain: CBA Sex: female Details on test animals and environmental conditions: Age and weight range at order: 7 to 8 weeks old, 24 to 28 grams Breeder: Charles River France Laboratories, Iffa Credo, Domaine des Oncins B.P. 0109, F 69592 L’ARBRESLE CEDEX, France. Weight range at arrival: 20 to 21 grams Acclimatisation period: At least 5 days Animals per cage:1/cage during the study; up to 5 during acclimatisation Housing: Polysulphone solid bottomed cages measuring 35.5 \times 23.5 \times 19 cm with nesting material Cage control: Daily inspected and changed as necessary (at least twice/week) Water Drinking water supplied to each cage via a water bottle Diet 4 RF 21 (Mucedola S.r.l., Via G. Galilei, 4, 20019, Settimo Milanese (MI) Italy) Diet supply Ad libitum throughout the study Room lighting Artificial (fluorescent tubes), daily light/dark cycle of 12/12 hours Air changes Approximately 15 to 20 air changes per hour Temperature range 22 °C \pm 2 °C Relative humidity range 55 % \pm 15 % Positive control substance(s): yes Remarks: alpha-hexylcinnamaldehyde Vehicle: acetone/olive oil (4:1 v/v) Concentration: 5%, 10%, 25% (Test Item); 25% (Positive Control) No. of animals per dose: 4 females Details on study design: RANGE FINDING TEST: - Irritation: Animals treated for three consecutive days (Days 1, 2, 3) with 25 µL/ear/day ofthe vehicle or test item formulations at 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25%: The treated sites of all animals were examined daily, ear thickness measured by a suitable micrometer on Day 1 (before dosing), on Day 3 (before dosing) and on Day 6. After sacrifice, regularly shaped biopsies obtained from both ears and weighed together. Main test: - No. of exposures:3 - Test groups: 3 with test item, 1 with positive control - Control groups: 2 (test item negative control and vehicle of positive control ) - Site: Ears, 25 µL/ear/day - Frequency of applications: once daily - Duration: 3 days - Concentrations: 5%, 10%, 25% (Test Item); 25% (Positive control) - Day 5: intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mL/animal of a solution of BrdU at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in physiological saline - Day 6 : Sacrifice, the auricular lymph nodes were excised, pooled on individual basis and individually collected in a solution of 2 % BSA-PBS [2 % bovine serum albumine (BSA) in phosphate buffered saline, PBS]. Cell suspensions were prepared for the evaluation of proliferation . BrdU was measured by ELISA using a commercial kit (Roche Applied Science, Mannheim, Germany, Catalogue Number 11 647 229 001, batch no. 10493100). Absorbance (OD) was detected at 450 nm (with reference wavelength: 690 nm). The BrdU labelling index was calculated for each mouse and a group mean was subsequently calculated. Results for each treatment group were expressed as the mean Stimulation Index (SI). The SI was derived by dividing the mean BrdU labelling index/mouse within each test item Statistics: Differences between each treated group and the concurrent negative control group (individual BrdU labelling indices) were assessed by Dunnett's test. The homogeneity of the data was verified by Bartlett's test before Dunnett's test. Data were found to be inhomogeneous and a Modified t test (Cochran and Cox) s applied. Positive control results: Stimulation Index of 2.47 was calculated. As it was greater than 2, the study was regarded as valid. Parameter: SI Remarks on result: other: No increase in cell proliferation of draining lymph nodes was observed in any treatment group. The calculated Stimulation Indices (SI) were 0.82, 0.78 and 0.98, respectively at low, mid- and high dose levels. Parameter: other: disintegrations per minute (DPM) Remarks on result: other: BrdU Labelling index/group (OD, Optical Density) Group 1: 0.239 Group 2: 0.197 Group 3: 0.187 Group 4: 0.234 Group 5 (Positive Control): 0.590 Preliminary phase: Five concentrations (25, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1 % w/w) of the test item were selected to be used in the preliminary phase. No systemic signs of toxicity (clinical signs or toxicologically relevant body weight losses) were observed at any of the tested concentrations. The evaluation of visible reactions showed no erythema at any of the concentrations investigated (25, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1 % w/w). The evaluation of ear thickness indicated that no increase was induced by treatment (values of Days 3 and 6 compared to Day 1). An increase of ear punch weight was noted in animals treated with the test item at dose levels of 25 and 10 %. This increase was not dose-related and therefore did not affect the choice of dose levels. Based on the results described above, the highest concentration selected for the main assay was 25 % w/w. Main assay: No mortality was recorded in animals treated at all dose levels investigated (25, 10 and 5% w/w). Blue coloration of the ears was detected in mid- and high dose animals from Day 3 up to Day 4 or 6. This finding was due to the coloration of the test item. Changes in body weight observed during the study were within the expected range for this strain and age of animals. No increase in cell proliferation of draining lymph nodes was observed in any treatment group. The calculated Stimulation Indices (SI) were 0.82, 0.78 and 0.98, respectively at low, mid- and high dose levels. Interpretation of results: GHS criteria not met Remarks: Migrated information Conclusions: No increase in cell proliferation of draining lymph nodes was observed in any treatment group. The calculated Stimulation Indices were 0.82, 0.78 and 0.98 at low, mid- and high dose levels, respectively. Executive summary: Preliminary test Five concentrations were investigated in the preliminary test [25, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1 % w/w in acetone:olive oil 4:1 (v/v)] in order to identify a non toxic and minimally irritant concentration and avoid false positive results. No signs of systemic toxicity (clinical signs or significant body weight losses) were observed at the tested concentrations. According to the results of the irritation screening, the concentration of 25% w/w was judged to be not irritant. Main assay In the main assay, the test item was topically administered at the concentrations of 25, 10 and 5% w/w in acetone:olive oil 4:1 (v/v). No mortality was recorded in any animal. Body weight changes were considered not remarkable. Blue coloration of the ear was observed from Day 3 up to Day 6. No increase in cell proliferation of draining lymph nodes was observed in any treatment group. The calculated Stimulation Indices (SI) were 0.82, 0.78 and 0.98 at low, mid- and high dose levels, respectively. ##### Endpoint conclusion Endpoint conclusion: no adverse effect observed (not sensitising) Disperse Blue CVG was tested in a murine lymph node assay for skin sensitising properties. In a preliminary test, five concentrations were investigated [25, 10, 5, 2.5 and 1 % w/w in acetone:olive oil 4:1 (v/v)] in order to identify a non toxic and minimally irritant concentration and avoid false positive results. No signs of systemic toxicity (clinical signs or significant body weight losses) were observed at the tested concentrations. According to the results of the irritation screening, the concentration of 25% w/w was judged to be not irritant. In the main assay, the test item was topically administered at the concentrations of 25, 10 and 5% w/w in acetone:olive oil 4:1 (v/v). No mortality was recorded in any animal. Body weight changes were considered not remarkable. Blue coloration of the ear was observed from Day 3 up to Day 6. No increase in cell proliferation of draining lymph nodes was observed in any treatment group. The calculated Stimulation Indices (SI) were 0.82, 0.78 and 0.98 at low-, mid- and high-dose levels, respectively. Migrated from Short description of key information: No skin sensitising properties observed #### Respiratory sensitisation ##### Endpoint conclusion Endpoint conclusion: no study available	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8093687295913696, "perplexity": 11361.399500051679}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400202686.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922000730-20200922030730-00564.warc.gz"}
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/william-lowell-putnam-competition.48188/	# William Lowell Putnam Competition 1. Oct 16, 2004 ### vsage Has anyone competed in or been part of an institution that participated in this competition? My school doesn't appear to have been involved in it past 2001 which is a shame because I really would like to pit myself against people from other schools or heck just challenge myself. Anyway I came across a problems archive and was doing a few practice problems so really this post is less about the competition and more about whether I am ready. This was question 1 on the 1995 test and I think I have a solution but I'm not sure it is "rigorous": (solution to problem A-1 located at http://www.unl.edu/amc/a-activities/a7-problems/putnam/-pdf/1995.pdf ) Let $$a, b, c \in T$$ $$abc \in T$$ $$(ab)c \in T$$ Let $$d, e, f \in U$$ $$def \in U$$ $$d(ef) \in U$$ Assume $$(ab) \in U$$ then $$(ab)ef \in U$$ $$ab(ef) \in U$$ For this to be true $$a, b \in U$$ but since U and T are disjoint this is a contradiction so $$ab \in T$$ $$Let g = ab \in T$$ $$gc \in T$$ Is it proven? Please pardon the bad LaTex I will edit this post if it doesn't come out right. Well come to think of it I don't need that g = ab part right? Last edited by a moderator: Oct 17, 2004 2. Oct 17, 2004 ### TenaliRaman well u almost nailed it if i am right in interpreting your proof .... If u like solving putnam problems i would recommend u to see ... 1> www.kalva.demon.co.uk Also check rec.puzzles where many of the putnam problems get solved ... -- AI 3. Oct 17, 2004 ### zefram_c Sorry, seems not proven to me. First, a little unrelated matter: you denote the sets T, U as if they were finite. This is not possible, unless they only contain the elements 1 and/or 0. Otherwise, if there are 2 elements >1 (or <-1), multiply the two largest to get something larger than anything in the set; if there are 2 elements between -1 and 1, multiply the two of smallest absolute value to get a smaller still. Now, if ab(ef) is in U and (ef) is in U, it does not follow that a,b are in U - or it needs more work to do so. Finally, showing that if g=ab is in T, then for all c, gc is also in T, is not sufficient. You must show this for all g, or otherwise show that all elements in T can be written as a product of two other elements in T. Here's a simpler proof: Wolog T is not closed under multiplication, then there exist a,b in T s.t. ab is not in T. Since ab is in R but not T, ab is in U. Assume that U is also not closed under multiplication. Then there exists c,d in U s.t. cd is in T (as before). Now a,b and (cd) are in T, hence abcd is in T. But c,d and (ab) are in U, hence abcd is in U. This contradicts the fact that T,U are disjoint. Heh. I can't believe I got this... someone prove me wrong, or I might regret not writing the Putnam! 4. Oct 17, 2004 ### vsage Yes I realized later my definitions of U and T were ultimately incorrect (and unncesessary for the proof). I'm still learning (1st yr college student) and haven't been able to take any set theory or logic classes so I appreciate your input on this matter. I'm rethinking my post right now so I can resubmit for criticism :). Edit: Bah but I really do see the flaw though I assumed for some reason that $$ef \in U$$ which is dumb because it's assuming what I'm trying to prove! Last edited by a moderator: Oct 17, 2004 5. Oct 17, 2004 ### vsage OK I am ready to try my luck again! I am really tired now though so I am not sure if I am getting further away from the solution or not. Suppose there are $$a, b, c \in T$$ and $$d, e, f \in U$$ so $$abc \in T$$ and $$def \in U$$ (The given) Suppose $$ab not \in T$$ therefore $$ab \in U$$ for some $$a, b \in T$$ because $$T \bigcup U = S$$ Suppose $$ef not \in U$$ therefore $$ef \in T$$ for some $$e,f \in U$$ because $$T \bigcup U = S$$ then $$(ab)ef \in U$$ and $$ab(ef) \in T$$ from supposing the 1st and second lines, respectively. This implies that $$(ab)(ef) \in U$$ AND $$(ab)(ef) \in T$$ which is a contradiction since U and T are disjoint. Am I closer? :) Last edited by a moderator: Oct 17, 2004 6. Oct 17, 2004 ### zefram_c If you highlight the seemingly empty space in my previous post, you'll see 7. Oct 17, 2004 ### vsage Very nice! We have nearly the same proof I see. Thank you so much (also thanks for the link to tenaliraman)	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9088802933692932, "perplexity": 850.4143948475445}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501173405.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104613-00405-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://semparis.lpthe.jussieu.fr/list?type=seminars&key=12534	Statut Confirmé Série IPN-THEO Domaines nucl-th Date Jeudi 26 Juillet 2018 Heure 11:30 Institut IPN Salle Bâtiment 100, Salle A015 Nom de l'orateur Dupuis Prenom de l'orateur Marc Addresse email de l'orateur Institution de l'orateur CEA, DAM, DIF Titre Advances in microscopic modeling of (n,$x$n$\gamma$) reactions for actinides Résumé Recent developments in nuclear structure approaches offer a great mean to improve various aspects of nuclear reaction modeling and to further understand reaction mechanisms from a microscopic point of view. Recently, direct and pre-compound nucleon emission, for nucleon induced reaction on spherical and axially deformed nuclei, have been successfully modeled [1] using a description of target states provided by fully consistent axially-symmetric deformed quasi-particle random-phase approximation (QRPA) calculations [2]. Direct inelastic scattering to target excitations built from one-phonon QRPA states accounted simultaneously for direct inelastic scattering to discrete states, and pre-equilibrium emission as far as second order processes, that involve more complex excitations such as two-phonon states, and multiple emission remain negligible. The QRPA nuclear structure approach has also been applied recently to determine, for a large pannel of even-even nuclei, E1 and M1 photon strength functions [3], that play a key-role in the modeling of statistical reactions.\\ We will review the status on the ongoing work on direct/pre-compound neutron emission for neutron induced reaction below 20~MeV for even-even actinides. Target states are described as rotational bands built from each state in the target intrinsic frame, described as QRPA one-phonon excitation of the intrinsic correlated ground state. QRPA excitations which display a collective character can thus be viewed as vibrational band heads. Couplings between states of the GS band and states belonging to an excited band are accounted for within a coupled channel framework. Our approach in then applied to the modeling of (n,n'$\gamma$) reactions and for both intra- and inter-band gamma transitions [4]. For these reactions, the role played by the present microscopic approach for direct/pre-equilibrium emission is discussed. We finally focus on the impact on the determination of (n,n'$\gamma$) cross sections of newly calculated QRPA E1- and M1-photon strength functions, that enter the description of statistical decay from compound nucleus states in the continuum.\\ [1] M. Dupuis, E. Bauge, S. Hilaire, F. Lechaftois, S. Péru, N. Pillet and C. Robin, Eur. Phys. J. A, 51 12 (2015) 168.\\[.1cm] [2] S. Péru,G. Gosselin, M. Martini, M. Dupuis, S. Hilaire, and J.-C. Devaux, Phys. Rev. C 014314 (2011).\\[.1cm] [3] S. Goriely, S. Hilaire, S. Péru, M. Martini, I. Deloncle, and F. Lechaftois Phys. Rev. C 94, 044306 (2016); M. Martini, S. Péru, S. Hilaire, S. Goriely, and F. Lechaftois, Phys. Rev. C 94, 014304 (2016).\\[.1cm] [4] M. Dupuis, S. Hilaire, S. Péru, E. Bauge, M. Kerveno, P. Dessagne and G. Henning EPJ Web Conf., 146 (2017) 12002. Numéro de preprint arXiv Commentaires Fichiers attachés 2018_07_26_M_Dupuis.pdf (301044 bytes) Pour obtenir l' affiche de ce séminaire : [ Postscript \| PDF ] [ Annonces ] [ Abonnements ] [ Archive ] [ Aide ] [ JavaScript requis ] [ English version ]	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8187733888626099, "perplexity": 16031.085045815122}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583511206.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20181017174543-20181017200043-00330.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/algebra/33124-here-s-another-question-finding-x.html	# Math Help - Here's another question on finding X 1. ## Here's another question on finding X Is there a trick to finding the value of X? Example: 75% of x = 1050 90% of x = 1260 I know that x = 1400, but I'm wondering if there's an easy way to find it out quickly. Thx! 2. Originally Posted by matoau Is there a trick to finding the value of X? Example: 75% of x = 1050 90% of x = 1260 I know that x = 1400, but I'm wondering if there's an easy way to find it out quickly. Thx! of = "Multiply" $75 \%=\frac{3}{4} \mbox{ and }90 \%=\frac{9}{10}$ so solving each equation gives. $\frac{3}{4}x=1050 \iff x=\frac{4}{3}1050=4 \cdot 350=1400$ and the second $\frac{9}{10}x=1260 \iff x =\frac{10}{9}1260=10 \cdot 140=1400$ Fractions can make calculations alot easier. I hope this helps. 3. Yes Yes Yes! 4. actually, i'm confused (again) at this part: $ x=\frac{4}{3}1050=4 \cdot 350=1400 $ how does this give us 4? and why is the 4 and 3 flipped? division? $ x=\frac{4}{3}1050=4 $ also, where does this come from? $ 4 \cdot 350 $ yeah, so where does the the 350 and 140 come from? how is it derived? 5. $\frac{3}{4}x=1050$ so we divide both sides by 3/4 $\frac{\frac{3}{4}x}{\frac{3}{4}}=\frac{1050}{\frac {3}{4}}$ remember that 1050 can be written as a fraction $\frac{1050}{1}$ and if we have a fraction divided by a fraction it is the same as multiplying by the reciprocial. So now we get... $x=\frac{\frac{1050}{1}}{\frac{3}{4}}=\underbrace{\ frac{1050}{1}\cdot \frac{4}{3}}_{1050/3=350}=350 \cdot 4=1400$ I hope this clears it up 6. Yes, thank you... 7. ## hi Just divide 1260 with 0,9. 1260/0.9 = 1400 8. Originally Posted by Twig Just divide 1260 with 0,9. 1260/0.9 = 1400 Fractions > Decimals Originally Posted by TheEmptySet $\frac{3}{4}x=1050$ so we divide both sides by 3/4 $\frac{\frac{3}{4}x}{\frac{3}{4}}=\frac{1050}{\frac {3}{4}}$ remember that 1050 can be written as a fraction $\frac{1050}{1}$ and if we have a fraction divided by a fraction it is the same as multiplying by the reciprocial. So now we get... $x=\frac{\frac{1050}{1}}{\frac{3}{4}}=\underbrace{\ frac{1050}{1}\cdot \frac{4}{3}}_{1050/3=350}=350 \cdot 4=1400$ I hope this clears it up Nice Latex	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 14, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9563004970550537, "perplexity": 808.5898844789212}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422122086930.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124175446-00184-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://www.tib.eu/en/search?tx_tibsearch_search%5Baction%5D=search&tx_tibsearch_search%5Bcnt%5D=20&tx_tibsearch_search%5Bcontroller%5D=Search&tx_tibsearch_search%5BDauthor%5D%5B0%5D=Klein%2C%20Katja&tx_tibsearch_search%5BDclassification%5D%5B0%5D=rest&tx_tibsearch_search%5BDdocumentFormat%5D%5B0%5D=el&tx_tibsearch_search%5BDsupplierPrefix%5D%5B0%5D=tema&tx_tibsearch_search%5BDsupplierPrefix%5D%5B2%5D=ei-backfile&tx_tibsearch_search%5BDsupplierPrefix%5D%5B3%5D=datacite&tx_tibsearch_search%5BDsupplierPrefix%5D%5B4%5D=blcp&tx_tibsearch_search%5BDsupplierPrefix%5D%5B6%5D=aip&tx_tibsearch_search%5Bpg%5D=1&tx_tibsearch_search%5Bquery%5D=person%3A%28Vargas%2C%20M.%29&tx_tibsearch_search%5Bsrt%5D=date_desc&tx_tibsearch_search%5Bst%5D=ex&cHash=3c4eccfb96b476a918c8060f4ad2cdf2	1–20 of 26 hits Sort by: Relevancy \| Date newest \| Title A-Z ## Filter results Searching... 1. ### A deep neural network to search for new long-lived particles decaying to jets \| DataCite \| 2019 2. ### Measurements of the $\mathrm {p}\mathrm {p}\rightarrow \mathrm{Z}\mathrm{Z}$ production cross section and the $\mathrm{Z}\rightarrow 4\ell$ branching fraction, and constraints on anomalous triple gauge couplings at $\sqrt{s} = 13\,\text {TeV} \| DataCite \| 2018 Contributors: Sirunyan, Albert M. 3. ### Measurement of associated Z plus charm production in proton-proton collisions at root s=8TeV \| DataCite \| 2018 4. ### Particle-flow reconstruction and global event description with the CMS detector \| DataCite \| 2017 5. ### Measurement of the jet mass in highly boosted${\mathrm{t}}\overline{\mathrm{t}}$events from pp collisions at$\sqrt{s}=8\,ext {TeV} \| DataCite \| 2017 6. ### The CMS trigger system \| DataCite \| 2017 7. ### Pseudorapidity dependence of long-range two-particle correlations in $p$Pb collisions at $\sqrt {s_{NN}}=$ 5.02 TeV \| DataCite \| 2017 8. ### Measurement of the ZZ production cross section and Z $o \ell^+\ell^-\ell^+ell^-$ branching fraction in pp collisions at $\sqrt s$=13 TeV \| DataCite \| 2016	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9921375513076782, "perplexity": 15701.785980804354}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703495936.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20210115164417-20210115194417-00671.warc.gz"}
https://www.catalyzex.com/paper/arxiv:2103.04546	Get our free extension to see links to code for papers anywhere online! # Bandit Linear Optimization for Sequential Decision Making and Extensive-Form Games Mar 08, 2021 Gabriele Farina, Robin Schmucker, Tuomas Sandholm Tree-form sequential decision making (TFSDM) extends classical one-shot decision making by modeling tree-form interactions between an agent and a potentially adversarial environment. It captures the online decision-making problems that each player faces in an extensive-form game, as well as Markov decision processes and partially-observable Markov decision processes where the agent conditions on observed history. Over the past decade, there has been considerable effort into designing online optimization methods for TFSDM. Virtually all of that work has been in the full-feedback setting, where the agent has access to counterfactuals, that is, information on what would have happened had the agent chosen a different action at any decision node. Little is known about the bandit setting, where that assumption is reversed (no counterfactual information is available), despite this latter setting being well understood for almost 20 years in one-shot decision making. In this paper, we give the first algorithm for the bandit linear optimization problem for TFSDM that offers both (i) linear-time iterations (in the size of the decision tree) and (ii) $O(\sqrt{T})$ cumulative regret in expectation compared to any fixed strategy, at all times $T$. This is made possible by new results that we derive, which may have independent uses as well: 1) geometry of the dilated entropy regularizer, 2) autocorrelation matrix of the natural sampling scheme for sequence-form strategies, 3) construction of an unbiased estimator for linear losses for sequence-form strategies, and 4) a refined regret analysis for mirror descent when using the dilated entropy regularizer.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8232929110527039, "perplexity": 1002.9766860509684}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 20, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334974.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220927002241-20220927032241-00318.warc.gz"}
https://forums.torque3d.org/search.php?st=0&sk=t&sd=d&sr=posts&author_id=199&start=30	#### Re: AIPlayer Spinning Fri Dec 13, 2019 6:12 am Forum: C++ Topic: AIPlayer Spinning[Solved] Replies: 21 Views: 6996 Alright, I have managed to isolate this issue and reproduce it 100% of the time. Here is the relevant information: After Respawning The Bug Is Gone I noticed that if the AIPlayer dies, once it respawns the issue never appears again. I'm reading this as, "the respawn code is good, the initial load in... #### Re: AIPlayer Spinning Fri Dec 13, 2019 1:16 am Forum: C++ Topic: AIPlayer Spinning[Solved] Replies: 21 Views: 6996 Allow me to contradict myself in the scope of two posts as well. The truth is I don't want to solve this on my own because I likely won't and one bad apple shouldn't spoil the bunch. That being said, @Duion did actually ask some valid questions. It doesn't stop me from equipping my Trollslayer +2 gr... #### Re: AIPlayer Spinning Thu Dec 12, 2019 1:58 pm Forum: C++ Topic: AIPlayer Spinning[Solved] Replies: 21 Views: 6996 My AI players also do not spin, some rare occasion where I had them spin is when the point they were walking to was very high or very low from their position, seems like they don't like vertical so much. Because I'm curious, I never saw this issue, so I wanted to see it. You have somehow managed to... #### Re: AIPlayer Spinning Thu Dec 12, 2019 1:03 pm Forum: C++ Topic: AIPlayer Spinning[Solved] Replies: 21 Views: 6996 In the world editor you can spawn an AI test player and have him move around by clicking where he should go, that works just fine, what is so different in your implementation? Actually not much at all. As a matter of fact, I directly copied Daniel Buckmaster's code from his NavEditor to replicate h... #### Re: I can't control Head and Look animations Thu Dec 12, 2019 7:24 am Forum: C++ Topic: I can't control Head and Look animations Replies: 25 Views: 5521 Hi @noemen I apologize up front because there is a language barrier between us that makes it more difficult for me to follow what you are wanting. Based on this post and a few others I've seen on the forums here from you, I think I might understand what you want. Correct me if I'm wrong. Are you wan... #### AIPlayer Spinning[Solved] Thu Dec 12, 2019 3:52 am Forum: C++ Topic: AIPlayer Spinning[Solved] Replies: 21 Views: 6996 Hi all. I'm nearing an alpha stage on a game I've been working on but there is one looming bug that just continues to elude me. This particular bug has popped up from time to time for the past at least 10 years in Torque history, and it still(apparently) exists. I was hoping some of the hard hitters... #### Re: Unmount issue Thu Dec 12, 2019 2:44 am Forum: TorqueScript Topic: Unmount issue Replies: 8 Views: 3889 You're welcome! Glad to see you got it working! #### Re: Changing Skin Client Side Only Tue Dec 10, 2019 7:25 am Forum: Rendering Topic: [SOLVED]Changing Skin Client Side Only Replies: 6 Views: 3397 @Happenstance Hey, thanks again for getting my head back in the game. I solved this, and it did have to do with the resolving of ghostID's after all. It sort of feels like I went around my elbow to get to my @hole, but alas it 'feelsgoodman'! LOL! Here's the script I ended up with, in case someone... #### Re: Changing Skin Client Side Only Tue Dec 10, 2019 6:10 am Forum: Rendering Topic: [SOLVED]Changing Skin Client Side Only Replies: 6 Views: 3397 Whoa whoa whoa! Hold the phone, this IS updating the local texture for the host machine(so far). I believe the ultimate problem here is with how I am using the script functions to resolve the ghostIDs. Here's what I've got working on the host machine so far: function clientCmdreSkinLocal(%id) { if(S... #### Re: Changing Skin Client Side Only Tue Dec 10, 2019 3:55 am Forum: Rendering Topic: [SOLVED]Changing Skin Client Side Only Replies: 6 Views: 3397 @Happenstance I still hadn't been able to get this to work. I believe I understand why it didn't work when I tried it before, and still doesn't. Torque's client/server architecture still requires those masks to be set, even if the object was just in a singleplayer game on a single machine. 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https://slideplayer.com/slide/3637839/	# Lino Miramonti1 I neutrini solari. Lino Miramonti 2. ## Presentation on theme: "Lino Miramonti1 I neutrini solari. Lino Miramonti 2."— Presentation transcript: Lino Miramonti1 I neutrini solari Lino Miramonti 2 3 The effective surface temperature is 5780 K (spectral class G2). I.D. of the Sun The Sun is a star of medium size and lies on the main sequence of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram Lino Miramonti4 It has a radius of about 700,000 km (109 times that of Earth). It has a mass of about 2×10 30 kg, (330,000 times that of Earth) accounting for about 99.86% of the total mass of the solar system. Mass (Earth=1)332,800 Mean diameter (10 6 m)1392 Rotation period26-37 d Mean distance to Earth, 10 6 km149 Density1.41 Surface gravity m/s 2 274 Lino Miramonti5 About ¾ of the mass of the Sun consists of hydrogen; About ¼ of the mass of the Sun consists of helium. Less than 2% consists of heavier elements. Element Abundance (% of total number of atoms) Abundance (% of total mass) Hydrogen91.271.0 Helium8.727.1 Oxygen0.0780.97 Carbon0.0430.40 Nitrogen0.00880.096 Silicon0.00450.099 Magnesium0.00380.076 Neon0.00350.058 Iron0.00300.14 Sulfur0.00150.040 Composition of the Sun (In astronomy, any atom heavier than helium is called a ”metal” atom). Lino Miramonti 6 It is useful to divide the interior of the Sun into 3 regions. Core density ~ 150 g/cm 3 The interior of the Sun Lino Miramonti 7 It is possible to study the interior of the Sun through helioseismology. Helioseismology With helioseismology, it is possible to learn about the properties of the Sun by studying the propagation of waves in its body. (These waves cause small oscillations of the surface that are observable) in a manner similar to geologists learning about the interior of the Earth by studying seismic waves. Temperature, composition, and motions deep in the Sun influence the oscillation periods and yield insights into conditions in the solar interior. Helioseismology is placing strong constraints on theories of the solar interior. Lino Miramonti8 The core of the Sun reaches temperatures of  15 million K. At these temperatures, nuclear fusion can occur transforming 4 Hydrogen nuclei into 1 Helium nucleus 1 Helium nucleus has a mass that is smaller than the combined mass of the 4 Hydrogen nuclei. That “missing mass” is converted to energy to power the Sun. How the Sun shines + 4 1 H 1 4 He Energy Lino Miramonti9 Net reaction : 4 1 H  1 4 He + energy Mass of 4 1 H6.694310 -27 kg Mass of 1 4 He6.646610 -27 kg 0.047710 -27 kg (0.7%) Using E=mc 2 each fusion releases Each second about 600 million tons of Hydrogen is converted into about 596 million tons of Helium-4. The remaining 4 million tons (actually 4.26 million tons) are converted into energy. The current luminosity of the Sun is 3.846 · 10 26 Watts Lino Miramonti10 We start from 4 protons and we end with 1 Helium nucleus which is composed of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. (inverse  -decay) What about neutrinos? In the inverse beta decay a proton becomes a neutron emitting a positron and an electron neutrino e This means that we have to transform 2 protons into 2 neutrons: Lino Miramonti 11 There are 3 types of neutrinos but the inverse  -decay is possible only with electron neutrinos To each charged lepton it is associated a well defined neutrino A neutrino of one “flavour”, interacting with matter, will produce a charged lepton of the same flavour Lino Miramonti 12 From protons to helium nucleus : The ppI chain 2 H (deuteron) 3 He Gamma ray of 5.5 MeV Neutrino Lino Miramonti 13 The 5.5 MeV gamma rays are absorbed in only a few millimeters of solar plasma and then re-emitted again in random direction (and at slightly lower energy)gamma rays Gamma ray of 5.5 MeV From 1 photon of some 10 6 eV to some 10 6 of photons of some eV Each gamma ray created in the core of the Sun is converted into several million of visible light photons (energy some eV) before escaping into space. The photons escape as visible light.visible light Gamma rays take 10,000 to 170,000 years to reach the surface of the Sun. Lino Miramonti 14 Since neutrinos interact with matter only via the weak force, neutrinos generated by solar fusion pass immediately out of the core and into space. Neutrino About the distance from us to the Galactic Center Neutrinos, unlike charged leptons and quarks, interact only via weak force. Typical cross section are σ≈10 -45 cm 2 (It’s depends on energy!) Lino Miramonti15 “…..to see into the interior of a star and thus verify directly the hypothesis of nuclear energy generation in stars.” Davis and Bahcall Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 300–302 (1964) Solar Neutrinos. I. Theoretical John N. BahcallJohn N. Bahcall California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 303–305 (1964) Solar Neutrinos. II. Experimental Raymond Davis, Jr. Raymond Davis, Jr. Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York The study of solar neutrinos was conceived as a way to test the nuclear fusion reactions at the core of the Sun. Lino Miramonti16 We have 3 bodies in the final state; this means that the emitted neutrino (like the electron) has a continuous spectrum extending from 0 to 0.42 MeV. cm -2 s -1 The neutrino spectrum Lino Miramonti17 from: pp pep 7 Be 8 B hep There are different steps in which energy (and neutrinos) are produced Monocrhomatic ν’s (2 bodies in the final state) The pp chain Each neutrino is labeled according to the reaction in which it is emitted: pp-neutrinos pep-neutrinos beryllium_seven-neutrinos boron_heigh-neutrinos hep-neutrinos Lino Miramonti18 …. but pp chain is not the only reaction that transform protons into helium ….. There is also the CNO cycle that become the dominant source of energy in stars heavier than the Sun from: 13 N 15 O 17 F CNO Neutrinos Neutrinos are also produced in the CNO cycle The CNO cycle In the Sun the CNO cycle represents only 1-2 % temperature in units of millions of K rate of energy production The CNO cycle has a strong temperature dependence C, N, and O act as catalyzers Lino Miramonti19 Neutrino energy spectrum as predicted by the Solar Standard Model (SSM) Monocrhomatic ν’s 7 Be: 384 keV (10%) 862 keV (90%) pep: 1.44 MeV from: pp pep 7 Be 8 B hep from: 13 N 15 O 17 F Lino Miramonti 20 How many neutrinos reach the Earth? The current luminosity of the Sun is 3.846 · 10 26 Watt The distance Earth-Sun is about 1.5 · 10 11 m For each reaction we have 26.7 MeV plus 2 ν e Lino Miramonti 21 Lino Miramonti22 The first experiment built to detect solar neutrinos was performed by Raymond Davis, Jr. and John N. Bahcall in the late 1960's in the Homestake mine in South DakotaRaymond Davis, Jr.John N. Bahcall Lino Miramonti23 How to detect Solar Neutrinos? In radiochemical experiments people uses isotopes which, once interacted with an electron neutrino, produce radioactive isotopes. In real time experiments people detect the light created from the electron scattered by the impinging neutrinos Lino Miramonti 24 With a typical neutrino flux of 10 10 ν cm -2 s -1 and a cross section of about 10 −45 cm 2 we need about 10 30 target atoms (that correspond to ktons of matter) to produce one event per day. where Φ is the solar neutrino flux σ is the cross section N is the number of target atoms. The production rate R is given by How many Solar Neutrinos we can catch? Lino Miramonti25 Homestake: The first solar neutrino detector Large tank of 615 tons of liquid containing 37 Cl. Homestake Solar Neutrino Detector e + 37 Cl → 37 Ar + e - Neutrinos are detected via the reaction: 37 Ar is radioactive and decay by EC with a  1/2 of 35 days into 37 Cl* 37 Ar + e -  37 Cl* + e Once a month, bubbling helium through the tank, the 37 Ar atoms were extracted and counted (only ≈ 5 atoms of 37 Ar per month in 615 tons C 2 Cl 4 ). E th = 814 keV The number of detected neutrino was about 1/3 lower than the number of expected neutrino → Solar Neutrino Problem (SNP) Lino Miramonti26  Standard Solar Model is not correct …. but Solar models have been tested independently by helioseismology, and the standard solar model has so far passed all the tests. beside..... Non-standard solar models seem very unlikely.  Homestake is wrong for instance some inefficiencies in the counting rate.  Something happens to ’s travelling from the core of the Sun to the Earth Possible Explanations to the SNP Lino Miramonti27 Kamiokande  SuperKamiokande: Real time detection Kamiokande 3000 tons of pure water 1000 PMTs E th = 7.5 MeV (for Kamiokande) E th = 5.5 MeV (for SKamiokande) only 8 B-neutrinos and hep-neutrinos Electrons are accelerated to speeds v > c/n “faster than light”. In real time experiments people looks for the light produced by the electrons scattered by an impinging neutrino SuperKamiokande 50000 tons of pure water 11200 PMTs In 1982-83 was built in Japan the first real time detector. It consisted in a Large water Cherenkov Detector E th = 5.5 MeV Lino Miramonti28 Pros: Radiochemical experiments integrate in time and in energy. Unlike in radiochemical experiments, in real time experiments it is possible to obtain a spectrum energy and hence to distinguish the different neutrino contribution. The number of detected neutrino was about 1/2 lower than the number of expected neutrino confirming the Solar Neutrino Problem. Picture of the center of the Sun made with neutrinos Ring of Cherenkov light Pros and cons of water Cherenkov real time experiments Cons: In real time experiments the threshold is very high (> 5.5 MeV) Furthermore, in water Cherenkov experiments thank to the fact that the scattered electron conserves the direction of the impinging neutrino, it is possible to infer the direction of the origin of the incoming neutrino and hence to point at the source. Neutrinos come from the Sun! Lino Miramonti29 Until the year 1990 there was no observation of the initial reaction in the nuclear fusion chain (i.e. pp-neutrinos). pp-neutrinos are less model-depended and hence more robust to prove the validity of the SSM. Two radiochemical experiments were built in order to detect solar pp-neutrinos; both employing the reaction: …looking for pp neutrinos … e + 71 Ga → 71 Ge + e - Calibration tests with an artificial neutrino source ( 51 Cr) confirmed the efficiencies of the detectors. Once again the measured neutrino signal was smaller than the one predicted by the standard solar model (  60%). Gallex & SAGE 30 tonnes of natural gallium (at LNGS Italy) 50 tons of metallic gallium (at Baksan Russia) E th = 233 keV Lino Miramonti30 All experiments detect less neutrino than expected from the SSM ! Rate measurement ReactionObs / Theory Homestake e +  Cl   Ar + e   Super-K x + e    x + e   SAGE e +  Ga   Ge + e   Gallex+GNO e +  Ga   Ge + e   1 SNU (Solar Neutrino Unit) = 1 capture/sec/10 36 atoms Lino Miramonti31 Neutrinos have the peculiar property that their flavour eigenstates do not coincide with their mass eigenstates. Flavour eigenstates e      Mass eigenstates      …… something happens to neutrinos! 32 Nel Modello Standard i neutrini (antineutrini) sono descritti come leptoni left-handed (right-handed) a spin 1/2 e massa nulla. La parte di simmetria che afferisce a SU(2) L, ossia alle interazioni deboli, è chirale e, pertanto, tratta in modo differente particelle aventi elicità left da quelle aventi elicità right: mentre le prime sono descritte attraverso la rappresentazione di dimensione due del gruppo, le seconde sono in rappresentazione banale. Nel Modello Standard: i leptoni left-handed sono suddivisi in tre famiglie, ciascuna contenente un leptone carico ed un neutrino associato alla famiglia; i leptoni right-handed sono in stato di singoletto: In definitiva il Modello Standard descrive i neutrini come particelle left-handed ed a massa nulla. I neutrini nel Modello Standard 33 I neutrini possono mutare il loro sapore durante il volo: I neutrini sono prodotti in interazioni deboli con un sapore definito e, poiché l’autostato di massa e l’ autostato di interazione non coincidono, possono mutare il loro sapore durante il volo. Nella trattazione vengono usati indici greci per gli autostati di sapore, Indici latini per gli autostati di massa. Un neutrino prodotto a t = 0 nell’autostato α può essere descritto come: con U matrice unitaria. E’ la trasformazione unitaria che lega gli autostati di massa con quelli di sapore. Sapore definito significa che ad esempio: Nel decadimento beta all’elettrone emesso è associato un ν e Nel decadimento del pione al muone emesso è associato un ν μ. Ecc….. Equivalentemente: 34 Ogni autostato di massa evolve nel sistema del laboratorio come: dove L è la distanza percorsa nell’intervallo di tempo t. Se si tiene conto che i neutrini sono approssimativamente senza massa si può scrivere Evoluzione dell’autostato di massa e, pertanto, la probabilità di osservare un sapore β a distanza L è pari a: La probabilità di oscillazione è pertanto data da: La trattazione si semplifica molto nel caso si assuma invarianza di CP nel settore leptonico e si considerino solo due sapori. In questo caso la matrice U diventa ortogonale con un solo angolo di mixing θ 12. La formulazione a due sapori è appropriata per la discussione della transizione da ν μ -ν τ nel caso delle oscillazione dei neutrini atmosferici in quanto ν e non gioca alcun ruolo e nei neutrini solari in cui la transizione avviene tra ν e -ν x (con ν x superposizione tra ν μ e ν τ ). Queste approssimazioni sono possibili perchè l’angolo θ 13 è piccolo e due stati di massa sono molto ravvicinati rispetto al terzo. 36 e pertanto la probabilità di oscillazione, in questo caso, diventa: Probability of an electron neutrino produced at t=0 to be detected as a muon or tau neutrino The blue curve shows the probability of the original neutrino retaining its identity. The red curve shows the probability of conversion to the other neutrinos. L/E (km/GeV) This means that, for a given energy E and a detector at distance L it is possible to determine θ and Δm 2. 37 Nel caso in cui si abbia il mescolamento di tre neutrini, la matrice U, detta PMNS, viene descritta, in analogia con la matrice CKM, come una sequenza di rotazioni di Eulero per una matrice contenente le fasi di Majorana dove si è abbreviato c ij = cos θ ij e s ij = sin θ ij. Il mescolamento fra i tre neutrini viene parametrizzato in funzione di tre angoli di mixing (θ 12, θ 23, θ 13 ), un fattore di fase δ (fase di Dirac, il cui valore è legato alla violazione di CP), due fasi di Majorana ϕ 1 e ϕ 2 che non influenzano la probabilità di oscillazione (hanno senso fisico solo se il neutrino è una particella di Majorana – vedi dopo) In caso di neutrino di Dirac ϕ 1 = ϕ 2 = 0 e δ ≠ 0. Mescolamento a tre neutrini U is the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata matrix. Lino MiramontiBaikal Summer School 20-27 July 200838 3 angles: θ 12, θ 13, θ 23 ν e, ν μ, ν  - flavor eigenstates ν 1, ν 2, ν 3 - mass eigenstates with masses m 1, m 2, m 3 2 CP-violating Majorana phases: α 1, α 2 (physical only if are Majorana fermions) 2 CP-violating Majorana phases: α 1, α 2 (physical only if ν’s are Majorana fermions) 1 CP-violating Dirac phase: δ Lino Miramonti39 The Mikheyev Smirnov Wolfenstein Effect (MSW) … or Matter Effect Neutrino oscillations can be enhanced by traveling through matter (The core of the Sun has a density of about 150 g/cm 3 ) Lino MiramontiBaikal Summer School 20-27 July 200840 The MSW effect gives for the probability of an electron neutrino produced at t=0 to be detected as a muon neutrino: N e being the electron density. This happens because the Sun is made of up/down quarks and electrons e, , . All neutrinos can interact through NC equally. e, Only electron neutrino can interact through CC scattering: The interaction of e is different from  and . Lino Miramonti 41 tan 2 θ Δm 2 (eV 2 ) At the turn of the century there were several possibilities in the Δm 2 vs θ 12 plane. Large Mixing Angle Small Mixing Angle Low Solution Vacuum solution Lino Miramonti42 I neutrini di energia inferiore al MeV non attraversano mai una risonanza nella loro fuoriuscita dal Sole, pertanto, sono sostanzialmente in regime di oscillazione nel vuoto. Poiché il diametro del nucleo del Sole, regione nella quale sono prodotti i neutrini, è maggiore della lunghezza di oscillazione, l’effetto è mediato, e la probabilità di sopravvivenza diventa: Per i neutrini di energie superiori a 10 MeV domina invece l’oscillazione nella materia, e la probabilità di sopravvivenza risulta essere uguale a: Il tasso di osservazione deve essere mediato considerando la regione di emissione nel Sole, la regione di assorbimento sulla Terra e l’intervallo di energia dello spettro. Dopo le medie si ottiene: Lino Miramonti43 Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) …… detecting all types 1000 tonnes D 2 O ( Heavy Water ) 12 m diameter Acrylic Vessel 9500 PMTs 1700 tonnes inner shielding H 2 O 5300 tonnes outer shielding H 2 O At Sudbury Ontario Canada (since 1999) E th = 5.5 MeV only 8 B-neutrinos and hep-neutrinos Lino Miramonti44 Possible only for electron Equal cross section for all flavors Neutrino reactions in SNO CC, NC FLUXES MEASURED INDEPENDENTLY ExperimentTheory The total flux calculated with the solar standard model is (BPS07) Lino MiramontiBaikal Summer School 20-27 July 200845 - measures total 8 B flux from the Sun - equal cross section for all flavors NC xx    npd CC e−e− ppd  e ES    e−e− e−e− x x Also ES Neutrino Reactions in SNO Lino MiramontiBaikal Summer School 20-27 July 200846 Lino Miramonti47 Summary of all Solar neutrino experiments before Borexino All experiments “see” less neutrinos than expected by SSM …….. ……. (but SNO in case of Neutral Currents!) Lino Miramonti Co rresponding to the Large mixing Angle ( LMA ) Region: MSW - Effect electron neutrinos ( e ) oscillate into non-electron neutrino ( ,  ) with these parameters: from KamLAND Collab. arXiv:0803.4312v1 (2008) 48 tan 2 θ Δm 2 (eV 2 ) Large Mixing Angle Small Mixing Angle Low Solution Vacuum solution Lino Miramonti 49 Survival probability vs energy LMA Solution Vacuum regime Matter regime For high-energy solar neutrinos the MSW effect is important For the low-energy solar neutrinos, on the other hand, the MSW effect is negligible, and the formalism of oscillations in vacuum is valid. Lino Miramonti 50 Lino Miramonti51 To measure in real time below 1 MeV SNO & SuperKamiokandeHomestake Gallex SAGE Real time measurement (only 0.01 %!) Radiochemical experiments Radiochemical experiments (Homestake, Gallex, SAGE) integrate in time and energy. Real time experiments (Kamiokande, SuperK, SNO) can detect solar neutrinos starting from about 5 MeV. Need to build a detector able to detect solar neutrinos in real time with a low energy threshold. Lino Miramonti52 Borexino: A low energy threshold real time experiment Borexino is a detector able to measure neutrinos coming from the Sun in real _ time with low _ energy threshold (  200 keV) and high _ statistic (tens of events per day). E th  200 keV This is made possible using Ultra high- purity liquid scintillator (  100 tons). In liquid scintillators the light yield is about 50 times greater compared to the Cherenkov emission light Detection principle: elastic scattering (ES) on electrons High light yield ~10 4 photons per MeV Lino Miramonti53 Unlike Cherenkov light, the scintillation light is emitted isotropically; this means that the induced events can’t be distinguished from other γ/ β events due to natural radioactivity. Signal to noise ratio: In order to have a signal to noise ratio on the order of 1, the 238 U (and 232 Th) intrinsic contamination can’t exceed 10 -16 g/g ! (this means 9-10 orders of magnitude less radioactive then anything on Earth) A very challenging experiment … to fight against radioactivity. Neutrino signal: The neutrino signal is on the order of ≈ 10 events/day/100 tons above threshold. This means 10 -9 events/(kg s) Radioactive background (ex: 238 U): 1 g of 238 U corresponds to about 12500 Bq. The typical concentration of 238 U in rocks is of the order of ppm (10 -6 g/g). This means that in 1 kg of material we have about 10 Bq of radioactivity This means 10 events/(kg s) Lino Miramonti 54 In order to reach such a low radioactivity level several techniques have been applied: Distillation, Water extraction, Nitrogen stripping, ecc….. The 100 tons target mass (liquid scintillator) is composed of pseuducumene PC as solvent and PPO, to enhance the scintillation property, as solute (1.5 g/l). ≈100 tons Liq. Scint. PC+PPO ≈100 tons Liq. Scint. PC+PPO Unprecedented low levels of background Lino Miramonti 55 Threshold at 200 keV: In organic compounds (such as liquid scintillators) there is always 14 C. This radioisotope can’t be removed with chemical procedures and it is impossible to isotopically separate 100 tons of scintillator. 14 C is a pure beta emitter with an end-point of 156 keV. Due to the pile-up events and the finite energy resolution the energy threshold of the detector is set at 200 keV. 200 keV 14 C β spectrum Solar neutrino Spectroscopy from 200 keV Lino Miramonti 56 Core of the detector: 300 tons of liquid scintillator (PC+PPO) contained in a nylon vessel of 8.5 m diameter. The thickness of nylon is 125 µm. 1st shield: 1000 tons of ultra-pure buffer liquid (PC+DMP) contained in a stainless steel sphere of 13.7 m diameter (SSS). 2200 photomultiplier tubes pointing towards the center to view the light emitted by the scintillator. 2nd shield: 2400 tons of ultra-pure water contained in a cylindrical dome. 200 photomultiplier tubes mounted on the SSS pointing outwards to detect Cerenkov light emitted in the water by muons. e-e- Lino Miramonti 57 “Onion-like” structure 3D view of Borexino Detector 3D view of Borexino Detector Lino Miramonti 58 Thanks to the 4π PMT’s distribution it is possible to reconstruct the position were the event took place. Thus it is possible to select only events coming from the internal part of the Inner Vessel rejecting all the events created by high-energy gammas coming from the SSS and the PMT’s Definition of a Fiducial Volume of about 100 Tons Fiducial Volume Using 184 points of Rn calibration data, the fiducial volume uncertainty appeared to be -1.3% +0.5% Spatial resolution 14 cm @ 1 MeV. 3 m 4.25 m Lino Miramonti 59 Energy resolution 6% @ 1 MeV (14% FWHM) Thanks to an extensive calibration campaign, with radioactive sources, the energy scale uncertainty (in the range 0.2÷2 MeV) is better than 1.5% Energy Calibration Lino Miramonti 60 α / β separation ( 214 Bi - 214 Po ) α / β separation Thanks to the Pulse Shape Analysis it is possible to disentangle the light generated by beta particles and gamma rays, from the light induced by alpha particles. Time decay distribution of the scintillation light excited by α or β-γ radiation α particles β particles Lino Miramonti 61 Borexino Detector and Plants Borexino CTF Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) Lino Miramonti 62 Lino Miramonti 63 18 m Lino Miramonti 64 Lino Miramonti 65 Lino Miramonti 66 water filling Scintillator filling May 15 th, 2007 From Aug 2006From Jan 2007 Hight purity water Liquid scintillator Low Ar and Kr N 2 Nylon vessels inflated, filled with water and replaced with scintillator Lino Miramonti 67 From raw data to neutrino signal Example of 7 Be neutrino line ν flux as predicted by SSM ν signal in Borexino 7 Be monochromatic line at 0.862 MeV Maximum ES of e - 0.662 MeV Warning: we have to take into account the energy resolution of the detector Compton-like recoil spectrum Lino Miramonti 68 pp 7 Be pep CNO 8B8B Lino Miramonti 69 How to extract the neutrino signal from the background Example with data obtained collected by Borexino in 192 live days Lino Miramonti 70 Expected Spectrum Lino Miramonti 71 Data: Raw Spectrum (Before any Cuts) 192 days Lino Miramonti 72 Data: Fiducial Volume Cut (100 tons) 192 days Lino Miramonti 73 Data: α/β Stat. Subtraction 192 days Lino Miramonti 74 Data: Final Comparison 192 days Lino Miramonti 75 New Results:192 Days Lino Miramonti 76 Estimated 1σ Systematic Uncertainties* [%] *Prior to Calibration Expected 7 Be interaction rate for MSW-LMA oscillations: Low Metallicity High Metallicity First real time detection of 7 Be solar neutrinos by Borexino Physics Letters BPhysics Letters B Volume 658, Jan 2008,Volume 658, We have to add the systematic error: See later about Metallicity Lino Miramonti 77 740 live days 210 Po (  ) After 740 live days and a calibration campaign Borexino published the new result on 7 Be rate with a total error at 4.6% (SSM prediction at 7%) Lino Miramonti 78 The first measurement of pep neutrinos As we said pp (and pep!) neutrinos are less model-depended and hence more robust to prove the validity of the SSM. pp vs pep Unlike pp-neutrinos, pep-neutrinos are monochromatic and are emitted with a larger energy (1.442 MeV). But the flux is very poor (about 2 order of magnitude compared to pp-neutrinos) In the Borexino Fiducial Volume the expected number of events from pep- neutrinos is on the order of some events per day. Compared to 7 Be-neutrinos, pep- neutrinos events are 1 order of magnitude smaller. pep & CNO neutrinos Lino Miramonti 79 Moreover there is the problem related to the cosmogenic 11 C that cover the pep-neutrinos signal. The muon flux in the LNGS underground laboratory is on the order of 1 μ m -2 h -1. Main background 11 C (e + ) (with  = 29.4 min) created by cosmic muons. 11 C Cosmogenic Borexino muon rate = 4200/day pep-ν pep & CNO neutrinos Lino Miramonti 80 Within the Borexino Collaboration has been developed the Three Fold Coincidence (TFC) technique: space-time veto removes 90% of 11 C (with 50% loss of exposure) pep & CNO neutrinos Lino Miramonti 81 CNO neutrinos measurement and the Solar Model Chemical Controversy Remind: Beside pp chain there is also the CNO cycle. In the Sun the CNO cycle represents 1-2 %. So far, neutrinos produced in CNO cycle, have never been observed. Solar Model Chemical Controversy One fundamental input of the Standard Solar Model is the metallicity (abundance of all elements above Helium) of the Sun A lower metallicity implies a variation in the neutrino flux (reduction of  30% for CNO neutrino flux) A direct measurement of the CNO neutrinos rate could help to solve this controversy giving a direct indication of metallicity in the core of the Sun Lino Miramonti 82 Energy spectral fit pep edge CNO To measure the CNO neutrino flux, the same analysis as for pep has been adopted 210 Bi similar to CNO-neutrinos signal but 10 times bigger. Not sufficient to resolve the metallicity problem Only limit (the strongest to date) pep & CNO neutrinos Lino Miramonti 83 What next? ………..The near future The most urgent questions we want to answer are:  To measure the pep flux with more accuracy;  To measure the CNO flux;  To study the transition region of the P ee survival probability Since July 2010 Borexino has undertaken a series of purification campaigns to decrease radioactive background Quite effective on 85 Kr, good on 210 Bi, unprecedented purity in 238 U and 232 Th Measure pep-neutrinos at more than 3σ; Improve limit on CNO-neutrinos; Refine 7 Be rate measurement at 3% error; Improve 8 B measurement with low energy threshold; Attempt pp-neutrinos detection. Lino Miramonti84 Measurement of pp-neutrinos. First direct observation of the neutrinos from primary proton-proton fusion in the Sun Borexino Coll. NATURE vol. 512 383-386 (2014). The detection of pep neutrinos itself indirectly indicates the existence of pp neutrinos! Neutrino and optical observations in combination provide experimental confirmation that the Sun has been in thermodynamic equilibrium over 10,000-170,000 years timescale. The scintillation light generated by a 100 keV event typically induces signals in about 50 PMTs. This allows for a low detection threshold (about 50 keV), much less than the maximum electron recoil energy of pp neutrinos (E max about 264 keV). Lino Miramonti85 Most of the pp neutrino events are buried under the vastly more abundant 14 C,which is a β-emitter with a Q-value of 156 keV. 14 C/ 12 C ≈ 2.7 10 -18 The measured 14 C rate of 40 ± 1 Bq per 100 t. pile-up events: occurrences of two uncorrelated events so closely in time that they cannot be separated and are measured as a single event. Fortunately, the pile-up component can be determined independently, using a data-driven method,whichwe call ‘synthetic pile-up’ This method provides the spectral shape and the rate of the pile-up component. The synthetic pile-up is mainly due to the overlap of two 14 C events, but includes all possible event combinations, for example 14 C with the external background, PMT dark noise or 210 Po. 14 C– 14 C pile-up events 154±10 c.p.d. in 100 t Lino Miramonti86 The data used for this analysis were acquired from January 2012 to May 2013 (408 days of data; Borexino Phase 2). The pp neutrino rate has been extracted by fitting the measured energy spectrum of the selected events in the 165– 590 keV energy window with the expected spectra of the signal and background components. The solar pp neutrino interaction rate measured by Borexino is: 144 ± 13 (stat.) ±10 (syst.) c.p.d. per 100 t The absence of pp solar neutrinos is excluded with a statistical significance of 10 σ The measured solar pp neutrino flux is: (6.6 ± 0.7) 10 10 cm -2 s -1 Good agreement with the SSM prediction: 5.98 (1 ± 0.006) 10 10 cm -2 s -1. The measured value is in very good agreement with the predictions of both the high-metallicity and the low-metallicity SSMs. Future Borexino-inspired experiments might be able to measure solar pp neutrinos with the level of precision (≈1%) needed to cross-compare photon and neutrino solar luminosities, while providing insight into solar dynamics over 10 5 -yr timescales. Lino Miramonti87 Precise measurement of pp neutrinos would yield the ultimate test for the MSW-LMA neutrino oscillation model and allow precision tests for exotic neutrino properties Lino Miramonti 88 Heavy water is replaced by liquid scintillator (linear Alkylbenzene – LAB) compatible with the 12m diameter acrylic sphere. Located at approximately 2km underground in Creighton mine near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada The muon flux is 2 order of magnitude less than in Gran Sasso Very good position to study pep-neutrinos and CNO-neutrinos Lino Miramonti 89 What next? ………..The far future Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy 50 kilotons of liquid scintillator (linear Alkylbenzene – LAB) Fiducial volume of the order of 30 ktons 45000 photomultipliers Because the smaller ratio of surface to volume compared to the Borexino detector, in LENA it this very likely to reach the excellent background conditions of Borexino. A high statistics can be obtained in short times and in both Pyhsalmi and Frejus underground laboratories Expected solar neutrino rates in LENA Lino Miramonti 90 In order to make an energy spectrum measurement on low energy neutrinos, it is necessary to reach a low threshold for the charged current (CC) process The CC process employed in LENS is the neutrino induced transition of 115 In to an excited state of 115 Sn: Thanks to that it is possible to detect low energy neutrinos with a threshold of 114 keV and measure their energy, The primary interaction and secondary gamma cascade make a triple coincidence, correlated in both time and space The combination of the 4.76 μs mean delay and the spatial correlation of the primary electron and the two de-excitation γ's of known energies provides a sharp tag for neutrino interactions Liquid scintillator chemically doped with natural indium ( 115 In = 95.7%) Lino Miramonti 91 For a recent review of solar neutrinos see: Solar Neutrinos Author: V. Antonelli, L. Miramonti, C. Pena-Garay and A. Serenelli Advances in High Energy Physics Volume 2013 (2012) Article ID 351926.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9140990376472473, "perplexity": 8111.735562824016}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676594018.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20180722213610-20180722233610-00560.warc.gz"}
http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/modules/reshapew.htm	### Stata Learning Module Reshaping data long to wide This module illustrates the power (and simplicity) of Stata in its ability to reshape data files. These examples take long data files and reshape them into wide form. These examples cover some common examples, but this is only part of the features and options of the Stata reshape command. #### Example #1: Reshaping data long to wide The reshape command can be used to make data from a long format to a wide format. Consider the kids file (to make things simple at first, we will drop the variables kidname, sex and wt). use kids, clear drop kidname sex wt list famid birth age 1. 1 1 9 2. 1 2 6 3. 1 3 3 4. 2 1 8 5. 2 2 6 6. 2 3 2 7. 3 1 6 8. 3 2 4 9. 3 3 2 Let's make age in this file wide, making one record per family which would contain age1 age2 age3, the ages of the kids in the family (age2 would be missing if there is only one kid, and age3 would be missing if there are only two kids). Let's look at the data before and after reshaping. list famid birth age 1. 1 1 9 2. 1 2 6 3. 1 3 3 4. 2 1 8 5. 2 2 6 6. 2 3 2 7. 3 1 6 8. 3 2 4 9. 3 3 2 reshape wide age, i(famid) j(birth) (note: j = 1 2 3) Data long -> wide ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of obs. 9 -> 3 Number of variables 3 -> 4 j variable (3 values) birth -> (dropped) xij variables: age -> age1 age2 age3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- list famid age1 age2 age3 1. 1 9 6 3 2. 2 8 6 2 3. 3 6 4 2 Let's look at the pieces of the reshape command. reshape wide age, j(birth) i(famid) wide tells reshape that we want to go from long to wide age tells Stata that the variable to be converted from long to wide is age i(famid) tells reshape that famid uniquely identifies observations in the wide form j(birth) tells reshape that the suffix of age (1 2 3) should be taken from the variable birth #### Example #2: Reshaping data long to wide with more than one variable The reshape command can work on more than one variable at a time. In the example above, we just reshaped the age variable. In the example below, we reshape the variables age, wt and sex like this reshape wide age wt sex, i(famid) j(birth) Let's look at the data before and after reshaping. use kids, clear list famid kidname birth age wt sex 1. 1 Beth 1 9 60 f 2. 1 Bob 2 6 40 m 3. 1 Barb 3 3 20 f 4. 2 Andy 1 8 80 m 5. 2 Al 2 6 50 m 6. 2 Ann 3 2 20 f 7. 3 Pete 1 6 60 m 8. 3 Pam 2 4 40 f 9. 3 Phil 3 2 20 m reshape wide kidname age wt sex, i(famid) j(birth) (note: j = 1 2 3) Data long -> wide ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of obs. 9 -> 3 Number of variables 6 -> 13 j variable (3 values) birth -> (dropped) xij variables: kidname -> kidname1 kidname2 kidname3 age -> age1 age2 age3 wt -> wt1 wt2 wt3 sex -> sex1 sex2 sex3 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- list Observation 1 famid 1 kidname1 Beth age1 9 wt1 60 sex1 f kidname2 Bob age2 6 wt2 40 sex2 m kidname3 Barb age3 3 wt3 20 sex3 f Observation 2 famid 2 kidname1 Andy age1 8 wt1 80 sex1 m kidname2 Al age2 6 wt2 50 sex2 m kidname3 Ann age3 2 wt3 20 sex3 f Observation 3 famid 3 kidname1 Pete age1 6 wt1 60 sex1 m kidname2 Pam age2 4 wt2 40 sex2 f kidname3 Phil age3 2 wt3 20 sex3 m #### Example #3: Reshaping wide with character suffixes The examples above showed how to reshape data using numeric suffixes, but reshape can handle character suffixes as well. Consider the dadmoml data file shown below. use dadmoml, clear list 4. 1 Bess 15000 mom 5. 3 Pat 50000 mom 6. 2 Amy 18000 mom Let's reshape this to be in a wide format, containing one record per family. The reshape command below uses string to tell reshape that the suffix is character. reshape wide name inc, i(famid) j(dadmom) string Let's look at the data before and after reshaping. list 4. 1 Bess 15000 mom 5. 3 Pat 50000 mom 6. 2 Amy 18000 mom reshape wide name inc, i(famid) j(dadmom) string Data long -> wide ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Number of obs. 6 -> 3 Number of variables 4 -> 5 j variable (2 values) dadmom -> (dropped) xij variables: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- list 1. 1 Bill 30000 Bess 15000 2. 2 Art 22000 Amy 18000 3. 3 Paul 25000 Pat 50000 #### Summary Reshaping data long to wide Long format famid birth age 1. 1 1 9 2. 1 2 6 3. 1 3 3 4. 2 1 8 5. 2 2 6 6. 2 3 2 7. 3 1 6 8. 3 2 4 9. 3 3 2 reshape wide age, j(birth) i(famid) Wide format famid age1 age2 age3 1. 1 9 6 3 2. 2 8 6 2 3. 3 6 4 2 The general syntax of reshape wide can be expressed as: reshape wide long-var(s), i( wide-id-var ) j( var-with-suffix ) where long-var(s) is the name of the long variable(s) to be made wide e.g. age wide-id-var is the variable that uniquely identifies wide observations, e.g. famid var-with-suffix is the variable from the long file that contains the suffix for the wide variables, e.g. birth The content of this web site should not be construed as an endorsement of any particular web site, book, or software product by the University of California.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.1733781099319458, "perplexity": 6935.957722293574}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826679.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00169-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://teledynelecroy.com/doc/probes-probing	### Understanding the Probing Problem Caution! Connecting your oscilloscope to a circuit or device can distort the measured waveforms. Should oscilloscopes carry warning labels like this one? Perhaps. Oscilloscopes, like all measuring instruments, are subject to the classic measurement problem -- observability. The simple act of connecting an oscilloscope affects the measurement. It is important for users to understand this interaction and the impact it can have on a measurement. As oscilloscope technology has advanced, the tools and techniques for connecting the instrument to the measured device have become increasingly sophisticated. Early oscilloscopes, with bandwidths measured in 100's of KHz, were often connected to circuits with pieces of wire. Modern oscilloscopes employ a wide variety of connection techniques intended to minimize measurement errors. Users should be familiar with the characteristics and limitations of not only the oscilloscope, but also of the way in which it is connected to the device being measured. #### Figure 1: Model of a simple measuring system including a source and an oscilloscope Consider how the connection of an oscilloscope can affect a measurement. The device being measured can generally be modeled as a Thevenin equivalent voltage source with some internal source resistance and capacitance. Likewise, the oscilloscope input circuits and the interconnections can be modeled as a load resistance with a shunt capacitance. This simple measurement system is shown in figure 1. When an oscilloscope is connected to a source, the loading effects of the oscilloscope reduce the measured voltage. At low frequencies the loss is dependent on the ratios of the resistor values, Rs and Ro. At higher frequencies the source resistance and the capacitive reactance of Cs and Co become a major factor in determining the loss. Another effect is the reduction of system bandwidth due to the capacitive loading of the oscilloscope. This also affects the dynamic timing measurements such as pulse risetime. Oscilloscope designers have sought to minimize these effects by approaching the loading problem from two different points of view. 1. High impedance probes, using both passive and active circuits, are used to minimize loading effects by using either compensated attenuators or low capacitance, field effect transistors (FET) buffer amplifiers. 2. Input circuits with 50 Ohms internal terminations have been added to oscilloscopes for direct connections in high frequency applications. In these applications, most circuits are designed for a constant, 50 Ohms, load impedance. Low capacitance probes, designed to be terminated in 50 Ohms, minimize capacitive loading effects. ### Which Probe for Which Application In general, probes can be divided into three common classes. These are passive high impedance probes, passive low impedance probes and active probes. Each of the probe types offers' advantages and disadvantages that should be considered carefully before selecting one for a particular measurement. Table 1 lists the three probe types and shows how they are suited for frequency response and input voltage. #### Table 1: Probe types, usable frequency ranges and input voltages Unfortunately, knowing a probe's key specification (frequency range and maximum input voltage) is not sufficient for an engineer to select a probe for a given application. In fact, other probe characteristics (such as capacitance, impedance and bandwidth) have dramatic effect on a probe's overall performance. For example, the equivalent impedance of a probe is a function of the input signal frequency. Figure 2 shows the effect for the different probe types. #### Figure 2: Probe equivalent impedance as a function of frequency The dynamic characteristics of the probes make them suited to different applications. As a guide, table 2 lists a variety of different logic families and shows which probe type are commonly used #### Table 2: Common probe types and their typical application ### High Impedance Probes 1. General Description High impedance (Hi-Z) probes are the most commonly used oscilloscope probes. They are available with attenuation factors of 10:1 (X10) and 100:1 (X100) and bandwidths of up to 350 MHz. However, it is important to point out that while the bandwidth may be as high as 350 MHz, in practice high impedance probes are typically used in applications where the signal frequency is below 50 MHz. The poor high frequency performance of these probes is due largely to the adverse effects of capacitance loading. Consider the typical X10 probe shown schematically in figure 3. #### Figure 3: Simplified schematic diagram of a typical, X10, high impedance probe The impedance input of a typical 300 MHz bandwidth oscilloscope consists of a 1 MOhm resistance in parallel with a 15 pF capacitor. Direct connection of the oscilloscope to a circuit by means of a coaxial cable or X1 probe will add an additional capacitive load, due to the cable, of approximately 50 pF per meter. The combination of the input and cable capacitance is approximately 65 pF. The oscilloscope input impedance is represented in the probe schematic by R2 and C2. Both the oscilloscope and cable capacitances are represented by C2. The high impedance probe isolates the measured circuit by adding a large resistor, R1 in this example, in series with the oscilloscope input. R1 forms a resistive voltage divider with the oscilloscope input resistance, R2. The value of R1 is set to 9 MOhm for a X10 probe and 99 MOhm for a X100 probe for an oscilloscope input resistance of 1 MOhm. Capacitor C1 is adjusted so that the RC product, R1C1, equals the product R2C2. This compensates the probe so that it provides the desired attenuation at all frequencies. Therefore, before using any high impedance passive probe, the user should adjust C1 with a 1 kHz square wave, to seek an optimal compensation. A typical X10 probe has an equivalent input impedance consisting of a 10 M resistance in parallel with 15 pF, where the 15 pF are partly due to the series of C1 and C2 and partly to the stray capacitance of the probe tip to ground, Ctip. As previously mentioned, the high impedance probe is best suited for general purpose applications where the signal frequencies are below 50 MHz. These probes are relatively inexpensive and, since they use only passive components, they are mechanically and electrically rugged. In addition, they have a very wide dynamic range. The low end of the amplitude range is limited by the probe attenuation factor and the vertical sensitivity of the oscilloscope. The attenuation does, however, offer advantages in dealing with high level signals up to the maximum input voltage range, typically 600 Volts for 10:1 probes. Mechanically, these probes are available with a variety of convenient cable lengths and are generally supplied with a wide variety of probe tips, adaptors, and ground leads. 2. How High Impedance Probes Affect Measurements #### Figure 4: Deriving an equivalent circuit for a measurement system When an oscilloscope is used to make measurements in a circuit or device, it is advantageous to anticipate how the device being measured is affected by the instrument. In most cases, it is possible to model the oscilloscope's input circuits, including the probes, and to quantify the loading effects and signal aberrations. The user's knowledge of the measured circuit, together with the oscilloscope manufacturer's characterization of the oscilloscope/probe specifications, can be combined to model the entire measurement system. Consider the simplified measurement system model shown in figure 4. The actual circuits of the oscilloscope and of the high impedance probe have been reduced to an equivalent parallel resistorcapacitor (RC) circuit. Similarly, as was done in a previous discussion, the circuit being measured has been simplified and reduced to its Thevenin equivalent form. If the circuit's source resistance, Rs, is approximately 50Ohms and the measurement is made using a conventional 10:1 high impedance probe, then it is reasonable to ignore the probe's 10 MOhm resistance, Ro. The equivalent circuit for the system now consists of a series resistance, Rs, and a shunt capacitance, with a value equal to the sum of the source, Cs, and the input capacitance of the probe/oscilloscope, Co. From this simple model we can predict the effect of the oscilloscope on the risetime of the circuit. Using classical circuit analysis, the risetime, tr, of this RC circuit in response to a step function input is related to the values of resistance and capacitance by the equation: $$tt = 2.2RC$$ The following example, using typical component values, will provide good insight into the effects of using a high impedance probe: $$For: Rs = 50 Ohms, \space Cs = 9 pF, \space and \space Co = 15 pF$$ The risetime of the source alone, trs, is: $$trs = 2.2 (50) (9 10 -12) = 1 ns$$ The risetime of the source with the probe and oscilloscope connected, tros, is: $$tros = 2.2 (50) (24 10 -12) = 2.6 ns$$ The act of connecting the probe increased the risetime by 160% due to the additional capacitance of the probe. The additional capacitance also increases the loading on the generator, especially at higher frequencies. The capacitive reactance component of the load impedance varies inversely with frequency as described in the following equation: $$x^0 = {1 \over {2πfC}}$$ where the capacitive reactance, Xc, in Ohms, is an inverse function of frequency, f, in Hertz, and capacitance, C, in Farads. A simple calculation using the values from our previous example will show this increased loading. At a frequency of 100 MHz, the load impedance due to the total capacitance of 24 pF is: $$X_1 = {1 \over {2π(100x10^6)(24x10^{-12})}} = {66 Ω}$$ Obviously, at frequencies above several kilohertz the capacitive loading becomes the major element loading the source. The 10 MOhm input resistance of the high impedance probe only applies at DC. On the basis of these two examples it should be obvious why so much effort is put into lowering the input capacitance of oscilloscope probes. Obviously, at frequencies above several kilohertz the capacitive loading becomes the major element loading the source. The 10 MOhm input resistance of the high impedance probe only applies at DC. On the basis of these two examples it should be obvious why so much effort is put into lowering the input capacitance of oscilloscope probes. Another approach to characterize the effects of connecting a probe to a circuit is to consider how it affects the bandwidth of the circuit. The bandwidth of this RC circuit, actually a simple low pass filter, is the frequency at which the output voltage falls to 0.707 of the unloaded source voltage. The following relationship is used to calculate the bandwidth, BW, in Hz, of this RC circuit, for resistance in Ohms and capacitance in Farads: $$BW = {1 \over {2πRC}}$$ There is another classic equation which relates the risetime, tr, in seconds, and bandwidth, BW, in Hertz, of this simple RC circuit model: $$t_s = {0.35 \over BW}$$ The last equation is useful because many oscilloscope and probe specifications are described in terms of bandwidth and not risetime. A knowledge of the risetime of each stage in a multistage, cascaded measurement can be used to estimate the composite risetime. The risetime of the composite system is the quadratic sum, i.e. the square root of the sum of the squares of the risetime of each element. For instance, the risetime of a signal shown on an oscilloscope screen, the measured risetime, includes the actual signal risetime as well as the risetime of the measurement system. It is possible, using the following relationship, to calculate the actual risetime of the signal, tsig, based on the measured risetime, tmeas, and a knowledge of the system risetime, tsys: $$t_{sig} = {\sqrt{t^2_{meas} - t^2_{sys}}}$$ To see how these equations can be used, consider the following practical example: #### Figure 5: Risetime measurement of an edge A pulse risetime measurement is made with an oscilloscope using a 10:1 probe which has a bandwidth at "the probe tip" of >250 MHz. The goal is to estimate the actual risetime of the signal. The oscilloscope's parameter readout provides the measured value, as shown in figure 5. The oscilloscope manufacturer's specification provides a composite risetime for both the oscilloscope and the probe (assuming a 25 source impedance), combining both into a single value. The signal risetime can be estimated as follows: $$t_{means} = 1.69ns$$ $$t_{sys} = {0.35 \over {25010^6}} = 1.4ns$$ $$t_{sys} = {\sqrt{t^2_{meas} - t^2_{sys}}} = {\sqrt{(1.6910^{-9})^2}}$$ Since the bandwidth of the oscilloscope and probe combination was only specified as a limiting value, i.e. >250 MHz, the calculated value is a lower limit. If a signal with known risetime and source impedance is measured, then it is possible using the same relation-ship, to determine the bandwidth of the oscilloscope "at the probe tip". The dynamic performance of the high impedance probe is easily determined using the preceding equations. Keep in mind that these equations provide the first order estimation of a probe's behavior. In the last chapter, second order effects such as stray inductance in ground leads, will be discussed. ### Low Capacitance Probes 1. General Description Another passive probe is the low capacitance or low impedance (Low-Z) probe. These probes are designed to provide 10:1 attenuation into an oscilloscope's 50W input termination. Where the high impedance probe uses capacitive compensation to provide flat frequency response with minimum capacitive loading, the low capacitance probe uses transmission line techniques to achieve extremely wide bandwidth with very low capacitance. A typical low capacitance probe is shown schematically in figure 6. #### Figure 6: Simplified schematic diagram of a typical, X10, low capacitance probe The oscilloscope input resistance, R2, provides a matched termination for the low loss coaxial cable. Ideally, the terminated cable presents a pure, 50W, resistive load to the input resistor, R1, at all frequencies. The probe input resistance and attenuation ratio is determined by the series resistor, R1. For a 10:1, 500W probe, its value would be 450W. Special care is taken in the mechanical design of these probes to minimize parasitic reactances. With careful design, the low capacitance probes have usable bandwidths to 8 GHz, risetimes of 50 ps, and an input capacitance of 0.5 pF. Since these probes are optimized mechanically for high frequency operation they do not offer any choice of probe tips or ground connections. Low capacitance probes should be used for wide bandwidth or fast transient measurements in circuits that can drive 50W load impedances. For these applications, low impedance probes offer excellent frequency response and a relatively low cost. Another advantage of low impedance probes is that they do not require compensation to match the oscilloscope. 2. How Low Capacitance Probes Affect Measurements A typical low capacitance probe provides 10:1 attenuation with an input capacitance of 1 pF and an input resistance of 500W. The relatively low input resistance of these probes restricts their use to measurement situations where the devices or circuits being investigated are designed to work in 50W loads. It is important to keep the low resistance of these probes in mind when using them. Consider the situation illustrated in the following figure: #### Figure 7: An example of poor probing technique using a low capacitance probe Figure 7 shows a TTL logic gate being used to drive a transmission line. The line with 120W characteristic impedance is terminated by a resistor network which biases the gate at approximately 3.5 V. This type of termination is used because TTL can only source a few milliamps of current in the high state and the biasing helps increase noise immunity. If a 500 W, 10:1 probe is used to measure the signal at the receiving end it lowers the termination resistance to about 98 W and drops the bias to 2.7 Volts. The probe loading reduces the noise immunity of the circuit and may cause it to behave intermittently. This type of measurement is best made with a low capacitance probe which will not degrade the line termination conditions. Table 3 lists the error in the measured voltage as a function of the input resistance of the probe, for the circuit shown above: #### Table 3: While the user must be aware of the problems related to the use of low capacitance probes, this should not limit the general use of these probes in appropriate applications. These probes are well matched to measuring low impedance circuits found in power supplies, RF amplifiers, line drivers, and similar applications. Many of the applications where low capacitance probes are used involve circuits which drive transmission lines. A common problem in such measurements is waveform distortion due to signal reflections or standing waves caused by improper termination. This is not a problem related to the probes, unless the probe itself is improperly terminated, but it occurs frequently enough to warrant discussion. A transmission line terminated with a resistive load equal to the line's characteristic impedance is said to be "matched". A matched line has a driving point impedance which is independent of the line's length and equal to the characteristic impedance. So, a length of RG-58, a 50 W coaxial cable, terminated with 50 W, represents a purely resistive load to the circuit which drives it. If a transmission line is not terminated properly then it can distort an applied signal in a variety of ways. If the signal is continuous, the voltage and current will vary with distance along the line, resulting in a standing wave pattern. Driving such a line with transient signals, like step and pulse waveforms, results in signal reflections. The amplitude and timing of the reflected signals varies with the degree of mismatch and the length of the line. Reflected signals combine with the applied signal to produce highly distorted waveforms. The following figures show a measurement setup for observing distortion due to reflections and some typical types of distortion: #### Figure 8: A measurement setup for observing signal distortion due to reflections. Figure 8 shows a measurement setup where the variance of the termination resistor, RO, controls the amplitude and polarity of the reflected signal. The signal source generates a 1 MHz square wave with 1 ns transitions. The source impedance, Zs, is set to match the cable's characteristic impedance, 50W. The oscilloscope, using a 10:1, 500W probe, is connected to the driving point of the cable. #### Figure 9: Waveform measured with a properly terminated coaxial line Figure 9 shows the waveform measured with a properly terminated line. The pulse parameters listed at the bottom of the display show the top and base amplitudes of the pulse, as well as the risetime and positive overshoot. This is the desired waveform. When a transmission line is not terminated in its characteristic impedance, then transient signals, such as step or pulse waveforms, are reflected from the cable end. The amplitudes of the reflected wave, Vr, and the incident wave, Vi, are related by the following equation: $${V_r \over V_i} = {r_{τ}} = {(R_0 - Z_0) \over (R_0 + Z_0)}$$ Where R0 is the termination resistance, Z0 is the characteristic impedance of the cable, and T is the reflection coefficient of the termination. In the examples that follow, three values of R0 will be used, R0 = 0 (a short circuit), R0 = μ (an open circuit), and R0 = 75 W. This will result in reflection coefficient values of -1, +1, and +1/3, respectively. #### Figure 10: Reflection caused by a shorted cable A shorted cable results in a reflection coefficient of - 1. A step waveform with an amplitude of +1.8 Volts is reflected as a step with an amplitude of - 1.8 Volts. The timing of the reflection depends on the length of the cable. The propagation delay of RG58, used in this example, is about 1.5 ns/foot. The delay between the incident and reflected wave is about 12 ns for the 4 foot cable length used. This can be observed in the width of the measured pulse (figure 10). Note that the original square wave edge has been distorted by the reflected wave into a narrow pulse. This is repeated for the negative-going edge, resulting in a negative pulse with the same width. An open termination results in a reflected wave of the same amplitude and polarity. The reflected wave adds a second, delayed transition to the waveform. This produces the stair-step appearance in the resulting measured waveform (figure 11). #### Figure 11: Reflection caused by an open circuit When the termination is changed to 75 W, the size of the reflected wave is reduced in amplitude to 1/3 of the incident step size. This results in the waveform shown in figure 12. #### Figure 12: Reflection caused by 75 ohm termination #### Figure 13: Simplified schematic of a typical active (FET) probe It is important to keep in mind that improperly terminated transmission lines can cause waveform distortion. Low capacitance probes, which use the characteristics of the transmission line to reduce input capacitance, must work in the specified load impedance, typically 50W. Impedance matching between the probe and oscilloscope is of paramount importance. As a result, low impedance probes should only be used with high bandwidth oscilloscopes that have good 50 W termination. ### Active (FET) Probes For applications that require high impedance and high frequency measurement (up to 2 GHz) the active probe is a vital tool. Active probes use the high input impedance of a field effect transistor amplifier to buffer the probe tip from the oscilloscope input. A typical active probe provides 1:1 voltage gain with an input resistance of 1 MW, input capacitance of 2.2 pF, and a bandwidth of 1 GHz. A simplified schematic of an active probe is shown in figure 14: #### Figure 14: Measurement model including ground lead inductance The key element in the probe is a field effect transistor configured as a source follower. This stage is followed by complementary bipolar transistors wired as emitter followers. The FET stage provides a very high input resistance, typically > 1011 The probe's input resistance and capacitance are determined by the resistors R1 and R2, which, with C1, form a compensated attenuator. Note that provision is made for adjusting the offset voltage by applying a bias voltage through R2. The output resistor, R3, back terminates the output in 50 W and protects the output stage against accidental short circuits. Active probes require a power source and have a more restricted dynamic range than passive probes. In fact, a major drawback with high bandwidth active probes is that they are easily damaged by overvoltage. Since active probes are much more expensive than their passive counterparts, users should be careful to ensure that they avoid this problem. In practice, active probes fill the niche between high impedance probes and the low capacitance probes. Operating bandwidths of up to 2 GHz are supported with relatively high input impedance and the ability to drive relatively long cables. This latter capability, together with the ability to adjust offset and coupling at the probe tip, makes them ideal for ATE environments where the measuring instruments may be located at some distance from the device under test. ### Probe Grounding and Waveform Fidelity Remove #### Figure 15: Measurement using a 10:1 probe with a 7 inch ground lead #### Figure 16: Measurement using a 10:1 probe with a bayonet ground lead Note that there is an obvious overshoot and ringing on the waveform measured using the 7 inch ground lead (figure 16). The oscilloscope's pulse parameter readout of positive overshoot, over+, indicates an overshoot of 17.4%. A more subtle problem is that the measured risetime is 2.27 ns, somewhat greater than expected. A simple way to avoid this sort of error is to reduce the inductance of the ground lead. Shortening the lead will have the greatest effect. Figure 16 documents the result of replacing the long ground lead with a much shorter "bayonet" style ground lead. The reduced ground lead inductance is manifested in reduced overshoot, faster settling time, and a more reasonable risetime. ### Conclusion With modern electronics using faster analog and digital circuitry, the use of probes is becoming more complicated. As signal frequencies go higher, the effects of loading a circuit by touching it with a probe are more complicated. Engineers need to consider how they can minimize these adverse effects by ensuring that suitable probes and good probing technique are used in each different application. In addition, attention must be given to any necessary probe adjustments, in particular the impedance matching with the oscilloscope. ### Helpful Equations For Probe Users Calculating the Bandwidth and Risetime of Measurement Systems: Co Input capacitance of the oscilloscope or probe, in Farads Rs Source resistance, in Ohms f Source frequency, in Hertz txxx Risetime, i"n seconds BW Bandwidth (-3 dB), in Hertz Risetime, tr: $$t_r = 2.2R_S(C_S + C_0)$$ Bandwidth, BW: $$BW = {1 \over {2nR_S(C_S + C_0)}}$$ Risetime as a Function of Bandwidth: $${t_r}{0.35 \over BW}$$ Determining the System Risetime from the Risetimes of the Oscilloscope and the Probe: $$t_{sys} {\sqrt{t^2_{probe} + t^2_{scope_1}}}$$ Estimating the Signal Risetime from the Risetimes of the Measured Signal and System: $$t_{sig} = {\sqrt{t^2_{meas} - t^2_{sys}}}$$ Calculating Signal Attenuation as a Function of Frequency: $$Attenuation = {1 \over {\sqrt{1+(2nfR_S(C_S+C_0))^2}}}$$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.649524986743927, "perplexity": 1362.1573744309267}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335124.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928051515-20220928081515-00766.warc.gz"}
https://thoughtstreams.io/rrees/chains-of-satinav/6682/	# Chains of Satinav 4 thoughts last posted Nov. 9, 2014, 4:19 p.m. 1 later thought 0 I hit an untranslated piece of voice acting at the fairy gate, mildly amusing but I had no idea what I was meant to be doing so it was back to the hint sheet. 2 earlier thoughts	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9175734519958496, "perplexity": 4717.785179152644}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00650.warc.gz"}
https://open.library.ubc.ca/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0051671	# Open Collections ## UBC Theses and Dissertations ### S-R-T division algorithms as dynamical systems McCann, Mark A. 2002 #### Download Media 831-ubc_2002-0175.pdf [ 1.74MB ] Metadata JSON: 831-1.0051671.json JSON-LD: 831-1.0051671-ld.json RDF/XML (Pretty): 831-1.0051671-rdf.xml RDF/JSON: 831-1.0051671-rdf.json Turtle: 831-1.0051671-turtle.txt N-Triples: 831-1.0051671-rdf-ntriples.txt Original Record: 831-1.0051671-source.json Full Text 831-1.0051671-fulltext.txt Citation 831-1.0051671.ris #### Full Text S-R-T Division Algorithms As Dynamical Systems by Mark A . McCann B . S c , University of B r i t i s h Columbia, 1999 A THESIS S U B M I T T E D IN P A R T I A L F U L F I L L M E N T O F THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Science in T H E F A C U L T Y OF G R A D U A T E STUDIES (Department of Computer Science) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard The University of British Columbia A p r i l 2002 © M a r k A . M c C a n n , 2002 In presenting degree freely at this the thesis in partial fulfilment University of British Columbia, I agree that the available for copying of department publication this or of reference thesis by this his for and study. scholarly or thesis for her purposes of Compter Date DE-6 (2/88) It gain shall not Sciintt The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada may representatives. financial the requirements I further agree that permission. Department of be is Library permission granted by understood be for an advanced shall make for the that allowed without it extensive head of my copying or my written Abstract S - R - T division, as it was discovered in the late 1950s [4, 19, 23], represented an important improvement i n the speed of division algorithms for computers at the time. A variant of S - R - T division is still commonly implemented i n computers today. A l t h o u g h some bounds on the performance of the original S - R - T division method were obtained, a great many questions remained unanswered. In this thesis, S - R - T division is described as a d y n a m i c a l system. T h i s enables us to bring modern dynamical systems theory, a relatively new development i n mathematics, to bear on an older problem. In doing so, we are able to show that S - R - T division is ergodic, and is even Bernoulli, for a l l real divisors and dividends. ii Contents Abstract ii Contents iii List of Figures v Acknowledgements vi 1 Introduction and Background 1 1.1 Introduction to S - R - T Division 1 1.2 S - R - T D i v i s i o n as a D y n a m i c a l System 5 1.3 Shift Average for D € [\|, 1) 12 2 Bernoulli Property 2.1 P r o o f of Bernoulliness 2.2 Entropy oi T 15 16 • D 3 Extensions to Multi-Divisor S-R-T Division 19 23 3.1 M u l t i - D i v i s o r S - R - T Division 23 3.2 P r o o f of Bernoulliness 27 3.3 Some Restrictions on a 32 3.4 Entropy of M u l t i - D i v i s o r S - R - T D i v i s i o n 37 iii 4 Future Work Bibliography L i s t of Figures 1.1 A pseudo state-machine for converting to binary 4 1.2 S - R - T division where p = 0 . 6 7 , and D = 0 . 7 5 5 1.3 Following partial remainder magnitudes graphically for D 0 0.75 = and p = 0 . 6 7 7 0 1.4 A p p l y i n g T / to x = j one hundred times 1.5 Applying T 1.6 A p p l y i n g P associated w i t h T / to f{x) = 1 six times 1.7 A p p l y i n g P associated w i t h T / to f(x) — ^~ f^ 3.1 S - R - T division where p = 0 . 6 7 , D = 0 . 7 5 , and a = ( 0 . 7 5 , 1 , 1 . 2 5 ) 2 7 3.2 C o m b i n e d plot of the regions where oti(e, D) < \| and a (e, D) > 4 8 5 4 / 5 to x = f + 0 . 0 0 0 0 1 one hundred times 3 3 5 5 2 ' ^ 8 11 six times 12 0 2 1 for proof of Theorem 1 5 34 3.3 A n example of a non-ergodic system for T D 3.4 A n example of a non-ergodic system for To, 3.5 A n example of a non-ergodic system for T o ) Q a v ; a G 9Tt„>4 34 £ 9^3 35 G WI2 37 Acknowledgements I would like to thank my thesis supervisor, Nick Pippenger, for his patient guidance and for the inspiration for this thesis. I would like to thank Mark Greenstreet for the many excellent comments and suggestions that he provided as my second reader. I would like to thank my good friends Ellen Gethner, Wesley Wong, and Michael Forbes for many good conversations relating to my thesis, and for their numerous helpful suggestions. I would especially like to thank my wife Karen for being a constant support and encouragement to me throughout my Master's degree. Finally, I would like to thank my parents for all the support and encouragement they have given me through numerous years of schooling. M A R K The University April of British Columbia 2002 vi A . M C C A N N Chapter 1 Introduction and Background 1.1 Introduction to S-R-T Division " S - R - T division" roughly refers to a class of non-restoring, binary division algorithms that have been designed for floating-point computers [3, 5, 6, 7, 14, 22]. T h e term "non-restoring" refers to the fact that partial remainders are allowed to range freely through the interval (—1,1), rather than being restored to the positive realm before proceeding to the next step. T h i s feature reduces uses of the adder by about fifty percent. A n equally important feature of this algorithm is the " S - R - T " optimization from whence the algorithm gets its name. In the late 1950's, Sweeney [4], Robertson [19], and Tocher [23] independently made the observation that whenever a p a r t i a l remainder is i n the range (—\|, \| ) , there w i l l be one or more leading zeros that can be shifted through i n a very short amount of time (usually one cycle). T h e more leading zeros i n a given step, the more the algorithm can avoid costly uses of the adder. A further development of this original algorithm, which is still called S - R - T division, is the algorithm most often implemented in modern point units. floating- In modern S - R - T division, a fixed number of quotient digits are produced every cycle as opposed to a variable number [5, pp. 1 37-62]. A n example of modern S - R - T division i n use is Intel's first release of the P e n t i u m ™ C P U with its infamous "Pentium Bug," which was really just a small error in its S-R-T division implementation. This thesis will restrict its attention to the original version of S-R-T division. To present the simplest type of S-R-T division, we begin with a few definitions for an algorithm similar to that presented by Shively [22, pp. 3-4]: (a) n represents the number of iterations performed in the algorithm. (b) po is the dividend (or initial partial remainder) normalized so that po G [\, !)• (c) Pi G (—1,1), i G N, is the partial remainder after the ith step. (d) D is the divisor normalized to 1). (e) qi G {—1,0,1} (i G { 0 , . . . , n — 1}) is the quotient digit generated by the i t h step. 71-1 (f) Q = ^2 % is the "rounded off" quotient generated after n steps of the i=0 algorithm. n Given the above definitions, after n steps of the division algorithm, we would like it to be true that po = DQ n + s{n) where e(n) is a term that goes to zero as n goes to infinity. A recurrence relation for the S-R-T division algorithm can be stated as Pi+i = < 2pi \Pi\ < \ 2(pi - D) \pi\ > \ and pi > 0 2(pi + D) \pi\ > \ and pi < 0, 2 and : 0 Qi = < 1 P i : i \ < \Pi I : -1 \ > 5 a > 5 n d Pi > 0 and pi < 0 . B y observing that 2{ -{Q)D) \Pi\ < 5 \ 2 ( P i - (1)D) \Pi\ > \ ( Pi+i = Pi 2{ -{-l)D) and pi > 0 \|pi\| > 5 and pi < 0 , Pi we can rewrite the definition of pi+i as After n steps have been completed, we have = 2 p n n Po - 2qD n 0 - 2- D 2 q -lD.. n l l qi n and then after dividing by 2 and solving for Q we find that n P Pn , PO = 7T + qoD q\D 2° + +... + 71-1 Qn-lD Jn—1 Pn i=0 Now let e(n) = p /2 n n and let Q* = l i m ^ o o Q - Since \| p \| < 1, i n the limit as n n n goes to infinity Po = DQ. The quotient bits being generated are not i n a standard binary representation, but it is a simple matter to convert the answer back to standard binary without using any expensive operations. Figure 1.1 shows a simple pseudo state-machine (really a push-down automaton) that converts positive floating-point numbers in the {—1,0,1} representation into binary. Figure 1.1: A pseudo state-machine for converting sequences of { — 1,0,1} into sequences of {0,1} (binary). We assume that the input sequence corresponds to a positive number. The letter ' Z ' is used to indicate that the end of the sequence has been reached, and the symbol e represents the null string. We represent a run of m zeros as 0 • • • 0 and a run of m ones as 1 • • • 1. Sequences of symbols should be read m from left to right. For example, the expression 1/10 ••• 0 means: if a 1 is encountered in the input sequence, write a 1 followed by m zeros. The above conversion automaton implies that conversion happens after the calculation is completed. In reality, the conversion from the generated quotient bits to standard binary is done in hardware on-the-fiy, using registers to convert runs of zeros into runs of zeros or ones in parallel, or by performing a single subtraction. Figure 1.2 shows an example of using the S-R-T division algorithm to divide 0.67 by 0.75. The steps that produce non-zero quotient bits have been shown. In this example, after six uses of the adder, the quotient (0.893) has been determined to four digits of precision. 4 0.67 Po = 0.67 -0.16 Pi = 2(0.67 - D) Pi = 2 ( 2 ( - 0 . 1 6 ) + £>) = 0.22 Pi = 2(2 (0.22) — D) = 0.26 P9 = 2(2 (0.26) - D) = -0.46 2 2 1 1 go = Qo = 1 Qz = - 1 qs = Qz = 0.875 1 Qe = 0.890625 1 Qs = 0.89453125 Pn = 2 ( 2 ( - 0 . 4 6 ) + D) = - 0 . 3 4 Qw = - 1 Qw = 0.8935546875 Pl3 = 2 ( 2 ( - 0 . 3 4 ) + D) = 912 -1 Ql2 = 0.8933105469 1 0.14 1 = Figure 1.2: A n example of S-R-T division when the dividend po = 0.67, and the divisor D = 0.75. The quotient Q is 0.893. Now, with this simple system of division in hand, we might want to ask certain questions about its performance. For example, we could ask "How many bits of precision are generated per iteration of the algorithm on average?" To answer this question, we must look at the magnitude of \Q* — Q \ = \ /2 \. n n of bits of precision on the nth step is then n — log 2P n Pn The number . In the worst case, p is close n to 1, and therefore we get at least one bit of precision per iteration of the algorithm, regardless of the values of D or Q. Of course, a designer of actual floating-point P hardware probably wants to know the expected performance based on the expected values of p . To answer the many variants of this type of question, it is clear that we n must know something about the distribution of partial remainders over time. The remainder of this thesis is devoted to extending what is known about the answer to this type of question as it relates to S-R-T division and its variants. 1.2 S-R-T Division as a Dynamical System The example in figure 1.2 makes it clear that keeping track of the signs of successive partial remainders is irrelevant in determining how many times the adder will be 5 used for a p a r t i c u l a r calculation. F o r this reason, we only need to consider the magnitudes of successive p a r t i a l remainders. W e now give a reformulation of S - R - T d i v i s i o n that w i l l allow us to look at d i v i s i o n as a d y n a m i c a l system. Definition 1 (S-R-T Division Transformation). F o r D G [5,1), we define the function T D : [0,1) ->• [0,1) as TD(X) = { 2x 0 < x < \ 2(D - x) \ < x < D 2(x - D) D < x < 1 T h i s t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the u n i t interval represents the successive p a r t i a l remainders that arise as S - R - T d i v i s i o n is carried out b y a divisor D o n a d i v i d e n d x. D is n o r m a l i z e d to 1). T h e d i v i d e n d x is normalized to the successive p a r t i a l remainders Tjj(x) 1) initially, while each of (n G N) subsequently ranges t h r o u g h [0,1). B y using the characteristic function for a set A defined as 1A() = we c a n rewrite T (x) D J 1 : i e A 0 : x g" A , as = 2x • l ^ i j ( 1 ) + 2(D - x) • l r i , 0 r ) + 2(x - D) • l o ) m ) (x) . (1.1) If we p l o t equation 1.1 o n t h e u n i t interval, we o b t a i n a very useful v i s u a l i z a t i o n of our transformation. F i g u r e 1.3 shows the plot of To.75(0;) c o m b i n e d w i t h a plot of the successive p a r t i a l remainders that arise while d i v i d i n g 0.67 b y 0.75. T h i s is the same system that was presented earlier i n figure 1.2. N o t i c e that a vertical line i n the interval [\,D) corresponds to a subsequent flip i n the sign of the next p a r t i a l remainder. 6 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 X F i g u r e 1.3: A n example of following p a r t i a l remainder magnitudes g r a p h i c a l l y for D — 0.75 a n d po = 0.67. T h e heavy solid lines represent the transf o r m a t i o n To.75, while the abscissa of the t h i n vertical lines represent successive p a r t i a l remainder magnitudes. F i g u r e 1.3 shows a n example of following the t r a j e c t o r y of a single p a r t i a l remainder for a p a r t i c u l a r divisor. A f t e r ten applications of the To.75, there is not any obvious regular pattern, although we expect to see one eventually since the quotient is r a t i o n a l i n this case. O f course, most numbers are not r a t i o n a l and we can deduce that for most numbers, the transformation w i l l never exhibit a repeating pattern. In figures 1.4 a n d 1.5, we see that a very s m a l l change i n the value of the i n i t i a l p a r t i a l remainder quickly produces large differences i n the observed behaviour of the subsequent p a r t i a l remainders. O u r system appears to be chaotic (it certainly has sensitive dependence o n i n i t i a l conditions a n d is topologically transitive), a n d , if this the case, we w i l l gain little understanding by s t u d y i n g the trajectories of 7 i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i a l remainders. T h e logical next step is to study the behaviour of d i s t r i b u t i o n s of points over the whole interval. l r 0.75 0.5 0.25 100 F i g u r e 1.4: T h e result of a p p l y i n g T / 4 5 to x = j one h u n d r e d times. 0.75 ST 0.5 0.25 0 J 20 40 F i g u r e 1.5: T h e result of a p p l y i n g T / 4 5 n 60 80 100 to x = j + 0.00001 one h u n d r e d times. T h e area of understanding the behaviour of ensembles of points under repeated transformation is the r e a l m of d y n a m i c a l systems theory. F o r the remainder of this thesis, we assume a certain amount of f a m i l i a r i t y w i t h the fundamentals of 8 d y n a m i c a l systems theory (or ergodic theory), w h i c h requires some basic unders t a n d i n g of measure theory. W e w i l l include a few helpful b a c k g r o u n d m a t e r i a l definitions as they are needed, b u t mostly we w i l l provide references. A very good i n t r o d u c t i o n to the study of chaotic systems is L a s o t a a n d M a c k e y ' s book Chaos, Fractals, and Noise [11]. For a more detailed i n t r o d u c t i o n to ergodic theory (along w i t h the necessary measure theory needed to understand this thesis), Peter W a l ters's book An Introduction to Ergodic Theory [24] a n d K a r l Petersen's book Ergodic Theory [18] are h i g h l y recommended. Definition 2 (Probability Space). If B is a cr-algebra on subsets of a set X a n d if m is a measure o n B where m(X) = 1, then the triple (X, B, m) is called a probability space. (See [24, p p . 3-9] a n d [11, pp. 19-31] for a good overview of basic measure theory a n d Lebesgue integration.) Definition 3 (Stationary Distribution). Let (X, B, m) be a p r o b a b i l i t y space, let P be the P e r r o n - F r o b e n i u s operator associated w i t h a non-singular t r a n s f o r m a t i o n T : X —>• X, a n d let L Pf = ft 1 denote the L space of (X,B,m)^. l If / € L 1 is such that then / is called a stationary distribution of T. Definition 4 (Perron-Frobenius operator). F o r a probability space the Perron-Frobenius (X,B,m), operator associated w i t h a non-singular t r a n s f o r m a t i o n T : X —)• X is defined b y f Pf(x) d mJT-^B) = [ f{x) d m , JB for B eB . For a piecewise C § transformation T w i t h n pieces, we c a n give a n explicit 2 f o r m u l a for the P e r r o n - F r o b e n i u s operator. Let A = {Ai,A ,... 2 ,A } n be the p a r t i - t i o n of X w h i c h separates T into n pieces. For i € { 1 , . . . , n } , let ti(x) represent the For a probability space (X,B,m), the L space of (X,B,m) is the set of / : X -> E satisfying J \f(x) \ dm < co. The o symbol will be used to indicate that a given relation holds except possibly on a set of measure zero. §C denotes the set of all functions with two continuous derivatives. 1 x 2 9 n a t u r a l extension of the ith. C 2 function T ( x ) \| ^ . i T h e P e r r o n - P r o b e n i u s operator for T is t h e n tl {x) f(t-\x))-l {x) l dx u[Ai) I n p a r t i c u l a r , for T o (as i n equation 1.1), Pf{x) = \f{\x)-l {x) m + \f{D - \x) • l ,2D-i](aj) (0 + \f{D + \x) •l [ 0 l 2 -2D)(^ • (1-2) W i t h equation 1.2 we c a n show precisely what happens to a n i n i t i a l dist r i b u t i o n of points (described b y a n integrable function) after they are repeatedly t r a n s f o r m e d under Try. Figures 1.6 a n d 1.7 show w h a t happens to two different i n i t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n of points after five applications of the P e r r o n - F r o b e n i u s operator associated w i t h T / ( z ) . B y the fifth a p p l i c a t i o n , the d i s t r i b u t i o n s look r e m a r k a b l y 3 5 similar. O n e might guess that they are b o t h approaching t h e same final d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h i s s i t u a t i o n is i n m a r k e d contrast to chaotic behaviour observed i n figures 1.4 a n d 1.5. 10 2 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0. 5 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 0 1 0 0.25 2 2 1.5 1. 5 1 CO 1 0.75 1 0.75 1 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 0 1 0 0.25 2 2 1.5 1.5 1 lO 0. 0.5 0 0.25 0.5 a: 0.5 X X 0 0.75 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 X X 0.75 1 0.5 0 1 0 0.25 0.5 X u r e 1.6: T h e result of a p p l y i n g the P e r r o n - F r o b e n i u s operator P associated with T / 3 5 to f(x) = 1 six times. 11 2.5 2.5 2 ^ ^ 2 ^ 1.5 a, 1 i 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.25 0.5 X 0.75 0 1 0 0.25 0.5 X 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 2 2 ^ - 1. 5 1.5 1 CN 0.5 0.5 0 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 0 1 x 2 2 1.5 1.5 1 a, 0.5 0 1 lO 0.5 0 0.25 0.5 X 0.75 1 F i g u r e 1.7: T h e result of a p p l y i n g the P e r r o n - F r o b e n i u s operator P associated 1 f = -—/ !og2 J • • 1 w i t h T 3 / 5 to fix) 1 / 2 1.3 — six times. x Shift Average for D G [§, 1) A n exact equation for the stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n when D € [\|, 1) was first given by F r e i m a n [6] a n d is restated by Shively [22] as 1 /(z) 1 = -Q\O,2D-\){?) + 2^1[2£>-i,i)(») • (1-3) T o verify that this is a stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n , we b e g i n by a p p l y i n g the P e r r o n - F r o b e n i u s operator as given i n equation 1.2 to equation 1.3 a n d verifying 12 that Pf(x) = f(x). So then, a p p l y i n g P to / we get Pf(x) = ^ ^ l [ o , 2 D - i ) ( H + 2^ [2i>-i,i)(5 )) [o,i)( ) 1 a; 1 + \ ^ l [ o , 2 i > - i ) ( - D - h ) + -fij [2D-\,\){D x L + \ ^l[0,2X?-l)(-D + \ ) x a; ~ k ) ) l(0,2£»-i](a;) + 2 ^ 1 [ 2 D - l , l ) P + \x)^j l[Q, -2D){x) 2 • A s s u m i n g that D € [5,1), a n d observing that a; € [0,1), Pf(x) = \ ^ l [ o , 4 D - 2 ) ( a j ) + ^ [ 4 D - 2 , i ) ( ) ) l[o,i)(a:) 1 a ; + £ ^ ( 2 - 2 D , l ) ( ) + ^ ( 0 , 2 - 2 £ > ] ( 2 ; ) ) l(0,2D-l](a;) 1 a ; 1 + £ ( ^ 1 [ 0 , 2 D - 1 ) ( ^ l[0,2-2O)(a;) • F i n a l l y , assuming that D € [\|, 1), we have P f( ) x = 2^1[0,l)(a;) + 2 ^ ( 2 - 2 D , 2 i 3 - l ] ( ^ ) + ^ l ( o , 2 - 2 D ] ( a ; ) + 42jl[o,2-2D)(a:) = 3 1 ^ 1 [ 0 , 2 - 2 D ) ( ^ ) + ^ 1(0,2-20] () 1 + -^ [2-2D,2D-l){ ) l x + ^T5 (2-2D,2£)-l](a;) 1 + 2^1[22>-i,i)(a0 = ^l[o,2D-i)(a;) + 2^1[2D-i,i)(a:) = / ( » ) • O n e of the p r i m a r y uses of having a formula for t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of p a r t i a l remainders is for calculating the shift average for a given divisor. T h e shift average is the average number uses of the shift register (single shift or m u l t i p l i c a t i o n by two) between uses of the adder. U n d e r the assumption that a register shift is a m u c h faster operation t h a n using the adder, the shift average gives a useful characterization of the expected performance of our a l g o r i t h m for a given divisor. W i t h equation 1.3, we know the fraction of bits that require the use of the adder. T o calculate the average number of zero bits generated between non-zero bits (bits requiring use of 13 the adder), we take the reciprocal of the fraction of bits that require the adder. W e calculate the shift average for a divisor D e [f, 1) to b e •<">-I4 * £ T = (L4) Since have not proven that the s t a t i o n a r y d i s t r i b u t i o n s f r o m S - R - T d i v i s i o n are unique, we have no way of k n o w i n g whether or not a shift average c a l c u l a t i o n i n equation 1.4 is correct. T o prove that a l l stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n s are unique, we need to show that TD is ergodic for a l l D G [^,1)- F r e i m a n [6] shows that T o is ergodic for r a t i o n a l D, b u t we extend this result for real D. I n the next section we show that a l l are B e r n o u l l i a n d it is k n o w n that h a v i n g the B e r n o u l l i property implies ergodicity. Before c o n c l u d i n g this chapter w i t h a definition for ergodicity, we w i l l briefly comment o n the derivation of stationary distributions for D G [\|, f ) . F o r D G [\|, \| ) , the stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n functions have been derived, a n d their associated shift average functions have been shown to be constantly three [6, 22]. T h e layout of stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n functions i n the region D G [ j , § ) has several s u r p r i s i n g properties a n d is far f r o m being fully understood. W e discuss the c a l c u l a t i o n of shift averages as a n interesting area for future investigation i n C h a p t e r 4. Definition 5 (Ergodic [11]). L e t (X, B,m) be a p r o b a b i l i t y space a n d let a nonsingular t r a n s f o r m a t i o n T : X —> X b e given. T h e n T is ergodic i f for every set B G B such that T~ {B) L = B, either m(B) = 0 or m(X \B) 14 = 0. Chapter 2 Bernoulli Property In this chapter, we w i l l prove that the class of transformations of the interval that characterizes the S - R - T d i v i s i o n for a l l real divisors D has the property that each t r a n s f o r m a t i o n TD is B e r n o u l l i . A l t h o u g h the basic concept of a B e r n o u l l i shift (the things to w h i c h transformations having a B e r n o u l l i property are isomorphic to) is not difficult, a complete definition requires enough a u x i l i a r y concepts from measure theory (concepts not used anywhere else i n this thesis) that we chose to refer the interested reader to [17, 18, 21, 24] a n d other selections listed i n the B i b l i o g r a p h y . N e i t h e r a n understanding of B e r n o u l l i shifts, nor a f o r m a l definition of what it means to be B e r n o u l l i is required to follow the proofs i n this chapter. H a v i n g said this, we should mention informally the connection between B e r n o u l l i shifts and transformations h a v i n g the B e r n o u l l i property. T h e transformation TD is an non-invertible e n d o m o r p h i s m of the unit interval. T h i s means that f r o m a given p a r t i a l remainder we can predict a l l future p a r t i a l remainders, but we cannot uniquely predict past p a r t i a l remainders. T h e r e is a natu r a l way (called the n a t u r a l extension) to make our t r a n s f o r m a t i o n invertible (an a u t o m o r p h i s m ) on a larger space. Specifically, each non-invertible transformation TD h a v i n g the B e r n o u l l i property has a n extension to a n a u t o m o r p h i c transformat i o n , isomorphic to a two-sided B e r n o u l l i shift [18, p p . 13,276]. F r o m the way that 15 entropy for a transformation is denned, the entropy for a n a u t o m o r p h i c B e r n o u l l i t r a n s f o r m a t i o n associated w i t h a non-invertible B e r n o u l l i t r a n s f o r m a t i o n is the same as the entropy for the non-invertible B e r n o u l l i transformation. B y p r o v i n g that a l l transformations T p are B e r n o u l l i , a n d b y p r o v i n g that entropy of each To is the same, we w i l l be able to conclude that the n a t u r a l extensions of S - R - T d i v i s i o n algorithms are isomorphic to each other for a l l divisors. 2.1 Proof of Bernoulliness Definition 6 (of Bowen [1], Expanding). W e w i l l say that a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n T on a n interval is expanding i f it has the property that s u p u-(T U) = 1 for a l l open n n > 0 intervals U w i t h p{U) > 0, where / i is any n o r m a l i z e d measure that is absolutely continuous w i t h respect to Lebesgue measure. Definition 7 (Straddle). L e t U be a n interval of reals (either o p e n , closed, or half open) a n d let p G K . If p G U°J then we say that U straddles p. + Theorem 1. The S-R-T division transformation is expanding for all real divisors. Proof. L e t (X,B,m) be a p r o b a b i l i t y space where X = [0,1), B is the B o r e l o- algebra o n X a n d m is the Lebesgue measure o n H. L e t T D : X ->• X be the S - R - T d i v i s i o n t r a n s f o r m a t i o n for a given normalized divisor D as defined i n equation 1.1. The symbol o as the exponent of an interval denotes an open version of the interval. For an interval [a, b], the Lebesgue measure is defined as m([a, b]) = b — a. 16 Let us define an infinite sequence of intervals U = {C/jjieN as and Ui = U C/°C[0,i) g [0, i ) and (7° g U° T (C7in[0,i)) D ort/?C[±,l) [i, 1) and m(C7i D [0, i ) ) > m ( < 7 [ i , l ) ) i n tf?g[0,±)andtf?g[±,l) n [ ± , i ) ) and n [ o , i ) ) Property 1. For all Proof. Ui such that \ U° and D g U°, m{U i) i+ TD i = 2m{Ui). [5,-D), or [D, 1), then we are in the first If a U° is a subset of either [0, case of the U definition and we apply <m((7 n[i,l)). directly. Since each of the three cases of the expand an interval by a factor of two, it is clear that m(T£>(Ui)) = m(Ui \) + = 2m(Ui). Property 2. Proof. For all Ui where D 0 Ui, m(Ui i) + > m(Ui). Assume that D $Ui. If j £ Ui, then according to Property 1, U{+\ doubles. Otherwise, \ 6 U{ and therefore, to find E/i+i, we must consider the second and third cases of the U sequence. In the worst case, m(Ui D [0, ^)) = m(Ui n [^,D)), and regardless of which half we choose, m(Ui By fl [0, ^)) = m(Ui fl [5, D)) = ^m(Ui). applying Trj to this truncated interval, we double what we halved so that m(Ui) = m{U i). i+ By way of contradiction, let us assume that there exists a sequence of U that never expands to fill X. Such a sequence can never include the point D and the following Property will hold: Property 3. (a) There exists N such m ( [ / ; n [ 0 , ^)),m(Uif][^, straddle that for all i > N 1)) > 0 (in other \), and 17 words, all subsequent intervals must (b) m{Ui PI [0, \)) < m(Ui n that the right Proof of Property half 1)) (in other words, of Ui is not discarded all subsequent by the definition Ui must be such ofU). 3(a) Property 1 says that the only way not to double is to straddle ^. Therefore, at a minimum, it must be the case that ^ is eventually included every time or else the interval will double a sufficient number of times to include D which would be a contradiction. Proof e,\ of Property 3(b) If m{Ui n [0, \| ) ) + e') where e > e'. Now U i+1 > m(Ui = T {Ui) n [£, 1)), = T (\ D then we have Ui = {\ - - e, \) = (1 - 2e, 1). B u t , D since D is not i n C/j+i, \ cannot be in t/i+i and Property 3(a) fails, resulting in a contradiction. B y Property 3, we will eventually be in a situation where U{ = ( \ — e', \ +e), e' < e, and Property 3 will hold for every subsequent interval. So then Ui i+ =T {\-e',\+e) =T [\,\ D + e) = (2Z> - 1 - 2e, 2 D - 1] D by Property 3(b). But again by Property 3, U l+2 = T {2D D - 1 - 2e,2D - 1] = T [\,2D - 1] = [2 - 2D,2D D - 1]. It is now clear that ^ is at the midpoint of Ui+2 and that we must now pick the left half of the interval which contradicts Property 3(b). Therefore, D will eventually be included in an interval and the sequence will expand to fill all of X. • We can now prove that the S-R-T division process is weak-mixing, and therefore Bernoulli, by two theorems of Bowen [1]. Theorem 2 (of Bowen [1]). T-invariant system probability Let T be a piece-wise measure, (T, /j,) is weak-mixing, then C 2 map of [0,1], [i be a and A = infn< <i \|/'0c)\| > 1x the natural 18 extension U of (T, p) is smooth dynamical Bernoulli. W e mention here that the natural of (T, n) is the associated a u - extensions t o m o r p h i c transformation that we alluded to at the b e g i n n i n g of this chapter. See Petersen [18, p. 13] for a n exact definition. Theorem 3 (of Bowen [1]). With T and mixing ifT is / i as in Theorem 2, C Perron-Frobenius with T, then for any f operator (n Sfc=o f has the property -f /)n^=i under ? s associated convergent that Pf* 2 function be a probability and let T : X —>• X be a piecewise invariant will be weak- expanding. Theorem 4 (of Lasota and Yorke [10]). Let (X,B,m) fc (T,n) such that i n f \T'\ > 1. If P is the in norm to a function = f* space f* € L\. and consequently, G L, the sequence 1 The limit function the measure d/Lt* = / * d m is T. H a v i n g established that TD is e x p a n d i n g , we now use the above three theorems to prove the central result of this thesis. Theorem 5. TD is Bernoulli. Proof. F r o m the definition of T o , we see that TD is C a n d that i n f o < < i \|TD'(:E)\| = 2 x 2 > 1 since \TD'(X)\ i n f n < < i \TD'(X)\ x = 2 for a l l x for w h i c h the derivative is defined. Since > 1, by T h e o r e m 4 there exists at least one \x such that fi is a s m o o t h T o - i n v a r i a n t p r o b a b i l i t y measure. B y T h e o r e m 1, we see that T h e o r e m 3 holds. Hence, (TD,U-) 2.2 is w e a k - m i x i n g a n d , by T h e o r e m 2 ( T o , ^ ) is B e r n o u l l i . • Entropy of T D K n o w i n g that a l l T o are B e r n o u l l i is a very useful property because we c a n use entropy as a complete invariant to show i s o m o r p h i s m amongst the two-sided B e r n o u l l i shifts associated w i t h T o that have the same entropy. T h i s comes f r o m the contrib u t i o n of O r n s t e i n to the K o l m o g o r o v - O r n s t e i n T h e o r e m . 19 Theorem 6 (of Kolmogorov [8, 9] and Ornstein [16]). Two Bernoulli shifts are isomorphic if and only if they have the same entropy. T h e purpose of this section is t o calculate the entropy o f T p . W e begin w i t h a m u l t i - p a r t definition of entropy along w i t h some s u p p o r t i n g definitions that follow the development presented by Walters [24, pp. 75-87]. Definition 8 (Partition). A partition of (X,B,m) is a disjoint collection of ele- ments of B whose u n i o n is X. Definition 9 (Join). Let V and Q be finite partitions of (X, B, m). T h e n ? V Q = {PnQ : P G V, a n d Q 6 Q } is called the join of V a n d Q. N o t e that V V Q is also a finite p a r t i t i o n of (X, B, m). Definition 10 (Entropy of a partition). L e t (X,B,m) a n d let V = {Pi,...,Pk} be a finite p a r t i t i o n of (X,B,m). be a p r o b a b i l i t y space T h e entropy of the partition is defined as H(V) k = -^miPi) log m(Pi). Definition 11 (Entropy of a transformation with respect to a partition). Suppose T : X —> X is a measure-preserving transformation of the p r o b a b i l i t y space (X, B, m). If V is a finite p a r t i t i o n of (X, B, m), then is called the entropy ofT with respect to partition V. Definition 12 (Entropy of a transformation). L e t T : X —> X be a measurepreserving t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of the p r o b a b i l i t y space (X, B,m) a n d suppose h(T) = s u p / i ( T , V), where the s u p r e m u m is taken over a l l finite partitions V of T h e n h(T) is called the entropy ofT. 20 (X,B,m). T h e following definitions a n d theorems involving C - m a p s a n d P C - m a p s are taken f r o m a paper o f L e d r a p p i e r [12] a n d have been streamlined for o u r argument. Definition 13 (of Ledrappier [12], C-map). A real f u n c t i o n / defined o n a n interval [a, b] is said to be a C-map if / is continuously differentiable a n d its derivative / ' has the following properties: (a) / ' satisfies a H o l d e r condition^ of order e > 0. (b) T h e r e are only a finite number of points x G [a, 6] where f'(x) t h e m by a < a\ < a •.. < a 2 n = 0. W e denote < b w i t h / ' ( a ; ) = 0 for 0 < i < n. (c) T h e r e exist positive numbers k~ (kf) such that log ,k \|x—a\| 1 -(+) is b o u n d e d i n a left (right) neighborhood of a ; . Definition 14 (of Ledrappier [12], PC-map). A m a p / : [0,1) —> [0,1) is called a PC-map if there exists a finite p a r t i t i o n 0 < b\ < b .. • < b 2 C - m a p f r o m [bj,bj i] + into [0,1), for any j. Theorem 7 (of Ledrappier [12]). Let f be a PC-map. lutely continuous < 1 such that / is a m invariant measure), If then Rohlin's formula is an a.c.i.m. \i (abso- [20] is true: Hf) = j log\|/'\|d/i. Theorem 8. The entropy h{T ), D ofT D for D e [^,1) is equal to / l o g \| T o ' \| d/z = log 2. Proof. W e begin by showing that T o is a P C - m a p . B y the definition of a P C - m a p , T p is a P C - m a p if each of the three functions Tu\^ ij ,T!D\|[1 y Q D a n d To\y ^ is a D C-map. T r i v i a l l y , each Try restricted to any of the three domains [0, \| ) , [D,l) or satisfies a H o l d e r c o n d i t i o n of order e = 1 because each piece of To is just a §A function f(x) defined on an interval [a, b] satisfies a Holder condition of order e E K if there exists c 6 R such that for any two points pi,P2 G [a,b], \f{pi) — f(p2)\ < c\pi - P2\ • + + e 21 line of slope two. T h u s c o n d i t i o n (a) of D e f i n i t i o n 13 is satisfied. C o n d i t i o n (b) is satisfied because there are no points for w h i c h the derivative is equal to zero w i t h i n a given line segment. Therefore, condition (c) is t r i v i a l l y satisfied. T h u s each of the three segments of TD are C - m a p s a n d by D e f i n i t i o n 14, T o is a P C - m a p . N o w , since each TD is B e r n o u l l i , there exists a unique a.c.i.m., call it /z, for each To- B y T h e o r e m 7, we can use R o h l i n ' s formula to calculate the entropy: • W i t h the proof of T h e o r e m 8 we have established i s o m o r p h i s m amongst the a u t o m o r p h i c transformations (or n a t u r a l extension) associated w i t h simple S - R - T d i v i s i o n transformations by a n a p p l i c a t i o n of the K o l m o g o r o v - O r n s t e i n T h e o r e m . T h e key to o b t a i n i n g this result was being able to show that TD has Bowen's exp a n d i n g property. In C h a p t e r 3, we extend the results of this chapter to a more general type of S - R - T d i v i s i o n . 22 Chapter 3 Extensions t o M u l t i - D i v i s o r S-R-T Division 3.1 Multi-Divisor S-R-T Division A c o m m o n o p t i m i z a t i o n to the S - R - T d i v i s i o n a l g o r i t h m is the i n c l u s i o n of a d d i t i o n a l divisors to increase the shift average. I n this section, we prove that a l l such d i v i s i o n algorithms w i t h reasonable assumptions o n the separation of the divisor multiples have the e x p a n d i n g property. It w i l l be useful to define precisely a class of m u l t i divisor S - R - T d i v i s i o n transformations. Definition 15. L e t a G W be such that 1 (a) 0 < ai < a < • • • < a , and (b) F o r a l l x,D e [\|, 1), there exists i G { 1 , . . . , n) such that \c<iD — 2 n x\<\. W e define 2 l „ to be the set of a l l a G R , satisfying conditions (a) a n d (b). A l s o , n Definition 16 (Peaks and Valleys). G i v e n a n a between two lines f(x) G 2 l > 2 , the point of intersection N = 2(x - ctiD) a n d g(x) = 2(a iD i+ 23 - x) w i l l be called a peak a n d is denoted by ipi = (^D(cti i + ati), D(a{ i to the abscissa as ipf = ^D(oti i + a j ) , a n d to the ordinate as ipf = D{a.i \ + + + — a;)). For convenience, we w i l l refer — aj). + T h e point of intersection of the two lines f(x) = 2{aiD — x) a n d g(x) = 2(x — otiD) is (cxiD,0) a n d w i l l be called a valley. Definition For a D e 17. a n d Q 6 21, define the t r a n s f o r m a t i o n Tr), (x) a : [0,1) —* [0,1). F o r a S 2 t i , we get the familiar transformation 2x TDA ) 0 < \2(D-x)\ For X < i X < = X < 1. a € 2l , 2 Q<x<\ 2x \2{ D-x)\ i < x < ipf \2{a D-x)\ \ < x a n d ipf < x < 1 . ai 2 For a € 2 l n > 3 , 2x 0 <x < \ \2( D-x)\ \ < x < ipf \2( D-x)\ \<x \2{a D-x)\ \ < x a n d ipn-i < x < l . ai ai n Definition 1 8 . Define Wl = {T n UneN^n- We c a n * n es e Di(X t °^ we c a l l iVd the set of multi-divisor a n a n d ipf < x < tpf +1 : D <E ( ± , 1 ] , a € 2 t } a n d define iW = n -divisor n S-R-T S-R-T division division transformations and transformations. C o n d i t i o n (b) i n D e f i n i t i o n 15 guarantees that the d i v i s i o n a l g o r i t h m generates a new quotient bit every step. A l t h o u g h the c o n d i t i o n makes intuitive sense, it is not i m m e d i a t e l y obvious i f a n a satisfies the c o n d i t i o n just by inspection. L e m m a 10 below provides a n easier way t o check. 24 Lemma 9. If a = ( a i ) , then condition (b) of Definition 15 is satisfied if and only if ai = 1. Proof. If a\ = 1, then maxjr> e[i/2,i) \ \D « i ^ 1 and e G M + — x\ < \| . N o w consider the cases when a ]X . If ct\ = 1 + e, then when D = a n d x = \ , \OL\D — x\ = 1 — i = i ^ i . O n the other h a n d , if ct\ = 1 — e , then when D = \ a n d a; = 1 — \| , \|ai£> - x \| = 1 - \| - (1 - e ) ± = i ^ \ . Lemma 10. A n condition (i) G 2l a{ € ( 0 , 7 ? ] and (Sketch). if for some otj € a^c? satisfies n (b) if and only ( M J a» € [^,1] Proof a • [1,1 + a], condition i,j (a) of Definition G { 1 , . . . ,n} (possibly 15 also i = j), satisfies either or € [l,3«i]. L e m m a 9 has shown that a single component a of a w i t h a = 1 is sufficient to ensure that the range of f(x) = 2 \aD — x\ is equal to [0,1) as x a n d D range over [5,1). It is easy, to see based on the proof of L e m m a 9 that if there does not exist i 6 { 1 , . . . ,n} such that ai = 1, then there must exist i,j 6 { 1 , . . . ,n} (i < j) where OJJ < 1 a n d a > 1. 3 Let us assume that i is the largest value where CKJ < 1, a n d let us assume that j is the smallest value where ctj > 1 (therefore j = i + 1). W e make this a s s u m p t i o n because no other scalars of D w i l l have an influence on whether or not c o n d i t i o n (b) is satisfied. C o n s i d e r the case where cj G (0, ^]. In this case where ai 6 (0, \| ] , when D is close enough to 1, some of the line f(x) = 2(x — aiD) appears i n the region (denoted R) where \ < x < 1, 0 < T (x) a < 1. W h e n a p o r t i o n of the line f(x) appears i n region R, we must put restrictions on aj i n terms of ai so that the peak ?/>! is always i n R. ipf is greatest when D = 1. W e find the m a x i m u m allowable value of aj by setting D = 1 a n d solving ipf = 1 for aj: ipf = I Therefore, if a ; G (0, => D(aj then - ai) = 1 G [1,1 + aj]. 25 aj = a ; + 1. In the case where a j € [^, 1], for large enough values of D, the line f(x) 2(x — Dai) = crosses the line x = 1 i n the range [0,1). Because of this, we must loosen the restriction that ctj G [1,1 + ctj]. It is straightforward to calculate that begins to cross the line x = 1 i n the range [0,1) w h e n D = f(x) W e c a n ensure that as D becomes smaller, the peak ipi w i l l always be i n region R by solving tpf = 1 for ctj when D = tp\ = 1 D(aj - on) = 1 => 7f—((Xj - = 1 on) =4> ctj = 3a . t Therefore, if ai € [^, 1], then ctj £ [1, 3aj]. • Definition 19 (Separation). F o r a € 2 l , we define the separation i n a as n separation(a) = max i€{l,...,n-l} 1 + 1 . ttj L i m i t i n g the separation is a convenient way to restrict the subset of 21 being considered. If separation(a) = r, we say that "the divisor multiples i n a are separated by at most a factor of r." F i g u r e 3.1 shows a n example of m u l t i - d i v i s o r S - R - T d i v i s i o n . T h i s example is performing the same calculation as i n figure 1.2, but it has c o m p u t e d the d i v i d e n d w i t h twice as m a n y digits of precision w i t h the same effective n u m b e r of uses of the adders. W e say "effective" because i n m u l t i - d i v i s o r S - R - T d i v i s i o n , there are several adders w o r k i n g i n parallel. In a real i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of m u l t i - d i v i s o r S - R - T d i v i s i o n , the values for a must be carefully chosen so that not too m u c h overhead is required to select a good p a r t i a l remainder. T h e r e is also a tradeoff between the amount of overhead i n choosing a good p a r t i a l remainder a n d the precision to w i t h w h i c h a g o o d p a r t i a l remainder is selected. 26 0.67 Po = 0.67 Pi = 2(0.67 - -0.16 a D) 2 P4 = 2(2 (-0.16) + anD) 2 P7 = -0.155 = 2(2 (-0.155) + a D) = -0.115 2 x Pll = 2(2 (-0.115) + a D) 3 3 = Qo = 1 Qo = 0.035 Q3 = -a Qz = 0.90625 <76 = Q = 0.89453125 9io = - « 3 Qw = 0.8933105469 x 6 = 2(2 (0.035) - a D) = -0.005 Qis = Ql5 = 0.8933334351 P24= 2(2 (0.005) + a D) = -0.155 923 = Q2S = 0.8933333456 Pl6 4 x 7 x Figure 3.1: An example of S-R-T division where three multiples of the divisor are used. In this example the dividend po — 0.67, and the divisor D = 0.75 with divisor multiples a = (0.75,1,1.25). The quotient Q* is 0.893. 3.2 Proof of Bernoulliness In this section, we will show that all multi-divisor S-R-T division transformations are Bernoulli, given a necessary restriction on the multiples of the divisor. As in the case for a single divisor, it will be useful to define a sequence of intervals that are subsets of the sequence of sets that would arise from repeatedly applying TD,Q. to an initial open interval. Unless otherwise noted, assume that the function m denotes the Lebesgue measure. Definition 20. Given an initial open interval U C [0,1) and To^a G 9DT, we define 27 the infinite sequence of intervals U = {Ui}^ as and Ui = U C/°C[0,i) T , (Ui) D a T , (Ui D a t / ° £ [0, orC7?C[i,l) n [0, i ) ) a n d t/? g [ i , 1) a n d m(f/<h[0,i)) T ^ a ^ i a n d C7? g [ ± , l ) U°%%\) n [ i , i ) ) >m{Uif\{\,\)) and m(f7 n[0,i)) i Definition 21 (Critical Points). For a given Tu, a C = { Ci n : i 6 {1, • • •, m } , a E B U {0, ±, 1}} n C2 < . . . < 1. C is called the set of critical Lemma 11 (Doubling). GivenTr),a points for T o £ m be the set of critical j G {1,... , r a - 1}, then m(Ui+i) Proof. Since Ui C [CJ,CJ \] + = ) a • • •, V>n-i}} a n d c i < . ^ ^ sequence of intervals U be defined e 20 and let Ui be some interval C = {ci,... ,c } ) i where a € 2 l , define the set where 5 = {& : i < & < 1 and b G { a i - D , • • •, a - D } U O f , as in Definition <m(f/ n[i l)). in the sequence. points for If Ui C T D , « . Furthermore, [ C J , C J + I ] for let some 2m(Ui). for some j £ { l , . . . , m - l } , because we are i n the first case of the definition of U, either U? C [0, \) or U° C [ i , 1). B y simple inspection of the i n d i v i d u a l cases that define Trj , i(X the points Cj and Cj+i, it is apparent that a l l of Ui, except possibly fall w i t h i n the same case of Tr), a Therefore, the resulting interval Ui+i w i l l be double the length of Ui. Definition 22 (Active Valleys). G i v e n T • Dt(X € 93T , define n V = {ctiD : i 6 { 1 , . . . , n) and \ < a D t V is called the set of active valleys for To, a 28 < 1} . Definition 23 (Active Peaks). Given Tn, G Tl , define a n P = {if>f : t e { l , . . . , n - l } andi<^f<l}. P is called the set of active peaks for To, a Lemma 12 (Non-shrinking). the sequence of intervals {Ui}i^ active valleys for T r j , . For any interval a m(U i) i+ > m(Ui) or m(U ) > i+2 Proof, separation(a) with separation(a) Given TD,OC G < \| , let be defined as above and let V denote the set of Ui G U such that V f l Ui = 0, either m(Ui). < \| implies that cti \ < + For a given separation, the value of ip\ is maximized when ipf = 1. This implies that aj = We calculate the value of ipf with the assumption that ipf = 1 to get a bound on ipf for D < 1: iPf < D(l ai - ai) = D(l ) ai = £>(§&) = 5 • Case 1: Consider when Ui C [0, \ ] . In this case, m(Ui \) — 2m(Ui). + Case 2: Consider when Ui C [^,1). The interval Ui can span at most one peak. Therefore, m(£/j+i) > m(Ui). m{U ) i+2 = A further observation is that since Ui+i C [0, 2m{Ui). Case 3: Consider when Ui £ [0, \] and Ui % 1). In this case, Ui straddles \ . From the definition of U, we see that in the worst case we might throw away up to half of Ui. Call the part not thrown away Ui and observe that m(Ui) > \m(Ui). Now, either Ui' C [0, \) or Ui' C [i, 1). If [// C [0, ±], then m(C/i+i) = 2m(<7;') > m{Ui). If t/i' C [ i , 1), then m ( C / i ) = 2m(£//) > m(c/;). Lemma 13. A multi-divisor when separation(a) • +2 S-R-T division transformation Tr>, G 9JI is expanding a < \|. Proof. Let V be the set of active valleys (as defined in Definition 22) for a Trj,a- Let P be the set of active peaks (as defined in Definition 23) for a To,a- Let U = be the sequence of intervals associated with a To, and an initial interval U. a 29 {Ui\i^n B y way of c o n t r a d i c t i o n , assume that a T£> >a is not e x p a n d i n g . T h i s means that for some T r j , , there does not exist a n interval Ui where any of the points i n V a are contained i n Ui. T h i s is true because i f any of the valley points are i n Ui, then Ui i + = [0, e) or C / j + 1 = [0,e], a n d after a finite number of steps, Ui w i l l have grown to include a l l of [0,1). If there is a sequence U that avoids a l l points i n V, t h e n b y L e m m a 12 it must be true that the intervals i n the sequence can only double a finite number of times. L e t i e N b e the first index for w h i c h there is no j > i such that m(Uj) > 2m(Ui). It now follows that Ui straddles ^ . T h e proof for L e m m a 12 reveals that this is the only s i t u a t i o n where it is not necessarily the case that either m{Ui \) + or rn(Ui+2) = 2m(Ui). I n fact, Ui must straddle b o t h \ a n d m i n P . not s t r a d d l e d a n d m(Ui f l or m(Ui z) + m(Ui n [0, > 2m(Ui). [0, ^)) < m(Ui f l [\|,1)), then either m(Ui+2) = 2m{Ui) If m i n P is > 2m([/j) I n the other possibility where m i n P is not straddled a n d ^)) > m{Ui n [1,1)), we find that m(U ) i+2 > 2m{Ui). A s s u m i n g that Ui straddles b o t h ^ a n d m i n P , we also observe that there can be no j > i such that m(Uj D [0, 5)) > m(Uj f l [5,1)) because this q u i c k l y leads to d o u b l i n g . I n other words, the right side must be larger t h a n the left side whenever we straddle \| . Therefore, we must be i n the s i t u a t i o n where t/i = ( i - e ' , i + e), e'<£ Ui+i = (min{2(i - aiD),2(a D- U l + 2 = (2min{2(i u i+3 = (min{2(i - aiD),2{a Ui+4 = (2min{2(i => U i + 5 i+l - aiD),2(a D i+1 D- i+1 -aiD),2{a D i+1 = (min{2(i - aiD),2{a D- i+1 _(i+ ))}, 2^?) e 2vf)},^r) -2ltf)},2#) 2 ^ ) } , ^ ) = l7 3 i+ It is apparent that the interval represented by [/j+4 w i l l re-occur every other interval ad infinitum. W e now use this interval to show that i n fact such a sequence of n o n - e x p a n d i n g intervals is not possible. 30 Since straddles \ , we can compare the length of the left a n d right sides of J7j+4. L e t R = [^,2i/>f) denote the right side a n d let L = (4(^ — o^-D), \ ) a n d V = (4(cti+iD — 2ipy), ^) denote the two possibilities for the left side. T h e length of the right side is = 2Vf - m(R) i, while the length of the left side is the larger of two possible lengths m(L) = \ - 4(i - D) ai and m(L') = i-4(a i + i£>-2^) . W e then compare the differences between the right side a n d each of the two possible left sides. T h e first possibility is m(R) - m(L) = 2$ a D)) - I - (I - 4(i - = 2D(a - i+l = 2a D a i t ) - 1 + 2- 4a D { - GctiD + 1 , i+1 while the second possibility is m(R) - m(L') = 2^f - ± - (± - 4 ( a = 2D{a l+x = -2a D i+i l + 1 2\$)) - - ai) - 1 + 4{a D l+1 + 6aiD - - 2D{a l+1 - a )) t 1. It is now clear that m(R) - m(L) = - (m{R) - m(L')) . B u t this means that the length of the left side is always greater t h a n or equal to the length of the right side, w h i c h contradicts our a s s u m p t i o n t h a t the right side must be bigger t h a n the left side whenever the interval straddles ^. • 31 Theorem 14. To,a G %Jl is Bernoulli Proo/. Let T = T o i a . when separation(cx) < \|. F r o m the definition of T , we see that T o is C a n d that 2 > a i n f o < < i \|T'(a;)\| = 2 > 1 since \| T ' ( x ) \| = 2 for a l l x for w h i c h the derivative is defined. x Since i n f o < < i \|T"(a;)\| > 1, by T h e o r e m 4, there exists at least one /z such that zz is x a s m o o t h T - i n v a r i a n t p r o b a b i l i t y measure. B y L e m m a 13 we see that T h e o r e m 3 holds w h e n separation(a) < §. Hence, (T, /z) is w e a k - m i x i n g a n d b y T h e o r e m 2, (T,/z) is B e r n o u l l i w h e n separation(a) 3.3 < \|. • Some Restrictions on ex. In section 3.2, we showed that i f a l l T D ) Q G 9Jt, i f separation(a) < §, t h e n TD >OC is B e r n o u l l i . I n this section, we construct examples of T G %Jl , for every n, that fail n to be B e r n o u l l i w h e n the restriction that separation(a) Theorem 15. For TD,O. G i/iere ea;zsr; uncountably if separation(a) ffin>4, many a. for which Tu < § is relaxed. [\|,1), > §, then for each D G is not ergodic. t0l Proof. W e b e g i n this proof by considering T G 9 J l = 4 n A s s u m e that we relax the restrictions o n a b y e > 0. T h i s means that separation(a) < \| + e a n d that no peak can be above the line f(x) = this r e l a x a t i o n , we can define a = (ci, a ,0:3,0:4) 2 a subset of [0,1) is n o n - e x p a n d i n g . 40C+2 4 Pe 9 £ 1 a n ( ^ a 4 = 40P+24Pe • ^ o r o u W e let ai = r With w i t h respect t o a given D so that g+48D > 2 = a 8 0 £ 8 or>+48£>e' 0 : 3 = constructed a to be v a l i d , we must be careful that conditions (a) a n d (b) of D e f i n i t i o n 15 h o l d . C o n d i t i o n (a) requires that the components of a r e m a i n i n ascending order. T h i s is satisfied w h e n e G (0, ^ ] . ordering is m a i n t a i n e d , separation(a) Since < 3, a n d minrj [i/2,i),ee(o,2/i5] 4 = 1-2 > 1, a g to verify that c o n d i t i o n (b) of D e f i n i t i o n 15 holds, it is sufficient to show (by L e m m a 10) that for a l l values of D a n d e, either ot\, a , or a G [5,1]- B y m a x i m i z i n g a n d 2 3 m i n i m i z i n g over e a n d D, we find that a\ G [0.375,0.7] a n d a G [0.625,1.3]. F i g u r e 2 32 3.2 provides a v i s u a l proof that as e is varied over [0, ^ ] a n d D is varied over [5,1], it is never the case that b o t h a\ < \ a n d a 2 that either a\ or a 2 > 1. Therefore, it is always the case G [5, !]• H a v i n g verified that our defined a satisfies D e f i n i t i o n 15, we calculate that peak ^ = ( i ± i f , l{j±if§) a n d peak </> 3 while r e m a i n i n g above the line g(x) below f(x) = (f^, ftl\|\|). — ^, a n d the point ip W i t h this definition for 1 w i l l always be slightly while r e m a i n i n g above the line g(x) = \ . A l l of the definitions have been chosen so that we are i n a s i t u a t i o n where 1 — ip% = ^ 3 ~~ \ — 2(V'i ~~ \) = 2{ip\ A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t feature i n this construction is the interval between a D 2 Since ip 2 and \|)- — a^D. is not used i n our construction, it is possible to insert a n a r b i t r a r y number of divisor multiples between a D 2 a n d a D . T h u s , the results i n this proof a p p l y 3 to T G 9Jt„ for a r b i t r a r i l y large n. F i g u r e 3.3 illustrates the type of t r a n s f o r m a t i o n that we have constructed. We are now i n a p o s i t i o n to show that there exists a set of points A w i t h 0 < m(A) < 1, for w h i c h TD,OL{A) = A. T h i s is the definition of a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n 5). i + w - A = [h- m -M+m - h)i 4. = [i - 2(1 - 1]. being non-ergodic [11, p. 59]. Define A = A\ U A It can be shown by calculation that T o ( A i ) ] a TD,OL{M) = A. 2 Therefore, TD,CI(A) U A 2 = A, 2 3 where A\ and = [\ - (ipf - = A\ U A 3 , and T^A^) = A, a n d by definition, To, a is non-ergodic or • non-expanding. 33 Figure 3.2: Combined plot of the regions where a\(e,D) < \ and ct2{e,D) > 1. Over the domain e 6 [0, ^ ] and D € [\, 1], it is never true that both ct\ < \ and «2 > 1- X Figure 3.3: A n example of a non-ergodic system for Trj a ample n = 4, D = a = (\|\|, 1, \| \| ) , \| + j^-. The thick lines represent T r j . ]a € 9Jt„>4- In this exand separation(a) = The coarse dashed line represents the necessary separation restriction on a to guarantee that T D A = ) Q §] is ergodic. u tl> I] u In this case, partial remainders in the set ( i t . !) a r e mapped back to A by T , . This D a means that T D . is not ergodic, and therefore not Bernoulli. ) Q 34 Theorem 16. For To, G 9Jt a 3) if separation(a) > \| , then for each D £ [5,1), there exists an a for which T o i a is not ergodic. Proof. T h e proof for this theorem comes as a special case from the proof for T h e orem 15. C o n s i d e r a separation{a) = (oti, 0:2, 0^3,0^4) as defined i n the proof for 15. = \| = \| + we are i n the special situation where a 2 When = 0:3. Since a l l of the results for the proof of T h e o r e m 15 s t i l l h o l d , we now have a n example transformation T w i t h only three unique multiples of D a n d this T has been proven to be non-ergodic. F i g u r e 3.4 gives a n example of a non-ergodic transformation for D = l. • 2 0.25 0 0.5 0.75 1 X F i g u r e 3.4: A n example of a non-ergodic system for T o , D = a n d « = ( § > f> i f ) - T n e t m c ^ u n e s a £ 9^3- In this example, r e P r e s e n t I'D,a- The coarse dashed line represents the necessary separation restriction o n a to guarantee that To,a is ergodic. In this case, p a r t i a l remainders i n the set A = [±, ^ ] U [ ^ , i § M y § , 1) are m a p p e d back to A by T h i s means that Trj, a T,. is not ergodic, a n d therefore not B e r n o u l l i . 35 D a Theorem 17. For Trj, a there exist uncountably € 9#2, if separation(a) many a for which TD is not ergodic. >(X Proof. A s s u m e that separation(a) ai = jjj > 3, then for some D G (^,1), < 3 + e a n d D G {\, ^ p ) . F i r s t , we choose so that a i D = \| a n d a = 1 + OL\. O u r restriction o n D i n terms of e has 2 been chosen so that a /a\ 2 < 3 + e w h e n 0:2 = 1 + « i - Since 0 2 > (a) of D e f i n i t i o n 15 is satisfied. Since a\ G (\, 5), a n d a condition G (1,1 + a\], b y L e m m a 2 10, c o n d i t i o n (b) of D e f i n i t i o n 15 is satisfied. T h u s , o u r defined a is always v a l i d . Define A = [±, D]. W e now a p p l y T = T D>a to A: T [ i , D] = [ m i n { 2 ( i - D),2(a D ai - 2 £>)},^] = [ m i n { 2 ( ± - 4%), 2(D + \ - D)},D(a 2 =[min{I,i},D(l + 4 )] ai ^- ^)] 4 N o w , since \ < D < 1, 0 < m ( A ) < 1 a n d T A Dt(x ergodic. - = A, b y D e f i n i t i o n T D ] a is not • 36 X F i g u r e 3.5: A n example of a non-ergodic system for Trj, a D = \| and S 93?2. In this example, a = ( ^ , ^ ) . T h e thick lines represent Tr>,a- T h e coarse dashed line represents the necessary separation restriction o n a guarantee that T a to is ergodic. In this case, p a r t i a l remainders w i t h i n the interval [\|, \|] m a p back to \|] a n d w h i c h means T o , a is not ergodic, a n d therefore not B e r n o u l l i . 3.4 Entropy of Multi-Divisor S-R-T Division T h e c a l c u l a t i o n for entropy i n m u l t i - d i v i s o r S - R - T d i v i s i o n follows the same m e t h o d used for single divisor S - R - T d i v i s i o n . W e begin by showing that To,a is a P C - m a p . Lemma 18. Proof. Trj tOC eiVl is a PC-map B y i n s p e c t i o n , each T o , a (as defined in Definition 14)- is a finite collection of line segments each w i t h slope 2. E a c h of these line segments is a C - m a p by the same argument used i n the proof for T h e o r e m 8. Therefore, by definition, each To,a is a P C - m a p . Theorem 19. The entropy of any TD >(X S 9 ^ with separation(a) 37 • < \| is log 2. Proof. B y L e m m a 18, a l l To, a when separation(ot) G 9Jt are P C - m a p s . B y T h e o r e m 14, TD,<X is B e r n o u l l i < \| and hence there exists a unique a.c.i.m. /J. T h e o r e m 7 says that R o h l i n ' s f o r m u l a for the entropy is true and therefore: h{T , ) D a = J log \| T b , ' \| d i i = log 2 ^ dfi = log 2. a • 38 Chapter 4 Future Work T h e o r i g i n a l question that inspired this thesis was "Is simple S - R - T d i v i s i o n ergodic for a l l real d i v i s o r s ? " In p u r s u i n g the answer to this p r o b l e m , we discovered that not o n l y is simple S - R - T d i v i s i o n ergodic for a l l divisors, but it is also B e r n o u l l i . H a v i n g established a B e r n o u l l i property, a n d having calculated the entropy for our transformations, we were able to use the K o l m o g o r o v - O r n s t e i n theorem to conclude that our transformations are isomorphic to each other. In p r o v i n g these i m p o r t a n t properties for simple S - R - T d i v i s i o n , we made extensive use of more general results f r o m d y n a m i c a l systems theory. Consequently, our results were shown to be easily extensible to more general d i v i s i o n systems. In general, it is difficult to prove that a p a r t i c u l a r class of transformations are ergodic or B e r n o u l l i . O u r results have p r o v i d e d a n effective means of p r o v i n g b o t h of these properties for a large class of S - R - T - l i k e d i v i s i o n algorithms. P r o m the standpoint of understanding a n algorithm's expected performance, it is necessary to know that when a stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n is f o u n d , it is unique. H a v i n g established the uniqueness of stationary distributions, the next step is to find the a c t u a l stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n for as wide a class of transformations as possible. In section 1.3, we verified a k n o w n expression for the stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n f u n c t i o n for TD where D e [\|, 1). In a d d i t i o n , m a n y of the stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n functions 39 have been classified by Shively and F r e i m a n for D G [§, §], a l t h o u g h the derivations are not nearly as simple as for D G [§, 1). It turns out that things become very c o m p l i c a t e d w h e n D G [^, §]. In his thesis [22], Shively shows m a n y interesting properties for the stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n functions i n this region. F o r example, he shows that there are many different intervals of D where there are a n infinite number of different stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n equations. A s such, the g r a p h of the shift average for D G [5, \|] is far f r o m complete a n d appears to have a°complex p a t t e r n (from the few points that have been plotted i n this region). T h i s is s u r p r i s i n g considering the s i m p l i c i t y of the u n d e r l y i n g transformation. A better u n d e r s t a n d i n g of this final region of simple S - R - T d i v i s i o n would be an interesting goal to pursue. In the work of F r e i m a n [6], it was first shown that the shift average for D G [\|, \|] is constantly 3, w h i c h can be easily shown to be the m a x i m u m possible shift average. T h i s property was then used by M e t z e [15] to o b t a i n a version of S - R - T d i v i s i o n that has a n expected shift average of 3 for a l l divisors. A n o t h e r area to pursue w o u l d be to explore shift averages for m u l t i - d i v i s o r S - R - T d i v i s i o n a n d , if other plateaus are f o u n d , they could possibly be used to o b t a i n higher expected shift averages for a l l possible divisors. U n d o u b t e d l y , o b t a i n i n g a complete u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the stationary d i s t r i b u t i o n functions for m u l t i - d i v i s o r d i v i s i o n w o u l d be even more difficult t h a n it is for simple S - R - T d i v i s i o n . It is possible that such results i n this area could lead to improvements i n m o d e r n S - R - T d i v i s i o n . R e l a t e d to this, it w o u l d be interesting to attempt to extend the results of this thesis to m o d e r n S - R - T division. 40 Bibliography [1] R u f u s B o w e n . B e r n o u l l i maps of the interval. Israel J. Math., 28(1-2):161-168, 1977. [2] A b r a h a m B o y a r s k y and Pawel G o r a . Laws of chaos. B i r k h a u s e r B o s t o n Inc., B o s t o n , M A , 1997. Invariant measures a n d d y n a m i c a l systems i n one dimension. [3] Digital Joseph F. Cavanagh. tion. Computer Arithmetic: Design and Implementa- M c G r a w - H i l l , N e w Y o r k , N Y , 1984. [4] J . Cocke a n d D. W . Sweeney. H i g h speed arithmetic i n a parallel device. T e c h n i c a l report, I B M , F e b r u a r y 1957. [5] M i l o s D. Ercegovac a n d Tomas L a n g . Division algorithms and implementations. and square root: digit-recurrence Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Norwell, M A , U S A , a n d Dordrecht, T h e Netherlands, 1994. [6] C . V . F r e i m a n . S t a t i s t i c a l analysis of certain b i n a r y d i v i s i o n algorithms. IRE, 49:91-103, 1961. [7] D. H a r r i s , S. O b e r m a n , and M . H o r o w i t z . S R T d i v i s i o n architectures i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s . In 13th IEEE Symposium on Computer ings, California, USA, v o l u m e 13 of Symposium July Computer 6-9, 1997, Asilomar, Arithmetic, [8] A . N . K o l m o g o r o v . Akad. Proc. Nauk SSSR, Arithmetic: and proceedon pages 18-25. I E E E C o m p u t e r Society Press, 1997. A new invariant for transitive d y n a m i c a l systems. 119:861-864, 1958. 41 Dokl. [9] A . N . K o l m o g o r o v . p h i s m s . Dokl. E n t r o p y per unit time as a metric invariant of automor- Akad. Nauk SSSR, 124:754-755, 1959. [10] A . L a s o t a a n d James A . Yorke. O n the existence of invariant measures for Trans. piecewise m o n o t o n i c transformations. Amer. Math. Soc, 186:481-488 (1974), 1973. [11] A n d r z e j L a s o t a a n d M i c h a e l C . Mackey. Chaos, fractals, and noise. Springer- V e r l a g , N e w Y o r k , second edition, 1994. Stochastic aspects of d y n a m i c s . [12] Frangois L e d r a p p i e r . Some properties of absolutely continuous invariant measures on a n i n t e r v a l . Ergodic Theory Dynamical Systems, l ( l ) : 7 7 - 9 3 , 1981. [13] T i e n Y i e n L i a n d James A . Yorke. E r g o d i c transformations f r o m a n interval into itself. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 235:183-192, 1978. [14] O . L. M a c S o r l e y . High-speed arithmetic i n b i n a r y computers. Proc. IRE, 4 9 : 6 7 91, 1961. [15] G e m o t M e t z e . A class of b i n a r y divisions y i e l d i n g m i n i m a l l y represented quotients. IRE Trans, on Electronic [16] D o n a l d S. O r n s t e i n . Advances [17] Computers, EC-ll:761-764, D e c . 1961. B e r n o u l l i shifts w i t h the same entropy are isomorphic. in Math.,.4:337-352, D o n a l d S. O r n s t e i n . Ergodic 1970. theory, randomness, and dynamical systems. Yale U n i v e r s i t y Press, N e w H a v e n , C o n n . , 1974. James K . W h i t t e m o r e Lectures i n M a t h e m a t i c s given at Y a l e University, Y a l e M a t h e m a t i c a l M o n o g r a p h s , N o . 5. [18] K a r l Petersen. Ergodic theory. C a m b r i d g e U n i v e r s i t y Press, C a m b r i d g e , 1983. [19] J . E . R o b e r t s o n . A new class of d i g i t a l d i v i s i o n methods. IRE Trans. Computers, E C - 7 : 2 1 8 - 2 2 2 , Sept. 1958. 42 Electronic [20] V . A . R o h l i n . E x a c t endomorphisms of a Lesbesgue space. Amer. Transl., Math. Soc. 39, 1964. [21] P a u l Shields. The theory of Bernoulli shifts. T h e U n i v e r s i t y of C h i c a g o Press, C h i c a g o , I l l . - L o n d o n , 1973. C h i c a g o Lectures i n M a t h e m a t i c s . [22] R o b e r t Shively. Stationary division. distribution of partial remainders in S-R- T digital P h D thesis, U n i v e r s i t y of Illinois, 1963. [23] K . D . Tocher. Techniques of m u l t i p l i c a t i o n a n d d i v i s i o n for a u t o m a t i c computers. Quart. J. Mech. [24] Peter Walters. An introduction Appl. Math., to ergodic 1982. 43 binary 11:364-384, J u l y - S e p t e m b e r 1958. theory. 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http://www.finedictionary.com/anticipation.html	anticipation Definitions • Northcroft kicking the field goal anticipated by the Navy and feared by the Army • WordNet 3.6 • n anticipation the act of predicting (as by reasoning about the future) • n anticipation something expected (as on the basis of a norm) "each of them had their own anticipations","an indicator of expectancy in development" • n anticipation an expectation • n anticipation anticipating with confidence of fulfillment • * The Fifth of November anticipated in Quite Mad-eira Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary • Anticipation Hasty notion; intuitive preconception. "Many men give themselves up to the first anticipations of their minds." • Anticipation Previous view or impression of what is to happen; instinctive prevision; foretaste; antepast; as, the anticipation of the joys of heaven. "The happy anticipation of renewed existence in company with the spirits of the just." • Anticipation The act of anticipating, taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand, or before the proper time in natural order. "So shall my anticipation prevent your discovery." • Anticipation (Mus) The commencing of one or more tones of a chord with or during the chord preceding, forming a momentary discord. • * Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia • n anticipation The act of being before another in doing something; the act of taking up, placing, or considering something beforehand, before the proper time, or out of the natural order; prior action. • n anticipation Foretaste; realization in advance; previous view or impression of what is to happen afterward; expectation; hope: as, the anticipation of the joys of heaven. • n anticipation Previous notion; preconceived opinion, produced in the mind before the truth is known; slight previous impression; forecast. • n anticipation In logic, the term used since Cicero (Latin anticipatio) to translate the “prolepsis” (πρόληψις) of the Epicureans and Stoics. It denotes any general notion considered as resulting from the action of memory upon experiences more or less similar. Such a notion is called an anticipation because, once possessed, it is called up in its entirety by a mere suggestion. It thus acquaints us with what has not yet been perceived, by a reference to past perceptions. Hence, with later philosophers, the word denotes knowledge drawn from the mind, independently of experience; the knowledge of axioms or first principles. With Bacon an anticipation of nature is a hasty generalization or hypothesis: opposed to an interpretation of nature. In Kant's philosophy, anticipation is the a priori knowledge that every sensation must have degrees of intensive quantity. • n anticipation In medicine, the occurrence in the human body of any phenomenon, morbid or natural, before the usual time. • n anticipation In music, the introduction into a chord of one or more of the component notes of the chord which follows, producing a passing discord. • n anticipation In rhetoric, prolepsis. Synonyms Antepast, preconception, expectation, prevision, foresight, presentiment. • * Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary • n Anticipation act of anticipating: assignment to too early a time: foretaste: previous notion, or presentiment: expectation • * Quotations • Harold Wallace Ross “Think as you work, for in the final analysis, your worth to your company comes not only in solving problems, but also in anticipating them.” • Claude M. Bristol “We usually get what we anticipate.” • Elbert Hubbard “If pleasures are greatest in anticipation, just remember that this is also true of trouble.” • Seneca “Nothing is so wretched or foolish as to anticipate misfortunes. What madness is it to be expecting evil before it comes.” • Benjamin Franklin “Do not anticipate trouble, or worry about what may never happen. Keep in the sunlight.” • Nathan Collins “The very best financial presentation is one that's well thought out and anticipates any questions... answering them in advance.” Etymology Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary L. anticipatio,: cf. F. anticipation, Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary L. anticipāre, -ātumānte, before, cap-ĕre, to take. Usage In literature: He felt himself vanquished, and desired, it would almost seem, to die by anticipation. "History of the Girondists, Volume I" by Alphonse de Lamartine Some of them, therefore, commenced the task, and the emperor anticipated the others. "History of the Expedition to Russia" by Count Philip de Segur The crowd pressed round keenly anticipating some fun. "Sixteen Months in Four German Prisons" by Henry Charles Mahoney We picked twice as many apples as we anticipated. "Trees, Fruits and Flowers of Minnesota, 1916" by Various Not to anticipate, however, let us place under the bell-glass the hunter and the game. "Social Life in the Insect World" by J. H. Fabre From every nook and corner of the house they hunted out chairs and stools, anticipating a real run upon the parsonage. "Prudence of the Parsonage" by Ethel Hueston Still she sat there thinking with all the force of her young brain, partly remembering, partly anticipating. "A Crooked Path" by Mrs. Alexander Besides, in this instance, his magnificent generosity has anticipated me. "The President" by Alfred Henry Lewis The bishop told you that, no doubt, anticipating my own good offices. "The Mayor of Warwick" by Herbert M. Hopkins The mere anticipation of the suspense and the strain of those hours was a torture to me. "The Four Feathers" by A. E. W. Mason She read amused anticipation in his eyes and grew self-conscious at it. "Then I'll Come Back to You" by Larry Evans We have seen the historical results of this mode of procedure in what is denominated the Anticipative or Hypothetical Method. "Continental Monthly , Vol IV, Issue VI, December 1863" by Various But we will not anticipate. "Continental Monthly , Vol I, Issue I, January 1862" by Various But I must not anticipate. "Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol. 3, July, 1851" by Various The biscuits also turn out better than was anticipated. "The Land of Fire" by Mayne Reid The latter she had anticipated with fear and trembling. "Mlle. Fouchette" by Charles Theodore Murray This was the first instance of a sale at an anticipated advance. "The Great Events by Famous Historians, v. 13" by Various Trembling with dread anticipation, he had hurried back to the bench, only to find his fears realized. "Carmen Ariza" by Charles Francis Stocking I did not anticipate that any harm could have happened to him so soon after leaving Petersburg. "The International Spy" by Allen Upward "When Ghost Meets Ghost" by William Frend De Morgan * In poetry: Why should blessings yet in store, Hold us still in expectation? By some fond anticipation: "An Effusion" by Elizabeth Bath With me, your chief, ye then shall know, And own that love is heaven. "O For a Thousand Tongues to Sing" by Charles Wesley Late the days were mark'd with sorrow, Late the nights were mark'd with care; Now the near anticipation, Rises brighter from despair. "Expectation" by Elizabeth Bath Shall we sit still in low-voiced talk Anticipating lamp and book, Or once more take a sauntering walk Hill-ward to catch the sun's last look? "An Autumn Evening" by William Bell Scott Oh I must feel your brain prompt mine, You must be just before, in fine, See and make me see, for your part, New depths of the divine! "By The Fire-Side" by Robert Browning Mighty things were done at Casey's; mighty bouts anticipated On the cheerless Sundays after, with misguided hope deflated, We explained away our failures as we waited for the priest. "St Patricks Day" by John O Brien In news: Amazon Deforestation Rates Double as Farmers Anticipate Pardons. Foothill Music Theatre's summer musical is an anticipated event by musical lovers, as director Jay Manley always manages to assemble a talented team. Delinquency petition anticipated because of juvenile in custody. As you read this‚ the Nissan DeltaWing‚ perhaps the most talked-about race car of this era‚ is undergoing final high-speed testing at several European tracks before its much anticipated appearance at Le Mans. Does your previous career in dental hygiene cross over with your anticipated degree in radiation protection engineering. Make plans to head over to Dermatology and Laser Center of Charleston this Friday, October 26 for their much anticipated Dazzler Day. Early returns on Tuesday in what is anticipated to be a dead-even presidential election contained no surprises, as news. Thousands of New Jersey Families who have children with developmental disabilities are either filled with fear or anticipation as a result of big changes on the state level when it comes to the department now providing their services. (Mukilteo, WA) – The days are getting shorter and the rains will be returning soon, which means that it is time for Diamond Knot Craft Brewing's much-anticipated release of their Ho. In anticipation of the forthcoming ITMA Asia and CITME show in Shanghai, and to underline the importance of the Chinese market, the DiloGroup has decided to launch a Chinese version of its website. One Title Dimmed , Another Anticipated. SAN FRANCISCO — Evil Eye Pictures (www.evileyepictures.com) contributed nearly 200 visual effects shots to Marvel's highly anticipated motion picture, The Avengers. This is a market where unscrupulous suppliers hoard drugs in anticipation of a shortage, and, when it happens, they jack up the price. You learn to anticipate what's ahead by looking down current and literally reading the river. Signs supporting Mississippi State University's football team began popping up across Starkville and campus Thursday in anticipation of MSU's game against No. * In science: When we increase α we anticipate a more ergodic behavior, in particular in the limit α → 1. A Random Walk to a Non-Ergodic Equilibrium Concept Note, however, that f ; (g ; h) = (f ; g); h, so lamination is important.) The canonical embedding GoI(fSetp) ֒→ Lam(GoI(fSetp)) is more interesting than one might have anticipated. Simple multiplicative proof nets with units Although, this agrees with the expected scaling behaviour of the individual terms, this observation implies that the sum rule method yields a much larger theoretical error than we had anticipated. W-exchange/Annihilation amplitudes in LCSR - $B_d^0 \to D_s^-K^+$ as an example Although we had anticipated that the error in the present case is going to be large, the values in the table are at complete variance with our naive expectations. W-exchange/Annihilation amplitudes in LCSR - $B_d^0 \to D_s^-K^+$ as an example We can also learn the value of the proton charge radius by measuring the Lamb shift in muonic hydrogen; and we anticipate news from a related PSI experiment. Precision physics of simple atoms: QED tests, nuclear structure and fundamental constants Thus, as anticipated, a Monte Carlo code capable of calculate quantum probabilities and using ﬁrst principle transition matrices can be constructed. First principles quantum Monte Carlo The importance of the constraint from Z → b¯b could have been anticipated from the NDA estimate of Ref. , requiring δgLb /\|gSM Lb \| . 0.25%. The Minimal Composite Higgs Model and Electroweak Precision Tests We anticipate that randomization might offer substantial beneﬁts whenever a large number of control time-slots is involved. Random decoupling schemes for quantum dynamical control and error suppression The incremental boundedness gives rise to the anticipation that there is a general relation between the amplitude of each excursion and its duration. The relation amplitude ↔ duration determines not only a property of an excursion but the”velocity” of the “motion” on that excursion as well. Fluctuations and Long-Term Stability: from Coherence to Chaos Since the succession of the selections is arbitrary, it is to be anticipated that the global characteristics exhibits permanent irregular variations in time. Fluctuations and Long-Term Stability: from Coherence to Chaos K¯ab′ K¯a ¯b′ ! , KLR = Kab′ Ka ¯b′ K¯ab K¯a¯b ! , KLL = Kab Ka¯b and we have anticipated our identiﬁcation the generating function K (q , P ) with the action K (XL , XR ) by introducing the labels R, L. Generalized Kahler manifolds and off-shell supersymmetry As we anticipated previously we present here a rather straightforward extension of the Lanczos scheme to ﬁnite temperature, in which a small number of excited states of the Hamiltonian matrix are computed. Solving Dynamical Mean-Field Theory at very low temperature using Lanczos Exact Diagonalization One may naively anticipate that this enhancement will enhance the coeﬃcients of sin δ and cos δ in P (νµ → µe ), thereby facilitate the detection of δ . A Simple Parameterization of Matter Effects on Neutrino Oscillations The offset between the blind target values and the actual estimates for this analysis was somewhat larger than anticipated, so the speciﬁed offset does not quite match the actual shift. Measurement of \Omega_m, \Omega_{\Lambda} from a blind analysis of Type Ia supernovae with CMAGIC: Using color information to verify the acceleration of the Universe The physics therein is rich, revealed by considerably numerous amount of studies, but still many issues arise from extensive experiments which anticipate future investigations. Theoretical Aspects of Charge Ordering in Molecular Conductors ***	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.47538870573043823, "perplexity": 9550.025055984537}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": false, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575541297626.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214230830-20191215014830-00504.warc.gz"}
https://www.science.gov/topicpages/s/solving+three-dimensional+potential.html	Sample records for solving three-dimensional potential 1. Comparing precorrected-FFT and fast multipole algorithms for solving three-dimensional potential integral equations SciTech Connect White, J.; Phillips, J.R.; Korsmeyer, T. 1994-12-31 Mixed first- and second-kind surface integral equations with (1/r) and {partial_derivative}/{partial_derivative} (1/r) kernels are generated by a variety of three-dimensional engineering problems. For such problems, Nystroem type algorithms can not be used directly, but an expansion for the unknown, rather than for the entire integrand, can be assumed and the product of the singular kernal and the unknown integrated analytically. Combining such an approach with a Galerkin or collocation scheme for computing the expansion coefficients is a general approach, but generates dense matrix problems. Recently developed fast algorithms for solving these dense matrix problems have been based on multipole-accelerated iterative methods, in which the fast multipole algorithm is used to rapidly compute the matrix-vector products in a Krylov-subspace based iterative method. Another approach to rapidly computing the dense matrix-vector products associated with discretized integral equations follows more along the lines of a multigrid algorithm, and involves projecting the surface unknowns onto a regular grid, then computing using the grid, and finally interpolating the results from the regular grid back to the surfaces. Here, the authors describe a precorrectted-FFT approach which can replace the fast multipole algorithm for accelerating the dense matrix-vector product associated with discretized potential integral equations. The precorrected-FFT method, described below, is an order n log(n) algorithm, and is asymptotically slower than the order n fast multipole algorithm. However, initial experimental results indicate the method may have a significant constant factor advantage for a variety of engineering problems. 2. Three-dimensional potential flow over hills and oval mounds NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Siegel, R. 1976-01-01 An analysis was made of the potential flow behavior for an initially uniform flow passing over a single axisymmetric hill, an oval mound, and a combination of two hills. Small perturbation theory was used, and the resulting Laplace equation for the perturbation velocity potential was solved by using either a product solution or a Green's function. The three dimensional solution is of interest in calculating the pressure distribution around obstacles, the flow of pollutants carried by the wind, and the augmentation of wind velocity for windmill siting. The augmentation in velocity at the top of a hill was found to be proportional to the hill height relative to a characteristic width dimension of the hill. An axisymmetric hill produced about 20 percent less velocity increase than a two dimensional ridge having the same cross-sectional profile. 3. Potential Flows From Three-Dimensional Complex Variables NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Martin, E. Dale; Kelly, Patrick H.; Panton, Ronald L. 1992-01-01 Report presents investigation of several functions of three-dimensional complex variable, with emphasis on potential-flow fields computed from these functions. Part of continuing research on generalization of well-established two-dimensional complex analysis to three and more dimensions. 4. From the Cover: Using three-dimensional microfluidic networks for solving computationally hard problems NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Chiu, Daniel T.; Pezzoli, Elena; Wu, Hongkai; Stroock, Abraham D.; Whitesides, George M. 2001-03-01 This paper describes the design of a parallel algorithm that uses moving fluids in a three-dimensional microfluidic system to solve a nondeterministically polynomial complete problem (the maximal clique problem) in polynomial time. This algorithm relies on (i) parallel fabrication of the microfluidic system, (ii) parallel searching of all potential solutions by using fluid flow, and (iii) parallel optical readout of all solutions. This algorithm was implemented to solve the maximal clique problem for a simple graph with six vertices. The successful implementation of this algorithm to compute solutions for small-size graphs with fluids in microchannels is not useful, per se, but does suggest broader application for microfluidics in computation and control. 5. Three-dimensional potential energy surface of Ar–CO SciTech Connect Sumiyoshi, Yoshihiro; Endo, Yasuki 2015-01-14 A three-dimensional intermolecular potential energy surface of the Ar–CO complex has been determined by fitting most of the previously reported spectroscopic data, where observed transition frequencies by microwave, millimeter-wave, submillimeter-wave, and infrared spectroscopy were reproduced simultaneously within their experimental accuracies. A free rotor model Hamiltonian considering all the freedom of motions for an atom-diatom system was applied to calculate vibration-rotation energies. A three-dimensional potential energy surface obtained by ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T)-F12b/aug-cc-pV5Z level of theory was parameterized by a model function consisting of 46 parameters. They were used as initial values for the least-squares analysis of the experimental data. A total of 20 parameters were optimized to reproduce all the spectroscopic data. 6. Nonisentropic unsteady three dimensional small disturbance potential theory NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gibbons, M. D.; Whitlow, W., Jr.; Williams, M. H. 1986-01-01 Modifications that allow for more accurate modeling of flow fields when strong shocks are present were made into three dimensional transonic small disturbance (TSD) potential theory. The Engquist-Osher type-dependent differencing was incorporated into the solution algorithm. The modified theory was implemented in the XTRAN3S computer code. Steady flows over a rectangular wing with a constant NACA 0012 airfoil section and an aspect ratio of 12 were calculated for freestream Mach numbers (M) of 0.82, 0.84, and 0.86. The obtained results are compared using the modified and unmodified TSD theories and the results from a three dimensional Euler code are presented. Nonunique solutions in three dimensions are shown to appear for the rectangular wing as aspect ratio increases. Steady and unsteady results are shown for the RAE tailplane model at M = 0.90. Calculations using unmodified theory, modified theory and experimental data are compared. 7. Measuring three-dimensional interaction potentials using optical interference. PubMed 2013-04-22 We describe the application of three-dimensional (3D) scattering interferometric (iSCAT) imaging to the measurement of spatial interaction potentials for nano-objects in solution. We study electrostatically trapped gold particles in a nanofluidic device and present details on axial particle localization in the presence of a strongly reflecting interface. Our results demonstrate high-speed (~kHz) particle tracking with subnanometer localization precision in the axial and average 2.5 nm in the lateral dimension. A comparison of the measured levitation heights of trapped particles with the calculated values for traps of various geometries reveals good agreement. Our work demonstrates that iSCAT imaging delivers label-free, high-speed and accurate 3D tracking of nano-objects conducive to probing weak and long-range interaction potentials in solution. PMID:23609648 8. Accurate complex scaling of three dimensional numerical potentials SciTech Connect Cerioni, Alessandro; Genovese, Luigi; Duchemin, Ivan; Deutsch, Thierry 2013-05-28 The complex scaling method, which consists in continuing spatial coordinates into the complex plane, is a well-established method that allows to compute resonant eigenfunctions of the time-independent Schroedinger operator. Whenever it is desirable to apply the complex scaling to investigate resonances in physical systems defined on numerical discrete grids, the most direct approach relies on the application of a similarity transformation to the original, unscaled Hamiltonian. We show that such an approach can be conveniently implemented in the Daubechies wavelet basis set, featuring a very promising level of generality, high accuracy, and no need for artificial convergence parameters. Complex scaling of three dimensional numerical potentials can be efficiently and accurately performed. By carrying out an illustrative resonant state computation in the case of a one-dimensional model potential, we then show that our wavelet-based approach may disclose new exciting opportunities in the field of computational non-Hermitian quantum mechanics. 9. WIND: Computer program for calculation of three dimensional potential compressible flow about wind turbine rotor blades NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dulikravich, D. S. 1980-01-01 A computer program is presented which numerically solves an exact, full potential equation (FPE) for three dimensional, steady, inviscid flow through an isolated wind turbine rotor. The program automatically generates a three dimensional, boundary conforming grid and iteratively solves the FPE while fully accounting for both the rotating cascade and Coriolis effects. The numerical techniques incorporated involve rotated, type dependent finite differencing, a finite volume method, artificial viscosity in conservative form, and a successive line overrelaxation combined with the sequential grid refinement procedure to accelerate the iterative convergence rate. Consequently, the WIND program is capable of accurately analyzing incompressible and compressible flows, including those that are locally transonic and terminated by weak shocks. The program can also be used to analyze the flow around isolated aircraft propellers and helicopter rotors in hover as long as the total relative Mach number of the oncoming flow is subsonic. 10. Hypersingular meshless method using double-layer potentials for three-dimensional exterior acoustic problems. PubMed Young, D L; Chen, K H; Liu, T Y; Wu, C S 2016-01-01 Three-dimensional exterior acoustic problems with irregular domains are solved using a hypersingular meshless method. In particular, the method of fundamental solutions (MFS) is used to formulate and analyze such acoustic problems. It is well known that source points for MFS cannot be located on the real boundary due to the singularity of the kernel functions. Thus, the diagonal terms of the influence matrices are unobtainable when source points are located on the boundary. An efficient approach is proposed to overcome such difficulties, when the MFS is used for three-dimensional exterior acoustic problems. This work is an extension of previous research on two-dimensional problems. The solution of the problem is expressed in terms of a double-layer potential representation on the physical boundary. Three examples are presented in which the proposed method is compared to the MFS and boundary element method. Good numerical performance is demonstrated by the proposed hypersingular meshless method. PMID:26827046 11. A numerical method for solving the three-dimensional parabolized Navier-Stokes equations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dambrosio, Domenic; Marsilio, Robert 1995-01-01 A numerical technique that solves the parabolized form of the Navier-Stokes equations is presented. Such a method makes it possible to obtain very detailed descriptions of the flowfield in a relatively modest CPU time. The present approach is based on a space-marching technique, uses a finite volume discretization and an upwind flux-difference splitting scheme for the evaluation of the inviscid fluxes. Second order accuracy is achieved following the guidelines of the the ENO schemes. The methodology is used to investigate three-dimensional supersonic viscous flows over symmetric corners. Primary and secondary streamwise vortical structures embedded in the boundary layer and originated by the interaction with shock waves are detected and studied. For purpose of validation, results are compared with experimental data extracted from literature. The agreement is found to be satisfactory. In conclusion, the numerical method proposed seems to be promising as it permits, at a reasonable computational expense, investigation of complex three-dimensional flowfields in great detail. 12. Determination of aerodynamic sensitivity coefficients based on the three-dimensional full potential equation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Elbanna, Hesham M.; Carlson, Leland A. 1992-01-01 The quasi-analytical approach is applied to the three-dimensional full potential equation to compute wing aerodynamic sensitivity coefficients in the transonic regime. Symbolic manipulation is used to reduce the effort associated with obtaining the sensitivity equations, and the large sensitivity system is solved using 'state of the art' routines. Results are compared to those obtained by the direct finite difference approach and both methods are evaluated to determine their computational accuracy and efficiency. The quasi-analytical approach is shown to be accurate and efficient for large aerodynamic systems. 13. Nonisentropic unsteady three dimensional small disturbance potential theory NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gibbons, M. D.; Williams, M. H.; Whitlow, W., Jr. 1986-01-01 Nonisentropic modifications to the three-dimensional transonic small disturbance (TSD) theory, which allows for more accurate modeling of transonic flow fields, are described. The modified flux equation and entropy corrections are presented; the Engquist-Osher differencing (1980) is added to the solution algorithm in order to eliminate the velocity overshoots upstream of shocks. The modified theory is tested in the XTRAN3S finite difference computer code. Steady flows over a rectangular NACA 0012 wing with an aspect ratio of 12 are calculated and compared to Euler equation solutions; good correlation is observed between the data and the modified TSD theory provides more accurate data, particularly for the lift curve slope. The nonisentropic theory is evaluated on an RAE tailplane model for steady and unsteady flows and the modified theory results agree well with the experimental data. 14. PAKAL: A THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL TO SOLVE THE RADIATIVE TRANSFER EQUATION SciTech Connect De la Luz, Victor; Lara, Alejandro; Mendoza-Torres, J. E.; Selhorst, Caius L. 2010-06-15 We present a new numerical model called 'Pakal' intended to solve the radiative transfer equation in a three-dimensional (3D) geometry, using the approximation for a locally plane-parallel atmosphere. Pakal uses pre-calculated radial profiles of density and temperature (based on hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, or MHD models) to compute the emission from 3D source structures with high spatial resolution. Then, Pakal solves the radiative transfer equation in a set of (3D) ray paths, going from the source to the observer. Pakal uses a new algorithm to compute the radiative transfer equation by using an intelligent system consisting of three structures: a cellular automaton; an expert system; and a program coordinator. The code outputs can be either two-dimensional maps or one-dimensional profiles, which reproduce the observations with high accuracy, giving detailed physical information about the environment where the radiation was generated and/or transmitted. We present the model applied to a 3D solar radial geometry, assuming a locally plane-parallel atmosphere, and thermal free-free radio emission from hydrogen-helium gas in thermodynamic equilibrium. We also present the convergence test of the code. We computed the synthetic spectrum of the centimetric-millimetric solar emission and found better agreement with observations (up to 10{sup 4} K at 20 GHz) than previous models reported in the literature. The stability and convergence test show the high accuracy of the code. Finally, Pakal can improve the integration time by up to an order of magnitude compared against linear integration codes. 15. Understanding Young Children's Three-Dimensional Creative Potential in Art Making ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Pavlou, Victoria 2009-01-01 This article explores aspects of young children's three-dimensional development in art making. Understanding young children's three-dimensional awareness and development is often a neglected area of early childhood educators' education and practice and often children's creative potential is not fully realised. The present article is based on a… 16. Three-Dimensional Profiles Using a Spherical Cutting Bit: Problem Solving in Practice ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Ollerton, Richard L.; Iskov, Grant H.; Shannon, Anthony G. 2002-01-01 An engineering problem concerned with relating the coordinates of the centre of a spherical cutting tool to the actual cutting surface leads to a potentially rich example of problem-solving techniques. Basic calculus, Lagrange multipliers and vector calculus techniques are employed to produce solutions that may be compared to better understand… 17. Transonic flow analysis for rotors. Part 2: Three-dimensional, unsteady, full-potential calculation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Chang, I. C. 1985-01-01 A numerical method is presented for calculating the three-dimensional unsteady, transonic flow past a helicopter rotor blade of arbitrary geometry. The method solves the full-potential equations in a blade-fixed frame of reference by a time-marching implicit scheme. At the far-field, a set of first-order radiation conditions is imposed, thus minimizing the reflection of outgoing wavelets from computational boundaries. Computed results are presented to highlight radial flow effects in three dimensions, to compare surface pressure distributions to quasi-steady predictions, and to predict the flow field on a swept-tip blade. The results agree well with experimental data for both straight- and swept-tip blade geometries. 18. WIND- THREE DIMENSIONAL POTENTIAL COMPRESSIBLE FLOW ABOUT WIND TURBINE ROTOR BLADES NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dulikravich, D. S. 1994-01-01 This computer program, WIND, was developed to numerically solve the exact, full-potential equation for three-dimensional, steady, inviscid flow through an isolated wind turbine rotor. The program automatically generates a three-dimensional, boundary-conforming grid and iteratively solves the full-potential equation while fully accounting for both the rotating and Coriolis effects. WIND is capable of numerically analyzing the flow field about a given blade shape of the horizontal-axis type wind turbine. The rotor hub is assumed representable by a doubly infinite circular cylinder. An arbitrary number of blades may be attached to the hub and these blades may have arbitrary spanwise distributions of taper and of the twist, sweep, and dihedral angles. An arbitrary number of different airfoil section shapes may be used along the span as long as the spanwise variation of all the geometeric parameters is reasonably smooth. The numerical techniques employed in WIND involve rotated, type-dependent finite differencing, a finite volume method, artificial viscosity in conservative form, and a successive overrelaxation combined with the sequential grid refinement procedure to accelerate the iterative convergence rate. Consequently, WIND is cabable of accurately analyzing incompressible and compressible flows, including those that are locally transonic and terminated by weak shocks. Along with the three-dimensional results, WIND provides the results of the two-dimensional calculations to aid the user in locating areas of possible improvement in the aerodynamic design of the blade. Output from WIND includes the chordwise distribution of the coefficient of pressure, the Mach number, the density, and the relative velocity components at spanwise stations along the blade. In addition, the results specify local values of the lift coefficient and the tangent and axial aerodynamic force components. These are also given in integrated form expressing the total torque and the total axial 19. Three-dimensional guidance system for implant insertion: Part II. Dual axes table--problem solving. PubMed Weinberg, L A; Kruger, B 1999-01-01 The three-dimensional guidance system for implant insertion is a technique for placing a radiopaque vertical orientation pin over the crest of the alveolar ridge on the stone cast during fabrication of the radiographic guide. The cross-sectional and panoramic reformatted images were reproduced on a Polaroid or 35-mm print. The true vertical orientation pin facilitates (1) identification and the exact planned location of each implant in the reformatted images of the CT scan, (2) establishment of the internal starting point for the osteotomy on a photographic print, (3) optimum implant orientation, and (4) measurement of the angulation between the true vertical orientation line and optimum implant orientation. With the aid of a newly developed dual-axes base and transfer of the internal starting point of each implant to the stone cast, the buccolingual and mesiodistal implant inclinations for each implant were transferred to a surgical guide in the form of surgical steel drill guide tubes. The resulting pilot osteotomy transfers to the alveolar bone the exact starting point and the buccolingual and mesiodistal inclination for each implant. The technique provides a three-dimensional guidance system for implant insertion that is extremely accurate and yet practical. PMID:10709472 20. General design method for three-dimensional potential flow fields. 1: Theory NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stanitz, J. D. 1980-01-01 A general design method was developed for steady, three dimensional, potential, incompressible or subsonic-compressible flow. In this design method, the flow field, including the shape of its boundary, was determined for arbitrarily specified, continuous distributions of velocity as a function of arc length along the boundary streamlines. The method applied to the design of both internal and external flow fields, including, in both cases, fields with planar symmetry. The analytic problems associated with stagnation points, closure of bodies in external flow fields, and prediction of turning angles in three dimensional ducts were reviewed. 1. Three-Dimensional High-Order Spectral Volume Method for Solving Maxwell's Equations on Unstructured Grids NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Liu, Yen; Vinokur, Marcel; Wang, Z. J. 2004-01-01 A three-dimensional, high-order, conservative, and efficient discontinuous spectral volume (SV) method for the solutions of Maxwell's equations on unstructured grids is presented. The concept of discontinuous 2nd high-order loca1 representations to achieve conservation and high accuracy is utilized in a manner similar to the Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method, but instead of using a Galerkin finite-element formulation, the SV method is based on a finite-volume approach to attain a simpler formulation. Conventional unstructured finite-volume methods require data reconstruction based on the least-squares formulation using neighboring cell data. Since each unknown employs a different stencil, one must repeat the least-squares inversion for every cell at each time step, or to store the inversion coefficients. In a high-order, three-dimensional computation, the former would involve impractically large CPU time, while for the latter the memory requirement becomes prohibitive. In the SV method, one starts with a relatively coarse grid of triangles or tetrahedra, called spectral volumes (SVs), and partition each SV into a number of structured subcells, called control volumes (CVs), that support a polynomial expansion of a desired degree of precision. The unknowns are cell averages over CVs. If all the SVs are partitioned in a geometrically similar manner, the reconstruction becomes universal as a weighted sum of unknowns, and only a few universal coefficients need to be stored for the surface integrals over CV faces. Since the solution is discontinuous across the SV boundaries, a Riemann solver is thus necessary to maintain conservation. In the paper, multi-parameter and symmetric SV partitions, up to quartic for triangle and cubic for tetrahedron, are first presented. The corresponding weight coefficients for CV face integrals in terms of CV cell averages for each partition are analytically determined. These discretization formulas are then applied to the integral form of 2. Three-dimensional potential flows from functions of a 3D complex variable NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kelly, Patrick; Panton, Ronald L.; Martin, E. D. 1990-01-01 Potential, or ideal, flow velocities can be found from the gradient of an harmonic function. An ordinary complex valued analytic function can be written as the sum of two real valued functions, both of which are harmonic. Thus, 2D complex valued functions serve as a source of functions that describe two-dimensional potential flows. However, this use of complex variables has been limited to two-dimensions. Recently, a new system of three-dimensional complex variables has been developed at the NASA Ames Research Center. As a step toward application of this theory to the analysis of 3D potential flow, several functions of a three-dimensional complex variable have been investigated. The results for two such functions, the 3D exponential and 3D logarithm, are presented in this paper. Potential flows found from these functions are investigated. Important characteristics of these flows fields are noted. 3. Use of edge-based finite elements for solving three dimensional scattering problems NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Chatterjee, A.; Jin, J. M.; Volakis, John L. 1991-01-01 Edge based finite elements are free from drawbacks associated with node based vectorial finite elements and are, therefore, ideal for solving 3-D scattering problems. The finite element discretization using edge elements is checked by solving for the resonant frequencies of a closed inhomogeneously filled metallic cavity. Great improvements in accuracy are observed when compared to the classical node based approach with no penalty in terms of computational time and with the expected absence of spurious modes. A performance comparison between the edge based tetrahedra and rectangular brick elements is carried out and tetrahedral elements are found to be more accurate than rectangular bricks for a given storage intensity. A detailed formulation for the scattering problem with various approaches for terminating the finite element mesh is also presented. 4. Potential-based methodology for active sound control in three dimensional settings. PubMed Lim, H; Utyuzhnikov, S V; Lam, Y W; Kelly, L 2014-09-01 This paper extends a potential-based approach to active noise shielding with preservation of wanted sound in three-dimensional settings. The approach, which was described in a previous publication [Lim et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129(2), 717-725 (2011)], provides several significant advantages over conventional noise control methods. Most significantly, the methodology does not require any information including the characterization of sources, impedance boundary conditions and surrounding medium, and that the methodology automatically differentiates between the wanted and unwanted sound components. The previous publication proved the concept in one-dimensional conditions. In this paper, the approach for more realistic conditions is studied by numerical simulation and experimental validation in three-dimensional cases. The results provide a guideline to the implementation of the active shielding method with practical three-dimensional conditions. Through numerical simulation it is demonstrated that while leaving the wanted sound unchanged, the developed approach offers selective volumetric noise cancellation within a targeted domain. In addition, the method is implemented in a three-dimensional experiment with a white noise source in a semi-anechoic chamber. The experimental study identifies practical difficulties and limitations in the use of the approach for real applications. PMID:25190385 5. Detection and analysis of coherent groups in three-dimensional fully-nonlinear potential wave fields NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Sanina, E. V.; Suslov, S. A.; Chalikov, D.; Babanin, A. V. 2016-07-01 We investigate the emergence of coherent groups in three-dimensional fully-nonlinear potential deep water waves whose initial spectrum is assumed to be of the JONSWAP type with directional distribution given by cos nθ, where n is the integer varying from 1 to 16. The analysis is based on the results of long-term wave simulations performed using a numerical solution of a three-dimensional Laplace equation for the velocity potential subject to nonlinear kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions at the free surface. The main characteristics of wave groups such as their average velocity, maximum group wave height, lifetime and length are analysed. The statistics of extreme waves occurring in the detected groups are discussed. Spatial and temporal scale characteristics of wave groups are compared to the previous results. 6. QSONIC- FULL POTENTIAL TRANSONIC, QUASI-THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOW THROUGH A ROTATING TURBOMACHINERY BLADE ROW NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Farrell, C. A. 1994-01-01 7. Effect of Cardiac Tissue Anisotropy on Three-Dimensional Electrical Action Potential Propagation NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) He, Zhi Zhu; Liu, Jing A three-dimensional (3D) electrical action potential propagation model is developed to characterize the integrated effect of cardiac tissue structure using a homogenous function with a spatial inhomogeneity. This method may be more effective for bridging the gap between computational models and experimental data for cardiac tissue anisotropy. A generalized 3D eikonal relation considering anisotropy and a self-similar evolution solution of such a relation are derived to identify the effect of anisotropy and predict the anisotropy-induced electrical wave propagation instabilities. Furthermore, the phase field equation is introduced to obtain the complex three-dimensional numerical solution of the new correlation. The present results are expected to be valuable for better understanding the physiological behavior of cardiac tissues. 8. Potentials for Spatial Geometry Curriculum Development with Three-Dimensional Dynamic Geometry Software in Lower Secondary Mathematics ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Miyazaki, Mikio; Kimiho, Chino; Katoh, Ryuhei; Arai, Hitoshi; Ogihara, Fumihiro; Oguchi, Yuichi; Morozumi, Tatsuo; Kon, Mayuko; Komatsu, Kotaro 2012-01-01 Three-dimensional dynamic geometry software has the power to enhance students' learning of spatial geometry. The purpose of this research is to clarify what potential using three-dimensional dynamic geometry software can offer us in terms of how to develop the spatial geometry curriculum in lower secondary schools. By focusing on the impacts the… 9. Transport signatures of surface potentials on three-dimensional topological insulators NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Roy, Sthitadhi; Das, Sourin 2016-02-01 The spin-momentum-locked nature of the robust surface states of three-dimensional topological insulators (3D TIs) makes them promising candidates for spintronics applications. Surface potentials which respect time-reversal symmetry can exist at the surface between a 3D TI and the trivial vacuum. These potentials can distort the spin texture of the surface states while retaining their gapless nature. In this work, the effect of all such surface potentials on the spin textures is studied. Since a tunnel magnetoresistance signal carries the information of the spin texture, it is proposed that spin-polarized tunneling of electrons to a 3D TI surface can be used to uniquely identify the surface potentials and quantitatively characterize them. 10. Phase diagram of the three-dimensional Anderson model for short-range speckle potentials NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Pasek, M.; Zhao, Z.; Delande, D.; Orso, G. 2015-11-01 We investigate the localization properties of atoms moving in a three-dimensional optical lattice in the presence of a disorder potential having the same probability distribution P (V ) as laser speckles, and a spatial correlation length much shorter than the lattice spacing. We find that the disorder-averaged (single-particle) Green's function, calculated via the coherent-potential approximation, is in very good agreement with exact numerics. Using the transfer-matrix method, we compute the phase diagram in the energy-disorder plane and show that its peculiar shape can be understood from the self-consistent theory of localization. In particular, we recover the large asymmetry in the position of the mobility edge for blue and red speckles, which was recently observed numerically for spatially correlated speckle potentials. 11. Three-dimensional transonic potential flow about complex 3-dimensional configurations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Reyhner, T. A. 1984-01-01 An analysis has been developed and a computer code written to predict three-dimensional subsonic or transonic potential flow fields about lifting or nonlifting configurations. Possible condfigurations include inlets, nacelles, nacelles with ground planes, S-ducts, turboprop nacelles, wings, and wing-pylon-nacelle combinations. The solution of the full partial differential equation for compressible potential flow written in terms of a velocity potential is obtained using finite differences, line relaxation, and multigrid. The analysis uses either a cylindrical or Cartesian coordinate system. The computational mesh is not body fitted. The analysis has been programmed in FORTRAN for both the CDC CYBER 203 and the CRAY-1 computers. Comparisons of computed results with experimental measurement are presented. Descriptions of the program input and output formats are included. 12. Natural element method for solving radiative transfer with or without conduction in three-dimensional complex geometries NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Zhang, Yong; Ma, Yu; Yi, Hong-Liang; Tan, He-Ping 2013-11-01 A meshless method called as the natural element method (NEM) is developed for solving radiative heat transfer problem in 3D complex enclosures filled with an absorbing, emitting and scattering medium. The boundary surfaces are supposed to be opaque, diffuse as well as gray. The shape functions used in NEM are constructed by the natural neighbor interpolations, which are strictly interpolant and the essential boundary conditions can be imposed directly. The NEM solutions dealing with the radiative heat transfer with or without conduction are validated by comparison with some cases reported by the literature. Furthermore, the radiative heat transfer in cubic enclosures with or without an inner hollow sphere, cylinder and elliptical cylinder is also examined to demonstrate the applicability of the present method towards various three-dimensional geometries. For pure radiative transfer, both the cases of radiative non-equilibrium and radiative equilibrium are investigated. For combined conduction and radiation heat transfer, effects of various parameters such as the conduction-radiation parameter, the scattering albedo, the extinction coefficient, and the boundary emissivity are analyzed on the temperature distributions. 13. [Algorithm study on the three-dimensional cardiac tissue based on the model of ventricular action potential]. PubMed Zhang, Hong; Ming, Lequn; Jin, Yinbin; Li, Mingjun; Zhang, Zhenxi; Lin, Yang 2010-02-01 Cardiac reentry is one of the important factors to induce arrhythmias. It could lead to ventricular tachycardia (VT) or even fibrillation (VF), resulting in sudden cardiac death. With the wide use of computer in the quantitative study of electrophysiology, the three-dimensional virtual heart for simulations needs to be developed imminently in computer. In this paper, numerical algorithm of the model was studied. The three-dimensional model was constructed by integrating Luo-Rudy 1991 ventricular cell model and diffusion equation. The operator splitting method was employed to solve the model. The alternate direction iterative (ADI) format and seven-point centered difference method were used for the partial differential equation. And the discrete format with second-order accuracy was taken for the boundary conditions. The results showed that the ADI format and seven-point centered difference method both could successfully figure out the membrane potential and electrical activities with good numerical stability. However, computing consumption could be greatly reduced with the ADI format, implying that the ADI method with large time step was more powerful in numerical simulations. PMID:20337013 14. A three-dimensional potential-flow program with a geometry package for input data generation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Halsey, N. D. 1978-01-01 Information needed to run a computer program for the calculation of the potential flow about arbitrary three dimensional lifting configurations is presented. The program contains a geometry package which greatly reduces the task of preparing the input data. Starting from a very sparse set of coordinate data, the program automatically augments and redistributes the coordinates, calculates curves of intersection between components, and redistributes coordinates in the regions adjacent to the intersection curves in a suitable manner for use in the potential flow calculations. A brief summary of the program capabilities and options is given, as well as detailed instructions for the data input, a suggested structure for the program overlay, and the output for two test cases. 15. Three dimensional potential and current distributions in a Hall generator with assumed velocity profiles NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stankiewicz, N.; Palmer, R. W. 1972-01-01 Three-dimensional potential and current distributions in a Faraday segmented MHD generator operating in the Hall mode are computed. Constant conductivity and a Hall parameter of 1.0 is assumed. The electric fields and currents are assumed to be coperiodic with the electrode structure. The flow is assumed to be fully developed and a family of power-law velocity profiles, ranging from parabolic to turbulent, is used to show the effect of the fullness of the velocity profile. Calculation of the square of the current density shows that nonequilibrium heating is not likely to occur along the boundaries. This seems to discount the idea that the generator insulating walls are regions of high conductivity and are therefore responsible for boundary-layer shorting, unless the shorting is a surface phenomenon on the insulating material. 16. Three-Dimensional Soil Landscape Modeling: A Potential Earth Science Teaching Tool ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Schmid, Brian M.; Manu, Andrew; Norton, Amy E. 2009-01-01 Three-dimensional visualization is helpful in understanding soils, and three dimensional (3-D) tools are gaining popularity in teaching earth sciences. Those tools are still somewhat underused in soil science, yet soil properties such as texture, color, and organic carbon content vary both vertically and horizontally across the landscape. These… 17. Increased Paracrine Immunomodulatory Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Three-Dimensional Culture. PubMed Follin, Bjarke; Juhl, Morten; Cohen, Smadar; Perdersen, Anders Elm; Kastrup, Jens; Ekblond, Annette 2016-08-01 Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated extensively through the past years, proving to have great clinical therapeutic potential. In vitro cultivation of MSCs in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, such as scaffolds, hydrogels, or spheroids, have recently gained attention for tissue engineering applications. Studies on MSC spheroids demonstrated that such cultivation increased the paracrine immunomodulatory potential of the MSCs, accompanied by phenotypic alterations. In this review, we gather results from recent experimental studies on the immunomodulatory abilities of MSCs when cultured as spheroids or in biomaterials like scaffolds or hydrogels compared to regular two-dimensional (2D) culture and show that alterations occurring to MSCs in spheroids also occur in MSCs in biomaterials. We provide a brief description of known mechanisms of MSC immunomodulatory capacity and how they are altered in the two 3D culture systems, together with phenotypic cellular changes. Based on the present knowledge, we highlight vital areas in need of further investigation. The impact of 3D environments on immunomodulation has great potential for tissue engineering and cellular therapy, and this is the first review to gather this knowledge with a comparison across different 3D environments. PMID:26861485 18. Cancer cell stiffness: integrated roles of three-dimensional matrix stiffness and transforming potential. PubMed Baker, Erin L; Lu, Jing; Yu, Dihua; Bonnecaze, Roger T; Zaman, Muhammad H 2010-10-01 While significant advances have been made toward revealing the molecular mechanisms that influence breast cancer progression, much less is known about the associated cellular mechanical properties. To this end, we use particle-tracking microrheology to investigate the interplay among intracellular mechanics, three-dimensional matrix stiffness, and transforming potential in a mammary epithelial cell (MEC) cancer progression series. We use a well-characterized model system where human-derived MCF10A MECs overexpress either ErbB2, 14-3-3ζ, or both ErbB2 and 14-3-3ζ, with empty vector as a control. Our results show that MECs possessing ErbB2 transforming potential stiffen in response to elevated matrix stiffness, whereas non-transformed MECs or those overexpressing only 14-3-3ζ do no exhibit this response. We further observe that overexpression of ErbB2 alone is associated with the highest degree of intracellular sensitivity to matrix stiffness, and that the effect of transforming potential on intracellular stiffness is matrix-stiffness-dependent. Moreover, our intracellular stiffness measurements parallel cell migration behavior that has been previously reported for these MEC sublines. Given the current knowledge base of breast cancer mechanobiology, these findings suggest that there may be a positive relationship among intracellular stiffness sensitivity, cell motility, and perturbed mechanotransduction in breast cancer. PMID:20923638 19. In vivo neuronal action potential recordings via three-dimensional microscale needle-electrode arrays PubMed Central Fujishiro, Akifumi; Kaneko, Hidekazu; Kawashima, Takahiro; Ishida, Makoto; Kawano, Takeshi 2014-01-01 Very fine needle-electrode arrays potentially offer both low invasiveness and high spatial resolution of electrophysiological neuronal recordings in vivo. Herein we report the penetrating and recording capabilities of silicon-growth-based three-dimensional microscale-diameter needle-electrodes arrays. The fabricated needles exhibit a circular-cone shape with a 3-μm-diameter tip and a 210-μm length. Due to the microscale diameter, our silicon needles are more flexible than other microfabricated silicon needles with larger diameters. Coating the microscale-needle-tip with platinum black results in an impedance of ~600 kΩ in saline with output/input signal amplitude ratios of more than 90% at 40 Hz–10 kHz. The needles can penetrate into the whisker barrel area of a rat's cerebral cortex, and the action potentials recorded from some neurons exhibit peak-to-peak amplitudes of ~300 μVpp. These results demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo neuronal action potential recordings with a microscale needle-electrode array fabricated using silicon growth technology. PMID:24785307 20. In vivo neuronal action potential recordings via three-dimensional microscale needle-electrode arrays NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Fujishiro, Akifumi; Kaneko, Hidekazu; Kawashima, Takahiro; Ishida, Makoto; Kawano, Takeshi 2014-05-01 Very fine needle-electrode arrays potentially offer both low invasiveness and high spatial resolution of electrophysiological neuronal recordings in vivo. Herein we report the penetrating and recording capabilities of silicon-growth-based three-dimensional microscale-diameter needle-electrodes arrays. The fabricated needles exhibit a circular-cone shape with a 3-μm-diameter tip and a 210-μm length. Due to the microscale diameter, our silicon needles are more flexible than other microfabricated silicon needles with larger diameters. Coating the microscale-needle-tip with platinum black results in an impedance of ~600 kΩ in saline with output/input signal amplitude ratios of more than 90% at 40 Hz-10 kHz. The needles can penetrate into the whisker barrel area of a rat's cerebral cortex, and the action potentials recorded from some neurons exhibit peak-to-peak amplitudes of ~300 μVpp. These results demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo neuronal action potential recordings with a microscale needle-electrode array fabricated using silicon growth technology. 1. In vivo neuronal action potential recordings via three-dimensional microscale needle-electrode arrays. PubMed Fujishiro, Akifumi; Kaneko, Hidekazu; Kawashima, Takahiro; Ishida, Makoto; Kawano, Takeshi 2014-01-01 Very fine needle-electrode arrays potentially offer both low invasiveness and high spatial resolution of electrophysiological neuronal recordings in vivo. Herein we report the penetrating and recording capabilities of silicon-growth-based three-dimensional microscale-diameter needle-electrodes arrays. The fabricated needles exhibit a circular-cone shape with a 3-μm-diameter tip and a 210-μm length. Due to the microscale diameter, our silicon needles are more flexible than other microfabricated silicon needles with larger diameters. Coating the microscale-needle-tip with platinum black results in an impedance of ~600 kΩ in saline with output/input signal amplitude ratios of more than 90% at 40 Hz-10 kHz. The needles can penetrate into the whisker barrel area of a rat's cerebral cortex, and the action potentials recorded from some neurons exhibit peak-to-peak amplitudes of ~300 μVpp. These results demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo neuronal action potential recordings with a microscale needle-electrode array fabricated using silicon growth technology. PMID:24785307 2. Effective solving of three-dimensional gas dynamics problems with the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Korneev, B. A.; Levchenko, V. D. 2016-03-01 In this paper we present the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method (RKDG method) for the numerical solution of the Euler equations of gas dynamics. The method is being tested on a series of Riemann problems in the one-dimensional case. For the implementation of the method in the three-dimensional case, a DiamondTorre algorithm is proposed. It belongs to the class of the locally recursive non-locally asynchronous algorithms (LRnLA). With the help of this algorithm a significant increase of speed of calculations is achieved. As an example of the three-dimensional computing, a problem of the interaction of a bubble with a shock wave is considered. 3. Computer prediction of three-dimensional potential flow fields in which aircraft propellers operate: Computer program description and users manual NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jumper, S. J. 1979-01-01 A method was developed for predicting the potential flow velocity field at the plane of a propeller operating under the influence of a wing-fuselage-cowl or nacelle combination. A computer program was written which predicts the three dimensional potential flow field. The contents of the program, its input data, and its output results are described. 4. Lattice Boltzmann implementation of the three-dimensional Ben-Naim potential for water-like fluids NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Moradi, Nasrollah; Greiner, Andreas; Rao, Francesco; Succi, Sauro 2013-03-01 We develop a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann (LB) model accounting for directional interactions between water-like molecules, based on the so-called Ben-Naim (BN) potential [A. Ben-Naim, Molecular Theory of Water and Aqueous Solutions: Part I: Understanding Water (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2010); A. Ben-Naim, "Statistical mechanics of waterlike' particles in two dimensions. I. Physical model and application of the Percus-Yevick equation," J. Chem. Phys. 54, 3682 (1971)], 10.1063/1.1675414. The water-like molecules are represented by rigid tetrahedra, with two donors and two acceptors at the corners and interacting with neighboring tetrahedra, sitting on the nodes of a regular lattice. The tetrahedra are free to rotate about their centers under the drive of the torque arising from the interparticle potential. The orientations of the water molecules are evolved in time via an overdamped Langevin dynamics for the torque, which is solved by means of a quaternion technique. The resulting advection-diffusion-reaction equation for the quaternion components is solved by a LB method, acting as a dynamic minimizer for the global energy of the fluid. By adding thermal fluctuations to the torque equation, the model is shown to reproduce some microscopic features of real water, such as an average number of hydrogen bonds per molecules (HBs) between 3 and 4, in a qualitative agreement with microscopic water models. Albeit slower than a standard LB solver for ordinary fluids, the present scheme opens up potentially far-reaching scenarios for multiscale applications based on a coarse-grained representation of the water solvent. 5. Lattice Boltzmann implementation of the three-dimensional Ben-Naim potential for water-like fluids. PubMed Moradi, Nasrollah; Greiner, Andreas; Rao, Francesco; Succi, Sauro 2013-03-28 We develop a three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann (LB) model accounting for directional interactions between water-like molecules, based on the so-called Ben-Naim (BN) potential [A. Ben-Naim, Molecular Theory of Water and Aqueous Solutions: Part I: Understanding Water (World Scientific Publishing Company, 2010); "Statistical mechanics of 'waterlike' particles in two dimensions. I. Physical model and application of the Percus-Yevick equation," J. Chem. Phys. 54, 3682 (1971)]. The water-like molecules are represented by rigid tetrahedra, with two donors and two acceptors at the corners and interacting with neighboring tetrahedra, sitting on the nodes of a regular lattice. The tetrahedra are free to rotate about their centers under the drive of the torque arising from the interparticle potential. The orientations of the water molecules are evolved in time via an overdamped Langevin dynamics for the torque, which is solved by means of a quaternion technique. The resulting advection-diffusion-reaction equation for the quaternion components is solved by a LB method, acting as a dynamic minimizer for the global energy of the fluid. By adding thermal fluctuations to the torque equation, the model is shown to reproduce some microscopic features of real water, such as an average number of hydrogen bonds per molecules (HBs) between 3 and 4, in a qualitative agreement with microscopic water models. Albeit slower than a standard LB solver for ordinary fluids, the present scheme opens up potentially far-reaching scenarios for multiscale applications based on a coarse-grained representation of the water solvent. PMID:23556707 6. Visual evoked potentials in three-dimensional color space: correlates of spatio-chromatic processing. PubMed Rabin, J; Switkes, E; Crognale, M; Schneck, M E; Adams, A J 1994-10-01 Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were measured for sinusoidal gratings with spatio-chromatic modulation defined in a three-dimensional color space. The spatio-chromatic modulation of the gratings can be decomposed into contributions from an achromatic luminance varying component, an isoluminant component which modulates only the activities of L cones and M cones, and an isoluminant component corresponding to modulation of only S-cone activity. The emphasis of this report is the nature of VEPs resulting from isoluminant spatio-chromatic modulation. The VEP response was characterized along a number of spatial, temporal, and chromatic stimulus dimensions: contrast, spatial frequency, chromaticity in the isoluminant plane, chrominance/luminance ratio, orientation, and temporal frequency. Isoluminant VEPs resulting from stimuli modulating L and M cones are compared with those from S-cone modulation. When appropriate spatiotemporal conditions are employed, both types produce robust VEPs; however, the S-pathway VEPs show considerably longer latencies than do those from LM-pathway activation. The VEP results are compared to psychophysical and single unit electrophysiological observations. VEP latencies exhibit the lowpass character of psychophysical chromatic contrast sensitivity functions but VEP amplitudes show bandpass tuning along both the S and LM axes. An oblique effect, i.e. shorter latencies for horizontal and vertical gratings than for diagonal, is observed in the isoluminant VEP. S-pathway VEPs are used to demonstrate an electophysiological correlate of transient tritanopia. Normative amplitude and latency data for VEPs from selectivity stimulated chromatic mechanisms provide a baseline for clinical electrodiagnostic applications. PMID:7975303 7. Three-Dimensional Media Technologies: Potentials for Study in Visual Literacy. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Thwaites, Hal This paper presents an overview of three-dimensional media technologies (3Dmt). Many of the new 3Dmt are the direct result of interactions of computing, communications, and imaging technologies. Computer graphics are particularly well suited to the creation of 3D images due to the high resolution and programmable nature of the current displays.… 8. Comparison of computational results of a few representative three-dimensional transonic potential flow analysis programs NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Tanaka, K.; Hirose, H. 1986-01-01 The development of transonic aerodynamic computation methods and specific examples, as well as examples of three-dimensional transonic computation in design, are discussed. The case of the transonic transport and the case of the small transport are analyzed. Requirements for programs of the future are itemized. 9. Full potential solution of transonic quasi-three-dimensional flow through a cascade using artificial compressibility SciTech Connect Farrell, C.; Adamczyk, J. 1982-01-01 A reliable method is presented for calculating the flowfield about a cascade of arbitrary two-dimensional airfoils. The method approximates the three-dimensional flow in a turbomachinery blade row by correcting for streamtube convergence and radius change in the throughflow direction. 12 refs. 10. A three-dimensional coupled Nitsche and level set method for electrohydrodynamic potential flows in moving domains NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Johansson, A.; Garzon, M.; Sethian, J. A. 2016-03-01 In this paper we present a new algorithm for computing three-dimensional electrohydrodynamic flow in moving domains which can undergo topological changes. We consider a non-viscous, irrotational, perfect conducting fluid and introduce a way to model the electrically charged flow with an embedded potential approach. To numerically solve the resulting system, we combine a level set method to track both the free boundary and the surface velocity potential with a Nitsche finite element method for solving the Laplace equations. This results in an algorithmic framework that does not require body-conforming meshes, works in three dimensions, and seamlessly tracks topological change. Assembling this coupled system requires care: while convergence and stability properties of Nitsche's methods have been well studied for static problems, they have rarely been considered for moving domains or for obtaining the gradients of the solution on the embedded boundary. We therefore investigate the performance of the symmetric and non-symmetric Nitsche formulations, as well as two different stabilization techniques. The global algorithm and in particular the coupling between the Nitsche solver and the level set method are also analyzed in detail. Finally we present numerical results for several time-dependent problems, each one designed to achieve a specific objective: (a) The oscillation of a perturbed sphere, which is used for convergence studies and the examination of the Nitsche methods; (b) The break-up of a two lobe droplet with axial symmetry, which tests the capability of the algorithm to go past flow singularities such as topological changes and preservation of an axi-symmetric flow, and compares results to previous axi-symmetric calculations; (c) The electrohydrodynamical deformation of a thin film and subsequent jet ejection, which will account for the presence of electrical forces in a non-axi-symmetric geometry. 11. A high-resolution hybrid scheme for solving three dimensional euler equations of high speed inlet flows NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wang, Bao-Guo; Liu, Qiu-Sheng; Bian, Yin-Gui 1996-07-01 A new and efficient three-dimensional implicit hybrid scheme for Euler equations is presented. The basic scheme is the coupling of the Jameson and Turkel’s LU decompositions and Prof. Zhang Hanxin’s NND concept. The improved LU decompositions are applied to discretize the implicit part of the Euler Equations and Zhang’s modified flux function to calculate the right hand side operators of the hybrid scheme. Numerical calculations were made of supersonic inlet flows with mixed external-internal compressions. Some of the computed results were compared with available wind tunnel data. 12. Recording long-term potentiation of synaptic transmission by three-dimensional multi-electrode arrays PubMed Central Kopanitsa, Maksym V; Afinowi, Nurudeen O; Grant, Seth GN 2006-01-01 Background Multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) have become popular tools for recording spontaneous and evoked electrical activity of excitable tissues. The majority of previous studies of synaptic transmission in brain slices employed MEAs with planar electrodes that had limited ability to detect signals coming from deeper, healthier layers of the slice. To overcome this limitation, we used three-dimensional (3D) MEAs with tip-shaped electrodes to probe plasticity of field excitatory synaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in the CA1 area of hippocampal slices of 129S5/SvEvBrd and C57BL/6J-TyrC-Brd mice. Results Using 3D MEAs, we were able to record larger fEPSPs compared to signals measured by planar MEAs. Several stimulation protocols were used to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic responses in the CA1 area recorded following excitation of Schäffer collateral/commissural fibres. Either two trains of high frequency tetanic stimulation or three trains of theta-burst stimulation caused a persistent, pathway specific enhancement of fEPSPs that remained significantly elevated for at least 60 min. A third LTP induction protocol that comprised 150 pulses delivered at 5 Hz, evoked moderate LTP if excitation strength was increased to 1.5× of the baseline stimulus. In all cases, we observed a clear spatial plasticity gradient with maximum LTP levels detected in proximal apical dendrites of pyramidal neurones. No significant differences in the manifestation of LTP were observed between 129S5/SvEvBrd and C57BL/6J-TyrC-Brd mice with the three protocols used. All forms of plasticity were sensitive to inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Conclusion Principal features of LTP (magnitude, pathway specificity, NMDA receptor dependence) recorded in the hippocampal slices using MEAs were very similar to those seen in conventional glass electrode experiments. Advantages of using MEAs are the ability to record from different regions of the slice and the ease of conducting 13. [The potential of three-dimensional tumor models and cell culturing in cancer research and diagnostics]. PubMed Alföldi, Róbert; Szebeni, János Gábor; Puskás, László G 2015-12-01 In vitro testing of antitumor agents on human cancer cell lines has become essential in pharmaceutical research and in clinical practice. Although the most widely used technique is the two-dimensional cell growing protocol (in tissue culture plates), the new three-dimensional methods are becoming more and more popular as their structure and complexity is more similar to the microenvironment of the real tumor. The aim of the present study is to describe the most widely used in vitro three-dimensional tumor models and to compare a RAFT(TM) three dimensional in vitro tumor model with the traditional two-dimensional tumor cell cultures. In the study, the viability and the enzyme activity of cultured A549 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells under different conditions were compared. The results show that while the number of necrotic cells increased significantly (20-fold; 2D/A549 T75 conventional tissue culture flask 1.6%; 2D/A549-collagen coated T75 tissue culture flask 1.45%, RAFT(TM) 22.11%) during long culturing period in the RAFT(TM) three-dimensional in vitro tumor model, there was no significant difference during the conventional antitumor screening period (3-5 day) compared to the traditional two-dimensional cell cultures. The structure of the tumor cell islets grown with RAFT(TM) is much more complex than that of the traditional two-dimensional cultures. Thus, similarly to the in vivo tumor microenvironment, there is also a collagen matrix in the extracellular space which can have significant effect on the diffusion of the antitumor agents to cells. In conclusion, it can be stated that testing of antitumor agents on tumor cells cultured in three-dimensional systems can be an important complementary method to the traditional two-dimensional in vitro analyses. The results of the new three-dimensional method can be more easily applied in the in vivo analysis and translated into clinical practice. PMID:26665190 14. Effects of spacecraft potential on three-dimensional electron measurements in the solar wind SciTech Connect Scime, E.E.; Phillips, J.L.; Bame, S.J. 1994-08-01 Using the three-dimensional, low-energy electron spectrometer aboard the Ulysses spacecraft, the authors have measured the gyrotropicity of electron distributions in the solar wind. In order to make these observations, they have developed a new technique for correcting spacecraft charging effects in three-dimensional, low-energy particle measurements. Comparisons of ion and electron number and current densities, and the alignment of electron temperature anisotropies with the local magnetic field, are presented as evidence of the improvement in the accuracy of the electron moments resulting from the spacecraft charging corrections. The implications of these charging correction technique go beyond simple scalar corrections to the Ulysses measurements. They discuss the effects of their charging correction upon the measurements of temporal and radial gradients in a plasma environment and for two-dimensionally obtained low-energy particle data. 17 refs., 12 figs. 15. A three-dimensional dual potential procedure with applications to wind tunnel inlets and interacting boundary layers NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rao, K. V.; Pletcher, R. H.; Steger, J. L.; Vandalsem, W. R. 1987-01-01 A dual potential decomposition of the velocity field into a scalar and a vector potential function is extended to three dimensions and used in the finite-difference simulation of steady three-dimensional inviscid rotational flows and viscous flow. The finite-difference procedure was used to simulate the flow through the 80 by 120 ft wind tunnel at NASA Ames Research Center. Rotational flow produced by the stagnation pressure drop across vanes and screens which are located at the entrance of the inlet is modeled using actuator disk theory. Results are presented for two different inlet vane and screen configurations. The numerical predictions are in good agreement with experimental data. The dual potential procedure was also applied to calculate the viscous flow along two and three dimensional troughs. Viscous effects are simulated by injecting vorticity which is computed from a boundary layer algorithm. For attached flow over a three dimensional trough, the present calculations are in good agreement with other numerical predictions. For separated flow, it is shown from a two dimensional analysis that the boundary layer approximation provides an accurate measure of the vorticity in regions close to the wall; whereas further away from the wall, caution has to be exercised in using the boundary-layer equations to supply vorticity to the dual potential formulation. 16. Nested multigrid vector and scalar potential finite element method for three-dimensional time-harmonic electromagnetic analysis NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Zhu, Yu; Cangellaris, Andreas C. 2002-05-01 A new finite element methodology is presented for fast and robust numerical simulation of three-dimensional electromagnetic wave phenomena. The new methodology combines nested multigrid techniques with the ungauged vector and scalar potential formulation of the finite element method. The finite element modeling is performed on nested meshes over the computational domain of interest. The iterative solution of the finite element matrix on the finest mesh is performed using the conjugate gradient method, while the nested multigrid vector and scalar potential algorithm acts as the preconditioner for the iterative solver. Numerical experiments from the application of the new methodology to three-dimensional electromagnetic scattering are used to demonstrate its superior numerical convergence and efficient memory usage. 17. NASA-Ames three-dimensional potential flow analysis system (POTFAN) equation solver code (SOLN) version 1 NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Davis, J. E.; Bonnett, W. S.; Medan, R. T. 1976-01-01 A computer program known as SOLN was developed as an independent segment of the NASA-Ames three-dimensional potential flow analysis systems of linear algebraic equations. Methods used include: LU decomposition, Householder's method, a partitioning scheme, and a block successive relaxation method. Due to the independent modular nature of the program, it may be used by itself and not necessarily in conjunction with other segments of the POTFAN system. 18. Hydrophobicity within the three-dimensional Mercedes-Benz model: potential of mean force. PubMed Dias, Cristiano L; Hynninen, Teemu; Ala-Nissila, Tapio; Foster, Adam S; Karttunen, Mikko 2011-02-14 We use the three-dimensional Mercedes-Benz model for water and Monte Carlo simulations to study the structure and thermodynamics of the hydrophobic interaction. Radial distribution functions are used to classify different cases of the interaction, namely, contact configurations, solvent separated configurations, and desolvation configurations. The temperature dependence of these cases is shown to be in qualitative agreement with atomistic models of water. In particular, while the energy for the formation of contact configurations is favored by entropy, its strengthening with increasing temperature is accounted for by enthalpy. This is consistent with our simulated heat capacity. An important feature of the model is that it can be used to account for well-converged thermodynamics quantities, e.g., the heat capacity of transfer. Microscopic mechanisms for the temperature dependence of the hydrophobic interaction are discussed at the molecular level based on the conceptual simplicity of the model. PMID:21322739 19. Hydrophobicity within the three-dimensional Mercedes-Benz model: Potential of mean force NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Dias, Cristiano L.; Hynninen, Teemu; Ala-Nissila, Tapio; Foster, Adam S.; Karttunen, Mikko 2011-02-01 We use the three-dimensional Mercedes-Benz model for water and Monte Carlo simulations to study the structure and thermodynamics of the hydrophobic interaction. Radial distribution functions are used to classify different cases of the interaction, namely, contact configurations, solvent separated configurations, and desolvation configurations. The temperature dependence of these cases is shown to be in qualitative agreement with atomistic models of water. In particular, while the energy for the formation of contact configurations is favored by entropy, its strengthening with increasing temperature is accounted for by enthalpy. This is consistent with our simulated heat capacity. An important feature of the model is that it can be used to account for well-converged thermodynamics quantities, e.g., the heat capacity of transfer. Microscopic mechanisms for the temperature dependence of the hydrophobic interaction are discussed at the molecular level based on the conceptual simplicity of the model. 20. Nanostructured three-dimensional thin film silicon solar cells with very high efficiency potential NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Vanecek, Milan; Babchenko, Oleg; Purkrt, Adam; Holovsky, Jakub; Neykova, Neda; Poruba, Ales; Remes, Zdenek; Meier, Johannes; Kroll, Ulrich 2011-04-01 We report on the experimental realization of amorphous/microcrystalline silicon tandem solar cells (Micromorph) based on our three-dimensional design. An enhancement is reached in the short-circuit current by 40%, with an excellent open-circuit voltage of 1.41V and a fill factor of 72%. We have used nanoholes or microholes dry etched into the ZnO front contact layer. Monte Carlo optical modeling shows that stable efficiency of amorphous silicon p-i-n solar cells in over 12% range is possible. For the Micromorph cells, efficiency over 15% with the thickness of amorphous Si below 200 nm and of microcrystalline Si around 500 nm is possible. 1. Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: methodological aspects and clinical potential. PubMed Urbano-Moral, Jose A; Patel, Ayan R; Maron, Martin S; Arias-Godinez, Jose A; Pandian, Natesa G 2012-09-01 Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) is an advanced echocardiographic technique that allows a novel approach to the assessment of cardiac physiology through the study of myocardial mechanics. In its three-dimensional (3D) modality, it overcomes the drawbacks inherent to other echocardiographic techniques, namely two-dimensional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Several research studies and software improvements have led 3D-STE to become a promising tool for accurate evaluation of global and regional cardiac function. This article addresses the image acquisition, analytical methods, and parameters of myocardial mechanics that could be derived from 3D-STE. This systematic guidance may help to establish its usefulness in the global and regional evaluation of cardiac function, and to facilitate its clinical application. PMID:22783969 2. The Anisotropic Aphid: Three-Dimensional Induction Modeling of Electrical Texture with Mixed Potentials NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Weiss, C. J. 2014-12-01 At the macroscopic scale, where the e-folding distance of low-frequency electromagnetic fields in conductive geomaterials is much larger than the size of organized heterogeneities such as fracture sets or laminations that constitute the geologic texture therein, electrical properties can be conveniently approximated by a generalized 3x3 tensor σ. Less convenient, however, are the algorithmic consequences of this approximation in electromagnetic modeling of 3D induction methods for geophysical exploration. Previous efforts at modelling generalized anisotropy with finite differences on a staggered Cartesian grid (e.g. Weiss and Newman, 2002; Wang and Fang, 2001) are posed in terms of the electric field with its governing "curl-curl" equation and well-documented null-space issues at low induction numbers. In contrast, Weiss (2013) proposed an alternate full-physics formulation in terms of Lorenz-gauged magentic vector A and electric scalar Φ potentials (Project APhiD) that eliminates the troublesome curl-curl operator, with ultrabroadband examples drawn from geologies with scalar, isotropic conductivity over the frequency range 10-2-1010 Hz. Here, the anisotropic theory presented in Weiss (2013) is implemented with finite differences on a Cartesian grid. Briefly stated, in this theoretical approach the conductivity tensor σ is split in terms of a rotationally-invariant isotropic conductivity σ* = ⅓ Tr(σ) and the residual σ - σI. This splitting decomposes the resulting finite difference coefficient matrix K into the sum Kiso + Kaniso, where the Kiso term is the coefficient matrix for the isotropic medium σ, thus enabling reuse of the various routines previously developed for computing matrix coefficients in the isotropic case. Treatment of anisotropy is algorithmically therefore restricted to computing the coefficients in the sparse matrix Kaniso consisting of simple inner products of (σ - σI) · (A-∇Φ) and their divergence. In keeping with the 3. Potential clinical impact of three-dimensional visualization for fluorescent in situ hybridization image analysis NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Li, Zheng; Li, Shibo; Bin, Zheng; Zhang, Roy; Li, Yuhua; Tian, Huimin; Chen, Wei; Liu, Hong 2012-05-01 Chromosomal translocation is strong indication of cancers. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) can effectively detect this translocation and achieve high accuracy in disease diagnosis and prognosis assessment. For this purpose, whole chromosome paint probes are utilized to image the configuration of DNA fragments. Although two-dimensional (2-D) microscopic images are typically used in FISH signal analysis, we present a case where the translocation occurs in the depth direction where two probed FISH signals are overlapped in the projected image plane. Thus, the translocation cannot be identified. However, when imaging the whole specimen with a confocal microscope at 27 focal planes with 0.5-μm step interval, the translocation can be clearly identified due to the free rotation capability by the three-dimensional (3-D) visualization. Such a translocation detection error of using 2-D images might be critical in detecting and diagnosing early or subtle disease cases where detecting a small number of abnormal cells can make diagnostic difference. Hence, the underlying implication of this report suggests that utilizing 3-D visualization may improve the overall accuracy of FISH analysis for some clinical cases. However, the clinical efficiency and cost of using 3-D versus 2-D imaging methods are also to be assessed carefully. 4. Three-dimensional inviscid turbomachinery flow simulations obtained by solving the Euler equations on an O-H type grid NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Krouthen, Bjoern 1986-12-01 A computer code for calculating the steady inviscid flow in a rotating system (turbomachinery) by solving the 3-dimensional Euler equations on an O-H type grid is developed. The numerical method is an explicit, centered finite-volume scheme. The method includes an artificial viscosity model and a local time step technique. The explicit time integration scheme is a one-step, three-stage Runge-Kutta method. The generation of the grid is done by transfinite interpolation. The grid used has an O-H type structure which gives good resolution at the leading and trailing edges. Different geometries were used under different flow conditions. Results for three different turbine blades are presented. Comparisons between experimental data and other Euler solvers show the accuracy of the code. 5. Extracting Surface Activation Time from the Optically Recorded Action Potential in Three-Dimensional Myocardium PubMed Central Walton, Richard D.; Smith, Rebecca M.; Mitrea, Bogdan G.; White, Edward; Bernus, Olivier; Pertsov, Arkady M. 2012-01-01 Optical mapping has become an indispensible tool for studying cardiac electrical activity. However, due to the three-dimensional nature of the optical signal, the optical upstroke is significantly longer than the electrical upstroke. This raises the issue of how to accurately determine the activation time on the epicardial surface. The purpose of this study was to establish a link between the optical upstroke and exact surface activation time using computer simulations, with subsequent validation by a combination of microelectrode recordings and optical mapping experiments. To simulate wave propagation and associated optical signals, we used a hybrid electro-optical model. We found that the time of the surface electrical activation (tE) within the accuracy of our simulations coincided with the maximal slope of the optical upstroke (tF∗) for a broad range of optical attenuation lengths. This was not the case when the activation time was determined at 50% amplitude (tF50) of the optical upstroke. The validation experiments were conducted in isolated Langendorff-perfused rat hearts and coronary-perfused pig left ventricles stained with either di-4-ANEPPS or the near-infrared dye di-4-ANBDQBS. We found that tF∗ was a more accurate measure of tE than was tF50 in all experimental settings tested (P = 0.0002). Using tF∗ instead of tF50 produced the most significant improvement in measurements of the conduction anisotropy and the transmural conduction time in pig ventricles. PMID:22225795 6. A geometry package for generation of input data for a three-dimensional potential-flow program NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Halsey, N. D.; Hess, J. L. 1978-01-01 The preparation of geometric data for input to three-dimensional potential flow programs was automated and simplified by a geometry package incorporated into the NASA Langley version of the 3-D lifting potential flow program. Input to the computer program for the geometry package consists of a very sparse set of coordinate data, often with an order of magnitude of fewer points than required for the actual potential flow calculations. Isolated components, such as wings, fuselages, etc. are paneled automatically, using one of several possible element distribution algorithms. Curves of intersection between components are calculated, using a hybrid curve-fit/surface-fit approach. Intersecting components are repaneled so that adjacent elements on either side of the intersection curves line up in a satisfactory manner for the potential-flow calculations. Many cases may be run completely (from input, through the geometry package, and through the flow calculations) without interruption. Use of the package significantly reduces the time and expense involved in making three-dimensional potential flow calculations. 7. A three-dimensional sharp interface Cartesian grid method for solving high speed multi-material impact, penetration and fragmentation problems NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kapahi, A.; Sambasivan, S.; Udaykumar, H. S. 2013-05-01 This work presents a three-dimensional, Eulerian, sharp interface, Cartesian grid technique for simulating the response of elasto-plastic solid materials to hypervelocity impact, shocks and detonations. The mass, momentum and energy equations are solved along with evolution equations for deviatoric stress and plastic strain using a third-order finite difference scheme. Material deformation occurs with accompanying nonlinear stress wave propagation; in the Eulerian framework the boundaries of the deforming material are tracked in a sharp fashion using level-sets and the conditions on the immersed boundaries are applied by suitable modifications of a ghost fluid approach. The dilatational response of the material is modeled using the Mie-Gruneisen equation of state and the Johnson-Cook model is employed to characterize the material response due to rate-dependent plastic deformation. Details are provided on the treatment of the deviatoric stress ghost state so that physically correct boundary conditions can be applied at the material interfaces. An efficient parallel algorithm is used to handle computationally intensive three-dimensional problems. The results demonstrate the ability of the method to simulate high-speed impact, penetration and fragmentation phenomena in three dimensions. 8. Three-dimensional chitin-based scaffolds from Verongida sponges (Demospongiae: Porifera). Part II: Biomimetic potential and applications. PubMed Ehrlich, H; Steck, E; Ilan, M; Maldonado, M; Muricy, G; Bavestrello, G; Kljajic, Z; Carballo, J L; Schiaparelli, S; Ereskovsky, A; Schupp, P; Born, R; Worch, H; Bazhenov, V V; Kurek, D; Varlamov, V; Vyalikh, D; Kummer, K; Sivkov, V V; Molodtsov, S L; Meissner, H; Richter, G; Hunoldt, S; Kammer, M; Paasch, S; Krasokhin, V; Patzke, G; Brunner, E; Richter, W 2010-08-01 In order to evaluate the biomedical potential of three-dimensional chitinous scaffolds of poriferan origin, chondrocyte culturing experiments were performed. It was shown for the first time that freshly isolated chondrocytes attached well to the chitin scaffold and synthesized an extracellular matrix similar to that found in other cartilage tissue engineering constructs. Chitin scaffolds also supported deposition of a proteoglycan-rich extracellular matrix of chondrocytes seeded bioconstructs in an in vivo environment. We suggest that chitin sponge scaffolds, apart from the demonstrated biomedical applications, are highly optimized structures for use as filtering systems, templates for biomineralization as well as metallization in order to produce catalysts. PMID:20478334 9. Multiple grid method for the calculation of potential flow around three dimensional bodies NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wolff, H. 1982-01-01 The classical approach of representation of the solution by means of a doublet distribution on the boundary of the domain is considered. From the boundary condition, a Fredholm integral equation for the doublet distribution, mu, is obtained. By a piecewise constant function, mu is approximated. This numerical method results in a nonsparse system that is solved by a multiple grid iterative process. The convergence rate of this process is discussed and its performance is compared with the Jacobi iterative process. For flow around an ellipsoid, the multiple grid process turns out to be much more efficient than the Jacobi iterative process. 10. Demonstration of a Controllable Three-Dimensional Brownian Motor in Symmetric Potentials SciTech Connect Sjoelund, P.; Petra, S.J.H.; Dion, C.M.; Jonsell, S.; Nylen, M.; Kastberg, A.; Sanchez-Palencia, L. 2006-05-19 We demonstrate a Brownian motor, based on cold atoms in optical lattices, where isotropic random fluctuations are rectified in order to induce controlled atomic motion in arbitrary directions. In contrast to earlier demonstrations of ratchet effects, our Brownian motor operates in potentials that are spatially and temporally symmetric, but where spatiotemporal symmetry is broken by a phase shift between the potentials and asymmetric transfer rates between them. The Brownian motor is demonstrated in three dimensions and the noise-induced drift is controllable in our system. 11. The algebra of the quantum nondegenerate three-dimensional Kepler-Coulomb potential SciTech Connect Tanoudis, Y.; Daskaloyannis, C. 2011-07-15 The classical generalized Kepler-Coulomb potential, introduced by Verrier and Evans, corresponds to a quantum superintegrable system, with quadratic and quartic integrals of motion. In this paper we show that the algebra of the integrals is a quadratic ternary algebra, i.e a quadratic extension of a Lie triple system. 12. Finite volume calculation of three-dimensional potential flow around a propeller NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jou, W.-H. 1982-01-01 The finite volume scheme of Jameson (1977) is used to calculate potential flow around a propeller rotating at high speed. An H-type mesh is generated and used successfully in the calculations. A test calculation with a thick blade cross section shows that the present code is capable of computing the propeller flow at the advance Mach number 0.8. The possible physical mechanisms which may play an important role in the propeller aerodynamics are discussed. 13. Three-Dimensional Bioprinting Materials with Potential Application in Preprosthetic Surgery. PubMed Fahmy, Mina D; Jazayeri, Hossein E; Razavi, Mehdi; Masri, Radi; Tayebi, Lobat 2016-06-01 Current methods in handling maxillofacial defects are not robust and are highly dependent on the surgeon's skills and the inherent potential in the patients' bodies for regenerating lost tissues. Employing custom-designed 3D printed scaffolds that securely and effectively reconstruct the defects by using tissue engineering and regenerative medicine techniques can revolutionize preprosthetic surgeries. Various polymers, ceramics, natural and synthetic bioplastics, proteins, biomolecules, living cells, and growth factors as well as their hybrid structures can be used in 3D printing of scaffolds, which are still under development by scientists. These scaffolds not only are beneficial due to their patient-specific design, but also may be able to prevent micromobility, make tension free soft tissue closure, and improve vascularity. In this manuscript, a review of materials employed in 3D bioprinting including bioceramics, biopolymers, composites, and metals is conducted. A discussion of the relevance of 3D bioprinting using these materials for craniofacial interventions is included as well as their potential to create analogs to craniofacial tissues, their benefits, limitations, and their application. PMID:26855004 14. Performance of preconditioned iterative and multigrid solvers in solving the three-dimensional magnetotelluric modeling problem using the staggered finite-difference method: a comparative study NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Li, Gang; Zhang, Lili; Hao, Tianyao 2016-02-01 An effective solver for the large complex system of linear equations is critical for improving the accuracy of numerical solutions in three-dimensional (3D) magnetotelluric (MT) modeling using the staggered finite-difference (SFD) method. In electromagnetic modeling, the formed system of linear equations is commonly solved using preconditioned iterative relaxation methods. We present 3D MT modeling using the SFD method, based on former work. The multigrid solver and three solvers preconditioned by incomplete Cholesky decomposition—the minimum residual method, the generalized product bi-conjugate gradient method and the bi-conjugate gradient stabilized method—are used to solve the formed system of linear equations. Divergence correction for the magnetic field is applied. We also present a comparison of the stability and convergence of these iterative solvers if divergence correction is used. Model tests show that divergence correction improves the convergence of iterative solvers and the accuracy of numerical results. Divergence correction can also decrease the number of iterations for fast convergence without changing the stability of linear solvers. For consideration of the computation time and memory requirements, the multigrid solver combined with divergence correction is preferred for 3D MT field simulation. 15. Zero-dimensional to three-dimensional nanojoining: current status and potential applications DOE PAGESBeta Ma, Ying; Li, Hong; Bridges, Denzel; Peng, Peng; Lawrie, Benjamin; Feng, Zhili; Hu, Anming 2016-08-01 We report that the continuing miniaturization of microelectronics is pushing advanced manufacturing into nanomanufacturing. Nanojoining is a bottom-up assembly technique that enables functional nanodevice fabrication with dissimilar nanoscopic building blocks and/or molecular components. Various conventional joining techniques have been modified and re-invented for joining nanomaterials. Our review surveys recent progress in nanojoining methods, as compared to conventional joining processes. Examples of nanojoining are given and classified by the dimensionality of the joining materials. At each classification, nanojoining is reviewed and discussed according to materials specialties, low dimensional processing features, energy input mechanisms and potential applications. The preparation of new intermetallicmore » materials by reactive nanoscale multilayer foils based on self-propagating high-temperature synthesis is highlighted. This review will provide insight into nanojoining fundamentals and innovative applications in power electronics packaging, plasmonic devices, nanosoldering for printable electronics, 3D printing and space manufacturing.« less 16. Three dimensional pharmacophore modeling of human CYP17 inhibitors. Potential agents for prostate cancer therapy. PubMed Clement, Omoshile O; Freeman, Clive M; Hartmann, Rolf W; Handratta, Venkatesh D; Vasaitis, Tadas S; Brodie, Angela M H; Njar, Vincent C O 2003-06-01 We report here a molecular modeling investigation of steroidal and nonsteroidal inhibitors of human cytochrome P450 17alpha-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase (CYP17). Using the pharmacophore perception technique, we have generated common-feature pharmacophore model(s) to explain the putative binding requirements for two classes of human CYP17 inhibitors. Common chemical features in the steroid and nonsteroid human CYP17 enzyme inhibitors, as deduced by the Catalyst/HipHop program, are one to two hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and three hydrophobic groups. For azole-steroidal ligands, the 3beta-OH group of ring A and the N-3 of the azole ring attached to ring D at C-17 act as hydrogen bond acceptors. A model that permits hydrogen bond interaction between the azole functionality on ring D and the enzyme is consistent with experimental deductions for type II CYP17 inhibitors where a sixth ligating atom interacts with Fe(II) of heme. In general, pharmacophore models derived for steroid and nonsteroidal compounds bear striking similarities to all azole sites mapping the HBA functionality and to three hydrophobic features describing the hydrophobic interactions between the ligands and the enzyme. Using the pharmacophore model derived for azole-steroidal inhibitors as a 3D search query against several 3D multiconformational Catalyst formatted databases, we identified several steroidal compounds with potential inhibition of this enzyme. Biological testing of some of these compounds show low to high inhibitory potency against the human CYP17 enzyme. This shows the potential of our pharmacophore model in identifying new and potent CYP17 inhibitors. Further refinement of the model is in progress with a view to identifying and optimizing new leads. PMID:12773039 17. Calculation of Water Drop Trajectories to and About Arbitrary Three-Dimensional Bodies in Potential Airflow NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Norment, H. G. 1980-01-01 Calculations can be performed for any atmospheric conditions and for all water drop sizes, from the smallest cloud droplet to large raindrops. Any subsonic, external, non-lifting flow can be accommodated; flow into, but not through, inlets also can be simulated. Experimental water drop drag relations are used in the water drop equations of motion and effects of gravity settling are included. Seven codes are described: (1) a code used to debug and plot body surface description data; (2) a code that processes the body surface data to yield the potential flow field; (3) a code that computes flow velocities at arrays of points in space; (4) a code that computes water drop trajectories from an array of points in space; (5) a code that computes water drop trajectories and fluxes to arbitrary target points; (6) a code that computes water drop trajectories tangent to the body; and (7) a code that produces stereo pair plots which include both the body and trajectories. Code descriptions include operating instructions, card inputs and printouts for example problems, and listing of the FORTRAN codes. Accuracy of the calculations is discussed, and trajectory calculation results are compared with prior calculations and with experimental data. 18. On the effects of grid ill-conditioning in three dimensional finite element vector potential magnetostatic field computations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Wang, R.; Demerdash, N. A. 1990-01-01 The effects of finite element grid geometries and associated ill-conditioning were studied in single medium and multi-media (air-iron) three dimensional magnetostatic field computation problems. The sensitivities of these 3D field computations to finite element grid geometries were investigated. It was found that in single medium applications the unconstrained magnetic vector potential curl-curl formulation in conjunction with first order finite elements produce global results which are almost totally insensitive to grid geometries. However, it was found that in multi-media (air-iron) applications first order finite element results are sensitive to grid geometries and consequent elemental shape ill-conditioning. These sensitivities were almost totally eliminated by means of the use of second order finite elements in the field computation algorithms. Practical examples are given in this paper to demonstrate these aspects mentioned above. 19. Computer program for calculating full potential transonic, quasi-three-dimensional flow through a rotating turbomachinery blade row NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Farrell, C. A. 1982-01-01 A fast, reliable computer code is described for calculating the flow field about a cascade of arbitrary two dimensional airfoils. The method approximates the three dimensional flow in a turbomachinery blade row by correcting for stream tube convergence and radius change in the throughflow direction. A fully conservative solution of the full potential equation is combined with the finite volume technique on a body-fitted periodic mesh, with an artificial density imposed in the transonic region to insure stability and the capture of shock waves. The instructions required to set up and use the code are included. The name of the code is QSONIC. A numerical example is also given to illustrate the output of the program. 20. A preconditioned dual–primal finite element tearing and interconnecting method for solving three-dimensional time-harmonic Maxwell's equations SciTech Connect Xue, Ming-Feng; Jin, Jian-Ming 2014-10-01 A new preconditioned dual–primal nonoverlapping domain decomposition method is proposed for the finite element solution of three-dimensional large-scale electromagnetic problems. With the aid of two Lagrange multipliers, the new method converts the original volumetric problem to a surface problem by using a higher-order transmission condition at the subdomain interfaces to significantly improve the convergence of the iterative solution of the global interface equation. Similar to the previous version, a global coarse problem related to the degrees of freedom at the subdomain corner edges is formulated to propagate the residual error to the whole computational domain at each iteration, which further increases the rate of convergence. In addition, a fully algebraic preconditioner based on matrix splitting is constructed to make the proposed domain decomposition method even more robust and scalable. Perfectly matched layers (PMLs) are considered for the boundary truncation when solving open-region problems. The influence of the PML truncation on the convergence performance is investigated by examining the convergence of the transmission condition for an interface inside the PML. Numerical examples including wave propagation and antenna radiation problems truncated with PMLs are presented to demonstrate the validity and the capability of this method. 1. Three-dimensional modeling of HCFC-123 in the atmosphere: assessing its potential environmental impacts and rationale for continued use. PubMed Wuebbles, Donald J; Patten, Kenneth O 2009-05-01 HCFC-123 (C2HCl2F3) is used in large refrigeration systems and as a fire suppression agent blend. Like other hydrochlorofluorocarbons, production and consumption of HCFC-123 is limited under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The purpose of this study is to update the understanding of the current and projected impacts of HCFC-123 on stratospheric ozone and on climate and to discuss the potential environmental effects from continued use of this chemical for specific applications. For the first time, the Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of a HCFC is determined using a three-dimensional model (MOZART-3) of atmospheric physics and chemistry. All previous studies have relied on results from two-dimensional models. The derived HCFC-123 ODP of 0.0098 is smaller than previous values. Analysis of the projected uses and emissions of HCFC-123, assuming reasonable levels of projected growth and use in centrifugal chiller and fire suppressant applications, suggests an extremely small impact on the environment due to its short atmospheric lifetime, low ODP, low Global Warming Potential (GWP), and the small production and emission of its limited applications. The current contribution of HCFC-123 to stratospheric reactive chlorine is too small to be measurable. PMID:19534136 2. Analysis of three-dimensional transonic compressors NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1984-01-01 A method for computing the three-dimensional transonic flow around the blades of a compressor or of a propeller is given. The method is based on the use of the velocity potential, on the hypothesis that the flow is inviscid, irrotational and isentropic. The equation of the potential is solved in a transformed space such that the surface of the blade is mapped into a plane where the periodicity is implicit. This equation is in a nonconservative form and is solved with the help of a finite difference method using artificial time. A computer code is provided and some sample results are given in order to demonstrate the influence of three-dimensional effects and the blade's rotation. 3. Three-dimensional scaffolds of fetal decellularized hearts exhibit enhanced potential to support cardiac cells in comparison to the adult. PubMed Silva, A C; Rodrigues, S C; Caldeira, J; Nunes, A M; Sampaio-Pinto, V; Resende, T P; Oliveira, M J; Barbosa, M A; Thorsteinsdóttir, S; Nascimento, D S; Pinto-do-Ó, P 2016-10-01 A main challenge in cardiac tissue engineering is the limited data on microenvironmental cues that sustain survival, proliferation and functional proficiency of cardiac cells. The aim of our study was to evaluate the potential of fetal (E18) and adult myocardial extracellular matrix (ECM) to support cardiac cells. Acellular three-dimensional (3D) bioscaffolds were obtained by parallel decellularization of fetal- and adult-heart explants thereby ensuring reliable comparison. Acellular scaffolds retained main constituents of the cardiac ECM including distinctive biochemical and structural meshwork features of the native equivalents. In vitro, fetal and adult ECM-matrices supported 3D culture of heart-derived Sca-1(+) progenitors and of neonatal cardiomyocytes, which migrated toward the center of the scaffold and displayed elongated morphology and excellent viability. At the culture end-point, more Sca-1(+) cells and cardiomyocytes were found adhered and inside fetal bioscaffolds, compared to the adult. Higher repopulation yields of Sca-1(+) cells on fetal ECM relied on β1-integrin independent mitogenic signals. Sca-1(+) cells on fetal bioscaffolds showed a gene expression profile that anticipates the synthesis of a permissive microenvironment for cardiomyogenesis. Our findings demonstrate the superior potential of the 3D fetal microenvironment to support and instruct cardiac cells. This knowledge should be integrated in the design of next-generation biomimetic materials for heart repair. PMID:27424216 4. Analytical solitonlike solutions and the dynamics of ultracold Fermi gases in a time-dependent three-dimensional harmonic potential NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wang, Ying; Luo, Guosen; Zhou, Yu; Hang, Chao 2015-09-01 We present a theoretical study of solitonlike solutions and their dynamics of ultracold superfluid Fermi gases trapped in a time-dependent three-dimensional (3D) harmonic potential with gain or loss. The 3D analytical solitonlike solutions are obtained without introducing any additional integrability constraints used elsewhere. The propagation of both bright- and dark-soliton-like solutions is investigated. We show that the amplitudes of dark-soliton-like solutions exhibit periodic oscillation, whereas those of the bright-soliton-like ones do not show such behavior. Moreover, we highlight that the oscillation periods of dark-soliton-like solutions predicted by our approach are matched very well with those observed in a recent experiment carried out by Yefsah et al. [T. Yefsah, A. T. Sommer, M. J. H. Ku, L. W. Cheuk, W. Ji, W. S. Bakr, and M. W. Zwierlein, Nature (London) 499, 426 (2013), 10.1038/nature12338] in both Bose-Einstein condensation and unitarity regimes. 5. Analytical solitonlike solutions and the dynamics of ultracold Fermi gases in a time-dependent three-dimensional harmonic potential. PubMed Wang, Ying; Luo, Guosen; Zhou, Yu; Hang, Chao 2015-09-01 We present a theoretical study of solitonlike solutions and their dynamics of ultracold superfluid Fermi gases trapped in a time-dependent three-dimensional (3D) harmonic potential with gain or loss. The 3D analytical solitonlike solutions are obtained without introducing any additional integrability constraints used elsewhere. The propagation of both bright- and dark-soliton-like solutions is investigated. We show that the amplitudes of dark-soliton-like solutions exhibit periodic oscillation, whereas those of the bright-soliton-like ones do not show such behavior. Moreover, we highlight that the oscillation periods of dark-soliton-like solutions predicted by our approach are matched very well with those observed in a recent experiment carried out by Yefsah et al. [T. Yefsah, A. T. Sommer, M. J. H. Ku, L. W. Cheuk, W. Ji, W. S. Bakr, and M. W. Zwierlein, Nature (London) 499, 426 (2013)NATUAS0028-083610.1038/nature12338] in both Bose-Einstein condensation and unitarity regimes. PMID:26465543 6. Rotational (de-)excitation of HNS by He: three-dimensional potential energy surface and collision rate coefficients NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Ajili, Y.; Abdallah, D. Ben; Al-Mogren, M. Mogren; Francisco, J. S.; Hochlaf, M. 2016-05-01 Three-dimensional potential energy surface (3D-PES) of the HNS-He interacting system in Jacobi coordinates is mapped using high-level ab initio theory. These computations are performed at the explicitly correlated coupled cluster method with single, double and perturbative triple excitations (CCSD(T)-F12) in conjunction with the augmented correlation-consistent aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. The 3D-PES is incorporated into quantum dynamical computations to treat the nuclear motions, where HNS is considered as a rigid rotator colliding with He. Cross-sections for transitions among the first twenty nine rotational levels of HNS (up to jKaKc = 92,8) are calculated using the quantum exact close-coupling method for total energies <1000 cm-1 and using the coupled state approximation for higher energies. Collisional rate constants for temperatures ranging from 5 to 200 K are deduced. A clear propensity rule in favour of Δj = -2 rotational transitions is observed. These rate coefficients are of great importance for the detection of HNS in interstellar medium. 7. Comparative potential of juvenile and adult human articular chondrocytes for cartilage tissue formation in three-dimensional biomimetic hydrogels. PubMed Smeriglio, Piera; Lai, Janice H; Dhulipala, Lakshmi; Behn, Anthony W; Goodman, Stuart B; Smith, Robert L; Maloney, William J; Yang, Fan; Bhutani, Nidhi 2015-01-01 Regeneration of human articular cartilage is inherently limited and extensive efforts have focused on engineering the cartilage tissue. Various cellular sources have been studied for cartilage tissue engineering including adult chondrocytes, and embryonic or adult stem cells. Juvenile chondrocytes (from donors below 13 years of age) have recently been reported to be a promising cell source for cartilage regeneration. Previous studies have compared the potential of adult and juvenile chondrocytes or adult and osteoarthritic (OA) chondrocytes. To comprehensively characterize the comparative potential of young, old, and diseased chondrocytes, here we examined cartilage formation by juvenile, adult, and OA chondrocytes in three-dimensional (3D) biomimetic hydrogels composed of poly(ethylene glycol) and chondroitin sulfate. All three human articular chondrocytes were encapsulated in the 3D biomimetic hydrogels and cultured for 3 or 6 weeks to allow maturation and extracellular matrix formation. Outcomes were analyzed using quantitative gene expression, immunofluorescence staining, biochemical assays, and mechanical testing. After 3 and 6 weeks, juvenile chondrocytes showed a greater upregulation of chondrogenic gene expression than adult chondrocytes, while OA chondrocytes showed a downregulation. Aggrecan and type II collagen deposition and glycosaminoglycan accumulation were high for juvenile and adult chondrocytes but not for OA chondrocytes. Similar trend was observed in the compressive moduli of the cartilage constructs generated by the three different chondrocytes. In conclusion, the juvenile, adult and OA chondrocytes showed differential responses in the 3D biomimetic hydrogels. The 3D culture model described here may also provide a useful tool to further study the molecular differences among chondrocytes from different stages, which can help elucidate the mechanisms for age-related decline in the intrinsic capacity for cartilage repair. PMID:25054343 8. Early differential sensitivity of evoked-potentials to local and global shape during the perception of three-dimensional objects. PubMed Leek, E Charles; Roberts, Mark; Oliver, Zoe J; Cristino, Filipe; Pegna, Alan J 2016-08-01 Here we investigated the time course underlying differential processing of local and global shape information during the perception of complex three-dimensional (3D) objects. Observers made shape matching judgments about pairs of sequentially presented multi-part novel objects. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to measure perceptual sensitivity to 3D shape differences in terms of local part structure and global shape configuration - based on predictions derived from hierarchical structural description models of object recognition. There were three types of different object trials in which stimulus pairs (1) shared local parts but differed in global shape configuration; (2) contained different local parts but shared global configuration or (3) shared neither local parts nor global configuration. Analyses of the ERP data showed differential amplitude modulation as a function of shape similarity as early as the N1 component between 146-215ms post-stimulus onset. These negative amplitude deflections were more similar between objects sharing global shape configuration than local part structure. Differentiation among all stimulus types was reflected in N2 amplitude modulations between 276-330ms. sLORETA inverse solutions showed stronger involvement of left occipitotemporal areas during the N1 for object discrimination weighted towards local part structure. The results suggest that the perception of 3D object shape involves parallel processing of information at local and global scales. This processing is characterised by relatively slow derivation of 'fine-grained' local shape structure, and fast derivation of 'coarse-grained' global shape configuration. We propose that the rapid early derivation of global shape attributes underlies the observed patterns of N1 amplitude modulations. PMID:27396674 9. Three-dimensional marginal separation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Duck, Peter W. 1988-01-01 The three dimensional marginal separation of a boundary layer along a line of symmetry is considered. The key equation governing the displacement function is derived, and found to be a nonlinear integral equation in two space variables. This is solved iteratively using a pseudo-spectral approach, based partly in double Fourier space, and partly in physical space. Qualitatively, the results are similar to previously reported two dimensional results (which are also computed to test the accuracy of the numerical scheme); however quantitatively the three dimensional results are much different. 10. Nanoelectronics-biology frontier: From nanoscopic probes for action potential recording in live cells to three-dimensional cyborg tissues PubMed Central Duan, Xiaojie; Fu, Tian-Ming; Liu, Jia; Lieber, Charles M. 2013-01-01 Summary Semiconductor nanowires configured as the active channels of field-effect transistors (FETs) have been used as detectors for high-resolution electrical recording from single live cells, cell networks, tissues and organs. Extracellular measurements with substrate supported silicon nanowire (SiNW) FETs, which have projected active areas orders of magnitude smaller than conventional microfabricated multielectrode arrays (MEAs) and planar FETs, recorded action potential and field potential signals with high signal-to-noise ratio and temporal resolution from cultured neurons, cultured cardiomyocytes, acute brain slices and whole animal hearts. Measurements made with modulation-doped nanoscale active channel SiNW FETs demonstrate that signals recorded from cardiomyocytes are highly localized and have improved time resolution compared to larger planar detectors. In addition, several novel three-dimensional (3D) transistor probes, which were realized using advanced nanowire synthesis methods, have been implemented for intracellular recording. These novel probes include (i) flexible 3D kinked nanowire FETs, (ii) branched intracellular nanotube SiNW FETs, and (iii) active silicon nanotube FETs. Following phospholipid modification of the probes to mimic the cell membrane, the kinked nanowire, branched intracellular nanotube and active silicon nanotube FET probes recorded full-amplitude intracellular action potentials from spontaneously firing cardiomyocytes. Moreover, these probes demonstrated the capability of reversible, stable, and long-term intracellular recording, thus indicating the minimal invasiveness of the new nanoscale structures and suggesting biomimetic internalization via the phospholipid modification. Simultaneous, multi-site intracellular recording from both single cells and cell networks were also readily achieved by interfacing independently addressable nanoprobe devices with cells. Finally, electronic and biological systems have been seamlessly 11. Boundary Integral Solutions to Three-Dimensional Unconfined Darcy's Flow NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lennon, Gerard P.; Liu, Philip L.-F.; Liggett, James A. 1980-08-01 The boundary integral equation method (BIEM) is used to solve three-dimensional potential flow problems in porous media. The problems considered here are time dependent and have a nonlinear boundary condition on the free surface. The entire boundary, including the moving free surface, discretized into linear finite elements for the purpose of evaluating the boundary integrals. The technique allows transient, three-dimensional problems to be solved with reasonable computational costs. Numerical examples include recharge through rectangular and circular areas and seepage flow from a surface pond. The examples are used to illustrate the method and show the nonlinear effects. 12. An experience in mesh generation for three-dimensional calculation of potential flow around a rotating propeller NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jou, W.-H. 1982-01-01 An attempt is made to develop a three-dimensional, finite volume computational code for highly swept, twisted, small aspect ratio propeller blades with supersonic tip speeds, in a way that accounts for cascade effects, hub-induced flow, and nonlinear transonic effects. Attention is presently given to the generation of a computational mesh for such a complex propeller configuration, with the aim of sharing developmental process experience. The problem treated is unique, in that blade chord, blade length, hub length and blade-to-blade distance represent several characteristic length scales among which there is considerable disparity. An ad hoc mesh-generation scheme is accordingly developed. 13. Creating Three-Dimensional Scenes ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Krumpe, Norm 2005-01-01 Persistence of Vision Raytracer (POV-Ray), a free computer program for creating photo-realistic, three-dimensional scenes and a link for Mathematica users interested in generating POV-Ray files from within Mathematica, is discussed. POV-Ray has great potential in secondary mathematics classrooms and helps in strengthening students' visualization… 14. Facile fabrication of three-dimensional graphene foam/poly(dimethylsiloxane) composites and their potential application as strain sensor. PubMed Xu, Rongqing; Lu, Yunqing; Jiang, Chunhui; Chen, Jing; Mao, Peng; Gao, Guanghua; Zhang, Labao; Wu, Shan 2014-08-27 A three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GF)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) composite was fabricated by infiltrating PDMS into 3D GF, which was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with nickel foam as template. The electrical properties of the GF/PDMS composite under bending stress were investigated, indicating the resistance of the GF/PDMS composite was increased with the bending curvature. To improve the bending sensitivity of the GF/PDMS composite, a thin layer of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was introduced as substrate to form double-layer GF/PDMS-PET composite, whose measurements showed that the resistance of the GF/PDMS-PET composite was still increased when bended to the side of PET, whereas its resistance would be decreased when bended to the side of GF. For both cases, the absolute value of the relative variation of electrical resistance was increased with the bending curvature. More importantly, the relative variation of electrical resistance for double-layer GF/PDMS-PET composite can be up to six times higher than single-layer GF/PDMS composite for the same bending curvature. These observations were further supported by the principle of mechanics of material. The 3D GF/PDMS-PET composite also has higher flexibility and environment stability and can be utilized as a strain sensor with high sensitivity, which can find important applications in real-time monitoring of buildings, such as a bridge, dam, and high-speed railway. PMID:25070179 15. Computer prediction of three-dimensional potential flow fields in which aircraft propellers operate. M.S. Thesis NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jumper, S. J. 1982-01-01 A computer program was developed to calculate the three dimensional, steady, incompressible, inviscid, irrotational flow field at the propeller plane (propeller removed) located upstream of an arbitrary airframe geometry. The program uses a horseshoe vortex of known strength to model the wing. All other airframe surfaces are modeled by a network source panels of unknown strength which is exposed to a uniform free stream and the wing-induced velocity field. By satisfying boundary conditions on each panel (the Neumann problem), relaxed boundary conditions being used on certain panels to simulate inlet inflow, the source strengths are determined. From the known source and wing vortex strengths, the resulting velocity fields on the airframe surface and at the propeller plane are obtained. All program equations are derived in detail, and a brief description of the program structure is presented. A user's manual which fully documents the program is cited. Computer predictions of the flow on the surface of a sphere and at a propeller plane upstream of the sphere are compared with the exact mathematical solutions. Agreement is good, and correct program operation is verified. 16. Three dimensional quantum mechanical studies of D+H2→HD+H reactive scattering. III. On the ab initio potential energy surface NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yung, Y. Y.; Choi, B. H.; Tang, K. T. 1980-01-01 Three dimensional quantum mechanical calculations are carried out for the reactive scattering of D+H2→DH+H on the ab initio potential energy surface calculated by Liu and Siegbahn and fitted by Truhlar and Horowitz. The differential and total cross sections as well as the S matrix elements are obtained from the adiabatic distorted wave method. Threshold energy, cross sections and product distributions over final states are all in good agreement with experimental measurements. Results are also compared with the corresponding ones obtained on the Porter-Karplus and the Yates-Lester semi-empirical surfaces. 17. Design and analysis of a transverse flux permanent-magnet machine using three-dimensional scalar magnetic potential finite element method NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wang, Jiankuan; Chau, K. T.; Jiang, J. Z.; Yu, Chuang 2008-04-01 In this paper, a new transverse flux permanent-magnet machine is proposed and implemented. It features a unique configuration that it is composed of assembled stators and flux-concentrating rotor, hence offering low manufacturing cost while retaining high torque density and low cogging torque. Because of its unique configuration, the proposed machine is analyzed by a newly developed three-dimensional scalar magnetic potential finite element method. Both calculated and experimental results are given to support the validity of the proposed design and analysis. 18. Three-dimensional sonoembryology. PubMed Benoit, Bernard; Hafner, Tomislav; Kurjak, Asim; Kupesić, Sanja; Bekavac, Ivanka; Bozek, Tomislav 2002-01-01 Three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound plays an important role in obstetrics, predominantly for assessing fetal anatomy. Presenting volume data in a standard anatomic orientation valuably assists both ultrasonographers and pregnant patients to recognize the anatomy more readily. Three-dimensional ultrasound is advantageous in studying normal embryonic and/or fetal development, as well as providing information for families at risk for specific congenital anomalies by confirming normality. This method offers advantages in assessing the embryo in the first trimester due to its ability to obtain multiplanar images through endovaginal volume acquisition. Rotation allows the systematic review of anatomic structures and early detection of fetal anomalies. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging in vivo compliments pathologic and histologic evaluation of the developing embryo, giving rise to a new term: 3D sonoembryology. Rapid technological development will allow real-time 3D ultrasound to provide improved and expanded patient care on the one side, and increased knowledge of developmental anatomy on the other. PMID:11933658 19. On Approximate Factorization Schemes for Solving the Full Potential Equation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Holst, Terry L. 1997-01-01 An approximate factorization scheme based on the AF2 algorithm is presented for solving the three-dimensional full potential equation for the transonic flow about isolated wings. Two spatial discretization variations are presented, one using a hybrid first-order/second-order-accurate scheme and the second using a fully second-order-accurate scheme. The present algorithm utilizes a C-H grid topology to map the flow field about the wing. One version of the AF2 iteration scheme is used on the upper wing surface and another slightly modified version is used on the lower surface. These two algorithm variations are then connected at the wing leading edge using a local iteration technique. The resulting scheme has improved linear stability characteristics and improved time-like damping characteristics relative to previous implementations of the AF2 algorithm. The presentation is highlighted with a grid refinement study and a number of numerical results. 20. Shannon information entropies for the three-dimensional Klein-Gordon problem with the Poschl-Teller potential NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Ghafourian, M.; Hassanabadi, H. 2016-06-01 The Shannon information entropies for the Klein-Gordon equations are evaluated for the Poschl-Teller potential, and the position-space information entropies for the ground and the excited states are calculated. 1. Three-Dimensional Structures of the Spatiotemporal Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Power-Law Nonlinearity in PT-Symmetric Potentials PubMed Central Dai, Chao-Qing; Wang, Yan 2014-01-01 The spatiotemporal nonlinear Schrödinger equation with power-law nonlinearity in -symmetric potentials is investigated, and two families of analytical three-dimensional spatiotemporal structure solutions are obtained. The stability of these solutions is tested by the linear stability analysis and the direct numerical simulation. Results indicate that solutions are stable below some thresholds for the imaginary part of -symmetric potentials in the self-focusing medium, while they are always unstable for all parameters in the self-defocusing medium. Moreover, some dynamical properties of these solutions are discussed, such as the phase switch, power and transverse power-flow density. The span of phase switch gradually enlarges with the decrease of the competing parameter k in -symmetric potentials. The power and power-flow density are all positive, which implies that the power flow and exchange from the gain toward the loss domains in the cell. PMID:24983624 2. Electron holographic tomography for mapping the three-dimensional distribution of electrostatic potential in III-V semiconductor nanowires NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wolf, D.; Lichte, H.; Pozzi, G.; Prete, P.; Lovergine, N. 2011-06-01 Electron holographic tomography (EHT), the combination of off-axis electron holography with electron tomography, is a technique, which can be applied to the quantitative 3-dimensional (3D) mapping of electrostatic potential at the nanoscale. Here, we show the results obtained in the EHT investigation of GaAs and GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires grown by Au-catalysed metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The unique ability of EHT of disentangling the materials mean inner potential (MIP) from the specimen projected thickness allows reconstruction of the nanowire 3D morphology and inner compositional structure as well as the measurement of the MIP. 3. Electron holographic tomography for mapping the three-dimensional distribution of electrostatic potential in III-V semiconductor nanowires SciTech Connect Wolf, D.; Lichte, H.; Pozzi, G.; Lovergine, N. 2011-06-27 Electron holographic tomography (EHT), the combination of off-axis electron holography with electron tomography, is a technique, which can be applied to the quantitative 3-dimensional (3D) mapping of electrostatic potential at the nanoscale. Here, we show the results obtained in the EHT investigation of GaAs and GaAs-AlGaAs core-shell nanowires grown by Au-catalysed metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The unique ability of EHT of disentangling the materials mean inner potential (MIP) from the specimen projected thickness allows reconstruction of the nanowire 3D morphology and inner compositional structure as well as the measurement of the MIP. 4. Evolution of singularities of potential flows in collisionfree media and the metamorphosis of caustics in three dimensional space SciTech Connect Arnol'd, V.I. 1986-02-10 The authors describe the critical values of the maps at time''t'' and their evolution as ''t'' changes for potential initial velocity fields in general position under the assumption that the force field is potential. The paper is concerned with the structure and evolution of caustics of a general one-parameter family of Lagrangian maps of manifolds of dimension not exceeding three. For each type of evolution, the authors give a detailed geometric description of the structure of the singularity. The investigation required new algebraic information about the manifold of polynomials with multiple roots; these are given in the paper. 5. Three-dimensional metamaterials DOEpatents Burckel, David Bruce 2012-06-12 A fabrication method is capable of creating canonical metamaterial structures arrayed in a three-dimensional geometry. The method uses a membrane suspended over a cavity with predefined pattern as a directional evaporation mask. Metallic and/or dielectric material can be evaporated at high vacuum through the patterned membrane to deposit resonator structures on the interior walls of the cavity, thereby providing a unit cell of micron-scale dimension. The method can produce volumetric metamaterial structures comprising layers of such unit cells of resonator structures. 6. Rotational spectra of the Ne-N2 complex based on a new three-dimensional potential energy surface using neural networks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Fu, Hong; Zheng, Rui; Zheng, Limin 2016-01-01 A new three-dimensional potential energy surface (PES) of the Ne-N2 van der Waals complex was constructed using the neural networks method based on ab initio data points at the CCSD(T) level. The aug-cc-pVQZ basis set was employed for all atoms, supplemented by midbond functions. The vibrationally averaged PES V00 is characterized by a global T-shaped minimum which occurs at R = 3.385 Å, θ = 90.0° with a well depth of -49.202 cm-1. Based on our three-dimensional PES, bound state calculations were performed for four isotopologues, i.e. 20Ne-14N2, 22Ne-14N2, 20Ne-15N2, 22Ne-15N2, and several intermolecular vibrational states were assigned by analyzing the wavefunctions. Moreover, the averaged structural parameters were determined and the pure rotational transition frequencies with J = 0-5 are predicted. The spectroscopic constants were determined by fitting the rotational energy levels. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data and this work gives more accurate results than those determined previously for the Ne-N2 complex. 7. Preparation of a Binder-Free Three-Dimensional Carbon Foam/Silicon Composite as Potential Material for Lithium Ion Battery Anodes. PubMed Roy, Amit K; Zhong, Mingjie; Schwab, Matthias Georg; Binder, Axel; Venkataraman, Shyam S; Tomović, Željko 2016-03-23 We report a novel three-dimensional nitrogen containing carbon foam/silicon (CFS) composite as potential material for lithium ion battery anodes. Carbon foams were prepared by direct carbonization of low cost, commercially available melamine formaldehyde (MF, Basotect) foam precursors. The carbon foams thus obtained display a three-dimensional interconnected macroporous network structure with good electrical conductivity (0.07 S/cm). Binder free CFS composites used for electrodes were prepared by immersing the as-fabricated carbon foam into silicon nanoparticles dispersed in ethanol followed by solvent evaporation and secondary pyrolysis. In order to substantiate this new approach, preliminary electrochemical testing has been done. The first results on CFS electrodes demonstrated initial capacity of 1668 mAh/g with 75% capacity retention after 30 cycles of subsequent charging and discharging. In order to further enhance the electrochemical performance, silicon nanoparticles were additionally coated with a nitrogen containing carbon layer derived from codeposited poly(acrylonitrile). These carbon coated CFS electrodes demonstrated even higher performance with an initial capacity of 2100 mAh/g with 92% capacity retention after 30 cycles of subsequent charging and discharging. PMID:26909748 8. A Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element Method for Solving the Two- and Three-Dimensional Unsteady Euler Equations Using Quadrilateral and Hexahedral Meshes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Zhang, Zeng-Chan; Yu, S. T. John; Chang, Sin-Chung; Jorgenson, Philip (Technical Monitor) 2001-01-01 In this paper, we report a version of the Space-Time Conservation Element and Solution Element (CE/SE) Method in which the 2D and 3D unsteady Euler equations are simulated using structured or unstructured quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes, respectively. In the present method, mesh values of flow variables and their spatial derivatives are treated as independent unknowns to be solved for. At each mesh point, the value of a flow variable is obtained by imposing a flux conservation condition. On the other hand, the spatial derivatives are evaluated using a finite-difference/weighted-average procedure. Note that the present extension retains many key advantages of the original CE/SE method which uses triangular and tetrahedral meshes, respectively, for its 2D and 3D applications. These advantages include efficient parallel computing ease of implementing non-reflecting boundary conditions, high-fidelity resolution of shocks and waves, and a genuinely multidimensional formulation without using a dimensional-splitting approach. In particular, because Riemann solvers, the cornerstones of the Godunov-type upwind schemes, are not needed to capture shocks, the computational logic of the present method is considerably simpler. To demonstrate the capability of the present method, numerical results are presented for several benchmark problems including oblique shock reflection, supersonic flow over a wedge, and a 3D detonation flow. 9. Three Dimensional Dirac Semimetals NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) 2014-03-01 Dirac points on the Fermi surface of two dimensional graphene are responsible for its unique electronic behavior. One can ask whether any three dimensional materials support similar pseudorelativistic physics in their bulk electronic spectra. This possibility has been investigated theoretically and is now supported by two successful experimental demonstrations reported during the last year. In this talk, I will summarize the various ways in which Dirac semimetals can be realized in three dimensions with primary focus on a specific theory developed on the basis of representations of crystal spacegroups. A three dimensional Dirac (Weyl) semimetal can appear in the presence (absence) of inversion symmetry by tuning parameters to the phase boundary separating a bulk insulating and a topological insulating phase. More generally, we find that specific rules governing crystal symmetry representations of electrons with spin lead to robust Dirac points at high symmetry points in the Brillouin zone. Combining these rules with microscopic considerations identifies six candidate Dirac semimetals. Another method towards engineering Dirac semimetals involves combining crystal symmetry and band inversion. Several candidate materials have been proposed utilizing this mechanism and one of the candidates has been successfully demonstrated as a Dirac semimetal in two independent experiments. Work carried out in collaboration with: Julia A. Steinberg, Steve M. Young, J.C.Y. Teo, C.L. Kane, E.J. Mele and Andrew M. Rappe. 10. Application of a transonic potential flow code to the static aeroelastic analysis of three-dimensional wings NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Whitlow, W., Jr.; Bennett, R. M. 1982-01-01 Since the aerodynamic theory is nonlinear, the method requires the coupling of two iterative processes - an aerodynamic analysis and a structural analysis. A full potential analysis code, FLO22, is combined with a linear structural analysis to yield aerodynamic load distributions on and deflections of elastic wings. This method was used to analyze an aeroelastically-scaled wind tunnel model of a proposed executive-jet transport wing and an aeroelastic research wing. The results are compared with the corresponding rigid-wing analyses, and some effects of elasticity on the aerodynamic loading are noted. 11. Mesenchymal stromal cells from human umbilical cords display poor chondrogenic potential in scaffold-free three dimensional cultures. PubMed Islam, A; Hansen, A K; Mennan, C; Martinez-Zubiaurre, I 2016-01-01 Many researchers world over are currently investigating the suitability of stromal cells harvested from foetal tissues for allogeneic cell transplantation therapies or for tissue engineering purposes. In this study, we have investigated the chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from whole sections of human umbilical cord or mixed cord (UCSCs-MC), and compared them with cells isolated from synovial membrane (SMSCs), Hoffa's fat pad (HFPSCs) and cartilage. All MSCs were positive for surface markers including CD73, CD90, CD105, CD44, CD146 and CD166, but negative for CD11b, CD19, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR in addition to CD106 and CD271. Chondrogenic potential of all cell sources was studied using 3D pellet cultures incubated in the presence of different combinations of anabolic substances such as dexamethasone, IGF-1, TGF-β1, TGF-β3, BMP-2 and BMP-7. BMP-2 and dexamethasone in combination with TGF-β1 or TGF-β3 excelled at inducing chondrogenesis on SMSCs, HFPSCs and chondrocytes, as measured by glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II staining of pellets, quantitative glycosaminoglycan expression, quantitative PCR of cartilage signature genes and electron microscopy. In contrast, none of the tested growth factor combinations was sufficient to induce chondrogenesis on UCSCs-MC. Moreover, incubation of UCSCs-MC spheroids in the presence of cartilage pieces or synovial cells in co-cultures did not aid chondrogenic induction. In summary, we show that in comparison with MSCs harvested from adult joint tissues, UCSCs-MC display poor chondrogenic abilities. This observation should alert researchers at the time of considering UCSCs-MC as cartilage forming cells in tissue engineering or repair strategies. PMID:27232667 12. Three-dimensional needle-tip localization by electric field potential and camera hybridization for needle electromyography exam robotic simulator. PubMed He, Siyu; Gomez-Tames, Jose; Yu, Wenwei 2016-01-01 As one of neurological tests, needle electromygraphy exam (NEE) plays an important role to evaluate the conditions of nerves and muscles. Neurology interns and novice medical staff need repetitive training to improve their skills in performing the exam. However, no training systems are able to reproduce multiple pathological conditions to simulate real needle electromyogram exam. For the development of a robotic simulator, three components need to be realized: physical modeling of upper limb morphological features, position-dependent electromyogram generation, and needle localization; the latter is the focus of this study. Our idea is to couple two types of sensing mechanism in order to acquire the needle-tip position with high accuracy. One is to segment the needle from camera images and calculate its insertion point on the skin surface by a top-hat transform algorithm. The other is voltage-based depth measurement, in which a conductive tissue-like phantom was used to realize both needle-tip localization and physical sense of needle insertion. For that, a pair of electrodes was designed to generate a near-linear voltage distribution along the depth direction of the tissue-like phantom. The accuracy of the needle-tip position was investigated by the electric field potential and camera hybridization. The results showed that the needle tip could be detected with an accuracy of 1.05±0.57 mm. PMID:27382339 13. Calculation of water drop trajectories to and about arbitrary three-dimensional lifting and nonlifting bodies in potential airflow NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Norment, H. G. 1985-01-01 Subsonic, external flow about nonlifting bodies, lifting bodies or combinations of lifting and nonlifting bodies is calculated by a modified version of the Hess lifting code. Trajectory calculations can be performed for any atmospheric conditions and for all water drop sizes, from the smallest cloud droplet to large raindrops. Experimental water drop drag relations are used in the water drop equations of motion and effects of gravity settling are included. Inlet flow can be accommodated, and high Mach number compressibility effects are corrected for approximately. Seven codes are described: (1) a code used to debug and plot body surface description data; (2) a code that processes the body surface data to yield the potential flow field; (3) a code that computes flow velocities at arrays of points in space; (4) a code that computes water drop trajectories from an array of points in space; (5) a code that computes water drop trajectories and fluxes to arbitrary target points; (6) a code that computes water drop trajectories tangent to the body; and (7) a code that produces stereo pair plots which include both the body and trajectories. Accuracy of the calculations is discussed, and trajectory calculation results are compared with prior calculations and with experimental data. 14. Three-dimensional needle-tip localization by electric field potential and camera hybridization for needle electromyography exam robotic simulator PubMed Central He, Siyu; Gomez-Tames, Jose; Yu, Wenwei 2016-01-01 As one of neurological tests, needle electromygraphy exam (NEE) plays an important role to evaluate the conditions of nerves and muscles. Neurology interns and novice medical staff need repetitive training to improve their skills in performing the exam. However, no training systems are able to reproduce multiple pathological conditions to simulate real needle electromyogram exam. For the development of a robotic simulator, three components need to be realized: physical modeling of upper limb morphological features, position-dependent electromyogram generation, and needle localization; the latter is the focus of this study. Our idea is to couple two types of sensing mechanism in order to acquire the needle-tip position with high accuracy. One is to segment the needle from camera images and calculate its insertion point on the skin surface by a top-hat transform algorithm. The other is voltage-based depth measurement, in which a conductive tissue-like phantom was used to realize both needle-tip localization and physical sense of needle insertion. For that, a pair of electrodes was designed to generate a near-linear voltage distribution along the depth direction of the tissue-like phantom. The accuracy of the needle-tip position was investigated by the electric field potential and camera hybridization. The results showed that the needle tip could be detected with an accuracy of 1.05±0.57 mm. PMID:27382339 15. Stationary solutions for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation modeling three-dimensional spherical Bose-Einstein condensates in general potentials. PubMed Mallory, Kristina; Van Gorder, Robert A 2015-07-01 Stationary solutions for the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation modeling Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) confined in three spatial dimensions by general forms of a potential are studied through a perturbation method and also numerically. Note that we study both repulsive and attractive BECs under similar frameworks in order to deduce the effects of the potentials in each case. After outlining the general framework, solutions for a collection of specific confining potentials of physical relevance to experiments on BECs are provided in order to demonstrate the approach. We make several observations regarding the influence of the particular potentials on the behavior of the BECs in these cases, comparing and contrasting the qualitative behavior of the attractive and repulsive BECs for potentials of various strengths and forms. Finally, we consider the nonperturbative where the potential or the amplitude of the solutions is large, obtaining various qualitative results. When the kinetic energy term is small (relative to the nonlinearity and the confining potential), we recover the expected Thomas-Fermi approximation for the stationary solutions. Naturally, this also occurs in the large mass limit. Through all of these results, we are able to understand the qualitative behavior of spherical three-dimensional BECs in weak, intermediate, or strong confining potentials. PMID:26274295 16. Three dimensional interactive display NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Vranish, John M. (Inventor) 2005-01-01 A three-dimensional (3-D) interactive display and method of forming the same, includes a transparent capaciflector (TC) camera formed on a transparent shield layer on the screen surface. A first dielectric layer is formed on the shield layer. A first wire layer is formed on the first dielectric layer. A second dielectric layer is formed on the first wire layer. A second wire layer is formed on the second dielectric layer. Wires on the first wire layer and second wire layer are grouped into groups of parallel wires with a turnaround at one end of each group and a sensor pad at the opposite end. An operational amplifier is connected to each of the sensor pads and the shield pad biases the pads and receives a signal from connected sensor pads in response to intrusion of a probe. The signal is proportional to probe location with respect to the monitor screen. 17. Application of a Chimera Full Potential Algorithm for Solving Aerodynamic Problems NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Holst, Terry L.; Kwak, Dochan (Technical Monitor) 1997-01-01 A numerical scheme utilizing a chimera zonal grid approach for solving the three dimensional full potential equation is described. Special emphasis is placed on describing the spatial differencing algorithm around the chimera interface. Results from two spatial discretization variations are presented; one using a hybrid first-order/second-order-accurate scheme and the second using a fully second-order-accurate scheme. The presentation is highlighted with a number of transonic wing flow field computations. 18. LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorod arrays: A potential three-dimensional cathode for lithium-ion microbatteries SciTech Connect Tang, Xiao; Lin, Binghui; Ge, Yong; Ge, Yao; Lu, Changjie; Savilov, Serguei V.; Aldoshin, Serguei M.; Xia, Hui 2015-09-15 Highlights: • Self-supported LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorod arrays are prepared on the Pt substrates. • LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorod array cathode exhibits a large areal capacity of 0.25 mAh cm{sup −2}. • LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorod array cathode exhibits good cycle performance and rate capability. • LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorod arrays are potential cathodes for 3D microbatteries. - Abstract: Although three-dimensional (3D) microbatteries represent great advantage compared to their two-dimensional counterparts, the fabrication of 3D cathode is still a challenge, which holds back the further development of 3D microbatteries. In this work, we present a novel approach for fabrication of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorod arrays as 3D cathode for microbatteries. α-MnO{sub 2} nanotube arrays are firstly grown on the Pt substrate as the template, and LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorod arrays are then prepared by lithiation of α-MnO{sub 2} nanotube arrays in molten salt followed by 800 °C annealing in air. In the half cell test, the 3D LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} nanorod arrays exhibit both high gravimetric capacity (∼130 mAh g{sup −1}) and areal capacity (∼0.25 mAh cm{sup −2}), while maintaining good cycling stability and rate capability. The facile synthesis and superior electrochemical performance of the three-dimensional LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} cathode make it promising for application in microbatteries. 19. Explicitly correlated three-dimensional potential-energy surface of the thiazyl-hydride-helium weakly bound system and implications for HSN detection NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Ajili, Y.; Ben Abdallah, D.; Mogren Al-Mogren, M.; Lique, F.; Francisco, J. S.; Hochlaf, M. 2016-07-01 The intermonomer three-dimensional potential-energy surface (3D PES) of the thiazyl-hydride-helium (HSN-He) weakly bound molecular system is generated using the explicitly correlated coupled-cluster method with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations. The 3D PES is mapped in Jacobi coordinates. This potential-energy surface shows a unique potential well at planar configurations. The depth of this potential is 74.4 c m-1 . This 3D PES is incorporated into a close-coupling and coupled-states quantum dynamical treatment of nuclear motions to deduce the rotational (de-)excitation of HSN by He for energies up to 1400 c m-1 . After averaging over a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, the collisional rate coefficients are derived for temperatures ranging from 5 to 200 K. These data are essential for the identification of HSN molecules in astrophysical media. A comparison between thionitrosyl-hydride—He and HSN-He is performed. 20. Metamorphism in potential function while maintaining upright posture during exposure to a three-dimensional movie on an head-mounted display. PubMed Takada, Hiroki; Fujikake, Kazuhiro; Miyao, Masaru 2009-01-01 We propose a new index, sparse density (SPD), of stationary stabilograms for detecting the metamorphism in the (temporally averaged) potential function of stochastic differential equations, which occurs when a human attempts to maintain an upright posture. It is known that a mathematical model of the body sway can be developed by a stochastic process. The authors have succeeded in finding the nonlinearity in the potential function. In this study, subjects in a standing position were stimulated by three-dimensional (3-D) movies on an head-mounted display (HMD). We also measured the degree of determinism in the dynamics of the sway of the center of gravity of the subjects. The Double-Wayland algorithm was used as a novel method. As a result, the dynamics of the body sway in the presence of the stimulus as well as in its absence were considered to be stochastic. The metamorphism in the potential function during exposure to the conventional 3-D images could be detected by using the SPD. PMID:19963636 1. High-resolution, three-dimensional modeling of human leukocyte antigen class I structure and surface electrostatic potential reveals the molecular basis for alloantibody binding epitopes. PubMed Kosmoliaptsis, Vasilis; Dafforn, Timothy R; Chaudhry, Afzal N; Halsall, David J; Bradley, J Andrew; Taylor, Craig J 2011-11-01 The potential of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) to stimulate humoral alloimmunity depends on the orientation, accessibility and physiochemical properties of polymorphic amino acids. We have generated high-resolution structural and physiochemical models of all common HLA class I alleles and analyzed the impact of amino acid polymorphisms on surface electrostatic potential. Atomic resolution three-dimensional structural models of HLA class I molecules were generated using the MODELLER computer algorithm. The molecular surface electrostatic potential was calculated using the DelPhi program. To confirm that electrostatic surface topography reflects known HLA B cell epitopes, we examined Bw4 and Bw6 and ascertained the impact of amino acid polymorphisms on their tertiary and physiochemical composition. The HLA protein structures generated performed well when subjected to stereochemical and energy-based testing for structural integrity. The electrostatic pattern and conformation of Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes are maintained among HLA molecules even when expressed in a different structural context. Importantly, variation in epitope amino acid composition does not always translate into a different electrostatic motif, providing an explanation for serologic cross-reactivity. Mutations of critical amino acids that abrogate antibody binding also induce distinct changes in epitope electrostatic properties. In conclusion, high-resolution structural modeling provides a physiochemical explanation for serologic patterns of antibody binding and provides novel insights into HLA immunogenicity. PMID:21840357 2. Evaluation of Osteogenic and Cementogenic Potential of Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast Spheroids Using a Three-Dimensional In Vitro Model of Periodontium PubMed Central Berahim, Zurairah; Moharamzadeh, Keyvan; Jowett, Adrian K.; Rawlinson, Andrew 2015-01-01 The aim of this study was to develop a three-dimensional in vitro model of periodontium to investigate the osteogenic and cementogenic differentiation potential of the periodontal ligament fibroblast (PDLF) spheroids within a dentin-membrane complex. PDLFs were cultured in both spheroid forms and monolayers and were seeded onto two biological collagen-based and synthetic membranes. Cell-membrane composites were then transferred onto dentin slices with fibroblasts facing the dentin surface and further cultured for 20 days. The composites were then processed for histology and immunohistochemical analyses for osteocalcin, Runx2, periostin, and cementum attachment protein (CAP). Both membranes seeded with PDLF-derived cells adhered to dentin and fibroblasts were present at the dentin interface and spread within both membranes. All membrane-cell-dentine composites showed positive staining for osteocalcin, Runx2, and periostin. However, CAP was not expressed by any of the tissue composites. It can be concluded that PDLFs exhibited some osteogenic potential when cultured in a 3D matrix in the presence of dentin as shown by the expression of osteocalcin. However the interaction of cells and dentin in this study was unable to stimulate cementum formation. The type of membrane did not have a significant effect upon differentiation, but fibroblast seeded-PGA membrane demonstrated better attachment to dentin than the collagen membrane. PMID:26633971 3. Three dimensional Dirac semimetals NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) We extend the physics of graphene to three dimensional systems by showing that Dirac points can exist on the Fermi surface of realistic materials in three dimensions. Many of the exotic electronic properties of graphene can be ascribed to the pseudorelativistic behavior of its charge carriers due to two dimensional Dirac points on the Fermi surface. We show that certain nonsymmorphic spacegroups exhibit Dirac points among the irreducible representations of the appropriate little group at high symmetry points on the surface of the Brillouin zone. We provide a list of all Brillouin zone momenta in the 230 spacegroups that can host Dirac points. We describe microscopic considerations necessary to design materials in one of the candidate spacegroups such that the Dirac point appears at the Fermi energy without any additional non-Dirac-like Fermi pockets. We use density functional theory based methods to propose six new Dirac semimetals: BiO 2 and SbO2 in the beta-cristobalite lattice (spacegroup 227), and BiCaSiO4, BiMgSiO4, BiAlInO 4, and BiZnSiO4 in the distorted spinels lattice (spacegroup 74). Additionally we derive effective Dirac Hamiltonians given group representative operators as well as tight binding models incorporating spin-orbit coupling. Finally we study the Fermi surface of zincblende (spacegroup 216) HgTe which is effectively point-like at Gamma in the Brillouin zone and exhibits accidental degeneracies along a threefold rotation axis. Whereas compressive strain gaps the band structure into a topological insulator, tensile strain shifts the accidental degeneracies away from Gamma and enlarges the Fermi surface. States on the Fermi surface exhibit nontrivial spin texture marked by winding of spins around the threefold rotation axis and by spin vortices indicating a change in the winding number. This is confirmed by microscopic calculations performed in tensile strained HgTe and Hg0.5Zn 0.5 Te as well as k.p theory. We conclude with a summary of recent 4. A polymerized C60 coating enhancing interfacial stability at three-dimensional LiCoO2 in high-potential regime NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hudaya, Chairul; Halim, Martin; Pröll, Johannes; Besser, Heino; Choi, Wonchang; Pfleging, Wilhelm; Seifert, Hans Jürgen; Lee, Joong Kee 2015-12-01 The interfacial instabilities, including side reactions due to electrolyte decompositions and Cobalt (Co) dissolutions, are the main detrimental processes at LiCoO2 cathode when a high-voltage window (>4.2 V) is applied. Nevertheless, cycling the cathode with a voltage above 4.2 V would deliver an increased gravimetric capacity, which is desired for high power battery operation. To address these drawbacks, we demonstrate a synergistic approach by manufacturing the three-dimensional high-temperature LiCoO2 electrodes (3D HT-LCO) using laser-microstructuring, laser-annealing and subsequent coating with polymerized C60 thin films (C60@3D HT-LCO) by plasma-assisted thermal evaporation. The C60@3D HT-LCO cathode delivers higher initial discharge capacity compared to its theoretical value, i.e. 175 mA h g-1 at 0.1 C with cut-off voltage of 3.0-4.5 V. This cathode combines the advantages of the 3D electrode architecture and an advanced C60 coating/passivation concept leading to an improved electrochemical performance, due to an increased active surface area, a decreased charge transfer resistance, a prevented Co dissolution into the electrolyte and a suppressed side reaction and electrolyte decomposition. This work provides a novel solution for other cathode materials having similar concerns in high potential regimes for application in lithium-ion microbatteries. 5. The myocardial regenerative potential of three-dimensional engineered cardiac tissues composed of multiple human iPS cell-derived cardiovascular cell lineages. PubMed Masumoto, Hidetoshi; Nakane, Takeichiro; Tinney, Joseph P; Yuan, Fangping; Ye, Fei; Kowalski, William J; Minakata, Kenji; Sakata, Ryuzo; Yamashita, Jun K; Keller, Bradley B 2016-01-01 Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a robust source for cardiac regenerative therapy due to their potential to support autologous and allogeneic transplant paradigms. The in vitro generation of three-dimensional myocardial tissue constructs using biomaterials as an implantable hiPSC-derived myocardium provides a path to realize sustainable myocardial regeneration. We generated engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) from three cellular compositions of cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs), and vascular mural cells (MCs) differentiated from hiPSCs. We then determined the impact of cell composition on ECT structural and functional properties. In vitro force measurement showed that CM+EC+MC ECTs possessed preferential electromechanical properties versus ECTs without vascular cells indicating that incorporation of vascular cells augmented tissue maturation and function. The inclusion of MCs facilitated more mature CM sarcomeric structure, preferential alignment, and activated multiple tissue maturation pathways. The CM+EC+MC ECTs implanted onto infarcted, immune tolerant rat hearts engrafted, displayed both host and graft-derived vasculature, and ameliorated myocardial dysfunction. Thus, a composition of CMs and multiple vascular lineages derived from hiPSCs and incorporated into ECTs promotes functional maturation and demonstrates myocardial replacement and perfusion relevant for clinical translation. PMID:27435115 6. The myocardial regenerative potential of three-dimensional engineered cardiac tissues composed of multiple human iPS cell-derived cardiovascular cell lineages PubMed Central Masumoto, Hidetoshi; Nakane, Takeichiro; Tinney, Joseph P.; Yuan, Fangping; Ye, Fei; Kowalski, William J.; Minakata, Kenji; Sakata, Ryuzo; Yamashita, Jun K.; Keller, Bradley B. 2016-01-01 Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are a robust source for cardiac regenerative therapy due to their potential to support autologous and allogeneic transplant paradigms. The in vitro generation of three-dimensional myocardial tissue constructs using biomaterials as an implantable hiPSC-derived myocardium provides a path to realize sustainable myocardial regeneration. We generated engineered cardiac tissues (ECTs) from three cellular compositions of cardiomyocytes (CMs), endothelial cells (ECs), and vascular mural cells (MCs) differentiated from hiPSCs. We then determined the impact of cell composition on ECT structural and functional properties. In vitro force measurement showed that CM+EC+MC ECTs possessed preferential electromechanical properties versus ECTs without vascular cells indicating that incorporation of vascular cells augmented tissue maturation and function. The inclusion of MCs facilitated more mature CM sarcomeric structure, preferential alignment, and activated multiple tissue maturation pathways. The CM+EC+MC ECTs implanted onto infarcted, immune tolerant rat hearts engrafted, displayed both host and graft-derived vasculature, and ameliorated myocardial dysfunction. Thus, a composition of CMs and multiple vascular lineages derived from hiPSCs and incorporated into ECTs promotes functional maturation and demonstrates myocardial replacement and perfusion relevant for clinical translation. PMID:27435115 7. Measuring the magnetic-field-dependent chemical potential of a low-density three-dimensional electron gas in n -GaAs and extracting its magnetic susceptibility NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Roy Choudhury, Aditya N.; Venkataraman, V. 2016-01-01 We report the magnetic-field-dependent shift of the electron chemical potential in bulk, n -type GaAs at room temperature. A transient voltage of ˜100 μ V was measured across a Au-Al2O3 -GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor in a pulsed magnetic field of ˜6 T . Several spurious voltages larger than the signal that had plagued earlier researchers performing similar experiments were carefully eliminated. The itinerant magnetic susceptibility of GaAs is extracted from the experimentally measured data for four different doping densities, including one as low as 5 ×1015cm-3 . Though the susceptibility in GaAs is dominated by Landau-Peierls diamagnetism, the experimental technique demonstrated can be a powerful tool for extracting the total free carrier magnetization of any electron system. The method is also virtually independent of the carrier concentration and is expected to work better in the nondegenerate limit. Such experiments had been successfully performed in two-dimensional electron gases at cryogenic temperatures. However, an unambiguous report on having observed this effect in any three-dimensional electron gas has been lacking. We highlight the 50 year old literature of various trials and discuss the key details of our experiment that were essential for its success. The technique can be used to unambiguously yield only the itinerant part of the magnetic susceptibility of complex materials such as magnetic semiconductors and hexaborides, and thus shed light on the origin of ferromagnetism in such systems. 8. Use of three-dimensional excitation and emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy for predicting the disinfection by-product formation potential of reclaimed water. PubMed Hao, Ruixia; Ren, Huiqin; Li, Jianbing; Ma, Zhongzhi; Wan, Hongwen; Zheng, Xiaoying; Cheng, Shuiyuan 2012-11-01 This study was undertaken to demonstrate the feasibility of using three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence spectroscopy for the determination of chlorination disinfection by-product (DBP) precursors and the disinfection by-product formation potential (DBPFP) of reclaimed water samples. Two major DBP precursors were examined in this study, including humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA). The 3DEEM fluorescence results obtained from various reclaimed water samples indicated that the reclaimed water samples were rich in fulvic acid-like substances that were associated with two main peaks (Ex/Em = 235-245/420-440 nm, and Ex/Em = 330-340/410-430 nm) in the fluorescence spectrum. The results also illustrated that the wavelength location of peak fluorescence intensity of a reclaimed water sample was independent of the influent water quality and the wastewater treatment process used in the reclamation plant. As a result, the peak fluorescence intensity and the wavelength location of the peak were used to identify the species of DBP precursors and their concentrations in the reclaimed water sample. Four regression models were then developed to relate the peak fluorescence intensity of the water sample to its DBPFP, including the formation potential of trihalomethane (THMFP) and the formation potential of haloacetic acid (HAAFP). The regression models were verified using the measured DBPFP results of a series of reclaimed water samples. It was found that the regression modeling results matched the measured DBPFP values well, with prediction errors below 10%. Therefore, the use of 3DEEM fluorescence spectroscopy together with the developed regression models in this study can provide a reliable and rapid tool for monitoring the quality of reclaimed water. Using this method, water quality could be monitored online, without utilizing the lengthy conventional DBPFP measurement. PMID:22925392 9. The architecture of Norway spruce ectomycorrhizae: three-dimensional models of cortical cells, fungal biomass, and interface for potential nutrient exchange. PubMed Stögmann, Bernhard; Marth, Andreas; Pernfuß, Barbara; Pöder, Reinhold 2013-08-01 Gathering realistic data on actual fungal biomass in ectomycorrhized fine root systems is still a matter of concern. Thus far, observations on architecture of ectomycorrhizae (ECMs) have been limited to analyses of two-dimensional (2-D) images of tissue sections. This unavoidably causes stereometrical problems that lead to inadequate assumptions about actual size of cells and their arrangement within ECM's functional compartments. Based on extensive morphological investigations of field samples, we modeled the architectural components of an average-sized Norway spruce ECM. In addition to our comprehensive and detailed quantitative data on cell sizes, we studied actual shape and size, in vivo arrangement, and potential nutrient exchange area of plant cortical cells (CCs) using computer-aided three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions based on semithin serial sections. We extrapolated a factual fungal biomass in ECMs (Hartig net (HN) included) of 1.71 t ha(-1) FW (0.36 t ha(-1) DW) for the top 5 cm of soil for an autochthonous, montane, optimum Norway spruce stand in the Tyrolean Alps. The corresponding potential nutrient exchange area in ECMs including main axes of ECM systems, which is defined as the sum of interfaces between plant CCs and the HN, amounts to at least 3.2 × 10(5) m(2) ha(-1). This is the first study that determines the contribution of the HN to the total fungal biomass in ECMs as well as the quantification of its contact area. Our results may stimulate future research on fungal below-ground processes and their impact on the global carbon cycle. PMID:23435714 10. Noninvasive Three-dimensional Cardiac Activation Imaging from Body Surface Potential Maps: A Computational and Experimental Study on a Rabbit Model PubMed Central Han, Chengzong; Liu, Zhongming; Zhang, Xin; Pogwizd, Steven; He, Bin 2009-01-01 Three-dimensional (3-D) cardiac activation imaging (3-DCAI) is a recently developed technique that aims at imaging the activation sequence throughout the 3-D volume of myocardium. 3-DCAI entails the modeling and estimation of the cardiac equivalent current density (ECD) distribution from which the local activation time within myocardium is determined as the time point with the peak amplitude of local ECD estimates. In this paper, we report, for the first time, an experimental study of the performance and applicability of 3-DCAI as judged by measured 3-D cardiac activation sequence using 3-D intra-cardiac mapping, in a group of 4 healthy rabbits during ventricular pacing. During the experiments, the body surface potentials and the intramural bipolar electrical recordings were simultaneously measured in a closed-chest condition to allow for a rigorous evaluation of the noninvasive 3-DCAI algorithm using the intra-cardiac mapping. The ventricular activation sequence non-invasively imaged from the body surface measurements by using 3-DCAI was generally in agreement with that obtained from the invasive intra-cardiac recordings. The overall difference between them, quantified as the root mean square (RMS) error, was 7.42±0.61 ms, and the normalized difference, quantified as the relative error (RE), was 0.24±0.03. The distance from the reconstructed site of initial activation to the actual pacing site, defined as the localization error (LE), was 5.47±1.57 mm. In addition, computer simulations were conducted to provide additional assessment of the performance of the 3-DCAI algorithm using a realistic-geometry rabbit heart-torso model. Averaged over 9 pacing sites, the RE and LE were 0.20±0.07 and 4.56±1.12 mm, respectively, for single-pacing, when 20 μV Gaussian white noise was added to the body surface potentials at 53 body surface locations. Averaged over 8 pairs of dual pacing, the RE was 0.25±0.06 for 20 μV additive noise. The present results obtained through 11. Three-dimensional simulation of vortex breakdown NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kuruvila, G.; Salas, M. D. 1990-01-01 The integral form of the complete, unsteady, compressible, three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations in the conservation form, cast in generalized coordinate system, are solved, numerically, to simulate the vortex breakdown phenomenon. The inviscid fluxes are discretized using Roe's upwind-biased flux-difference splitting scheme and the viscous fluxes are discretized using central differencing. Time integration is performed using a backward Euler ADI (alternating direction implicit) scheme. A full approximation multigrid is used to accelerate the convergence to steady state. 12. Coupled three-dimensional conduction and natural convection heat transfer NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) 1987-09-01 A numerical and experimental investigation of three-dimensional natural convection heat transfer coupled with conduction was performed. This general problem is of great importance because of its widespread applicability in areas such as compact natural convection heat exchangers, cooling of electronic equipment, and porous media flows. The determination of flow patterns and heat transfer coefficients in such situations is necessary because of its practical use in various industries. A vectorized finite difference code was developed for the Cray-2 supercomputer which has the capability of simulating a wide class of three-dimensional coupled conduction-convection problems. This program numerically solves the transient form of the complete laminar Navier-Stokes equations of motion using the vorticity-vector potential methods. Using this program, numerical solutions were obtained for 3-D natural convection from a horizontal isothermal heat exchanger tube with an attached circular cooling fin array. Experiments were performed to measure three-dimensional temperature fields using Mach-Zehnder interferometry. Software was developed to digitize and process fringe patterns and inversion algorithms used to compute the 3-D temperature field. 13. Three-Dimensional Printing Surgical Applications PubMed Central Griffin, Michelle F.; Butler, Peter E. 2015-01-01 Introduction: Three-dimensional printing, a technology used for decades in the industrial field, gains a lot of attention in the medical field for its potential benefits. With advancement of desktop printers, this technology is accessible and a lot of research is going on in the medical field. Objective: To evaluate its application in surgical field, which may include but not limited to surgical planning, surgical education, implants, and prosthesis, which are the focus of this review. Methods: Research was conducted by searching PubMed, Web of science, and other reliable sources. We included original articles and excluded articles based on animals, those more than 10 years old, and those not in English. These articles were evaluated, and relevant studies were included in this review. Discussion: Three-dimensional printing shows a potential benefit in surgical application. Printed implants were used in patient in a few cases and show successful results; however, longer follow-up and more trials are needed. Surgical and medical education is believed to be more efficient with this technology than the current practice. Printed surgical instrument and surgical planning are also believed to improve with three-dimensional printing. Conclusion: Three-dimensional printing can be a very powerful tool in the near future, which can aid the medical field that is facing a lot of challenges and obstacles. However, despite the reported results, further research on larger samples and analytical measurements should be conducted to ensure this technology's impact on the practice. PMID:26301002 14. Three-dimensional silicon micromachining NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Azimi, S.; Song, J.; Dang, Z. Y.; Liang, H. D.; Breese, M. B. H. 2012-11-01 A process for fabricating arbitrary-shaped, two- and three-dimensional silicon and porous silicon components has been developed, based on high-energy ion irradiation, such as 250 keV to 1 MeV protons and helium. Irradiation alters the hole current flow during subsequent electrochemical anodization, allowing the anodization rate to be slowed or stopped for low/high fluences. For moderate fluences the anodization rate is selectively stopped only at depths corresponding to the high defect density at the end of ion range, allowing true three-dimensional silicon machining. The use of this process in fields including optics, photonics, holography and nanoscale depth machining is reviewed. 15. Parameters in three-dimensional osteospheroids of telomerized human mesenchymal (stromal) stem cells grown on osteoconductive scaffolds that predict in vivo bone-forming potential. PubMed Burns, Jorge S; Rasmussen, Pernille L; Larsen, Kenneth H; Schrøder, Henrik Daa; Kassem, Moustapha 2010-07-01 Osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) in monolayer culture is artefactual, lacking an organized bone-like matrix. We present a highly reproducible microwell protocol generating three-dimensional ex vivo multicellular aggregates of telomerized hMSC (hMSC-telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)) with improved mimicry of in vivo tissue-engineered bone. In osteogenic induction medium the hMSC were transitioned with time-dependent specification toward the osteoblastic lineage characterized by production of alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, osteonectin, and osteocalcin. Introducing a 1-2 mm(3) crystalline hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate scaffold generated osteospheroids with upregulated gene expression of transcription factors RUNX2/CBFA1, Msx-2, and Dlx-5. An organized lamellar bone-like collagen matrix, evident by birefringence of polarized light, was deposited in the scaffold concavities. Here, mature osteoblasts stained positively for differentiated osteoblast markers TAZ, biglycan, osteocalcin, and phospho-AKT. Quantification of collagen birefringence and relatively high expression of genes for matrix proteins, including type I collagen, biglycan, decorin, lumican, elastin, microfibrillar-associated proteins (MFAP2 and MFAP5), periostin, and tetranectin, in vitro correlated predictively with in vivo bone formation. The three-dimensional hMSC-TERT/hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate osteospheroid cultures in osteogenic induction medium recapitulated many characteristics of in vivo bone formation, providing a highly reproducible and resourceful platform for improved in vitro modeling of osteogenesis and refinement of bone tissue engineering. PMID:20196644 16. Three-Dimensional Messages for Interstellar Communication NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Vakoch, Douglas A. One of the challenges facing independently evolved civilizations separated by interstellar distances is to communicate information unique to one civilization. One commonly proposed solution is to begin with two-dimensional pictorial representations of mathematical concepts and physical objects, in the hope that this will provide a foundation for overcoming linguistic barriers. However, significant aspects of such representations are highly conventional, and may not be readily intelligible to a civilization with different conventions. The process of teaching conventions of representation may be facilitated by the use of three-dimensional representations redundantly encoded in multiple formats (e.g., as both vectors and as rasters). After having illustrated specific conventions for representing mathematical objects in a three-dimensional space, this method can be used to describe a physical environment shared by transmitter and receiver: a three-dimensional space defined by the transmitter--receiver axis, and containing stars within that space. This method can be extended to show three-dimensional representations varying over time. Having clarified conventions for representing objects potentially familiar to both sender and receiver, novel objects can subsequently be depicted. This is illustrated through sequences showing interactions between human beings, which provide information about human behavior and personality. Extensions of this method may allow the communication of such culture-specific features as aesthetic judgments and religious beliefs. Limitations of this approach will be noted, with specific reference to ETI who are not primarily visual. 17. Three dimensional colorimetric assay assemblies SciTech Connect Charych, D.; Reichart, A. 2000-06-27 A direct assay is described using novel three-dimensional polymeric assemblies which change from a blue to red color when exposed to an analyte, in one case a flu virus. The assemblies are typically in the form of liposomes which can be maintained in a suspension, and show great intensity in their color changes. Their method of production is also described. 18. Three-dimensional stellarator codes PubMed Central Garabedian, P. R. 2002-01-01 Three-dimensional computer codes have been used to develop quasisymmetric stellarators with modular coils that are promising candidates for a magnetic fusion reactor. The mathematics of plasma confinement raises serious questions about the numerical calculations. Convergence studies have been performed to assess the best configurations. Comparisons with recent data from large stellarator experiments serve to validate the theory. PMID:12140367 19. Three dimensional colorimetric assay assemblies DOEpatents Charych, Deborah; Reichart, Anke 2000-01-01 A direct assay is described using novel three-dimensional polymeric assemblies which change from a blue to red color when exposed to an analyte, in one case a flu virus. The assemblies are typically in the form of liposomes which can be maintained in a suspension, and show great intensity in their color changes. Their method of production is also described. 20. Three-Dimensional Lissajous Figures. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center D'Mura, John M. 1989-01-01 Described is a mechanically driven device for generating three-dimensional harmonic space figures with different frequencies and phase angles on the X, Y, and Z axes. Discussed are apparatus, viewing stereo pairs, equations of motion, and using space figures in classroom. (YP) 1. Comment on Exact three-dimensional wave function and the on-shell t matrix for the sharply cut-off Coulomb potential: Failure of the standard renormalization factor'' NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kouzakov, Konstantin A.; Popov, Yuri V.; Shablov, Vladimir L. 2010-01-01 The solutions analytically derived by W. Glöckle, J. Golak, R. Skibiński, and H. Witala [Phys. Rev. C 79, 044003 (2009)] for the three-dimensional wave function and on-shell t matrix in the case of scattering on a sharply cut-off Coulomb potential appear to be fallacious if finite values of a cut-off radius are concerned. And the analysis carried out for an infinite cut-off radius limit is incomplete. 2. Converged three-dimensional quantum mechanical reaction probabilities for the F + H2 reaction on a potential energy surface with realistic entrance and exit channels and comparisons to results for three other surfaces NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Lynch, Gillian C.; Halvick, Philippe; Zhao, Meishan; Truhlar, Donald G.; Yu, Chin-Hui; Kouri, Donald J.; Schwenke, David W. 1991-01-01 Accurate three-dimensional quantum mechanical reaction probabilities are presented for the reaction F + H2 yields HF + H on the new global potential energy surface 5SEC for total angular momentum J = 0 over a range of translational energies from 0.15 to 4.6 kcal/mol. It is found that the v-prime = 3 HF vibrational product state has a threshold as low as for v-prime = 2. 3. Numerical investigations in three-dimensional internal flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rose, William C. 1993-01-01 In the present reporting period, the 3D STUFF code was used to solve the underbody flow for the waverider configuration vehicle. In order to start the space-marched version of the code, the time-marched version (TUFF) was used to solve the forward portion of the underside of the forebody flowfield. A grid was generated which went from the tip of the nose to the location of the cowl lip. This includes all of the inlet ramp system. Previous indications were that three-dimensional effects could be expected on the ramps of such an aircraft. For purposes of the present study, no sidewalls were assumed. The sidewalls were eliminated to simplify the calculations and to show the potential effects of three-dimensional flow in the absence of a full sidewall. Further, this flow was also analyzed using the newly released OVERFLOW code and comparisons between the two codes were made. In addition to these 3D calculations, 2D calculations using the OVERFLOW code were also obtained for the Mach 5 inlet model in this reporting period. Comparisons between the experimental data, previous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results and those from OVERFLOW were made. 4. Three-dimensional fault drawing SciTech Connect Dongan, L. ) 1992-01-01 In this paper, the author presents a structure interpretation based on three-dimensional fault drawing. It is required that fault closure must be based on geological theory, spacial plotting principle and restrictions in seismic exploration. Geological structure can be well ascertained by analysing the shapes and interrelation of the faults which have been drawn through reasonable fault point closure and fault point correlation. According to this method, the interrelation of fault points is determined by first closing corresponding fault points in intersecting sections, then reasonably correlating the relevant fault points. Fault point correlation is not achieved in base map, so its correctness can be improved greatly. Three-dimensional fault closure is achieved by iteratively revising. The closure grid should be densified gradually. The distribution of major fault system is determined prior to secondary faults. Fault interpretation by workstation also follows this procedure. 5. Three-dimensional obstetric ultrasound. PubMed Tache, Veronique; Tarsa, Maryam; Romine, Lorene; Pretorius, Dolores H 2008-04-01 Three-dimensional ultrasound has gained a significant popularity in obstetrical practice in recent years. The advantage of this modality in some cases is in question, however. This article provides a basic review of volume acquisition, mechanical positioning, and display modalities. Multiple uses of this technique in obstetrical care including first trimester applications and its utility in clarification of fetal anatomy such as brain, face, heart, and skeleton is discussed. PMID:18450140 6. Three-dimensional coronary angiography NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Suurmond, Rolf; Wink, Onno; Chen, James; Carroll, John 2005-04-01 Three-Dimensional Coronary Angiography (3D-CA) is a novel tool that allows clinicians to view and analyze coronary arteries in three-dimensional format. This will help to find accurate length estimates and to find the optimal viewing angles of a lesion based on the three-dimensional vessel orientation. Various advanced algorithms are incorporated in this 3D processing utility including 3D-RA calibration, ECG phase selection, 2D vessel extraction, and 3D vessel modeling into a utility with optimized workflow and ease-of-use features, which is fully integrated in the environment of the x-ray catheterization lab. After the 3D processing, the 3D vessels can be viewed and manipulated interactively inside the operating room. The TrueView map provides a quick overview of gantry angles with optimal visualization of a single or bifurcation lesion. Vessel length measurements can be performed without risk of underestimating a vessel segment due to foreshortening. Vessel cross sectional diameters can also be measured. Unlike traditional, projection-based quantitative coronary analysis, the additional process of catheter calibration is not needed for diameter measurements. Validation studies show a high reproducibility of the measurements, with little user dependency. 7. Three-dimensional rail-current distribution near the armature of simple, square-bore, two-rail railguns SciTech Connect Beno, J.H. ) 1991-01-01 In this paper vector potential is solved as a three dimensional, boundary value problem for a conductor geometry consisting of square-bore railgun rails and a stationary armature. Conductors are infinitely conducting and perfect contact is assumed between rails and the armature. From the vector potential solution, surface current distribution is inferred. 8. Use of three-dimensional photoelasticity in fracture mechanics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Smith, C. W. 1973-01-01 The philosophy of fracture mechanics is reviewed and utilized to formulate a simplified approach to the determination of the stress-intensity factor photoelastically for three-dimensional problems. The method involves a Taylor Series correction for the maximum in-plane shear stress (TSCM) and does not involve stress separation. The results are illustrated by applying the TSCM to surface flaws in bending fields. Other three-dimensional problems solved by the TSCM are cited. 9. Numerical investigations in three-dimensional internal flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rose, William C. 1991-01-01 The present study is a preliminary investigation into the behavior of the flow within a 28 degree total geometric turning angle hypothetical Mach 10 inlet as calculated with the full three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations. Comparison between the two-dimensional and three-dimensional solutions have been made. The overall compression is not significantly different between the two-dimensional and center plane three dimensional solutions. Approximately one-half to two-thirds of the inlet flow at the exit of the inlet behave nominally two-dimensionally. On the other hand, flow field non-uniformities in the three-dimensional solution indicate the potential significance of the sidewall boundary layer flows ingested into the inlet. The tailoring of the geometry at the inlet shoulder and on the cowl obtained in the two-dimensional parametric design study have also proved to be effective at controlling the boundary layer behavior in the three-dimensional code. The three-dimensional inlet solution remained started indicating that the two-dimensional design had a sufficient margin to allow for three-dimensional flow field effects. Although confidence is being gained in the use of SCRAM3D (three-dimensional full Navier-Stokes code) as applied to similar flow fields, the actual effects of the three-dimensional flow fields associated with sidewalls and wind tunnel installations can require verification with ground-based experiments. 10. Bootstrapping Critical Ising Model on Three Dimensional Real Projective Space. PubMed Nakayama, Yu 2016-04-01 Given conformal data on a flat Euclidean space, we use crosscap conformal bootstrap equations to numerically solve the Lee-Yang model as well as the critical Ising model on a three dimensional real projective space. We check the rapid convergence of our bootstrap program in two dimensions from the exact solutions available. Based on the comparison, we estimate that our systematic error on the numerically solved one-point functions of the critical Ising model on a three dimensional real projective space is less than 1%. Our method opens up a novel way to solve conformal field theories on nontrivial geometries. PMID:27104697 11. Bootstrapping Critical Ising Model on Three Dimensional Real Projective Space NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Nakayama, Yu 2016-04-01 Given conformal data on a flat Euclidean space, we use crosscap conformal bootstrap equations to numerically solve the Lee-Yang model as well as the critical Ising model on a three dimensional real projective space. We check the rapid convergence of our bootstrap program in two dimensions from the exact solutions available. Based on the comparison, we estimate that our systematic error on the numerically solved one-point functions of the critical Ising model on a three dimensional real projective space is less than 1%. Our method opens up a novel way to solve conformal field theories on nontrivial geometries. 12. Using a Three-Dimensional Hydrogeologic Framework to Investigate Potential Sources of Water Springs in the Death Valley Regional Groundwater Flow System NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hill, M. C.; Belcher, W. R.; Sweetkind, D. S.; Faunt, C. 2014-12-01 The Death Valley regional groundwater flow system encompasses a proposed site for a high-level nuclear waste repository of the United States of America, the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), where nuclear weapons were tested, and National Park and BLM properties, and provides water for local communities. The model was constructed using a three-dimensional hydrogeologic framework and has been used as a resource planning mechanism by the many stakeholders involved, including four United States (U.S) federal agencies (U.S. Department of Energy, National Park Service, Bureau of Land Management, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) and local counties, towns, and residents. One of the issues in recent model development is simulation of insufficient water to regional discharge areas which form springs in valleys near the center of the system. Given what seems to be likely rock characteristics and geometries at depth, insufficient water is simulated to reach the discharge areas. This "surprise" thus challenges preconceived notions about the system. Here we use the hydrogeologic model to hypothesize alternatives able to produce the observed flow and use the groundwater simulation to test the hypotheses with other available data. Results suggest that the transmissivity measurements need to be used carefully because wells in this system are never fully penetrating, that multiple alternatives are able to produce the springflow, and that one most likely alternative cannot be identified given available data. Consequences of the alternatives are discussed. 13. Three-dimensional cultures of normal human osteoblasts: proliferation and differentiation potential in vitro and upon ectopic implantation in nude mice. PubMed Ferrera, D; Poggi, S; Biassoni, C; Dickson, G R; Astigiano, S; Barbieri, O; Favre, A; Franzi, A T; Strangio, A; Federici, A; Manduca, P 2002-05-01 We report the establishment in vitro of three-dimensional (3D) cultures of human osteoblasts (hOB) derived from normal adults and supported uniquely by the extracellular matrix (ECM) they deposit. Osteoblasts were cultured in 3D cultures in vitro for up to 120 days. The 3D cultures, examined at 25, 31, and 48 days, expressed protein markers of osteoblastic cells, namely osteonectin, collagen type I, fibronectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, biglycan, and decorin. Sequentially, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and then Ca incorporation, mineralization of matrix (monitored by histochemistry and transmission electron microscopy), and finally osteocalcin expression, were detected in the 3D cultures. Ultrastructurally, morphology progressed from early to mature osteoblast and to osteocyte-like. Cells were embedded in a matrix with organized collagen type I fibers containing, increasingly with time of culture, needle-shaped crystals, often associated with matrix vesicles, characteristic of those in bone. During the culture (up to 120 days) there was an outgrowth of proliferating osteogenic cells from the 3D structure. Subcutaneous implantation in nude mice for 20 days of osteoblasts cultured in 3D culture for different lengths of time in vitro, showed progression of mineralization from the inner region of the implant outward, with peripheral cells being embedded in nonmineralized, collagen-rich matrix. The 3D implants were invaded by vessels derived from the host. PMID:11996910 14. Three-dimensional bio-printing. PubMed Gu, Qi; Hao, Jie; Lu, YangJie; Wang, Liu; Wallace, Gordon G; Zhou, Qi 2015-05-01 Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has been widely used in various manufacturing operations including automotive, defence and space industries. 3D printing has the advantages of personalization, flexibility and high resolution, and is therefore becoming increasingly visible in the high-tech fields. Three-dimensional bio-printing technology also holds promise for future use in medical applications. At present 3D bio-printing is mainly used for simulating and reconstructing some hard tissues or for preparing drug-delivery systems in the medical area. The fabrication of 3D structures with living cells and bioactive moieties spatially distributed throughout will be realisable. Fabrication of complex tissues and organs is still at the exploratory stage. This review summarize the development of 3D bio-printing and its potential in medical applications, as well as discussing the current challenges faced by 3D bio-printing. PMID:25921944 15. Three-dimensional Camera Phone NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Iizuka, Keigo 2004-12-01 An inexpensive technique for realizing a three-dimensional (3D) camera phone display is presented. Light from the liquid-crystal screen of a camera phone is linearly polarized, and its direction of polarization is easily manipulated by a cellophane sheet used as a half-waveplate. The novel 3D camera phone display is made possible solely by optical components without resorting to computation, so that the 3D image is displayed in real time. Quality of the original image is not sacrificed in the process of converting it into a 3D image. 16. Three-dimensional visual stimulator NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Takeda, Tsunehiro; Fukui, Yukio; Hashimoto, Keizo; Hiruma, Nobuyuki 1995-02-01 We describe a newly developed three-dimensional visual stimulator (TVS) that can change independently the directions, distances, sizes, luminance, and varieties of two sets of targets for both eyes. It consists of liquid crystal projectors (LCP's) that generate the flexible images of targets, Badal otometers that change target distances without changing the visual angles, and relay-lens systems that change target directions. A special control program is developed for real-time control of six motors and two LCP's in the TVS together with a three-dimensional optometer III that simultaneously measures eye movement, accommodation, pupil diameter, and head movement. distance, 0 to -20 D; direction, 16 horizontally and 15 vertically; size, 0-2 deg visual angle; and luminance, 10-2-10 2 cd/m2. The target images are refreshed at 60 Hz and speeds with which the target makes a smooth change (ramp stimuli) are size, 10 deg/s. A simple application demonstrates the performance. 17. A three-dimensional biophysical model of Karenia brevis dynamics on the west Florida shelf: A look at physical transport and potential zooplankton grazing controls NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Milroy, Scott P.; Dieterle, Dwight A.; He, Ruoying; Kirkpatrick, Gary J.; Lester, Kristen M.; Steidinger, Karen A.; Vargo, Gabriel A.; Walsh, John J.; Weisberg, Robert H. 2008-01-01 The development of accurate predictive models of toxic dinoflagellate blooms is of great ecological importance, particularly in regions that are most susceptible to their detrimental effects. This is especially true along the west Florida shelf (WFS) and coast, where episodic bloom events of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis often wreak havoc on the valuable commercial fisheries and tourism industries of west Florida. In an effort to explain the dynamics at work within the maintenance and termination phases of a red tide, a simple three-dimensional coupled biophysical model was used in the analysis of the October 1999 red tide offshore Sarasota, Florida. Results of the numerical experiments indicate that: (1) measured and modeled flowfields were capable of transporting the observed offshore inoculum of K. brevis to within 16 km of the coastal boundary; (2) background concentrations (1000 cells L -1) of K. brevis could grow to a red tide of over 2×10 6 cells L -1 in little more than a month, assuming an estuarine initiation site with negligible offshore advection, no grazing losses, negligible competition from other phytoplankton groups, and no nutrient limitation; (3) maximal grazing pressure could not prevent the initiation of a red tide or cause its termination, assuming no other losses to algal biomass and a zooplankton community ingestion rate similar to that of Acartia tonsa; and (4) the light-cued ascent behavior of K. brevis served as an aggregational mechanism, concentrating K. brevis at the 55 μE m -2 s -1 isolume when mean concentrations of K. brevis exceeded 100,000 cells L -1. Further improvements in model fidelity will be accomplished by the future inclusion of phytoplankton competitors, disparate nutrient availability and limitation schemes, a more realistic rendering of the spectral light field and the attendant effects of photo-inhibition and compensation, and a mixed community of vertically-migrating proto- and metazoan grazers. These model 18. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional boattail afterbody flow fields NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Deiwert, G. S. 1980-01-01 The thin shear layer approximations of the three-dimensional, compressible Navier-Stokes equations are solved for subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flow over axisymmetric boattail bodies at moderate angles of attack. The plume is modeled by a solid body configuration identical to those used in experimental tests. An implicit algorithm of second-order accuracy is used to solve the equations on the ILLIAC IV computer. The turbulence is expressed by an algebraic model applicable to three-dimensional flow fields with moderate separation. The computed results compare favorably with three different sets of experimental data reported by Reubush, Shrewsbury, and Benek, respectively 19. Three-dimensional viscous rotor flow calculations using a viscous-inviscid interaction approach NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Chen, Ching S.; Bridgeman, John O. 1990-01-01 A three-dimensional viscous-inviscid interaction analysis was developed to predict the performance of rotors in hover and in forward flight at subsonic and transonic tip speeds. The analysis solves the full-potential and boundary-layer equations by finite-difference numerical procedures. Calculations were made for several different model rotor configurations. The results were compared with predictions from a two-dimensional integral method and with experimental data. The comparisons show good agreement between predictions and test data. 20. Input description for Jameson's three-dimensional transonic airfoil analysis program NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Newman, P. A.; Davis, R. M. 1974-01-01 The input parameters are presented for a computer program which performs calculations for inviscid isentropic transonic flow over three dimensional airfoils with straight leading edges. The free stream Mach number is restricted only by the isentropic assumption. Weak shock waves are automatically located where they occur in the flow. The finite difference form of the full equation for the velocity potential is solved by the method of relaxation, after the flow exterior to the airfoil is mapped to the upper half plane. 1. Three-dimensional coil inductor DOEpatents Bernhardt, Anthony F.; Malba, Vincent 2002-01-01 A three-dimensional coil inductor is disclosed. The inductor includes a substrate; a set of lower electrically conductive traces positioned on the substrate; a core placed over the lower traces; a set of side electrically conductive traces laid on the core and the lower traces; and a set of upper electrically conductive traces attached to the side traces so as to form the inductor. Fabrication of the inductor includes the steps of forming a set of lower traces on a substrate; positioning a core over the lower traces; forming a set of side traces on the core; connecting the side traces to the lower traces; forming a set of upper traces on the core; and connecting the upper traces to the side traces so as to form a coil structure. 2. Femtosecond laser internal manufacturing of three-dimensional microstructure devices NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Zheng, Chong; Hu, Anming; Chen, Tao; Oakes, Ken D.; Liu, Shibing 2015-10-01 Potential applications for three-dimensional microstructure devices developed rapidly across numerous fields including microoptics, microfluidics, microelectromechanical systems, and biomedical devices. Benefiting from many unique fabricating advantages, internal manufacturing methods have become the dominant process for three-dimensional microstructure device manufacturing. This paper provides a brief review of the most common techniques of femtosecond laser three-dimensional internal manufacturing (3DIM). The physical mechanisms and representative experimental results of 3D manufacturing technologies based on multiphoton polymerization, laser modification, microexplosion and continuous hollow structure internal manufacturing are provided in details. The important progress in emerging applications based on the 3DIM technologies is introduced as well. 3. Three dimensional magnetic abacus memory NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Zhang, Shilei; Zhang, Jingyan; Baker, Alexander A.; Wang, Shouguo; Yu, Guanghua; Hesjedal, Thorsten 2014-08-01 Stacking nonvolatile memory cells into a three-dimensional matrix represents a powerful solution for the future of magnetic memory. However, it is technologically challenging to access the data in the storage medium if large numbers of bits are stacked on top of each other. Here we introduce a new type of multilevel, nonvolatile magnetic memory concept, the magnetic abacus. Instead of storing information in individual magnetic layers, thereby having to read out each magnetic layer separately, the magnetic abacus adopts a new encoding scheme. It is inspired by the idea of second quantisation, dealing with the memory state of the entire stack simultaneously. Direct read operations are implemented by measuring the artificially engineered quantised' Hall voltage, each representing a count of the spin-up and spin-down layers in the stack. This new memory system further allows for both flexible scaling of the system and fast communication among cells. The magnetic abacus provides a promising approach for future nonvolatile 3D magnetic random access memory. 4. Three dimensional magnetic abacus memory NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Zhang, Shilei; Zhang, Jingyan; Baker, Alexander; Wang, Shouguo; Yu, Guanghua; Hesjedal, Thorsten 2015-03-01 Stacking nonvolatile memory cells into a three-dimensional matrix represents a powerful solution for the future of magnetic memory. However, it is technologically challenging to access the individual data in the storage medium if large numbers of bits are stacked on top of each other. Here we introduce a new type of multilevel, nonvolatile magnetic memory concept, the magnetic abacus. Instead of storing information in individual magnetic layers, thereby having to read out each magnetic layer separately, the magnetic abacus adopts a new encoding scheme which envisages a classical abacus with the beads operated by electron spins. It is inspired by the idea of second quantization, dealing with the memory state of the entire stack simultaneously. Direct read operations are implemented by measuring the artificially engineered quantized' Hall voltage, representing a count of the spin-up and spin-down layers in the stack. This concept of second quantization of memory' realizes the 3D memory architecture with superior reading and operation efficiency, thus is a promising approach for future nonvolatile magnetic random access memory. 5. Three dimensional magnetic abacus memory. PubMed Zhang, ShiLei; Zhang, JingYan; Baker, Alexander A; Wang, ShouGuo; Yu, GuangHua; Hesjedal, Thorsten 2014-01-01 Stacking nonvolatile memory cells into a three-dimensional matrix represents a powerful solution for the future of magnetic memory. However, it is technologically challenging to access the data in the storage medium if large numbers of bits are stacked on top of each other. Here we introduce a new type of multilevel, nonvolatile magnetic memory concept, the magnetic abacus. Instead of storing information in individual magnetic layers, thereby having to read out each magnetic layer separately, the magnetic abacus adopts a new encoding scheme. It is inspired by the idea of second quantisation, dealing with the memory state of the entire stack simultaneously. Direct read operations are implemented by measuring the artificially engineered 'quantised' Hall voltage, each representing a count of the spin-up and spin-down layers in the stack. This new memory system further allows for both flexible scaling of the system and fast communication among cells. The magnetic abacus provides a promising approach for future nonvolatile 3D magnetic random access memory. PMID:25146338 6. Dynamic Three-Dimensional Echocardiography NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Matsusaka, Katsuhiko; Doi, Motonori; Oshiro, Osamu; Chihara, Kunihiro 2000-08-01 Conventional three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound imaging equipment for diagnosis requires much time to reconstruct 3D images or fix the view point for observing the 3D image. Thus, it is inconvenient for cardiac diagnosis. In this paper, we propose a new dynamic 3D echocardiography system. The system produces 3D images in real-time and permits changes in view point. This system consists of ultrasound diagnostic equipment, a digitizer and a computer. B-mode images are projected to a virtual 3D space by referring to the position of the probe of the ultrasound diagnosis equipment. The position is obtained by the digitizer to which the ultrasound probe is attached. The 3D cardiac image is constructed from B-mode images obtained simultaneously in the cardiac cycle. To obtain the same moment of heartbeat in the cardiac cycle, this system uses the electrocardiography derived from the diagnosis equipment. The 3D images, which show various scenes of the stage of heartbeat action, are displayed sequentially. The doctor can observe 3D images cut in any plane by pushing a button of the digitizer and zooming with the keyboard. We evaluated our prototype system by observation of a mitral valve in motion. 7. Three-dimensional display technologies PubMed Central Geng, Jason 2014-01-01 The physical world around us is three-dimensional (3D), yet traditional display devices can show only two-dimensional (2D) flat images that lack depth (i.e., the third dimension) information. This fundamental restriction greatly limits our ability to perceive and to understand the complexity of real-world objects. Nearly 50% of the capability of the human brain is devoted to processing visual information [Human Anatomy & Physiology (Pearson, 2012)]. Flat images and 2D displays do not harness the brain’s power effectively. With rapid advances in the electronics, optics, laser, and photonics fields, true 3D display technologies are making their way into the marketplace. 3D movies, 3D TV, 3D mobile devices, and 3D games have increasingly demanded true 3D display with no eyeglasses (autostereoscopic). Therefore, it would be very beneficial to readers of this journal to have a systematic review of state-of-the-art 3D display technologies. PMID:25530827 8. Three-dimensional laser microvision. PubMed Shimotahira, H; Iizuka, K; Chu, S C; Wah, C; Costen, F; Yoshikuni, Y 2001-04-10 A three-dimensional (3-D) optical imaging system offering high resolution in all three dimensions, requiring minimum manipulation and capable of real-time operation, is presented. The system derives its capabilities from use of the superstructure grating laser source in the implementation of a laser step frequency radar for depth information acquisition. A synthetic aperture radar technique was also used to further enhance its lateral resolution as well as extend the depth of focus. High-speed operation was made possible by a dual computer system consisting of a host and a remote microcomputer supported by a dual-channel Small Computer System Interface parallel data transfer system. The system is capable of operating near real time. The 3-D display of a tunneling diode, a microwave integrated circuit, and a see-through image taken by the system operating near real time are included. The depth resolution is 40 mum; lateral resolution with a synthetic aperture approach is a fraction of a micrometer and that without it is approximately 10 mum. PMID:18357177 9. Three-Dimensional Schlieren Measurements NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Sutherland, Bruce; Cochrane, Andrea 2004-11-01 Schlieren systems visualise disturbances that change the index of refraction of a fluid, for example due to temperature or salinity disturbances. Synthetic schlieren' refers to a recent advance in which these disturbances are visualised with a digital camera and image-processing technology rather than the classical use of parabolic mirrors and a knife-edge. In a typical setup, light from an image of horizontal lines or dots passes almost horizontally through the test section of a fluid to a CCD camera. Refractive index disturbances distort the image and digital comparison of successive images reveals the plan-form structure and time evolution of the disturbances. If the disturbance is effectively two-dimensional, meaning that it is uniform across the line-of-sight of the camera, then its magnitude as well as its structure can measured through simple inversion of an algebraic equation. If the structure is axisymmetric with rotation-axis perpendicular to the line of sight, the magnitude of the disturbance can be measured through inversion of a non-singular square matrix. Here we report upon the extension of this work toward measuring the magnitude of a fully three-dimensional disturbance. This is done by analysing images from two perspectives through the test section and using inversion tomography techniques to reconstruct the disturbance field. The results are tested against theoretical predictions and experimental measurements. 10. True three-dimensional camera NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kornreich, Philipp; Farell, Bart 2013-01-01 An imager that can measure the distance from each pixel to the point on the object that is in focus at the pixel is described. This is accomplished by short photo-conducting lightguides at each pixel. In the eye the rods and cones are the fiber-like lightguides. The device uses ambient light that is only coherent in spherical shell-shaped light packets of thickness of one coherence length. Modern semiconductor technology permits the construction of lightguides shorter than a coherence length of ambient light. Each of the frequency components of the broad band light arriving at a pixel has a phase proportional to the distance from an object point to its image pixel. Light frequency components in the packet arriving at a pixel through a convex lens add constructively only if the light comes from the object point in focus at this pixel. The light in packets from all other object points cancels. Thus the pixel receives light from one object point only. The lightguide has contacts along its length. The lightguide charge carriers are generated by the light patterns. These light patterns, and thus the photocurrent, shift in response to the phase of the input signal. Thus, the photocurrent is a function of the distance from the pixel to its object point. Applications include autonomous vehicle navigation and robotic vision. Another application is a crude teleportation system consisting of a camera and a three-dimensional printer at a remote location. 11. Relationships among low-frequency local field potentials, spiking activity, and three-dimensional reach and grasp kinematics in primary motor and ventral premotor cortices PubMed Central Vargas-Irwin, Carlos E.; Truccolo, Wilson; Donoghue, John P. 2011-01-01 A prominent feature of motor cortex field potentials during movement is a distinctive low-frequency local field potential (lf-LFP) (<4 Hz), referred to as the movement event-related potential (mEP). The lf-LFP appears to be a global signal related to regional synaptic input, but its relationship to nearby output signaled by single unit spiking activity (SUA) or to movement remains to be established. Previous studies comparing information in primary motor cortex (MI) lf-LFPs and SUA in the context of planar reaching tasks concluded that lf-LFPs have more information than spikes about movement. However, the relative performance of these signals was based on a small number of simultaneously recorded channels and units, or for data averaged across sessions, which could miss information of larger-scale spiking populations. Here, we simultaneously recorded LFPs and SUA from two 96-microelectrode arrays implanted in two major motor cortical areas, MI and ventral premotor (PMv), while monkeys freely reached for and grasped objects swinging in front of them. We compared arm end point and grip aperture kinematics′ decoding accuracy for lf-LFP and SUA ensembles. The results show that lf-LFPs provide enough information to reconstruct kinematics in both areas with little difference in decoding performance between MI and PMv. Individual lf-LFP channels often provided more accurate decoding of single kinematic variables than any one single unit. However, the decoding performance of the best single unit among the large population usually exceeded that of the best single lf-LFP channel. Furthermore, ensembles of SUA outperformed the pool of lf-LFP channels, in disagreement with the previously reported superiority of lf-LFP decoding. Decoding results suggest that information in lf-LFPs recorded from intracortical arrays may allow the reconstruction of reach and grasp for real-time neuroprosthetic applications, thus potentially supplementing the ability to decode these same 12. Quantum field between moving mirrors: A three dimensional example NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hacyan, S.; Jauregui, Roco; Villarreal, Carlos 1995-01-01 The scalar quantum field uniformly moving plates in three dimensional space is studied. Field equations for Dirichlet boundary conditions are solved exactly. Comparison of the resulting wavefunctions with their instantaneous static counterpart is performed via Bogolubov coefficients. Unlike the one dimensional problem, 'particle' creation as well as squeezing may occur. The time dependent Casimir energy is also evaluated. 13. Three dimensional magnetic fields in extra high speed modified Lundell alternators computed by a combined vector-scalar magnetic potential finite element method NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Demerdash, N. A.; Wang, R.; Secunde, R. 1992-01-01 A 3D finite element (FE) approach was developed and implemented for computation of global magnetic fields in a 14.3 kVA modified Lundell alternator. The essence of the new method is the combined use of magnetic vector and scalar potential formulations in 3D FEs. This approach makes it practical, using state of the art supercomputer resources, to globally analyze magnetic fields and operating performances of rotating machines which have truly 3D magnetic flux patterns. The 3D FE-computed fields and machine inductances as well as various machine performance simulations of the 14.3 kVA machine are presented in this paper and its two companion papers. 14. Potential utility of three-dimensional temperature and salinity fields estimated from satellite altimetry and Argo data for improving mesoscale reproducibility in regional ocean modeling NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kanki, R.; Uchiyama, Y.; Miyazaki, D.; Takano, A.; Miyazawa, Y.; Yamazaki, H. 2014-12-01 Mesoscale oceanic structure and variability are required to be reproduced as accurately as possible in realistic regional ocean modeling. Uchiyama et al. (2012) demonstrated with a submesoscale eddy-resolving JCOPE2-ROMS downscaling oceanic modeling system that the mesoscale reproducibility of the Kuroshio meandering along Japan is significantly improved by introducing a simple restoration to data which we call "TS nudging" (a.k.a. robust diagnosis) where the prognostic temperature and salinity fields are weakly nudged four-dimensionally towards the assimilative JCOPE2 reanalysis (Miyazawa et al., 2009). However, there is not always a reliable reanalysis for oceanic downscaling in an arbitrary region and at an arbitrary time, and therefore alternative dataset should be prepared. Takano et al. (2009) proposed an empirical method to estimate mesoscale 3-D thermal structure from the near real-time AVISO altimetry data along with the ARGO float data based on the two-layer model of Goni et al. (1996). In the present study, we consider the TS data derived from this method as a candidate. We thus conduct a synoptic forward modeling of the Kuroshio using the JCOPE2-ROMS downscaling system to explore potential utility of this empirical TS dataset (hereinafter TUM-TS) by carrying out two runs with the T-S nudging towards 1) the JCOPE2-TS and 2) TUM-TS fields.　An example of the comparison between the two ROMS test runs is shown in the attached figure showing the annually averaged surface EKE. Both of TUM-TS and JCOPE2-TS are found to help reproducing the mesoscale variance of the Koroshio and its extension as well as its mean paths, surface KE and EKE reasonably well. Therefore, the AVISO-ARGO derived empirical 3-D TS estimation is potentially exploitable for the dataset to conduct the T-S nudging to reproduce mesoscale oceanic structure. 15. In-lab three-dimensional printing PubMed Central Partridge, Roland; Conlisk, Noel; Davies, Jamie A. 2012-01-01 The development of the microscope in 1590 by Zacharias Janssenby and Hans Lippershey gave the world a new way of visualizing details of morphogenesis and development. More recent improvements in this technology including confocal microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical projection tomography (OPT) have enhanced the quality of the resultant image. These technologies also allow a representation to be made of a developing tissue’s three-dimensional (3-D) form. With all these techniques however, the image is delivered on a flat two-dimensional (2-D) screen. 3-D printing represents an exciting potential to reproduce the image not simply on a flat screen, but in a physical, palpable three-dimensional structure. Here we explore the scope that this holds for exploring and interacting with the structure of a developing organ in an entirely novel way. As well as being useful for visualization, 3-D printers are capable of rapidly and cost-effectively producing custom-made structures for use within the laboratory. We here describe the advantages of producing hardware for a tissue culture system using an inexpensive in-lab printer. PMID:22652907 16. Three-dimensional flow in Kupffer's Vesicle. PubMed Montenegro-Johnson, T D; Baker, D I; Smith, D J; Lopes, S S 2016-09-01 Whilst many vertebrates appear externally left-right symmetric, the arrangement of internal organs is asymmetric. In zebrafish, the breaking of left-right symmetry is organised by Kupffer's Vesicle (KV): an approximately spherical, fluid-filled structure that begins to form in the embryo 10 hours post fertilisation. A crucial component of zebrafish symmetry breaking is the establishment of a cilia-driven fluid flow within KV. However, it is still unclear (a) how dorsal, ventral and equatorial cilia contribute to the global vortical flow, and (b) if this flow breaks left-right symmetry through mechanical transduction or morphogen transport. Fully answering these questions requires knowledge of the three-dimensional flow patterns within KV, which have not been quantified in previous work. In this study, we calculate and analyse the three-dimensional flow in KV. We consider flow from both individual and groups of cilia, and (a) find anticlockwise flow can arise purely from excess of cilia on the dorsal roof over the ventral floor, showing how this vortical flow is stabilised by dorsal tilt of equatorial cilia, and (b) show that anterior clustering of dorsal cilia leads to around 40 % faster flow in the anterior over the posterior corner. We argue that these flow features are supportive of symmetry breaking through mechano-sensory cilia, and suggest a novel experiment to test this hypothesis. From our new understanding of the flow, we propose a further experiment to reverse the flow within KV to potentially induce situs inversus. PMID:26825450 17. Three-dimensional analysis of partially open butterfly valve flows SciTech Connect Huang, C.; Kim, R.H. 1996-09-01 A numerical simulation of butterfly valve flows is a useful technique to investigate the physical phenomena of the flow field. A three-dimensional numerical analysis was carried out on incompressible fluid flows in a butterfly valve by using FLUENT, which solves difference equations. Characteristics of the butterfly valve flows at different valve disk angles with a uniform incoming velocity were investigated. Comparisons of FLUENT results with other results, i.e., experimental results, were made to determine the accuracy of the employed method. Results of the three-dimensional analysis may be useful in the valve design. 18. Novel strategy for three-dimensional fragment-based lead discovery. PubMed Yuan, Haoliang; Lu, Tao; Ran, Ting; Liu, Haichun; Lu, Shuai; Tai, Wenting; Leng, Ying; Zhang, Weiwei; Wang, Jian; Chen, Yadong 2011-04-25 Fragment-based drug design (FBDD) is considered a promising approach in lead discovery. However, for a practical application of this approach, problems remain to be solved. Hence, a novel practical strategy for three-dimensional lead discovery is presented in this work. Diverse fragments with spatial positions and orientations retained in separately adjacent regions were generated by deconstructing well-aligned known inhibitors in the same target active site. These three-dimensional fragments retained their original binding modes in the process of new molecule construction by fragment linking and merging. Root-mean-square deviation (rmsd) values were used to evaluate the conformational changes of the component fragments in the final compounds and to identify the potential leads as the main criteria. Furthermore, the successful validation of our strategy is presented on the basis of two relevant tumor targets (CDK2 and c-Met), demonstrating the potential of our strategy to facilitate lead discovery against some drug targets. PMID:21438547 19. Three-dimensional boundary layers approaching separation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Williams, J. C., III 1976-01-01 The theory of semi-similar solutions of the laminar boundary layer equations is applied to several flows in which the boundary layer approaches a three-dimensional separation line. The solutions obtained are used to deduce the nature of three-dimensional separation. It is shown that in these cases separation is of the "ordinary" type. A solution is also presented for a case in which a vortex is embedded within the three-dimensional boundary layer. 20. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional tuft corona and electrohydrodynamics SciTech Connect Yamamoto, T.; Sparks, L.E. 1986-01-01 The numerical simulation of three-dimensional tuft corona and electrohydrodynamics (EHD) is discussed. The importance of high-voltage and low-current operation in the wire-duct precipitator has focused attention on collecting high-resistivity dust. The local current density of individual tufts is considerably higher even at a low average current level and, therefore, could contribute to both the formation of back corona in the collected-dust layer and the generation of the secondary flow. Numerical simulation for three-dimensional tuft corona is successfully solved. The electrical characteristics of tuft corona are investigated, and the structure and role of the three-dimensional secondary flow and EHD in relation to transport of the fine particles are described. 1. Three dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart defects PubMed Central Shirali, Girish S. 2008-01-01 Three dimensional echocardiography (3DE) is a new, rapidly evolving modality for cardiac imaging. Important technological advances have heralded an era where practical 3DE scanning is becoming a mainstream modality. We review the modes of 3DE that can be used. The literature has been reviewed for articles that examine the applicability of 3DE to congenital heart defects to visualize anatomy in a spectrum of defects ranging from atrioventricular septal defects to mitral valve abnormalities and Ebstein's anomaly. The use of 3DE color flow to obtain echocardiographic angiograms is illustrated. The state of the science in quantitating right and left ventricular volumetrics is reviewed. Examples of novel applications including 3DE transesophageal echocardiography and image-guided interventions are provided. We also list the limitations of the technique, and discuss potential future developments in the field. PMID:20300232 2. Scaffolding for Three-Dimensional Embryonic Vasculogenesis NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kraehenbuehl, Thomas P.; Aday, Sezin; Ferreira, Lino S. Biomaterial scaffolds have great potential to support efficient vascular differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Vascular cell fate-specific biochemical and biophysical cues have been identified and incorporated into three-dimensional (3D) biomaterials to efficiently direct embryonic vasculogenesis. The resulting vascular-like tissue can be used for regenerative medicine applications, further elucidation of biophysical and biochemical cues governing vasculogenesis, and drug discovery. In this chapter, we give an overview on the following: (1) developmental cues for directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into vascular cells, (2) 3D vascular differentiation in embryoid bodies (EBs), (3) preparation of 3D scaffolds for the vascular differentiation of hESCs, and (4) the most significant studies combining scaffolding and hESCs for development of vascular-like tissue. 3. Three-dimensional vortex structures in a rotating dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kishor Kumar, Ramavarmaraja; Sriraman, Thangarasu; Fabrelli, Henrique; Muruganandam, Paulsamy; Gammal, Arnaldo 2016-08-01 We study three-dimensional vortex lattice structures in purely dipolar Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC). By using the mean-field approximation, we obtain a stability diagram for the vortex states in purely dipolar BECs as a function of harmonic trap aspect ratio (λ) and dipole–dipole interaction strength (D) under rotation. Rotating the condensate within the unstable region leads to collapse while in the stable region furnishes stable vortex lattices of dipolar BECs. We analyse stable vortex lattice structures by solving the three-dimensional time-dependent Gross–Pitaevskii equation in imaginary time. Further, the stability of vortex states is examined by evolution in real-time. We also investigate the distribution of vortices in a fully anisotropic trap by increasing eccentricity of the external trapping potential. We observe the breaking up of the condensate in two parts with an equal number of vortices on each when the trap is sufficiently weak, and the rotation frequency is high. 4. Siegert pseudostate formulation of scattering theory: General three-dimensional case NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Krainov, Lev O.; Batishchev, Pavel A.; Tolstikhin, Oleg I. 2016-04-01 This paper generalizes the Siegert pseudostate (SPS) formulation of scattering theory to arbitrary finite-range potentials without any symmetry in the three-dimensional (3D) case. The orthogonality and completeness properties of 3D SPSs are established. The SPS expansions for scattering states, outgoing-wave Green's function, scattering matrix, and scattering amplitude, that is, all major objects of scattering theory, are derived. The theory is illustrated by calculations for several model potentials. The results enable one to apply 3D SPSs as a purely discrete basis capable of representing both discrete and continuous spectra in solving various stationary and time-dependent quantum-mechanical problems. 5. Primary and Secondary Three Dimensional Microbatteries NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Cirigliano, Nicolas Today's MEMS devices are limited more so by the batteries that supply their power than the fabrication methods used to build them. Thick battery electrodes are capable of providing adequate energy, but long and tortuous diffusion pathways lead to low power capabilities. On the other hand, thin film batteries can operate at significant current densities but require large surface areas to supply practical energy. This dilemma can be solved by either developing new high capacity materials or by engineering new battery designs that decouple power and energy. Three dimensional batteries redesign traditional configurations to create nonplanar interfaces between battery components. This can be done by introducing hierarchical structures into the electrode shape. Designs such as these provide a maximum surface area over which chemical reactions can occur. Furthermore, by maintaining small feature sizes, ion diffusion and electronic transport distances can remain minimal. Manipulating these properties ensures fast kinetics that are required for high power situations. Energy density is maximized by layering material in the vertical direction, thus ensuring a minimal footprint area. Three dimensional carbon electrodes are fabricated using basic MEMS techniques. A silicon mold is anisotropically etched to produce channels of a predetermined diameter. The channels are then filled using an infiltration technique with electrode slurry. Once dried, the mold is attached to a current collector and etched using a XeF2 process. Electrodes of varying feature sizes have been fabricated using this method with aspect ratios ranging from 3.5:1 to 7:1. 3D carbon electrodes are shown to obtain capacities over 8 mAh/cm2 at 0.1 mA/cm2, or nearly 700% higher than planar carbon electrodes. When assembled with a planar cathode, the battery cell produced an average discharge capacity of 40 J/cm 2 at a current density of 0.2 mA/cm2. This places the energy density values slightly less than thick 6. Electromagnetic scattering from three dimensional periodic structures NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Barnes, Andrew L. We have developed a numerical method for solving electromagnetic scattering problems from arbitrary, smooth, three dimensional structures that are periodic in two directions and of finite thickness in the third direction. We solve Maxwell's equations via an integral equation that was first formulated by Claus Muller. The Muller integral equation is Fredholm of the second kind, so it is a well-posed problem. The original Muller formulation was for compact scatterers and it used a free space Green's function for the Helmholtz equation. We solve a periodic problem with a periodic Helmholtz Green's function. This Green's function has the same degree of singularity as the free space Helmholtz Green's function, but it is an infinite sum that converges very slowly. We use a resummation technique (due to P. P. Ewald) to perform an efficient calculation of the periodic Green's function. We solve the integral equation by a Galerkin method and use RWG vector basis functions to discretize surface currents on the scatterer. We perform a careful extraction of all singularities from the integrals that we compute. We use a triangular Gaussian quadrature method for calculation of the non-singular parts of the integrals. We analytically compute the remaining singular and nearly singular integrals. We also perform an acceleration technique that treats several frequencies simultaneously and leads to decreased computational times. In addition to the numerical code, we present an alternative way of looking at electromagnetic scattering in terms of Calderon projection operators. We have validated our computer code by comparing the numerical results with results from two separate cases. The first case is that of a flat dielectric slab of finite thickness, for which exact formulae are available. The second case is a periodic array of a row of infinite cylinders. In this case, we compare our results with those obtainedv from a two dimensional code developed by S. P. Shipman, S. Venakides 7. Three-dimensional imaging through scattering media using three-dimensionally coded pattern projection. PubMed Ando, Takamasa; Horisaki, Ryoichi; Tanida, Jun 2015-08-20 We propose a method for visualizing three-dimensional objects in scattering media. Our method is based on active illumination using three-dimensionally coded patterns and a numerical algorithm employing a sparsity constraint. We experimentally demonstrated the proposed imaging method for test charts located three-dimensionally at different depths in the space behind a translucent sheet. PMID:26368767 8. Three Dimensional Illustrating--Three-Dimensional Vision and Deception of Sensibility ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Szállassy, Noémi; Gánóczy, Anita; Kriska, György 2009-01-01 The wide-spread digital photography and computer use gave the opportunity for everyone to make three-dimensional pictures and to make them public. The new opportunities with three-dimensional techniques give chance for the birth of new artistic photographs. We present in detail the biological roots of three-dimensional visualization, the phenomena… 9. A system of three-dimensional complex variables NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Martin, E. Dale 1986-01-01 Some results of a new theory of multidimensional complex variables are reported, including analytic functions of a three-dimensional (3-D) complex variable. Three-dimensional complex numbers are defined, including vector properties and rules of multiplication. The necessary conditions for a function of a 3-D variable to be analytic are given and shown to be analogous to the 2-D Cauchy-Riemann equations. A simple example also demonstrates the analogy between the newly defined 3-D complex velocity and 3-D complex potential and the corresponding ordinary complex velocity and complex potential in two dimensions. 10. Three-dimensional structure of Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase SciTech Connect Kislitsyn, Yu. A. Kravchenko, O. V.; Nikonov, S. V. Kuranova, I. P. 2006-10-15 Three-dimensional structure of Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase, which has antitumor activity and is used for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, was solved at 3 A resolution and refined to R{sub cryst} = 20% and R{sub free} = 28%. Crystals of recombinant Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase were grown by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method from protein solutions in a HEPES buffer (pH 6.5) and PEG MME 5000 solutions in a cacodylate buffer (pH 6.5) as the precipitant. Three-dimensional X-ray diffraction data were collected up to 3 A resolution from one crystal at room temperature. The structure was solved by the molecular replacement method using the coordinates of Erwinia chrysanthemi L-asparaginase as the starting model. The coordinates refined with the use of the CNS program package were deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB code 1ZCF) 11. A Flow Solver for Three-Dimensional DRAGON Grids NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Liou, Meng-Sing; Zheng, Yao 2002-01-01 DRAGONFLOW code has been developed to solve three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations over a complex geometry whose flow domain is discretized with the DRAGON grid-a combination of Chimera grid and a collection of unstructured grids. In the DRAGONFLOW suite, both OVERFLOW and USM3D are presented in form of module libraries, and a master module controls the invoking of these individual modules. This report includes essential aspects, programming structures, benchmark tests and numerical simulations. 12. Study of three-dimensional effects on vortex breakdown NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Salas, M. D.; Kuruvila, G. 1988-01-01 The incompressible axisymmetric steady Navier-Stokes equations in primitive variables are used to simulate vortex breakdown. The equations, discretized using a second-order, central-difference scheme, are linearized and then solved using an exact LU decomposition, Gaussian elimination, and Newton iteration. Solutions are presented for Reynolds numbers, based on vortex-core radius, as high as 1500. An attempt to study the stability of the axisymmetric solutions against three-dimensional perturbations is discussed. 13. Multigrid calculation of three-dimensional turbomachinery flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Caughey, David A. 1989-01-01 Research was performed in the general area of computational aerodynamics, with particular emphasis on the development of efficient techniques for the solution of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations for transonic flows through the complex blade passages associated with turbomachines. In particular, multigrid methods were developed, using both explicit and implicit time-stepping schemes as smoothing algorithms. The specific accomplishments of the research have included: (1) the development of an explicit multigrid method to solve the Euler equations for three-dimensional turbomachinery flows based upon the multigrid implementation of Jameson's explicit Runge-Kutta scheme (Jameson 1983); (2) the development of an implicit multigrid scheme for the three-dimensional Euler equations based upon lower-upper factorization; (3) the development of a multigrid scheme using a diagonalized alternating direction implicit (ADI) algorithm; (4) the extension of the diagonalized ADI multigrid method to solve the Euler equations of inviscid flow for three-dimensional turbomachinery flows; and also (5) the extension of the diagonalized ADI multigrid scheme to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for two-dimensional turbomachinery flows. 14. Three dimensional optic tissue culture and process NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Spaulding, Glenn F. (Inventor); Prewett, Tacey L. (Inventor); Goodwin, Thomas J. (Inventor); Francis, Karen M. (Inventor); Cardwell, Delmar R. (Inventor); Oconnor, Kim (Inventor); Fitzgerald, Wendy S. (Inventor); Aten, Laurie A. (Inventor) 1994-01-01 A process for artificially producing three-dimensional optic tissue has been developed. The optic cells are cultured in a bioreactor at low shear conditions. The tissue forms normal, functional tissue organization and extracellular matrix. 15. Three Dimensional Optic Tissue Culture and Process NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) OConnor, Kim C. (Inventor); Spaulding, Glenn F. (Inventor); Goodwin, Thomas J. (Inventor); Aten, Laurie A. (Inventor); Francis, Karen M. (Inventor); Caldwell, Delmar R. (Inventor); Prewett, Tacey L. (Inventor); Fitzgerald, Wendy S. (Inventor) 1999-01-01 A process for artificially producing three-dimensional optic tissue has been developed. The optic cells are cultured in a bioireactor at low shear conditions. The tissue forms as normal, functional tissue grows with tissue organization and extracellular matrix formation. 16. Three-dimensional stellarator equilibria by iteration SciTech Connect Boozer, A.H. 1983-02-01 The iterative method of evaluating plasma equilibria is especially simple in a magnetic coordinate representation. This method is particularly useful for clarifying the subtle constraints of three-dimensional equilibria and studying magnetic surface breakup at high plasma beta. 17. THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL FOR HYPERTHERMIA CALCULATIONS EPA Science Inventory Realistic three-dimensional models that predict temperature distributions with a high degree of spatial resolution in bodies exposed to electromagnetic (EM) fields are required in the application of hyperthermia for cancer treatment. To ascertain the thermophysiologic response of... 18. Device fabrication: Three-dimensional printed electronics NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lewis, Jennifer A.; Ahn, Bok Y. 2015-02-01 Can three-dimensional printing enable the mass customization of electronic devices? A study that exploits this method to create light-emitting diodes based on 'quantum dots' provides a step towards this goal. 19. Simulation and experimental studies of three-dimensional (3D) image reconstruction from insufficient sampling data based on compressed-sensing theory for potential applications to dental cone-beam CT NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Je, U. K.; Lee, M. S.; Cho, H. S.; Hong, D. K.; Park, Y. O.; Park, C. K.; Cho, H. M.; Choi, S. I.; Woo, T. H. 2015-06-01 In practical applications of three-dimensional (3D) tomographic imaging, there are often challenges for image reconstruction from insufficient sampling data. In computed tomography (CT), for example, image reconstruction from sparse views and/or limited-angle (<360°) views would enable fast scanning with reduced imaging doses to the patient. In this study, we investigated and implemented a reconstruction algorithm based on the compressed-sensing (CS) theory, which exploits the sparseness of the gradient image with substantially high accuracy, for potential applications to low-dose, high-accurate dental cone-beam CT (CBCT). We performed systematic simulation works to investigate the image characteristics and also performed experimental works by applying the algorithm to a commercially-available dental CBCT system to demonstrate its effectiveness for image reconstruction in insufficient sampling problems. We successfully reconstructed CBCT images of superior accuracy from insufficient sampling data and evaluated the reconstruction quality quantitatively. Both simulation and experimental demonstrations of the CS-based reconstruction from insufficient data indicate that the CS-based algorithm can be applied directly to current dental CBCT systems for reducing the imaging doses and further improving the image quality. 20. Three-Dimensional Icosahedral Phase Field Quasicrystal NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Subramanian, P.; Archer, A. J.; Knobloch, E.; Rucklidge, A. M. 2016-08-01 We investigate the formation and stability of icosahedral quasicrystalline structures using a dynamic phase field crystal model. Nonlinear interactions between density waves at two length scales stabilize three-dimensional quasicrystals. We determine the phase diagram and parameter values required for the quasicrystal to be the global minimum free energy state. We demonstrate that traits that promote the formation of two-dimensional quasicrystals are extant in three dimensions, and highlight the characteristics required for three-dimensional soft matter quasicrystal formation. 1. A DETERMINISTIC METHOD FOR TRANSIENT, THREE-DIMENSIONAL NUETRON TRANSPORT SciTech Connect Goluoglu, S.; Bentley, C.; Demeglio, R.; Dunn, M.; Norton, K.; Pevey, R.; Suslov, I.; Dodds, H. L. 1998-01-14 A deterministic method for solving the time-dependent, three-dimensional Boltzmam transport equation with explicit representation of delayed neutrons has been developed and evaluated. The methodology used in this study for the time variable of the neutron flux is known as the improved quasi-static (IQS) method. The position, energy, and angle-dependent neutron flux is computed deterministically by using the three-dimensional discrete ordinates code TORT. This paper briefly describes the methodology and selected results. The code developed at the University of Tennessee based on this methodology is called TDTORT. TDTORT can be used to model transients involving voided and/or strongly absorbing regions that require transport theory for accuracy. This code can also be used to model either small high-leakage systems, such as space reactors, or asymmetric control rod movements. TDTORT can model step, ramp, step followed by another step, and step followed by ramp type perturbations. It can also model columnwise rod movement can also be modeled. A special case of columnwise rod movement in a three-dimensional model of a boiling water reactor (BWR) with simple adiabatic feedback is also included. TDTORT is verified through several transient one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional benchmark problems. The results show that the transport methodology and corresponding code developed in this work have sufficient accuracy and speed for computing the dynamic behavior of complex multidimensional neutronic systems. 2. A deterministic method for transient, three-dimensional neutron transport SciTech Connect Goluoglu, S.; Bentley, C.; DeMeglio, R.; Dunn, M.; Norton, K.; Pevey, R.; Suslov, I.; Dodds, H.L. 1998-05-01 A deterministic method for solving the time-dependent, three-dimensional Boltzmann transport equation with explicit representation of delayed neutrons has been developed and evaluated. The methodology used in this study for the time variable of the neutron flux is known as the improved quasi-static (IQS) method. The position, energy, and angle-dependent neutron flux is computed deterministically by using the three-dimensional discrete ordinates code TORT. This paper briefly describes the methodology and selected results. The code developed at the University of Tennessee based on this methodology is called TDTORT. TDTORT can be used to model transients involving voided and/or strongly absorbing regions that require transport theory for accuracy. This code can also be used to model either small high-leakage systems, such as space reactors, or asymmetric control rod movements. TDTORT can model step, ramp, step followed by another step, and step followed by ramp type perturbations. It can also model columnwise rod movement. A special case of columnwise rod movement in a three-dimensional model of a boiling water reactor (BWR) with simple adiabatic feedback is also included. TDTORT is verified through several transient one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional benchmark problems. The results show that the transport methodology and corresponding code developed in this work have sufficient accuracy and speed for computing the dynamic behavior of complex multi-dimensional neutronic systems. 3. Three-dimensional continued fractions and Kloosterman sums NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Ustinov, A. V. 2015-06-01 This survey is devoted to results related to metric properties of classical continued fractions and Voronoi-Minkowski three-dimensional continued fractions. The main focus is on applications of analytic methods based on estimates of Kloosterman sums. An apparatus is developed for solving problems about three-dimensional lattices. The approach is based on reduction to the preceding dimension, an idea used earlier by Linnik and Skubenko in the study of integer solutions of the determinant equation \\det X=P, where X is a 3× 3 matrix with independent coefficients and P is an increasing parameter. The proposed method is used for studying statistical properties of Voronoi-Minkowski three-dimensional continued fractions in lattices with a fixed determinant. In particular, an asymptotic formula with polynomial lowering in the remainder term is proved for the average number of Minkowski bases. This result can be regarded as a three-dimensional analogue of Porter's theorem on the average length of finite continued fractions. Bibliography: 127 titles. 4. Extension of a three-dimensional viscous wing flow analysis user's manual: VISTA 3-D code NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Weinberg, Bernard C.; Chen, Shyi-Yaung; Thoren, Stephen J.; Shamroth, Stephen J. 1990-01-01 Three-dimensional unsteady viscous effects can significantly influence the performance of fixed and rotary wing aircraft. These effects are important in both flows about helicopter rotors in forward flight and flows about three-dimensional (swept and tapered) supercritical wings. A computational procedure for calculating such flow field was developed. The procedure is based upon an alternating direction technique employing the Linearized Block Implicit method for solving three-dimensional viscous flow problems. In order to demonstrate the viability of this method, two- and three-dimensional problems are computed. These include the flow over a two-dimensional NACA 0012 airfoil under steady and oscillating conditions, and the steady, skewed, three-dimensional flow on a flat plate. Although actual three-dimensional flows over wings were not obtained, the ground work was laid for considering such flows. In this report a description of the computer code is given. 5. How to Solve Schroedinger Problems by Approximating the Potential Function SciTech Connect Ledoux, Veerle; Van Daele, Marnix 2010-09-30 We give a survey over the efforts in the direction of solving the Schroedinger equation by using piecewise approximations of the potential function. Two types of approximating potentials have been considered in the literature, that is piecewise constant and piecewise linear functions. For polynomials of higher degree the approximating problem is not so easy to integrate analytically. This obstacle can be circumvented by using a perturbative approach to construct the solution of the approximating problem, leading to the so-called piecewise perturbation methods (PPM). We discuss the construction of a PPM in its most convenient form for applications and show that different PPM versions (CPM,LPM) are in fact equivalent. 6. Dynamic stability of a doubly quantized vortex in a three-dimensional condensate NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lundh, Emil; Nilsen, Halvor M. 2006-12-01 The Bogoliubov equations are solved for a three-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate containing a doubly quantized vortex, trapped in a harmonic potential. Complex frequencies, signifying dynamical instability, are found for certain ranges of parameter values. The existence of alternating windows of stability and instability, respectively, is explained qualitatively and quantitatively using variational calculus and direct numerical solutions. It is seen that the windows of stability disappear in the limit of a cigar-shaped condensate, which is consistent with recent experimental results on the lifetime of a doubly quantized vortex in that regime. 7. Dynamic stability of a doubly quantized vortex in a three-dimensional condensate SciTech Connect Lundh, Emil; Nilsen, Halvor M. 2006-12-15 The Bogoliubov equations are solved for a three-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate containing a doubly quantized vortex, trapped in a harmonic potential. Complex frequencies, signifying dynamical instability, are found for certain ranges of parameter values. The existence of alternating windows of stability and instability, respectively, is explained qualitatively and quantitatively using variational calculus and direct numerical solutions. It is seen that the windows of stability disappear in the limit of a cigar-shaped condensate, which is consistent with recent experimental results on the lifetime of a doubly quantized vortex in that regime. 8. Numerical calculation of the three dimensional transonic flow over a yawed wing. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Jameson, A. 1973-01-01 Results are presented of calculations of the three dimensional steady transonic flow over a finite yawed wing. The full potential flow equation is solved in a transformed coordinate system which permits the boundary conditions to be satisfied exactly. The correct differential properties are enforced by rotating the difference scheme to conform with the flow direction, and fast convergence is assured by simulating a time dependent equation designed to settle quickly to a steady state. Computed lift drag ratios are consistent with the results of wind tunnel tests of a yawed wing conducted by R. T. Jones (1972).- 9. Three-dimensional viscous rotor flow calculations using boundary-layer equations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Chen, Ching S.; Bridgeman, John O. 1989-01-01 A three-dimensional viscous-inviscid interaction analysis has been developed to predict the performance of rotors in hover and forward flight at subsonic and transonic tip speeds. The analysis solves the full-potential and boundary-layer equations by finite-difference numerical procedures. Calculations were made for several different model rotor configurations in hover and forward flight at subsonic and transonic tip speeds. The results were compared with predictions from a two-dimensional integral method and with experimental data. The comparisons show good agreement between test data and predictions. 10. Two and three dimensional magnetotelluric inversion SciTech Connect Booker, J. 1993-01-01 Electrical conductivity depends on properties such as the presence of ionic fluids in interconnected pores that are difficult to sense with other remote sensing techniques. Thus improved imaging of underground electrical structure has wide practical importance in exploring for groundwater, mineral and geothermal resources, and in assessing the diffusion of fluids in oil fields and waste sites. Because the electromagnetic inverse problem is fundamentally multi-dimensional, most imaging algorithms saturate available computer power long before they can deal with the complete data set. We have developed an algorithm to directly invert large multi-dimensional data sets that is orders of magnitude faster than competing methods. We have proven that a two-dimensional (2D) version of the algorithm is highly effective for real data and have made substantial progress towards a three-dimensional (3D) version. We are proposing to cure identified shortcomings and substantially expand the utility of the existing 2D program, overcome identified difficulties with extending our method to three-dimensions (3D) and embark on an investigation of related EM imaging techniques which may have the potential for even further increasing resolution. 11. Three dimensional characterization and archiving system SciTech Connect Sebastian, R.L.; Clark, R.; Gallman, P. 1996-04-01 The Three Dimensional Characterization and Archiving System (3D-ICAS) is being developed as a remote system to perform rapid in situ analysis of hazardous organics and radionuclide contamination on structural materials. Coleman Research and its subcontractors, Thermedics Detection, Inc. (TD) and the University of Idaho (UI) are in the second phase of a three phase program to develop 3D-ICAS to support Decontamination and Decommissioning (D and D) operations. Accurate physical characterization of surfaces and the radioactive and organic is a critical D and D task. Surface characterization includes identification of potentially dangerous inorganic materials, such as asbestos and transite. Real-time remotely operable characterization instrumentation will significantly advance the analysis capabilities beyond those currently employed. Chemical analysis is a primary area where the characterization process will be improved. The 3D-ICAS system robotically conveys a multisensor probe near the surfaces to be inspected. The sensor position and orientation are monitored and controlled using coherent laser radar (CLR) tracking. The CLR also provides 3D facility maps which establish a 3D world view within which the robotic sensor system can operate. 12. Three-dimensional urban GIS for Atlanta NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bhaumik, Dharmajyoti; Faust, Nickolas L.; Estrada, Diana; Linares, Jairo 1997-07-01 Georgia Tech has developed a prototype system for the demonstration of the concepts of a virtual 3D geographic information system (GIS) in an urban environment. The virtual GIS integrates the technologies of GIS, remote sensing, and visualization to provide an interactive tool for the exploration of spatial data. A high density urban environment with terrain elevation, imagery, GIS layers, and three dimensional natural and manmade features is a stressing test for the integration potential of such a virtual 3D GIS. In preparation for the 1996 Olympic Games, Georgia Tech developed two highly detailed 3D databases over parts of Atlanta. A 2.5 meter database was used to depict the downtown Atlanta area with much higher resolution imagery being used for photo- texture of individual Atlanta buildings. Less than 1 meter imagery data was used to show a very accurate map of Georgia Tech, the 1996 Olympic Village. Georgia Tech developed visualization software was integrated via message passing with a traditional GIS package so that all commonly used GIS query and analysis functions could be applied within the 3D environment. This project demonstrates the versatility and productivity that can be accomplished by operating GIS functions within a virtual GIS and multi-media framework. 13. Two and three dimensional magnetotelluric inversion SciTech Connect Booker, J.R. 1994-07-01 Improved imaging of underground electrical structure has wide practical importance in exploring for groundwater, mineral and geothermal resources, and in characterizing oil fields and waste sites. Because the electromagnetic inverse problem for natural sources is generally multi-dimensional, most imaging algorithms saturate available computer power long before they can deal with complete data sets. We have developed an algorithm to directly invert large multi-dimensional magnetotelluric data sets that is orders of magnitude faster than competing methods. In the past year, we have extended the two- dimensional (2D) version to permit incorporation of geological constraints, have developed ways to assess model resolution and have completed work on an accurate and fast three-dimensional (3D) forward algorithm. We are proposing to further enhance the capabilities of the 2D code and to incorporate the 3D forward code in a fully 3D inverse algorithm. Finally, we will embark on an investigation of related EM imaging techniques which may have the potential for further increasing resolution. 14. Three dimensional characterization and archiving system SciTech Connect Sebastian, R.L.; Clark, R.; Gallman, P. 1995-10-01 The Three Dimensional Characterization and Archiving System (3D-ICAS) is being developed as a remote system to perform rapid in situ analysis of hazardous organics and radionuclide contamination on structural materials. Coleman Research and its subcontractors, Thermedics Detection, Inc. (TD) and the University of Idaho (UI) are in the second phase of a three phase program to develop 3D-ICAS to support Decontamination and Decommissioning (D&D) operations. Accurate physical characterization of surfaces and the radioactive and organic is a critical D&D task. Surface characterization includes identification of potentially dangerous inorganic materials, such as asbestos and transite. The 3D-ICAS system robotically conveys a multisensor probe near the surface to be inspected. The sensor position and orientation are monitored and controlled by Coherent laser radar (CLR) tracking. The ICAS fills the need for high speed automated organic analysis by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry sensors, and also by radionuclide sensors which combines alpha, beta, and gamma counting. 15. High-resolution three-dimensional imaging radar NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Cooper, Ken B. (Inventor); Chattopadhyay, Goutam (Inventor); Siegel, Peter H. (Inventor); Dengler, Robert J. (Inventor); Schlecht, Erich T. (Inventor); Mehdi, Imran (Inventor); Skalare, Anders J. (Inventor) 2010-01-01 A three-dimensional imaging radar operating at high frequency e.g., 670 GHz, is disclosed. The active target illumination inherent in radar solves the problem of low signal power and narrow-band detection by using submillimeter heterodyne mixer receivers. A submillimeter imaging radar may use low phase-noise synthesizers and a fast chirper to generate a frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) waveform. Three-dimensional images are generated through range information derived for each pixel scanned over a target. A peak finding algorithm may be used in processing for each pixel to differentiate material layers of the target. Improved focusing is achieved through a compensation signal sampled from a point source calibration target and applied to received signals from active targets prior to FFT-based range compression to extract and display high-resolution target images. Such an imaging radar has particular application in detecting concealed weapons or contraband. 16. COMOC: Three dimensional boundary region variant, programmer's manual NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Orzechowski, J. A.; Baker, A. J. 1974-01-01 The three-dimensional boundary region variant of the COMOC computer program system solves the partial differential equation system governing certain three-dimensional flows of a viscous, heat conducting, multiple-species, compressible fluid including combustion. The solution is established in physical variables, using a finite element algorithm for the boundary value portion of the problem description in combination with an explicit marching technique for the initial value character. The computational lattice may be arbitrarily nonregular, and boundary condition constraints are readily applied. The theoretical foundation of the algorithm, a detailed description on the construction and operation of the program, and instructions on utilization of the many features of the code are presented. 17. Vision in our three-dimensional world. PubMed Parker, Andrew J 2016-06-19 Many aspects of our perceptual experience are dominated by the fact that our two eyes point forward. Whilst the location of our eyes leaves the environment behind our head inaccessible to vision, co-ordinated use of our two eyes gives us direct access to the three-dimensional structure of the scene in front of us, through the mechanism of stereoscopic vision. Scientific understanding of the different brain regions involved in stereoscopic vision and three-dimensional spatial cognition is changing rapidly, with consequent influences on fields as diverse as clinical practice in ophthalmology and the technology of virtual reality devices.This article is part of the themed issue 'Vision in our three-dimensional world'. PMID:27269595 18. Three-dimensional microbubble streaming flows NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Rallabandi, Bhargav; Marin, Alvaro; Rossi, Massimiliano; Kaehler, Christian; Hilgenfeldt, Sascha 2014-11-01 Streaming due to acoustically excited bubbles has been used successfully for applications such as size-sorting, trapping and focusing of particles, as well as fluid mixing. Many of these applications involve the precise control of particle trajectories, typically achieved using cylindrical bubbles, which establish planar flows. Using astigmatic particle tracking velocimetry (APTV), we show that, while this two-dimensional picture is a useful description of the flow over short times, a systematic three-dimensional flow structure is evident over long time scales. We demonstrate that this long-time three-dimensional fluid motion can be understood through asymptotic theory, superimposing secondary axial flows (induced by boundary conditions at the device walls) onto the two-dimensional description. This leads to a general framework that describes three-dimensional flows in confined microstreaming systems, guiding the design of applications that profit from minimizing or maximizing these effects. 19. Topology of three-dimensional separated flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Tobak, M.; Peake, D. J. 1981-01-01 Based on the hypothesis that patterns of skin-friction lines and external streamlines reflect the properties of continuous vector fields, topology rules define a small number of singular points (nodes, saddle points, and foci) that characterize the patterns on the surface and on particular projections of the flow (e.g., the crossflow plane). The restricted number of singular points and the rules that they obey are considered as an organizing principle whose finite number of elements can be combined in various ways to connect together the properties common to all steady three dimensional viscous flows. Introduction of a distinction between local and global properties of the flow resolves an ambiguity in the proper definition of a three dimensional separated flow. Adoption of the notions of topological structure, structural stability, and bifurcation provides a framework to describe how three dimensional separated flows originate and succeed each other as the relevant parameters of the problem are varied. 20. Three dimensional responsive structure of tough hydrogels NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yang, Xuxu; Ma, Chunxin; Li, Chi; Xie, Yuhan; Huang, Xiaoqiang; Jin, Yongbin; Zhu, Ziqi; Liu, Junjie; Li, Tiefeng 2015-04-01 Three dimensional responsive structures have high value for the application of responsive hydrogels in various fields such as micro fluid control, tissue engineering and micro robot. Whereas various hydrogels with stimuli-responsive behaviors have been developed, designing and fabricating of the three dimensional responsive structures remain challenging. We develop a temperature responsive double network hydrogel with novel fabrication methods to assemble the complex three dimensional responsive structures. The shape changing behavior of the structures can be significantly increased by building blocks with various responsiveness. Mechanical instability is built into the structure with the proper design and enhance the performance of the structure. Finite element simulation are conducted to guide the design and investigate the responsive behavior of the hydrogel structures 1. Vision in our three-dimensional world PubMed Central 2016-01-01 Many aspects of our perceptual experience are dominated by the fact that our two eyes point forward. Whilst the location of our eyes leaves the environment behind our head inaccessible to vision, co-ordinated use of our two eyes gives us direct access to the three-dimensional structure of the scene in front of us, through the mechanism of stereoscopic vision. Scientific understanding of the different brain regions involved in stereoscopic vision and three-dimensional spatial cognition is changing rapidly, with consequent influences on fields as diverse as clinical practice in ophthalmology and the technology of virtual reality devices. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in our three-dimensional world’. PMID:27269595 2. Three-dimensional separation and reattachment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Peake, D. J.; Tobak, M. 1982-01-01 The separation of three dimensional turbulent boundary layers from the lee of flight vehicles at high angles of attack is investigated. The separation results in dominant, large scale, coiled vortex motions that pass along the body in the general direction of the free stream. In all cases of three dimensional flow separation and reattachment, the assumption of continuous vector fields of skin friction lines and external flow streamlines, coupled with simple laws of topology, provides a flow grammar whose elemental constituents are the singular points: the nodes, spiral nodes (foci), and saddles. The phenomenon of three dimensional separation may be constrained as either a local or a global event, depending on whether the skin friction line that becomes a line of separation originates at a node or a saddle point. 3. Three-dimensional separation and reattachment NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Peake, D. J.; Tobak, M. 1982-01-01 The separation of three dimensional turbulent boundary layers from the lee of flight vehicles at high angles of attack is investigated. The separation results in dominant, large scale, coiled vortex motions that pass along the body in the general direction of the free stream. In all cases of three dimensional flow separation and reattachment, the assumption of continuous vector fields of skin friction lines and external flow streamlines, coupled with simple laws of topology, provides a flow grammar whose elemental constituents are the singular points: the nodes, spiral nodes (foci), and saddles. The phenomenon of three dimensional separation may be construed as either a local or a global event, depending on whether the skin friction line that becomes a line of separation originates at a node or a saddle point. 4. Three-Dimensional Robotic Vision System NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Nguyen, Thinh V. 1989-01-01 Stereoscopy and motion provide clues to outlines of objects. Digital image-processing system acts as "intelligent" automatic machine-vision system by processing views from stereoscopic television cameras into three-dimensional coordinates of moving object in view. Epipolar-line technique used to find corresponding points in stereoscopic views. Robotic vision system analyzes views from two television cameras to detect rigid three-dimensional objects and reconstruct numerically in terms of coordinates of corner points. Stereoscopy and effects of motion on two images complement each other in providing image-analyzing subsystem with clues to natures and locations of principal features. 5. Three-dimensional magnetic bubble memory system NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Stadler, Henry L. (Inventor); Katti, Romney R. (Inventor); Wu, Jiin-Chuan (Inventor) 1994-01-01 A compact memory uses magnetic bubble technology for providing data storage. A three-dimensional arrangement, in the form of stacks of magnetic bubble layers, is used to achieve high volumetric storage density. Output tracks are used within each layer to allow data to be accessed uniquely and unambiguously. Storage can be achieved using either current access or field access magnetic bubble technology. Optical sensing via the Faraday effect is used to detect data. Optical sensing facilitates the accessing of data from within the three-dimensional package and lends itself to parallel operation for supporting high data rates and vector and parallel processing. 6. Three-Dimensional Extended Bargmann Supergravity. PubMed Bergshoeff, Eric; Rosseel, Jan 2016-06-24 We show that three-dimensional general relativity, augmented with two vector fields, allows for a nonrelativistic limit, different from the standard limit leading to Newtonian gravity, that results in a well-defined action which is of the Chern-Simons type. We show that this three-dimensional "extended Bargmann gravity," after coupling to matter, leads to equations of motion allowing a wider class of background geometries than the ones that one encounters in Newtonian gravity. We give the supersymmetric generalization of these results and point out an important application in the context of calculating partition functions of nonrelativistic field theories using localization techniques. PMID:27391712 7. Three-Dimensional Extended Bargmann Supergravity NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bergshoeff, Eric; Rosseel, Jan 2016-06-01 We show that three-dimensional general relativity, augmented with two vector fields, allows for a nonrelativistic limit, different from the standard limit leading to Newtonian gravity, that results in a well-defined action which is of the Chern-Simons type. We show that this three-dimensional "extended Bargmann gravity," after coupling to matter, leads to equations of motion allowing a wider class of background geometries than the ones that one encounters in Newtonian gravity. We give the supersymmetric generalization of these results and point out an important application in the context of calculating partition functions of nonrelativistic field theories using localization techniques. 8. Remote Dynamic Three-Dimensional Scene Reconstruction PubMed Central Yang, You; Liu, Qiong; Ji, Rongrong; Gao, Yue 2013-01-01 Remote dynamic three-dimensional (3D) scene reconstruction renders the motion structure of a 3D scene remotely by means of both the color video and the corresponding depth maps. It has shown a great potential for telepresence applications like remote monitoring and remote medical imaging. Under this circumstance, video-rate and high resolution are two crucial characteristics for building a good depth map, which however mutually contradict during the depth sensor capturing. Therefore, recent works prefer to only transmit the high-resolution color video to the terminal side, and subsequently the scene depth is reconstructed by estimating the motion vectors from the video, typically using the propagation based methods towards a video-rate depth reconstruction. However, in most of the remote transmission systems, only the compressed color video stream is available. As a result, color video restored from the streams has quality losses, and thus the extracted motion vectors are inaccurate for depth reconstruction. In this paper, we propose a precise and robust scheme for dynamic 3D scene reconstruction by using the compressed color video stream and their inaccurate motion vectors. Our method rectifies the inaccurate motion vectors by analyzing and compensating their quality losses, motion vector absence in spatial prediction, and dislocation in near-boundary region. This rectification ensures the depth maps can be compensated in both video-rate and high resolution at the terminal side towards reducing the system consumption on both the compression and transmission. Our experiments validate that the proposed scheme is robust for depth map and dynamic scene reconstruction on long propagation distance, even with high compression ratio, outperforming the benchmark approaches with at least 3.3950 dB quality gains for remote applications. PMID:23667417 9. Growing Three-Dimensional Cocultures Of Cells NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Wolf, David A.; Goodwin, Thomas J. 1995-01-01 Laboratory process provides environmental conditions favoring simultaneous growth of cocultures of mammalian cells of more than one type. Cultures become three-dimensional tissuelike assemblies serving as organoid models of differentiation of cells. Process used, for example, to study growth of human colon cancers, starting from mixtures of normal colonic fibroblasts and partially differentiated colon adenocarcinoma cells. 10. Three-dimensional colorimetric assay assemblies DOEpatents Charych, Deborah; Reichert, Anke 2001-01-01 A direct assay is described using novel three-dimensional polymeric assemblies which change from a blue to red color when exposed to an analyte, in one case a flue virus. The assemblies are typically in the form of liposomes which can be maintained in a suspension, and show great intensity in their color changes. Their method of production is also described. 11. Three-Dimensional Visualization of Particle Tracks. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Julian, Glenn M. 1993-01-01 Suggests ways to bring home to the introductory physics student some of the excitement of recent discoveries in particle physics. Describes particle detectors and encourages the use of the Standard Model along with real images of particle tracks to determine three-dimensional views of tracks. (MVL) 12. Three-dimensional rf structure calculations SciTech Connect Cooper, R.K.; Browman, M.J.; Weiland, T. 1988-01-01 The calculation of three-dimensional rf structures is rapidly approaching adolescence, after having been in its infancy for the last four years. This paper will show the kinds of calculations that are currently being performed in the frequency domain and is a companion paper to one in which time-domain calculations are described. 13 refs., 14 figs. 13. Three-dimensional RF structure calculations NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Cooper, R. K.; Browman, M. J.; Weiland, T. 1989-04-01 The calculation of three-dimensional rf structures is rapidly approaching adolescence, after having been in its infancy for the last four years. This paper will show the kinds of calculations that are currently being performed in the frequency domain and is a companion paper to one in which time-domain calculations are described. 14. Three-Dimensional Pointers for Stereoscopic Projection. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Hayman, H. J. G. 1984-01-01 Because class size often limits student opportunity to handle individual models, teachers use stereoscopic projections to demonstrate structural features. Describes three-dimensional pointers for use with different projection systems so teachers can indicate a particular atom or bond to entire classes, avoiding the perspective problems inherent in… 15. Cohomology of real three-dimensional triquadrics NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Krasnov, Vyacheslav A. 2012-02-01 We consider non-singular intersections of three real five-dimensional quadrics. They are referred to for brevity as real three-dimensional triquadrics. We calculate the dimensions of the cohomology spaces of triquadrics with coefficients in the field of two elements. 16. Three-dimensional magnetic recording using ferromagnetic resonance NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Suto, Hirofumi; Kudo, Kiwamu; Nagasawa, Tazumi; Kanao, Taro; Mizushima, Koichi; Sato, Rie 2016-07-01 To meet the ever-increasing demand for data storage, future magnetic recording devices will need to be made three-dimensional by implementing multilayer recording. In this article, we present methods of detecting and manipulating the magnetization direction of a specific layer selectively in a vertically stacked multilayer magnetic system, which enable layer-selective read and write operations in three-dimensional magnetic recording devices. The principle behind the methods is ferromagnetic resonance excitation in a microwave magnetic field. By designing each magnetic recording layer to have a different ferromagnetic resonance frequency, magnetization excitation can be induced individually in each layer by tuning the frequency of an applied microwave magnetic field, and this selective magnetization excitation can be utilized for the layer-selective operations. Regarding media for three-dimensional recording, when layers of a perpendicular magnetic material are vertically stacked, dipolar interaction between multiple recording layers arises and is expected to cause problems, such as degradation of thermal stability and switching field distribution. To solve these problems, we propose the use of an antiferromagnetically coupled structure consisting of hard and soft magnetic layers. Because the stray fields from these two layers cancel each other, antiferromagnetically coupled media can reduce the dipolar interaction. 17. The development of a three-dimensional partially elliptic flow computer program for combustor research NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Pan, Y. S. 1978-01-01 A three dimensional, partially elliptic, computer program was developed. Without requiring three dimensional computer storage locations for all flow variables, the partially elliptic program is capable of predicting three dimensional combustor flow fields with large downstream effects. The program requires only slight increase of computer storage over the parabolic flow program from which it was developed. A finite difference formulation for a three dimensional, fully elliptic, turbulent, reacting, flow field was derived. Because of the negligible diffusion effects in the main flow direction in a supersonic combustor, the set of finite-difference equations can be reduced to a partially elliptic form. Only the pressure field was governed by an elliptic equation and requires three dimensional storage; all other dependent variables are governed by parabolic equations. A numerical procedure which combines a marching integration scheme with an iterative scheme for solving the elliptic pressure was adopted. 18. A multiplexed three-dimensional paper-based electrochemical impedance device for simultaneous label-free affinity sensing of total and glycated haemoglobin: The potential of using a specific single-frequency value for analysis. PubMed Boonyasit, Yuwadee; Chailapakul, Orawon; Laiwattanapaisal, Wanida 2016-09-14 A novel three-dimensional paper-based electrochemical impedance device (3D-PEID) is first introduced for measuring multiple diabetes markers. Herein, a simple 3D-PEID composed of a dual screen-printed electrode on wax-patterned paper coupled with a multilayer of magnetic paper was fabricated for label-free electrochemical detection. The results clearly demonstrated in a step-wise manner that the haptoglobin (Hp)-modified and 3-aminophenylboronic acid (APBA)-modified eggshell membranes (ESMs) were highly responsive to a clinically relevant range of total (0.5-20 g dL(-1); r(2) = 0.989) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (2.3%-14%; r(2) = 0.997) levels with detection limits (S/N = 3) of 0.08 g dL(-1) and 0.21%, respectively. The optimal binding frequencies of total haemoglobin and HbA1c to their specific recognition elements were 5.18 Hz and 9.99 Hz, respectively. The within-run coefficients of variation (CV) were 1.84%, 2.18%, 1.72%, and 2.01%, whereas the run-to-run CVs were 2.11%, 2.41%, 2.08%, and 2.21%, when assaying two levels of haemoglobin and HbA1c, respectively. The CVs for the haemoglobin and HbA1c levels measured on ten independently fabricated paper-based sheets were 1.96% and 2.10%, respectively. These results demonstrated that our proposed system achieved excellent precision for the simultaneous detection of total haemoglobin and HbA1c, with an acceptable reproducibility of fabrication. The long-term stability of the Hp-modified eggshell membrane (ESM) was 98.84% over a shelf-life of 4 weeks, enabling the possibility of storage or long-distance transport to remote regions, particularly in resource-limited settings; however, for the APBA-modified ESM, the stability was 92.35% over a one-week period. Compared with the commercial automated method, the results demonstrated excellent agreement between the techniques (p-value < 0.05), thus permitting the potential application of 3D-PEID for the monitoring of the glycaemic status in diabetic 19. Three-dimensional analysis of MHD generators and diffusers SciTech Connect Vanka, S P; Ahluwalia, R K; Doss, E D 1982-03-01 The three-dimensional flow and heat transfer phenomena in MHD channels and diffusers are analyzed by solving the governing partial differential equations for flow and electrical fields. The equation set consists of the mass continuity equation, the three momentum equations, the equations for enthalpy, turbulence kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, and the Maxwell equations. This set of coupled equations is solved by the use of a finite-difference calculation procedure. The turbulence is represented by a two-equation model of turbulence in which partial differential equations are solved for the turbulence kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. Calculations have been performed for Faraday and diagonally-connected channels. Specifically, the AEDC (Faraday) and the UTSI (diagonal) channels have been analyzed, and the results are compared with experimental data. The agreement is fairly good for all the measured quantities. The effects of channel loading on the three-dimensional flow characteristics of Faraday and diagonally-connected generators have been also analyzed. A simple argument is presented to show qualitatively the role of MHD body forces in generating axial vorticity and hence secondary flows in the cross-stream. Calculations have also been made to study the flow evolution in MHD diffusers. The calculations show that the velocity overshoots and secondary flows decay along the diffusers length. Plots of velocity, skin friction and pressure recovery are presented to illustrate the flow development in MHD diffusers. 20. Three-dimensional illumination procedure for photodynamic therapy of dermatology NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hu, Xiao-ming; Zhang, Feng-juan; Dong, Fei; Zhou, Ya 2014-09-01 Light dosimetry is an important parameter that affects the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the irregular morphologies of lesions complicate lesion segmentation and light irradiance adjustment. Therefore, this study developed an illumination demo system comprising a camera, a digital projector, and a computing unit to solve these problems. A three-dimensional model of a lesion was reconstructed using the developed system. Hierarchical segmentation was achieved with the superpixel algorithm. The expected light dosimetry on the targeted lesion was achieved with the proposed illumination procedure. Accurate control and optimization of light delivery can improve the efficacy of PDT. 1. Three-dimensional asymptotically flat Einstein-Maxwell theory NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Barnich, Glenn; Lambert, Pierre-Henry; Mao, Pujian 2015-12-01 Three-dimensional Einstein-Maxwell theory with non-trivial asymptotics at null infinity is solved. The symmetry algebra is a Virasoro-Kac-Moody type algebra that extends the bms3 algebra of the purely gravitational case. Solution space involves logarithms and provides a tractable example of a polyhomogeneous solution space. The associated surface charges are non-integrable and non-conserved due to the presence of electromagnetic news. As in the four-dimensional purely gravitational case, their algebra involves a field-dependent central charge. 2. The application of three-dimensional photoelasticity to impact problems SciTech Connect Kostin, I.C.; Fedorov, A.V. 1995-12-31 A method is proposed for the solution of three-dimensional dynamic problems in geometrically complex structural configurations under impact. The methodology developed employs the generation of photoelastically observable stress wave propagation in a birefringent material applied to the external surfaces of a structure. This work demonstrated the extension of this technique to impact loading. Problems of practical engineering application, such as the gluing of birefringent material to test models were examined experimentally. Pulsed magnetic fields generated by capacitor discharge were employed on typical complex engineering models to demonstrate that the methodology is adequate for solving practical impact problems. 3. Heat pulse propagation in chaotic three-dimensional magnetic fields SciTech Connect Del-Castillo-Negrete, Diego; Blazevski, Daniel 2014-06-01 Heat pulse propagation in three-dimensional chaotic magnetic fields is studied by numerically solving the parallel heat transport equation using a Lagrangian Green's function (LG) method. The main two problems addressed are: the dependence of the radial transport of heat pulses on the level of magnetic field stochasticity (controlled by the amplitude of the magnetic field perturbation, ε), and the role of reversed shear magnetic field configurations on heat pulse propagation. The role of separatrix reconnection of resonant modes in the shear reversal region, and the role of shearless Cantori in the observed phenomena are also discussed. 4. Optical Security Card by Three-dimensional Random Phase Distribution NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Matoba, Osamu; Nitta, Kouichi 2007-10-01 An optical security card based on a three-dimensional (3D) phase object is presented. This card enables us to develop a personal authentification system and secure data storage in a highly scattering medium. The authentification is implemented by the correlation between a speckle pattern of the 3D phase object and stored speckle patterns. For secure data storage, absorption distribution is involved in a scattering volume medium. Appropriate user can only reconstruct the absorption distribution by solving inverse problem. Experimental and numerical results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed system. 5. Green's function evaluation for three-dimensional exponentially graded elasticity SciTech Connect Criado Portero, Rafael M; Gray, Leonard J; Mantic, Vladislav; Paris, Federico 2008-01-01 The numerical implementation of the Green's function for an isotropic exponentially graded three dimensional elastic solid is reported. The formulas for the nonsingular {\\lq}grading term{\\rq} in this Green's function, originally deduced by Martin et al., \\emph{Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, 458, 1931-1947, 2000}, are quite complicated, and a small error in one of the formulas is corrected. The evaluation of the fundamental solution is tested by employing indirect boundary integral formulation using a Galerkin approximation to solve several problems having analytic solutions. The numerical results indicate that the Green's function formulas, and their evaluation, are correct. 6. Low-frequency three-dimensional ultrasonic tomography NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Goncharsky, A. V.; Romanov, S. Yu.; Seryozhnikov, S. Yu. 2016-05-01 The possibility of making ultrasonic 3D tomographs for medical diagnostics of soft tissues was established. The choice of frequencies of ultrasonic pulses of 300-500 kHz was due to low absorption in soft tissues within this range. The reverse problems of ultrasonic tomography, which are three-dimensional and nonlinear, have been considered in a model that takes into account both wave effects and absorption. The effectiveness of algorithms to solve the reverse problems that were developed has been illustrated by model calculations. The velocity configuration has been shown to be recovered better than the function that describes absorption in soft tissues. 7. Numerical simulation of three-dimensional supersonic inlet flow fields NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kawamura, T.; Chyu, W. J.; Bencze, D. P. 1987-01-01 Supersonic inlet flows with mixed external-internal compressions of an axisymmetric inlet model were computed using a combined implicit-explicit (Beam-Warming-Steger/MacCormack) method for solving the three-dimensional unsteady, compressible Navier-Stokes equations in conservation form. Numerical calculations were made of various flows typically found in supersonic inlets such as shock-wave intersections, flow spillage around the cowl lip, shock-wave/boundary-layer interactions, control of shock-induced flow separation by means of boundary layer bleed, internal normal (terminal) shocks, and the effects of flow incidence. Computed results were compared with available wind tunnel data. 8. [Some technical problems in three-dimensional cephalometrics]. PubMed Liu, Y 2016-06-01 Two-dimensional(2D)cephalometrics is an important diagnostic technique in dentistry. Three-dimensional(3D)cephalometrics is becoming a hot point along with the popularity of cone-beam CT(CBCT). However, the 3D cephalometric technique, like 2D cephalometric technique, there are many technical problems needed to be solved. In this article, several topics, including multi-source of 3D cephalometrics, the head position in 3D cephalometrics, the difficulty of landmark indication, norms for 3D cephalometrics and superimposition in 3D imaging, are discussed. PMID:27256525 9. Three-dimensional shape optimization using the boundary element method NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yamazaki, Koetsu; Sakamoto, Jiro; Kitano, Masami 1994-06-01 A practical design sensitivity calculation technique of displacements and stresses for three-dimensional bodies based on the direct differentiation method of discrete boundary integral equations is formulated in detail. Then the sensitivity calculation technique is applied to determine optimum shapes of minimum weight subjected to stress constraints, where an approximated subproblem is constructed repeatedly and solved sequentially by the mathematical programming method. The shape optimization technique suggested here is applied to determine optimum shapes of a cavity in a cube and a connecting rod. 10. Three-dimensional shape optimization using boundary element method NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yamazaki, Koetsu; Sakamoto, Jiro; Kitano, Masami 1993-04-01 A practical design sensitivity calculation technique of displacements and stresses for three-dimensional bodies based on the direct differentiation method of discrete boundary integral equations is formulated in detail. Then, the sensitivity calculation technique is applied to determine optimum shapes of minimum weight subjected to stress constraints, where an approximated subproblem is constructed repeatedly and solved sequentially by the mathematical programming method. The shape optimization technique suggested here is applied to determine optimum shapes of a cavity shape in a cube and a connecting rod. 11. Multilevel elliptic smoothing of large three-dimensional grids NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Mastin, C. Wayne 1995-01-01 Elliptic grid generation methods have been used for many years to smooth and improve grids generated by algebraic interpolation schemes. However, the elliptic system that must be solved is nonlinear and convergence is generally very slow for large grids. In an attempt to make elliptic methods practical for large three-dimensional grids, a two-stage implementation is developed where the overall grid point locations are set using a coarse grid generated by the elliptic system. The coarse grid is then interpolated to generate a finer grid which is smoothed using only a few iterations of the elliptic system. 12. Three-dimensional structure of human serum albumin NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Carter, Daniel C.; He, Xiao-Min; Munson, Sibyl H.; Twigg, Pamela D.; Gernert, Kim M.; Broom, M. Beth; Miller, Teresa Y. 1989-01-01 The three-dimensional structure of human serum albumin has been solved at 6.0 A resolution by the method of multiple isomorphous replacement. Crystals were grown from solutions of polyethylene glycol in the infrequently observed space group P42(1)2 and diffracted X-rays to lattice d-spacings of less than 2.9 A. The electron density maps are of high quality and revealed the structure as a predominantly alpha-helical globin protein in which the course of the polypeptide can be traced. The binding loci of several organic compounds have been determined. 13. The three-dimensional crystal structure of cholera toxin SciTech Connect Zhang, Rong-Guang; Westbrook, M.L.; Nance, S.; Spangler, B.D.; Scott, D.L.; Westbrook, E.M. 1996-02-01 The clinical manifestations of cholera are largely attributable to the actions of a secreted hexameric AB{sub 5} enterotoxin (choleragen). We have solved the three-dimensional structure of choleragen at 2.5 {Angstrom} resolution and compared the refined coordinates with those of choleragenoid (isolated B pentamer) and the heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli (LT). The crystalline coordinates provide a detailed view of the stereochemistry implicated in binding to GM1 gangliosides and in carrying out ADP-ribosylation. The A2 chain of choleragen, in contrast to that of LT, is a nearly continuous {alpha}-helix with an interpretable carboxyl tail. 14. Code System for Three-Dimensional Hydraulic Reactor Core Analysis. 2001-03-05 Version 00 SCORE-EVET was developed to study multidimensional transient fluid flow in nuclear reactor fuel rod arrays. The conservation equations used were derived by volume averaging the transient compressible three-dimensional local continuum equations in Cartesian coordinates. No assumptions associated with subchannel flow have been incorporated into the derivation of the conservation equations. In addition to the three-dimensional fluid flow equations, the SCORE-EVET code contains a one-dimensional steady state solution scheme to initialize the flow field,more » steady state and transient fuel rod conduction models, and comprehensive correlation packages to describe fluid-to-fuel rod interfacial energy and momentum exchange. Velocity and pressure boundary conditions can be specified as a function of time and space to model reactor transient conditions, such as a hypothesized loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) or flow blockage. The basic volume-averaged transient three-dimensional equations for flow in porous media are solved in their general form with constitutive relationships and boundary conditions tailored to define the porous medium as a matrix of fuel rods. By retaining generality in the form of the conservation equations, a wide range of fluid flow problem configurations, from computational regions representing a single fuel rod subchannel to multichannels, or even regions without a fuel rod, can be modeled without restrictive assumptions. The completeness of the conservation equations has allowed SCORE-EVET to be used, with modification to the constitutive relationships, to calculate three-dimensional laminar boundary layer development, flow fields in large bodies of water, and, with the addition of a turbulence model, turbulent flow in pipe expansions and tees.« less 15. A Computer Program for the Calculation of Three-Dimensional Transonic Nacelle/Inlet Flowfields NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Vadyak, J.; Atta, E. H. 1983-01-01 A highly efficient computer analysis was developed for predicting transonic nacelle/inlet flowfields. This algorithm can compute the three dimensional transonic flowfield about axisymmetric (or asymmetric) nacelle/inlet configurations at zero or nonzero incidence. The flowfield is determined by solving the full-potential equation in conservative form on a body-fitted curvilinear computational mesh. The difference equations are solved using the AF2 approximate factorization scheme. This report presents a discussion of the computational methods used to both generate the body-fitted curvilinear mesh and to obtain the inviscid flow solution. Computed results and correlations with existing methods and experiment are presented. Also presented are discussions on the organization of the grid generation (NGRIDA) computer program and the flow solution (NACELLE) computer program, descriptions of the respective subroutines, definitions of the required input parameters for both algorithms, a brief discussion on interpretation of the output, and sample cases to illustrate application of the analysis. 16. THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELING OF HOT JUPITER ATMOSPHERIC FLOWS SciTech Connect Rauscher, Emily; Menou, Kristen 2010-05-10 We present a three-dimensional hot Jupiter model, extending from 200 bar to 1 mbar, using the Intermediate General Circulation Model from the University of Reading. Our horizontal spectral resolution is T31 (equivalent to a grid of 48 x 96), with 33 logarithmically spaced vertical levels. A simplified (Newtonian) scheme is employed for the radiative forcing. We adopt a physical setup nearly identical to the model of HD 209458b by Cooper and Showman to facilitate a direct model inter-comparison. Our results are broadly consistent with theirs but significant differences also emerge. The atmospheric flow is characterized by a super-rotating equatorial jet, transonic wind speeds, and eastward advection of heat away from the dayside. We identify a dynamically induced temperature inversion ('stratosphere') on the planetary dayside and find that temperatures at the planetary limb differ systematically from local radiative equilibrium values, a potential source of bias for transit spectroscopic interpretations. While our model atmosphere is quasi-identical to that of Cooper and Showman and we solve the same meteorological equations, we use different algorithmic methods, spectral-implicit versus grid-explicit, which are known to yield fully consistent results in the Earth modeling context. The model discrepancies identified here indicate that one or both numerical methods do not faithfully capture all of the atmospheric dynamics at work in the hot Jupiter context. We highlight the emergence of a shock-like feature in our model, much like that reported recently by Showman et al., and suggest that improved representations of energy conservation may be needed in hot Jupiter atmospheric models, as emphasized by Goodman. 17. Three-dimensional curvilinear device reconstruction from two fluoroscopic views NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Delmas, Charlotte; Berger, Marie-Odile; Kerrien, Erwan; Riddell, Cyril; Trousset, Yves; Anxionnat, René; Bracard, Serge 2015-03-01 In interventional radiology, navigating devices under the sole guidance of fluoroscopic images inside a complex architecture of tortuous and narrow vessels like the cerebral vascular tree is a difficult task. Visualizing the device in 3D could facilitate this navigation. For curvilinear devices such as guide-wires and catheters, a 3D reconstruction may be achieved using two simultaneous fluoroscopic views, as available on a biplane acquisition system. The purpose of this paper is to present a new automatic three-dimensional curve reconstruction method that has the potential to reconstruct complex 3D curves and does not require a perfect segmentation of the endovascular device. Using epipolar geometry, our algorithm translates the point correspondence problem into a segment correspondence problem. Candidate 3D curves can be formed and evaluated independently after identifying all possible combinations of compatible 3D segments. Correspondence is then inherently solved by looking in 3D space for the most coherent curve in terms of continuity and curvature. This problem can be cast into a graph problem where the most coherent curve corresponds to the shortest path of a weighted graph. We present quantitative results of curve reconstructions performed from numerically simulated projections of tortuous 3D curves extracted from cerebral vascular trees affected with brain arteriovenous malformations as well as fluoroscopic image pairs of a guide-wire from both phantom and clinical sets. Our method was able to select the correct 3D segments in 97.5% of simulated cases thus demonstrating its ability to handle complex 3D curves and can deal with imperfect 2D segmentation. 18. Transformation equation in three-dimensional photoelasticity. PubMed Ainola, Leo; Aben, Hillar 2006-03-01 Optical phenomena that occur when polarized light passes through an inhomogeneous birefringent medium are complicated, especially when the principal directions of the dielectric tensor rotate on the light ray. This case is typical in three-dimensional photoelasticity, in particular in integrated photoelasticity by stress analysis on the basis of measured polarization transformations. Analysis of polarization transformations in integrated photoelasticity has been based primarily on a system of two first-order differential equations. Using a transformed coordinate in the direction of light propagation, we have derived a single fourth-order differential equation of three-dimensional photoelasticity. For the case of uniform rotation of the principal directions we have obtained an analytical solution. PMID:16539073 19. Three-dimensional visualization of a qutrit NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kurzyński, Paweł; Kołodziejski, Adrian; Laskowski, Wiesław; Markiewicz, Marcin 2016-06-01 We present a surprisingly simple three-dimensional Bloch sphere representation of a qutrit, i.e., a single three-level quantum system. We start with a symmetric state of a two-qubit system and relate it to the spin-1 representation. Using this representation we associate each qutrit state with a three-dimensional vector a and a metric tensor Γ ̂ which satisfy a .Γ ̂.a ≤1 . This resembles the well known condition for qubit Bloch vectors in which case Γ ̂=1 . In our case the vector a corresponds to spin-1 polarization, whereas the tensor Γ ̂ is a function of polarization uncertainties. Alternatively, a is a local Bloch vector of a symmetric two-qubit state and Γ ̂ is a function of the corresponding correlation tensor. 20. Three dimensional fabrication at small size scales PubMed Central Leong, Timothy G.; Zarafshar, Aasiyeh M.; Gracias, David H. 2010-01-01 Despite the fact that we live in a three-dimensional (3D) world and macroscale engineering is 3D, conventional sub-mm scale engineering is inherently two-dimensional (2D). New fabrication and patterning strategies are needed to enable truly three-dimensionally-engineered structures at small size scales. Here, we review strategies that have been developed over the last two decades that seek to enable such millimeter to nanoscale 3D fabrication and patterning. A focus of this review is the strategy of self-assembly, specifically in a biologically inspired, more deterministic form known as self-folding. Self-folding methods can leverage the strengths of lithography to enable the construction of precisely patterned 3D structures and “smart” components. This self-assembling approach is compared with other 3D fabrication paradigms, and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. PMID:20349446 1. Simulation of complex three-dimensional flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Diewert, G. S.; Rothmund, H. J.; Nakahashi, K. 1985-01-01 The concept of splitting is used extensively to simulate complex three dimensional flows on modern computer architectures. Used in all aspects, from initial grid generation to the determination of the final converged solution, splitting is used to enhance code vectorization, to permit solution driven grid adaption and grid enrichment, to permit the use of concurrent processing, and to enhance data flow through hierarchal memory systems. Three examples are used to illustrate these concepts to complex three dimensional flow fields: (1) interactive flow over a bump; (2) supersonic flow past a blunt based conical afterbody at incidence to a free stream and containing a centered propulsive jet; and (3) supersonic flow past a sharp leading edge delta wing at incidence to the free stream. 2. Three-Dimensional Images For Robot Vision NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) McFarland, William D. 1983-12-01 Robots are attracting increased attention in the industrial productivity crisis. As one significant approach for this nation to maintain technological leadership, the need for robot vision has become critical. The "blind" robot, while occupying an economical niche at present is severely limited and job specific, being only one step up from the numerical controlled machines. To successfully satisfy robot vision requirements a three dimensional representation of a real scene must be provided. Several image acquistion techniques are discussed with more emphasis on the laser radar type instruments. The autonomous vehicle is also discussed as a robot form, and the requirements for these applications are considered. The total computer vision system requirement is reviewed with some discussion of the major techniques in the literature for three dimensional scene analysis. 3. Real time three dimensional sensing system DOEpatents Gordon, Steven J. 1996-01-01 The invention is a three dimensional sensing system which utilizes two flexibly located cameras for receiving and recording visual information with respect to a sensed object illuminated by a series of light planes. Each pixel of each image is converted to a digital word and the words are grouped into stripes, each stripe comprising contiguous pixels. One pixel of each stripe in one image is selected and an epi-polar line of that point is drawn in the other image. The three dimensional coordinate of each selected point is determined by determining the point on said epi-polar line which also lies on a stripe in the second image and which is closest to a known light plane. 4. Real time three dimensional sensing system DOEpatents Gordon, S.J. 1996-12-31 The invention is a three dimensional sensing system which utilizes two flexibly located cameras for receiving and recording visual information with respect to a sensed object illuminated by a series of light planes. Each pixel of each image is converted to a digital word and the words are grouped into stripes, each stripe comprising contiguous pixels. One pixel of each stripe in one image is selected and an epi-polar line of that point is drawn in the other image. The three dimensional coordinate of each selected point is determined by determining the point on said epi-polar line which also lies on a stripe in the second image and which is closest to a known light plane. 7 figs. 5. Three-dimensional imaging modalities in endodontics PubMed Central Mao, Teresa 2014-01-01 Recent research in endodontics has highlighted the need for three-dimensional imaging in the clinical arena as well as in research. Three-dimensional imaging using computed tomography (CT) has been used in endodontics over the past decade. Three types of CT scans have been studied in endodontics, namely cone-beam CT, spiral CT, and peripheral quantitative CT. Contemporary endodontics places an emphasis on the use of cone-beam CT for an accurate diagnosis of parameters that cannot be visualized on a two-dimensional image. This review discusses the role of CT in endodontics, pertaining to its importance in the diagnosis of root canal anatomy, detection of peri-radicular lesions, diagnosis of trauma and resorption, presurgical assessment, and evaluation of the treatment outcome. PMID:25279337 6. Three-Dimensional Array for 40Ca+ Ion Trapping NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wan, Jin-Yin; Liu, Liang 2009-04-01 We present a three-dimensional scalable linear ion trap scheme for ion trapping and discuss its applications for the optical frequency standard and scalable quantum information processing with its parallel strings of trapped 40Ca+ ions. The geometry here contains nine equal-distance parallel rods driven by rf, which form trapping potentials for radial confinement and two end ring electrodes biased at a few volts for axial confinement. Its feasibility is calculated by using the finite element analysis method. 7. Multiplex Holography For The Display Of Three-Dimensional Information NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Drinkwater, John; Hart, Stephen 1987-10-01 A system based on multiplex holography has been developed for the display and storage of three-dimensional information. Volume ('stack') multiplex holograms have been produced for viewing on a novel white light display device based on dispersion compensation. The image processing and holographic techniques developed to optimise these results are described. The demonstration of potential applications of the displays for data from medical imaging, analytical techniques such as electron microscopy and scientific data analysis is detailed. 8. Three-dimensional adjustment of trilateration data NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sung, L.-Y.; Jackson, D. D. 1985-01-01 The three-dimensional locations of the monuments in the USGS Hollister trilateration network were adjusted to fit line length observations observed in 1977, using a Bayesian approach, and incorporating prior elevation estimates as data in the adjustment procedure. No significant discrepancies in the measured line lengths were found, but significant elevation adjustments (up to 1.85 m) were needed to fit the length data. 9. Three-dimensional Lorentz-violating action NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Nascimento, J. R.; Petrov, A. Yu.; Wotzasek, C.; Zarro, C. A. D. 2014-03-01 We demonstrate the generation of the three-dimensional Chern-Simons-like Lorentz-breaking "mixed" quadratic action via an appropriate Lorentz-breaking coupling of vector and scalar fields to the spinor field and study some features of the scalar QED with such a term. We show that the same term emerges through a nonperturbative method, namely the Julia-Toulouse approach of condensation of charges and defects. 10. Three-dimensional display of document set DOEpatents Lantrip, David B.; Pennock, Kelly A.; Pottier, Marc C.; Schur, Anne; Thomas, James J.; Wise, James A.; York, Jeremy 2009-06-30 A method for spatializing text content for enhanced visual browsing and analysis. The invention is applied to large text document corpora such as digital libraries, regulations and procedures, archived reports, and the like. The text content from these sources may be transformed to a spatial representation that preserves informational characteristics from the documents. The three-dimensional representation may then be visually browsed and analyzed in ways that avoid language processing and that reduce the analysts' effort. 11. Three-dimensional display of document set DOEpatents Lantrip, David B.; Pennock, Kelly A.; Pottier, Marc C.; Schur, Anne; Thomas, James J.; Wise, James A. 2006-09-26 A method for spatializing text content for enhanced visual browsing and analysis. The invention is applied to large text document corpora such as digital libraries, regulations and procedures, archived reports, and the like. The text content from these sources may e transformed to a spatial representation that preserves informational characteristics from the documents. The three-dimensional representation may then be visually browsed and analyzed in ways that avoid language processing and that reduce the analysts' effort. 12. Three-dimensional display of document set DOEpatents Lantrip, David B [Oxnard, CA; Pennock, Kelly A [Richland, WA; Pottier, Marc C [Richland, WA; Schur, Anne [Richland, WA; Thomas, James J [Richland, WA; Wise, James A [Richland, WA 2001-10-02 A method for spatializing text content for enhanced visual browsing and analysis. The invention is applied to large text document corpora such as digital libraries, regulations and procedures, archived reports, and the like. The text content from these sources may be transformed to a spatial representation that preserves informational characteristics from the documents. The three-dimensional representation may then be visually browsed and analyzed in ways that avoid language processing and that reduce the analysts' effort. 13. Three-Dimensional Dispaly Of Document Set DOEpatents Lantrip, David B.; Pennock, Kelly A.; Pottier, Marc C.; Schur, Anne; Thomas, James J.; Wise, James A. 2003-06-24 A method for spatializing text content for enhanced visual browsing and analysis. The invention is applied to large text document corpora such as digital libraries, regulations and procedures, archived reports, and the like. The text content from these sources may be transformed to a spatial representation that preserves informational characteristics from the documents. The three-dimensional representation may then be visually browsed and analyzed in ways that avoid language processing and that reduce the analysts' effort. 14. Stress tensor correlators in three dimensional gravity NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bagchi, Arjun; Grumiller, Daniel; Merbis, Wout 2016-03-01 We calculate holographically arbitrary n -point correlators of the boundary stress tensor in three-dimensional Einstein gravity with negative or vanishing cosmological constant. We provide explicit expressions up to 5-point (connected) correlators and show consistency with the Galilean conformal field theory Ward identities and recursion relations of correlators, which we derive. This provides a novel check of flat space holography in three dimensions. 15. Three-dimensional ballistocardiography in weightlessness NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Scano, A. 1981-01-01 An experiment is described the aim of which is to record a three dimensional ballistocardiogram under the condition of weightlessness and to compare it with tracings recorded on the same subject on the ground as a means of clarifying the meaning of ballistocardiogram waves in different physiological and perphaps pathological conditions. Another purpose is to investigate cardiovascular and possibly fluid adaptations to weightlessness from data collected almost simultaneously on the same subjects during the other cardiovascular during the other cardiovascular and metabolic experiments. 16. Three-dimensional motor schema based navigation NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Arkin, Ronald C. 1989-01-01 Reactive schema-based navigation is possible in space domains by extending the methods developed for ground-based navigation found within the Autonomous Robot Architecture (AuRA). Reformulation of two dimensional motor schemas for three dimensional applications is a straightforward process. The manifold advantages of schema-based control persist, including modular development, amenability to distributed processing, and responsiveness to environmental sensing. Simulation results show the feasibility of this methodology for space docking operations in a cluttered work area. 17. Generating Three-Dimensional Grids About Anything NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sorenson, Reese L. 1991-01-01 Three-Dimensional Grids About Anything by Poisson's Equation (3DGRAPE) computer program designed to make computational grids in or about almost any shape. Generated by solution of Poisson's differential equations in three dimensions. Program automatically finds its own values for inhomogeneous terms giving near-orthogonality and controlled grid-cell height at boundaries. Grids generated applied to both viscous and inviscid aerodynamic problems, and to problems in other areas of fluid dynamics. Written in 100 percent FORTRAN 77. 18. Mineralized three-dimensional bone constructs NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Clarke, Mark S. F. (Inventor); Sundaresan, Alamelu (Inventor); Pellis, Neal R. (Inventor) 2011-01-01 The present disclosure provides ex vivo-derived mineralized three-dimensional bone constructs. The bone constructs are obtained by culturing osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors under randomized gravity vector conditions. Preferably, the randomized gravity vector conditions are obtained using a low shear stress rotating bioreactor, such as a High Aspect Ratio Vessel (HARV) culture system. The bone constructs of the disclosure have utility in physiological studies of bone formation and bone function, in drug discovery, and in orthopedics. 19. Mineralized Three-Dimensional Bone Constructs NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Clarke, Mark S. F. (Inventor); Sundaresan, Alamelu (Inventor); Pellis, Neal R. (Inventor) 2013-01-01 The present disclosure provides ex vivo-derived mineralized three-dimensional bone constructs. The bone constructs are obtained by culturing osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors under randomized gravity vector conditions. Preferably, the randomized gravity vector conditions are obtained using a low shear stress rotating bioreactor, such as a High Aspect Ratio Vessel (HARV) culture system. The bone constructs of the disclosure have utility in physiological studies of bone formation and bone function, in drug discovery, and in orthopedics. 20. The first three-dimensional vanadium hypophosphite. PubMed Maouel, Hind A; Alonzo, Véronique; Roisnel, Thierry; Rebbah, Houria; Le Fur, Eric 2009-07-01 The title synthesized hypophosphite has the formula V(H(2)PO(2))(3). Its structure is based on VO(6) octahedra and (H(2)PO(2))(-) pseudo-tetrahedra. The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically distinct V atoms and six independent (H(2)PO(2))(-) groups. The connection of the polyhedra generates [VPO(6)H(2)](6-) chains extended along a, b and c, leading to the first three-dimensional network of an anhydrous transition metal hypophosphite. PMID:19578249 1. Multiparallel Three-Dimensional Optical Microscopy NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Nguyen, Lam K.; Price, Jeffrey H.; Kellner, Albert L.; Bravo-Zanoquera, Miguel 2010-01-01 Multiparallel three-dimensional optical microscopy is a method of forming an approximate three-dimensional image of a microscope sample as a collection of images from different depths through the sample. The imaging apparatus includes a single microscope plus an assembly of beam splitters and mirrors that divide the output of the microscope into multiple channels. An imaging array of photodetectors in each channel is located at a different distance along the optical path from the microscope, corresponding to a focal plane at a different depth within the sample. The optical path leading to each photodetector array also includes lenses to compensate for the variation of magnification with distance so that the images ultimately formed on all the photodetector arrays are of the same magnification. The use of optical components common to multiple channels in a simple geometry makes it possible to obtain high light-transmission efficiency with an optically and mechanically simple assembly. In addition, because images can be read out simultaneously from all the photodetector arrays, the apparatus can support three-dimensional imaging at a high scanning rate. 2. Teaching and Assessing Three-Dimensional M NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bateman, Robert C., Jr.; Booth, Deborah; Sirochman, Rudy; Richardson, Jane; Richardson, David 2002-05-01 Structural concepts such as the exact arrangement of a protein in three dimensions are crucial to almost every aspect of biology and chemistry, yet most of us have not been educated in three-dimensional literacy and all of us need a great deal of help in order to perceive and to communicate structural information successfully. It is in the undergraduate biochemistry course where students learn most concepts of molecular structure pertinent to living systems. We are addressing the issue of three-dimensional structural literacy by having undergraduate students construct kinemages, which are plain text scripts derived from Protein Data Bank coordinate files that can be viewed with the program MAGE. These annotated, interactive, three-dimensional illustrations are designed to develop a molecular story and allow exploration in the world of that story. In the process, students become familiar with the structure-based scientific literature and the Protein Data Bank. Our assessment to date has shown that students perceive kinemage authorship to be more helpful in understanding protein structure than simply viewing prepared kinemages. In addition, students perceived kinemage authorship as being beneficial to their career and a significant motivation to learn biochemistry. 3. Three-dimensional deformation of orthodontic brackets PubMed Central Melenka, Garrett W; Nobes, David S; Major, Paul W 2013-01-01 Braces are used by orthodontists to correct the misalignment of teeth in the mouth. Archwire rotation is a particular procedure used to correct tooth inclination. Wire rotation can result in deformation to the orthodontic brackets, and an orthodontic torque simulator has been designed to examine this wire–bracket interaction. An optical technique has been employed to measure the deformation due to size and geometric constraints of the orthodontic brackets. Images of orthodontic brackets are collected using a stereo microscope and two charge-coupled device cameras, and deformation of orthodontic brackets is measured using a three-dimensional digital image correlation technique. The three-dimensional deformation of orthodontic brackets will be evaluated. The repeatability of the three-dimensional digital image correlation measurement method was evaluated by performing 30 archwire rotation tests using the same bracket and archwire. Finally, five Damon 3MX and five In-Ovation R self-ligating brackets will be compared using this technique to demonstrate the effect of archwire rotation on bracket design. PMID:23762201 4. Three-dimensional printing of the retina PubMed Central Lorber, Barbara; Hsiao, Wen-Kai; Martin, Keith R. 2016-01-01 Purpose of review Biological three-dimensional printing has received a lot of media attention over recent years with advances made in printing cellular structures, including skin and heart tissue for transplantation. Although limitations exist in creating functioning organs with this method, the hope has been raised that creating a functional retina to cure blindness is within reach. The present review provides an update on the advances made toward this goal. Recent findings It has recently been shown that two types of retinal cells, retinal ganglion cells and glial cells, can be successfully printed using a piezoelectric inkjet printer. Importantly, the cells remained viable and did not change certain phenotypic features as a result of the printing process. In addition, recent advances in the creation of complex and viable three-dimensional cellular structures have been made. Summary Some first promising steps toward the creation of a functional retina have been taken. It now needs to be investigated whether recent findings can be extended to other cells of the retina, including those derived from human tissue, and if a complex and viable retinal structure can be created through three-dimensional printing. PMID:27045545 5. Three-Dimensional Imaging. Chapter 10 NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Kelso, R. M.; Delo, C. 1999-01-01 This chapter is concerned with three-dimensional imaging of fluid flows. Although relatively young, this field of research has already yielded an enormous range of techniques. These vary widely in cost and complexity, with the cheapest light sheet systems being within the budgets of most laboratories, and the most expensive Magnetic Resonance Imaging systems available to a select few. Taking the view that the most likely systems to be developed are those using light sheets, the authors will relate their knowledge and experience of such systems. Other systems will be described briefly and references provided. Flows are inherently three-dimensional in structure; even those generated around nominally 2-D surface geometry. It is becoming increasingly apparent to scientists and engineers that the three-dimensionalities, both large and small scale, are important in terms of overall flow structure and species, momentum, and energy transport. Furthermore, we are accustomed to seeing the world in three dimensions, so it is natural that we should wish to view, measure and interpret flows in three-dimensions. Unfortunately, 3-D images do not lend themselves to convenient presentation on the printed page, and this task is one of the challenges facing us. 6. Three-Dimensional Audio Client Library NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rizzi, Stephen A. 2005-01-01 The Three-Dimensional Audio Client Library (3DAudio library) is a group of software routines written to facilitate development of both stand-alone (audio only) and immersive virtual-reality application programs that utilize three-dimensional audio displays. The library is intended to enable the development of three-dimensional audio client application programs by use of a code base common to multiple audio server computers. The 3DAudio library calls vendor-specific audio client libraries and currently supports the AuSIM Gold-Server and Lake Huron audio servers. 3DAudio library routines contain common functions for (1) initiation and termination of a client/audio server session, (2) configuration-file input, (3) positioning functions, (4) coordinate transformations, (5) audio transport functions, (6) rendering functions, (7) debugging functions, and (8) event-list-sequencing functions. The 3DAudio software is written in the C++ programming language and currently operates under the Linux, IRIX, and Windows operating systems. 7. Three-dimensional imaging of dislocations by X-ray diffraction laminography NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hänschke, D.; Helfen, L.; Altapova, V.; Danilewsky, A.; Baumbach, T. 2012-12-01 Synchrotron radiation laminography with X-ray diffraction contrast enables three-dimensional imaging of dislocations in monocrystalline wafers. We outline the principle of the technique, the required experimental conditions, and the reconstruction procedure. The feasibility and the potential of the method are demonstrated by three-dimensional imaging of dislocation loops in an indent-damaged and annealed silicon wafer. 8. TWILIGHT: A Cellular Framework for Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Khatami, David; Madore, Barry 2015-01-01 We describe a new framework for solving three-dimensional radiative transfer of arbitrary geometries, including a full characterisation of the wavelength-dependent anisotropic scattering, absorption, and thermal reemission of light by dust. By adopting a cellular approach to discretising the light and dust, the problem can be efficiently solved through a fully deterministic iterative process. As a proof of concept we present TWILIGHT, our implementation of the cellular approach, in order to demonstrate and benchmark the new method. TWILIGHT simultaneously renders over one hundred unique images of a given environment with no additional slowdown, enabling a close study of inclination effects of three-dimensional dust geometries. In addition to qualitative rendering tests, TWILIGHT is successfully tested against two Monte-Carlo radiative transfer benchmarks, producing similar brightness profiles at varying inclinations. With the proof-of-concept established, we describe the improvements and current developments underway using the cellular framework, including a technique to resolve the subgrid physics of dust radiative transfer from micron-scale grain models to kiloparsec-sized dust environments. 9. Three-dimensional optical encryption based on ptychography NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Zhang, Jun; Li, Tuo; Wang, Yali; Qiao, Liang; Yang, Xiubo; Shi, Yishi 2015-10-01 We propose a novel optical encryption system for three-dimension imaging combined with three-dimension Ptychography. Employing the proposed cryptosystem, a 3D object can be encrypted and decrypted successfully. Compared with the conventional three-dimensional cryptosystem, not only encrypting the pure amplitude 3D object is available, but also the encryption of complex amplitude 3D object is achievable. Considering that the probes overlapping with each other is the crucial factor in ptychography, their complex-amplitude functions can serve as a kind of secret keys that lead to the enlarged key space and the enhanced system security. Varies of simulation results demonstrate that the feasibility and robust of the cryptosystem. Furthermore, the proposed system could also be used for other potential applications, such as three-dimensional information hiding and multiple images encryption. 10. Three-dimensional metamaterials fabricated using Proton Beam Writing NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bettiol, A. A.; Turaga, S. P.; Yan, Y.; Vanga, S. K.; Chiam, S. Y. 2013-07-01 Proton Beam Writing (PBW) is a direct write lithographic technique that has recently been applied to the fabrication of three dimensional metamaterials. In this work, we show that the unique capabilities of PBW, namely the ability to fabricate arrays of high resolution, high aspect ratio microstructures in polymer or replicated into metal, is well suited to metamaterials research. We have also developed a novel method for selectively electroless plating silver directly onto polymer structures that were fabricated using PBW. This method opens up new avenues for utilizing PBW for making metamaterials and other sub-wavelength metallic structures. Several potential applications of three dimensional metamaterials fabricated using PBW are discussed, including sensing and negative refractive index materials. 11. Three-dimensional control of Tetrahymena pyriformis using artificial magnetotaxis NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hyung Kim, Dal; Seung Soo Kim, Paul; Agung Julius, Anak; Jun Kim, Min 2012-01-01 We demonstrate three-dimensional control with the eukaryotic cell Tetrahymena pyriformis (T. pyriformis) using two sets of Helmholtz coils for xy-plane motion and a single electromagnet for z-direction motion. T. pyriformis is modified to have artificial magnetotaxis with internalized magnetite. To track the cell's z-axis position, intensity profiles of non-motile cells at varying distances from the focal plane are used. During vertical motion along the z-axis, the intensity difference is used to determine the position of the cell. The three-dimensional control of the live microorganism T. pyriformis as a cellular robot shows great potential for practical applications in microscale tasks, such as target transport and cell therapy. 12. An analysis of the three-dimensional velocity field of a free laminar jet issuing from a rectangular nozzle NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Gariaev, A. B.; Krauze, Kh.; Motulevich, V. P.; Sergievskii, E. D.; Khanel, B. 1984-11-01 Results are presented of an analytical study of three-dimensional incompressible fluid jets issuing from a rectangular nozzle into a slipstream of a fluid whose physical properties are similar to those of the jet. The analysis is based on solving the Navier-Stokes equations in the approximation of a three-dimensional boundary layer. The resulting three-dimensional velocity profiles are shown in graphical form. 13. Multigroup Three-Dimensional Direct Integration Method Radiation Transport Analysis Code System. 1987-09-18 Version 00 TRISTAN solves the three-dimensional, fixed-source, Boltzmann transport equation for neutrons or gamma rays in rectangular geometry. The code can solve an adjoint problem as well as a usual transport problem. TRISTAN is a suitable tool to analyze radiation shielding problems such as streaming and deep penetration problems. 14. Three-Dimensional Printing: An Enabling Technology for IR. PubMed Sheth, Rahul; Balesh, Elie R; Zhang, Yu Shrike; Hirsch, Joshua A; Khademhosseini, Ali; Oklu, Rahmi 2016-06-01 Rapid prototyping, also known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is a recent technologic advancement with tremendous potential for advancing medical device design. A wide range of raw materials can be incorporated into complex 3D structures, including plastics, metals, biocompatible polymers, and even living cells. With its promise of highly customized, adaptable, and personalized device design at the point of care, 3D printing stands to revolutionize medical care. The present review summarizes the methods for 3D printing and their current and potential roles in medical device design, with an emphasis on their potential relevance to interventional radiology. PMID:27117948 15. Three-dimensional stereo by photometric ratios SciTech Connect Wolff, L.B.; Angelopoulou, E. 1994-11-01 We present a methodology for corresponding a dense set of points on an object surface from photometric values for three-dimensional stereo computation of depth. The methodology utilizes multiple stereo pairs of images, with each stereo pair being taken of the identical scene but under different illumination. With just two stereo pairs of images taken under two different illumination conditions, a stereo pair of ratio images can be produced, one for the ratio of left-hand images and one for the ratio of right-hand images. We demonstrate how the photometric ratios composing these images can be used for accurate correspondence of object points. Object points having the same photometric ratio with respect to two different illumination conditions constitute a well-defined equivalence class of physical constraints defined by local surface orientation relative to illumination conditions. We formally show that for diffuse reflection the photometric ratio is invariant to varying camera characteristics, surface albedo, and viewpoint and that therefore the same photometric ratio in both images of a stereo pair implies the same equivalence class of physical constraints. The correspondence of photometric ratios along epipolar lines in a stereo pair of images under different illumination conditions is a correspondence of equivalent physical constraints, and the determination of depth from stereo can be performed. Whereas illumination planning is required, our photometric-based stereo methodology does not require knowledge of illumination conditions in the actual computation of three-dimensional depth and is applicable to perspective views. This technique extends the stereo determination of three-dimensional depth to smooth featureless surfaces without the use of precisely calibrated lighting. We demonstrate experimental depth maps from a dense set of points on smooth objects of known ground-truth shape, determined to within 1% depth accuracy. 16. Three-Dimensional Printing in Orthopedic Surgery. PubMed Eltorai, Adam E M; Nguyen, Eric; Daniels, Alan H 2015-11-01 Three-dimensional (3D) printing is emerging as a clinically promising technology for rapid prototyping of surgically implantable products. With this commercially available technology, computed tomography or magnetic resonance images can be used to create graspable objects from 3D reconstructed images. Models can enhance patients' understanding of their pathology and surgeon preoperative planning. Customized implants and casts can be made to match an individual's anatomy. This review outlines 3D printing, its current applications in orthopedics, and promising future directions. PMID:26558661 17. Three-dimensional quantitative flow diagnostics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Miles, Richard B.; Nosenchuck, Daniel M. 1989-01-01 The principles, capabilities, and practical implementation of advanced measurement techniques for the quantitative characterization of three-dimensional flows are reviewed. Consideration is given to particle, Rayleigh, and Raman scattering; fluorescence; flow marking by H2 bubbles, photochromism, photodissociation, and vibrationally excited molecules; light-sheet volume imaging; and stereo imaging. Also discussed are stereo schlieren methods, holographic particle imaging, optical tomography, acoustic and magnetic-resonance imaging, and the display of space-filling data. Extensive diagrams, graphs, photographs, sample images, and tables of numerical data are provided. 18. Three-dimensional x-ray microtomography SciTech Connect Flannery, B.P.; Deckman, H.W.; Roberge, W.G.; D'Amico, K.L. 1987-09-18 The new technique of x-ray microtomography nondestructively generates three-dimensional maps of the x-ray attenuation coefficient inside small samples with approximately 1 percent accuracy and with resolution approaching 1 micrometer. Spatially resolved elemental maps can be produced with synchrotron x-ray sources by scanning samples at energies just above and below characteristic atomic absorption edges. The system consists of a high-resolution imaging x-ray detector and high-speed algorithms for tomographic image reconstruction. The design and operation of the microtomography device are described, and tomographic images that illustrate it performance with both synchrotron and laboratory x-ray sources are presented. 19. Three dimensional digital holographic aperture synthesis. PubMed Crouch, Stephen; Kaylor, Brant M; Barber, Zeb W; Reibel, Randy R 2015-09-01 Aperture synthesis techniques are applied to temporally and spatially diverse digital holograms recorded with a fast focal-plane array. Because the technique fully resolves the downrange dimension using wide-bandwidth FMCW linear-chirp waveforms, extremely high resolution three dimensional (3D) images can be obtained even at very long standoff ranges. This allows excellent 3D image formation even when targets have significant structure or discontinuities, which are typically poorly rendered with multi-baseline synthetic aperture ladar or multi-wavelength holographic aperture ladar approaches. The background for the system is described and system performance is demonstrated through both simulation and experiments. PMID:26368474 20. High resolution three-dimensional doping profiler DOEpatents Thundat, Thomas G.; Warmack, Robert J. 1999-01-01 A semiconductor doping profiler provides a Schottky contact at one surface and an ohmic contact at the other. While the two contacts are coupled to a power source, thereby establishing an electrical bias in the semiconductor, a localized light source illuminates the semiconductor to induce a photocurrent. The photocurrent changes in accordance with the doping characteristics of the semiconductor in the illuminated region. By changing the voltage of the power source the depth of the depletion layer can be varied to provide a three dimensional view of the local properties of the semiconductor. 1. Three-dimensional instability of elliptical flow NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bayly, B. J. 1986-10-01 A clarification of the physical and mathematical nature of Pierrhumbert's (1986) three-dimensional short-wave inviscid instability of simple two-dimensional elliptical flow is presented. The instabilities found are independent of length scale, extending Pierrhumbert's conclusion that the structures of the instabilities are independent of length scale in the limit of large wave number. The fundamental modes are exact solutions of the nonlinear equations, and they are plane waves whose wave vector rotates elliptically around the z axis with a period of 2(pi)/Omega. The growth rates are shown to be the exponents of a matrix Floquet problem, and good agreement is found with previous results. 2. Three-dimensional ultrasonic colloidal crystals NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Caleap, Mihai; Drinkwater, Bruce W. 2016-05-01 Colloidal assembly represents a powerful method for the fabrication of functional materials. In this article, we describe how acoustic radiation forces can guide the assembly of colloidal particles into structures that serve as microscopic elements in novel acoustic metadevices or act as phononic crystals. Using a simple three-dimensional orthogonal system, we show that a diversity of colloidal structures with orthorhombic symmetry can be assembled with megahertz-frequency (MHz) standing pressure waves. These structures allow rapid tuning of acoustic properties and provide a new platform for dynamic metamaterial applications. xml:lang="fr" 3. Electrode With Porous Three-Dimensional Support DOEpatents Bernard, Patrick; Dauchier, Jean-Michel; Simonneau, Olivier 1999-07-27 Electrode including a paste containing particles of electrochemically active material and a conductive support consisting of a three-dimensional porous material comprising strands delimiting contiguous pores communicating via passages, characterized in that the average width L in .mu.m of said passages is related to the average diameter .O slashed. in .mu.m of said particles by the following equation, in which W and Y are dimensionless coefficients: wherein W=0.16 Y=1.69 X=202.4 .mu.m and Z=80 .mu.m 4. Three-dimensional simulations of burning thermals NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Aspden, Andy; Bell, John; Woosley, Stan 2010-11-01 Flame ignition in type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) leads to isolated bubbles of burning buoyant fluid. As a bubble rises due to gravity, it becomes deformed by shear instabilities and transitions to a turbulent buoyant vortex ring. Morton, Taylor and Turner (1956) introduced the entrainment assumption, which can be applied to inert thermals. In this study, we use the entrainment assumption, suitably modified to account for burning, to predict the late-time asymptotic behaviour of these turbulent buoyant vortex rings in SNe Ia. The theory is validated against three- dimensional simulations with adaptive mesh refinement at effective resolutions up to 4096^3. 5. Three-dimensional lock and key colloids. PubMed Wang, Yu; Wang, Yufeng; Zheng, Xiaolong; Yi, Gi-Ra; Sacanna, Stefano; Pine, David J; Weck, Marcus 2014-05-14 Colloids with well-defined multicavities are synthesized through the hydrolytic removal of silica cluster templates from organo-silica hybrid patchy particles. The geometry of the cavities stems from the originally assembled cluster templates, displaying well-defined three-dimensional symmetries, ranging from spherical, linear, triangular, tetrahedral, trigonal dipyramidal, octahedral, to pentagonal dipyramidal. The concave surface of the cavities is smooth, and the cavity shallowness and size can be varied. These particles with multicavities can act as "lock" particles with multiple "key holes". Up to n "key" particles can self-assemble into the lock particles via depletion interaction, resulting in multivalent, site-specific, reversible, and flexible bonding. PMID:24785203 6. Three-dimensional television: a broadcaster's perspective NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Jolly, S. J. E.; Armstrong, M.; Salmon, R. A. 2009-02-01 The recent resurgence of interest in the stereoscopic cinema and the increasing availability to the consumer of stereoscopic televisions and computer displays are leading broadcasters to consider, once again, the feasibility of stereoscopic broadcasting. High Definition Television is now widely deployed, and the R&D departments of broadcasters and consumer electronics manufacturers are starting to plan future enhancements to the experience of television. Improving the perception of depth via stereoscopy is a strong candidate technology. In this paper we will consider the challenges associated with the production, transmission and display of different forms of "three-dimensional" television. We will explore options available to a broadcaster wishing to start a 3D service using the technologies available at the present time, and consider how they could be improved to enable many more television programmes to be recorded and transmitted in a 3D-compatible form, paying particular attention to scenarios such as live broadcasting, where the workflows developed for the stereoscopic cinema are inapplicable. We will also consider the opportunities available for broadcasters to reach audiences with "three-dimensional" content via other media in the near future: for example, distributing content via the existing stereoscopic cinema network, or over the Internet to owners of stereoscopic computer displays. 7. Three-dimensional image signals: processing methods NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Schiopu, Paul; Manea, Adrian; Craciun, Anca-Ileana; Craciun, Alexandru 2010-11-01 Over the years extensive studies have been carried out to apply coherent optics methods in real-time processing, communications and transmission image. This is especially true when a large amount of information needs to be processed, e.g., in high-resolution imaging. The recent progress in data-processing networks and communication systems has considerably increased the capacity of information exchange. We describe the results of literature investigation research of processing methods for the signals of the three-dimensional images. All commercially available 3D technologies today are based on stereoscopic viewing. 3D technology was once the exclusive domain of skilled computer-graphics developers with high-end machines and software. The images capture from the advanced 3D digital camera can be displayed onto screen of the 3D digital viewer with/ without special glasses. For this is needed considerable processing power and memory to create and render the complex mix of colors, textures, and virtual lighting and perspective necessary to make figures appear three-dimensional. Also, using a standard digital camera and a technique called phase-shift interferometry we can capture "digital holograms." These are holograms that can be stored on computer and transmitted over conventional networks. We present some research methods to process "digital holograms" for the Internet transmission and results. 8. On three-dimensional dilational elastic metamaterials NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bückmann, Tiemo; Schittny, Robert; Thiel, Michael; Kadic, Muamer; Milton, Graeme W.; Wegener, Martin 2014-03-01 Dilational materials are stable, three-dimensional isotropic auxetics with an ultimate Poisson's ratio of -1. Inspired by previous theoretical work, we design a feasible blueprint for an artificial material, a metamaterial, which approaches the ideal of a dilational material. The main novelty of our work is that we also fabricate and characterize corresponding metamaterial samples. To reveal all modes in the design, we calculate the phonon band structures. On this basis, using cubic symmetry we can unambiguously retrieve all different non-zero elements of the rank-four effective metamaterial elasticity tensor from which all effective elastic metamaterial properties follow. While the elastic properties and the phase velocity remain anisotropic, the effective Poisson's ratio indeed becomes isotropic and approaches -1 in the limit of small internal connections. This finding is also supported by independent, static continuum-mechanics calculations. In static experiments on macroscopic polymer structures fabricated by three-dimensional printing, we measure Poisson's ratios as low as -0.8 in good agreement with the theory. Microscopic samples are also presented. 9. Three-dimensional fluorescence lifetime tomography SciTech Connect Godavarty, Anuradha; Sevick-Muraca, Eva M.; Eppstein, Margaret J. 2005-04-01 Near-infrared fluorescence tomography using molecularly targeted lifetime-sensitive, fluorescent contrast agents have applications for early-stage cancer diagnostics. Yet, although the measurement of fluorescent lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) is extensively used in microscopy and spectroscopy applications, demonstration of fluorescence lifetime tomography for medical imaging is limited to two-dimensional studies. Herein, the feasibility of three-dimensional fluorescence-lifetime tomography on clinically relevant phantom volumes is established, using (i) a gain-modulated intensified charge coupled device (CCD) and modulated laser diode imaging system, (ii) two fluorescent contrast agents, e.g., Indocyanine green and 3-3'-Diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide differing in their fluorescence lifetime by 0.62 ns, and (iii) a two stage approximate extended Kalman filter reconstruction algorithm. Fluorescence measurements of phase and amplitude were acquired on the phantom surface under different target to background fluorescence absorption (70:1, 100:1) and fluorescence lifetime (1:1, 2.1:1) contrasts at target depths of 1.4-2 cm. The Bayesian tomography algorithm was employed to obtain three-dimensional images of lifetime and absorption owing to the fluorophores. 10. Two component-three dimensional catalysis DOEpatents Schwartz, Michael; White, James H.; Sammells, Anthony F. 2002-01-01 This invention relates to catalytic reactor membranes having a gas-impermeable membrane for transport of oxygen anions. The membrane has an oxidation surface and a reduction surface. The membrane is coated on its oxidation surface with an adherent catalyst layer and is optionally coated on its reduction surface with a catalyst that promotes reduction of an oxygen-containing species (e.g., O.sub.2, NO.sub.2, SO.sub.2, etc.) to generate oxygen anions on the membrane. The reactor has an oxidation zone and a reduction zone separated by the membrane. A component of an oxygen containing gas in the reduction zone is reduced at the membrane and a reduced species in a reactant gas in the oxidation zone of the reactor is oxidized. The reactor optionally contains a three-dimensional catalyst in the oxidation zone. The adherent catalyst layer and the three-dimensional catalyst are selected to promote a desired oxidation reaction, particularly a partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon. 11. Nanowired three-dimensional cardiac patches NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Dvir, Tal; Timko, Brian P.; Brigham, Mark D.; Naik, Shreesh R.; Karajanagi, Sandeep S.; Levy, Oren; Jin, Hongwei; Parker, Kevin K.; Langer, Robert; Kohane, Daniel S. 2011-11-01 Engineered cardiac patches for treating damaged heart tissues after a heart attack are normally produced by seeding heart cells within three-dimensional porous biomaterial scaffolds. These biomaterials, which are usually made of either biological polymers such as alginate or synthetic polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), help cells organize into functioning tissues, but poor conductivity of these materials limits the ability of the patch to contract strongly as a unit. Here, we show that incorporating gold nanowires within alginate scaffolds can bridge the electrically resistant pore walls of alginate and improve electrical communication between adjacent cardiac cells. Tissues grown on these composite matrices were thicker and better aligned than those grown on pristine alginate and when electrically stimulated, the cells in these tissues contracted synchronously. Furthermore, higher levels of the proteins involved in muscle contraction and electrical coupling are detected in the composite matrices. It is expected that the integration of conducting nanowires within three-dimensional scaffolds may improve the therapeutic value of current cardiac patches. 12. Nanowired three-dimensional cardiac patches. PubMed Dvir, Tal; Timko, Brian P; Brigham, Mark D; Naik, Shreesh R; Karajanagi, Sandeep S; Levy, Oren; Jin, Hongwei; Parker, Kevin K; Langer, Robert; Kohane, Daniel S 2011-11-01 Engineered cardiac patches for treating damaged heart tissues after a heart attack are normally produced by seeding heart cells within three-dimensional porous biomaterial scaffolds. These biomaterials, which are usually made of either biological polymers such as alginate or synthetic polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), help cells organize into functioning tissues, but poor conductivity of these materials limits the ability of the patch to contract strongly as a unit. Here, we show that incorporating gold nanowires within alginate scaffolds can bridge the electrically resistant pore walls of alginate and improve electrical communication between adjacent cardiac cells. Tissues grown on these composite matrices were thicker and better aligned than those grown on pristine alginate and when electrically stimulated, the cells in these tissues contracted synchronously. Furthermore, higher levels of the proteins involved in muscle contraction and electrical coupling are detected in the composite matrices. It is expected that the integration of conducting nanowires within three-dimensional scaffolds may improve the therapeutic value of current cardiac patches. PMID:21946708 13. Three-dimensional model of lignin structure SciTech Connect Jurasek, L. 1995-12-01 An attempt to build a three-dimensional model of lignin structure using a computer program is described. The program simulates the biosynthesis of spruce lignin by allowing coniferyl alcohol subunits to be added randomly by six different types of linkages, assumed to be most common. The simulated biosynthesis starts from a number of seed points within restricted space, corresponding to 50 mM initial concentration of coniferyl alcohol. Rules of three-dimensional packing of the subunits within the lignin macro-molecule are observed during the simulated biosynthetic process. Branched oligomeric structures thus generated form crosslinks at those positions where the chains grow close enough to form a link. Inter-chain crosslinking usually joins the oligomers into one macromolecule. Intra-chain crosslinks are also formed and result in closed loops. Typically, a macromolecule with molecular weight of approx. 2 x 105 is formed, with internal density of 1.35g/cm3. Various characteristics of the internal structure, such as branching, crosslinking, bond frequencies, and chain length distribution are described. Breakdown of the polymer was also simulated and the effect of closed loops on the weight average molecular weight is shown. The effect of the shape of the biosynthetic space on the degree of crosslinking is discussed and predictions of the overall molecular shape of lignin particles are made. 14. Three-dimensional turbopump flowfield analysis NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sharma, O. P.; Belford, K. A.; Ni, R. H. 1992-01-01 A program was conducted to develop a flow prediction method applicable to rocket turbopumps. The complex nature of a flowfield in turbopumps is described and examples of flowfields are discussed to illustrate that physics based models and analytical calculation procedures based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are needed to develop reliable design procedures for turbopumps. A CFD code developed at NASA ARC was used as the base code. The turbulence model and boundary conditions in the base code were modified, respectively, to: (1) compute transitional flows and account for extra rates of strain, e.g., rotation; and (2) compute surface heat transfer coefficients and allow computation through multistage turbomachines. Benchmark quality data from two and three-dimensional cascades were used to verify the code. The predictive capabilities of the present CFD code were demonstrated by computing the flow through a radial impeller and a multistage axial flow turbine. Results of the program indicate that the present code operated in a two-dimensional mode is a cost effective alternative to full three-dimensional calculations, and that it permits realistic predictions of unsteady loadings and losses for multistage machines. 15. Three-dimensional singular points in aerodynamics NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Unal, Aynur 1988-01-01 When three-dimensional separation occurs on a body immersed in a flow governed by the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, the geometrical surfaces formed by the three vector fields (velocity, vorticity and the skin-friction) and a scalar field (pressure) become interrelated through topological maps containing their respective singular points and extremal points. A mathematically consistent description of these singular points becomes inevitable when we want to study the geometry of the separation. A separated stream surface requires, for example, the existence of a saddle-type singular point on the skin-friction surface. This singular point is actually, in the proper language of mathematics, a saddle of index two. The index is a measure of the dimension of the outset (set leaving the singular point). Hence, when a saddle of index two is specified, a two dimensional surface that becomes separated from the osculating plane of the saddle is implied. The three-dimensional singular point is interpreted mathematically and the most common aerodynamical singular points are discussed through this perspective. 16. Intersection of three-dimensional geometric surfaces NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Crisp, V. K.; Rehder, J. J.; Schwing, J. L. 1985-01-01 Calculating the line of intersection between two three-dimensional objects and using the information to generate a third object is a key element in a geometry development system. Techniques are presented for the generation of three-dimensional objects, the calculation of a line of intersection between two objects, and the construction of a resultant third object. The objects are closed surfaces consisting of adjacent bicubic parametric patches using Bezier basis functions. The intersection determination involves subdividing the patches that make up the objects until they are approximately planar and then calculating the intersection between planes. The resulting straight-line segments are connected to form the curve of intersection. The polygons in the neighborhood of the intersection are reconstructed and put back into the Bezier representation. A third object can be generated using various combinations of the original two. Several examples are presented. Special cases and problems were encountered, and the method for handling them is discussed. The special cases and problems included intersection of patch edges, gaps between adjacent patches because of unequal subdivision, holes, or islands within patches, and computer round-off error. 17. Three-dimensional head anthropometric analysis NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Enciso, Reyes; Shaw, Alex M.; Neumann, Ulrich; Mah, James 2003-05-01 Currently, two-dimensional photographs are most commonly used to facilitate visualization, assessment and treatment of facial abnormalities in craniofacial care but are subject to errors because of perspective, projection, lack metric and 3-dimensional information. One can find in the literature a variety of methods to generate 3-dimensional facial images such as laser scans, stereo-photogrammetry, infrared imaging and even CT however each of these methods contain inherent limitations and as such no systems are in common clinical use. In this paper we will focus on development of indirect 3-dimensional landmark location and measurement of facial soft-tissue with light-based techniques. In this paper we will statistically evaluate and validate a current three-dimensional image-based face modeling technique using a plaster head model. We will also develop computer graphics tools for indirect anthropometric measurements in a three-dimensional head model (or polygonal mesh) including linear distances currently used in anthropometry. The measurements will be tested against a validated 3-dimensional digitizer (MicroScribe 3DX). 18. Embedded three-dimensional shape measurement system with microprojector NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hu, Farong; Zhang, Wanzhen; Lin, Bin 2012-10-01 An embedded system implementing fringe encoding, image acquisition and algorithm processing has been recently designed and developed for 3D shape measurement based on structured light technology. Compared with traditional 3D shape measurement system, which has disadvantages of complex structure and slow processing speed, our embedded system is more effective in industrial quality detection. With self-developed digital micro projector based on liquid crystal on silicon, the structured light patterns are projected by high-resolution such as 720p. In the generated module of the stripes, we add a Gamma value to lower the projection error. Image acquisition sensor is synchronized with the micro projector by EP2C8 FPGA hardware circuits, which simultaneously control the phase encoding fringes according to different characteristic objects. To get high performance, accurate synchronization is crucial, especially in Phase Shifting Method, there are sequential images with shifting phases, in other words hardware circuit guarantee the processing speed before algorithm processing. We improved the three step phase algorithm, using the intensity modulation, which is a relatively simple method to solve the intensity imbalance of the three images. By implementing the digital signal processing (DSP) TMS320DM642 system, we realized three-dimensional measurement with a pipeline process of structure light encoding, image acquisition and three-dimensional reconstruction. Finally the measure experiment shows that the processing frame rate is up to 16 fps, and the measurement error is less than three percent. It means we can quickly and accurately detect three-dimensional profile with the portable device. 19. Computations of Complex Three-Dimensional Turbulent Free Jets NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Wilson, Robert V.; Demuren, Ayodeji O. 1997-01-01 Three-dimensional, incompressible turbulent jets with rectangular and elliptical cross-sections are simulated with a finite-difference numerical method. The full Navier- Stokes equations are solved at low Reynolds numbers, whereas at high Reynolds numbers filtered forms of the equations are solved along with a sub-grid scale model to approximate the effects of the unresolved scales. A 2-N storage, third-order Runge-Kutta scheme is used for temporary discretization and a fourth-order compact scheme is used for spatial discretization. Although such methods are widely used in the simulation of compressible flows, the lack of an evolution equation for pressure or density presents particular difficulty in incompressible flows. The pressure-velocity coupling must be established indirectly. It is achieved, in this study, through a Poisson equation which is solved by a compact scheme of the same order of accuracy. The numerical formulation is validated and the dispersion and dissipation errors are documented by the solution of a wide range of benchmark problems. Three-dimensional computations are performed for different inlet conditions which model the naturally developing and forced jets. The experimentally observed phenomenon of axis-switching is captured in the numerical simulation, and it is confirmed through flow visualization that this is based on self-induction of the vorticity field. Statistical quantities such as mean velocity, mean pressure, two-point velocity spatial correlations and Reynolds stresses are presented. Detailed budgets of the mean momentum and Reynolds stresses are presented. Detailed budgets of the mean momentum and Reynolds stress equations are presented to aid in the turbulence modeling of complex jets. Simulations of circular jets are used to quantify the effect of the non-uniform curvature of the non-circular jets. 20. Three-dimensional modeling of the plasma arc in arc welding SciTech Connect Xu, G.; Tsai, H. L.; Hu, J. 2008-11-15 Most previous three-dimensional modeling on gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) focuses on the weld pool dynamics and assumes the two-dimensional axisymmetric Gaussian distributions for plasma arc pressure and heat flux. In this article, a three-dimensional plasma arc model is developed, and the distributions of velocity, pressure, temperature, current density, and magnetic field of the plasma arc are calculated by solving the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy, as well as part of the Maxwell's equations. This three-dimensional model can be used to study the nonaxisymmetric plasma arc caused by external perturbations such as an external magnetic field. It also provides more accurate boundary conditions when modeling the weld pool dynamics. The present work lays a foundation for true three-dimensional comprehensive modeling of GTAW and GMAW including the plasma arc, weld pool, and/or electrode. 1. Three-dimensional modeling of the plasma arc in arc welding NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Xu, G.; Hu, J.; Tsai, H. L. 2008-11-01 Most previous three-dimensional modeling on gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and gas metal arc welding (GMAW) focuses on the weld pool dynamics and assumes the two-dimensional axisymmetric Gaussian distributions for plasma arc pressure and heat flux. In this article, a three-dimensional plasma arc model is developed, and the distributions of velocity, pressure, temperature, current density, and magnetic field of the plasma arc are calculated by solving the conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy, as well as part of the Maxwell's equations. This three-dimensional model can be used to study the nonaxisymmetric plasma arc caused by external perturbations such as an external magnetic field. It also provides more accurate boundary conditions when modeling the weld pool dynamics. The present work lays a foundation for true three-dimensional comprehensive modeling of GTAW and GMAW including the plasma arc, weld pool, and/or electrode. 2. Modeling of three-dimensional mixing and reacting ducted flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Zelazny, S. W.; Baker, A. J.; Rushmore, W. L. 1976-01-01 A computer code, based upon a finite element solution algorithm, was developed to solve the governing equations for three-dimensional, reacting boundary region, and constant area ducted flow fields. Effective diffusion coefficients are employed to allow analyses of turbulent, transitional or laminar flows. The code was used to investigate mixing and reacting hydrogen jets injected from multiple orifices, transverse and parallel to a supersonic air stream. Computational results provide a three-dimensional description of velocity, temperature, and species-concentration fields downstream of injection. Experimental data for eight cases covering different injection conditions and geometries were modeled using mixing length theory (MLT). These results were used as a baseline for examining the relative merits of other mixing models. Calculations were made using a two-equation turbulence model (k+d) and comparisons were made between experiment and mixing length theory predictions. The k+d model shows only a slight improvement in predictive capability over MLT. Results of an examination of the effect of tensorial transport coefficients on mass and momentum field distribution are also presented. Solutions demonstrating the ability of the code to model ducted flows and parallel strut injection are presented and discussed. 3. Three-dimensional pseudospectral modelling of cardiac propagation in an inhomogeneous anisotropic tissue. PubMed Ng, K T; Yan, R 2003-11-01 Various investigators have used the monodomain model to study cardiac propagation behaviour. In many cases, the governing non-linear parabolic equation is solved using the finite-difference method. An adequate discretisation of cardiac tissue with realistic dimensions, however, often leads to a large model size that is computationally demanding. Recently, it has been demonstrated, for a two-dimensional homogeneous monodomain, that the Chebyshev pseudospectral method can offer higher computational efficiency than the finite-difference technique. Here, an extension of the pseudospectral approach to a three-dimensional inhomogeneous case with fibre rotation is presented. The unknown transmembrane potential is expanded in terms of Chebyshev polynomial trial functions, and the monodomain equation is enforced at the Gauss-Lobatto node points. The forward Euler technique is used to advance the solution in time. Numerical results are presented that demonstrate that the Chebyshev pseudospectral method offered an even larger improvement in computational performance over the finite-difference method in the three-dimensional case. Specifically, the pseudospectral method allowed the number of nodes to be reduced by approximately 85 times, while the same solution accuracy was maintained. Depending on the model size, simulations were performed with approximately 18-41 times less memory and approximately 99-169 times less CPU time. PMID:14686586 4. A three-dimensional meso-macroscopic model for Li-Ion intercalation batteries DOE PAGESBeta Allu, S.; Kalnaus, S.; Simunovic, S.; Nanda, J.; Turner, J. A.; Pannala, S. 2016-06-09 Through this study, we present a three-dimensional computational formulation for electrode-electrolyte-electrode system of Li-Ion batteries. The physical consistency between electrical, thermal and chemical equations is enforced at each time increment by driving the residual of the resulting coupled system of nonlinear equations to zero. The formulation utilizes a rigorous volume averaging approach typical of multiphase formulations used in other fields and recently extended to modeling of supercapacitors [1]. Unlike existing battery modeling methods which use segregated solution of conservation equations and idealized geometries, our unified approach can model arbitrary battery and electrode configurations. The consistency of multi-physics solution also allowsmore » for consideration of a wide array of initial conditions and load cases. The formulation accounts for spatio-temporal variations of material and state properties such as electrode/void volume fractions and anisotropic conductivities. The governing differential equations are discretized using the finite element method and solved using a nonlinearly consistent approach that provides robust stability and convergence. The new formulation was validated for standard Li-ion cells and compared against experiments. Finally, its scope and ability to capture spatio-temporal variations of potential and lithium distribution is demonstrated on a prototypical three-dimensional electrode problem.« less 5. A three-dimensional meso-macroscopic model for Li-Ion intercalation batteries NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Allu, S.; Kalnaus, S.; Simunovic, S.; Nanda, J.; Turner, J. A.; Pannala, S. 2016-09-01 In this paper we present a three-dimensional computational formulation for electrode-electrolyte-electrode system of Li-Ion batteries. The physical consistency between electrical, thermal and chemical equations is enforced at each time increment by driving the residual of the resulting coupled system of nonlinear equations to zero. The formulation utilizes a rigorous volume averaging approach typical of multiphase formulations used in other fields and recently extended to modeling of supercapacitors [1]. Unlike existing battery modeling methods which use segregated solution of conservation equations and idealized geometries, our unified approach can model arbitrary battery and electrode configurations. The consistency of multi-physics solution also allows for consideration of a wide array of initial conditions and load cases. The formulation accounts for spatio-temporal variations of material and state properties such as electrode/void volume fractions and anisotropic conductivities. The governing differential equations are discretized using the finite element method and solved using a nonlinearly consistent approach that provides robust stability and convergence. The new formulation was validated for standard Li-ion cells and compared against experiments. Its scope and ability to capture spatio-temporal variations of potential and lithium distribution is demonstrated on a prototypical three-dimensional electrode problem. 6. Volumetric techniques: three-dimensional midface modeling PubMed Central Pierzchała, Ewa; Placek, Waldemar 2014-01-01 Aging is a complex process caused by many factors. The most important factors include exposure to UV radiation, smoking, facial muscle movement, gravity, loss and displacement of fat and bone resorption. As a symptom of aging, face loses elasticity, volume and cheerful look. While changing face proportions, the dominant part of a face is its bottom instead of the mid part. The use of three-dimensional face modelling techniques, particularly the mid-face – tear through and cheeks, restores the skin firmness, volume and healthy look. For this purpose the hyaluronic acid is used, calcium hydroxyapatite, and L-polylactic acid fillers. Volumetric techniques require precision and proper selection of the filling agent to give a sense of satisfaction to both the patient and the doctor. PMID:25610354 7. Three-dimensional modular electronic interconnection system NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Bolotin, Gary S. (Inventor); Cardone, John (Inventor) 2001-01-01 A three-dimensional connection system uses a plurality of printed wiring boards with connectors completely around the printed wiring boards, and connected by an elastomeric interface connector. The device includes internal space to allow room for circuitry. The device is formed by stacking an electronics module, an elastomeric interface board on the electronics module such that the interface board's exterior makes electrical connection with the connectors around the perimeter of the interface board, but the internal portion is open to allow room for the electrical devices on the printed wiring board. A plurality of these devices are stacked between a top stiffener and a bottom device, and held into place by alignment elements. 8. Modelling of Three-Dimensional Nanographene. PubMed Mathioudakis, Christos; Kelires, Pantelis C 2016-12-01 Monte Carlo simulations and tight-binding calculations shed light on the properties of three-dimensional nanographene, a material composed of interlinked, covalently-bonded nanoplatelet graphene units. By constructing realistic model networks of nanographene, we study its structure, mechanical stability, and optoelectronic properties. We find that the material is nanoporous with high specific surface area, in agreement with experimental reports. Its structure is characterized by randomly oriented and curved nanoplatelet units which retain a high degree of graphene order. The material exhibits good mechanical stability with a formation energy of only ∼0.3 eV/atom compared to two-dimensional graphene. It has high electrical conductivity and optical absorption, with values approaching those of graphene. PMID:26983431 9. THE THREE DIMENSIONAL THERMAL HYDRAULIC CODE BAGIRA. SciTech Connect KALINICHENKO,S.D.; KOHUT,P.; KROSHILIN,A.E.; KROSHILIN,V.E.; SMIRNOV,A.V. 2003-05-04 BAGIRA - a thermal-hydraulic program complex was primarily developed for using it in nuclear power plant simulator models, but is also used as a best-estimate analytical tool for modeling two-phase mixture flows. The code models allow consideration of phase transients and the treatment of the hydrodynamic behavior of boiling and pressurized water reactor circuits. It provides the capability to explicitly model three-dimensional flow regimes in various regions of the primary and secondary circuits such as, the mixing regions, circular downcomer, pressurizer, reactor core, main primary loops, the steam generators, the separator-reheaters. In addition, it is coupled to a severe-accident module allowing the analysis of core degradation and fuel damage behavior. Section II will present the theoretical basis for development and selected results are presented in Section III. The primary use for the code complex is to realistically model reactor core behavior in power plant simulators providing enhanced training tools for plant operators. 10. Three-Dimensional Reflectance Traction Microscopy PubMed Central Jones, Christopher A. R.; Groves, Nicholas Scott; Sun, Bo 2016-01-01 Cells in three-dimensional (3D) environments exhibit very different biochemical and biophysical phenotypes compared to the behavior of cells in two-dimensional (2D) environments. As an important biomechanical measurement, 2D traction force microscopy can not be directly extended into 3D cases. In order to quantitatively characterize the contraction field, we have developed 3D reflectance traction microscopy which combines confocal reflection imaging and partial volume correlation postprocessing. We have measured the deformation field of collagen gel under controlled mechanical stress. We have also characterized the deformation field generated by invasive breast cancer cells of different morphologies in 3D collagen matrix. In contrast to employ dispersed tracing particles or fluorescently-tagged matrix proteins, our methods provide a label-free, computationally effective strategy to study the cell mechanics in native 3D extracellular matrix. PMID:27304456 11. Three-dimensional tori and Arnold tongues NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Sekikawa, Munehisa; Inaba, Naohiko; Kamiyama, Kyohei; Aihara, Kazuyuki 2014-03-01 This study analyzes an Arnold resonance web, which includes complicated quasi-periodic bifurcations, by conducting a Lyapunov analysis for a coupled delayed logistic map. The map can exhibit a two-dimensional invariant torus (IT), which corresponds to a three-dimensional torus in vector fields. Numerous one-dimensional invariant closed curves (ICCs), which correspond to two-dimensional tori in vector fields, exist in a very complicated but reasonable manner inside an IT-generating region. Periodic solutions emerge at the intersections of two different thin ICC-generating regions, which we call ICC-Arnold tongues, because all three independent-frequency components of the IT become rational at the intersections. Additionally, we observe a significant bifurcation structure where conventional Arnold tongues transit to ICC-Arnold tongues through a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation in the neighborhood of a quasi-periodic Hopf bifurcation (or a quasi-periodic Neimark-Sacker bifurcation) boundary. 12. Three-dimensional structures of magnesium nanopores NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wu, Shujing; Zheng, He; Jia, Shuangfeng; Sheng, Huaping; Cao, Fan; Li, Lei; Hu, Shuaishuai; Zhao, Penghui; Zhao, Dongshan; Wang, Jianbo 2016-03-01 The optimization of nanopore-based devices is closely related to the nanopore three-dimensional (3D) structures. In this paper, faceted nanopores were fabricated in magnesium (Mg) by aligning the electron beam (e-beam) along the [0001] direction. Detailed structural characterization by transmission electron microscopy reveals the existence of two 3D structures: hexagonal prism-shaped and hourglass-shaped 3D morphologies. Moreover, the 3D structures of nanopores are also found to depend on the widest nanopore diameter-to-thickness ratio (D/t). A plausible formation mechanism for different 3D structures is discussed. Our results incorporate a critical piece of information regarding the nanopore 3D structures in Mg and may serve as an important design guidance for the size- and shape-controllable fabrication of solid-state nanopores applying the e-beam sculpting technique. 13. Three-dimensional pancreas organogenesis models. PubMed Grapin-Botton, A 2016-09-01 A rediscovery of three-dimensional culture has led to the development of organ biogenesis, homeostasis and disease models applicable to human tissues. The so-called organoids that have recently flourished serve as valuable models bridging between cell lines or primary cells grown on the bottom of culture plates and experiments performed in vivo. Though not recapitulating all aspects of organ physiology, the miniature organs generated in a dish are useful models emerging for the pancreas, starting from embryonic progenitors, adult cells, tumour cells and stem cells. This review focusses on the currently available systems and their relevance to the study of the pancreas, of β-cells and of several pancreatic diseases including diabetes. We discuss the expected future developments for studying human pancreas development and function, for developing diabetes models and for producing therapeutic cells. PMID:27615129 14. Heterogeneous, three-dimensional texturing of graphene. PubMed Wang, Michael Cai; Chun, SungGyu; Han, Ryan Steven; Ashraf, Ali; Kang, Pilgyu; Nam, SungWoo 2015-03-11 We report a single-step strategy to achieve heterogeneous, three-dimensional (3D) texturing of graphene and graphite by using a thermally activated shape-memory polymer substrate. Uniform arrays of graphene crumples can be created on the centimeter scale by controlling simple thermal processing parameters without compromising the electrical properties of graphene. In addition, we show the capability to selectively pattern crumples from otherwise flat graphene and graphene/graphite in a localized manner, which has not been previously achievable using other methods. Finally, we demonstrate 3D crumpled graphene field-effect transistor arrays in a solution-gated configuration. The presented approach has the capability to conform onto arbitrary 3D surfaces, a necessary prerequisite for adaptive electronics, and will enable facile large-scale topography engineering of not only graphene but also other thin-film and 2D materials in the future. PMID:25667959 15. Multiscale modeling of three-dimensional genome NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Zhang, Bin; Wolynes, Peter The genome, the blueprint of life, contains nearly all the information needed to build and maintain an entire organism. A comprehensive understanding of the genome is of paramount interest to human health and will advance progress in many areas, including life sciences, medicine, and biotechnology. The overarching goal of my research is to understand the structure-dynamics-function relationships of the human genome. In this talk, I will be presenting our efforts in moving towards that goal, with a particular emphasis on studying the three-dimensional organization, the structure of the genome with multi-scale approaches. Specifically, I will discuss the reconstruction of genome structures at both interphase and metaphase by making use of data from chromosome conformation capture experiments. Computationally modeling of chromatin fiber at atomistic level from first principles will also be presented as our effort for studying the genome structure from bottom up. 16. Three-dimensional joint transform correlator cryptosystem. PubMed Zea, Alejandro Velez; Barrera Ramirez, John Fredy; Torroba, Roberto 2016-02-01 We introduce for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a three-dimensional experimental joint transform correlator (JTC) cryptosystem allowing the encryption of information for any 3D object, and as an additional novel feature, a second 3D object plays the role of the encoding key. While the JTC architecture is normally used to process 2D data, in this work, we envisage a technique that allows the use of this architecture to protect 3D data. The encrypted object information is contained in the joint power spectrum. We register the key object as a digital off-axis Fourier hologram. The encryption procedure is done optically, while the decryption is carried out by means of a virtual optical system, allowing for flexible implementation of the proposal. We present experimental results to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the method. PMID:26907433 17. The Three-Dimensional EIT Wave NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thompson, B. J.; Biesecker, D. A.; Gilbert, H. R.; Lawrence, G. R.; Ofman, L.; Wu, S. T.; Warmuth, A.; Fisher, Richard R. (Technical Monitor) 2002-01-01 An EIT wave is an impulsive disturbance which has been observed in the EUV, Soft X-ray and white light corona, with corresponding observations in the chromosphere. The effects of these disturbances can be observed across the entire solar disk of the Sun, and throughout the inner heliosphere as well. However, the picture is not complete; observations alone do not establish a complete understanding of the nature of this three-dimensional phenomenon. A number of associated phenomena have been documented, though in most cases causality has not determined. Additionally, it is unclear which factors govern the impulse's ability to affect regions of the corona and heliosphere. We discuss the various observations and the models which provided links between the associated phenomena. 18. Three dimensional fabric evolution of sheared sand SciTech Connect Hasan, Alsidqi; Alshibli, Khalid 2012-10-24 Granular particles undergo translation and rolling when they are sheared. This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D) experimental assessment of fabric evolution of sheared sand at the particle level. F-75 Ottawa sand specimen was tested under an axisymmetric triaxial loading condition. It measured 9.5 mm in diameter and 20 mm in height. The quantitative evaluation was conducted by analyzing 3D high-resolution x-ray synchrotron micro-tomography images of the specimen at eight axial strain levels. The analyses included visualization of particle translation and rotation, and quantification of fabric orientation as shearing continued. Representative individual particles were successfully tracked and visualized to assess the mode of interaction between them. This paper discusses fabric evolution and compares the evolution of particles within and outside the shear band as shearing continues. Changes in particle orientation distributions are presented using fabric histograms and fabric tensor. 19. Surface fitting three-dimensional bodies NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dejarnette, F. R.; Ford, C. P., III 1975-01-01 The geometry of general three-dimensional bodies was generated from coordinates of points in several cross sections. Since these points may not be on smooth curves, they are divided into groups forming segments and general conic sections are curve fit in a least-squares sense to each segment of a cross section. The conic sections are then blended in the longitudinal direction through longitudinal curves. Both the cross-sectional and longitudinal curves may be modified by specifying particular segments as straight lines or specifying slopes at selected points. This method was used to surface fit a 70 deg slab delta wing and the HL-10 Lifting Body. The results for the delta wing were very close to the exact geometry. Although there is no exact solution for the lifting body, the surface fit generated a smooth surface with cross-sectional planes very close to prescribed coordinate points. 20. Three-dimensional hybrid vortex solitons NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Driben, Rodislav; Kartashov, Yaroslav V.; Malomed, Boris A.; Meier, Torsten; Torner, Lluis 2014-06-01 We show, by means of numerical and analytical methods, that media with a repulsive nonlinearity which grows from the center to the periphery support a remarkable variety of previously unknown complex stationary and dynamical three-dimensional (3D) solitary-wave states. Peanut-shaped modulation profiles give rise to vertically symmetric and antisymmetric vortex states, and novel stationary hybrid states, built of top and bottom vortices with opposite topological charges, as well as robust dynamical hybrids, which feature stable precession of a vortex on top of a zero-vorticity soliton. The analysis reveals stability regions for symmetric, antisymmetric, and hybrid states. In addition, bead-shaped modulation profiles give rise to the first example of exact analytical solutions for stable 3D vortex solitons. The predicted states may be realized in media with a controllable cubic nonlinearity, such as Bose-Einstein condensates. 1. Three-dimensional hologram display system NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Mintz, Frederick (Inventor); Chao, Tien-Hsin (Inventor); Bryant, Nevin (Inventor); Tsou, Peter (Inventor) 2009-01-01 The present invention relates to a three-dimensional (3D) hologram display system. The 3D hologram display system includes a projector device for projecting an image upon a display medium to form a 3D hologram. The 3D hologram is formed such that a viewer can view the holographic image from multiple angles up to 360 degrees. Multiple display media are described, namely a spinning diffusive screen, a circular diffuser screen, and an aerogel. The spinning diffusive screen utilizes spatial light modulators to control the image such that the 3D image is displayed on the rotating screen in a time-multiplexing manner. The circular diffuser screen includes multiple, simultaneously-operated projectors to project the image onto the circular diffuser screen from a plurality of locations, thereby forming the 3D image. The aerogel can use the projection device described as applicable to either the spinning diffusive screen or the circular diffuser screen. 2. Three-dimensional tori and Arnold tongues SciTech Connect Sekikawa, Munehisa; Inaba, Naohiko; Kamiyama, Kyohei; Aihara, Kazuyuki 2014-03-15 This study analyzes an Arnold resonance web, which includes complicated quasi-periodic bifurcations, by conducting a Lyapunov analysis for a coupled delayed logistic map. The map can exhibit a two-dimensional invariant torus (IT), which corresponds to a three-dimensional torus in vector fields. Numerous one-dimensional invariant closed curves (ICCs), which correspond to two-dimensional tori in vector fields, exist in a very complicated but reasonable manner inside an IT-generating region. Periodic solutions emerge at the intersections of two different thin ICC-generating regions, which we call ICC-Arnold tongues, because all three independent-frequency components of the IT become rational at the intersections. Additionally, we observe a significant bifurcation structure where conventional Arnold tongues transit to ICC-Arnold tongues through a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation in the neighborhood of a quasi-periodic Hopf bifurcation (or a quasi-periodic Neimark-Sacker bifurcation) boundary. 3. Towards microscale electrohydrodynamic three-dimensional printing NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) He, Jiankang; Xu, Fangyuan; Cao, Yi; Liu, Yaxiong; Li, Dichen 2016-02-01 It is challenging for the existing three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques to fabricate high-resolution 3D microstructures with low costs and high efficiency. In this work we present a solvent-based electrohydrodynamic 3D printing technique that allows fabrication of microscale structures like single walls, crossed walls, lattice and concentric circles. Process parameters were optimized to deposit tiny 3D patterns with a wall width smaller than 10 μm and a high aspect ratio of about 60. Tight bonding among neighbour layers could be achieved with a smooth lateral surface. In comparison with the existing microscale 3D printing techniques, the presented method is low-cost, highly efficient and applicable to multiple polymers. It is envisioned that this simple microscale 3D printing strategy might provide an alternative and innovative way for application in MEMS, biosensor and flexible electronics. 4. Three-dimensional cultured glioma cell lines NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gonda, Steve R. (Inventor); Marley, Garry M. (Inventor) 1991-01-01 Three-dimensional glioma spheroids were produced in vitro with size and histological differentiation previously unattained. The spheroids were grown in liquid media suspension in a Johnson Space Center (JSC) Rotating Wall Bioreactor without using support matrices such as microcarrier beads. Spheroid volumes of greater than 3.5 cu mm and diameters of 2.5 mm were achieved with a viable external layer or rim of proliferating cells, a transitional layer beneath the external layer with histological differentiation, and a degenerative central region with a hypoxic necrotic core. Cell debris was evident in the degenerative central region. The necrotics centers of some of the spheroids had hyaline droplets. Granular bodies were detected predominantly in the necrotic center. 5. Numerical simulation of three dimensional transonic flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Sahu, Jubaraj; Steger, Joseph L. 1987-01-01 The three-dimensional flow over a projectile has been computed using an implicit, approximately factored, partially flux-split algorithm. A simple composite grid scheme has been developed in which a single grid is partitioned into a series of smaller grids for applications which require an external large memory device such as the SSD of the CRAY X-MP/48, or multitasking. The accuracy and stability of the composite grid scheme has been tested by numerically simulating the flow over an ellipsoid at angle of attack and comparing the solution with a single grid solution. The flowfield over a projectile at M = 0.96 and 4 deg angle-of-attack has been computed using a fine grid, and compared with experiment. 6. Three-Dimensional Gear Crack Propagation Studies NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Lewicki, David G.; Sane, Ashok D.; Drago, Raymond J.; Wawrzynek, Paul A. 1998-01-01 Three-dimensional crack growth simulation was performed on a split-tooth gear design using boundary element modeling and linear elastic fracture mechanics. Initial cracks in the fillet of the teeth produced stress intensity factors of greater magnitude (and thus, greater crack growth rates) than those in the root or groove areas of the teeth. Crack growth simulation was performed on a case study to evaluate crack propagation paths. Tooth fracture was predicted from the crack growth simulation for an initial crack in the tooth fillet region. Tooth loads on the uncracked mesh of the split-tooth design were up to five times greater than those on the cracked mesh if equal deflections of the cracked and uncracked teeth were considered. Predicted crack shapes as well as crack propagation life are presented based on calculated stress intensity factors, mixed-mode crack propagation trajectory theories, and fatigue crack growth theories. 7. Three-dimensional printing physiology laboratory technology. PubMed Sulkin, Matthew S; Widder, Emily; Shao, Connie; Holzem, Katherine M; Gloschat, Christopher; Gutbrod, Sarah R; Efimov, Igor R 2013-12-01 Since its inception in 19th-century Germany, the physiology laboratory has been a complex and expensive research enterprise involving experts in various fields of science and engineering. Physiology research has been critically dependent on cutting-edge technological support of mechanical, electrical, optical, and more recently computer engineers. Evolution of modern experimental equipment is constrained by lack of direct communication between the physiological community and industry producing this equipment. Fortunately, recent advances in open source technologies, including three-dimensional printing, open source hardware and software, present an exciting opportunity to bring the design and development of research instrumentation to the end user, i.e., life scientists. Here we provide an overview on how to develop customized, cost-effective experimental equipment for physiology laboratories. PMID:24043254 8. Three dimensional thrust chamber life prediction NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Armstrong, W. H.; Brogren, E. W. 1976-01-01 A study was performed to analytically determine the cyclic thermomechanical behavior and fatigue life of three configurations of a Plug Nozzle Thrust Chamber. This thrust chamber is a test model which represents the current trend in nozzle design calling for high performance coupled with weight and volume limitations as well as extended life for reusability. The study involved the use of different materials and material combinations to evaluate their application to the problem of low-cycle fatigue in the thrust chamber. The thermal and structural analyses were carried out on a three-dimensional basis. Results are presented which show plots of continuous temperature histories and temperature distributions at selected times during the operating cycle of the thrust chamber. Computed structural data show critical regions for low-cycle fatigue and the histories of strain within the regions for each operation cycle. 9. Magneto Transport in Three Dimensional Carbon Nanostructures NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Datta, Timir; Wang, Lei; Jaroszynski, Jan; Yin, Ming; Alameri, Dheyaa Electrical properties of self-assembled three dimensional nanostructures are interesting topic. Here we report temperature dependence of magneto transport in such carbon nanostructures with periodic spherical voids. Specimens with different void diameters in the temperature range from 200 mK to 20 K were studied. Above 2 K, magnetoresistance, MR = [R(B) - R(0)] / R(0), crosses over from quadratic to a linear dependence with the increase of magnetic field [Wang et al., APL 2015; DOI:10.1063/1.4926606]. We observe MR to be non-saturating even up to 18 Tesla. Furthermore, MR demonstrates universality because all experimental data can be collapsed on to a single curve, as a universal function of B/T. Below 2 K, magnetoresistance saturates with increasing field. Quantum Hall like steps are also observed in this low temperature regime. Remarkably, MR of our sample displays orientation independence, an attractive feature for technological applications. 10. Three-dimensional image contrast using biospeckle NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Godinho, Robson Pierangeli; Braga, Roberto A., Jr. 2010-09-01 The biospeckle laser (BSL) has been applied in many areas of knowledge and a variety of approaches has been presented to address the best results in biological and non-biological samples, in fast or slow activities, or else in defined flow of materials or in random activities. The methodologies accounted in the literature consider the apparatus used in the image assembling and the way the collected data is processed. The image processing steps presents in turn a variety of procedures with first or second order statistics analysis, and as well with different sizes of data collected. One way to access the biospeckle in defined flow, such as in capillary blood flow in alive animals, was the adoption of the image contrast technique which uses only one image from the illuminated sample. That approach presents some problems related to the resolution of the image, which is reduced during the image contrast processing. In order to help the visualization of the low resolution image formed by the contrast technique, this work presents the three-dimensional procedure as a reliable alternative to enhance the final image. The work based on a parallel processing, with the generation of a virtual map of amplitudes, and maintaining the quasi-online characteristic of the contrast technique. Therefore, it was possible to generate in the same display the observed material, the image contrast result and in addiction the three-dimensional image with adjustable options of rotation. The platform also offers to the user the possibility to access the 3D image offline. 11. A three-dimensional asymmetric magnetopause model NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lin, R. L.; Zhang, X. X.; Liu, S. Q.; Wang, Y. L.; Gong, J. C. 2010-04-01 A new three-dimensional asymmetric magnetopause model has been developed for corrected GSM coordinates and parameterized by the solar wind dynamic and magnetic pressures (Pd + Pm), the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz, and the dipole tilt angle. On the basis of the magnetopause crossings from Geotail, IMP 8, Interball, TC1, Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS), Wind, Cluster, Polar, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), GOES, and Hawkeye, and the corresponding upstream solar wind parameters from ACE, Wind, or OMNI, this model is constructed by the Levenberg-Marquardt method for nonlinear multiparameter fitting step-by-step over the divided regions. The asymmetries of the magnetopause and the indentations near the cusps are appropriately described in this new model. In addition, the saturation effect of IMF Bz on the subsolar distance and the extrapolation for the distant tail magnetopause are also considered. On the basis of this model, the power law index for the subsolar distance versus Pd + Pm is a bit less than -1/6, the northward IMF Bz almost does not influence the magnetopause, and the dipole tilt angle is very important to the north-south asymmetry and the location of indentations. In comparison with the previous empirical magnetopause models based on our database, the new model improves prediction capability to describe the three-dimensional structure of the magnetopause. It is shown that this new model can be used to quantitatively study how Pd + Pm compresses the magnetopause, how the southward IMF Bz erodes the magnetopause, and how the dipole tilt angle influences the north-south asymmetry and the indentations. 12. Approximation for discrete Fourier transform and application in study of three-dimensional interacting electron gas NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yan, Xin-Zhong 2011-07-01 The discrete Fourier transform is approximated by summing over part of the terms with corresponding weights. The approximation reduces significantly the requirement for computer memory storage and enhances the numerical computation efficiency with several orders without losing accuracy. As an example, we apply the algorithm to study the three-dimensional interacting electron gas under the renormalized-ring-diagram approximation where the Green’s function needs to be self-consistently solved. We present the results for the chemical potential, compressibility, free energy, entropy, and specific heat of the system. The ground-state energy obtained by the present calculation is compared with the existing results of Monte Carlo simulation and random-phase approximation. 13. A multiphase model for three-dimensional tumor growth NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Sciumè, G.; Shelton, S.; Gray, W. G.; Miller, C. T.; Hussain, F.; Ferrari, M.; Decuzzi, P.; Schrefler, B. A. 2013-01-01 infiltration is predicted for the opposite condition. Interestingly, the infiltration potential of the tumor mass is mostly driven by the relative cell adhesion to the ECM. In the third case, a tumor cord model is analyzed where the malignant cells grow around microvessels in a three-dimensional geometry. It is shown that TCs tend to migrate among adjacent vessels seeking new oxygen and nutrients. This model can predict and optimize the efficacy of anticancer therapeutic strategies. It can be further developed to answer questions on tumor biophysics, related to the effects of ECM stiffness and cell adhesion on TC proliferation. 14. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy of materials. PubMed Botto, R E; Cody, G D; Dieckman, S L; French, D C; Gopalsami, N; Rizo, P 1996-07-01 Several aspects of magnetic resonance microscopy are examined employing three-dimensional (3D) back-projection reconstruction techniques in combination with either simple Bloch-decay methods or MREV-8 multiple-pulse line narrowing techniques in the presence of static field gradients. Applications to the areas of ceramic processing, catalyst porosity measurements and the characterization of polymeric materials are presented. The focus of the discussion centers on issues of sensitivity and resolution using this approach compared with other methods. Advantages and limitations of 3D microscopy over more commonly employed slice selection protocols are discussed, as well as potential remedies to some of the inherent limitations of the technique. PMID:8902960 15. Three-dimensional "Mercedes-Benz" model for water. PubMed Dias, Cristiano L; Ala-Nissila, Tapio; Grant, Martin; Karttunen, Mikko 2009-08-01 In this paper we introduce a three-dimensional version of the Mercedes-Benz model to describe water molecules. In this model van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds are given explicitly through a Lennard-Jones potential and a Gaussian orientation-dependent terms, respectively. At low temperature the model freezes forming Ice-I and it reproduces the main peaks of the experimental radial distribution function of water. In addition to these structural properties, the model also captures the thermodynamical anomalies of water: The anomalous density profile, the negative thermal expansivity, the large heat capacity, and the minimum in the isothermal compressibility. PMID:19673572 16. Three-dimensional `Mercedes-Benz'' model for water NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Dias, Cristiano L.; Ala-Nissila, Tapio; Grant, Martin; Karttunen, Mikko 2009-08-01 In this paper we introduce a three-dimensional version of the Mercedes-Benz model to describe water molecules. In this model van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds are given explicitly through a Lennard-Jones potential and a Gaussian orientation-dependent terms, respectively. At low temperature the model freezes forming Ice-I and it reproduces the main peaks of the experimental radial distribution function of water. In addition to these structural properties, the model also captures the thermodynamical anomalies of water: The anomalous density profile, the negative thermal expansivity, the large heat capacity, and the minimum in the isothermal compressibility. 17. Growing Three-Dimensional Cartilage-Cell Cultures NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Spaulding, Glenn F.; Prewett, Tacey L.; Goodwin, Thomas J. 1995-01-01 Process for growing three-dimensional cultures of mammalian cartilage from normal mammalian cells devised. Effected using horizontal rotating bioreactor described in companion article, "Simplified Bioreactor for Growing Mammalian Cells" (MSC-22060). Bioreactor provides quiescent environment with generous supplies of nutrient and oxygen. Initiated with noncartilage cells. Artificially grown tissue resembles that in mammalian cartilage. Potential use in developing therapies for damage to cartilage by joint and back injuries and by such inflammatory diseases as arthritis and temporal-mandibular joint disease. Also used to test nonsteroid anti-inflammation medicines. 18. Nitsche's method for two and three dimensional NURBS patch coupling NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Nguyen, Vinh Phu; Kerfriden, Pierre; Brino, Marco; Bordas, Stéphane P. A.; Bonisoli, Elvio 2014-06-01 We present a Nitche's method to couple non-conforming two and three-dimensional non uniform rational b-splines (NURBS) patches in the context of isogeometric analysis. We present results for linear elastostatics in two and and three-dimensions. The method can deal with surface-surface or volume-volume coupling, and we show how it can be used to handle heterogeneities such as inclusions. We also present preliminary results on modal analysis. This simple coupling method has the potential to increase the applicability of NURBS-based isogeometric analysis for practical applications. 19. Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystal Laser-Driven Accelerator Structures SciTech Connect Cowan, B.; /SLAC 2006-09-07 We discuss simulated photonic crystal structure designs for laser-driven particle acceleration, focusing on three-dimensional planar structures based on the so-called ''woodpile'' lattice. We describe guiding of a speed-of-light accelerating mode by a defect in the photonic crystal lattice and discuss the properties of this mode, including particle beam dynamics and potential coupling methods for the structure. We also discuss possible materials and power sources for this structure and their effects on performance parameters, as well as possible manufacturing techniques and the required tolerances. In addition we describe the computational technique and possible improvements in numerical modeling that would aid development of photonic crystal structures. 20. Three dimensional electromechanical model of porcine heart with penetrating wound injury. PubMed Usyk, Taras; Kerckhoffs, Roy 2005-01-01 The aim of this study is development a prototype computational model of the pig heart that can be used to predict physiological responses to a penetrating wound injury. The pig has been chosen for this model studies because it shares many anatomical similarities with humans. Three-dimensional cubic Hermite finite element meshes based on detailed measurements of porcine anatomy combined into an integrated anatomic model. The pig ventricular model includes detailed left and right ventricular geometry and myofiber and laminar sheet orientations throughout the mesh. The cardiac mesh was refined and monodomain equations for action potential propagation solved using well-established collocation-Galerkin finite element methods. The membrane kinetic equations for the action potential model was based on detailed cellular models of transmembrane ionic fluxes and intracellular calcium fluxes in canine ventricular myocytes and human atrial myocytes. We modified the anisotropic myocardial conductivity tensor on the endocardial surface of the ventricles by making use of a surface model fitted to measured of Purkinje fiber network anatomy. The mechanical model compute regional three-dimensional stress and strain distributions using anisotropic constitutive laws referred to local material coordinate axes defined by local myofiber and laminar sheet orientations. Passive myocardial mechanics modeled using exponential orthotropic strain energy functions. Active systolic myocardial stresses computed from a multi-scale model that uses crossbridge theory to predict calcium-activated sarcomere length- and velocity-dependent tension filament tension. Since the electrical and mechanical models use a common finite element mesh as the parent parametric framework and both models are solved within our custom finite element package, it is straightforward to couple these models, as we have recently done for a model of coupled ventricular electromechanics. We apply the coupled electromechanical 1. A three-dimensional spin-diffusion model for micromagnetics PubMed Central Abert, Claas; Ruggeri, Michele; Bruckner, Florian; Vogler, Christoph; Hrkac, Gino; Praetorius, Dirk; Suess, Dieter 2015-01-01 We solve a time-dependent three-dimensional spin-diffusion model coupled to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation numerically. The presented model is validated by comparison to two established spin-torque models: The model of Slonzewski that describes spin-torque in multi-layer structures in the presence of a fixed layer and the model of Zhang and Li that describes current driven domain-wall motion. It is shown that both models are incorporated by the spin-diffusion description, i.e., the nonlocal effects of the Slonzewski model are captured as well as the spin-accumulation due to magnetization gradients as described by the model of Zhang and Li. Moreover, the presented method is able to resolve the time dependency of the spin-accumulation. PMID:26442796 2. A three-dimensional spin-diffusion model for micromagnetics. PubMed Abert, Claas; Ruggeri, Michele; Bruckner, Florian; Vogler, Christoph; Hrkac, Gino; Praetorius, Dirk; Suess, Dieter 2015-01-01 We solve a time-dependent three-dimensional spin-diffusion model coupled to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation numerically. The presented model is validated by comparison to two established spin-torque models: The model of Slonzewski that describes spin-torque in multi-layer structures in the presence of a fixed layer and the model of Zhang and Li that describes current driven domain-wall motion. It is shown that both models are incorporated by the spin-diffusion description, i.e., the nonlocal effects of the Slonzewski model are captured as well as the spin-accumulation due to magnetization gradients as described by the model of Zhang and Li. Moreover, the presented method is able to resolve the time dependency of the spin-accumulation. PMID:26442796 3. A three-dimensional spin-diffusion model for micromagnetics NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Abert, Claas; Ruggeri, Michele; Bruckner, Florian; Vogler, Christoph; Hrkac, Gino; Praetorius, Dirk; Suess, Dieter 2015-10-01 We solve a time-dependent three-dimensional spin-diffusion model coupled to the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation numerically. The presented model is validated by comparison to two established spin-torque models: The model of Slonzewski that describes spin-torque in multi-layer structures in the presence of a fixed layer and the model of Zhang and Li that describes current driven domain-wall motion. It is shown that both models are incorporated by the spin-diffusion description, i.e., the nonlocal effects of the Slonzewski model are captured as well as the spin-accumulation due to magnetization gradients as described by the model of Zhang and Li. Moreover, the presented method is able to resolve the time dependency of the spin-accumulation. 4. Three dimensional map construction using a scanning laser range finder NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Chang, Yau-Zen; Lee, Shih-Tseng 2009-01-01 This paper presents the development of a three-dimensional environment reconstruction system using a laser range finder. The original design of URG-04LX laser range finder, provided by Hokuyo Inc., is efficient in providing two-dimensional distance information. To enhance the capability of the device, we developed a rotation mechanism to provide it a sweep motion for stereo data collection. Geometric equations are derived that includes parameters of misalignment that are unavoidable in manufacturing and assembling. The parameters are calibrated according to practical data measurement of three relatively-perpendicular planes. The calibration is formulated as an optimization problem solved using the Nelder- Mead simplex algorithm. Validity of the calibration scheme is demonstrated by the reconstruction of several real-world scenes. 5. Unsteady three-dimensional marginal separation, including breakdown NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Duck, Peter W. 1990-01-01 A situation involving a three-dimensional marginal separation is considered, where a (steady) boundary layer flow is on the verge of separating at a point (located along a line of symmetry/centerline). At this point, a triple-deck is included, thereby permitting a small amount of interaction to occur. Unsteadiness is included within this interaction region through some external means. It is shown that the problem reduces to the solution of a nonlinear, unsteady, partial-integro system, which is solved numerically by means of time-marching together with a pseudo-spectral method spatially. A number of solutions to this system are presented which strongly suggest a breakdown of this system may occur, at a finite spatial position, at a finite time. The structure and details of this breakdown are then described. 6. Three Dimensional Shear Wave Elastographic Reconstruction of Ablations PubMed Central Ingle, Atul; Varghese, Tomy 2014-01-01 This paper presents an algorithm for three dimensional (3D) reconstruction of tumor ablations using ultrasound electrode vibration elastography. Shear wave velocity, which is used as a surrogate for tissue stiffness, is estimated by perturbing the ablation needle and tracking frame-to-frame displacements using radiofrequency ultrasound echo data. This process is repeated over many imaging planes that share a common axis of intersection collinear with needle. A 3D volume is reconstructed by solving an optimization problem which smoothly approximates shear wave velocities on a stack of transverse planes. The mean shear wave velocity estimates obtained in the phantom experiments are within 20% of those measured using a commercial shear wave imaging system. PMID:25570587 7. Agglomeration multigrid for the three-dimensional Euler equations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Venkatakrishnan, V.; Mavriplis, D. J. 1994-01-01 A multigrid procedure that makes use of coarse grids generated by the agglomeration of control volumes is advocated as a practical approach for solving the three dimensional Euler equations on unstructured grids about complex configurations. It is shown that the agglomeration procedure can be tailored to achieve certain coarse grid properties such as the sizes of the coarse grids and aspect ratios of the coarse grid cells. The agglomeration is done as a preprocessing step and runs in linear time. The implications for multigrid of using arbitrary polyhedral coarse grids are discussed. The agglomeration multigrid technique compares very favorably with existing multigrid procedures both in terms of convergence rates and elapsed times. The main advantage of the present approach is the ease with which coarse grids of any desired degree of coarseness may be generated in three dimensions, without being constrained by considerations of geometry. Inviscid flows over a variety of complex configurations are computed using the agglomeration multigrid strategy. 8. A three-dimensional magnetostatics computer code for insertion devices. PubMed Chubar, O; Elleaume, P; Chavanne, J 1998-05-01 RADIA is a three-dimensional magnetostatics computer code optimized for the design of undulators and wigglers. It solves boundary magnetostatics problems with magnetized and current-carrying volumes using the boundary integral approach. The magnetized volumes can be arbitrary polyhedrons with non-linear (iron) or linear anisotropic (permanent magnet) characteristics. The current-carrying elements can be straight or curved blocks with rectangular cross sections. Boundary conditions are simulated by the technique of mirroring. Analytical formulae used for the computation of the field produced by a magnetized volume of a polyhedron shape are detailed. The RADIA code is written in object-oriented C++ and interfaced to Mathematica [Mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research, Inc.]. The code outperforms currently available finite-element packages with respect to the CPU time of the solver and accuracy of the field integral estimations. An application of the code to the case of a wedge-pole undulator is presented. PMID:15263552 9. Parallelization of a three-dimensional compressible transition code NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Erlebacher, G.; Hussaini, M. Y.; Bokhari, Shahid H. 1990-01-01 The compressible, three-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved on a 20 processor Flex/32 computer. The code is a parallel implementation of an existing code operational on the Cray-2 at NASA Ames, which performs direct simulations of the initial stages of the transition process of wall-bounded flow at supersonic Mach numbers. Spectral collocation in all three spatial directions (Fourier along the plate and Chebyshev normal to it) ensures high accuracy of the flow variables. By hiding most of the parallelism in low-level routines, the casual user is shielded from most of the nonstandard coding constructs. Speedups of 13 out of a maximum of 16 are achieved on the largest computational grids. 10. Multigrid for hypersonic viscous two- and three-dimensional flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Turkel, E.; Swanson, R. C.; Vatsa, V. N.; White, J. A. 1991-01-01 The use of a multigrid method with central differencing to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for hypersonic flows is considered. The time-dependent form of the equations is integrated with an explicit Runge-Kutta scheme accelerated by local time stepping and implicit residual smoothing. Variable coefficients are developed for the implicit process that remove the diffusion limit on the time step, producing significant improvement in convergence. A numerical dissipation formulation that provides good shock-capturing capability for hypersonic flows is presented. This formulation is shown to be a crucial aspect of the multigrid method. Solutions are given for two-dimensional viscous flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil and three-dimensional viscous flow over a blunt biconic. 11. Implicit solution of three-dimensional internal turbulent flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Michelassi, V.; Liou, M.-S.; Povinelli, Louis A.; Martelli, F. 1991-01-01 The scalar form of the approximate factorization method was used to develop a new code for the solution of three dimensional internal laminar and turbulent compressible flows. The Navier-Stokes equations in their Reynolds-averaged form were iterated in time until a steady solution was reached. Evidence was given to the implicit and explicit artificial damping schemes that proved to be particularly efficient in speeding up convergence and enhancing the algorithm robustness. A conservative treatment of these terms at the domain boundaries was proposed in order to avoid undesired mass and/or momentum artificial fluxes. Turbulence effects were accounted for by the zero-equation Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model and the q-omega two-equation model. The flow in a developing S-duct was then solved in the laminar regime in a Reynolds number (Re) of 790 and in the turbulent regime at Re equals 40,000 by using the Baldwin-Lomax model. The Stanitz elbow was then solved by using an invicid version of the same code at M sub inlet equals 0.4. Grid dependence and convergence rate were investigated, showing that for this solver the implicit damping scheme may play a critical role for convergence characteristics. The same flow at Re equals 2.5 times 10(exp 6) was solved with the Baldwin-Lomax and the q-omega models. Both approaches show satisfactory agreement with experiments, although the q-omega model was slightly more accurate. 12. A combinatorial relative mass value evaluation of endogenous bioactive proteins in three-dimensional cultured nucleus pulposus cells of herniated intervertebral discs: identification of potential target proteins for gene therapeutic approaches. PubMed Mern, Demissew S; Fontana, Johann; Beierfuß, Anja; Thomé, Claudius; Hegewald, Aldemar A 2013-01-01 Painful degenerative disc diseases have been targeted by different biological treatment approaches. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells play a central role in intervertebral disc (IVD) maintenance by orchestrating catabolic, anabolic and inflammatory factors that affect the extracellular matrix. IVD degeneration is associated with imbalances of these factors, resulting in a catabolic inflammatory metabolism. Therefore, accurate knowledge about their quantity and quality with regard to matrix synthesis is vital for a rational gene therapeutic approach. NP cells were isolated from 63 patients operated due to lumbar disc herniation (mean age 56 / range 29 - 84 years). Then, three-dimensional culture with low-glucose was completed in a collagen type I scaffold for four weeks. Subsequently cell proliferation evaluation was performed using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and intracellular concentration of 28 endogenously expressed anabolic, catabolic, inflammatory factors and relevant matrix proteins was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specimen-related grades of degeneration were confirmed by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Independent from gender, age and grade of degeneration proliferation rates remained similar in all groups of NP cells. Progressive grades of degeneration, however, showed a significant influence on accumulation of selective groups of factors such as disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 and 5, matrix metalloproteinase 3, metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 and 2, interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor. Along with these changes, the key NP matrix proteins aggrecan and collagen II decreased significantly. The concentration of anabolic factors bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, 6 and 7, insulin-like growth factor 1, transforming growth factor beta 1 and 3, however, remained below the minimal detectable quantities. These findings indicate that progressive degenerative changes in NP may 13. A Combinatorial Relative Mass Value Evaluation of Endogenous Bioactive Proteins in Three-Dimensional Cultured Nucleus Pulposus Cells of Herniated Intervertebral Discs: Identification of Potential Target Proteins for Gene Therapeutic Approaches PubMed Central Mern, Demissew S.; Fontana, Johann; Beierfuß, Anja; Thomé, Claudius; Hegewald, Aldemar A. 2013-01-01 Painful degenerative disc diseases have been targeted by different biological treatment approaches. Nucleus pulposus (NP) cells play a central role in intervertebral disc (IVD) maintenance by orchestrating catabolic, anabolic and inflammatory factors that affect the extracellular matrix. IVD degeneration is associated with imbalances of these factors, resulting in a catabolic inflammatory metabolism. Therefore, accurate knowledge about their quantity and quality with regard to matrix synthesis is vital for a rational gene therapeutic approach. NP cells were isolated from 63 patients operated due to lumbar disc herniation (mean age 56 / range 29 - 84 years). Then, three-dimensional culture with low-glucose was completed in a collagen type I scaffold for four weeks. Subsequently cell proliferation evaluation was performed using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and intracellular concentration of 28 endogenously expressed anabolic, catabolic, inflammatory factors and relevant matrix proteins was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specimen-related grades of degeneration were confirmed by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Independent from gender, age and grade of degeneration proliferation rates remained similar in all groups of NP cells. Progressive grades of degeneration, however, showed a significant influence on accumulation of selective groups of factors such as disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 4 and 5, matrix metalloproteinase 3, metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 and 2, interleukin-1β and interleukin-1 receptor. Along with these changes, the key NP matrix proteins aggrecan and collagen II decreased significantly. The concentration of anabolic factors bone morphogenetic proteins 2, 4, 6 and 7, insulin-like growth factor 1, transforming growth factor beta 1 and 3, however, remained below the minimal detectable quantities. These findings indicate that progressive degenerative changes in NP may 14. PLOT3D- DRAWING THREE DIMENSIONAL SURFACES NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Canright, R. B. 1994-01-01 PLOT3D is a package of programs to draw three-dimensional surfaces of the form z = f(x,y). The function f and the boundary values for x and y are the input to PLOT3D. The surface thus defined may be drawn after arbitrary rotations. However, it is designed to draw only functions in rectangular coordinates expressed explicitly in the above form. It cannot, for example, draw a sphere. Output is by off-line incremental plotter or online microfilm recorder. This package, unlike other packages, will plot any function of the form z = f(x,y) and portrays continuous and bounded functions of two independent variables. With curve fitting; however, it can draw experimental data and pictures which cannot be expressed in the above form. The method used is division into a uniform rectangular grid of the given x and y ranges. The values of the supplied function at the grid points (x, y) are calculated and stored; this defines the surface. The surface is portrayed by connecting successive (y,z) points with straight-line segments for each x value on the grid and, in turn, connecting successive (x,z) points for each fixed y value on the grid. These lines are then projected by parallel projection onto the fixed yz-plane for plotting. This program has been implemented on the IBM 360/67 with on-line CDC microfilm recorder. 15. Three-dimensional modeling of ovarian cancer PubMed Central Erin, White; Hilary, Kenny; Ernst, Lengyel 2015-01-01 New models for epithelial ovarian cancer initiation and metastasis are required to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the disease and to develop new therapeutics. Modeling ovarian cancer however is challenging as a result of the genetic heterogeneity of the malignancy, the diverse pathology, the limited availability of human tissue for research, the atypical mechanisms of metastasis, and because the origin is unclear. Insights into the origin of high-grade serous ovarian carcinomas and mechanisms of metastasis have resulted in the generation of novel three-dimensional (3D) culture models that better approximate the behavior of the tumor cells in vivo than prior two-dimensional models. The 3D models aim to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment, which has a critical role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. Ultimately, findings using models that accurately reflect human ovarian cancer biology are likely to translate into improved clinical outcomes. In this review we discuss the design of new 3D culture models of ovarian cancer primarily using human cells, key studies in which these models have been applied, current limitations, and future applications. PMID:25034878 16. Three-dimensional charge coupled device DOEpatents Conder, Alan D.; Young, Bruce K. F. 1999-01-01 A monolithic three dimensional charged coupled device (3D-CCD) which utilizes the entire bulk of the semiconductor for charge generation, storage, and transfer. The 3D-CCD provides a vast improvement of current CCD architectures that use only the surface of the semiconductor substrate. The 3D-CCD is capable of developing a strong E-field throughout the depth of the semiconductor by using deep (buried) parallel (bulk) electrodes in the substrate material. Using backside illumination, the 3D-CCD architecture enables a single device to image photon energies from the visible, to the ultra-violet and soft x-ray, and out to higher energy x-rays of 30 keV and beyond. The buried or bulk electrodes are electrically connected to the surface electrodes, and an E-field parallel to the surface is established with the pixel in which the bulk electrodes are located. This E-field attracts charge to the bulk electrodes independent of depth and confines it within the pixel in which it is generated. Charge diffusion is greatly reduced because the E-field is strong due to the proximity of the bulk electrodes. 17. Three-dimensional laser velocimeter simultaneity detector NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Brown, James L. (Inventor) 1990-01-01 A three-dimensional laser Doppler velocimeter has laser optics for a first channel positioned to create a probe volume in space, and laser optics and for second and third channels, respectively, positioned to create entirely overlapping probe volumes in space. The probe volumes and overlap partially in space. The photodetector is positioned to receive light scattered by a particle present in the probe volume, while photodetectors and are positioned to receive light scattered by a particle present in the probe volume. The photodetector for the first channel is directly connected to provide a first channel analog signal to frequency measuring circuits. The first channel is therefore a primary channel for the system. Photodetectors and are respectively connected through a second channel analog signal attenuator to frequency measuring circuits and through a third channel analog signal attenuator to frequency measuring circuits. The second and third channels are secondary channels, with the second and third channels analog signal attenuators and controlled by the first channel measurement burst signal on line. The second and third channels analog signal attenuators and attenuate the second and third channels analog signals only when the measurement burst signal is false. 18. Three-Dimensional Optical Coherence Tomography NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Gutin, Mikhail; Wang, Xu-Ming; Gutin, Olga 2009-01-01 Three-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an advanced method of noninvasive infrared imaging of tissues in depth. Heretofore, commercial OCT systems for 3D imaging have been designed principally for external ophthalmological examination. As explained below, such systems have been based on a one-dimensional OCT principle, and in the operation of such a system, 3D imaging is accomplished partly by means of a combination of electronic scanning along the optical (Z) axis and mechanical scanning along the two axes (X and Y) orthogonal to the optical axis. In 3D OCT, 3D imaging involves a form of electronic scanning (without mechanical scanning) along all three axes. Consequently, the need for mechanical adjustment is minimal and the mechanism used to position the OCT probe can be correspondingly more compact. A 3D OCT system also includes a probe of improved design and utilizes advanced signal- processing techniques. Improvements in performance over prior OCT systems include finer resolution, greater speed, and greater depth of field. 19. Collimation and Stability of Three Dimensional Jets NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Hardee, P. E.; Clarke, D. A.; Howell, D. A. 1993-12-01 Three-dimensional numerical simulations of cylindrical jets established in equilibrium with a surrounding uniform medium have been performed. Large scale structures such as helical twisting of the jet, elliptical distortion and bifurcation of the jet, and triangular distortion and trifurcation of the jet have been seen in the simulations. The grid resolution has been sufficient to allow the development of structures on smaller scales and has revealed higher order distortions of the jet surface and complex structure internal to the jet. However, smaller scale surface distortion and internal jet structure do not significantly modify the large scale dynamics. It is the large scale surface distortions and accompanying filamentation that dominate the jet dynamics. Decollimation occurs as the jet bifurcates or trifurcates. Jets with density less than the immediately surrounding medium rapidly decollimate and expand as the jet filaments into multiple streams leading to shock heating and mass entrainment. The resulting morphology resembles a turbulent plume and might be relevant to some FRI type radio sources. Jet densities higher than the immediately surrounding medium are required to produce FRII type radio source jet morphology and protostellar jet morphology. Thus, while jets may be denser or lighter than the external medium through which they propagate, it is the conditions in the cocoon or lobe around the jet that governs the dynamics far behind the jet front. This work was supported by NSF grant AST-8919180, EPSCoR grant EHR-9108761 and NSF-REU grant AST-9300413. 20. Three-dimensional modeling equatorial spread F NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Huba, J. D.; Krall, J.; Joyce, G. 2008-12-01 Equatorial spread F (ESF) is a low-latitude ionospheric phenomenon that leads to the development of large scale electron density depletions that adversely affect communications and navigation systems. The development of models to understand and predict the onset and evolution of ESF is therefore critically important to a number of space-based systems. To this end, NRL has developed a three-dimensional model of ESF. The global NRL ionosphere model SAMI3 has been modified to simulate a narrow wedge of the post-sunset ionosphere to capture the onset and evolution of ESF. Preliminary results indicate that (1) bubbles can rise to ~ 1600 km, (2) extremely steep ion density gradients can develop in both longitude and latitude, (3) upward plasma velocities approach 1 km/s, and (4) the growth time of the instability is ~eq 15 min. We will also report the effects of meridional and zonal winds on bubble development, as well as ion composition (both atomic and molecular). The simulations will focus on current, low solar activity conditions, and results will be compared to C/NOFS data where available. Research supported by ONR 1. Three-dimensional null point reconnection regimes SciTech Connect Priest, E. R.; Pontin, D. I. 2009-12-15 Recent advances in theory and computational experiments have shown the need to refine the previous categorization of magnetic reconnection at three-dimensional null points--points at which the magnetic field vanishes. We propose here a division into three different types, depending on the nature of the flow near the spine and fan of the null. The spine is an isolated field line which approaches the null (or recedes from it), while the fan is a surface of field lines which recede from it (or approach it). So-called torsional spine reconnection occurs when field lines in the vicinity of the fan rotate, with current becoming concentrated along the spine so that nearby field lines undergo rotational slippage. In torsional fan reconnection field lines near the spine rotate and create a current that is concentrated in the fan with a rotational flux mismatch and rotational slippage. In both of these regimes, the spine and fan are perpendicular and there is no flux transfer across spine or fan. The third regime, called spine-fan reconnection, is the most common in practice and combines elements of the previous spine and fan models. In this case, in response to a generic shearing motion, the null point collapses to form a current sheet that is focused at the null itself, in a sheet that locally spans both the spine and fan. In this regime the spine and fan are no longer perpendicular and there is flux transfer across both of them. 2. Surface fitting three-dimensional bodies NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Dejarnette, F. R. 1974-01-01 The geometry of general three-dimensional bodies is generated from coordinates of points in several cross sections. Since these points may not be smooth, they are divided into segments and general conic sections are curve fit in a least-squares sense to each segment of a cross section. The conic sections are then blended in the longitudinal direction by fitting parametric cubic-spline curves through coordinate points which define the conic sections in the cross-sectional planes. Both the cross-sectional and longitudinal curves may be modified by specifying particular segments as straight lines and slopes at selected points. Slopes may be continuous or discontinuous and finite or infinite. After a satisfactory surface fit has been obtained, cards may be punched with the data necessary to form a geometry subroutine package for use in other computer programs. At any position on the body, coordinates, slopes and second partial derivatives are calculated. The method is applied to a blunted 70 deg delta wing, and it was found to generate the geometry very well. 3. Three Dimensional Numerical Analysis on Discharge Properties NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Takaishi, Kenji; Katsurai, Makoto 2003-10-01 A three dimensional simulation code with the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method combined with the two fluids model for electron and ion has been developed for the microwave excited surface wave plasma in the RDL-SWP device. This code permits the numerical analysis of the spatial distributions of electric field, power absorption, electron density and electron temperature. At low gas pressure of about 10 mTorr, the numerical results compared with the experimental measurements that shows the validity of this 3-D simulation code. A simplified analysis assuming that an electron density is spatially uniform has been studied and its applicability is evaluated by 3-D simulation. The surface wave eigenmodes are determined by electron density, and it is found that the structure of the device strongly influences to the spatial distribution of the electric fields of surface wave in a low density area. A method to irradiate a microwave to the whole surface area of the plasma is proposed which is found to be effective to obtain a high uniformity distribution of electron density. 4. Three-Dimensional Tomography of Interplanetary Disturbances NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Jackson, Bernard V.; Hick, P. Paul 2004-09-01 We have developed a Computer Assisted Tomography (CAT) program that modifies a three-dimensional kinematic heliospheric model to fit interplanetary scintillation (IPS) or Thomson scattering observations. The tomography program iteratively changes this global model to least-squares fit the data. Both a corotating and time-dependent model can be reconstructed. The short time intervals of the time-dependent modeling (to shorter than 1 day) force the heliospheric reconstructions to depend on outward solar wind motion to give perspective views of each point in space accessible to the observations, allowing reconstruction of interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) as well as corotating structures. We show these models as velocity or density Carrington maps and remote views. We have studied several events, including the 2000 July 14 Bastille-Day halo CME and several intervals using archival Cambridge IPS data, and we have also used archival Helios photometer data to reproduce the heliosphere. We check our results by comparison with additional remote-sensing observations, and in-situ observations from near-Earth spacecraft. A comparison of these observations and the Earth forecasts possible using them is available in real time on the World Wide Web using IPS data from the Solar Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Japan. 5. Compact integral three-dimensional imaging device NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Arai, J.; Yamashita, T.; Hiura, H.; Miura, M.; Funatsu, R.; Nakamura, T.; Nakasu, E. 2015-05-01 A compact integral three-dimensional (3D) imaging device for capturing high resolution 3D images has been developed that positions the lens array and image sensor close together. Unlike the conventional scheme, where a camera lens is used to project the elemental images generated by the lens array onto the image sensor, the developed device combines the lens array and image sensor into one unit and makes no use of a camera lens. In order to capture high resolution 3D images, a high resolution imaging sensor and a lens array composed of many elemental lenses are required, and in an experimental setup, a CMOS image sensor circuit patterned with multiple exposures and a multiple lens array were used. Two types of optics were implemented for controlling the depth of 3D images. The first type was a convex lens that is suitable for compressing a relatively large object space, and the second was an afocal lens array that is suitable for capturing a relatively small object space without depth distortion. The objects captured with the imaging device and depth control optics were reconstructed as 3D images by using display equipment consisting of a liquid crystal panel and a lens array. The reconstructed images were found to have appropriate motion parallax. 6. A three-dimensional human walking model NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yang, Q. S.; Qin, J. W.; Law, S. S. 2015-11-01 A three-dimensional human bipedal walking model with compliant legs is presented in this paper. The legs are modeled with time-variant dampers, and the model is able to characterize the gait pattern of an individual using a minimal set of parameters. Feedback control, for both the forward and lateral movements, is implemented to regulate the walking performance of the pedestrian. The model provides an improvement over classic invert pendulum models. Numerical studies were undertaken to investigate the effects of leg stiffness and attack angle. Simulation results show that when walking at a given speed, increasing the leg stiffness with a constant attack angle results in a longer step length, a higher step frequency, a faster walking speed and an increase in both the peak vertical and lateral ground reaction forces. Increasing the attack angle with a constant leg stiffness results in a higher step frequency, a decrease in the step length, an increase in the total energy of the system and a decrease in both the peak vertical and lateral ground reaction forces. 7. Automatic creation of three-dimensional avatars NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Villa-Uriol, Maria-Cruz; Sainz, Miguel; Kuester, Falko; Bagherzadeh, Nader 2003-01-01 Highly accurate avatars of humans promise a new level of realism in engineering and entertainment applications, including areas such as computer animated movies, computer game development interactive virtual environments and tele-presence. In order to provide high-quality avatars, new techniques for the automatic acquisition and creation are required. A framework for the capture and construction of arbitrary avatars from image data is presented in this paper. Avatars are automatically reconstructed from multiple static images of a human subject by utilizing image information to reshape a synthetic three-dimensional articulated reference model. A pipeline is presented that combines a set of hardware-accelerated stages into one seamless system. Primary stages in this pipeline include pose estimation, skeleton fitting, body part segmentation, geometry construction and coloring, leading to avatars that can be animated and included into interactive environments. The presented system removes traditional constraints in the initial pose of the captured subject by using silhouette-based modification techniques in combination with a reference model. Results can be obtained in near-real time with very limited user intervention. 8. Three-dimensional Printing in the Intestine. PubMed Wengerter, Brian C; Emre, Gulus; Park, Jea Young; Geibel, John 2016-08-01 Intestinal transplantation remains a life-saving option for patients with severe intestinal failure. With the advent of advanced tissue engineering techniques, great strides have been made toward manufacturing replacement tissues and organs, including the intestine, which aim to avoid transplant-related complications. The current paradigm is to seed a biocompatible support material (scaffold) with a desired cell population to generate viable replacement tissue. Although this technique has now been extended by the three-dimensional (3D) printing of geometrically complex scaffolds, the overall approach is hindered by relatively slow turnover and negative effects of residual scaffold material, which affects final clinical outcome. Methods recently developed for scaffold-free 3D bioprinting may overcome such obstacles and should allow for rapid manufacture and deployment of "bioprinted organs." Much work remains before 3D bioprinted tissues can enter clinical use. In this brief review we examine the present state and future perspectives of this nascent technology before full clinical implementation. PMID:27189913 9. Three-dimensional assessment of hand outcome PubMed Central Belcher, HJCR 2013-01-01 Introduction Patient reported outcome measures are central to National Health Service quality of care assessments. This study investigated the benefit of elective hand surgery by the simultaneous analysis of pain, function and appearance, using a three-dimensional (3D) graphical model for evaluating and presenting outcome. Methods A total of 188 patients scheduled for surgery completed pre- and postoperative questionnaires grading the severity of their pain, dysfunction and deformity of their hand(s). Scores were plotted on a 3D graph to demonstrate the degree of ‘normalisation’ following surgery. Results Surgical groups included: nerve compression (n=53), Dupuytren’s disease (n=51), trigger finger (n=20), ganglion (n=17) or other lump (n=21), trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis (n=10), rheumatoid disease (n=5) and other pathology (n=13). A significant improvement towards normality was seen after surgery in each group except for patients with rheumatoid disease. Conclusions This study provides a simple, visual representation of hand surgery outcome by plotting patient scores for pain, function and appearance simultaneously on a 3D graph. PMID:24025292 10. Modelling Three Dimensional, Tape Spring Based, Space Deployable Structures NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Walker, S. J. I.; Kiley, A.; Aglietti, G. S.; Cook, A.; McDonald, A. D. 2012-07-01 Deployable structures are required for many satellite operations, to deploy booms for communications or area deployment for power generation, and many sophisticated mechanisms have been developed for these types of structures. However, tape springs, defined as thin metallic strips with an initially curved cross- section, are an attractive structural solution and hinge mechanism for satellite deployable structures because of their low mass, low cost and general simplicity. They have previously been used to deploy booms and array panels in various configurations that incorporate small two-dimensional tape hinges, but they also have the potential to be used in greater numbers to create larger, more geometrically complicated deployable structures. This publication investigates the applicability of using a simplified modelling approach to predict the deployment dynamics of a three dimensional deployable structure that uses a significant quantity of tape springs. This work builds on previous studies which have focused on the analysis of two dimensional tape spring based structures. The configuration being investigated consists of four walls mounted as a square. Each wall has three fold lines allowing the structure to fold down in a concertina style and each fold line is populated by a series of tape spring hinges mounted in pairs. A total number of around 600 individual tape springs elements are used across the 12 fold lines. A computationally efficient method of simulating the three dimensional deployable structure was studied based on a finite element explicit analysis. Equivalent static and dynamic experimental testing on a breadboard structure is presented allowing a direct comparison of the theoretical and experimental data. It was concluded that this simplified analysis approach is capable of modelling the structural dynamics in the deployment direction for three dimensional structural deployments. As a result, the use of this approach could significantly reduce 11. Parallax scanning methods for stereoscopic three-dimensional imaging NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Mayhew, Christopher A.; Mayhew, Craig M. 2012-03-01 Under certain circumstances, conventional stereoscopic imagery is subject to being misinterpreted. Stereo perception created from two static horizontally separated views can create a "cut out" 2D appearance for objects at various planes of depth. The subject volume looks three-dimensional, but the objects themselves appear flat. This is especially true if the images are captured using small disparities. One potential explanation for this effect is that, although three-dimensional perception comes primarily from binocular vision, a human's gaze (the direction and orientation of a person's eyes with respect to their environment) and head motion also contribute additional sub-process information. The absence of this information may be the reason that certain stereoscopic imagery appears "odd" and unrealistic. Another contributing factor may be the absence of vertical disparity information in a traditional stereoscopy display. Recently, Parallax Scanning technologies have been introduced, which provide (1) a scanning methodology, (2) incorporate vertical disparity, and (3) produce stereo images with substantially smaller disparities than the human interocular distances.1 To test whether these three features would improve the realism and reduce the cardboard cutout effect of stereo images, we have applied Parallax Scanning (PS) technologies to commercial stereoscopic digital cinema productions and have tested the results with a panel of stereo experts. These informal experiments show that the addition of PS information into the left and right image capture improves the overall perception of three-dimensionality for most viewers. Parallax scanning significantly increases the set of tools available for 3D storytelling while at the same time presenting imagery that is easy and pleasant to view. 12. Horseshoe Drag in Three-dimensional Globally Isothermal Disks NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Masset, F. S.; Benítez-Llambay, P. 2016-01-01 We study the horseshoe dynamics of a low-mass planet in a three-dimensional, globally isothermal, inviscid disk. We find, as reported in previous work, that the boundaries of the horseshoe region (separatrix sheets) have cylindrical symmetry about the disk’s rotation axis. We interpret this feature as arising from the fact that the whole separatrix sheets have a unique value of Bernoulli’s constant, and that this constant does not depend on altitude, but only on the cylindrical radius, in barotropic disks. We next derive an expression for the torque exerted by the horseshoe region on the planet, or horseshoe drag. Potential vorticity is not materially conserved as in two-dimensional flows, but it obeys a slightly more general conservation law (Ertel’s theorem) that allows an expression for the horseshoe drag identical to the expression in a two-dimensional disk to be obtained. Our results are illustrated and validated by three-dimensional numerical simulations. The horseshoe region is found to be slightly narrower than previously extrapolated from two-dimensional analyses with a suitable softening length of the potential. We discuss the implications of our results for the saturation of the corotation torque, and the possible connection to the flow at the Bondi scale, which the present analysis does not resolve. 13. Three-dimensional bioprinting in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. PubMed Gao, Guifang; Cui, Xiaofeng 2016-02-01 With the advances of stem cell research, development of intelligent biomaterials and three-dimensional biofabrication strategies, highly mimicked tissue or organs can be engineered. Among all the biofabrication approaches, bioprinting based on inkjet printing technology has the promises to deliver and create biomimicked tissue with high throughput, digital control, and the capacity of single cell manipulation. Therefore, this enabling technology has great potential in regenerative medicine and translational applications. The most current advances in organ and tissue bioprinting based on the thermal inkjet printing technology are described in this review, including vasculature, muscle, cartilage, and bone. In addition, the benign side effect of bioprinting to the printed mammalian cells can be utilized for gene or drug delivery, which can be achieved conveniently during precise cell placement for tissue construction. With layer-by-layer assembly, three-dimensional tissues with complex structures can be printed using converted medical images. Therefore, bioprinting based on thermal inkjet is so far the most optimal solution to engineer vascular system to the thick and complex tissues. Collectively, bioprinting has great potential and broad applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The future advances of bioprinting include the integration of different printing mechanisms to engineer biphasic or triphasic tissues with optimized scaffolds and further understanding of stem cell biology. PMID:26466597 14. Usefulness Of Three-Dimensional Printing Models for Patients with Stoma Construction PubMed Central Tominaga, Tetsuro; Takagi, Katsunori; Takeshita, Hiroaki; Miyamoto, Tomo; Shimoda, Kozue; Matsuo, Ayano; Matsumoto, Keitaro; Hidaka, Shigekazu; Yamasaki, Naoya; Sawai, Terumitsu; Nagayasu, Takeshi 2016-01-01 The use of patient-specific organ models in three-dimensional printing systems could be helpful for the education of patients and medical students. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the use of patient-specific stoma models is helpful for patient education. From January 2014 to September 2014, 5 patients who underwent colorectal surgery and for whom a temporary or permanent stoma had been created were involved in this study. Three-dimensional stoma models and three-dimensional face plates were created. The patients’ ages ranged from 59 to 81 years. Four patients underwent stoma construction because of rectal cancer, and 1 underwent stoma construction because of colon stenosis secondary to recurrent cancer. All patients were educated about their stoma and potential stoma-associated problems using three-dimensional stoma models, and all practiced cutting face plates using three-dimensional face plates. The models were also used during medical staff conferences to discuss current issues. All patients understood their problems and finally became self-reliant. The recent availability of three-dimensional printers has enabled the creation of many organ models, and full-scale stoma and face plate models are now available for patient education on cutting an appropriately individualized face plate. Thus, three-dimensional printers could enable fewer skin problems than are currently associated with daily stomal care. PMID:27403103 15. Usefulness Of Three-Dimensional Printing Models for Patients with Stoma Construction. PubMed Tominaga, Tetsuro; Takagi, Katsunori; Takeshita, Hiroaki; Miyamoto, Tomo; Shimoda, Kozue; Matsuo, Ayano; Matsumoto, Keitaro; Hidaka, Shigekazu; Yamasaki, Naoya; Sawai, Terumitsu; Nagayasu, Takeshi 2016-01-01 The use of patient-specific organ models in three-dimensional printing systems could be helpful for the education of patients and medical students. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the use of patient-specific stoma models is helpful for patient education. From January 2014 to September 2014, 5 patients who underwent colorectal surgery and for whom a temporary or permanent stoma had been created were involved in this study. Three-dimensional stoma models and three-dimensional face plates were created. The patients' ages ranged from 59 to 81 years. Four patients underwent stoma construction because of rectal cancer, and 1 underwent stoma construction because of colon stenosis secondary to recurrent cancer. All patients were educated about their stoma and potential stoma-associated problems using three-dimensional stoma models, and all practiced cutting face plates using three-dimensional face plates. The models were also used during medical staff conferences to discuss current issues. All patients understood their problems and finally became self-reliant. The recent availability of three-dimensional printers has enabled the creation of many organ models, and full-scale stoma and face plate models are now available for patient education on cutting an appropriately individualized face plate. Thus, three-dimensional printers could enable fewer skin problems than are currently associated with daily stomal care. PMID:27403103 16. MODELING THREE-DIMENSIONAL SUBSURFACE FLOW, FATE AND TRANSPORT OF MICROBES AND CHEMICALS (3DFATMIC) EPA Science Inventory A three-dimensional model simulating the subsurface flow, microbial growth and degradation, microbial-chemical reaction, and transport of microbes and chemicals has been developed. he model is designed to solve the coupled flow and transport equations. asically, the saturated-uns... 17. Development of a three-dimensional time-dependent flow field model NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Farmer, R. C.; Waldrop, W. R.; Pitts, F. H.; Shah, K. R. 1975-01-01 A three-dimensional, time-dependent mathematical model to represent Mobile Bay was developed. Computer programs were developed which numerically solve the appropriate conservation equations for predicting bay and estuary flow fields. The model is useful for analyzing the dispersion of sea water into fresh water and the transport of sediment, and for relating field and physical model data. 18. Nonlinear characteristics analysis of vortex-induced vibration for a three-dimensional flexible tube NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Feng, Zhipeng; Jiang, Naibin; Zang, Fenggang; Zhang, Yixiong; Huang, Xuan; Wu, Wanjun 2016-05-01 Vortex-induced vibration of a three-dimensional flexible tube is one of the key problems to be considered in many engineering situations. This paper aims to investigate the nonlinear dynamic behaviors and response characteristics of a three-dimensional tube under turbulent flow. The three-dimensional unsteady, viscous, incompressible Navier-Stokes equation and LES turbulence model are solved with the finite volume approach, and the dynamic equilibrium equations are discretized by the finite element theory. A three-dimensional fully coupled numerical model for vortex-induced vibration of flexible tube is proposed. The model realized the fluid-structure interaction with solving the fluid flow and the structure vibration simultaneously. Based on this model, Response regimes, trajectory, phase difference, fluid force coefficient and vortex shedding frequency are obtained. The nonlinear phenomena of lock-in, phase-switch are captured successfully. Meanwhile, the limit cycle, bifurcation of lift coefficient and displacement are analyzed using phase portrait and Poincare section. The results reveal that, a quasi-upper branch occurs in the present fluid-flexible tube coupling system with high mass-damping and low mass ratio. There is no bifurcation of lift coefficient and lateral displacement occurred in the three-dimensional flexible tube submitted to uniform turbulent flow. 19. Three-dimensional time-marching inviscid and viscous solutions for unsteady flows around vibrating blades SciTech Connect He, L.; Denton, J.D. . Whittle Lab.) 1994-07-01 20. RADIAL STELLAR PULSATION AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL CONVECTION. IV. FULL AMPLITUDE THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOLUTIONS SciTech Connect Geroux, Christopher M.; Deupree, Robert G. 2015-02-10 Three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of full amplitude RR Lyrae stars have been computed for several models across the instability strip. The three-dimensional nature of the calculations allows convection to be treated without reference to a phenomenological approach such as the local mixing length theory. Specifically, the time-dependent interaction of large-scale eddies and radial pulsation is controlled by conservation laws, while the effects of smaller convective eddies are simulated by an eddy viscosity model. The light amplitudes for these calculations are quite similar to those of our previous two-dimensional calculations in the middle of the instability strip, but somewhat lower near the red edge, the fundamental blue edge, and for the one first overtone model we computed. The time-dependent interaction between the radial pulsation and the convective energy transport is essentially the same in three dimensions as it is in two dimensions. There are some differences between the light curves of the two- and three-dimensional simulations, particularly during decreasing light. Reasons for the differences, both numerical and physical, are explored. 1. Exact analytical solutions for steady three-dimensional inviscid vortical flows NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bhattacharya, S. Vortical flows with an axial (z-axis) swirl and a toroidal circulation (in the (rho,z)-plane) can be observed in a wide range of fluid mechanical phenomena such as flow around rotary machines or natural vortices like tornadoes and hurricanes. In this paper, we obtain exact analytical solutions for a general class of steady systems with such three-dimensional circulating structures. Assuming incompressible ideal fluid, a general single-variable equation, known as the Squire-Long equation, can be constructed which can uniquely describe the velocity fields with steady axial and toroidal circulations. In this paper, we consider the case where this type of flow can be analysed by solving a linear homogeneous partial differential equation. The derived equation resembles the governing equation of the hydrogen problem. As a result, we obtain a quantization relation which is similar to the expression for the quantized energy states in a hydrogen atom.For circulating flows, this formalism provides a complete set of orthogonal basis functions which are regular and localized. Hence, each of the basis solutions can be used as a simplified model for a realistic phenomenon. Moreover, an arbitrary circulating field can be expanded in terms of these orthogonal functions. Such an expansion can be potentially useful in the study of more general vortices. As illustrations, we present a few examples where we solve the linear homogeneous equation to analyse fluid mechanical systems which can be models for circulating flow in confined geometry. First, we consider three-dimensional vortices confined between two parallel planar walls. Our examples include flows between two infinite planar walls, inside and outside a vertical cylinder bounded at the ends by horizontal plates, and in an axially confined annular region. Then we describe the special way in which the basis functions should be superposed so that a complicated steady velocity-field with three-dimensional vortical structures can 2. Three-Dimensional Tectonic Model of Taiwan NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wu, Francis; Kuo-Chen, Hao; McIntosh, kirk 2014-05-01 We built a three-dimensional model of the interactions of the Eurasian plate (EUP) the Philippine Sea plate (PSP) and the collisional orogen, in and around Taiwan. The model is based on the results of comprehensive, milt-prong TAIGER experiments on land and at sea as well as other existing data. The clockwise rotating PSP moves NWW at ~8 cm/year relative to the Taiwan Strait. Under northern Taiwan the northward subducting PSP terminates near the edge of eastern Taiwan and collides with EUP at in increasing depth toward the north. Mountain building due to collision of EUP and PSP tapers off where the PSP goes below about 60 km. The PSP in the asthenosphere continues to advance NWW-ward. In central Taiwan PSP and EUP collide fully, lithosphere against lithosphere in the upper 60 km or so, leading to significant thickening of the crust to about 55 km on the Central Range side and about 35 km on the Coastal Range/Arc side. In between these "roots" a high velocity rise is found. Although a clear, steep dipping high velocity zone under Central Taiwan is detected, it is found not to be associated with seismicity. In southern Taiwan, mountains form over well-defined, seismically active subduction zone. The upper mantle high velocity anomaly appears to be continues with that under central Taiwan, but here an inclined seismic zone is found. In this area the Luzon Arc has not yet encountered the continental shelf - thus arc-continental collision has not yet occurred. The orogeny here may involve inversion of the subducted South China Sea lithosphere, rifted Eurasian continent, and/or escape of continental material from central Taiwan. GPS and Leveling data reflect well the 3-D plate collision model. 3. Three-dimensional ring current decay model NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Fok, Mei Ching; Moore, Thomas E.; Kozyra, Janet U.; Ho, George C.; Hamilton, Douglas C. 1995-06-01 This work is an extension of a previous ring current decay model. In the previous work, a two-dimensional kinetic model was constructed to study the temporal variations of the equatorially mirroring ring current ions, considering charge exchange and Coulomb drag losses along drift paths in a magnetic dipole field. In this work, particles with arbitrary pitch angle are considered. By bounce averaging the kinetic equation of the phase space density, information along magnetic field lines can be inferred from the equator. The three-dimensional model is used to simulate the recovery phase of a model great magnetic storm, similar to that which occurred in early February 1986. The initial distribution of ring current ions (at the minimum Dst) is extrapolated to all local times from AMPTE/CCE spacecraft observations on the dawnside and duskside of the inner magnetosphere spanning the L value range L=2.25 to 6.75. Observations by AMPTE/CCE of ring current distributions over subsequent orbits during the storm recovery phase are compared to model outputs. In general, the calculated ion fluxes are consistent with observations, except for H+ fluxes at tens of keV, which are always overestimated. A newly invented visualization idea, designated as a chromogram, is used to display the spatial and energy dependence of the ring current ion diifferential flux. Important features of storm time ring current, such as day-night asymmetry during injection and drift hole on the dayside at low energies (<10 keV), are manifested in the chromogram representation. The pitch angle distribution is well fit by the function, j0(1+Ayn), where y is sine of the equatorial pitch angle. The evolution of the index n is a combined effect of charge exchange loss and particle drift. At low energies (<30 keV), both drift dispersion and charge exchange are important in determining n. ©American Geophysical 1995 4. Three Dimensional Printing in Orthopaedic Surgery PubMed Central Mulford, Jonathan; MacKay, N; Babazadeh, S 2016-01-01 Objectives: Three dimensional (3D) printing technology has many current and future applications in orthopaedics. The objectives of this article are to review published literature regarding applications of 3D technology in orthopaedic surgery with a focus on knee surgery. Methods: A narrative review of the applications of 3D printing technology in orthopaedic practice was achieved by a search of computerised databases, internet and reviewing references of identified publications. Results: There is current widespread use of 3D printing technology in orthopaedics. 3D technology can be used in education, preoperative planning and custom manufacturing. Custom manufacturing applications include surgical guides, prosthetics and implants. Many future applications exist including biological applications. 3D printed models of anatomy have assisted in the education of patients, students, trainees and surgeons. 3D printed models also assist with surgical planning of complex injuries or unusual anatomy. 3D printed surgical guides may simplify surgery, make surgery precise and reduce operative time. Computer models based on MRI or CT scans are utilised to plan surgery and placement of implants. Complex osteotomies can be performed using 3D printed surgical guides. This can be particularly useful around the knee. A 3D printed guide allows pre osteotomy drill holes for the plate fixation and provides an osteotomy guide to allow precise osteotomy. 3D printed surgical guides for knee replacement are widely available. 3D printing has allowed the emergence of custom implants. Custom implants that are patient specific have been particularly used for complex revision arthroplasty or for very difficult cases with altered anatomy. Future applications are likely to include biological 3D printing of cartilage and bone scaffolds. Conclusion: 3D printing in orthopaedic surgery has and will continue to change orthopaedic practice. Its role is to provide safe, reproducible, reliable models with 5. Three-dimensional topological insulator based nanospaser NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Paudel, Hari P.; Apalkov, Vadym; Stockman, Mark I. 2016-04-01 After the discovery of the spaser (surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), first proposed by Bergman and Stockman in 2003, it has become possible to deliver optical energy beyond the diffraction limit and generate an intense source of an optical field. The spaser is a nanoplasmonic counterpart of a laser. One of the major advantages of the spaser is its size: A spaser is a truly nanoscopic device whose size can be made smaller than the skin depth of a material to a size as small as the nonlocality radius (˜1 nm). Recently, an electrically pumped graphene based nanospaser has been proposed that operates in the midinfrared region and utilizes a nanopatch of graphene as a source of plasmons and a quantum-well cascade as its gain medium. Here we propose an optically pumped nanospaser based on three-dimensional topological insulator (3D TI) materials, such as Bi2Se3 , that operates at an energy close to the bulk band-gap energy ˜0.3 eV and uses the surface as a source for plasmons and its bulk as a gain medium. Population inversion is obtained in the bulk and the radiative energy of the exciton recombination is transferred to the surface plasmons of the same material to stimulate spasing action. This is truly a nanoscale spaser as it utilizes the same material for dual purposes. We show theoretically the possibility of achieving spasing with a 3D TI. As the spaser operates in the midinfrared spectral region, it can be a useful device for a number of applications, such as nanoscopy, nanolithography, nanospectroscopy, and semiclassical information processing. 6. Three-dimensional ring current decay model NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Fok, Mei-Ching; Moore, Thomas E.; Kozyra, Janet U.; Ho, George C.; Hamilton, Douglas C. 1995-01-01 This work is an extension of a previous ring current decay model. In the previous work, a two-dimensional kinetic model was constructed to study the temporal variations of the equatorially mirroring ring current ions, considering charge exchange and Coulomb drag losses along drift paths in a magnetic dipole field. In this work, particles with arbitrary pitch angle are considered. By bounce averaging the kinetic equation of the phase space density, information along magnetic field lines can be inferred from the equator. The three-dimensional model is used to simulate the recovery phase of a model great magnetic storm, similar to that which occurred in early February 1986. The initial distribution of ring current ions (at the minimum Dst) is extrapolated to all local times from AMPTE/CCE spacecraft observations on the dawnside and duskside of the inner magnetosphere spanning the L value range L = 2.25 to 6.75. Observations by AMPTE/CCE of ring current distributions over subsequent orbits during the storm recovery phase are compared to model outputs. In general, the calculated ion fluxes are consistent with observations, except for H(+) fluxes at tens of keV, which are always overestimated. A newly invented visualization idea, designated as a chromogram, is used to display the spatial and energy dependence of the ring current ion differential flux. Important features of storm time ring current, such as day-night asymmetry during injection and drift hole on the dayside at low energies (less than 10 keV), are manifested in the chromogram representation. The pitch angle distribution is well fit by the function, J(sub o)(1 + Ay(sup n)), where y is sine of the equatorial pitch angle. The evolution of the index n is a combined effect of charge exchange loss and particle drift. At low energies (less than 30 keV), both drift dispersion and charge exchange are important in determining n. 7. Three-dimensional kinematics of hummingbird flight. PubMed Tobalske, Bret W; Warrick, Douglas R; Clark, Christopher J; Powers, Donald R; Hedrick, Tyson L; Hyder, Gabriel A; Biewener, Andrew A 2007-07-01 Hummingbirds are specialized for hovering flight, and substantial research has explored this behavior. Forward flight is also important to hummingbirds, but the manner in which they perform forward flight is not well documented. Previous research suggests that hummingbirds increase flight velocity by simultaneously tilting their body angle and stroke-plane angle of the wings, without varying wingbeat frequency and upstroke: downstroke span ratio. We hypothesized that other wing kinematics besides stroke-plane angle would vary in hummingbirds. To test this, we used synchronized high-speed (500 Hz) video cameras and measured the three-dimensional wing and body kinematics of rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus, 3 g, N=5) as they flew at velocities of 0-12 m s(-1) in a wind tunnel. Consistent with earlier research, the angles of the body and the stroke plane changed with velocity, and the effect of velocity on wingbeat frequency was not significant. However, hummingbirds significantly altered other wing kinematics including chord angle, angle of attack, anatomical stroke-plane angle relative to their body, percent of wingbeat in downstroke, wingbeat amplitude, angular velocity of the wing, wingspan at mid-downstroke, and span ratio of the wingtips and wrists. This variation in bird-centered kinematics led to significant effects of flight velocity on the angle of attack of the wing and the area and angles of the global stroke planes during downstroke and upstroke. We provide new evidence that the paths of the wingtips and wrists change gradually but consistently with velocity, as in other bird species that possess pointed wings. Although hummingbirds flex their wings slightly at the wrist during upstroke, their average wingtip-span ratio of 93% revealed that they have kinematically ;rigid' wings compared with other avian species. PMID:17575042 8. Three-dimensional porous graphene-Co3O4 nanocomposites for high performance photocatalysts NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Bin, Zeng; Hui, Long 2015-12-01 Novel three-dimensional porous graphene-Co3O4 nanocomposites were synthesized by freeze-drying methods. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy revealed that the graphene formed a three-dimensional porous structure with Co3O4 nanoparticles decorated surfaces. The as-obtained product showed high photocatalytic efficiency and could be easily separated from the reaction medium by magnetic decantation. This nanocomposite may be expected to have potential in water purification applications. 9. Computer-assisted three-dimensional reconstruction and simulations of vestibular macular neural connectivities NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Ross, Muriel D.; Chimento, Thomas; Doshay, David; Cheng, Rei 1992-01-01 Results of computer-assisted research concerned with the three-dimensional reconstruction and simulations of vestibular macular neural connectivities are summarized. The discussion focuses on terminal/receptive fields, the question of synapses across the striola, endoplasmic reticulum and its potential role in macular information processing, and the inner epithelial plexus. Also included are preliminary results of computer simulations of nerve fiber collateral functioning, an essential step toward the three-dimensional simulation of a functioning macular neural network. 10. Three-dimensional nipple-areola tattooing: a new technique with superior results. PubMed Halvorson, Eric G; Cormican, Michael; West, Misti E; Myers, Vinnie 2014-05-01 Traditional coloring techniques for nipple-areola tattooing ignore the artistic principles of light and shadow to create depth on a two-dimensional surface. The method presented in this article is essentially the inverse of traditional technique and results in a more realistic and three-dimensional reconstruction that can appear better than surgical methods. The application of three-dimensional techniques or "realism" in tattoo artistry has significant potential to improve the aesthetic outcomes of reconstructive surgery. PMID:24776543 11. Realistic three-dimensional radiative transfer simulations of observed precipitation NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Adams, I. S.; Bettenhausen, M. H. 2013-12-01 Remote sensing observations of precipitation typically utilize a number of instruments on various platforms. Ground validation campaigns incorporate ground-based and airborne measurements to characterize and study precipitating clouds, while the precipitation measurement constellation envisioned by the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission includes measurements from differing space-borne instruments. In addition to disparities such as frequency channel selection and bandwidth, measurement geometry and resolution differences between observing platforms result in inherent inconsistencies between data products. In order to harmonize measurements from multiple passive radiometers, a framework is required that addresses these differences. To accomplish this, we have implemented a flexible three-dimensional radiative transfer model. As its core, the radiative transfer model uses the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator (ARTS) version 2 to solve the radiative transfer equation in three dimensions using Monte Carlo integration. Gaseous absorption is computed with MonoRTM and formatted into look-up tables for rapid processing. Likewise, scattering properties are pre-computed using a number of publicly available codes, such as T-Matrix and DDSCAT. If necessary, a melting layer model can be applied to the input profiles. Gaussian antenna beams estimate the spatial resolutions of the passive measurements, and realistic bandpass characteristics can be included to properly account for the spectral response of the simulated instrument. This work presents three-dimensional simulations of WindSat brightness temperatures for an oceanic rain event sampled by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. The 2B-31 combined Precipitation Radar / TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) retrievals provide profiles that are the input to the radiative transfer model. TMI brightness temperatures are also simulated. Comparisons between monochromatic, pencil beam simulations and 12. A new mosaic method for three-dimensional surface NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yuan, Yun; Zhu, Zhaokun; Ding, Yongjun 2011-08-01 Three-dimensional (3-D) data mosaic is a indispensable link in surface measurement and digital terrain map generation. With respect to the mosaic problem of the local unorganized cloud points with rude registration and mass mismatched points, a new mosaic method for 3-D surface based on RANSAC is proposed. Every circular of this method is processed sequentially by random sample with additional shape constraint, data normalization of cloud points, absolute orientation, data denormalization of cloud points, inlier number statistic, etc. After N random sample trials the largest consensus set is selected, and at last the model is re-estimated using all the points in the selected subset. The minimal subset is composed of three non-colinear points which form a triangle. The shape of triangle is considered in random sample selection in order to make the sample selection reasonable. A new coordinate system transformation algorithm presented in this paper is used to avoid the singularity. The whole rotation transformation between the two coordinate systems can be solved by twice rotations expressed by Euler angle vector, each rotation has explicit physical means. Both simulation and real data are used to prove the correctness and validity of this mosaic method. This method has better noise immunity due to its robust estimation property, and has high accuracy as the shape constraint is added to random sample and the data normalization added to the absolute orientation. This method is applicable for high precision measurement of three-dimensional surface and also for the 3-D terrain mosaic. 13. MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSIFICATION BY THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL 'EXPLOSION' PROCESS SciTech Connect Hotta, H.; Yokoyama, T.; Rempel, M. 2012-11-01 We investigate an intensification mechanism for the magnetic field near the base of the solar convection zone that does not rely on differential rotation. Such mechanism in addition to differential rotation has been suggested by studies of flux emergence, which typically require field strength in excess of those provided by differential rotation alone. We study here a process in which potential energy of the superadiabatically stratified convection zone is converted into magnetic energy. This mechanism, known as the 'explosion of magnetic flux tubes', has been previously studied in thin flux tube approximation as well as two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations; here we expand the investigation to three-dimensional MHD simulations. Our main result is that enough intensification can be achieved in a three-dimensional magnetic flux sheet as long as the spatial scale of the imposed perturbation normal to the magnetic field is sufficiently large. When this spatial scale is small, the flux sheet tends to rise toward the surface, resulting in a significant decrease of the magnetic field amplification. 14. Modeling of Unsteady Three-dimensional Flows in Multistage Machines NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Hall, Kenneth C.; Pratt, Edmund T., Jr.; Kurkov, Anatole (Technical Monitor) 2003-01-01 15. Mach Cones in Three-Dimensional Yukawa Crystals NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Qian, Xin; Bhattacharjee, Amitava 2006-10-01 Mach cones have been observed in two-dimensional dusty plasma experiments (D. Samsonov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 83, 3649, 1999) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations assuming that the dust particles interact via a Yukawa potential (Z. W. Ma and A. Bhattacharjee, Phys. Plasmas, 9, 3349, 2002). We present new simulation results of Mach cones in three-dimensional Yukawa crystals excited by external laser forcing. As is well known, these crystals can be of the bcc and fcc type, and experiments have produced crystals with both types coexisting. Under a variety of conditions, our simulations show stable three-dimensional Mach cones with a tent structure. While the two-dimensional projection of these cones resemble the multiple cone structure of two-dimensional cones, they need larger dust charge and higher-amplitude forcing for their excitation. We present results on the effect of melting on these Mach cones, and their structures in the near-field and far-field regions. 16. A Novel Three-Dimensional Human Peritubular Microvascular System. PubMed Ligresti, Giovanni; Nagao, Ryan J; Xue, Jun; Choi, Yoon Jung; Xu, Jin; Ren, Shuyu; Aburatani, Takahide; Anderson, Susan K; MacDonald, James W; Bammler, Theo K; Schwartz, Stephen M; Muczynski, Kimberly A; Duffield, Jeremy S; Himmelfarb, Jonathan; Zheng, Ying 2016-08-01 Human kidney peritubular capillaries are particularly susceptible to injury, resulting in dysregulated angiogenesis, capillary rarefaction and regression, and progressive loss of kidney function. However, little is known about the structure and function of human kidney microvasculature. Here, we isolated, purified, and characterized human kidney peritubular microvascular endothelial cells (HKMECs) and reconstituted a three-dimensional human kidney microvasculature in a flow-directed microphysiologic system. By combining epithelial cell depletion and cell culture in media with high concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor, we obtained HKMECs of high purity in large quantity. Unlike other endothelial cells, isolated HKMECs depended on high vascular endothelial growth factor concentration for survival and growth and exhibited high tubulogenic but low angiogenic potential. Furthermore, HKMECs had a different transcriptional profile. Under flow, HKMECs formed a thin fenestrated endothelium with a functional permeability barrier. In conclusion, this three-dimensional HKMEC-specific microphysiologic system recapitulates human kidney microvascular structure and function and shows phenotypic characteristics different from those of other microvascular endothelial cells. PMID:26657868 17. Three dimensional dynamics of a flexible Motorised Momentum Exchange Tether NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Ismail, N. A.; Cartmell, M. P. 2016-03-01 This paper presents a new flexural model for the three dimensional dynamics of the Motorised Momentum Exchange Tether (MMET) concept. This study has uncovered the relationships between planar and nonplanar motions, and the effect of the coupling between these two parameters on pragmatic circular and elliptical orbits. The tether sub-spans are modelled as stiffened strings governed by partial differential equations of motion, with specific boundary conditions. The tether sub-spans are flexible and elastic, thereby allowing three dimensional displacements. The boundary conditions lead to a specific frequency equation and the eigenvalues from this provide the natural frequencies of the orbiting flexible motorised tether when static, accelerating in monotonic spin, and at terminal angular velocity. A rotation transformation matrix has been utilised to get the position vectors of the system's components in an assumed inertial frame. Spatio-temporal coordinates are transformed to modal coordinates before applying Lagrange's equations, and pre-selected linear modes are included to generate the equations of motion. The equations of motion contain inertial nonlinearities which are essentially of cubic order, and these show the potential for intricate intermodal coupling effects. A simulation of planar and non-planar motions has been undertaken and the differences in the modal responses, for both motions, and between the rigid body and flexible models are highlighted and discussed. 18. Interactive graphical tools for three-dimensional mesh redistribution SciTech Connect Dobbs, L.A. 1996-03-01 Three-dimensional meshes modeling nonlinear problems such as sheet metal forming, metal forging, heat transfer during welding, the propagation of microwaves through gases, and automobile crashes require highly refined meshes in local areas to accurately represent areas of high curvature, stress, and strain. These locally refined areas develop late in the simulation and/or move during the course of the simulation, thus making it difficult to predict their exact location. This thesis is a systematic study of new tools scientists can use with redistribution algorithms to enhance the solution results and reduce the time to build, solve, and analyze nonlinear finite element problems. Participatory design techniques including Contextual Inquiry and Design were used to study and analyze the process of solving such problems. This study and analysis led to the in-depth understanding of the types of interactions performed by FEM scientists. Based on this understanding, a prototype tool was designed to support these interactions. Scientists participated in evaluating the design as well as the implementation of the prototype tool. The study, analysis, prototype tool design, and the results of the evaluation of the prototype tool are described in this thesis. 19. Numerical investigation of the three-dimensional development in boundary layer transition NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Fasel, H. F.; Rist, U.; Konzelmann, U. 1987-06-01 A numerical method for solving the complete Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible flows is introduced that is applicable for investigating three-dimensional transition phenomena in a spatially-growing boundary layer. Results are discussed for a test case with small three-dimensional disturbances for which detailed comparison to linear stability theory is possible. The validity of this numerical model for investigating nonlinear transition phenomena is demonstrated by realistic spatial simulations of the experiments by Kachanov and Levchenko (1984) for a subharmonic resonance breakdown and of the experiments of Klebanoff et al. (1962) for a fundamental resonance breakdown. 20. The efficient simulation of separated three-dimensional viscous flows using the boundary-layer equations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Van Dalsem, W. R.; Steger, J. L. 1985-01-01 A simple and computationally efficient algorithm for solving the unsteady three-dimensional boundary-layer equations in the time-accurate or relaxation mode is presented. Results of the new algorithm are shown to be in quantitative agreement with detailed experimental data for flow over a swept infinite wing. The separated flow over a 6:1 ellipsoid at angle of attack, and the transonic flow over a finite-wing with shock-induced 'mushroom' separation are also computed and compared with available experimental data. It is concluded that complex, separated, three-dimensional viscous layers can be economically and routinely computed using a time-relaxation boundary-layer algorithm. 1. A quasi-three-dimensional blade surface boundary layer analysis for rotating blade rows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Thompkins, W. T., Jr.; Usab, W. J., Jr. 1981-01-01 A quasi-three-dimensional approximation has been developed for a blade boundary layer which involves the calculation of the effect of nonzero pressure gradients, turbulent flow, and blade twist, but includes only a simple coupling between streamlines. The resulting set of equations is solved using Keller's box scheme. The solution scheme is checked against available incompressible flow solutions and then applied to a NASA low aspect ratio transonic compressor stage for which extensive experimental and computational data are available. It is found that the three-dimensional boundary layer separates significantly sooner and has a much larger influence on rotor performance than would be expected from a two-dimensional analysis. 2. Three-dimensional computations of cross-flow injection and combustion in a supersonic flow NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Carpenter, M. H. 1989-01-01 A low-storage version of the SPARK3D code which is based on the temporally second-order accurate MacCormack (1969) explicit scheme is used to solve the governing equations for three-dimensional chemically reacting flows with finite-rate chemistry. The code includes a fourth-order compact spatial scheme capable of providing higher order spatial accuracy, and it is used to study two-dimensional linear advection, two-dimensional Euler flow, and three-dimensional viscous flow. Also considered are the injection, mixing, and combustion of hydrogen in a supersonic cross stream. 3. Grid Generator for Two, Three-dimensional Finite Element Subsurface Flow Models 1993-04-28 GRIDMAKER serves as a preprocessor for finite element models in solving two- and three-dimensional subsurface flow and pollutant transport problems. It is designed to generate three-point triangular or four-point quadrilateral elements for two-dimensional domains and eight-point hexahedron elements for three-dimensional domains. A two-dimensional domain of an aquifer with a variable depth layer is treated as a special case for depth-integrated two-dimensional, finite element subsurface flow models. The program accommodates the need for aquifers with heterogeneousmore » systems by identifying the type of material in each element.« less 4. Maneuvering target tracking algorithm based on current statistical model in three dimensional space NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Huang, Ligang; Yan, Kang; Wang, Xiangdong 2015-07-01 This paper is mainly to solve the problems associated with maneuvering target tracking based current statistical model in three dimensional space. Firstly, a three-dimensional model of the nine state variables is presented. Then adaptive Kalman filtering algorithm is designed with the motor acceleration data mean and variance. Finally, A simulation about the adaptive Kalman filtering put forward by this thesis and the direct calculation method is given, which aim at the maneuvering target in three-dimension. The results show the good performances such as better target position, velocity and acceleration estimates brought by the proposed approach by presenting and discussing the simulation results. 5. Airway branching morphogenesis in three dimensional culture PubMed Central 2010-01-01 Background Lungs develop from the fetal digestive tract where epithelium invades the vascular rich stroma in a process called branching morphogenesis. In organogenesis, endothelial cells have been shown to be important for morphogenesis and the maintenance of organ structure. The aim of this study was to recapitulate human lung morphogenesis in vitro by establishing a three dimensional (3D) co-culture model where lung epithelial cells were cultured in endothelial-rich stroma. Methods We used a human bronchial epithelial cell line (VA10) recently developed in our laboratory. This cell line cell line maintains a predominant basal cell phenotype, expressing p63 and other basal markers such as cytokeratin-5 and -14. Here, we cultured VA10 with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), to mimic the close interaction between these cell types during lung development. Morphogenesis and differentiation was monitored by phase contrast microscopy, immunostainings and confocal imaging. Results We found that in co-culture with endothelial cells, the VA10 cells generated bronchioalveolar like structures, suggesting that lung epithelial branching is facilitated by the presence of endothelial cells. The VA10 derived epithelial structures display various complex patterns of branching and show partial alveolar type-II differentiation with pro-Surfactant-C expression. The epithelial origin of the branching VA10 colonies was confirmed by immunostaining. These bronchioalveolar-like structures were polarized with respect to integrin expression at the cell-matrix interface. The endothelial-induced branching was mediated by soluble factors. Furthermore, fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR-2) and sprouty-2 were expressed at the growing tips of the branching structures and the branching was inhibited by the FGFR-small molecule inhibitor SU5402. Discussion In this study we show that a human lung epithelial cell line can be induced by endothelial cells to form branching 6. Development of a Three-Dimensional Hand Model Using Three-Dimensional Stereophotogrammetry: Assessment of Image Reproducibility PubMed Central Hoevenaren, Inge A.; Meulstee, J.; Krikken, E.; Bergé, S. J.; Ulrich, D. J. O.; Maal, Thomas J. J. 2015-01-01 Purpose Using three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry precise images and reconstructions of the human body can be produced. Over the last few years, this technique is mainly being developed in the field of maxillofacial reconstructive surgery, creating fusion images with computed tomography (CT) data for precise planning and prediction of treatment outcome. Though, in hand surgery 3D stereophotogrammetry is not yet being used in clinical settings. Methods A total of 34 three-dimensional hand photographs were analyzed to investigate the reproducibility. For every individual, 3D photographs were captured at two different time points (baseline T0 and one week later T1). Using two different registration methods, the reproducibility of the methods was analyzed. Furthermore, the differences between 3D photos of men and women were compared in a distance map as a first clinical pilot testing our registration method. Results The absolute mean registration error for the complete hand was 1.46 mm. This reduced to an error of 0.56 mm isolating the region to the palm of the hand. When comparing hands of both sexes, it was seen that the male hand was larger (broader base and longer fingers) than the female hand. Conclusions This study shows that 3D stereophotogrammetry can produce reproducible images of the hand without harmful side effects for the patient, so proving to be a reliable method for soft tissue analysis. Its potential use in everyday practice of hand surgery needs to be further explored. PMID:26366860 7. Three-dimensional carbon nanotube based photovoltaics NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Flicker, Jack 2011-12-01 Photovoltaic (PV) cells with a three dimensional (3D) morphology are an exciting new research thrust with promise to create cheaper, more efficient solar cells. This work introduces a new type of 3D PV device based on carbon nanotube (CNT) arrays. These arrays are paired with the thin film heterojunction, CdTe/CdS, to form a complete 3D carbon nanotube PV device (3DCNTPV). Marriage of a complicated 3D structure with production methods traditionally used for planar CdTe solar cell is challenging. This work examines the problems associated with processing these types of cells and systematically alters production methods of the semiconductor layers and electrodes to increase the short circuit current (Isc), eliminate parasitic shunts, and increase the open circuit voltage (Voc). The main benefit of 3D solar cell is the ability to utilize multiple photon interactions with the solar cell surface. The three dimensionality allows photons to interact multiple times with the photoactive material, which increases the absorption and the overall power output over what is possible with a two dimensional (2D) morphology. To quantify the increased power output arising from these multiple photon interactions, a new absorption efficiency term, eta3D, is introduced. The theoretical basis behind this new term and how it relates to the absorption efficiency of a planar cell, eta 2D, is derived. A unique model for the average number of multiple photon impingements, Gamma, is proposed based on three categories of 3D morphology: an infinite trench, an enclosed box, and an array of towers. The derivation of eta3D and Gamma for these 3D PV devices gives a complete picture of the enhanced power output over 2D cells based on CNT array height, pitch, radius, and shape. This theory is validated by monte carlo simulations and experiment. This new type of 3D PV devices has been shown to work experimentally. The first 3DCNTPV cells created posses Isc values of 0.085 to 17.872mA/cm2 and Voc values 8. Structured image reconstruction for three-dimensional ghost imaging lidar. PubMed Yu, Hong; Li, Enrong; Gong, Wenlin; Han, Shensheng 2015-06-01 A structured image reconstruction method has been proposed to obtain high quality images in three-dimensional ghost imaging lidar. By considering the spatial structure relationship between recovered images of scene slices at different longitudinal distances, orthogonality constraint has been incorporated to reconstruct the three-dimensional scenes in remote sensing. Numerical simulations have been performed to demonstrate that scene slices with various sparse ratios can be recovered more accurately by applying orthogonality constraint, and the enhancement is significant especially for ghost imaging with less measurements. A simulated three-dimensional city scene has been successfully reconstructed by using structured image reconstruction in three-dimensional ghost imaging lidar. PMID:26072814 9. A three-dimensional fast solver for arbitrary vorton distributions SciTech Connect Strickland, J.H.; Baty, R.S. 1994-05-01 A method which is capable of an efficient calculation of the three-dimensional flow field produced by a large system of vortons (discretized regions of vorticity) is presented in this report. The system of vortons can, in turn, be used to model body surfaces, container boundaries, free-surfaces, plumes, jets, and wakes in unsteady three-dimensional flow fields. This method takes advantage of multipole and local series expansions which enables one to make calculations for interactions between groups of vortons which are in well-separated spatial domains rather than having to consider interactions between every pair of vortons. In this work, series expansions for the vector potential of the vorton system are obtained. From such expansions, the three components of velocity can be obtained explicitly. A Fortran computer code FAST3D has been written to calculate the vector potential and the velocity components at selected points in the flow field. In this code, the evaluation points do not have to coincide with the location of the vortons themselves. Test cases have been run to benchmark the truncation errors and CPU time savings associated with the method. Non-dimensional truncation errors for the magnitudes of the vector potential and velocity fields are on the order of 10{sup {minus}4}and 10{sup {minus}3} respectively. Single precision accuracy produces errors in these quantities of up to 10{sup {minus}5}. For less than 1,000 to 2,000 vortons in the field, there is virtually no CPU time savings with the fast solver. For 100,000 vortons in the flow, the fast solver obtains solutions in 1 % to 10% of the time required for the direct solution technique depending upon the configuration. 10. Comparison of kinetic theory predictions with experimental results for a vibrated three-dimensional granular bed NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Viswanathan, H.; Wildman, R. D.; Huntley, J. M.; Martin, T. W. 2006-11-01 The three-dimensional conservation equations relating energy and momentum transfer in a vibrated three-dimensional granular bed have been solved numerically by the finite element method. Two closures based on granular kinetic theory were used: one, the standard Fourier law relating heat flux to temperature gradient and the other, including an additional concentration gradient term. Each prediction of the two-dimensional axisymmetric granular temperature and packing fraction fields was compared against a one-dimensional model and three-dimensional experimental results, acquired using the technique of positron emission particle tracking. Both closures resulted in solutions that were in reasonable agreement with the experimental results, but it was found that differences between the predictions of each of the closures were relatively small in comparison to the anisotropy of the experimentally determined temperature distribution. 11. Coherent diffraction imaging: consistency of the assembled three-dimensional distribution. PubMed Tegze, Miklós; Bortel, Gábor 2016-07-01 The short pulses of X-ray free-electron lasers can produce diffraction patterns with structural information before radiation damage destroys the particle. From the recorded diffraction patterns the structure of particles or molecules can be determined on the nano- or even atomic scale. In a coherent diffraction imaging experiment thousands of diffraction patterns of identical particles are recorded and assembled into a three-dimensional distribution which is subsequently used to solve the structure of the particle. It is essential to know, but not always obvious, that the assembled three-dimensional reciprocal-space intensity distribution is really consistent with the measured diffraction patterns. This paper shows that, with the use of correlation maps and a single parameter calculated from them, the consistency of the three-dimensional distribution can be reliably validated. PMID:27357847 12. Implicit solution of three-dimensional internal turbulent flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Michelassi, V.; Liou, M.-S.; Povinelli, L. A. 1990-01-01 The scalar form of the approximate factorization method was used to develop a new code for the solution of three-dimensional internal laminar and turbulent compressible flows. The Navier-Stokes equations in their Reynolds-averaged form are iterated in time until a steady solution is reached. Evidence is given to the implicit and explicit artificial damping schemes that proved to be particularly efficient in speeding up convergence and enhancing the algorithm robustness. A conservative treatment of these terms at domain boundaries is proposed in order to avoid undesired mass and/or momentum artificial fluxes. Turbulence effects are accounted for by the zero-equation Baldwin-Lomax turbulence model and the q-omega two-equation model. For the first, an investigation on the model behavior in case of multiple boundaries is performed. The flow in a developing S-duct is then solved in the laminar regime at Reynolds number (Re) 790 and in the turbulent regime at Re=40,000 using the Baldwin-Lomax model . The Stanitz elbow is then solved using an inviscid version of the same code at M(sub inlet)=0.4. Grid dependence and convergence rate are investigated showing that for this solver the implicit damping scheme may play a critical role for convergence characteristics. The same flow at Re=2.5x10(exp 6) is solved with the Baldwin-Lomax and the q-omega models. Both approaches showed satisfactory agreement with experiments, although the q-omega model is slightly more accurate. 13. Advanced Three-Dimensional Display System NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Geng, Jason 2005-01-01 A desktop-scale, computer-controlled display system, initially developed for NASA and now known as the VolumeViewer(TradeMark), generates three-dimensional (3D) images of 3D objects in a display volume. This system differs fundamentally from stereoscopic and holographic display systems: The images generated by this system are truly 3D in that they can be viewed from almost any angle, without the aid of special eyeglasses. It is possible to walk around the system while gazing at its display volume to see a displayed object from a changing perspective, and multiple observers standing at different positions around the display can view the object simultaneously from their individual perspectives, as though the displayed object were a real 3D object. At the time of writing this article, only partial information on the design and principle of operation of the system was available. It is known that the system includes a high-speed, silicon-backplane, ferroelectric-liquid-crystal spatial light modulator (SLM), multiple high-power lasers for projecting images in multiple colors, a rotating helix that serves as a moving screen for displaying voxels [volume cells or volume elements, in analogy to pixels (picture cells or picture elements) in two-dimensional (2D) images], and a host computer. The rotating helix and its motor drive are the only moving parts. Under control by the host computer, a stream of 2D image patterns is generated on the SLM and projected through optics onto the surface of the rotating helix. The system utilizes a parallel pixel/voxel-addressing scheme: All the pixels of the 2D pattern on the SLM are addressed simultaneously by laser beams. This parallel addressing scheme overcomes the difficulty of achieving both high resolution and a high frame rate in a raster scanning or serial addressing scheme. It has been reported that the structure of the system is simple and easy to build, that the optical design and alignment are not difficult, and that the 14. Three dimensional Visualization of Jupiter's Equatorial Region NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1997-01-01 Frames from a three dimensional visualization of Jupiter's equatorial region. The images used cover an area of 34,000 kilometers by 11,000 kilometers (about 21,100 by 6,800 miles) near an equatorial 'hotspot' similar to the site where the probe from NASA's Galileo spacecraft entered Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7th, 1995. These features are holes in the bright, reflective, equatorial cloud layer where warmer thermal emission from Jupiter's deep atmosphere can pass through. The circulation patterns observed here along with the composition measurements from the Galileo Probe suggest that dry air may be converging and sinking over these regions, maintaining their cloud-free appearance. The bright clouds to the right of the hotspot as well as the other bright features may be examples of upwelling of moist air and condensation. This frame is a view from above and to the south of the visualized area, showing the entire model. The entire region is overlain by a thin, transparent haze. In places the haze is high and thick, especially to the east (to the right of) the hotspot. Galileo is the first spacecraft to image Jupiter in near-infrared light (which is invisible to the human eye) using three filters at 727, 756, and 889 nanometers (nm). Because light at these three wavelengths is absorbed at different altitudes by atmospheric methane, a comparison of the resulting images reveals information about the heights of clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. This information can be visualized by rendering cloud surfaces with the appropriate height variations. The visualization reduces Jupiter's true cloud structure to two layers. The height of a high haze layer is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity of Jupiter at 889 nm. The height of a lower tropospheric cloud is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity at 727 nm divided by that at 756 nm. This model is overly simplistic, but is based on more sophisticated studies of Jupiter's cloud structure. The upper 15. Three dimensional Visualization of Jupiter's Equatorial Region NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1997-01-01 Frames from a three dimensional visualization of Jupiter's equatorial region. The images used cover an area of 34,000 kilometers by 11,000 kilometers (about 21,100 by 6,800 miles) near an equatorial 'hotspot' similar to the site where the probe from NASA's Galileo spacecraft entered Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7th, 1995. These features are holes in the bright, reflective, equatorial cloud layer where warmer thermal emission from Jupiter's deep atmosphere can pass through. The circulation patterns observed here along with the composition measurements from the Galileo Probe suggest that dry air may be converging and sinking over these regions, maintaining their cloud-free appearance. The bright clouds to the right of the hotspot as well as the other bright features may be examples of upwelling of moist air and condensation. This frame is a view to the northeast, from between the cloud layers and above the streaks in the lower cloud leading towards the hotspot. The upper haze layer has some features that match the lower cloud, such as the bright streak in the foreground of the frame. These are probably thick clouds that span several tens of vertical kilometers. Galileo is the first spacecraft to image Jupiter in near-infrared light (which is invisible to the human eye) using three filters at 727, 756, and 889 nanometers (nm). Because light at these three wavelengths is absorbed at different altitudes by atmospheric methane, a comparison of the resulting images reveals information about the heights of clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. This information can be visualized by rendering cloud surfaces with the appropriate height variations. The visualization reduces Jupiter's true cloud structure to two layers. The height of a high haze layer is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity of Jupiter at 889 nm. The height of a lower tropospheric cloud is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity at 727 nm divided by that at 756 nm. This model is overly 16. Three dimensional Visualization of Jupiter's Equatorial Region NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1997-01-01 Frames from a three dimensional visualization of Jupiter's equatorial region. The images used cover an area of 34,000 kilometers by 11,000 kilometers (about 21,100 by 6,800 miles) near an equatorial 'hotspot' similar to the site where the probe from NASA's Galileo spacecraft entered Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7th, 1995. These features are holes in the bright, reflective, equatorial cloud layer where warmer thermal emission from Jupiter's deep atmosphere can pass through. The circulation patterns observed here along with the composition measurements from the Galileo Probe suggest that dry air may be converging and sinking over these regions, maintaining their cloud-free appearance. The bright clouds to the right of the hotspot as well as the other bright features may be examples of upwelling of moist air and condensation. This frame is a view to the southeast, from between the cloud layers and over the north center of the region. The tall white clouds in the lower cloud deck are probably much like large terrestrial thunderclouds. They may be regions where atmospheric water powers vertical convection over large horizontal distances. Galileo is the first spacecraft to image Jupiter in near-infrared light (which is invisible to the human eye) using three filters at 727, 756, and 889 nanometers (nm). Because light at these three wavelengths is absorbed at different altitudes by atmospheric methane, a comparison of the resulting images reveals information about the heights of clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. This information can be visualized by rendering cloud surfaces with the appropriate height variations. The visualization reduces Jupiter's true cloud structure to two layers. The height of a high haze layer is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity of Jupiter at 889 nm. The height of a lower tropospheric cloud is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity at 727 nm divided by that at 756 nm. This model is overly simplistic, but is based on 17. Three dimensional Visualization of Jupiter's Equatorial Region NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1997-01-01 Frames from a three dimensional visualization of Jupiter's equatorial region. The images used cover an area of 34,000 kilometers by 11,000 kilometers (about 21,100 by 6,800 miles) near an equatorial 'hotspot' similar to the site where the probe from NASA's Galileo spacecraft entered Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7th, 1995. These features are holes in the bright, reflective, equatorial cloud layer where warmer thermal emission from Jupiter's deep atmosphere can pass through. The circulation patterns observed here along with the composition measurements from the Galileo Probe suggest that dry air may be converging and sinking over these regions, maintaining their cloud-free appearance. The bright clouds to the right of the hotspot as well as the other bright features may be examples of upwelling of moist air and condensation. This frame is a view to the northeast, from between the cloud layers and above the streaks in the lower cloud leading towards the hotspot. The hotspot is clearly visible as a deep blue feature. The cloud streaks end near the hotspot, consistent with the idea that clouds traveling along these streak lines descend and evaporate as they approach the hotspot. The upper haze layer is slightly bowed upwards above the hotspot. Galileo is the first spacecraft to image Jupiter in near-infrared light (which is invisible to the human eye) using three filters at 727, 756, and 889 nanometers (nm). Because light at these three wavelengths is absorbed at different altitudes by atmospheric methane, a comparison of the resulting images reveals information about the heights of clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. This information can be visualized by rendering cloud surfaces with the appropriate height variations. The visualization reduces Jupiter's true cloud structure to two layers. The height of a high haze layer is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity of Jupiter at 889 nm. The height of a lower tropospheric cloud is assumed to be proportional 18. Three dimensional Visualization of Jupiter's Equatorial Region NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1997-01-01 Frames from a three dimensional visualization of Jupiter's equatorial region. The images used cover an area of 34,000 kilometers by 11,000 kilometers (about 21,100 by 6,800 miles) near an equatorial 'hotspot' similar to the site where the probe from NASA's Galileo spacecraft entered Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7th, 1995. These features are holes in the bright, reflective, equatorial cloud layer where warmer thermal emission from Jupiter's deep atmosphere can pass through. The circulation patterns observed here along with the composition measurements from the Galileo Probe suggest that dry air may be converging and sinking over these regions, maintaining their cloud-free appearance. The bright clouds to the right of the hotspot as well as the other bright features may be examples of upwelling of moist air and condensation. This frame is a view to the west, from between the cloud layers and over the patchy white clouds to the east of the hotspot. This is probably an area where moist convection is occurring over large horizontal distances, similar to the atmosphere over the equatorial ocean on Earth. The clouds are high and thick, and are observed to change rapidly over short time scales. Galileo is the first spacecraft to image Jupiter in near-infrared light (which is invisible to the human eye) using three filters at 727, 756, and 889 nanometers (nm). Because light at these three wavelengths is absorbed at different altitudes by atmospheric methane, a comparison of the resulting images reveals information about the heights of clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. This information can be visualized by rendering cloud surfaces with the appropriate height variations. The visualization reduces Jupiter's true cloud structure to two layers. The height of a high haze layer is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity of Jupiter at 889 nm. The height of a lower tropospheric cloud is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity at 727 nm divided by that at 756 19. Three dimensional Visualization of Jupiter's Equatorial Region NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1997-01-01 Frames from a three dimensional visualization of Jupiter's equatorial region. The images used cover an area of 34,000 kilometers by 11,000 kilometers (about 21,100 by 6,800 miles) near an equatorial 'hotspot' similar to the site where the probe from NASA's Galileo spacecraft entered Jupiter's atmosphere on December 7th, 1995. These features are holes in the bright, reflective, equatorial cloud layer where warmer thermal emission from Jupiter's deep atmosphere can pass through. The circulation patterns observed here along with the composition measurements from the Galileo Probe suggest that dry air may be converging and sinking over these regions, maintaining their cloud-free appearance. The bright clouds to the right of the hotspot as well as the other bright features may be examples of upwelling of moist air and condensation. This frame is a view from the southwest looking northeast, from an altitude just above the high haze layer. The streaks in the lower cloud leading towards the hotspot are visible. The upper haze layer is mostly flat, with notable small peaks that can be matched with features in the lower cloud. In reality, these areas may represent a continuous vertical cloud column. Galileo is the first spacecraft to image Jupiter in near-infrared light (which is invisible to the human eye) using three filters at 727, 756, and 889 nanometers (nm). Because light at these three wavelengths is absorbed at different altitudes by atmospheric methane, a comparison of the resulting images reveals information about the heights of clouds in Jupiter's atmosphere. This information can be visualized by rendering cloud surfaces with the appropriate height variations. The visualization reduces Jupiter's true cloud structure to two layers. The height of a high haze layer is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity of Jupiter at 889 nm. The height of a lower tropospheric cloud is assumed to be proportional to the reflectivity at 727 nm divided by that at 756 20. Three-Dimensional Gear Crack Propagation Studied NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Lewicki, David G. 1999-01-01 Gears used in current helicopters and turboprops are designed for light weight, high margins of safety, and high reliability. However, unexpected gear failures may occur even with adequate tooth design. To design an extremely safe system, the designer must ask and address the question, "What happens when a failure occurs?" With gear-tooth bending fatigue, tooth or rim fractures may occur. A crack that propagates through a rim will be catastrophic, leading to disengagement of the rotor or propeller, loss of an aircraft, and possible fatalities. This failure mode should be avoided. A crack that propagates through a tooth may or may not be catastrophic, depending on the design and operating conditions. Also, early warning of this failure mode may be possible because of advances in modern diagnostic systems. One concept proposed to address bending fatigue fracture from a safety aspect is a splittooth gear design. The prime objective of this design would be to control crack propagation in a desired direction such that at least half of the tooth would remain operational should a bending failure occur. A study at the NASA Lewis Research Center analytically validated the crack-propagation failsafe characteristics of a split-tooth gear. It used a specially developed three-dimensional crack analysis program that was based on boundary element modeling and principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics. Crack shapes as well as the crack-propagation life were predicted on the basis of the calculated stress intensity factors, mixed-mode crack-propagation trajectory theories, and fatigue crack-growth theories. The preceding figures show the effect of the location of initial cracks on crack propagation. Initial cracks in the fillet of the teeth produced stress intensity factors of greater magnitude (and thus, greater crack growth rates) than those in the root or groove areas of the teeth. Crack growth was simulated in a case study to evaluate crack-propagation paths. Tooth 1. Applications of three-dimensional carbon nanotube networks PubMed Central Castrucci, Paola; De Nicola, Francesco; Cacciotti, Ilaria; Nanni, Francesca; Gatto, Emanuela; Venanzi, Mariano; De Crescenzi, Maurizio 2015-01-01 Summary In this paper, we show that it is possible to synthesize carbon-based three-dimensional networks by adding sulfur, as growth enhancer, during the synthesis process. The obtained material is self-supporting and consists of curved and interconnected carbon nanotubes and to lesser extent of carbon fibers. Studies on the microstructure indicate that the assembly presents a marked variability in the tube external diameter and in the inner structure. We study the relationship between the observed microscopic properties and some potential applications. In particular, we show that the porous nature of the network is directly responsible for the hydrophobic and the lipophilic behavior. Moreover, we used a cut piece of the produced carbon material as working electrode in a standard electrochemical cell and, thus, demonstrating the capability of the system to respond to incident light in the visible and near-ultraviolet region and to generate a photocurrent. PMID:25977850 2. Human gesture recognition using three-dimensional integral imaging. PubMed Javier Traver, V; Latorre-Carmona, Pedro; Salvador-Balaguer, Eva; Pla, Filiberto; Javidi, Bahram 2014-10-01 Three-dimensional (3D) integral imaging allows one to reconstruct a 3D scene, including range information, and provides sectional refocused imaging of 3D objects at different ranges. This paper explores the potential use of 3D passive sensing integral imaging for human gesture recognition tasks from sequences of reconstructed 3D video scenes. As a preliminary testbed, the 3D integral imaging sensing is implemented using an array of cameras with the appropriate algorithms for 3D scene reconstruction. Recognition experiments are performed by acquiring 3D video scenes of multiple hand gestures performed by ten people. We analyze the capability and performance of gesture recognition using 3D integral imaging representations at given distances and compare its performance with the use of standard two-dimensional (2D) single-camera videos. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on using 3D integral imaging for human gesture recognition. PMID:25401260 3. Three-dimensional Nuclear Telomere Organization in Multiple Myeloma12 PubMed Central Klewes, Ludger; Vallente, Rhea; Dupas, Eric; Brand, Carolin; Grün, Dietrich; Guffei, Amanda; Sathitruangsak, Chirawadee; Awe, Julius A; Kuzyk, Alexandra; Lichtensztejn, Daniel; Tammur, Pille; Ilus, Tiiu; Tamm, Anu; Punab, Mari; Rubinger, Morel; Olujohungbe, Adebayo; Mai, Sabine 2013-01-01 Multiple myeloma (MM) is preceded by monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Up to date, it is difficult to predict an individual's time to disease progression and the treatment response. To examine whether the nuclear telomeric architecture will unravel some of these questions, we carried out. Three-dimensional (3D) telomere analysis on samples from patients diagnosed with MGUS and MM, as well as from patients who went into relapse. Telomere signal intensity, number of telomere aggregates, nuclear volume, and the overall nuclear telomere distribution (a/c ratio) were analyzed. The telomeric profiles allowed for the differentiation of the disease stages. The telomeric profiles of myeloma cells obtained from blood and bone marrow aspirates were identical. Based on this study, we discuss the use of 3D telomere profiling as a potential future tool for risk stratification and personalized treatment decisions. PMID:24466378 4. Symmetry protected Josephson supercurrents in three-dimensional topological insulators. PubMed Cho, Sungjae; Dellabetta, Brian; Yang, Alina; Schneeloch, John; Xu, Zhijun; Valla, Tonica; Gu, Genda; Gilbert, Matthew J; Mason, Nadya 2013-01-01 Coupling the surface state of a topological insulator to an s-wave superconductor is predicted to produce the long-sought Majorana quasiparticle excitations. However, superconductivity has not been measured in surface states when the bulk charge carriers are fully depleted, that is, in the true topological regime relevant for investigating Majorana modes. Here we report measurements of d.c. Josephson effects in topological insulator-superconductor junctions as the chemical potential is moved through the true topological regime characterized by the presence of only surface currents. We compare our results with three-dimensional quantum transport simulations, and determine the effects of bulk/surface mixing, disorder and magnetic field; in particular, we show that the supercurrent is largely carried by surface states, due to the inherent topology of the bands, and that it is robust against disorder. Our results thus clarify key open issues regarding the nature of supercurrents in topological insulators. PMID:23575693 5. Three dimensional imaging detector employing wavelength-shifting optical fibers DOEpatents Worstell, W.A. 1997-02-04 A novel detector element structure and method for its use is provided. In a preferred embodiment, one or more inorganic scintillating crystals are coupled through wavelength shifting optical fibers (WLSFs) to position sensitive photomultipliers (PS-PMTs). The superior detector configuration in accordance with this invention is designed for an array of applications in high spatial resolution gamma ray sensing with particular application to SPECT, PET and PVI imaging systems. The design provides better position resolution than prior art devices at a lower total cost. By employing wavelength shifting fibers (WLSFs), the sensor configuration of this invention can operate with a significant reduction in the number of photomultipliers and electronics channels, while potentially improving the resolution of the system by allowing three dimensional reconstruction of energy deposition positions. 11 figs. 6. Applications of three-dimensional printing technology in urological practice. PubMed Youssef, Ramy F; Spradling, Kyle; Yoon, Renai; Dolan, Benjamin; Chamberlin, Joshua; Okhunov, Zhamshid; Clayman, Ralph; Landman, Jaime 2015-11-01 A rapid expansion in the medical applications of three-dimensional (3D)-printing technology has been seen in recent years. This technology is capable of manufacturing low-cost and customisable surgical devices, 3D models for use in preoperative planning and surgical education, and fabricated biomaterials. While several studies have suggested 3D printers may be a useful and cost-effective tool in urological practice, few studies are available that clearly demonstrate the clinical benefit of 3D-printed materials. Nevertheless, 3D-printing technology continues to advance rapidly and promises to play an increasingly larger role in the field of urology. Herein, we review the current urological applications of 3D printing and discuss the potential impact of 3D-printing technology on the future of urological practice. PMID:26010346 7. Functional Three-Dimensional Graphene/Polymer Composites. PubMed Wang, Meng; Duan, Xidong; Xu, Yuxi; Duan, Xiangfeng 2016-08-23 Integration of graphene with polymers to construct three-dimensional porous graphene/polymer composites (3DGPCs) has attracted considerable attention in the past few years for both fundamental studies and diverse technological applications. With the broad diversity in molecular structures of graphene and polymers via rich chemical routes, a number of 3DGPCs have been developed with unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties, chemical tenability, and attractive functions, which greatly expands the research horizon of graphene-based composites. In particular, the properties and functions of the 3DGPCs can be readily tuned by precisely controlling the hierarchical porosity in the 3D graphene architecture as well as the intricate synergistic interactions between graphene and polymers. In this paper, we review the recent progress in 3DGPCs, including their synthetic strategies and potential applications in environmental protection, energy storage, sensors, and conducting composites. Lastly, we will conclude with a brief perspective on the challenges and future opportunities. PMID:27403991 8. Quadratic algebras for three-dimensional superintegrable systems SciTech Connect Daskaloyannis, C. Tanoudis, Y. 2010-02-15 The three-dimensional superintegrable systems with quadratic integrals of motion have five functionally independent integrals, one among them is the Hamiltonian. Kalnins, Kress, and Miller have proved that in the case of nondegenerate potentials with quadratic integrals of motion there is a sixth quadratic integral, which is linearly independent of the other integrals. The existence of this sixth integral implies that the integrals of motion form a ternary parafermionic-like quadratic Poisson algebra with five generators. In this contribution we investigate the structure of this algebra. We show that in all the nondegenerate cases there is at least one subalgebra of three integrals having a Poisson quadratic algebra structure, which is similar to the two-dimensional case. 9. Controlling Random Lasing with Three-Dimensional Plasmonic Nanorod Metamaterials. PubMed Wang, Zhuoxian; Meng, Xiangeng; Choi, Seung Ho; Knitter, Sebastian; Kim, Young L; Cao, Hui; Shalaev, Vladimir M; Boltasseva, Alexandra 2016-04-13 Plasmonics has brought revolutionary advances to laser science by enabling deeply subwavelength nanolasers through surface plasmon amplification. However, the impact of plasmonics on other promising laser systems has so far remained elusive. Here, we present a class of random lasers enabled by three-dimensional plasmonic nanorod metamaterials. While dense metallic nanostructures are usually detrimental to laser performance due to absorption losses, here the lasing threshold keeps decreasing as the volume fraction of metal is increased up to ∼0.07. This is ∼460 times higher than the optimal volume fraction reported thus far. The laser supports spatially confined lasing modes and allows for efficient modulation of spectral profiles by simply tuning the polarization of the pump light. Full-field speckle-free imaging at micron-scales has been achieved by using plasmonic random lasers as the illumination sources. Our findings show that plasmonic metamaterials hold potential to enable intriguing coherent optical sources. PMID:27023052 10. DNA Origami with Complex Curvatures in Three-Dimensional Space SciTech Connect Han, Dongran; Pal, Suchetan; Nangreave, Jeanette; Deng, Zhengtao; Liu, Yan; Yan, Hao 2011-04-14 We present a strategy to design and construct self-assembling DNA nanostructures that define intricate curved surfaces in three-dimensional (3D) space using the DNA origami folding technique. Double-helical DNA is bent to follow the rounded contours of the target object, and potential strand crossovers are subsequently identified. Concentric rings of DNA are used to generate in-plane curvature, constrained to 2D by rationally designed geometries and crossover networks. Out-of-plane curvature is introduced by adjusting the particular position and pattern of crossovers between adjacent DNA double helices, whose conformation often deviates from the natural, B-form twist density. A series of DNA nanostructures with high curvature—such as 2D arrangements of concentric rings and 3D spherical shells, ellipsoidal shells, and a nanoflask—were assembled. 11. Three-dimensional recurring patterns in excitable media NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Biton, Y.; Rabinovitch, A.; Braunstein, D.; Friedman, M.; Aviram, I. 2011-06-01 A new method to create three-dimensional periodic patterns in excitable media is presented. The method is demonstrated and the patterns are obtained with the help of two types of 3D “spiral pairs” generators, which are respectively based on a “corner effect” and a “unidirectional propagation” processes. The results portray time-repeating patterns resembling fruits or potteries. The method is easy to implement and can be used to form other types of 3D patterns in excitable media. The question of periodicity of the patterns thus obtained is resolved by calculating the singular lines (filaments) around which they evolve and showing their unique reattachment property. Actual realizations could be conceived e.g. in chemical reactions such as Belousov-Zhabotinsky. Possible severe cardiac arrhythmias following the appearance of such patterns in the action potential of the heart are considered. 12. Three dimensional imaging detector employing wavelength-shifting optical fibers DOEpatents Worstell, William A. 1997-01-01 A novel detector element structure and method for its use is provided. In a preferred embodiment, one or more inorganic scintillating crystals are coupled through wavelength shifting optical fibers (WLSFs) to position sensitive photomultipliers (PS-PMTs). The superior detector configuration in accordance with this invention is designed for an array of applications in high spatial resolution gamma ray sensing with particular application to SPECT, PET and PVI imaging systems. The design provides better position resolution than prior art devices at a lower total cost. By employing wavelength shifting fibers (WLSFs), the sensor configuration of this invention can operate with a significant reduction in the number of photomultipliers and electronics channels, while potentially improving the resolution of the system by allowing three dimensional reconstruction of energy deposition positions. 13. DNA origami with complex curvatures in three-dimensional space. PubMed Han, Dongran; Pal, Suchetan; Nangreave, Jeanette; Deng, Zhengtao; Liu, Yan; Yan, Hao 2011-04-15 We present a strategy to design and construct self-assembling DNA nanostructures that define intricate curved surfaces in three-dimensional (3D) space using the DNA origami folding technique. Double-helical DNA is bent to follow the rounded contours of the target object, and potential strand crossovers are subsequently identified. Concentric rings of DNA are used to generate in-plane curvature, constrained to 2D by rationally designed geometries and crossover networks. Out-of-plane curvature is introduced by adjusting the particular position and pattern of crossovers between adjacent DNA double helices, whose conformation often deviates from the natural, B-form twist density. A series of DNA nanostructures with high curvature--such as 2D arrangements of concentric rings and 3D spherical shells, ellipsoidal shells, and a nanoflask--were assembled. PMID:21493857 14. Three-Dimensional Magnetic Assembly of Microscale Hydrogels PubMed Central Xu, Feng; Wu, Chung-an Max; Rengarajan, Venkatakrishnan; Finley, Thomas Dylan; Keles, Hasan Onur; Sung, Yuree; Li, Baoqiang; Gurkan, Umut Atakan 2012-01-01 Directed assembly of nano and microscale particles is of great interest and has widespread applications in various fields including electronics, nanomaterials and tissue engineering. Bottom-up tissue engineering is motivated by the occurrence of repeating functional units in vivo. The bottom-up approach requires novel techniques to assemble engineered functional units as building blocks at a high speed with spatial control over three-dimensional (3D) micro-architecture. Here, we report a magnetic assembler that utilizes nanoparticles and microscale hydrogels as building blocks to create 3D complex multi-layer constructs via external magnetic fields using different concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles. This approach holds potential for 3D assembly processes that could be utilized in various tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. PMID:21830240 15. Visualising very large phylogenetic trees in three dimensional hyperbolic space PubMed Central Hughes, Timothy; Hyun, Young; Liberles, David A 2004-01-01 Background Common existing phylogenetic tree visualisation tools are not able to display readable trees with more than a few thousand nodes. These existing methodologies are based in two dimensional space. Results We introduce the idea of visualising phylogenetic trees in three dimensional hyperbolic space with the Walrus graph visualisation tool and have developed a conversion tool that enables the conversion of standard phylogenetic tree formats to Walrus' format. With Walrus, it becomes possible to visualise and navigate phylogenetic trees with more than 100,000 nodes. Conclusion Walrus enables desktop visualisation of very large phylogenetic trees in 3 dimensional hyperbolic space. This application is potentially useful for visualisation of the tree of life and for functional genomics derivatives, like The Adaptive Evolution Database (TAED). PMID:15117420 16. Three-dimensional optofluidic device for isolating microbes NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Keloth, A.; Paterson, L.; Markx, G. H.; Kar, A. K. 2015-03-01 Development of efficient methods for isolation and manipulation of microorganisms is essential to study unidentified and yet-to-be cultured microbes originating from a variety of environments. The discovery of novel microbes and their products have the potential to contribute to the development of new medicines and other industrially important bioactive compounds. In this paper we describe the design, fabrication and validation of an optofluidic device capable of redirecting microbes within a flow using optical forces. The device holds promise to enable the high throughput isolation of single microbes for downstream culture and analysis. Optofluidic devices are widely used in clinical research, cell biology and biomedical engineering as they are capable of performing analytical functions such as controlled transportation, compact and rapid processing of nanolitres to millilitres of clinical or biological samples. We have designed and fabricated a three dimensional optofluidic device to control and manipulate microorganisms within a microfluidic channel. The device was fabricated in fused silica by ultrafast laser inscription (ULI) followed by selective chemical etching. The unique three-dimensional capability of ULI is utilized to integrate microfluidic channels and waveguides within the same substrate. The main microfluidic channel in the device constitutes the path of the sample. Optical waveguides are fabricated at right angles to the main microfluidic channel. The potential of the optical scattering force to control and manipulate microorganisms is discussed in this paper. A 980 nm continuous wave (CW) laser source, coupled to the waveguide, is used to exert radiation pressure on the particle and particle migrations at different flow velocities are recorded. As a first demonstration, device functionality is validated using fluorescent microbeads and initial trials with microalgae are presented. 17. The relationship between three-dimensional imaging and group decision making: an exploratory study. PubMed Litynski, D M; Grabowski, M; Wallace, W A 1997-07-01 This paper describes an empirical investigation of the effect of three dimensional (3-D) imaging on group performance in a tactical planning task. The objective of the study is to examine the role that stereoscopic imaging can play in supporting face-to-face group problem solving and decision making-in particular, the alternative generation and evaluation processes in teams. It was hypothesized that with the stereoscopic display, group members would better visualize the information concerning the task environment, producing open communication and information exchanges. The experimental setting was a tactical command and control task, and the quality of the decisions and nature of the group decision process were investigated with three treatments: 1) noncomputerized, i.e., topographic maps with depth cues; 2) two-dimensional (2-D) imaging; and 3) stereoscopic imaging. The results were mixed on group performance. However, those groups with the stereoscopic displays generated more alternatives and spent less time on evaluation. In addition, the stereoscopic decision aid did not interfere with the group problem solving and decision-making processes. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential benefits, and the need to resolve demonstrated weaknesses of the technology. PMID:11541531 18. A three-dimensional domain decomposition method for large-scale DFT electronic structure calculations NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Duy, Truong Vinh Truong; Ozaki, Taisuke 2014-03-01 With tens of petaflops supercomputers already in operation and exaflops machines expected to appear within the next 10 years, efficient parallel computational methods are required to take advantage of such extreme-scale machines. In this paper, we present a three-dimensional domain decomposition scheme for enabling large-scale electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory (DFT) on massively parallel computers. It is composed of two methods: (i) the atom decomposition method and (ii) the grid decomposition method. In the former method, we develop a modified recursive bisection method based on the moment of inertia tensor to reorder the atoms along a principal axis so that atoms that are close in real space are also close on the axis to ensure data locality. The atoms are then divided into sub-domains depending on their projections onto the principal axis in a balanced way among the processes. In the latter method, we define four data structures for the partitioning of grid points that are carefully constructed to make data locality consistent with that of the clustered atoms for minimizing data communications between the processes. We also propose a decomposition method for solving the Poisson equation using the three-dimensional FFT in Hartree potential calculation, which is shown to be better in terms of communication efficiency than a previously proposed parallelization method based on a two-dimensional decomposition. For evaluation, we perform benchmark calculations with our open-source DFT code, OpenMX, paying particular attention to the O(N) Krylov subspace method. The results show that our scheme exhibits good strong and weak scaling properties, with the parallel efficiency at 131,072 cores being 67.7% compared to the baseline of 16,384 cores with 131,072 atoms of the diamond structure on the K computer. 19. A novel wireless health monitor by using a wearable rubber glove with three-dimensional scanning elastic electrodes to measure acupuncture bio-potentials and impedances of a whole palm. PubMed Lin, Jium-Ming; Lin, Cheng-Hung 2015-01-01 This paper proposes a novel wearable wireless-sensing technology on a glove to measure the bio-potentials and impedances of acupunctures on a whole palm in a non-invasive manner. Moreover, the device can transmit the information to a remote cloud server to learn at normal condition, and take measurement later for health condition analysis and monitoring. An example is given how to measure the acupuncture impedances and bio-potentials on a palm. One can see if certain acupuncture's impedance or bio-potential is not follow the Ohm's law or voltage divider rule along a meridian, then the health condition of the corresponding organ maybe with some problem. This discovery is not found in the previous literatures. PMID:26684570 20. Three-dimensional imaging of the myocardium with isotopes NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Budinger, T. F. 1975-01-01 Three methods of imaging the three-dimensional distribution of isotopes in the myocardium are discussed. Three-dimensional imaging was examined using multiple Anger-camera views. Longitudinal tomographic images with compensation for blurring were studied. Transverse-section reconstruction using coincidence detection of annihilation gammas from positron emitting isotopes was investigated. 1. Pathogen Propagation in Cultured Three-Dimensional Tissue Mass NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Goodwin, Thomas J. (Inventor); Spaulding, Glenn F. (Inventor); Wolf, David A. (Inventor) 2000-01-01 A process for propagating a pathogen in a three-dimensional tissue mass cultured at microgravity conditions in a culture vessel containing culture media and a culture matrix is provided. The three-dimensional tissue mass is inoculated with a pathogen and pathogen replication in the cells of the tissue mass achieved. 2. Using Three-Dimensional Interactive Graphics To Teach Equipment Procedures. ERIC Educational Resources Information Center Hamel, Cheryl J.; Ryan-Jones, David L. 1997-01-01 Focuses on how three-dimensional graphical and interactive features of computer-based instruction can enhance learning and support human cognition during technical training of equipment procedures. Presents guidelines for using three-dimensional interactive graphics to teach equipment procedures based on studies of the effects of graphics, motion,… 3. Pathogen propagation in cultured three-dimensional tissue mass NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Goodwin, Thomas J. (Inventor); Spaulding, Glenn F. (Inventor); Wolf, David A. (Inventor) 2000-01-01 A process for propagating a pathogen in a three-dimensional tissue mass cultured at microgravity conditions in a culture vessel containing culture media and a culture matrix is provided. The three-dimensional tissue mass is inoculated with a pathogen and pathogen replication in the cells of the tissue mass achieved. 4. Three dimensional unstructured multigrid for the Euler equations NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Mavriplis, D. J. 1991-01-01 The three dimensional Euler equations are solved on unstructured tetrahedral meshes using a multigrid strategy. The driving algorithm consists of an explicit vertex-based finite element scheme, which employs an edge-based data structure to assemble the residuals. The multigrid approach employs a sequence of independently generated coarse and fine meshes to accelerate the convergence to steady-state of the fine grid solution. Variables, residuals and corrections are passed back and forth between the various grids of the sequence using linear interpolation. The addresses and weights for interpolation are determined in a preprocessing stage using linear interpolation. The addresses and weights for interpolation are determined in a preprocessing stage using an efficient graph traversal algorithm. The preprocessing operation is shown to require a negligible fraction of the CPU time required by the overall solution procedure, while gains in overall solution efficiencies greater than an order of magnitude are demonstrated on meshes containing up to 350,000 vertices. Solutions using globally regenerated fine meshes as well as adaptively refined meshes are given. 5. Three-dimensional boundary layer calculation by a characteristic method NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Houdeville, R. 1992-01-01 A numerical method for solving the three-dimensional boundary layer equations for bodies of arbitrary shape is presented. In laminar flows, the application domain extends from incompressible to hypersonic flows with the assumption of chemical equilibrium. For turbulent boundary layers, the application domain is limited by the validity of the mixing length model used. In order to respect the hyperbolic nature of the equations reduced to first order partial derivative terms, the momentum equations are discretized along the local streamlines using of the osculator tangent plane at each node of the body fitted coordinate system. With this original approach, it is possible to overcome the use of the generalized coordinates, and therefore, it is not necessary to impose an extra hypothesis about the regularity of the mesh in which the boundary conditions are given. By doing so, it is possible to limit, and sometimes to suppress, the pre-treatment of the data coming from an inviscid calculation. Although the proposed scheme is only semi-implicit, the method remains numerically very efficient. 6. Three-dimensional static modeling of the lumbar spine. PubMed Karadogan, Ernur; Williams, Robert L 2012-08-01 This paper presents three-dimensional static modeling of the human lumbar spine to be used in the formation of anatomically-correct movement patterns for a fully cable-actuated robotic lumbar spine which can mimic in vivo human lumbar spine movements to provide better hands-on training for medical students. The mathematical model incorporates five lumbar vertebrae between the first lumbar vertebra and the sacrum, with dimensions of an average adult human spine. The vertebrae are connected to each other by elastic elements, torsional springs and a spherical joint located at the inferoposterior corner in the mid-sagittal plane of the vertebral body. Elastic elements represent the ligaments that surround the facet joints and the torsional springs represent the collective effect of intervertebral disc which plays a major role in balancing torsional load during upper body motion and the remaining ligaments that support the spinal column. The elastic elements and torsional springs are considered to be nonlinear. The nonlinear stiffness constants for six motion types were solved using a multiobjective optimization technique. The quantitative comparison between the angles of rotations predicted by the proposed model and in the experimental data confirmed that the model yields angles of rotation close to the experimental data. The main contribution is that the new model can be used for all motions while the experimental data was only obtained at discrete measurement points. PMID:22938364 7. Multiple reflectors based autocollimator for three-dimensional angle measurement NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Su, Ang; Liu, Haibo; Yu, Qifeng 2015-03-01 This paper designs a multiple reflectors based autocollimator, and proposes a direct linear solution for three-dimensional (3D) angle measurement with the observation vectors of the reflected lights from the reflectors. In the measuring apparatus, the multiple reflectors is fixed with the object to be measured and the reflected lights are received by a CCD camera, then the light spots in the image are extracted to obtain the vectors of the reflected lights in space. Any rotation of the object will induce a change in the observation vectors of the reflected lights, which is used to solve the rotation matrix of the object by finding a linear solution of Wahba problem with the quaternion method, and then the 3D angle is obtained by decomposing the rotation matrix. This measuring apparatus can be implemented easily as the light path is simple, and the computation of 3D angle with observation vectors is efficient as there is no need to iterate. The proposed 3D angle measurement method is verified by a set of simulation experiments. 8. Three-dimensional transient electromagnetic modeling in the Laplace Domain SciTech Connect Mizunaga, H.; Lee, Ki Ha; Kim, H.J. 1998-09-01 In modeling electromagnetic responses, Maxwell's equations in the frequency domain are popular and have been widely used (Nabighian, 1994; Newman and Alumbaugh, 1995; Smith, 1996, to list a few). Recently, electromagnetic modeling in the time domain using the finite difference (FDTD) method (Wang and Hohmann, 1993) has also been used to study transient electromagnetic interactions in the conductive medium. This paper presents a new technique to compute the electromagnetic response of three-dimensional (3-D) structures. The proposed new method is based on transforming Maxwell's equations to the Laplace domain. For each discrete Laplace variable, Maxwell's equations are discretized in 3-D using the staggered grid and the finite difference method (FDM). The resulting system of equations is then solved for the fields using the incomplete Cholesky conjugate gradient (ICCG) method. The new method is particularly effective in saving computer memory since all the operations are carried out in real numbers. For the same reason, the computing speed is faster than frequency domain modeling. The proposed approach can be an extremely useful tool in developing an inversion algorithm using the time domain data. 9. Rapid Calculations of Three-Dimensional Inlet/Fan Interaction NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Chima, Rodrick V. 2007-01-01 Two computational fluid dynamics codes have been merged to permit rapid calculations of inlet/fan interaction. Inlets are modeled using the WIND-US Navier-Stokes code. Fans are modeled using a new three-dimensional Euler code called CSTALL that solves the flow through the entire compression system but models blade rows using body forces for turning and loss. The body force model is described and it is shown how unknown terms in the model can be estimated from other Navier-Stokes solutions of the blade rows run separately. The inlet and fan calculations are run simultaneously and are coupled at an interface plane using a third code called SYNCEX that is described briefly. Results are shown for an axisymmetric nacelle at high angle of attack modeled both as an isolated inlet and coupled to a single stage fan. The isolated inlet calculations are unrealistic after the flow separates but the coupled codes can model large regions of separated flow extending from the lower lip of the nacelle into the fan rotor. 10. Parallel direct numerical simulation of three-dimensional spray formation NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Chergui, Jalel; Juric, Damir; Shin, Seungwon; Kahouadji, Lyes; Matar, Omar 2015-11-01 We present numerical results for the breakup mechanism of a liquid jet surrounded by a fast coaxial flow of air with density ratio (water/air) ~ 1000 and kinematic viscosity ratio ~ 60. We use code BLUE, a three-dimensional, two-phase, high performance, parallel numerical code based on a hybrid Front-Tracking/Level Set algorithm for Lagrangian tracking of arbitrarily deformable phase interfaces and a precise treatment of surface tension forces. The parallelization of the code is based on the technique of domain decomposition where the velocity field is solved by a parallel GMRes method for the viscous terms and the pressure by a parallel multigrid/GMRes method. Communication is handled by MPI message passing procedures. The interface method is also parallelized and defines the interface both by a discontinuous density field as well as by a triangular Lagrangian mesh and allows the interface to undergo large deformations including the rupture and/or coalescence of interfaces. EPSRC Programme Grant, MEMPHIS, EP/K0039761/1. 11. Flat tori in three-dimensional space and convex integration PubMed Central Borrelli, Vincent; Jabrane, Saïd; Lazarus, Francis; Thibert, Boris 2012-01-01 It is well-known that the curvature tensor is an isometric invariant of C2 Riemannian manifolds. This invariant is at the origin of the rigidity observed in Riemannian geometry. In the mid 1950s, Nash amazed the world mathematical community by showing that this rigidity breaks down in regularity C1. This unexpected flexibility has many paradoxical consequences, one of them is the existence of C1 isometric embeddings of flat tori into Euclidean three-dimensional space. In the 1970s and 1980s, M. Gromov, revisiting Nash’s results introduced convex integration theory offering a general framework to solve this type of geometric problems. In this research, we convert convex integration theory into an algorithm that produces isometric maps of flat tori. We provide an implementation of a convex integration process leading to images of an embedding of a flat torus. The resulting surface reveals a C1 fractal structure: Although the tangent plane is defined everywhere, the normal vector exhibits a fractal behavior. Isometric embeddings of flat tori may thus appear as a geometric occurrence of a structure that is simultaneously C1 and fractal. Beyond these results, our implementation demonstrates that convex integration, a theory still confined to specialists, can produce computationally tractable solutions of partial differential relations. PMID:22523238 12. Computation of three-dimensional mixed convective boundary layer flow NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 1995-01-01 The paper presents the numerical solution of heat and mass transfer during cross-flow (orthogonal) mixed convection. In this class of flow, a buoyancy-driven transport in the vertical direction and a forced convective flow in the horizontal direction results in a three-dimensional boundary layer structure adjacent to the plate. The rates of heat and mass transfer are determined by a combined influence of the two transport processes. The equations for the conservation of mass, momentum, energy, and species concentration were solved along with appropriate boundary conditions to determine the distributions of velocity components, temperature, and concentration across the thickness of the boundary layer at different locations on the plate. Results were expressed in dimensionless form using Reynolds number, Richardson number for heat transfer, Richardson number for mass transfer, Prandtl number, and Schmidt number as parameters. It was found that the transport is dominated by buoyancy at smaller vertical locations and at larger distances away from the forced convection leading edge. Effects of forced convection appeared to be very strong at smaller horizontal distances from the leading edge. The cross stream forced convection enhanced the rate of heat and mass transfer by a very significant amount. 13. Propagation of three-dimensional electron-acoustic solitary waves SciTech Connect Shalaby, M.; El-Sherif, L. S.; El-Labany, S. K.; Sabry, R. 2011-06-15 Theoretical investigation is carried out for understanding the properties of three-dimensional electron-acoustic waves propagating in magnetized plasma whose constituents are cold magnetized electron fluid, hot electrons obeying nonthermal distribution, and stationary ions. For this purpose, the hydrodynamic equations for the cold magnetized electron fluid, nonthermal electron density distribution, and the Poisson equation are used to derive the corresponding nonlinear evolution equation, Zkharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation, in the small- but finite- amplitude regime. The ZK equation is solved analytically and it is found that it supports both solitary and blow-up solutions. It is found that rarefactive electron-acoustic solitary waves strongly depend on the density and temperature ratios of the hot-to-cold electron species as well as the nonthermal electron parameter. Furthermore, there is a critical value for the nonthermal electron parameter, which decides whether the electron-acoustic solitary wave's amplitude is decreased or increased by changing various plasma parameters. Importantly, the change of the propagation angles leads to miss the balance between the nonlinearity and dispersion; hence, the localized pulses convert to explosive/blow-up pulses. The relevance of this study to the nonlinear electron-acoustic structures in the dayside auroral zone in the light of Viking satellite observations is discussed. 14. Extension of a three-dimensional viscous wing flow analysis NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Weinberg, Bernard C.; Chen, Shyi-Yaung; Thoren, Stephen J.; Shamroth, Stephen J. 1990-01-01 Three-dimensional unsteady viscous effects can significantly influence the performance of fixed and rotary wing aircraft. These effects are important in both flows about helicopter rotors in forward flight and flows about 3-D (swept and tapered) supercritical wings. A computational procedure for calculating such flow field is developed, and therefore would be of great value in the design process as well as in understanding the corresponding flow phenomena. The procedure is based upon an alternating direction technique employing the Linearized Block Implicit method for solving 3-D viscous flow problems. In order to demonstrate the viability of this method, 2-D and 3-D problems are computed. These include the flow over a 2-D NACA 0012 airfoil under steady and oscillating conditions, and the steady, skewed, 3-D flow on a flat plate. Although actual 3-D flows over wings were not obtained, the ground work was laid for considering such flows. The description of the computational procedure and results are given. 15. Three dimensional inviscid compressible calculations around axial flow turbine blades NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Fourmaux, Antoine; Petot, Bertrand 1991-12-01 The application of a three dimensional (3D) method to the prediction of steady inviscid compressible flows in highly loaded stator bladings is presented. The complete set of Euler equations is solved by a finite difference method using a time marching two step Lax-Wendorff algorithm. The treatment of the boundary conditions is based on the use of the characteristic relations. This technique offers a great versatility and allows to prescribe conditions close to the physics of flows encountered in turbomachines. The code was adapted in order to build a 3D design tool able to run in different types of turbine blade geometries. Two types of multidomain structured meshes were tested (H+0+H and H+C). The H+C type of grid was finally choosen for industrial applications. Two applications to turbine nozzles are presented. The first is a low pressure turbine vane with evolutive flow path outer diameter. The results demonstrate the ability to predict flow features that cannot be computed via the classical two dimensional approach. The second is a high pressure inlet guide vane at transonic conditions. The strong radial evolution of pressure distribution and the trailing edge flow pattern are correctly predicted. 16. Three dimensional boundary element solutions for eddy current nondestructive evaluation NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Yang, Ming; Song, Jiming; Nakagawa, Norio 2014-02-01 The boundary integral equations (BIE) method is a numerical computational method of solving linear partial differential equations which have been formulated as integral equations. It can be applied in many areas of engineering and science including fluid mechanics, acoustics, electromagnetics, and fracture mechanics. The eddy current problem is formulated by the BIE and discretized into matrix equations by the method of moments (MoM) or the boundary element method (BEM). The three dimensional arbitrarily shaped objects are described by a number of triangular patches. The Stratton-Chu formulation is specialized for the conductive medium. The equivalent electric and magnetic surface currents are expanded in terms of Rao-Wilton-Glisson (RWG) vector basis function while the normal component of magnetic field is expanded in terms of the pulse basis function. Also, a low frequency approximation is applied in the external medium. Additionally, we introduce Auld's impedance formulas to calculate impedance variation. There are very good agreements between numerical results and those from theory and/or experiments for a finite cross-section above a wedge. 17. A Three-Dimensional Unsteady CFD Model of Compressor Stability NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Chima, Rodrick V. 2006-01-01 A three-dimensional unsteady CFD code called CSTALL has been developed and used to investigate compressor stability. The code solved the Euler equations through the entire annulus and all blade rows. Blade row turning, losses, and deviation were modeled using body force terms which required input data at stations between blade rows. The input data was calculated using a separate Navier-Stokes turbomachinery analysis code run at one operating point near stall, and was scaled to other operating points using overall characteristic maps. No information about the stalled characteristic was used. CSTALL was run in a 2-D throughflow mode for very fast calculations of operating maps and estimation of stall points. Calculated pressure ratio characteristics for NASA stage 35 agreed well with experimental data, and results with inlet radial distortion showed the expected loss of range. CSTALL was also run in a 3-D mode to investigate inlet circumferential distortion. Calculated operating maps for stage 35 with 120 degree distortion screens showed a loss in range and pressure rise. Unsteady calculations showed rotating stall with two part-span stall cells. The paper describes the body force formulation in detail, examines the computed results, and concludes with observations about the code. 18. Radiative transfer for a three-dimensional raining cloud NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Haferman, J. L.; Krajewski, W. F.; Smith, T. F.; Sanchez, A. 1993-01-01 Satellite-sensor-based microwave brightness temperatures for a three-dimensional raining cloud over a reflecting surface are computed by using a radiative transfer model based on the discrete-ordinates solution procedure. The three-dimensional model applied to a plane layer is validated by comparison with results from a one-dimensional model that is available in the literature. Results examining the effects of cloud height, rainfall rate, surface reflectance, rainfall footprint area, and satellite viewing position on one- and three-dimensional brightness temperature calculations are reported. The numerical experiments indicate that, under certain conditions, three-dimensional effects are significant in the analysis of satellite-sensor-based rainfall retrieval algorithms. The results point to the need to consider carefully three-dimensional effects as well as surface reflectance effects when interpreting satellite-measured radiation data. 19. Virtual three-dimensional blackboard: three-dimensional finger tracking with a single camera NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Wu, Andrew; Hassan-Shafique, Khurram; Shah, Mubarak; da Vitoria Lobo, N. 2004-01-01 We present a method for three-dimensional (3D) tracking of a human finger from a monocular sequence of images. To recover the third dimension from the two-dimensional images, we use the fact that the motion of the human arm is highly constrained owing to the dependencies between elbow and forearm and the physical constraints on joint angles. We use these anthropometric constraints to derive a 3D trajectory of a gesticulating arm. The system is fully automated and does not require human intervention. The system presented can be used as a visualization tool, as a user-input interface, or as part of some gesture-analysis system in which 3D information is important. 20. Three-dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of fossils across taxa NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Mietchen, D.; Aberhan, M.; Manz, B.; Hampe, O.; Mohr, B.; Neumann, C.; Volke, F. 2007-08-01 The visibility of life forms in the fossil record is largely determined by the extent to which they were mineralised at the time of their death. In addition to mineral structures, many fossils nonetheless contain detectable amounts of residual water or organic molecules, the analysis of which has become an integral part of current palaeontological research. The methods available for this sort of investigations, though, typically require dissolution or ionisation of the fossil sample or parts thereof, which is an issue with rare taxa and outstanding materials like pathological or type specimens. In such cases, non-destructive techniques could provide an interesting methodological alternative. While Computed Tomography has long been used to study palaeontological specimens, a number of complementary approaches have recently gained ground. These include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which had previously been employed to obtain three-dimensional images of pathological belemnites non-invasively on the basis of intrinsic contrast. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether 1H MRI can likewise provide anatomical information about non-pathological belemnites and specimens of other fossil taxa. To this end, three-dimensional MR image series were acquired from intact non-pathological invertebrate, vertebrate and plant fossils. At routine voxel resolutions in the range of several dozens to some hundreds of micrometers, these images reveal a host of anatomical details and thus highlight the potential of MR techniques to effectively complement existing methodological approaches for palaeontological investigations in a wide range of taxa. As for the origin of the MR signal, relaxation and diffusion measurements as well as 1H and 13C MR spectra acquired from a belemnite suggest intracrystalline water or hydroxyl groups, rather than organic residues. 1. Three-dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of fossils across taxa NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Mietchen, D.; Aberhan, M.; Manz, B.; Hampe, O.; Mohr, B.; Neumann, C.; Volke, F. 2008-01-01 The frequency of life forms in the fossil record is largely determined by the extent to which they were mineralised at the time of their death. In addition to mineral structures, many fossils nonetheless contain detectable amounts of residual water or organic molecules, the analysis of which has become an integral part of current palaeontological research. The methods available for this sort of investigations, though, typically require dissolution or ionisation of the fossil sample or parts thereof, which is an issue with rare taxa and outstanding materials like pathological or type specimens. In such cases, non-destructive techniques could provide a valuable methodological alternative. While Computed Tomography has long been used to study palaeontological specimens, a number of complementary approaches have recently gained ground. These include Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) which had previously been employed to obtain three-dimensional images of pathological belemnites non-invasively on the basis of intrinsic contrast. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether 1H MRI can likewise provide anatomical information about non-pathological belemnites and specimens of other fossil taxa. To this end, three-dimensional MR image series were acquired from intact non-pathological invertebrate, vertebrate and plant fossils. At routine voxel resolutions in the range of several dozens to some hundreds of micrometers, these images reveal a host of anatomical details and thus highlight the potential of MR techniques to effectively complement existing methodological approaches for palaeontological investigations in a wide range of taxa. As for the origin of the MR signal, relaxation and diffusion measurements as well as 1H and 13C MR spectra acquired from a belemnite suggest intracrystalline water or hydroxyl groups, rather than organic residues. 2. Three-dimensional micromechanical modeling of voided polymeric materials NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Danielsson, M.; Parks, D. M.; Boyce, M. C. 2002-02-01 A three-dimensional micromechanical unit cell model for particle-filled materials is presented. The cell model is based on a Voronoi tessellation of particles arranged on a body-centered cubic (BCC) array. The three-dimensionality of the present cell model enables the study of several deformation modes, including uniaxial, plane strain and simple shear deformations, as well as arbitrary principal stress states. The unit cell model is applied to studies on the micromechanical and macromechanical behavior of rubber-toughened polycarbonate. Different load cases are examined, including plane strain deformation, simple shear deformation and principal stress states. For a constant macroscopic strain rate, the different load cases show that the macroscopic flow strength of the blend decreases with an increase in void volume fraction, as expected. The main mechanism for plastic deformation is broad shear banding across inter-particle ligaments. The distributed nature of plastic straining acts to reduce the amount of macroscopic strain softening in the blend as the initial void volume fraction is increased. In the case of plane strain deformation, the plastic flow is observed to initiate across inter-particle ligaments in the direction of constraint. This particular mode of deformation could not have been captured using a two-dimensional, plane strain idealization of cylindrical voids in a matrix. The potential for localized crazing and/or cavitation in the matrix is addressed. It is observed that the introduction of voids acts to relieve hydrostatic stress in the matrix material, compared to the homopolymer. It is also seen that the predicted peak hydrostatic stress in the matrix is higher under plane strain deformation than under triaxial tension (with equal lateral stresses), for the same macroscopic stress triaxiality. The effect of void volume fraction on the macroscopic uniaxial tension behavior of the different blends is examined using a Considère construction for 3. Visualization of Three-Dimensional Nephron Structure With Microcomputed Tomography SciTech Connect Bentley,M.; Jorgensen, S.; Lerman, L.; Ritman, E.; Romero, J. 2007-01-01 The three-dimensional architecture of nephrons in situ and their interrelationship with other nephrons are difficult to visualize by microscopic methods. The present study uses microcomputed X-ray tomography (micro-CT) to visualize intact nephrons in situ. Rat kidneys were perfusion-fixed with buffered formalin and their vasculature was subsequently perfused with radiopaque silicone. Cortical tissue was stained en bloc with osmium tetroxide, embedded in plastic, scanned, and reconstructed at voxel resolutions of 6, 2, and 1 {mu}m. At 6 {mu}m resolution, large blood vessels and glomeruli could be visualized but nephrons and their lumens were small and difficult to visualize. Optimal images were obtained using a synchrotron radiation source at 2 {mu}m resolution where nephron components could be identified, correlated with histological sections, and traced. Proximal tubules had large diameters and opaque walls, whereas distal tubules, connecting tubules, and collecting ducts had smaller diameters and less opaque walls. Blood vessels could be distinguished from nephrons by the luminal presence of radiopaque silicone. Proximal tubules were three times longer than distal tubules. Proximal and distal tubules were tightly coiled in the outer cortex but were loosely coiled in the middle and inner cortex. The connecting tubules had the narrowest diameters of the tubules and converged to form arcades that paralleled the radial vessels as they extended to the outer cortex. These results illustrate a potential use of micro-CT to obtain three-dimensional information about nephron architecture and nephron interrelationships, which could be useful in evaluating experimental tubular hypertrophy, atrophy, and necrosis. 4. A mixed method Poisson solver for three-dimensional self-gravitating astrophysical fluid dynamical systems NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Duncan, Comer; Jones, Jim 1993-01-01 A key ingredient in the simulation of self-gravitating astrophysical fluid dynamical systems is the gravitational potential and its gradient. This paper focuses on the development of a mixed method multigrid solver of the Poisson equation formulated so that both the potential and the Cartesian components of its gradient are self-consistently and accurately generated. The method achieves this goal by formulating the problem as a system of four equations for the gravitational potential and the three Cartesian components of the gradient and solves them using a distributed relaxation technique combined with conventional full multigrid V-cycles. The method is described, some tests are presented, and the accuracy of the method is assessed. We also describe how the method has been incorporated into our three-dimensional hydrodynamics code and give an example of an application to the collision of two stars. We end with some remarks about the future developments of the method and some of the applications in which it will be used in astrophysics. 5. Numerical investigations in three-dimensional internal flows NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Rose, William C. 1993-01-01 In the present reporting period, the 3D version of the OVERFLOW code was used to solve the flow within the internal portion of the supersonic inlet. The internal portion of this inlet is bounded by an inflow plane containing the leading edge of the sidewalls, the sidewalls, the ramp and cowl surfaces and an outflow plane just downstream of the minimum geometric area of the inlet. Boundary layer bleed was used in the two-dimensional calculations discussed in the previous progress report and that same bleed was applied in the present study. For reference, this bleed corresponds to locations designated as R2 and R3 in the Mach 5 inlet model test. Using the GRIDGEN code, a three dimensional grid was generated that accounted for the viscous effects expected to occur on the sidewall, as well as those known to occur on the ramp and cowl surfaces. The internal flow grid size was 141 streamwise by 101 cross stream by 71 in the lateral direction between sidewalls. Since the flow entering the inlet was not symmetrical, the inlet was solved from sidewall to sidewall (without using a symmetry plane). In addition to the short sidewalls proposed in the Langley geometry database, a set of shorter sidewalls was also investigated in the present study and was shown to have beneficial effects with respect to the flow distortion exiting the supersonic inlet. In addition to these calculations, additional 3D solutions using the OVERFLOW code were obtained for the flow downstream of the throat of the supersonic inlet, including a terminal shock wave system produced by a backpressured subsonic diffuser. 6. Recognizing parameterized three-dimensional objects NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Goldberg, Robert R. 1994-10-01 Complex object models require multiple components affixed to each other in specific and variable geometric paths. This paper expands upon earlier research to present an unified approach for relating components' coordinate systems to each other in the same model. Particularly, we show that rather complex relationships such as ball joints and geometric transformations about arbitrary axes are no more complicated than describing the model base in terms of the camera coordinate system. These require only simple rotations and translations about the major axes. This modeling approach was next integrated with a verification module of a model based vision system. We recovered from a single 2D image the original model and camera parameters that would align the projected model edges with the image segments by solving a nonlinear least squares system. A specific example of the theory is implemented. A lamp head is seceded to its base by a ball joint with three parameters of rotational freedom. From a wide range of initial guess error, the numerical system converged to the correct set of model and camera parameters. Thus, the theory of parameterized affixments and the numerical implementation to obtain these values from 2D images will aid in associated recognition tasks and in real-time tracking of complex conglomerate objects. 7. Three-dimensional formulation of dislocation climb NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Gu, Yejun; Xiang, Yang; Quek, Siu Sin; Srolovitz, David J. 2015-10-01 We derive a Green's function formulation for the climb of curved dislocations and multiple dislocations in three-dimensions. In this new dislocation climb formulation, the dislocation climb velocity is determined from the Peach-Koehler force on dislocations through vacancy diffusion in a non-local manner. The long-range contribution to the dislocation climb velocity is associated with vacancy diffusion rather than from the climb component of the well-known, long-range elastic effects captured in the Peach-Koehler force. Both long-range effects are important in determining the climb velocity of dislocations. Analytical and numerical examples show that the widely used local climb formula, based on straight infinite dislocations, is not generally applicable, except for a small set of special cases. We also present a numerical discretization method of this Green's function formulation appropriate for implementation in discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) simulations. In DDD implementations, the long-range Peach-Koehler force is calculated as is commonly done, then a linear system is solved for the climb velocity using these forces. This is also done within the same order of computational cost as existing discrete dislocation dynamics methods. 8. Transport of molecular fluids through three-dimensional porous media NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Adler, Pierre; Pazdniakou, Aliaksei 2014-05-01 The main purpose of this study is to extend the analysis which has been made for the double layer theory (summarized by [1]) to situations where the distance between the solid walls is of the order of several molecular diameters. This is of a large interest from a scientific viewpoint and for various engineering applications. The intermolecular forces and their influence on fluid structure and dynamics can be taken into account by using the mesoscopic scale models based on the Boltzmann equation [2]. The numerical methods derived from these models are less demanding in computational resources than conventional molecular dynamics methods and therefore long time evolution of large samples can be considered. Three types of fluid particles are considered, namely the anions, the cations and the solvent. They possess a finite diameter which should be at least a few lattice units. The collision frequency between particles is increased by the pair correlation function for hard spheres. The lattice Boltzmann model is built in three dimensions with 19 velocities; it involves two relaxation times. The particle distribution functions are discretized over a basis of Hermite polynomial tensors. Electric forces are included and a Poisson equation is simultaneously solved by a successive over-relaxation method. The numerical algorithm is detailed; it is devised in order to be able to address any three-dimensional porous media. It involves the determination of the densities of each particle species, of the overall density and of the equilibrium distribution function. Then, the electric forces are determined. Collision operators are applied as well as the boundary conditions. Finally, the propagation step is performed and the algorithm starts a new loop. The influence of parameters can be illustrated by systematic calculations in a plane Poiseuille configuration. The drastic influence of the ratio between the channel width and the particle sizes on the local densities and the 9. Three-Dimensional Radiative Transfer on a Massively Parallel Computer. NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Vath, Horst Michael 1994-01-01 We perform three-dimensional radiative transfer calculations on the MasPar MP-1, which contains 8192 processors and is a single instruction multiple data (SIMD) machine, an example of the new generation of massively parallel computers. To make radiative transfer calculations efficient, we must re-consider the numerical methods and methods of storage of data that have been used with serial machines. We developed a numerical code which efficiently calculates images and spectra of astrophysical systems as seen from different viewing directions and at different wavelengths. We use this code to examine a number of different astrophysical systems. First we image the HI distribution of model galaxies. Then we investigate the galaxy NGC 5055, which displays a radial asymmetry in its optical appearance. This can be explained by the presence of dust in the outer HI disk far beyond the optical disk. As the formation of dust is connected to the presence of stars, the existence of dust in outer regions of this galaxy could have consequences for star formation at a time when this galaxy was just forming. Next we use the code for polarized radiative transfer. We first discuss the numerical computation of the required cyclotron opacities and use them to calculate spectra of AM Her systems, binaries containing accreting magnetic white dwarfs. Then we obtain spectra of an extended polar cap. Previous calculations did not consider the three -dimensional extension of the shock. We find that this results in a significant underestimate of the radiation emitted in the shock. Next we calculate the spectrum of the intermediate polar RE 0751+14. For this system we obtain a magnetic field of ~10 MG, which has consequences for the evolution of intermediate polars. Finally we perform 3D radiative transfer in NLTE in the two-level atom approximation. To solve the transfer equation in this case, we adapt the short characteristic method and examine different acceleration methods to obtain the 10. Three-dimensional Printing in Developing Countries. PubMed Ibrahim, Ahmed M S; Jose, Rod R; Rabie, Amr N; Gerstle, Theodore L; Lee, Bernard T; Lin, Samuel J 2015-07-01 The advent of 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology has facilitated the creation of customized objects. The lack of regulation in developing countries renders conventional means of addressing various healthcare issues challenging. 3D printing may provide a venue for addressing many of these concerns in an inexpensive and easily accessible fashion. These may potentially include the production of basic medical supplies, vaccination beads, laboratory equipment, and prosthetic limbs. As this technology continues to improve and prices are reduced, 3D printing has the potential ability to promote initiatives across the entire developing world, resulting in improved surgical care and providing a higher quality of healthcare to its residents. PMID:26301132 11. Three-dimensional Printing in Developing Countries PubMed Central Ibrahim, Ahmed M. S.; Jose, Rod R.; Rabie, Amr N.; Gerstle, Theodore L.; Lee, Bernard T. 2015-01-01 Summary: The advent of 3-dimensional (3D) printing technology has facilitated the creation of customized objects. The lack of regulation in developing countries renders conventional means of addressing various healthcare issues challenging. 3D printing may provide a venue for addressing many of these concerns in an inexpensive and easily accessible fashion. These may potentially include the production of basic medical supplies, vaccination beads, laboratory equipment, and prosthetic limbs. As this technology continues to improve and prices are reduced, 3D printing has the potential ability to promote initiatives across the entire developing world, resulting in improved surgical care and providing a higher quality of healthcare to its residents. PMID:26301132 12. Utilizing stem cells for three-dimensional neural tissue engineering. PubMed Knowlton, Stephanie; Cho, Yongku; Li, Xue-Jun; Khademhosseini, Ali; Tasoglu, Savas 2016-05-26 Three-dimensional neural tissue engineering has made great strides in developing neural disease models and replacement tissues for patients. However, the need for biomimetic tissue models and effective patient therapies remains unmet. The recent push to expand 2D neural tissue engineering into the third dimension shows great potential to advance the field. Another area which has much to offer to neural tissue engineering is stem cell research. Stem cells are well known for their self-renewal and differentiation potential and have been shown to give rise to tissues with structural and functional properties mimicking natural organs. Application of these capabilities to 3D neural tissue engineering may be highly useful for basic research on neural tissue structure and function, engineering disease models, designing tissues for drug development, and generating replacement tissues with a patient's genetic makeup. Here, we discuss the vast potential, as well as the current challenges, unique to integration of 3D fabrication strategies and stem cells into neural tissue engineering. We also present some of the most significant recent achievements, including nerve guidance conduits to facilitate better healing of nerve injuries, functional 3D biomimetic neural tissue models, physiologically relevant disease models for research purposes, and rapid and effective screening of potential drugs. PMID:26890524 13. Two finite element techniques for computing mode I stress intensity factors in two- or three-dimensional problems SciTech Connect Iskander, S.K. 1981-02-01 Two finite element (FE) approaches were used to calculate opening mode I stress intensity factors (K/sub I/) in two- or three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) problems for the Heavy-Section Steel Technology (HSST) program. For problems that can be modeled in two dimensions, two techniques were used. One of these may be termed an ''energy release rate'' technique, and the other is based on the classical near-tip displacement and stress field equations. For three-dimensional problems, only the latter technique was used. In the energy release technique, K/sub I/ is calculated as the change in potential energy of the structure due to a small change in crack length. The potential energy is calculated by the FE method but without completely solving the system of linear equations for the displacements. Furthermore, the system of linear equations is only slightly perturbed by the change in crack length and, therefore, many computations need not be repeated for the second structure with the slight change in crack length. Implementation of these last two items has resulted in considerable savings in the calculation of K/sub I/ as compared to two complete FE analyses. These ideas are incorporated in the FMECH code. The accuracy of the methods has been checked by comparing the results of the two approaches with each other and with closed form solutions. It is estimated that the accuracy of the results is about +-5%. 14. STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN A BOUNDED DOMAIN. USGS Publications Warehouse Naff, R.L.; Vecchia, A.V. 1986-01-01 A commonly accepted first-order approximation of the equation for steady state flow in a fully saturated sapatially random medium has the form of Poisson's equation. This form allows for the advantageous use of Green's functions to solve for the random output (hydraulic heads) in terms of a convolution over the random input (the logarithm of hydraulic conductivity). A solution for steady state three-dimensional flow in an aquifer bounded above and below is presented; consideration of these boundaries is made possible by use of Green's functions to solve Poisson's equation. Within the bounded domain the medium hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be a second-order stationary random process as represented by a simple three-dimensional covariance function. Upper and lower boundaries are taken to be no-flow boundaries; the mean flow vector lies entirely in the horizontal dimensions. 15. Method for coupling two-dimensional to three-dimensional discrete ordinates calculations SciTech Connect Thompson, J.L.; Emmett, M.B.; Rhoades, W.A.; Dodds, H.L. Jr. 1985-01-01 A three-dimensional (3-D) discrete ordinates transport code, TORT, has been developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for radiation penetration studies. It is not feasible to solve some 3-D penetration problems with TORT, such as a building located a large distance from a point source, because (1) the discretized 3-D problem is simply too big to fit on the computer or (2) the computing time (and corresponding cost) is prohibitive. Fortunately, such problems can be solved with a hybrid approach by coupling a two-dimensional (2-D) description of the point source, which is assumed to be azimuthally symmetric, to a 3-D description of the building, the region of interest. The purpose of this paper is to describe this hybrid methodology along with its implementation and evaluation in the DOTTOR (Discrete Ordinates to Three-dimensional Oak Ridge Transport) code. 16. Numerical Study of Three-dimensional Spatial Instability of a Supersonic Flat Plate Boundary Layer NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Maestrello, Lucio; Bayliss, A.; Krishnan, R. 1989-01-01 The behavior of spatially growing three-dimensional waves in a supersonic boundary layer was studied numerically by solving the complete Navier-Stokes equations. Satisfactory comparison with linear parallel and non-parallel stability theories, and experiment are obtained when a small amplitude inflow disturbance is used. The three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a finite difference method which is fourth-order and second-order accurate in the convection and viscous terms respectively, and second-order accurate in time. Spanwise periodicity is assumed. The inflow disturbance is composed of eigenfunctions from linear stability theory. By increasing the amplitude of the inflow disturbance, nonlinear effects in the form of a relaxation type oscillation of the time signal of rho(u) are observed. 17. Sensitivity derivatives for three dimensional supersonic Euler code using incremental iterative strategy NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Korivi, Vamshi Mohan; Taylor, Arthur C., III; Newman, Perry A.; Jones, Henry E. 1994-01-01 In a recent work, an incremental strategy was proposed to iteratively solve the very large systems of linear equations that are required to obtain quasianalytical sensitivity derivatives from advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes. The technique was sucessfully demonstrated for two large two-dimensional problems: a subsonic and a transonic airfoil. The principal feature of this incremental iterative stategy is that it allows the use of the identical approximate coefficient matrix operator and algorithm to solve the nonlinear flow and the linear sensitivity equations; at convergence, the accuracy of the sensitivity derivatives is not compromised. This feature allows a comparatively straightforward extension of the methodology to three-dimensional problems; this extension is successfully demonstrated in the present study for a space-marching solution of the three-dimensional Euler equations over a Mach 2.4 blended wing-body configuration. 18. Three-dimensional piezoelasticity solution for piezolaminated angle-ply cylindrical shells featuring imperfect interfacial bonding NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Kapuria, S.; Kumar, Amit 2010-04-01 The work presents an analytical three-dimensional solution for simply supported angle-ply piezoelectric (hybrid) laminated cylindrical shells in cylindrical bending with interlaminar bonding imperfections, in an electro-thermomechanical loading environment. The jumps in displacements, electric potential and temperature at the imperfect interfaces are modeled using linear spring-layer model. The solution includes the case when, besides at inner and outer surfaces, electric potentials are prescribed at layer interfaces also for effective actuation/sensing. The entities for each layer are expanded in Fourier series in circumferential coordinate to satisfy the boundary conditions at the simply supported ends. The resulting ordinary differential equations in thickness coordinate with variable coefficients are solved by the modified Frobenius method. Numerical results are presented for hybrid composite and sandwich shells with varying imperfection compliance. The effect of location of imperfect interface on the response is studied for cross-ply panels while the effect of ply angle on the sensitivity towards imperfection is studied for angle-ply panels. The effect of weak bonding at actuator/sensor interface on the actuation/sensing authority is investigated. The presented results would also help assessing 2D shell theories that incorporate interlaminar bonding imperfections. 19. Three-Dimensional Force Field Spectroscopy NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Schwarz, Alexander; Hölscher, Hendrik; Langkat, S. M.; Wiesendanger, R. 2003-12-01 A method is presented that utilizes the frequency modulation technique in ultra-high vacuum to measure the tip-sample force field in all three dimensions with atomic resolution. It is based on a systematic procedure to record frequency shift versus distance curves. After their conversion into the tip-surface potential landscape the complete force field in all three dimensions can be calculated. Experimental results obtained in the non-contact regime on NiO(001) with an iron-coated silicon tip are presented to demonstrate that interatomic vertical and lateral forces can be determined and assigned to specific sites within the surface unit cell. 20. Three-dimensional warping registration of the pelvis and prostate NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Fei, Baowei; Kemper, Corey; Wilson, David L. 2002-05-01 We are investigating interventional MRI guided radio- frequency (RF) thermal ablation for the minimally invasive treatment of prostate cancer. Among many potential applications of registration, we wish to compare registered MR images acquired before and immediately after RF ablation in order to determine whether a tumor is adequately treated. Warping registration is desired to correct for potential deformations of the pelvic region and movement of the prostate. We created a two-step, three-dimensional (3D) registration algorithm using mutual information and thin plate spline (TPS) warping for MR images. First, automatic rigid body registration was used to capture the global transformation. Second, local warping registration was applied. Interactively placed control points were automatically optimized by maximizing the mutual information of corresponding voxels in small volumes of interest and by using a 3D TPS to express the deformation throughout the image volume. Images were acquired from healthy volunteers in different conditions simulating potential applications. A variety of evaluation methods showed that warping consistently improved registration for volume pairs whenever patient position or condition was purposely changed between acquisitions. A TPS transformation based on 180 control points generated excellent warping throughout the pelvis following rigid body registration. The prostate centroid displacement for a typical volume pair was reduced from 3.4 mm to 0.6 mm when warping was added.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5681160688400269, "perplexity": 2982.659685883972}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280425.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00027-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-algebra/227663-subspace-proof-finding-basis-dimension.html	Math Help - Subspace Proof, finding a basis and dimension 1. Subspace Proof, finding a basis and dimension Hey guys, I have a problem that I have to do, I am having a little trouble with it. Consider the set of matrices Show that W is a subspace ofM22. Find a basis for W, and hence find dim(W). (Make sure to demonstrate that your basis is linearly independent and spans W.) 2. Re: Subspace Proof, finding a basis and dimension You have the set of all 2 by 2 matrices of the form $\begin{bmatrix}a & b- d \\ b+ a & d\end{bmatrix}$ and you want to 1) Show that this is a subspace of the space of all 2 by 2 matrices. You must show it is closed under matrix addition and scalar multiplication. The sum of two such matrices can be written $\begin{bmatrix}u & v- w \\ v+ u & w\end{bmatrix}+\begin{bmatrix}x & y- z \\ y+ x & z\end{bmatrix}= \begin{bmatrix}u+ x & v- w+ y- z \\ v+ u+ y+ x & w+ z\end{bmatrix}$ Can that be written in the form $\begin{bmatrix}a & b- d \\ b+ a & d\end{bmatrix}$? What must a, b, and d be? The product of the number "k" and the matrix $\begin{bmatrix}x & y- z\\ y+ x & z\end{bmatrix}$ is $\begin{bmatrix}kx & k(y- z) \\ k(y+ x) & kz\end{bmatrix}$. Can that be written in the form $\begin{bmatrix}a & b- d \\ b+ a & d\end{bmatrix}$? What must a, b, and d be? The third condition, that the subset be non-empty, can be done by showing that the 0 matrix is in the set. Take a= b= d= 0. 2) Find a basis for this subspace. Well, $\begin{bmatrix}a & b- d \\ b+ a & d\end{bmatrix}$ $= \begin{bmatrix}a & 0 \\ a & 0\end{bmatrix}+ \begin{bmatrix}0 & b \\ b & 0 \end{bmatrix}+ \begin{bmatrix}0 & -d \\ 0 & d\end{bmatrix}$ $= a\begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}+ b\begin{bmatrix}0 & 1 \\ 1 & 0\end{bmatrix}+ d\begin{bmatrix}0 & -1 \\ 0 & 1\end{bmatrix}$. Does that give you any ideas? 3) Find the dimension. After (2), this should be trivial.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 9, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9229753613471985, "perplexity": 313.7269313580096}, "config": {"markdown_headings": false, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-18/segments/1461860116929.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160428161516-00114-ip-10-239-7-51.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
https://dsweb.siam.org/Media-Gallery/natural-invariant-measures	# Natural invariant measures ### Fractals and Choas Print Shown are approximations to natural invariant measures ("SRB-measures") in the Lorenz system and in Chua's circuit. The underlying computational technique consists of (1) computing a covering of the underlying invariant set via a multilevel-subdivision algorithm and (2) discretization of the corresponding transfer-operator (Perron-Frobenius operator) using a Galerkin-approach. An invariant vector of the discretized operator yields an approximate invariant measure. Natural invariant measure in Chua's circuit for the parameter values $$\alpha=18$$, $$\beta=33$$, $$m_0=-0.2$$ and $$m_1=0.01$$. Natural invariant measures in the Lorenz system for the parameter values $$\beta = 0.4, 0.8, 1.2$$ and $$8/3$$ (from left to right, top to bottom). The other parameter values were fixed to $$\sigma = 10$$ and $$\rho = 28$$. Author Institutional Affiliation University of Paderborn, Germany Author Email Author Postal Mail Institute for Mathematics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany Notes The pictures have been rendered in collaboration with Martin Rumpf ([email protected]) using the software platform GRAPE. Keywords natural invariant measure, SRB-measure, transfer operator, set oriented method Tags: Name: Email: Subject: Message: x	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8830937147140503, "perplexity": 2126.370838183519}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 5, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376826856.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20181215105142-20181215131142-00170.warc.gz"}
http://www.sequencesandseries.com/limit-example/	# Limit example 1 $$\def \C {\mathbb{C}}\def \R {\mathbb{R}}\def \N {\mathbb{N}}\def \Z {\mathbb{Z}}\def \Q {\mathbb{Q}}\def\defn#1{{\bf{#1}}}$$ Example Claim: The sequence $a_n=(4n+3)/n$ has limit $4$. Note that this intuitively obvious since $a_n=4+3/n$ and $3/n\to 0$ is reasonable. For a rigorous proof we need to use the definition (applying a definition to find something is often called using first principles). Given an $\varepsilon$ we will need to find an $N$ which depends on that $\varepsilon$. First we simplify $\|a_n-a\|$ as it plays a central role in the definition. This simplification follows from a straightforward chain of equalities: $\|a_n-a\|=\|a_n-4\| = \left\| \frac{4n+3}{n} -4 \right\| =\left\| \frac{4n+3-4n}{n} \right\| = \left\| \frac{3}{n} \right\| = \frac{3}{n} .$ Note that the last equality occurs because $n>0$ and hence $3/n>0$. Now we can investigate $\|a_n-a\|\lt \varepsilon$: \begin{align} \|a_n-4\| \lt \varepsilon &\iff \frac{3}{n} \lt \varepsilon \\ &\iff \frac{3}{\varepsilon } \lt n . \end{align} Reading from bottom to top, we have the condition $n>\frac{3}{\varepsilon } \Longrightarrow \|a_n-4\| \lt \varepsilon .$ This is almost what we want. We want a $N$ such that when $n>N$ we get $\|a_n-4\| \lt \varepsilon$. Hence take $N$ to be a natural number greater than $\frac{3}{\varepsilon }$. Then if $n>N$ we obviously have $n>\frac{3}{\varepsilon }$. Let’s recap what we have proved: 1. Let $N$ be a natural number greater than $\frac{3}{\varepsilon }$. 2. If $n>N$, then $n > \frac{3}{\varepsilon }$. 3. If $n>\frac{3}{\varepsilon }$, then $\|a_n-4\| \lt \varepsilon$. This shows that $a_n$ has limit $4$ but we do not write the solution in this way. We rewrite it without showing where we got $N$ from. We just show that our $N$ gives us what we want. (No doubt you will have had teachers who say that you should show your working. Well, here we are not showing all our working, just the bit that proves the result!) Here is the polished version that proves that $(4n+3)/n\to 4$. Note that we use the working from above but rearrange it into a different format. Polished version: The sequence $a_n=(4n+3)/n$ has limit $4$. Given $\varepsilon >0$, let $N$ be a natural number greater than $\frac{3}{\varepsilon }$. If $n>N$, then $\frac{3}{n} \lt \varepsilon$ and we have \begin{align} \|a_n-4\| &= \left\| \frac{4n+3}{n} -4 \right\| \\ &= \left\| \frac{4n+3-4n}{n} \right\| \\ &= \left\| \frac{3}{n} \right\| \\ &= \frac{3}{n} \\ &\lt \varepsilon . \end{align} Notice that in our working we had a string of equivalences marked by $\iff$ and that these involved $\varepsilon$. In the write up, we did not use $\varepsilon$ and the implication $\Longrightarrow$ was used but not explicitly. It is used implicitly in the logic of our argument.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 2, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.99257892370224, "perplexity": 220.18324127247172}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998959.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20190619103826-20190619125826-00399.warc.gz"}
https://puzzling.stackexchange.com/questions/6216/what-does-this-piece-of-text-say-op-i-se-jau-noh-jo-huew-moy-adxa	# What does this piece of text say? '''op I se ,+Ja^u!, noh jo huew moy''' '+)adxa I 'sno!^qo '''op I se ,+Ja^u!, noh jo huew moy''' • (I actually liked it better with my title, since I actually do want an answer to the question I posed. But... shrug.) – keshlam Dec 16 '14 at 23:31 • Nice good example of lateral-thinking! We are really lacking those. – Victor Stafusa Dec 17 '14 at 1:37 • Actually, we shouldn't have labelled it as "text" -- that gave folks a bit of an extra hint. – keshlam Mar 11 '16 at 12:35 To read this text: Turn everything upside down. Each character looks (approximately) like another when upside-down: $\text{obvious, I expect,}$ $\ldots\text{how many of you }`\text{invert' as I do}\ldots$	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.697829008102417, "perplexity": 9034.044150626514}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371861991.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409154025-20200409184525-00383.warc.gz"}
https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/26567/boiling-aluminum-in-high-alkalinity-water	# Boiling aluminum in high-alkalinity water This question ultimately relates to brewing beer, but more specifically to water treatment before brewing. Though I can't get a water quality report, I suspect I have high levels of bicarbonate alkalinity in my tap water because boiling it causes a white precipitate (which I think is calcium carbonate) to form. I base this assumption on this formula, in the book Brewing: $$\ce{Ca(HCO3)2 ->[heat] CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O}$$ I wanted to sanitize some aluminum foil so I boiled it in fresh tap water for about 15 minutes. I noticed a few things: • The precipitate formed much faster than it normally would without foil in it. • The foil began to blacken in certain parts. • I'm not positive, but the precipitate seems a bit finer in texture than it normally is. I thought at first maybe the foil was just providing nucleation points for the carbonate to form around. But then I thought I remembered reading somewhere that aluminum competes with calcium in certain situations (I think it was regarding osteoporosis, maybe). The question I have, then, is whether or not it's feasible that aluminum could be affecting a different reaction than what I'm assuming normally occurs in this situation?	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 1, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.5066913962364197, "perplexity": 1972.8495584597888}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323588244.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20211027212831-20211028002831-00083.warc.gz"}
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-write-the-equation-of-the-line-parallel-to-y-3x-4-and-passing-through	Algebra Topics # How do you write the equation of the line parallel to y = 3x - 4 and passing through the point (-2, 5)? Aug 25, 2016 $y = 3 x + 11$ #### Explanation: Parallel lines have the same slopes. The slope of the new line will have the same slope as the given line: $y = \textcolor{red}{3} x - 4 \Rightarrow m = \textcolor{red}{3}$ One point on the line is given, $\textcolor{b l u e}{\left(\left(- 2 , 5\right)\right)} . \text{This is } \textcolor{b l u e}{\left(\left({x}_{1} , {y}_{1}\right)\right)}$ The formula for slope is $m = \left(\text{change in y values"/"change in x-values}\right) = \frac{{y}_{2} - {y}_{1}}{{x}_{2} - {x}_{1}}$ If you have the slope and one point , substitute them into a formula which is based on the formula for slope given above. $y - \textcolor{b l u e}{{y}_{1}} = \textcolor{red}{m} \left(x - \textcolor{b l u e}{{x}_{1}}\right)$ $y - \textcolor{b l u e}{5} = \textcolor{red}{3} \left(x - \textcolor{b l u e}{\left(- 2\right)}\right)$ $y - 5 = 3 \left(x + 2\right)$ Simplify to get the required equation of the line. $y = 3 x + 6 + 5$ $y = 3 x + 11$ ##### Impact of this question 7156 views around the world	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 9, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8625078201293945, "perplexity": 351.2233261019791}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-43/segments/1570986647517.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20191013195541-20191013222541-00544.warc.gz"}
http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/17940/how-does-one-extract-specific-attributes-of-a-label-e-g-just-the-section-number	# How does one extract specific attributes of a label e.g. just the section number? I'm using hyperref and calling \autoref to refer to tables, sections, chapters, etc.. However, sometimes I just want to refer to the section number of a table (e.g. 7.2 as opposed to Table 7.2). How do we do this? More generally, how do we extract the (5?) attributes of a label. I know \pageref gets the page, but what about the others? Also, some commands are issued in .aux like: \@writefile{lot}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5.2}{\ignorespaces Galois Correspondence}}{20}{figure.5.2}} How does extract, say, the 2.2nd attribute ({\ignorespaces Galois Correspondence})? - In addition to @lockstep's answer, plain LaTeX also has the \pageref command. – Marc van Dongen Mar 21 '13 at 9:34 Use the \ref command (core LaTeX) and the \nameref command (provided by the nameref package, which is loaded by hyperref). \documentclass{article} \usepackage{hyperref} \begin{document} \begin{table} \centering (Table content) \caption{foo} \label{tab:foo} \end{table} This is a reference to \autoref{tab:foo}. One could also refer to the number \ref{tab:foo} or to the name \nameref{tab:foo}. \end{document} - Thanks lockstep, that answers an important part of my question. I have found the package "cleveref" (yes there's no double ‘r’), which sort of does some of the other things I was asking about (e.g. it is able to spit out the type of section which has been labelled — chapter, section, table, etc.). The question about the contents line thing still remains. – R17 May 13 '11 at 3:08	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 1, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.9310083985328674, "perplexity": 3240.125967196876}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.3, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830746.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00197-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}
http://mmonoplayer.com/standard-error/when-to-use-standard-deviation-vs-standard-error.html	Home > Standard Error > When To Use Standard Deviation Vs Standard Error # When To Use Standard Deviation Vs Standard Error ## Contents Notice that s x ¯ = s n {\displaystyle {\text{s}}_{\bar {x}}\ ={\frac {s}{\sqrt {n}}}} is only an estimate of the true standard error, σ x ¯ = σ n The standard error estimated using the sample standard deviation is 2.56. Recent popular posts Extracting Tables from PDFs in R using the Tabulizer Package Writing Good R Code and Writing Well How to send bulk email to your students using R Efficiently If σ is known, the standard error is calculated using the formula σ x ¯ = σ n {\displaystyle \sigma _{\bar {x}}\ ={\frac {\sigma }{\sqrt {n}}}} where σ is the http://mmonoplayer.com/standard-error/standard-error-and-standard-deviation-difference.html pp. 249–255.6. The problem is that when conducting a study we have one sample (with multiple observations), eg, s1 with mean m1 and standard deviation sd1, but we do not have or sdm. In an article by Copay et al, SEM (standard error of measurement) was quoted as one of the many approaches in evaluating the MCID. This is usually the case even with finite populations, because most of the time, people are primarily interested in managing the processes that created the existing finite population; this is called ## When To Use Standard Deviation Vs Standard Error doi: 10.1136/bmj.331.7521.903PMCID: PMC1255808Statistics NotesStandard deviations and standard errorsDouglas G Altman, professor of statistics in medicine1 and J Martin Bland, professor of health statistics21 Cancer Research UK/NHS Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Seven samples (3, 11, 29, 39, 54, 59, and 96) have a 95% confidence interval ...Fig. 2The cascade from the distribution of the parameter in the population, to the sampling distribution of Can a free radical be created by chemical reaction of non-radical species? The standard deviation of the age for the 16 runners is 10.23. Standard deviations and standard errors. Should a country name in a country selection list be the country's local name? The ages in one such sample are 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 31, 32, 33, 34, 38, 40, 40, 48, 53, 54, and 55. Standard Error In Excel Standard Error of Mean vs. Of the 2000 voters, 1040 (52%) state that they will vote for candidate A. Standard Error And Standard Deviation Difference In the example of 100 samples of tumor size, seven samples (3, 11, 29, 39, 54, 59, and 96) have a confidence interval that does not include the true population mean Clark-Carter D. The sample proportion of 52% is an estimate of the true proportion who will vote for candidate A in the actual election. Compare the true standard error of the mean to the standard error estimated using this sample. Standard Error Of Estimate The standard deviation of the means of those samples is the standard error. The proportion or the mean is calculated using the sample. If people are interested in managing an existing finite population that will not change over time, then it is necessary to adjust for the population size; this is called an enumerative • JSTOR2682923. ^ Sokal and Rohlf (1981) Biometry: Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research , 2nd ed. • In this scenario, the 2000 voters are a sample from all the actual voters. • Think about the following situation. • The graph shows the ages for the 16 runners in the sample, plotted on the distribution of ages for all 9,732 runners. • Published online 2011 May 10. • In: Everitt BS, Howell D (eds). • As an example of the use of the relative standard error, consider two surveys of household income that both result in a sample mean of \$50,000. ## Standard Error And Standard Deviation Difference Bence (1995) Analysis of short time series: Correcting for autocorrelation. If you take a sample of 10 you're going to get some estimate of the mean. When To Use Standard Deviation Vs Standard Error Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Developers Cookie statement Mobile view GraphPad Statistics Guide The SD and SEM are not the same The SD and SEM are not the same Standard Error Vs Standard Deviation Example ISBN 0-7167-1254-7 , p 53 ^ Barde, M. (2012). "What to use to express the variability of data: Standard deviation or standard error of mean?". All Rights Reserved. http://mmonoplayer.com/standard-error/standard-error-example.html With n = 2 the underestimate is about 25%, but for n = 6 the underestimate is only 5%. Deng at 8:17 AM Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest 2 comments: Nick Barrowman said... The mean age for the 16 runners in this particular sample is 37.25. Standard Error In R The SD does not change predictably as you acquire more data. pp. 1891–1892.5. The next graph shows the sampling distribution of the mean (the distribution of the 20,000 sample means) superimposed on the distribution of ages for the 9,732 women. Source The tops of the marshalled row form a flowing curve of invariable proportion; and each element, as it is sorted in place, finds, as it were, a pre-ordained niche, accurately adapted ISBN 0-7167-1254-7 , p 53 ^ Barde, M. (2012). "What to use to express the variability of data: Standard deviation or standard error of mean?". Standard Error Of Mean Word that includes "food, alcoholic drinks, and non-alcoholic drinks"? It seems from your question that was what you were thinking about. ## Compare the true standard error of the mean to the standard error estimated using this sample. JSTOR2682923. ^ Sokal and Rohlf (1981) Biometry: Principles and Practice of Statistics in Biological Research , 2nd ed. Of course deriving confidence intervals around your data (using standard deviation) or the mean (using standard error) requires your data to be normally distributed. Be careful that you do not confuse the two terms (or misinterpret the values). Standard Error Calculator Using a sample to estimate the standard error In the examples so far, the population standard deviation σ was assumed to be known.	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8347147107124329, "perplexity": 1354.8828481545431}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688158.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922022225-20170922042225-00285.warc.gz"}
https://franciscodoo.com/2020/04/12/its-all-about-stats/	Statistics shape the way executions plans are built and have a massive impact on query performance. In order to achieve a better understanding on this relation, we will start to briefly explore what happens when a query is executed and where do statistics come into play. ## Query Execution Phases When a query is executed, there’s quite a lot happening in the Relational Engine inside SQL Server. In a higher plan, this process can be divided into four sequential phases: Parsing, Binding, Optimization and Execution. Each phase requires an input that is consumed and transformed into an output that is forwarded to the next phase. ### Parsing In the first step, a syntactic validation of the T-SQL is done, also known as query parsing. The example provided in the image below, represents a query that failed to be parsed, in that case, because the SELECT clause was miswritten. The output of this phase is a parse tree, which comprehends the logical steps required to perform the query. ### Binding When the query is successfully parsed, query binding takes place. This process, owned by the algebrizer will resolve the parse tree, trying to bind the respective strings to specific objects within the database. This translates to, for instance, verifying if referenced tables and columns exist under the current execution context. It’s important to mention that the query can use names that do not match directly to any database object, e.g. if aliases are being used. So, it’s also the algebrizer job to resolve these cases. Additionally, it will also identify datatypes and process aggregate functions to some extent (known as aggregate binding). The following example shows a query that could not be resolved, because it refers to a column that does not exist. The output of this phase is a query processor tree, that will be handed to the query optimizer. ### Optimization Well, in fact, the query processor tree isn’t the only input received by the optimizer. Building a new plan from scratch consumes resources, specifically time and CPU. In order to manage effectively this resources, SQL Server will keep plans in cache, whenever possible, in order to reuse them. So, the optimizer will also receive the hash code of the query currently being executed, as an input. This hash code will be used to probe the existence of a valid execution plan in cache, that matches the query. If there is a match with a valid plan, the optimization process stops and the cached plan is reused. However, if changes were made to any table referenced in the query, or statistics were updated in the meantime, the plan is considered invalid and must be rebuilt. If no valid plan is found, the optimizer creates a new plan, which in essence is an analysis of many alternate ways to achieve the expectable result. The optimizer estimates a cost for each alternative approach and tries to find a plan, cheap enough, in an incredible short amount of time. Trivial plans (e.g. SELECT Col1 FROM Table1) don’t go through this optimization process, as they typically don’t have alternative approaches to be considered, due to their simplicity. More complex queries will be subject to a full cost-based optimization process, resulting in a cost-based plan, calculated according to the cardinality estimations. After the cheapest possible plan is chosen and built, it is handed to the Execution Engine. ### Execution Finally, in the execution phase, the Execution Engine will receive and process the execution plan. Validations on the plan are reinforced at runtime, to confirm that it is still valid. If something happened in the meanwhile that changed the initial state, for example because statistics were updated, execution is paused, the compilation process is invoked and a new plan is built for the affected statement(s). ## The Importance of Statistics Statistics provide information about the distribution and selectivity of values across columns, using a sample that will represent the entire universe of values. The selectivity of a value is the ratio between the rows that pass the selection criteria and the total number of rows. We can extrapolate this principle and think in the selectivity of a column as the ratio between the number of distinct values and the total number of rows. This basically defines the uniqueness of what you are trying to find and it will provide guidance to the optimizer on how to shape the plan. In a side note, keep in mind that statistics can be manually created, (whether directly or through the creation of indexes) or automatically created by the SQL Server when a query is executed, for the optimizer to consume them. This process is fundamental because we want our queries to run as fast as possible, what wouldn’t happen if the optimizer had to scan all data in all referenced tables. ## Going Under the Hood For the purposes of this demo, we’ll only cover the usage of single column statistics, equality predicates and single table queries. Bear in mind that the behavior differs when using multiple column statistics, joining other tables or applying more complex predicates. First, we’ll run the following query, which will retrieve the matches where Manchester City (Id=77) played at Etihad Stadium. ```SELECT * FROM Matches WHERE HomeTeam = 77 ``` In the execution plan, we’ll see that SQL Server estimated, correctly, that 390 would be retrieved, from a total of 535 983 rows. If we open the XML execution plan, we’ll be able to confirm which statistics were used in order to make the estimate, under “OptimizerStatsUsage“. Next, we use DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS to view to view those statistics, related to HomeTeam column. ```DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS(N'Matches', _WA_Sys_00000005_73BA3083) ``` The information that makes up statistics is divided in three sections: • Density Vector: Selectivity of the data, used to measure cross-column correlation. • Histogram: Distribution of values in the first key column of the statistics object. A histogram is composed by the following columns: • RANGE_HI_KEY: Upper-bound value for a step (always based on leftmost column). • RANGE_ROWS: Number of rows with a value falling within a histogram step, excluding the upper bound. • EQ_ROWS: Number of rows whose value equals the RANGE_HI_KEY. • DISTINCT_RANGE_ROWS: Number of rows with a distinct column value within a histogram step, excluding the upper bound. • AVG_RANGE_ROWS: Average number of rows with duplicate column values within a histogram step, excluding the upper bound calculation (RANGE_ROWS / DISTINCT_RANGE_ROWS) In this case, because 77 hits a RANGE_HI_KEY in the histogram, we’ll be able to notice that the estimated value is on the column “EQ_ROWS” of that row. The formulas to calculate the estimated number of rows and selectivity, can be expressed as it follows: Selectivity is the key to combine statistics. Next, we’ll combine two single column statistics, by adding another equality predicate do the WHERE clause of the previous query. It’s important to stress that the version of the Cardinality Estimator (CE) dictates how calculations are made. The legacy CE (prior to SQL Server 2014) assumes that there is no correlation between multiple columns. Therefore, the cardinality is calculated with the following formula, that comprehends these variables: estimated number of rows (E), selectivity of the first (S1) and second (S2) columns and the total number of rows (R). Contrarily, the new CE assumes some correlation between columns and estimates the number of rows as it follows: Now, let’s run a new query that retrieves the games where Manchester City played at home and the full-time result was a win to the away team. ```SELECT * FROM Matches WHERE HomeTeam = 77 AND FTR = 'A' ``` We already know the values related to the predicate HomeTeam = 77, so let’s focus on the full-time result column (FTR) and the specific value “A”. If we open the XML execution plan, we’ll notice that the statistics of another column were added. We then repeat the DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS command, changing it to match the above highlighted stats, related to FTR column. ```DBCC SHOW_STATISTICS(N'Matches',_WA_Sys_00000009_73BA3083) ``` These statistics will show us the same 535 983 total rows and 9597 occurences of “A” in the FTR column. Ok, now we have all the data we need, so let’s calculate the estimated number of rows for our query. If we open the execution plan, we’ll be able to confirm that the our calculations match the ones made by SQL Server. And as expected, if we change to the legacy CE, we will observe that the estimate has changed. Accordingly, if we apply the formula used by the legacy CE, our results will also match: In this case, the new CE did a better job estimating the workload, nevertheless, it doesn’t mean that the legacy CE is ready for retirement. In fact, in many cases the tables will turn and grandpa CE will do a better job. But, generally speaking, you won’t solve that many problems just by changing the CE version, despite the fact that it can have an observable impact, depending on the query specificities. ## Conclusion We’ve briefly looked into the phases of query execution and stated that the optimizer will choose the lowest-cost plan, based on its estimated cost that largely depends on the cardinality estimations. This implies that the quality of the plan choice is highly correlated to the quality of the statistics used by the optimizer. In a future post we’ll see in practice the negative impacts of bad estimates and what can be done to avoid some tears. Until then, stay safe 🖖 Categorias:Sem categoria Etiquetas:,	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 4, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.3740009665489197, "perplexity": 1115.740833216483}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153966.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20210730091645-20210730121645-00543.warc.gz"}
http://experiment-ufa.ru/how_to_write_2306_in_roman_numerals	# How to write 2306 in roman numerals ## Write 2306 in roman numerals. If it's not what You are looking for, type in into the box below your integer to convert it into roman numerals. ## 2306 in roman numerals: When you convert 2306 into roman numerals you get MMCCCVI In summary 2306 in roman numerals is MMCCCVI Now when you know how to write 2306 in roman numerals you can use it whenever you want. ## Related pages how do you divide fractions on a calculatorsin5xequation solution solverderivative of sinx lnx9-210prime factorization of 84what is 1.5 percent as a decimal525 as a product of prime factorsgreatest common factor of 32 and 569v to 5v12.5 percent as a decimal4y x 3derivative tanxdifferentiate e 2xprime factorization of 154prime factorization 45gcf of 26square root of 117 simplifiedbmx solution180-165subtracting fractions calculator with stepsprime factors of 980321-1231.0e-3common multiples of 15r sin 2thetagraph 2x y 44.99 in dollarscomplete the square x 2 6xcos 3pi69 roman numeralswhat is the prime factorization of 1887m478 in roman numerals4x4 solveroman numeral for 740.875 as a fraction1.4375 as a fractionvv nnn7x 12xgraph 4x-2ygreatest common factor of 75 and 90what is the square root of 1089what is prime factorization of 84www.roads.advancedacademics.comthe greatest common factor of 36 and 484cossin2x sinxderiv of tanq mcdeltatsquare root of 1250maths 2cd2.5.89t5derivative of 2e xderivative ln 2xderivative of 2y2x2-3x-53x2 2x 82y x 31km 1000m1abcsecxcscx12x 2 3xprime factorization of 75calculator for subtracting fractionsquadratic equation calculator with workformula of 1 cos2x7 percenters7222-1prime factorization of 77x 3 y 3 3xy2x 6y 10what is the factorization of 634 5x1 1 6 answerwhat is 97 in roman numerals0.075 as a fraction	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": false, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 0, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.8131405711174011, "perplexity": 11338.658832764817}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": false}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864940.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20180623035301-20180623055301-00479.warc.gz"}
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Is it safe to use the same RSA keypair both for ...	{"extraction_info": {"found_math": true, "script_math_tex": 0, "script_math_asciimath": 0, "math_annotations": 0, "math_alttext": 0, "mathml": 0, "mathjax_tag": 0, "mathjax_inline_tex": 1, "mathjax_display_tex": 0, "mathjax_asciimath": 0, "img_math": 0, "codecogs_latex": 0, "wp_latex": 0, "mimetex.cgi": 0, "/images/math/codecogs": 0, "mathtex.cgi": 0, "katex": 0, "math-container": 0, "wp-katex-eq": 0, "align": 0, "equation": 0, "x-ck12": 0, "texerror": 0, "math_score": 0.4205911159515381, "perplexity": 2210.3960436730695}, "config": {"markdown_headings": true, "markdown_code": true, "boilerplate_config": {"ratio_threshold": 0.18, "absolute_threshold": 10, "end_threshold": 15, "enable": true}, "remove_buttons": true, "remove_image_figures": true, "remove_link_clusters": true, "table_config": {"min_rows": 2, "min_cols": 3, "format": "plain"}, "remove_chinese": true, "remove_edit_buttons": true, "extract_latex": true}, "warc_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257825358.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071025-00075-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz"}

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